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2-0 | 264 | Appendix B
their presence and request information on any conditions or ongoing situations that may affect how they conduct
their mission; organizations should conduct a thorough face-to-face coordination. An MI organization operating
in direct support of a specific unit coordinates with the unit for augmentation to conduct operations in
accordance with force protection requirements. The MI organization’s leader also coordinates with the
supported unit’s intelligence section to debrief returning members, convoy leaders, and others.
Support Site Exploitation (2.3.4.3)
B-75. Site exploitation is the synchronized and integrated application of scientific and technological
capabilities and enablers to answer information requirements, facilitate subsequent operations, and support
host-nation rule of law (ATP 3-90.15). Generally, a site is a location that potentially contains valuable
information. While the physical process of exploiting the site begins at the site itself, full exploitation may
involve teams of experts located worldwide. (See ATP 3-90.15.)
Conduct Explosive Ordnance Disposal Support (2.3.4.4)
B-76. Explosive ordnance disposal is the detection, identification, on-site evaluation, rendering safe,
exploitation, recovery, and final disposal of explosive ordnance (FM 4-30). Explosive ordnance disposal or
the combined explosive ordnance disposal joint task force provides support to the intelligence warfighting
function. This task enables synchronizing the information collection tasks conducted during explosive
ordnance missions, site exploitation, developing technical intelligence and other intelligence based on
collected information from explosive ordnance disposal incident scene collection, and distributing
intelligence to support targeting and tactics, techniques, and procedures adjustments. (See ATP 4-32.)
Provide Intelligence Support to Personnel Recovery (2.3.4.5)
B-77. Army personnel recovery is the military efforts taken to prepare for and execute the recovery and
reintegration of isolated personnel (FM 3-50). Intelligence support to personnel recovery consists of
intelligence activities and capabilities focused on gathering information to recover and reintegrate U.S.
personnel—whether Soldier, Army Civilian, selected DOD contractor, or other personnel as determined by
the Secretary of Defense—who are isolated in a specific AO. This support also includes developing thorough
analysis, detailed products, and estimates to support isolated Soldier guidance and Army personnel recovery
coordination measures. (See FM 3-50.)
Conduct Identity Activities (2.3.4.6)
B-78. Identity activities refer to a collection of functions and actions that appropriately recognize and
differentiate one person or persona from another person or persona to support decision making as well as
security, force protection, and law enforcement. They include the collection, processing, and exploitation of
identity attributes and physical materials to inform policy and strategy development, planning, and
assessment and to enable prosecution and the appropriate action at the point of encounter. Some of this data
and information can inform all-source analytic efforts, leading to the production of I2.
B-79. Identity intelligence is the intelligence resulting from the processing of identity attributes concerning
individuals, groups, networks, or populations of interest (JP 2-0). I2 is used to disrupt competitors, support
joint operations, counter threats, deny anonymity to the Nation’s adversaries, and protect the Nation’s assets,
facilities, and forces. Units and organizations use I2 products informed by capabilities such as biometrics,
forensics, and document and media exploitation as well as information from the intelligence disciplines.
B-80. I2 is currently produced at echelons corps and above from the fusion of all-source and multidisciplined
reporting. It results in intelligence from the human dimension, which encompasses the interaction among
individuals and groups, how they understand information and events, make decisions, generate will and act
within an OE. Intelligence analysts use I2 products to identify relevant actors and provide intelligence that
allows a commander to anticipate those actors’ behaviors and the potential consequences of their behaviors.
Relevant actors refer to actors who could substantially impact campaigns, operations, or tactical actions.
Understanding this human element across the strategic contexts is essential to commanders’ efforts to defeat,
destroy, deny, or disintegrate the enemy. |
2-0 | 265 | Intelligence Warfighting Function Tasks
PROVIDE INTELLIGENCE SUPPORT TO TARGETING (2.4)
B-81. Targeting is the process of selecting and prioritizing targets and matching the appropriate response to
them, considering operational requirements and capabilities (JP 3-0). Intelligence support to targeting
provides the commander and staff the information and intelligence needed to support targeting actions. The
intelligence cell (supported by the entire staff) provides the fire support coordinator, public affairs officer,
cyberspace electromagnetic warfare officer, space support element, and other staff officers with information
and intelligence for targeting threat forces and systems with direct and indirect fires to create effects (through
lethal and nonlethal means). The information and intelligence include identifying threat capabilities and
limitations. The Army’s targeting process uses the decide, detect, deliver, and assess (also called D3A)
methodology. The intelligence officer provides accurate, current intelligence and information to the staff and
ensures the information collection plan supports the finalized targeting plan. intelligence support to targeting
consists of three tasks, as shown in figure B-5. (See FM 3-60.)
Figure B-5. Providing intelligence support to targeting
PROVIDE INTELLIGENCE SUPPORT TO TARGET DEVELOPMENT (2.4.1)
B-82. Target development is the systematic examination of potential target systems—and their components,
individual targets, and even elements of targets—to determine the necessary type and duration of the action
that must be exerted on each target to create an effect that is consistent with the commander’s specific
objectives (JP 3-60). Target development involves the systematic analysis of threat forces and operations to
determine high-value targets (HVTs) (people, organizations, or military units the threat commander requires
for successful completion of the mission), high-payoff targets (HPTs) (people, organizations, or military units
whose loss to the enemy contributes significantly to the success of the friendly COA), and systems and system |
2-0 | 266 | Appendix B
components for potential engagement through maneuver, fires, electronic means. The following are the tasks
of intelligence support to target development:
⚫ Analyze threat systems.
⚫ Conduct target value analysis.
⚫ Develop initial and continually update target intelligence folders.
⚫ Identify specific HVTs.
⚫ Refine/Adjust HVTs, when necessary.
⚫ Support the selection of HPTs and other products.
⚫ Support subsequent target development.
Analyze Threat Systems (2.4.1.1)
B-83. Friendly forces cannot target threat forces and capabilities without understanding threat systems—
from the most general level to very detailed target elements (a macro to micro approach). This effort results
in intelligence that is pushed from the joint force and theater army down to the battalion level. The analysis
of threat systems focuses on breaking down target systems into successive elements at a greater level of detail
to eventually identify HVTs and HVT elements. The resulting products and the development of threat models
support subsequent and more detailed target development.
Conduct Target Value Analysis (2.4.1.2)
B-84. Target value analysis refers to a methodology that assists in prioritizing HVTs and identifies potential
HVT sets with a given tactical situation. It is led by the fire support element/fires cell as part of targeting that
quantifies the relative value of HVTs with each other in relation to a threat operation. This analysis is based
in part on the conclusions reached by the intelligence staff after evaluating threat characteristics. Target value
analysis continues the detailed analysis of relevant threat factors, including doctrine, tactics, equipment,
capabilities, and expected actions for a specific threat COA.
Develop Initial and Continually Update Target Intelligence Folders (2.4.1.3)
B-85. Army intelligence targeting elements develop and refine target intelligence folders to account for
HVTs, HPTs, or systems and system components based on the continuous targeting process. Target
intelligence folders consist of two components: target intelligence packages and work folders. When not
covered by joint target folders, theater army G-2 requirements, standards, and unit standard operating
procedures (also called SOPs) set the standard for Army target intelligence packages. As required, target
development elements develop target intelligence packages using specific intelligence products and analysis
from the corps or division analysis and control element, tailored to the user. Target intelligence folders are
both offensive and defensive in nature and subsequently updated throughout operations to further detail
information and intelligence over time. This results in updates to target intelligence packages.
B-86. If a unit or organization anticipates requesting support from a higher-level organization for nonlethal
means or intelligence collection, the unit or organization should develop detailed target intelligence folders
in the higher-level organization’s required format. This effort requires additional time. For example,
requesting support from the U.S. Space Command or the U.S. Cyber Command requires a greater level of
detail within products to meet their requirements.
Identify Specific High-Value Targets (2.4.1.4)
B-87. HVTs are developed during step 3 (evaluate the threat) and initially refined during step 4 (determine
threat COAs) of the IPOE process—an integrated process of step 2 (mission analysis) of the MDMP. (See
paragraphs B-39 through B-43.) Outputs from step 3 include the threat template, HVT list, and threat
capability statement. Step 4 requires an understanding of the threat characteristics, as well as the effects of
terrain, weather, and civil considerations on operations. (See ATP 2-01.3.) The most important element in
determining threat COAs is understanding threat operational art and tactics. |
2-0 | 267 | Intelligence Warfighting Function Tasks
Refine/Adjust High-Value Targets, When Necessary (2.4.1.5)
B-88. During step 3 of the MDMP, the intelligence targeting element, as part of the targeting working group,
refines the HVT list one last time based on the most current intelligence and analysis. The entire staff
conducts further analysis, including another iteration of target value analysis. Conducting target value
analysis assists the staff in prioritizing HVTs and identifying potential HVT sets for each threat COA. HVTs
are placed in order of their relative worth to the threat’s operation and recorded as part of the threat model.
The value of HVTs varies over the course of an operation. The entire staff analyzes and identifies those HVTs
that must be attacked to ensure friendly mission success. Additionally, the staff analyzes all implications of
attacking those HVTs and possible threat counteractions. The HVT list is the result of this analysis. Those
critical HVTs that the staff confirms as acquired and attacked are nominated as potential HPTs for each COA.
Support the Selection of High-Payoff Targets and Other Products (2.4.1.6)
B-89. HPTs are critical to both the adversary’s needs and the friendly concept of operations. They support
achieving the commander’s intent and executing the concept of operations. HPTs are determined based on
the commander’s targeting guidance. Upon receipt of HPT nominations, the staff groups the HPTs into a
prioritized HPT list, associating the HPTs to a specific point in the battle. HPTs are incorporated into the
scheme of fires and used to develop target selection standards, attack guidance matrices (AGMs), and target
synchronization matrices for each friendly COA. The HPT list, target selection standards, AGMs, and target
synchronization matrices are later refined during step 4 (COA analysis) and finalized during step 6 (COA
approval) of the MDMP.
Support Subsequent Target Development (2.4.1.7)
B-90. After the MDMP, more detailed target development occurs. Some aspects of subsequent target
development—such as target validation and dynamic target development—overlap with intelligence support
to target detection. The intelligence target element is not the lead element for developing most of the
subsequent target development products.
PROVIDE INTELLIGENCE SUPPORT TO TARGET DETECTION (2.4.2)
B-91. The targeting working group establishes target detection and tracking priorities based on targeting
priorities. The information collection plan aligns collection assets to named areas of interest and target areas
of interest that support the execution of the AGM. Target tracking is inherent in target detection. The fire
support element/fires cell provides the intelligence cell with the degree of accuracy required and dwell time
for a target to be eligible for engagement. The collection manager can then match those requirements to the
target location error—the difference between the coordinates generated for a target and the actual location
of the target (JP 3-09.3)—of the collection asset. Executing the information collection plan begins as early
as possible during planning and continues through the assess function of the Army’s targeting process and
even assists in transitioning unit operations into the next mission. Executing the information collection plan
to answer targeting intelligence requirements is central to detection. Targets are detected by using the
appropriate collection assets.
B-92. The current operations integration cell is the primary cell responsible for directing the execution of the
information collection effort to detect HPTs. The unit intelligence cell (with the current operations integration
cell) must focus intelligence analysis efforts to support both situation development and the targeting effort.
PROVIDE INTELLIGENCE SUPPORT TO COMBAT ASSESSMENT (2.4.3)
B-93. Combat assessment is the determination of the overall effectiveness of force employment during
military operations (JP 3-60). The commander uses combat assessment to determine if targeting actions have
met the attack guidance and, if reattack is necessary, to perform essential fires tasks and achieve the
commander’s intent for fires. Intelligence supports the assessment activity of the operations and targeting
processes. Combat assessment is composed of three related elements: battle damage assessment (BDA),
munitions effectiveness assessment (MEA), and reattack recommendations. |
2-0 | 268 | Appendix B
Conduct Battle Damage Assessment (2.4.3.1)
B-94. Battle damage assessment is the estimate of damage composed of physical and functional damage
assessment, as well as target system assessment, resulting from the application of fires (JP 3-0). BDA includes
known or estimated enemy unit strengths; degraded, neutralized, or destroyed enemy weapons systems; and
all known captured, wounded, or killed enemy personnel during the reporting period. BDA in targeting
pertains to the results of lethal and nonlethal engagements on targets designated by the commander.
B-95. The intelligence staff, in coordination with the rest of the staff, determines how combat assessment
relates to specific targets by completing BDA, which includes physical damage and functional damage
assessments. Producing BDA is primarily an intelligence cell responsibility but requires coordination across
the staff, similarly to IPOE and most steps of intelligence support to targeting. BDA requirements should be
captured as PIRs or as similar high-priority information collection requirements. Together, BDA and MEA
provide the commander and staff with an assessment of the effects achieved against targets and whether the
targeting guidance was met. Based on this information, the staff can recommend reattacks when necessary.
Conduct Physical Damage Assessment (2.4.3.1.1)
B-96. Physical damage assessment is the estimate of the quantitative extent of physical damage to a target
resulting from the application of military force (JP 3-60). The staff conducts a physical damage assessment
to estimate the extent of physical damage to a target based on observed or interpreted damage. Physical
damage assessment is a post-attack target analysis coordinated among all units and the entire staff.
Conduct Functional Damage Assessment (2.4.3.1.2)
B-97. Functional damage assessment is the estimate of the effect of military force to degrade or destroy the
functional or operational capability of the target to perform its intended mission and on the level of success
in achieving operational objectives established against the target (JP 3-60). The staff conducts a functional
damage assessment for the threat’s remaining functional or operational capabilities. The assessment focuses
on measurable effects. It estimates the threat’s ability to reorganize or find alternative means to continue
operations. The targeting working group and staff integrate analysis with external sources to determine if the
commander’s intent for fires has been met.
Conduct Munitions Effectiveness Assessment and Reattack Recommendation (2.4.3.2)
B-98. Munitions effectiveness assessment is the assessment of the military force applied in terms of the
weapon system and munitions effectiveness to determine and recommend any required changes to the
methodology, tactics, weapon system, munitions, fusing, and/or weapon delivery parameters to increase force
effectiveness (JP 2-0). The G-3/S-3, in coordination with the fires cell and the targeting working group,
conducts MEA concurrently with BDA and uses MEA to recommend an increase in the effectiveness of—
⚫ The methodology. ⚫ Munitions.
⚫ Tactics. ⚫ Weapons delivery parameters.
⚫ Weapons systems.
B-99. The G-2/S-2, G-3/S-3, and fire support coordinator/fire support officer use BDA and MEA results to
determine if operational objectives were achieved and make recommendations to the commander. Reattack
recommendation—an assessment, derived from the results of battle damage assessment and munitions
effectiveness assessment, providing the commander systematic advice on reattack of a target (JP 3-60)—and
other recommendations must address objectives relative to targets, target critical elements, target systems,
enemy combat force strengths, and friendly maneuver.
B-100. Future target nominations and reattack recommendations merge the picture of what was done (BDA)
with how it was done (MEA) and compare results with predetermined measures of effectiveness developed
at the start of the targeting process. This determines the degree of success in achieving objectives and
formulating any required follow-up actions or indicates readiness toward new tasks to achieve overall
objectives. |
2-0 | 269 | Appendix C
Force Projection Operations Considerations
FORCE PROJECTION THREATS
C-1. Force projection is the ability to project the military instrument of national power from the United
States or another theater in response to requirements for military operations (JP 3-0). It is the military
component of power projection and a central element of the national military strategy. Army organizations
and installations linked with joint forces and industry form a strategic platform to maintain, project, and
sustain Army forces wherever they deploy. Force projection operations are inherently joint and require
situational understanding and detailed planning and synchronization.
C-2. During force projection, peer threats can apply strategic and operational reach to contest Army
deployments; in terms of the most dangerous COAs, they can employ devastating lethal and nonlethal
capabilities across multiple domains. Gaining situational understanding of threat intentions and activities
across force projection processes can present challenges for deploying units since their assigned intelligence
collection assets are transitioning from home station to forward theaters, and intelligence analysis may be
focused on understanding threats in the forward theater operational areas.
C-3. Peer threats possess the capability and capacity to observe, disrupt, delay, and attack U.S. forces at any
stage of force projection, including while still positioned at home stations in the United States and while
overseas. (See FM 3-0.) The Army relies on various interdependent infrastructures, most of which it does not
own or operate. This makes the Army’s domestic operations rely heavily on external resources susceptible
to a multitude of lethal and nonlethal threat methods and capabilities leveraged across one or more domains.
Leveraged threat methods and capabilities include but are not limited to—
⚫ Conducting lethal and nonlethal attacks against units posturing for deployment.
⚫ Conducting persistent, multidomain information collection on Army forces, training, and
installations.
⚫ Conducting information warfare operations against local communities, Service members, DOD
civilians, contractors, and Soldiers’ Family members:
▪ Targeted threats through social media, email, or other means designed to frighten and
distract deploying Soldiers and their Families.
▪ Cyberspace attacks against Soldier and Family member bank and credit agencies, impeding
or disrupting access to personal funds.
▪ Cyberspace attacks against civilian infrastructure (including transportation, supply, fuel, and
navigation) used to support military operations.
▪ Targeted strikes against defense communications infrastructure to disrupt communications
between units, installations, and other unified action partners that assist deployment.
⚫ Disinformation dissemination and misinformation support designed to—
▪ Undermine the legitimacy of or reduce support for U.S. Government action.
▪ Incite civil unrest in local communities and along road and rail lines of communications that
deploying forces need or plan to use to reach ports of embarkation.
▪ Reduce trust in future official communications from government, law enforcement, or
military officials by releasing disinformation that appears genuine but contains incorrect or
confusing information.
⚫ Conducing infrastructure sabotage using pre-positioned agents in the U.S. homeland or theater. |
2-0 | 270 | Appendix C
C-4. Peer threat objectives and advantages may not be immediately recognized since the effects of peer
threat activities may appear over prolonged time windows. By using a range of military and nonmilitary
activities, a peer threat can use various instruments of national power to further its interests and contest Army
force projection processes. The adversary’s use of diplomatic, information, economic, and military activities
shape the OE well before armed conflict by gaining situational awareness of, detecting, and even deterring
Army force projection processes. In crisis, peer threats may seek to delay or disrupt friendly forces moving
from the U.S. homeland to overseas theaters long enough to achieve their goals in forward theaters. During
armed conflict, peer threats may seek to inflict significant damage to or deny or defeat Army forces in the
deployment phase or at home station before Army forces reach their assigned operational area or debarkation
location. Army forces must evaluate the peer threat’s ability to contest U.S. force deployment and home
station activities in all domains and across the Army strategic contexts.
C-5. Nonpeer or opportunistic threats may attempt to detect, deter, delay, or defeat Army forces conducting
CONUS and OCONUS force projection processes. These threats may be inspired or influenced by peer
threats and attempt to take advantage of peer threat associated contested deployment activities to advance
their own goals. Peer threat, nonpeer threat, or other opportunistic threat actions may use the same methods,
making attribution difficult.
C-6. Because threat forces may attempt to disrupt one or more force projection processes, G-2/S-2s must
continuously leverage the intelligence enterprise to maintain visibility of potential threats to force projection
processes in CONUS and OCONUS territories. Close collaboration between the deploying unit; the
installation; appropriate federal, state, and local agencies (both government and law enforcement); and USAR
and ARNG elements is critical in mitigating threat activities leveraged to disrupt force projection. G-2/S-2s
and other staff members must consider incorporating strategies into planning and training to mitigate the
potential for threat activities during force projection. Key planning and training considerations include but
are not limited to—
⚫ Local, state, and federal authorities able to mitigate deployment disruptions.
⚫ Coordination and relationship building with local, state, and federal civilian law enforcement
agencies to ensure effective movement control from fort to port.
⚫ Understanding about critical infrastructure vulnerable to sabotage and unsuited for the
movement of heavy equipment along surface (road and rail) lines of communications.
⚫ Using alternate railheads and marshalling yards as well as multiple lines of communication to
reach ports of embarkation.
⚫ Developing alternate surface transportation options to deliver unit equipment to a seaport of
embarkation when rail service is degraded or disrupted.
⚫ Establishing fuel, maintenance, and rest locations along lines of communications.
⚫ Implementing a communications plan that informs the public while maintaining OPSEC.
⚫ Establishing specific cyberspace defenses for systems and associated data used to support
movement.
C-7. G-2/S-2s, in conjunction with the intelligence enterprise, perform IPOE for threat activities associated
with force projection processes. Additionally, G-2/S-2s conduct intelligence reach to AISE and theater
intelligence units and organizations to inform deployment-related IPOE and address information gaps
concerning threats to movement into a specific theater. Conversely, AISE and theater intelligence units and
organizations conduct activities to support their intelligence operations, analysis, activities, and anticipated
intelligence requirements for Army forces conducting force projection processes. AISE and theater
intelligence units and organizations can support force projection processes by—
⚫ Providing situational understanding of the threat’s attempt to gain and/or maintain positions of
relative advantage associated with force projection activities.
⚫ Detecting indicators of imminent threat activities.
⚫ Providing an understanding of enemy intentions.
⚫ Tracking enemy activities and capabilities across domains and dimensions. |
2-0 | 271 | Force Projection Operations Considerations
INTELLIGENCE SUPPORT TO FORCE PROJECTION
C-8. Unstable conditions worldwide often reduce or limit the amount of time required to produce
intelligence to meet contingency operation requirements. Therefore, MI units and staffs prepare for potential
contingencies by building intelligence readiness daily, including their skills and systems expertise. When a
unit receives a WARNORD for deployment or is assigned a contingency mission, the unit conducts pre-
mission analysis of the projected AOI.
C-9. Built on a foundation of intelligence readiness, the intelligence warfighting function provides the
commander with the intelligence needed to conduct force projection operations. Successful intelligence
during force projection operations relies on continuous collection and intelligence production before and
during the operation. During force projection operations, higher echelons provide intelligence to lower
echelons until the early-entry force secures the lodgment area. The J-2 begins to set the theater, exercising.
judgment when providing information to subordinate intelligence staffs to avoid overwhelming them.
C-10. Key planning considerations for intelligence in force projection include—
⚫ Staying out front in intelligence planning:
▪ Begin pre-mission analysis of the OE as soon as possible.
▪ Develop a steady effort.
▪ Prioritize information requirements to develop the initial intelligence requirements.
▪ Identify intelligence training requirements (including augmentees).
⚫ Understanding how to get intelligence support:
▪ Understand the combatant command and deployed force intelligence architecture.
▪ Identify asset, sensor, and intelligence PED requirements.
▪ Identify personnel augmentation requirements.
C-11. Intelligence leaders anticipate, identify, consider, and evaluate all threats to the unit throughout force
projection operations. This is critical during the deployment and entry operations stages of force projection.
During these stages, the unit is particularly vulnerable to threat actions because of its limited combat power
and knowledge of the AO. Therefore, intelligence professionals emphasize providing combat information
and intelligence products that indicate changes to the threat or relevant aspects of the OE. Intelligence leaders
should—
⚫ Review available databases on assigned contingency areas, begin collaboration and pre-mission
analysis of the OE, and develop initial IPOE products concerning the AOIs.
⚫ Comply with regulatory guidelines for conducting specific intelligence operations.
⚫ Coordinate for and rehearse using the same communications protocols that the joint force, higher
headquarters, and subordinate and lateral units use when deployed.
⚫ Plan, train, and practice surging intelligence analysis on regionally aligned, likely, or developing
contingencies.
⚫ Prepare and practice coordination with other elements and organizations such as—
▪ Intelligence units and analytical elements.
▪ Information operations officers.
▪ The USAF SWO. (See JP 3-59 and AR 115-10.)
▪ CA elements and units. (See FM 3-57.)
▪ Military information support operations elements and units. (See FM 3-53.)
▪ Space support elements. (See FM 3-14.)
▪ Special forces elements and units. (See FM 3-05 and FM 3-18.)
⚫ Include the following as a part of daily (sustainment) operations:
▪ A linguist plan with proficiency requirements.
▪ Training (individual and collective), including augmentees.
▪ Appointed and trained foreign disclosure personnel.
⚫ Establish formal or informal intelligence links, relationships, and networks to meet developing
contingencies. |
2-0 | 272 | Appendix C
⚫ Conduct analysis of threats, terrain and weather, and civil considerations or submit RFIs in
accordance with unit SOPs.
⚫ Determine the need for additional civil considerations and sociocultural research and pre-
mission analysis of the OE.
⚫ Establish statements of intelligence interests and develop production and warning requirements.
C-12. Intelligence leaders support peacetime contingency planning with intelligence knowledge and IPOE
products and databases on likely contingency areas. Intelligence leaders, with the G-2/S-2 and G-3/S-3,
establish an information collection plan implemented upon alert notification. For a smooth transition from
predeployment to entry, intelligence leaders must coordinate an intelligence architecture. To support
information collection, the intelligence staff identifies requirements, including—
⚫ Collection assets providing support throughout the AOI.
⚫ The intelligence PED required to support collection assets, including the use of expeditionary or
reach intelligence PED to best support the requirements of the operation.
⚫ Command and support relationships.
⚫ Report and request procedures not covered in unit SOPs.
⚫ Deployment sequence of information collection personnel and equipment. Early deployment of
key information collection personnel and equipment is essential for force protection and
operations. The composition of initial and follow-on deploying assets is influenced by the
mission variables (METT-TC [I]), availability of communications, and availability of lift.
⚫ Communications architectures supporting both intelligence staffs and collection assets.
⚫ Friendly vulnerabilities to hostile intelligence threats and plans for conducting force protection.
The staff must begin this planning as early as possible to ensure adequate support to force
protection of deploying and initial-entry forces.
⚫ TPFDD requirements. When necessary, the staff should recommend changes to priority of
movement, unit, or capability to enable information collection.
C-13. Intelligence leaders continually monitor and update applicable plans and orders to reflect the evolving
situation, especially during crisis. National intelligence activities monitor regional threats worldwide and can
answer some intelligence requirements supporting the development of plans and orders.
FORCE PROJECTION SUBPROCESSES
C-14. Force projection is the enabler of the Army’s expeditionary capability. It is a process that ultimately
involves unified action. This requires organizing combat power through force tailoring, task organization,
and mutual support. The five subprocesses of force projection are—
⚫ Mobilization.
⚫ Deployment.
⚫ Employment.
⚫ Sustainment.
⚫ Redeployment.
MOBILIZATION
C-15. Mobilization is the process by which the Armed Forces of the United States, or part of them, are
brought to a state of readiness for war or other national emergency (JP 4-05). This is also the point where the
intelligence staff begins conducting the tasks required to set the theater. It assembles and organizes resources
to support national objectives. (See ADP 4-0.)
C-16. The intelligence staff updates estimates, databases, IPOE products, and other intelligence products
required to support command decisions on force composition and deployment priorities and sequence. Units
reassess their collection requirements immediately after alert notification. The intelligence staff begins
verifying planning assumptions within the OPLAN. The intelligence staff, with CI personnel support,
provides force protection support and recommends antiterrorism measures. |
2-0 | 273 | Force Projection Operations Considerations
C-17. During mobilization, intelligence leaders—
⚫ Monitor intelligence reporting on threat activity, civil considerations, and warning data.
⚫ Manage information requirements and RFIs from the unit and subordinate units, to include
updating information collection planning.
⚫ Establish habitual training relationships with augmentation units and personnel as well as higher
echelon intelligence organizations identified in the existing OPLAN.
⚫ Support augmentation units and personnel by preparing and conducting intelligence training and
threat update briefings and by disseminating intelligence.
⚫ Identify information collection and intelligence PED force requirements for the different types of
operations and contingency plans.
⚫ Identify individual military, civilian, and contractor augmentation requirements.
C-18. During mobilization, intelligence leaders, in conjunction with the rest of the staff, ensure the adequate
equipping and training of MI organizations and individual augmentees that conduct intelligence operations.
Predictive intelligence supports the decisions the commander and staff make regarding the size, composition,
structure, and deployment sequence of the force.
C-19. In a force projection operation, higher echelons provide intelligence for situation and target
development to lower echelons until the tactical ground force completes entry and secures the lodgment area.
The higher headquarters intelligence section may be reluctant to push everything down through tactical-level
intelligence channels due to the volume of the intelligence information available. Intelligence analysis
systems provide the BCT S-2 access to theater and national databases with the ability to collaborate with
knowledge centers. Intelligence readiness training assists in ensuring intelligence professionals and assets
can meet the unit’s needs during operations. The G-2/S-2 must anticipate, identify, consider, and evaluate all
potential threats to the entire unit throughout force projection operations.
C-20. Throughout mobilization, unit intelligence activities provide deploying forces with the most recent
intelligence on the contingency area. The intelligence staff also updates databases and situation graphics.
Intelligence leaders—
⚫ Fully understand the unit, higher headquarters, and joint force intelligence organizations.
⚫ Revise intelligence and intelligence-related communications architectures and integrate any new
systems and software into current architectures.
⚫ Support 24-hour operations and provide continuous intelligence (to include terrain and weather)
support.
⚫ Plan all required intelligence reach procedures.
⚫ Determine transportation availability for deployment as well as during deployment.
⚫ Determine all sustainability requirements.
⚫ Determine intelligence release requirements and restrictions and releasability to multinational
and host-nation sources.
⚫ Review status-of-forces agreements, rules of engagement, international law, intelligence sharing
agreements, and other agreements, emphasizing the effect they have on intelligence collection.
(Coordinate with the staff judge advocate on these issues.)
⚫ Ensure deployment priorities for the collection assets and sensors along with the required
intelligence PED personnel are reflected in the TPFDD to support information collection
activities.
⚫ Ensure intelligence links provide the early-entry commander access to joint and Army all-source
intelligence and collection assets, processing systems, and databases.
⚫ Review the supported unit commander’s specified tasks, implied tasks, task organization,
intelligence scheme of support, and coordination requirements. Address issues or shortfalls and
direct or coordinate changes.
⚫ Establish access to national databases and repositories for each intelligence discipline and
complementary capability, as well as links to joint, Service, multinational, and host-nation
databases and repositories. |
2-0 | 274 | Appendix C
DEPLOYMENT
C-21. Deployment is the movement of forces into and out of an operational area (JP 3-35). The joint
deployment process is divided into four phases: deployment planning, predeployment activities, movement,
and joint RSOI. The joint process includes a planning phase at the outset whereas the Army considers
planning to be woven through all phases. Moreover, the movement phase in the Army process occurs in two
segments: fort-to-port and port-to-port. The Army and other Services rely on the U.S. Transportation
Command to provide the strategic lift to, through, and from strategic ports, both in CONUS and OCONUS.
(For doctrine on deployments, see ATP 3-35.)
C-22. A smooth and effective deployment is a challenge for intelligence staffs and MI units because of the
many complex and technical aspects of intelligence support and intelligence operations. During deployment,
intelligence organizations at the home station or deployed with the early-entry force use the communications
architecture and higher and lower intelligence organizations to provide graphic and textual intelligence
updates to the forces en route. En route updates assist in reducing information gaps and allow commanders
to adjust plans in response to changes in the situation before arriving at the operational area. During stability
operations and other circumstances, intelligence transitions are conducted between arriving units and those
that are redeploying. The three primary areas of intelligence transition are—
⚫ Operations.
⚫ Targeting.
⚫ Technical oversight.
C-23. Intelligence units extend established networks to connect intelligence staffs and collection assets at
various stages of the deployment. Where necessary, units establish new communications paths to meet
mission requirements. If deployed, the joint force, theater army, and corps ACEs have a critical role in
providing access to and building out the intelligence architecture and in sharing intelligence databases to
deploying forces.
C-24. The Army relies on space-based capabilities and systems, such as global positioning satellites,
communications satellites, weather satellites, cruise missile launches, and intelligence collection platforms.
These systems are critical enablers for Army personnel to plan, communicate, navigate and maneuver,
provide missile warning, and protect and sustain Army forces. Planning and coordination of space support
with national, joint, Service, and theater resources occur through liaison with space and weather
professionals. Space-enabled capabilities are key to supporting intelligence during deployment and
employment by—
⚫ Monitoring terrestrial AOIs to assist in revealing the threat’s location and disposition.
⚫ Providing communications links between deploying forces, the United States, and its territories.
⚫ Permitting collection assets to determine their position accurately through the Global Positioning
System.
⚫ Providing meteorological, oceanographic, and space environmental information and data that are
processed, analyzed, and exploited to produce timely and accurate weather effects on operations.
⚫ Providing warnings of ballistic missile launches.
C-25. Situation development dominates intelligence activities during early-entry operations. The intelligence
staff attempts to identify all threats to arriving forces and assists the commander in developing force
protection measures. Peer threat capabilities (such as long-range strike and A2 and AD capabilities) create
additional challenges to entry operations and freedom of movement. During entry operations, echelons above
corps organizations provide intelligence support, which includes providing access to the national intelligence
and early deployment intelligence elements. The entire effort focuses on providing tailored support to
deploying and deployed echelons in response to their intelligence requirements.
C-26. Collection and processing capabilities are enhanced as assets arrive and buildup in the AO, with
emphasis on the buildup of the deployed capability required to conduct sustained information collection
activities. Intelligence PED personnel are employed either through the deployment of PED with the force
(expeditionary PED) or through reach PED conducted in theater, at sanctuary sites, or from the locations
within the United States. |
2-0 | 275 | Force Projection Operations Considerations
C-27. Liaison personnel, basic communications, and an initial intelligence architecture should be in place
before the scheduled arrival of parent commands. When the senior Army headquarters arrives in the
operational area, the joint force intelligence staff implements and, where necessary, modifies the theater
intelligence architecture. Deploying intelligence assets establish liaison with staffs and deployed units. As
more units deploy and complete RSOI, the amount of information collection units increases.
C-28. Installations in the United States and its territories and other bases outside the operational area continue
to support deployed units. Systems capable of rapid receipt and processing of intelligence from national
systems and high-capacity, long-haul communications systems are critical to the success of intelligence reach
and overwatch to a deployed force. These systems provide a continuous flow of intelligence to satisfy many
operational needs.
C-29. During entry operations the intelligence staff—
⚫ Monitors protection indicators.
⚫ Assesses the information collection effort.
⚫ Monitors intelligence reporting on threats and civil considerations.
⚫ Assesses—
▪ Push versus pull requirements of intelligence reach and overwatch.
▪ The effectiveness of the intelligence communications architecture.
▪ Reporting procedures and timelines.
EMPLOYMENT
C-30. Employment is the strategic, operational, and tactical use of forces (JP 5-0). Intelligence and
information collection support operations by understanding and answering the commander’s requirements.
They focus primarily on supporting the commander’s situational understanding, targeting, and protection
requirements. Good planning and preparation can ensure a smooth transition from deployment to
employment and from employment through sustainment to redeployment.
SUSTAINMENT
C-31. Sustainment is the provision of logistics, financial management, personnel services, and health services
support necessary to maintain operations until successful mission completion (ADP 4-0). The intelligence
warfighting function must both support friendly force sustainment, which is often vulnerable to threat attack,
and sustain intelligence support and intelligence operations. Supporting sustainment is similar to supporting
other force projection subprocesses and is discussed in other portions of this publication. Sustaining
intelligence support and intelligence operations is broad and can be complex. Aspects of sustaining
intelligence can include—
⚫ IEW collection systems maintenance.
⚫ Intelligence architecture and PED maintenance and logistics.
⚫ Providing and maintaining the appropriate numbers and skill levels of intelligence professionals,
in many situations, low-density specialties.
⚫ Contract support (including linguists).
⚫ Port, railhead, airhead, or transshipment operations.
⚫ Convoy operations and resupply of the different classes of supply.
⚫ Medical support and casualty evacuation.
⚫ Mortuary affairs.
REDEPLOYMENT
C-32. Redeployment is the transfer of forces and materiel to home and/or demobilization stations for
reintegration or out-processing (ATP 3-35). This definition differs from the joint definition. As with
deployment, there is a requirement to conduct an intelligence transition from the redeploying unit to the
deploying unit. A well-prepared intelligence transition ensures a smooth and seamless transition between units. |
2-0 | 276 | Appendix C
C-33. As combat power and resources decrease in the operational area, protection and warning become the
focus of the commander’s intelligence requirements. This drives the selection of those assets that must remain
deployed until the end of the operation and those that may redeploy earlier. The G-2/S-2—
⚫ Monitors intelligence reporting on threat activity and warning data.
⚫ Continues to conduct intelligence support to protection.
⚫ Requests information collection support (combatant command and national systems) and
intelligence to support redeployment.
C-34. After redeployment, MI personnel and units recover and return to predeployment activities. Information
collection units resume contingency-oriented peacetime intelligence operations. The intelligence staff—
⚫ Prepares after-action reports and lessons learned.
⚫ Monitors intelligence reporting on threat activity and civil considerations for contingencies.
⚫ Updates or consolidates databases.
⚫ Maintains intelligence readiness.
⚫ Provides input to the force-design update process to refine modified tables of organization and
equipment and to evaluate the need for individual mobilization augmentee personnel.
⚫ Submits organizational needs requests.
HOMELAND DEFENSE AND DEFENSE SUPPORT OF CIVIL
AUTHORITIES CONSIDERATIONS
C-35. While Army forces are preparing to deploy during crisis or armed conflict against a peer threat, other
units may be tasked to support homeland defense or DSCA. The circumstances that lead to national
authorities directing the deployment of Army forces may also necessitate operations to simultaneously defend
the U.S. homeland or support civil authorities. (See FM 3-0.)
C-36. Homeland defense is the protection of United States sovereignty, territory, domestic population, and
critical infrastructure against external threats and aggression or other threats as directed by the President
(JP 3-27). Defense support of civil authorities is support provided by U.S. Federal military forces, DOD
civilians, DOD contract personnel, DOD component assets, and National Guard forces (when the Secretary
of Defense, in coordination with the governors of the affected States, elects and requests to use those forces
in Title 32, USC status) in response to requests for assistance from civil authorities for domestic emergencies,
law enforcement support, and other domestic activities, or from qualifying entities for special events
(DODD 3025.18). Homeland defense and DSCA are critical to successful force projection operations. A peer
threat’s ability to impact the U.S. homeland through lethal and nonlethal means across the strategic contexts
has increased due to reliance on technology that is susceptible to threat capabilities. The G-2/S-2s must be
aware of threats against the U.S. homeland with the potential to impact their units’ operations.
C-37. Homeland defense and DSCA operations are conducted in a complex OE that contains layers of
different jurisdictions (federal, state, territorial, tribal, and local), many agencies and organizations, the
private sector, and several allies and multinational partners. (See FM 3-0.) Within the same city, Army forces
may be simultaneously conducting different missions, each with distinct authorities and requirements. This
could include adjacent units conducting—
⚫ Deployment preparation activities.
⚫ Homeland defense missions, as directed by the U.S. Northern Command or U.S. Indo-Pacific
Command.
⚫ DSCA to support the Department of Homeland Security or other organizations.
C-38. During crisis and armed conflict, Army forces allocated to the CCDR will likely conduct homeland
defense and DSCA missions simultaneous to enable Army force projection processes. For Army intelligence
forces conducting homeland defense and DSCA, intelligence staffs and units must reference specific
intelligence mission and authorities detailed in homeland defense related OPORDs and their associated
Annex B (Intelligence). These intelligence homeland defense related intelligence missions are informed by
guidelines for theater army, corps, division, and BCT intelligence staffs and units (see chapter 6). |
2-0 | 277 | Force Projection Operations Considerations
C-39. Forward theater intelligence activities greatly contribute to homeland defense. In addition to assessing
threats in forward theaters, Army intelligence staffs, units, and organizations worldwide have a significant
role in detecting, deterring, and preventing attacks against the United States. Forward theater intelligence
staffs, in coordination with intelligence staffs supporting homeland defense, must establish intelligence
handover lines and other approved control measures and procedures to lessen the possibility of gaps in
coverage to detect threats against the U.S. homeland.
C-40. Interorganizational cooperation is critical to homeland defense. The success of interorganizational
cooperation hinges on timely and accurate information and intelligence for decision making. Information
sharing environments should include as many essential participants as possible, with the understanding that
not all can participate in a collaborative environment. When possible, a collaborative intelligence sharing
environment should be capable of generating and disseminating intelligence, operational information, and
orders, where needed, in the shortest time possible.
C-41. Army intelligence units conducting homeland defense should anticipate sharing intelligence with
Army units during force projection processes. Theater army ACEs and JTF/JFLCC-level joint force
intelligence operations centers have a critical role in making intelligence assessments available to deploying
forces. (See ATP 2-91.7 and ADP 3-28.)
C-42. Intelligence units may conduct analysis of and intelligence collection against peer threats or foreign-
intelligence-related opportunist threats impacting DOD DSCA missions, and in certain instances, provide
situational awareness, damage assessments, or incident awareness and assessments according to Secretary of
Defense authorization and combatant command DSCA-related mission orders. (See ATP 2-91.7.)
Note. For Army intelligence forces conducting homeland defense and DSCA, intelligence staffs,
units, and organizations must reference specific intelligence mission and authorities in homeland
defense related OPORDs and associated Annex B (Intelligence) in order to ensure compliance
with DOD intelligence activity guidance. |
2-0 | 279 | Appendix D
General Intelligence Provisions, Authorities, and Oversight
Principles
OVERVIEW
D-1. Intelligence personnel conducting intelligence operations must comply with laws, regulations, and
policies. The implications of and considerations associated with these provisions and authorities include the
oversight, management, and resourcing of intelligence operations and the authority for or prohibitions on
certain specific intelligence activities. This appendix provides a description of laws, regulations, and policies
that govern intelligence operations and a general overview of intelligence oversight.
UNITED STATES CODE TITLES
D-2. G-2/S-2s, intelligence planners, and MI unit commanders must comply with the intelligence provisions
and authorities in the following titles of the USC:
⚫ Title 10, USC, Armed Forces of the United States, addresses—
▪ The authority of the Secretary of Defense over all DOD intelligence organizations and
activities.
▪ The position of Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence and Security.
▪ The role of national intelligence through tactical intelligence and the integration of DOD
ISR capabilities.
▪ Meeting the needs of CCDRs through tactical commanders.
▪ Funds for foreign cryptologic support.
▪ The appropriation, use, and auditing of DOD intelligence funds.
▪ Congressional oversight.
⚫ Title 18, USC, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, addresses Posse Comitatus prohibition.
⚫ Title 32, USC, National Guard, addresses—
▪ Homeland defense activities.
▪ DSCA.
⚫ Title 50, USC, War and National Defense, addresses—
▪ The role of the Secretary of Defense in conducting intelligence activities.
▪ The purpose of all-source intelligence and the role of integrated and synchronized DOD
intelligence collection, analysis, and dissemination as part of the larger U.S. IC.
▪ The role of national intelligence through tactical intelligence.
▪ The needs of CCDRs through tactical commanders.
▪ Specialized intelligence functions of the National Security Agency, the National Geospatial-
Intelligence Agency, National Reconnaissance Office, and DIA.
▪ CI activities.
▪ Intelligence budget and oversight.
D-3. Title 10, USC, and Title 50, USC, are inextricably linked and mutually supportive statutory provisions
for DOD intelligence activities at every level of warfare (strategic, theater-strategic, operational, and tactical)
during peacetime or war. |
2-0 | 280 | Appendix D
INTELLIGENCE OVERSIGHT
D-4. Intelligence oversight derives from Executive Order (EO) 12333 as amended, with DOD implementing
guidance in DODM 5240.01 and the Army implementing guidance in AR 381-10:
⚫ EO 12333, United States Intelligence Activities (as amended)—
▪ Is the principal legal authority for intelligence activities (provides intelligence goals and
directions).
▪ Defines the structure and mission of the U.S. IC.
▪ Delineates jurisdictional boundaries among intelligence agencies and establishes duties and
responsibilities for each department and agency within the U.S. IC.
▪ Declares rules to guide and limit the conduct of intelligence activities.
▪ Defines agency responsibilities, including the DOD’s role, for national intelligence efforts.
▪ Declares rules of conduct for intelligence activities involving U.S. persons.
▪ Contains general provisions pertaining to oversight, implementation, and definitions.
⚫ DODM 5240.01, Procedures Governing the Conduct of DOD Intelligence Activities—
▪ Establishes procedures to enable DOD to conduct authorized intelligence activities in a
manner that protects the constitutional and legal rights and the privacy and civil liberties of
U.S. persons.
▪ Authorizes defense intelligence components to collect, retain, and disseminate information
concerning U.S. persons in compliance with applicable laws, EOs, policies, and regulations.
⚫ AR 381-10, The Conduct and Oversight of U.S. Army Intelligence Activities—
▪ Establishes policies and procedures for the conduct of authorized intelligence functions to
protect the rights and privacy of U.S. persons.
▪ Applies to any Army component performing authorized Army intelligence and intelligence-
related activities.
▪ Does not, in and of itself, authorize intelligence activities—it simply sets forth the policies
and procedures for conducting such activities, provided the personnel conducting collection
have the appropriate mission and authority.
D-5. Intelligence activities authorized by EO 12333 as amended are further extended to CCDRs through
OPORDs and OPLANs. Additionally, certain intelligence activities may be directed by other legislative
authority and are not exclusive to Title 10 or Title 50 statutes.
D-6. Each organization or unit must have a specific assigned mission to conduct a particular type of
intelligence activity. These specific authorities are often found in a wide range of documents, such as DOD
directives, intelligence agency specific authorities, Army regulations, OPORDs, and OPLANs.
D-7. If the intelligence staff has any questions on authorities or funding sources—due to the dynamic nature,
complexity, and large volume of intelligence laws and policies—the staff should coordinate closely with the
unit staff judge advocate for clarification. |
2-0 | 281 | General Intelligence Provisions, Authorities, and Oversight Principles
U.S. Person Information
Intelligence personnel will conduct intelligence collection activities in accordance with the
requirements of EO 12333 as amended, DODM 5240.01, and AR 381-10 in a manner that
ensures legality and propriety and preserves and respects the privacy and civil liberties of U.S.
persons. Army intelligence personnel conducting intelligence collection activities will complete
intelligence oversight training as required in DOD 5240.1-R and AR 381-10 before conducting
intelligence collection activities.
Soldiers with an authorized intelligence mission or function can collect, retain, and disseminate
intelligence on U.S. persons in compliance with specific criteria and restrictions. An Army
component may collect information that identifies U.S. persons only if—
• It is necessary to the conduct of a function assigned to the collecting component.
• It falls within 1 of 13 categories in DODM 5240.01, procedure 2.
• Collection techniques are limited to those necessary to perform assigned functions using the
least intrusive means.
If, during authorized collection activities, U.S. person information is incidentally collected (it was
not the target of the collection), all such information may be temporarily retained, evaluated for
permanent retention, and disseminated only in accordance with DODM 5240.01, procedures 3
and 4, and AR 381-10.
INTELLIGENCE AUTHORITY SOURCES
D-8. Table D-1 lists some of the most important intelligence authority sources.
Table D-1. Law, policy, and other sources applicable to intelligence operations
Executive Order 12333, United States Intelligence Activities (as amended)
AR 381-10, The Conduct and Oversight of U.S. Army Intelligence Activities
AR 381-20, The Army Counterintelligence Program
AR 381-26, Army Foreign Materiel Program
AR 381-47, Offensive Counterintelligence Operations
AR 381-100, Army Human Intelligence Collection Programs
AR 381-102, Army Cover Program
AR 381-141, Intelligence Contingency Funds
AR 381-143, Intelligence Property Book
AR 525-95, Army Geospatial Intelligence and Geospatial Information Services
DOD 5240.1-R, Procedures Governing the Activities of DOD Intelligence Components That Affect United States Persons
(Procedures 11 through 13 remain)
DOD Law of War Manual
DODD 2310.01E, DOD Detainee Program
DODD 3115.09, DOD Intelligence Interrogations, Detainee Debriefings, and Tactical Questioning
DODD 5100.20, National Security Agency/Central Security Service (NSA/CSS)
DODD 5148.13, Intelligence Oversight (Replaced Intelligence Oversight Procedures 14 and 15 of DOD 5240.1-R)
DODD 5240.01, DOD Intelligence Activities
DODM 5240.01, Procedures Governing the Conduct of DOD Intelligence Activities
FM 2-22.3, Human Intelligence Collector Operations
FM 6-27, The Commander’s Handbook on the Law of Land Warfare
ICD 104, National Intelligence Program (NIP) Budget Formulation and Justification, Execution, and Performance Evaluation
ICD 113, Functional Managers
ICD 116, Intelligence Planning, Programming, Budgeting, and Evaluation System
ICD 203, Analytic Standards
ICD 204, National Intelligence Priorities Framework
ICD 302, Document and Media Exploitation
ICD 304, Human Intelligence
ICD 310, Coordination of Clandestine Human Source and Human-Enabled Foreign Intelligence and Counterintelligence Activities
Outside the United States |
2-0 | 282 | Appendix D
Table D-1. Law, policy, and other sources applicable to intelligence operations (continued)
ICD 311, Coordination of Clandestine Human Source and Human-Enabled Foreign Intelligence and Counterintelligence Activities
Inside the United States
ICPG 107.1, Requests for Identities of U.S. Persons in Disseminated Intelligence Reports
Title 10, USC, Armed Forces
Title 32, USC, National Guard
Title 50, USC, War and National Defense
Relevant DOD instructions
U.S. Army Directive 2016-37, U.S. Army Open-Source Intelligence Activities
Privacy Act of 1974 (Section 552a, Title 5, USC [also called 5 USC § 552a])
Manual for Courts-Martial United States (2019 Edition)
International treaties, such as the Hague Convention (1899 and 1907), the Geneva Conventions (1949), and Protocol I to the
Geneva Conventions (1977)
AR Army regulation ICD intelligence community directive
DOD Department of Defense ICPG intelligence community police guidance
DODD Department of Defense directive U.S. United States
DODM Department of Defense manual USC United States Code
FM field manual |
2-0 | 283 | Appendix E
Language Support Considerations
LANGUAGE REQUIREMENTS
E-1. Military operations highly depend on military- and contractor-provided foreign language support. The
requirement to communicate with and serve on multinational staffs, communicate with local populations, and
collect information necessitates the use of linguists. The growing focus on multinational operations increases
the competition for limited linguist resources that are vital for mission success.
LANGUAGE SUPPORT CATEGORIES
E-2. Language support requirements typically fall into one of seven broad categories:
⚫ Intelligence operations.
⚫ Multinational liaison.
⚫ Special operations.
⚫ CMO.
⚫ CA operations.
⚫ Sustainment.
⚫ Information.
Intelligence Operations
E-3. Intelligence operations includes linguist requirements inherent in CI, HUMINT, OSINT, and SIGINT.
Multinational Liaison
E-4. Multinational liaison includes the coordination of military operations and liaison with multinational
partners, previously unaffiliated nations, host-nation personnel and offices, and, at times. adversary or former
adversary nations. (See FM 6-0.)
Special Operations
E-5. Operations conducted by special operations forces typically require foreign language capabilities.
Because of the broad range of languages, Army special operations forces may not have the required number
of personnel trained in a specific language or dialect. In many situations, Army special operations forces
require sophisticated language skills requiring a nuanced language capability that can only a native speaker
can provide or vet. For example, psychological operations specialists develop product series in target
languages to obtain specific responses, and special forces team members convey the intent of the operation
to an indigenous force; CA personnel work in specialized teams found in government, law, medical support,
law enforcement, infrastructure projects, public safety, and population control. (See FM 3-53, FM 3-18, and
FM 3-57.)
Civil-Military Operations
E-6. Civil-military operations are activities of a commander performed by designated military forces that
establish, maintain, influence, or exploit relations between military forces and indigenous populations and
institutions by directly supporting the achievement of objectives relating to the reestablishment or
maintenance of stability within a region or host nation (JP 3-57). CMO may include military forces
performing activities and functions normally performed by the local, regional, or national government. These
activities may occur before, during, or after other military actions. They are fundamental to executing stability |
2-0 | 284 | Appendix E
operations conducted during offensive and defensive operations. Commanders are inherently responsible for
CMO, and Army forces conduct CMO to coordinate civil and military activities, minimize civil-military
friction and threats from the civil component, maximize support for operations, and meet commanders’ legal
obligations and moral responsibilities to civilian populations within the operational area.
E-7. CA personnel, other Army forces, other government agencies, or a combination of all three perform
these activities, and the G-9 is the lead staff officer for these activities. Foreign language support is critical
to CMO and may include language requirements in addition to those native in the nation where the operation
is occurring, as there may be other foreign governments and nongovernmental agencies involved in stability
operations. (See FM 3-57.)
Civil Affairs Operations
E-8. CA operations enhance the relationship between civil authorities and military forces. They involve
applying CA functional specialty skills to areas normally under the civil government’s responsibility. These
operations involve establishing, maintaining, influencing, or exploiting relations between military forces and
all levels of host-nation government agencies. CA personnel work with specialized vernacular in such areas
as government liaison, legal agreements, medical support and operations, law enforcement, infrastructure
projects, engineering projects, public safety, security, and population control. (See FM 3-57.)
Sustainment
E-9. This category consists of foreign language support to sustainment functions, which include logistic
contracting; port, railhead, airhead, or transshipment operations; and convoy operations. (See ADP 4-0.)
Information
E-10. DOD makes every effort to synchronize, align, and coordinate communications activities to facilitate
an understanding of how the planning and execution of DOD strategies, plans, operations, and activities will
be received or understood by key audiences. To support these efforts, commanders and staffs should identify
and understand key audience perceptions and possible reactions when planning and executing operations.
This understanding of key audience perceptions and reactions is a vital element of every theater campaign
and contingency plan, and it is essential to the Army’s ability to achieve unity of effort through unified action
with the joint force, interagency partners, and the broader interorganizational community. Key audience
beliefs, perceptions, and behaviors are crucial to the success of any strategy, plan, and operation.
E-11. Using accurate language, in the right tone and with the right connation, is crucial to these efforts and
requires foreign language support. Through the commander’s communications synchronization, public
affairs, information advantage activities, and defense support to public diplomacy are realized as
communications supporting capabilities. The commander’s communications synchronization assists leaders,
planners, and operators at all levels in understanding the desired effects and anticipating potential undesired
effects of the Army’s actions and words, identifying key audiences, and actively addressing their perspectives
when appropriate.
COMMAND LANGUAGE PROGRAM MANAGER
E-12. Commanders with many assigned linguists (150 or more) must appoint a full-time command language
program manager with a specified job description to manage the command language program. All personnel
performing command language program manager duties (either full-time or as an additional duty) must attend
the Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center Command Language Program Manager course.
COMMAND LANGUAGE COUNCIL
E-13. A command language council is required for a unit with more than 50 language-coded positions
authorized on Army manning documents. This council promotes linguistic excellence through the sharing of
ideas and information and to prioritize training. The command language council should include the
commander, command sergeant major, S-1, S-2, S-3, S-4, and the resource manager. However, the |
2-0 | 285 | Language Support Considerations
commander may direct other staff participation. For units with less than 50 linguists, it is at the commander’s
discretion to authorize the establishment of a command language council. (See AR 11-6.)
LANGUAGE SUPPORT FOR INTELLIGENCE OPERATIONS
E-14. The SIGINT and HUMINT disciplines require specific language skills to accomplish their collection
tasks successfully. SIGINT collectors often analyze and report information obtained through the intercept of
foreign language communications. Communications intelligence, together with intelligence research and
analysis missions, demands highly skilled listening and reading language capabilities. HUMINT collection
operations that require foreign language capabilities include the following:
⚫ Interrogation. Foreign language requirements for interrogation include listening and speaking
abilities for conducting the interrogation itself.
⚫ Debriefing. Debriefers require foreign language reading, listening, and speaking capabilities to
prepare for and carry out debriefings of foreign subjects.
⚫ Liaison. HUMINT collectors rely heavily on language ability to conduct effective liaison with
host-nation and other officials.
⚫ HUMINT source operations. All foreign language capabilities are required to conduct military
source operations effectively.
E-15. The HUMINT specialty identifies language proficiency with a skill qualification identifier. However,
when language-qualified debriefers are unavailable, debriefers may use interpreters. During the train/ready
phase, CI and HUMINT Soldiers must have the opportunity to participate in language and cultural immersion
programs that provide commanders with the socioeconomic expertise for specific target areas.
LANGUAGE SUPPORT SOURCES
E-16. Commanders can use various sources to obtain the linguists needed to support operations. It is vital to
know the advantages and disadvantages of each type of linguist and to match the available linguists to the
various requirements of the operation carefully.
ARMY LANGUAGE MILITARY OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALTIES
E-17. The language-dependent MI enlisted military occupational specialty (MOS) is 35P with a skill
qualification identifier of L (cryptologic linguist). HUMINT collector specialties (MOS 35M and warrant
officer MOS 351M) are designated as language dependent. Leaders should be aware of the language
proficiency level of their assigned HUMINT collectors, which may range from no language to full native
proficiency. (See table E-1 on page E-4.)
E-18. Not all 35M Soldiers are language dependent. Active Component and ARNG 35M Soldiers who did
not attend language training before 30 September 2020 are grandfathered and do not have to attend language
training to maintain MOS qualification for the duration of their career. Active Component and ARNG
Soldiers who entered service as MOS 35W or 35M and graduated from the Defense Language Institute
Foreign Language Center, or were recruited for their language, are subject to the provisions of AR 11-6.
USAR 35M Soldiers who signed a contract before 15 July 2020 are grandfathered. These 35M Soldiers are
considered language capable for the duration of their career. USAR 35M Soldiers who enter service after
15 July 2020 are considered language dependent and are subject to the provisions of AR 11-6.
E-19. The following non-MI career management fields, branches, and functional areas include language-
qualified enlisted MOSs and officer areas of concentration:
⚫ Career management field 18 (special forces [enlisted, warrant officers, and officers]).
⚫ Career management field 37 (psychological operations [enlisted and officers]).
⚫ Career management field 38 (CA).
⚫ Functional area 48 (foreign area officer). |
2-0 | 286 | Appendix E
Table E-1. Foreign language skill rating and language modalities
Foreign language skill
Rated language modalities
rating
(L) No practical understanding of the spoken language. Understanding is limited to occasional isolated words with
0 essentially no ability to comprehend communication.
No proficiency (R) No practical ability to read the language. Consistently misunderstands or cannot comprehend at all.
(S) Unable to function in the spoken language. Oral production is limited to occasional isolated words.
(L) Understands with reasonable accuracy only when this involves short, memorized utterances or formulae.
0+ (R) Can recognize all the letters in the printed version of an alphabetic system and high-frequency elements of a
Memorized proficiency syllabary or a character system.
(S) Vocabulary is usually limited to areas of immediate survival needs.
(L) Can understand simple questions and answers, simple statements, and very simple face-to-face
conversations in a standard dialect.
1
(R) Can read very simple connected written material in a form equivalent to usual printing or typescript.
Elementary proficiency
(S) Able to satisfy minimum courtesy requirements and maintain very simple face-to-face conversations on
familiar topics.
(L) Sufficient comprehension to understand short conversations about all survival needs and limited social demands.
1+ (R) Sufficient comprehension to understand simple discourse in printed form for informative social purposes, as
Elementary proficiency well as understand some main ideas from more complex texts.
plus (S) Can initiate and maintain predictable face-to-face conversations and satisfy limited social demands; range and
control of the language are limited.
(L) Sufficient comprehension to understand conversations on routine social demands and limited job requirements.
2
(R) Sufficient comprehension to read simple, authentic written material in a form equivalent to usual printing or
Limited working
typescript on subjects within a familiar context.
proficiency
(S) Able to satisfy routine social demands and limited work requirements.
(L) Sufficient comprehension to understand most routine social demands and most conversations on work
requirements as well as some discussions on concrete topics related to interests and special fields of competence.
2+
(R) Sufficient comprehension to understand most factual material in nontechnical prose as well as some
Limited working
discussions on concrete topics related to special professional interests.
proficiency plus
(S) Able to satisfy most work requirements with language usage that is often, but not always, acceptable, and
effective.
(L) Able to understand the essentials of all speech in a standard dialect including technical discussions within a
special field.
3
(R) Able to read within a normal range of speed and with almost complete comprehension a variety of authentic
General professional
prose material on unfamiliar subjects.
proficiency
(S) Able to speak the language with sufficient structural accuracy and vocabulary to participate effectively in most
formal and informal conversations in practical, social, and professional topics.
(L) Comprehends most of the content and intent of a variety of forms and styles of speech pertinent to
professional needs, as well as general topics and social conversation.
3+
(R) Can comprehend a variety of styles and forms pertinent to professional needs and rarely misinterprets such
General professional
texts or difficulty relating ideas or making inferences.
proficiency plus
(S) Is often able to use the language to satisfy professional needs in a wide range of sophisticated and
demanding tasks.
(L) Able to understand all forms and styles of speech pertinent to professional needs as well as understand fully
all speech with extensive and precise vocabulary.
4
(R) Able to read fluently and accurately all styles and forms of the language pertinent to professional needs as
Advanced professional
well as understand full ramifications of texts in wider sociopolitical environment.
proficiency
(S) Able to use the language fluently and accurately on all levels normally pertinent both personal and
professional needs.
(L) Increased ability to understand extremely difficult and abstract speech as well as ability to understand all forms
and styles of speech pertinent to professional needs, including social conversations.
4+
(R) Nearly native ability to read and understand extremely difficult or abstract prose, a very wide variety of
Advanced professional
vocabulary, idioms, colloquialisms, and slang.
proficiency plus
(S) Speaking proficiency is regularly superior in all respects, usually equivalent to that of a well-educated, highly
articulate native speaker.
(L) Comprehension equivalent to that of the well-educated native listener.
5
(R) Reading proficiency is functionally equivalent to that of the well-educated native reader.
Functionally native
(S) Speaking proficiency is functionally equivalent to that of a highly articulate well-educated native speaker and
proficiency
reflects the cultural standards of the country where the language is natively spoken.
L listening modality R reading modality S speaking modality |
2-0 | 287 | Language Support Considerations
CONTRACT LINGUISTS
E-20. U.S. civilians can be contracted to provide linguist support. They have an advantage over local-national
hires because their loyalty to the United States is more readily evaluated and it is easier for them to be granted
the necessary security clearance. However, there are usually severe limitations on the deployment and use of
civilians. A careful assessment of their language ability is important because they may use outdated terms or
interject U.S. idioms. If the linguists are recent immigrants, the use of the language in their country of origin
could be dangerous to them; similarly, their loyalty may reside with their country of origin, religious group,
tribal affiliation, or other close connections when the interests of these groups are at odds with U.S. interests.
E-21. Local-national hires often provide the bulk of linguist support. They are usually less expensive to hire
than U.S. civilians and know the local dialect, idioms, and culture. The expertise of these linguists in
particular areas or subject matters can be an asset.
E-22. All commands must comply with the CI screening policy for contract linguist support. CI screenings
may be performed by the hiring agency within the joint operations area or by CI personnel, who also screen
contract linguists periodically throughout their employment.
E-23. When requesting civilian contract linguists, the commander and staff must identify requirements by
category:
⚫ Category I linguists are locally hired personnel with an understanding of the English language.
They undergo a limited screening, are hired in-theater, do not possess a security clearance, and
are used for unclassified work. During most operations, category I linguists must be rescreened on a
scheduled basis. Category I linguists cannot be used for intelligence operations:
▪ Advantages: Category I linguists—
o Have the best knowledge of the local area such as terrain and familiarity of the local
populace.
o Are native speakers of the target language and can normally communicate more
fluently with the local populace.
o Usually have a more thorough understanding of the interactions of the various local
population groups.
▪ Disadvantages: Category I linguists—
o Can be a risk to OPSEC.
o Have loyalties that may align more with the local populace or the threat than with the
United States.
o Do not possess a security clearance and cannot be involved in sensitive missions
requiring one.
o May also be under direct physical threat by the local populace or threat for appearing to
collaborate with U.S. forces.
o May not be as fluent in the English language as category II or III linguists.
o Who are typically local hires, may more closely associate with one or more indigenous
groups, which may or may not be friendly toward the United States.
⚫ Category II linguists are U.S. citizens who have native command of the target language and
near-native command of the English language. They undergo a screening process that includes a
national agency check. Upon favorable findings, category II linguists are granted a Secret
Collateral clearance.
▪ Advantages: Category II linguists—
o Are normally U.S. citizens or military members who have been granted a Secret
security clearance, which is the minimum acceptable clearance for CI and HUMINT
collection.
o Are normally fluent in both English and the target language, may hold a Secret security
clearance, and can be used on missions requiring one. Their loyalties align with the
United States more than with the local populace. |
2-0 | 288 | Appendix E
▪ Disadvantages: Category II linguists—
o Can be a liability if they are civilians and may encounter imminent danger depending
on the type of element they support.
o Are probably not as good in their command for local dialects as category I linguists.
o May have limited, if any, experience or knowledge of the local terrain or knowledge of
the local populace.
o Knowledge of how the various local population groups interact may not be as detailed
or as comprehensive as that of category I linguists.
⚫ Category III linguists are U.S. citizens who have native command of the target language and
native command of the English language. They undergo a screening process that includes a
special background investigation and a polygraph. Upon favorable findings, category III linguists
are granted an interim or final Top Secret/sensitive compartmented information clearance by the
designated U.S. Government personnel security authority:
▪ Advantages: Category III linguists—
o Have an extensive security background investigation.
o Hold a Top Secret and/or interim Top Secret security clearance and can be used on
missions requiring one.
o Align their loyalties wholly or most closely with the United States than with other
entities, groups, or organizations.
▪ Disadvantages: Category III linguists—
o Language capability may be limited due to minimal family language immersion, limited
language training, and/or limited in-country experience.
o Normally have language proficiency that is adequate for missions, but it may not be as
good as category I or II linguists.
o Are probably not as good in their command for local dialects as category I or II linguists.
o May have the least understanding or knowledge of the local terrain and populace. Their
knowledge of how the various local population groups interact may be the least detailed
or comprehensive.
NON-DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE TRAINED ARMY LINGUISTS
E-24. The Army has numerous Soldiers of all grades who are proficient in a foreign language but whose
primary duties do not require foreign language proficiency. They may have attended a civilian school to learn
a foreign language, or they may have acquired proficiency through their heritage. They have the advantage
of being trained Soldiers and are therefore readily deployable throughout the AO. They may qualify for a
foreign language proficiency bonus by passing the Defense Language Proficiency Test. Nonlinguists have
difficulties assessing the capabilities of Soldiers who have not taken the Defense Language Proficiency Test.
Without a test score on record, the manpower and personnel staff also have difficulties identifying them as
linguists.
DETERMINING LANGUAGE SUPPORT REQUIREMENTS
E-25. Determining linguist requirements for any operation can be difficult because each operation is unique.
The staff determines linguist requirements as part of IPOE during mission analysis. It starts by identifying
specified or implied tasks requiring foreign language support. Other critical factors are the organization or
echelon of command and the location of the AO. The staff uses these criteria to determine the allocation of
linguists, such as one linguist team per echelon of command, one linguist per piece of equipment, or one
linguist team per location where the function is to be performed. The staff then determines the number of
linguists needed for an operation based on the tasks to be performed and the allocation of linguists. Within
this process, the staff considers the different dialects within the AO when determining language support
requirements. (For policy on the Army foreign language program, see AR 11-6.) |
2-0 | 289 | Language Support Considerations
E-26. The intelligence cell at each echelon is responsible for the following:
⚫ Identifying category II and category III linguist requirements needed to support intelligence
functions in all contingency areas. Intelligence staff requirements for linguist support include but
are not limited to—
▪ Evaluating and/or using local maps and terrain products in operations.
▪ Assessing local open-source information for intelligence value.
⚫ Determining linguist requirements based on the mission and the foreign languages and dialects
spoken in the AO.
⚫ Providing intelligence training for MI linguists employed in the AO.
⚫ Coordinating for security investigations, as necessary, for local-hire linguists.
⚫ Providing support to CI screenings of contracted linguists and hired local-national labor force. |
2-0 | 291 | Glossary
The glossary lists acronyms and terms with Army or joint definitions. Where Army and
joint definitions differ, (Army) precedes the definition. The glossary lists terms for
which FM 2-0 is the proponent with an asterisk (*) before the term. For other terms,
the proponent publication is listed in parentheses after the definition.
SECTION I – ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
A2 antiaccess
AA avenue of approach
ABCANZ American, British, Canadian, Australian, and New Zealand
ACE analysis and control element
AD area denial
ADCON administrative control
ADP Army doctrine publication
AGM attack guidance matrix
AISE Army Intelligence and Security Enterprise
AJP Allied joint publication
AO area of operations
AOI area of interest
AOR area of responsibility
AR Army regulation
ARNG Army National Guard
ASCC Army Service component command
ATP Army techniques publication
BCT brigade combat team
BDA battle damage assessment
BISE brigade intelligence support element
C2 command and control
CA civil affairs
CBRN chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear
CCDR combatant commander
CCIR commander’s critical information requirement
CEMA cyberspace electromagnetic activities
CENTRIXS Combined Enterprise Regional Information Exchange System
CI counterintelligence
CIP common intelligence picture
CMO civil-military operations |
2-0 | 292 | Glossary
COA course of action
COIC current operations integration cell
COM collection operations management
CONUS continental United States
COP common operational picture
CP command post
CRM collection requirements management
D3A decide, detect, deliver, and assess
DA Department of the Army
DA G-2 Army Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence
DDIL denied, disrupted, intermittent, and limited
DIA Defense Intelligence Agency
DOD Department of Defense
DODD Department of Defense directive
DODM Department of Defense manual
DOMEX document and media exploitation
DS direct support
DSCA defense support of civil authorities
EA electromagnetic attack
E-MIB expeditionary-military intelligence brigade
EMS electromagnetic spectrum
EO executive order
EP electromagnetic protection
ES electromagnetic support
EW electromagnetic warfare
FAIO field artillery intelligence officer
FM field manual
FRAGORD fragmentary order
FSE fire support element
G-2 assistant chief of staff, intelligence
G-2X counterintelligence and human intelligence staff element
G-3 assistant chief of staff, operations
G-5 assistant chief of staff, plans
G-6 assistant chief of staff, signal
G-9 assistant chief of staff, civil affairs operations
GEOINT geospatial intelligence
GS general support
HPT high-payoff target
HPTL high-payoff target list
HVT high-value target
HUMINT human intelligence |
2-0 | 293 | Glossary
I2 identity intelligence
IADS integrated air defense system
IC intelligence community
ICD intelligence community directive
IEW intelligence and electronic warfare
IEWTPT Intelligence and Electronic Warfare Tactical Proficiency Trainer
INSCOM United States Army Intelligence and Security Command
INTSUM intelligence summary
IPB intelligence preparation of the battlefield
IPOE intelligence preparation of the operational environment
ISR intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance
IWFT intelligence warfighting function task
J-2 intelligence directorate of a joint staff
J-2X joint force counterintelligence and human intelligence staff element
J-3 operations directorate of a joint staff
JFC joint force commander
JFLCC joint force land component commander
JP joint publication
JTF joint task force
JWICS Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System
MASINT measurement and signature intelligence
MDEB multidomain effects battalion
MDMP military decision-making process
MDTF multidomain task force
MEA munitions effectiveness assessment
mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support available, time
METT-TC (I) available, civil considerations, and informational considerations (mission
variables)
MI military intelligence
MIB-T military intelligence brigade-theater
MIRC United States Army Military Intelligence Readiness Command
MOS military occupational specialty
MP military police
NAI named area of interest
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NIPRNET Nonclassified Internet Protocol Router Network
OCONUS outside the continental United States
OE operational environment
OPCON operational control
OPLAN operation plan
OPORD operation order
OPSEC operations security |
2-0 | 294 | Glossary
OSINT open-source intelligence
PACE primary, alternate, contingency, and emergency
PAI publicly available information
PED processing, exploitation, and dissemination
PIR priority intelligence requirement
PMESII-PT political, military, economic, social, information, infrastructure, physical
environment, and time (operational variables)
RDSP rapid decision-making and synchronization process
RFI request for information
RSOI reception, staging, onward movement, and integration
S-1 battalion or brigade personnel staff officer
S-2 battalion or brigade intelligence staff officer
S-2X battalion or brigade counterintelligence and human intelligence staff officer
S-3 battalion or brigade operations staff officer
S-4 battalion or brigade logistics staff officer
S-6 battalion or brigade signal staff officer
S-9 battalion or brigade civil affairs operations staff officer
S&TI scientific and technical intelligence
SALUTE size, activity, location, unit, time, and equipment
SIGINT signals intelligence
SIPRNET SECRET Internet Protocol Router Network
SIR specific information requirement
SOP standard operating procedure
SWO staff weather officer
TACON tactical control
TAI target area of interest
TECHINT technical intelligence
TLP troop leading procedures
TPFDD time-phased force and deployment data
TPFDL time-phased force and deployment list
TSA target system analysis
TSS target selection standards
TTP tactics, techniques, and procedures
UAS unmanned aircraft system
U.S. United States
USAF United States Air Force
USAR United State Army Reserve
US BICES United States Battlefield Information Collection and Exploitation System
WARNORD warning order |
2-0 | 295 | Glossary
SECTION II – TERMS
adversary
A party acknowledged as potentially hostile to a friendly party and against which the use of force may
be envisaged. (JP 3-0)
agility
The ability to move forces and adjust their dispositions and activities more rapidly than the enemy.
(FM 3-0)
air domain
The atmosphere, beginning at the Earth’s surface, extending to the altitude where its effects upon
operations become negligible. (JP 3-30)
all-source intelligence
(Army) The integration of intelligence and information from all relevant sources in order to analyze
situations or conditions that impact operations. (ADP 2-0)
all-source intelligence
(DOD) 1. Intelligence products and/or organizations and activities that incorporate all sources of
information in the production of finished intelligence. 2. In intelligence collection, a phrase that
indicates that, in the satisfaction of intelligence requirements, all collection, processing, exploitation,
and reporting systems and resources are identified for possible use and those most capable are tasked.
(JP 2-0)
antiaccess
Action, activity, or capability, usually long-range, designed to prevent an advancing enemy force from
entering an operational area. (JP 3-0)
area defense
A type of defensive operation that concentrates on denying enemy forces access to designated terrain
for a specific time rather than destroying the enemy outright. (ADP 3-90)
area denial
Action, activity, or capability, usually short-range, designed to limit an enemy force’s freedom of
action within an operational area. (JP 3-0)
area of operations
An operational area defined by a commander for the land or maritime force commander to accomplish
their missions and protect their forces. (JP 3-0)
area reconnaissance
A form of reconnaissance operation that focuses on obtaining detailed information about the terrain or
enemy activity within a prescribed area. (FM 3-90)
area security
A type of security operation conducted to protect friendly forces, lines of communications, installation
routes and actions within a specific area. (FM 3-90)
ARFOR
The Army component and senior Army headquarters of all Army forces assigned or attached to a
combatant command, subordinate joint force command, joint functional command, or multinational
command. (FM 3-94)
Army personnel recovery
The military efforts taken to prepare for and execute the recovery and reintegration of isolated
personnel. (FM 3-50)
Army Service component command
Command responsible for recommendations to the combatant commander on the allocation and
employment of Army forces. (JP 3-31) |
2-0 | 296 | Glossary
assessment
Determination of the progress toward accomplishing a task, creating a condition, or achieving an
objective. (JP 3-0)
attack
A type of offensive operation that defeats enemy forces, seizes terrain, or secures terrain. (FM 3-90)
battle damage assessment
The estimate of damage composed of physical and functional damage assessment, as well as target
system assessment, resulting from the application of fires. (JP 3-0)
battle rhythm
(Army) A deliberate daily cycle of command, staff, and unit activities intended to synchronize current
and future operations. (FM 6-0)
biometrics
The process of recognizing an individual based on measurable anatomical, physiological, and
behavioral characteristics. (JP 2-0)
civil-military operations
Activities of a commander performed by designated military forces that establish, maintain, influence,
or exploit relations between military forces and indigenous populations and institutions by directly
supporting the achievement of objectives relating to the reestablishment or maintenance of stability
within a region or host nation. (JP 3-57)
civil reconnaissance
A targeted, planned, and coordinated observation and evaluation of specific civil aspects of the
environment such as areas, structures, capabilities, organizations, people, or events. (JP 3-57)
close area
The portion of the commander’s area of operations where the majority of subordinate maneuver forces
conduct close combat. (ADP 3-0)
close operations
Tactical actions of subordinate maneuver forces and the forces providing immediate support to them,
whose purpose is to employ maneuver and fires to close with and destroy enemy forces. (FM 3-0)
collection asset
A collection system, platform, or capability that is supporting, assigned to, or attached to a particular
commander. (JP 2-0)
collection management
In intelligence usage, the process of converting intelligence requirements into collection requirements,
establishing priorities, tasking or coordinating with appropriate collection sources or agencies,
monitoring results, and retasking, as required. (JP 2-0)
combat assessment
The determination of the overall effectiveness of force employment during military operations.
(JP 3-60)
*combat information
A report that is gathered by or provided to the tactical commander which, due to its highly perishable
nature or the criticality of the situation, cannot be processed into tactical intelligence before being used
to support decision making.
combat power
(DOD) The total means of destructive and disruptive force that a military unit/formation can apply
against an enemy at a given time. (JP 3-0) |
2-0 | 297 | Glossary
combined arms
The synchronized and simultaneous application of arms to achieve an effect greater than if each
element was used separately or sequentially. (ADP 3-0)
command and control
The exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commander over assigned and
attached forces in the accomplishment of the mission. (JP 1, Volume 2)
commander’s critical information requirement
Specific information identified by the commander as being essential to facilitate timely decision
making. (JP 3-0)
command post
A headquarters, or a portion there of, organized for the exercise of command and control. (FM 6-0)
command post cell
A grouping of personnel and equipment organized by warfighting function or by planning horizon to
facilitate the exercise of command and control. (FM 6-0)
common intelligence picture
A single, identical display of relevant, instructive, and contextual intelligence information regarding
enemy, adversary, and neutral force disposition, and supporting infrastructures derived from all
sources at any level of classification, shared by more than one command, that facilitates collaborative
planning and assists all echelons to enhance situational awareness and decision making. (JP 2-0)
common operational picture
(Army) A display of relevant information within a commander’s area of interest tailored to the user’s
requirements and based on common data and information shared by more than one command.
(ADP 6-0)
communications intelligence
Technical information and intelligence derived from foreign communications by other than the
intended recipients. (JP 2-0)
concept of operations
(Army) A statement that directs the manner in which subordinate units cooperate to accomplish the
mission and establishes the sequence of actions the force will use to achieve the end state. (ADP 5-0)
consolidate gains
Activities to make enduring any temporary operational success and to set the conditions for a
sustainable environment, allowing for a transition of control to other legitimate authorities. (ADP 3-0)
conventional warfare
A violent struggle for domination between nation-states or coalitions of nation-states. (FM 3-0)
convergence
An outcome created by the concerted employment of capabilities from multiple domains and echelons
against combinations of decisive points in any domain to create effects against a system, formation,
decision maker, or in a specific geographic area. (FM 3-0)
counterintelligence
Information gathered and activities conducted to identify, deceive, exploit, disrupt, or protect against
espionage, other intelligence activities, sabotage, or assassinations conducted for or on behalf of
foreign powers, organizations or persons or their agents, or international terrorist organizations or
activities. (JP 2-0)
cover
(Army) A type of security operation done independent of the main body to protect them by fighting to
gain time while preventing enemy ground observation of and direct fire against the main body.
(ADP 3-90) |
2-0 | 298 | Glossary
crime analysis
The systematic examination and interpretation of police information to determine when, where, and
why crime, disorder, fear of crime, and other destabilizing events occur in specific places. (FM 3-39)
criminal intelligence
Police information compiled, analyzed, and disseminated in an effort to anticipate, prevent, or monitor
criminal activity. (FM 3-39)
crisis
An emerging incident or situation involving a possible threat to the United States, its citizens, military
forces, or vital interests that develops rapidly and creates a condition of such diplomatic, economic, or
military importance that commitment of military forces and resources is contemplated to achieve
national and/or strategic objectives. (JP 3-0)
cyberspace capability
A device or computer program, including any combination of software, firmware, or hardware,
designed to create an effect in or through cyberspace. (JP 3-12)
cyberspace domain
The interdependent networks of information technology infrastructures and resident data, including the
Internet, telecommunication networks, computer systems, embedded processors and controllers, and
relevant portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. (FM 3-0)
data
In the context of decision making, unprocessed observations detected by a collector of any kind
(human, mechanical, or electronic). (ADP 6-0)
deep operations
Tactical actions against enemy forces, typically out of direct contact with friendly forces, intended to
shape future close operations and protect rear operations. (FM 3-0)
*deep sensing
The employment of capabilities beyond the division coordinated fire line to collect data and
information that supports targeting, situational understanding, or decision making.
defeat
To render a force incapable of achieving its objectives. (ADP 3-0)
defeat in detail
Concentrating overwhelming combat power against separate parts of a force rather than defeating the
entire force at once. (ADP 3-90)
defeat mechanism
A method through which friendly forces accomplish their mission against enemy opposition.
(ADP 3-0)
defense support of civil authorities
Support provided by U.S. Federal military forces, DOD civilians, DOD contract personnel, DOD
component assets, and National Guard forces (when the Secretary of Defense, in coordination with the
governors of the affected States, elects and requests to use those forces in Title 32, USC status) in
response to requests for assistance from civil authorities for domestic emergencies, law enforcement
support, and other domestic activities, or from qualifying entities for special events. (DODD 3025.18)
defensive operation
An operation to defeat an enemy attack, gain time, economize forces, and develop conditions favorable
for offensive or stability operations. (ADP 3-0)
delay
When a force under pressure trades space for time by slowing down the enemy’s momentum and
inflicting maximum damage on enemy forces without becoming decisively engaged. (ADP 3-90) |
2-0 | 299 | Glossary
deployment
The movement of forces into and out of an operational area. (JP 3-35)
depth
The extension of operations in time, space, or purpose to achieve definitive results. (ADP 3-0)
destroy
A tactical mission task that physically renders an enemy force combat-ineffective until reconstituted.
(FM 3-90)
direct support
(Arny) A support relationship requiring a force to support another specific force and authorizing it to
answer directly to the supported force’s request for assistance. (FM 3-0)
disintegrate
To disrupt the enemy’s command and control, degrading the synchronization and cohesion of its
operations. (FM 3-0)
dislocate
To employ forces to obtain significant positional advantage in one or more domains, rendering the
enemy’s dispositions less valuable, perhaps even irrelevant. (FM 3-0)
*document and media exploitation
The processing, translation, analysis, and dissemination of collected hardcopy documents and
electronic media that are under the U.S. Government’s physical control and are not publicly available.
domain
A physically defined portion of an operational environment requiring a unique set of warfighting
capabilities and skills. (FM 3-0)
electromagnetic attack
Division of electromagnetic warfare involving the use of electromagnetic energy, directed energy, or
antiradiation weapons to attack personnel, facilities, or equipment with the intent of degrading,
neutralizing, or destroying enemy combat capability and is considered a form of fires. (JP 3-85)
electromagnetic protection
Division of electromagnetic warfare involving actions taken to protect personnel, facilities, and
equipment from any effects of friendly or enemy use of the electromagnetic spectrum that degrade,
neutralize, or destroy friendly combat capability. (JP 3-85)
electromagnetic reconnaissance
The detection, location, identification, and evaluation of foreign electromagnetic radiations. (JP 3-85)
electromagnetic support
Division of electromagnetic warfare involving actions tasked by, or under direct control of, an
operational commander to search for, intercept, identify, and locate or localize sources of intentional
and unintentional radiated electromagnetic energy for the purpose of immediate threat recognition,
targeting, planning, and conduct of future operations. (JP 3-85)
electromagnetic warfare
Military action involving the use of electromagnetic and directed energy to control the electromagnetic
spectrum or to attack the enemy. (JP 3-85)
electronic intelligence
Technical and geolocation intelligence derived from foreign noncommunications electromagnetic
radiations emanating from other than nuclear detonations or radioactive sources. (JP 3-85)
employment
The strategic, operational, and tactical use of forces. (JP 5-0) |
2-0 | 300 | Glossary
enabling operation
An operation that sets the friendly conditions required for mission accomplishment. (FM 3-90)
endurance
The ability to persevere over time throughout the depth of an operational environment. (FM 3-0)
enemy
A party identified as hostile against which the use of force is authorized. (ADP 3 0)
estimative intelligence
Intelligence that identifies and describes adversary capabilities and intentions, and forecasts the full
range of alternative future situations in relative order of probability that may have implications for the
development of national and military strategy, and planning and executing military operations. (JP 2-0)
execution
The act of putting a plan into action by applying combat power to accomplish the mission and
adjusting operations based on changes in the situation. (ADP 5-0)
exploitation
(Army) A type of offensive operation following a successful attack to disorganize the enemy in depth.
(FM 3-90)
explosive ordnance disposal
(Army) The detection, identification, on-site evaluation, rendering safe, exploitation, recovery, and
final disposal of explosive ordnance. (FM 4-30)
field army
(Army) An echelon of command that employs multiple corps, divisions, multi-functional brigades, and
functional brigades to achieve objectives on land. (ADP 3-90)
fixing force
A force designated to supplement the striking force by preventing the enemy from moving from a
specific area for a specific time. (ADP 3-90)
force generation
An element of military force. It is the operation that creates and provides units for projection and
employment to enable military effects and influence across multiple operational environments. It is the
primary responsibility of the Services to develop, provide, and preserve forces in support of the
national military strategy to enable the combatant commanders to execute their missions. (AR 525-29)
force projection
The ability to project the military instrument of national power from the United States or another
theater in response to requirements for military operations. (JP 3-0)
foreign instrumentation signals intelligence
A subcategory of signals intelligence consisting of technical information and intelligence derived from
the intercept of foreign electromagnetic emissions associated with the testing and operational
deployment of aerospace, surface, and subsurface systems. (JP 2-0)
foreign intelligence entity
Any known or suspected foreign organization, person, or group (public, private, or governmental) that
conducts intelligence activities to acquire U.S. information, block or impair U.S. intelligence
collection, influence U.S. policy, or disrupts U.S. systems and programs. The term includes foreign
intelligence and security services and international terrorists. (DODD 5240.02)
forensic-enabled intelligence
The intelligence resulting from the integration of scientifically examined materials and other
information to establish full characterization, attribution, and the linkage of events, locations, items,
signatures, nefarious intent, and persons of interest. (JP 2-0) |
2-0 | 301 | Glossary
forensic science
The application of multidisciplinary scientific processes to establish facts. (DODD 5205.15E)
functional damage assessment
The estimate of the effect of military force to degrade or destroy the functional or operational
capability of the target to perform its intended mission and on the level of success in achieving
operational objectives established against the target. (JP 3-60)
fusion
Consolidating, combining, and correlating information together. (ADP 2-0)
general military intelligence
Intelligence concerning the military capabilities of foreign countries or organizations, or topics
affecting potential United States or multinational military operations. (JP 2-0)
general support
Support given to the supported force as a whole and not to any particular subdivision thereof.
(JP 3-09.3)
geospatial information
Information that identifies the geographic location and characteristics of natural or constructed features
and boundaries on or about the Earth, including: data and information derived from, among other
things, remote sensing, mapping, and surveying technologies; and mapping, charting, geomatics data,
and related products and services. (JP 2-0)
geospatial intelligence
The exploitation and analysis of imagery and geospatial information to describe, assess, and visually
depict physical features and geographically referenced activities on or about the Earth. Geospatial
intelligence consists of imagery, imagery intelligence, and geospatial information. (JP 2-0)
guard
A type of security operation done to protect the main body by fighting to gain time while preventing
enemy ground observation of and direct fire against the main body. (ADP 3-90)
homeland defense
The protection of United States sovereignty, territory, domestic population, and critical infrastructure
against external threats and aggression or other threats as directed by the President. (JP 3-27)
human dimension
Encompasses people and the interaction between individuals and groups, how they understand
information and events, make decisions, generate will, and act within an operational environment.
(FM 3-0)
human intelligence
(Army) The collection by a trained human intelligence collector of foreign information from people
and multimedia to identify elements, intentions, composition, strength, dispositions, tactics, equipment,
and capabilities. (ADP 2-0)
identity intelligence
The intelligence resulting from the processing of identity attributes concerning individuals, groups,
networks, or populations of interest. (JP 2-0)
imagery
A likeness or presentation of any natural or man-made feature or related object or activity, and the
positional data acquired at the same time the likeness or representation was acquired, including:
products produced by space-based national intelligence reconnaissance systems; and likeness and
presentations produced by satellites, airborne platforms, unmanned aerial vehicles, or other similar
means (except that such term does not include handheld or clandestine photography taken by or on
behalf of human intelligence collection organizations). (JP 2-0) |
2-0 | 302 | Glossary
imagery intelligence
The technical, geographic, and intelligence information derived through the interpretation or analysis
of imagery and collateral materials. (JP 2-0)
indicator
In intelligence usage, an item of information that reflects the intention or capability of an enemy and/or
adversary to adopt or reject a course of action. (JP 2-0)
information
In the context of decision making, data that has been organized and processed in order to provide
context for further analysis. (ADP 6-0)
informational considerations
Those aspects of the human, information, and physical dimensions that affect how humans and
automated systems derive meaning from, use, act upon, and are impacted by information. (FM 3-0)
information collection
An activity that synchronizes and integrates the planning and employment of sensors and assets as well
as the processing, exploitation, and dissemination systems in direct support of current and future
operations. (FM 3-55)
information dimension
The content and data that individuals, groups, and information systems communicate and exchange, as
well as the analytics and technical processes used to exchange information within an operational
environment. (FM 3-0)
instruments of national power
All of the means available to the government in its pursuit of national objectives. They are expressed
as diplomatic, economic, informational, and military. (JP 1, Volume 1)
intelligence
1.The product resulting from the collection, processing, integration, evaluation, analysis, and
interpretation of available information concerning foreign nations, hostile or potentially hostile forces
or elements, or areas of actual or potential operations. 2. The activities that result in the product. 3. The
organizations conducting such activities. (JP 2-0)
intelligence analysis
The process by which collected information is evaluated and integrated with existing information to
facilitate intelligence production. (ADP 2-0)
intelligence community
All departments or agencies of a government that are concerned with intelligence activity, either in an
oversight, managerial, support, or participatory role. (JP 2-0)
intelligence discipline
A well-defined area of intelligence planning, collection, exploitation, analysis, and reporting using a
specific category of technical or human resources. (JP 2-0)
*intelligence handover line
A control measure between two friendly units used to pass responsibility for the conduct of
information collection against a specific enemy force.
intelligence operations
(Army) The tasks undertaken by military intelligence units through the intelligence disciplines to
obtain information to satisfy validated requirements. (ADP 2-0)
*intelligence preparation of the operational environment
The systematic process of analyzing the mission variables of enemy, terrain, weather, and civil
considerations in an area of interest to determine their effect on operations. |
2-0 | 303 | Glossary
intelligence reach
The activity by which intelligence organizations proactively and rapidly access information from,
receive support from, and conduct direct collaboration and information sharing with other units and
agencies, both within and outside the area of operations, unconstrained by geographic proximity,
echelon, or command. (ADP 2-0)
intelligence requirement
1.Any subject, general or specific, upon which there is a need for the collection of information, or the
production of intelligence. 2. A requirement for intelligence to fill a gap in the command’s knowledge
or understanding of the operational environment or threat forces. (JP 2-0)
intelligence synchronization
The art of integrating information collection; intelligence processing, exploitation, and dissemination;
and intelligence analysis with operations to effectively and efficiently fight for intelligence in support
of decision making. (ADP 2-0)
intelligence warfighting function
The related tasks and systems that facilitate understanding the enemy, terrain, weather, civil
considerations, and other significant aspects of the operational environment. (ADP 3-0)
interoperability
The ability to act together coherently, effectively, and efficiently to achieve tactical, operational, and
strategic objectives. (JP 3-0)
irregular warfare
(Army) The overt, clandestine, and covert employment of military and nonmilitary capabilities across
multiple domains by state and non-state actors through methods other than military domination of an
adversary, either as the primary approach or in concert with conventional warfare. (FM 3-0)
isolate
To separate a force from its sources of support in order to reduce its effectiveness and increase its
vulnerability to defeat. (ADP 3-0)
knowledge management
(Army) The process of enabling knowledge flow to enhance shared understanding, learning, and
decision making. (ADP 6-0)
land domain
The area of the Earth’s surface ending at the high water mark and overlapping with the maritime
domain in the landward segment of the littorals. (JP 3-31)
landpower
The ability—by threat, force, or occupation—to gain, sustain, and exploit control over land, resources,
and people. (ADP 3-0)
large-scale combat operations
Extensive joint combat operations in terms of scope and size of forces committed, conducted as a
campaign aimed at achieving operational and strategic objectives. (ADP 3-0)
lethality
The capability and capacity to destroy. (FM 3-0)
main command post
A portion of a unit headquarters containing the majority of the staff designed to command and control
current operations, conduct detailed analysis, and plan future operations. (FM 6-0)
main effort
A designated subordinate unit whose mission at a given point in time is most critical to overall mission
success. (ADP 3-0) |
2-0 | 304 | Glossary
maritime domain
The oceans, seas, bays, estuaries, islands, coastal areas, and the airspace above these, including the
littorals. (JP 3-32)
measurement and signature intelligence
Information produced by quantitative and qualitative analysis of physical attributes of targets and
events to detect, characterize, locate, and identify targets and events; and derived from specialized,
technically derived measurements and signatures of physical phenomenon intrinsic to an object or
event. (JP 2-0)
military decision-making process
An iterative planning methodology to understand the situation and mission, develop a course of action,
and produce an operation plan or order. (ADP 5-0)
mobile defense
A type of defensive operation that concentrates on the destruction or defeat of the enemy through a
decisive attack by a striking force. (ADP 3-90)
mobilization
The process by which the Armed Forces of the United States, or part of them, are brought to a state of
readiness for war or other national emergency. (JP 4-05)
movement to contact
(Army) A type of offensive operation designed to establish or regain contact to develop the situation.
(FM 3-90)
multidomain operations
The combined arms employment of joint and Army capabilities to create and exploit relative
advantages to achieve objectives, defeat enemy forces, and consolidate gains on behalf of joint force
commanders. (FM 3-0)
munitions effectiveness assessment
The assessment of the military force applied in terms of the weapon system and munitions
effectiveness to determine and recommend any required changes to the methodology, tactics, weapon
system, munitions, fusing, and/or weapon delivery parameters to increase force effectiveness. (JP 2-0)
offensive operation
An operation to defeat or destroy enemy forces and gain control of terrain, resources, and population
centers. (ADP 3-0)
open-source intelligence
Intelligence that is produced from publicly available information and is collected, exploited, and
disseminated in a timely manner to an appropriate audience for the purpose of addressing a specific
intelligence requirement. (Public Law 109-163)
operation
A sequence of tactical actions with a common purpose or unifying theme. (JP 1, Volume 1)
operational approach
A broad description of the mission, operational concepts, tasks, and actions required to accomplish the
mission. (JP 5-0)
operational environment
The aggregate of the conditions, circumstances, and influences that affect the employment of
capabilities and bear on the decisions of the commander. (JP 3-0)
operational framework
A cognitive tool used to assist commanders and staffs in clearly visualizing and describing the
application of combat power in time, space, purpose, and resources in the concept of operations.
(ADP 1-01) |
2-0 | 305 | Glossary
physical damage assessment
The estimate of the quantitative extent of physical damage to a target resulting from the application of
military force. (JP 3-60)
physical dimension
The material characteristics and capabilities, both natural and manufactured, within an operational
environment. (FM 3-0)
planning
The art and science of understanding a situation, envisioning a desired future, and determining
effective ways to bring that future about. (ADP 5-0)
planning horizon
A point in time commanders use to focus the organization’s planning efforts to shape future events.
(ADP 5-0)
police information
Information collected during military police operations concerning crime, disorder, criminal activity,
and criminal threats. (FM 3-39)
police intelligence
The product resulting from the collection, processing, analysis, and integration of criminal intelligence
and crime analysis about crime, disorder, criminal activity, and criminal threats. (FM 3-39)
police intelligence operations
The application of systems, technologies, and processes that analyze applicable data and information
necessary for situational understanding and focusing policing activities to achieve social order.
(FM 3-39)
preparation
Those activities performed by units and Soldiers to improve their ability to execute an operation.
(ADP 5-0)
priority intelligence requirement
The intelligence component of commander’s critical information requirements used to focus the
employment of limited intelligence assets and resources against competing demands for intelligence
support. (JP 2-0)
processing, exploitation, and dissemination
The execution of the related functions that converts and refines collected data into usable information,
distributes the information for further analysis, and, when appropriate, provides combat information to
commanders and staffs. (ADP 2-0)
pursuit
A type of offensive operation to catch or cut off a disorganized hostile force attempting to escape, with
the aim of destroying it. (FM 3-90)
rear operations
Tactical actions behind major subordinate maneuver forces that facilitate movement, extend
operational reach, and maintain desired tempo. (FM 3-0)
reattack recommendation
An assessment, derived from the results of battle damage assessment and munitions effectiveness
assessment, providing the commander systematic advice on reattack of a target. (JP 3-60)
reconnaissance
A mission undertaken to obtain information about the activities and resources of an enemy or
adversary, or to secure data concerning the meteorological, hydrographic, geographic, or other
characteristics of a particular area, by visual observation or other detection methods. (JP 2-0) |
2-0 | 306 | Glossary
reconnaissance in force
A form of reconnaissance operation designed to discover or test the enemy’s strength, dispositions, and
reactions or to obtain other information. (FM 3-90)
reconnaissance-pull
Reconnaissance that determines which routes are suitable for maneuver, where the enemy is strong and
weak, and where gaps exist, thus pulling the main body toward and along the path of least resistance.
(FM 3-90)
reconnaissance-push
Reconnaissance that refines the common operational picture, enabling the commander to finalize the
plan and support main and supporting efforts. (FM 3-90)
redeployment
(Army) The transfer of forces and materiel to home and/or demobilization stations for reintegration or
out-processing. (ATP 3-35)
relative advantage
A location or condition, in any domain, relative to an adversary or enemy that provides an opportunity
to progress towards or achieve an objective. (FM 3-0)
reserve
(Army) That portion of a body of troops that is withheld from action at the beginning of an
engagement to be available for a decisive movement. (ADP 3-90)
retirement
When a force out of contact moves away from the enemy. (ADP 3-90)
retrograde
(Army) A type of defensive operation that involves organized movement away from the enemy.
(ADP 3-90)
risk management
The process to identify, assess, and mitigate risks and make decisions that balance risk cost with
mission benefits. (JP 3-0)
route reconnaissance
A form of reconnaissance operation to obtain detailed information of a specified route and all terrain
from which the enemy could influence movement along that route. (FM 3-90)
scientific and technical intelligence
Foundational all-source intelligence that covers: a. foreign developments in basic and applied research
and applied engineering techniques and b. scientific and technical characteristics, capabilities, and
limitations of all foreign military systems, weapons, weapon systems, and materiel; the research and
development related thereto; and the production methods employed for their manufacture. (JP 2-0)
screen
A type of security operation that primarily provides early warning to the protected force. (ADP 3-90)
sector
An operational area assigned to a unit in the defense that has read and lateral boundaries and
interlocking fires. (FM 3-0)
security operations
Those operations performed by commanders to provide early and accurate warning of enemy
operations, to provide the forces being protected with time and maneuver space within which to react
to the enemy, and to develop the situation to allow commanders to effectively use their protected
forces. (ADP 3-90)
signals intelligence
Intelligence derived from communications, electronic, and foreign instrumentation signals. (JP 2-0) |
2-0 | 307 | Glossary
site exploitation
The synchronized and integrated application of scientific and technological capabilities and enablers to
answer information requirements, facilitate subsequent operations, and support host-nation rule of law.
(ATP 3-90.15)
situational understanding
The product of applying analysis and judgment to relevant information to determine the relationships
among the operational and mission variables. (ADP 6-0)
space capability
1.The ability of a space asset to accomplish a mission. 2. The ability of a terrestrial-based asset to
accomplish a mission in or through space. 3. The ability of a space asset to contribute to a mission
from seabed to the space domain. (JP 3-14)
space control
Operations to ensure freedom of action in space for the United States and its allies and deny a threat
freedom of action in space. (JP 3-14)
space domain
(Army) The area above the altitude where atmospheric effects on airborne objects become negligible.
(FM 3-0)
space situational awareness
The requisite foundational, current, and predictive knowledge and characterization of space objects and
the operational environment upon which space operations depend. (JP 3-14)
special reconnaissance
Reconnaissance and surveillance actions conducted as a special operation in hostile, denied, or
diplomatically and/or politically sensitive environments to collect or verify information of strategic or
operational significance, employing military capabilities not normally found in conventional forces.
(JP 3-05)
stability mechanism
The primary method through which friendly forces affect civilians in order to attain conditions that
support establishing a lasting, stable peace. (ADP 3-0)
stability operation
An operation conducted outside the United States in coordination with other instruments of national
power to establish or maintain a secure environment and provide essential governmental services,
emergency infrastructure reconstruction, and humanitarian relief. (ADP 3-0)
striking force
A dedicated counterattack force in a mobile defense constituted with the bulk of available combat
power. (ADP 3-90)
supporting effort
A designated subordinate unit with a mission that supports the success of the main effort. (ADP 3-0)
sustainment
(Army) The provision of logistics, financial management, personnel services, and health services
support necessary to maintain operations until successful mission completion. (ADP 4-0)
tactical command post
A portion of a unit headquarters designed to command and control operations as directed. (FM 6-0)
target
An entity or object that performs a function for the threat considered for possible engagement or other
action. (JP 3-60) |
2-0 | 308 | Glossary
target development
The systematic examination of potential target systems—and their components, individual targets, and
even elements of targets—to determine the necessary type and duration of the action that must be
exerted on each target to create an effect that is consistent with the commander’s specific objectives.
(JP 3-60)
targeting
The process of selecting and prioritizing targets and matching the appropriate response to them,
considering operational requirements and capabilities. (JP 3-0)
target intelligence
Intelligence that portrays and locates the components of a target or target complex and indicates its
vulnerability and relative importance. (JP 3-60)
target location error
The difference between the coordinates generated for a target and the actual location of the target.
(JP 3-09.3)
tear line
A visible line on an intelligence message separating categories of information that have been approved
for foreign disclosure and release. (JP 2-0)
technical intelligence
Intelligence derived from the collection, processing, analysis, and exploitation of data and information
pertaining to foreign equipment and materiel for the purposes of preventing technological surprise,
assessing foreign scientific and technical capabilities, and developing countermeasures designed to
neutralize an enemy’s technological advantages. (JP 2-0)
tempo
The relative speed and rhythm of military operations over time with respect to the enemy. (ADP 3-0)
threat
Any combination of actors, entities, or forces that have the capability and intent to harm United States
forces, United States national interests, or the homeland. (ADP 3-0)
troop leading procedures
A dynamic process used by small-unit leaders to analyze a mission, develop a plan, and prepare for an
operation. (ADP 5-0)
warfighting function
A group of tasks and systems united by a common purpose that commanders use to accomplish
missions and training objectives. (ADP 3-0)
warning intelligence
Those intelligence activities intended to detect and report time-sensitive intelligence information on
foreign developments that forewarn of hostile actions or intention against United States entities,
partners, or interests. (JP 2-0)
withdraw
To disengage from an enemy force and move in a direction away from the enemy. (ADP 3-90)
working group
(Army) A grouping of predetermined staff representatives who meet to provide analysis, coordinate,
and provide recommendations for a particular purpose or function. (FM 6-0)
zone
An operational area assigned to a unit in the offense that only has rear and lateral boundaries. (FM 3-0)
zone reconnaissance
A form of reconnaissance operation that involves a directed effort to obtain detailed information on all
routes, obstacles, terrain, and enemy forces within a zone defined by boundaries. (FM 3-90) |
2-0 | 309 | References
All websites accessed on 12 August 2023.
REQUIRED PUBLICATIONS
These documents must be available to intended users of this publication.
DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms. August 2023.
ADP 2-0. Intelligence. 31 July 2019.
ADP 3-0. Operations. 31 July 2019.
FM 1-02.1. Operational Terms. 09 March 2021.
FM 1-02.2. Military Symbols. 18 May 2022.
RELATED PUBLICATIONS
These documents contain relevant supplemental information.
JOINT AND DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PUBLICATIONS
Most joint publications are available online: https://www.jcs.mil/Doctrine/.
Most Department of Defense publications are available online: https://www.esd.whs.mil/DD/.
Department of Defense Law of War Manual. July 2023. Available online: https://ogc.osd.mil/.
DOD 5240.1-R. Procedures Governing the Activities of DOD Intelligence Components That Affect
United States Persons. 07 December 1982.
DODD 2310.01E. DOD Detainee Program. 15 March 2022.
DODD 3025.18. Defense Support of Civil Authorities (DSCA). 29 December 2010.
DODD 3115.09. DOD Intelligence Interrogations, Detainee Debriefings, and Tactical Questioning.
11 October 2012.
DODD 5100.20. National Security Agency/Central Security Service (NSA/CSS). 26 January 2010.
DODD 5148.13. Intelligence Oversight. 26 April. 2017.
DODD 5205.15E. DOD Forensic Enterprise (DFE). 26 April 2011.
DODD 5240.01. DOD Intelligence Activities. 27 August 2007.
DODD 5240.02 Counterintelligence (CI). 17 March 2015.
DODD 8521.01E. DOD Biometrics. 13 January 2016.
DODM 5240.01. Procedures Governing the Conduct of DOD Intelligence Activities. 08 August 2016.
JP 1, Volume 1. Joint Warfighting. 27 August 2023.
JP 1, Volume 2. The Joint Force. 19 June 2020.
JP 2-0. Joint Intelligence. 26 May 2022.
JP 3-0. Joint Campaigns and Operations. 18 June 2022.
JP 3-05. Joint Doctrine for Special Operations. 22 September 2020.
JP 3-09.3. Close Air Support. 10 June 2019.
JP 3-10. Joint Security Operations in Theater. 25 July 2019.
JP 3-12. Joint Cyberspace Operations. 19 December 2022.
JP 3-14. Space Operations. 10 April 2018.
JP 3-27. Homeland Defense. 10 April 2018. |
2-0 | 310 | References
JP 3-30. Joint Air Operations. 25 July 2019.
JP 3-31. Joint Land Operations. 03 October 2019.
JP 3-32. Joint Maritime Operations. 08 June 2018.
JP 3-33. Joint Force Headquarters. 09 June 2022.
JP 3-35. Joint Deployment and Redeployment Operations. 31 March 2022.
JP 3-57. Civil-Military Operations. 09 July 2018.
JP 3-59. Meteorological and Oceanographic Operations. 10 January 2018.
JP 3-60. Joint Targeting. 28 September 2018.
JP 3-61. Public Affairs. 17 November 2015.
JP 3-85. Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations. 22 May 2020.
JP 4-05. Joint Mobilization Planning. 23 October 2018.
JP 5-0. Joint Planning. 01 December 2020.
ARMY PUBLICATIONS
Most Army doctrinal publications are available online: https://armypubs.army.mil/.
ADP 1-01. Doctrine Primer. 31 July 2019.
ADP 3-07. Stability. 31 July 2019.
ADP 3-19. Fires. 31 July 2019.
ADP 3-28. Defense Support of Civil Authorities. 31 July 2019.
ADP 3-37. Protection. 31 July 2019.
ADP 3-90. Offense and Defense. 31 July 2019.
ADP 4-0. Sustainment. 31 July 2019.
ADP 5-0. The Operations Process. 31 July 2019.
ADP 6-0. Mission Command: Command and Control of Army Forces. 31 July 2019.
AR 11-6. Army Foreign Language Program. 25 February 2022.
AR 34-1. Interoperability. 09 April 2020.
AR 115-10/AFI 15-157 (IP). Weather Support for the U.S. Army. 02 September 2021.
AR 350-32. Army Foundry Intelligence Training Program. 02 June 2015.
AR 380-10. Foreign Disclosure and Contacts With Foreign Representatives. 14 July 2015.
AR 381-10. The Conduct and Oversight of U.S. Army Intelligence Activities. 27 January 2023.
AR 381-20. The Army Counterintelligence Program. 09 June 2022.
AR 381-26. Army Foreign Materiel Program. 30 January 2023.
AR 381-47. Offensive Counterintelligence Operations. 27 September 2022.
AR 381-100. The Army Human Intelligence (HUMINT) Collection Program. 27 August 2020.
AR 381-102. U.S. Army Cover Program. 04 April 2022.
AR 381-141. Intelligence Contingency Funds (ICF). 29 June 2020.
AR 381-143. Non-Standard Materiel Policy and Intelligence Procedures. 28 April 2015.
AR 525-29. Force Generation - Sustainable Readiness. 01 October 2019.
AR 525-95. Army Geospatial-Intelligence and Geospatial Information and Services. 26 July 2022.
AR 530-1. Operations Security. 26 September 2014.
Army Directive 2016-37. U.S. Army Open-Source Intelligence Activities. 22 November 2016.
ATP 2-01. Collection Management. 17 August 2021.
ATP 2-01.3. Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield. 01 March 2019.
ATP 2-19.1-1. Echelons Above Corps Intelligence Organizations. 01 March 2022. |
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Intelligence and Security Command. 01 March 2022.
ATP 2-19.3. Corps and Division Intelligence Techniques. 08 March 2023.
ATP 2-19.4. Brigade Combat Team Intelligence Techniques. 25 June 2021.
ATP 2-22.2-1. Counterintelligence Volume I: Investigations, Analysis and Production, and Technical
Services and Support Activities. 11 December 2015.
ATP 2-22.2-2. Counterintelligence Volume II: Operations and Collection Activities.
22 December 2016.
ATP 2-22.4. Technical Intelligence. 29 October 2021.
ATP 2-22.6. Signals Intelligence Techniques. 17 December 2015.
ATP 2-22.6-2. Signals Intelligence Volume II: Reference Guide. 20 June 2017.
ATP 2-22.7. Geospatial Intelligence. 26 March 2015.
ATP 2-22.8. Measurement and Signature Intelligence. 20 May 2014.
ATP 2-22.9/MCRP 2-10A.3. Open-Source Intelligence. 15 August 2019.
ATP 2-22.9-2. Open-Source Intelligence Volume II. 15 August 2019.
ATP 2-22.31. Human Intelligence Military Source Operations Techniques. 17 April 2015.
ATP 2-33.4. Intelligence Analysis. 10 January 2020.
ATP 2-91.7. Intelligence Support to Defense Support of Civil Authorities. 29 June 2015.
ATP 3-01.16. Air and Missile Defense Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield (AMD IPB).
31 March 2016.
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Procedures for Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Reconnaissance and
Surveillance. 31 March 2021.
ATP 3-12.3. Electromagnetic Warfare Techniques. 30 January 2023.
ATP 3-13.3. Army Operations Security for Division and Below. 16 July 2019.
ATP 3-21.51. Subterranean Operations. 01 November 2019.
ATP 3-34.10. Engineer Platoons. 02 February 2021.
ATP 3-34.81/MCWP 3-17.4. Engineer Reconnaissance. 01 March 2016.
ATP 3-35. Army Deployment and Redeployment. 09 March 2023.
ATP 3-37.2. Antiterrorism. 19 July 2021.
ATP 3-39.20. Police Intelligence Operations. 13 May 2019.
ATP 3-90.15. Site Exploitation. 28 July 2015.
ATP 3-91. Division Operations. 17 October 2014.
ATP 3-93. Theater Army Operations. 27 August 2021.
ATP 3-94.1. Digital Liaison Detachment. 28 December 2017.
ATP 3-94.2. Deep Operations. 01 September 2016.
ATP 4-32. Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) Operations. 12 May 2022.
ATP 5-0.1. Army Design Methodology. 01 July 2015.
ATP 5-0.2-1. Staff Reference Guide Volume I, Unclassified Resources. 07 December 2020.
ATP 5-19. Risk Management. 09 November 2021.
ATP 6-01.1. Techniques for Effective Knowledge Management. 06 March 2015.
ATP 6-02.71. Techniques for Department of Defense Information Network Operations. 30 April 2019.
ATP 7-100.3. Chinese Tactics. 09 August 2021.
DA PAM 25-40. Army Publishing Program Procedures. 14 June 2021.
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FM 3-14. Army Space Operations. 20 October 2019.
FM 3-16. The Army in Multinational Operations. 08 April 2014.
FM 3-18. Special Forces Operations. 28 May 2014.
FM 3-39. Military Police Operations. 09 April 2019.
FM 3-50. Army Personnel Recovery. 02 September 2014.
FM 3-53. Military Information Support Operations. 04 January 2013.
FM 3-55. Information Collection. 03 May 2013.
FM 3-57. Civil Affairs Operations. 28 July 2021.
FM 3-60. Army Targeting. 11 August 2023.
FM 3-90. Tactics. 23 May 2023.
FM 3-94. Armies, Corps, and Division Operations. 23 July 2021.
FM 3-96. Brigade Combat Team. 19 January 2021.
FM 3-98. Reconnaissance and Security Operations. 10 January 2023.
FM 4-0. Sustainment Operations. 31 July 2019.
FM 4-30. Ordnance Operations. 01 April 2014.
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FM 6-0. Commander and Staff Organization and Operations. 16 May 2022.
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Techniques, and Procedures for Conventional Forces and Special Operations Forces
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TC 2-19.400. Military Intelligence Training Strategy. 01 August 2019.
TC 2-19.401. Military Intelligence Training Strategy for the Brigade Combat Team Tier 1.
14 May 2019.
TC 2-19.402. Military Intelligence Training Strategy for the Brigade Combat Team Tier 2.
20 May 2019.
TC 2-19.403. Military Intelligence Training Strategy for the Brigade Combat Team Tier 3.
25 February 2020.
TC 2-19.404. Military Intelligence Training Strategy for the Brigade Combat Team Tier 4.
02 March 2020.
TC 2-19.405. Military Intelligence Training Strategy for the Brigade Combat Team Evaluator
Handbook. 05 August 2019.
OTHER PUBLICATIONS
The ICDs are available on the Office of the Director of National Intelligence, ICDs, website:
https://www.dni.gov/index.php/what-we-do/ic-related-menus/ic-related-links/intelligence-
community-directives.
Titles under the USC are available on the Office of the Law Revision Counsel, USC, website:
https://uscode.house.gov/.
AJP-2. Allied Joint Doctrine for Intelligence, Counter-Intelligence and Security. 24 July 2020.
Available online at the NATO Standardization Office website: https://nso.nato.int/nso/. |
2-0 | 313 | References
AJP-2.1. Allied Joint Doctrine for Intelligence Procedures. Edition B, Version 1. 04 May 2022.
Available online at the NATO Standardization Office website: https://nso.nato.int/nso/.
EO 12333. United States Intelligence Activities. 04 December 1981. Amended by Executive Order
13284 (2003) and 13470 (2008). Available online: https://www.archives.gov/federal-
register/codification/executive-order/12333.html.
Geneva Conventions (1949). Available online:
https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/ASubjScd-27-1_1975.pdf.
Geneva Conventions, Protocol I (1977). Available online:
https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/ASubjScd-27-1_1975.pdf.
Hague Convention (1899 and 1907). Available online:
https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/ASubjScd-27-1_1975.pdf.
ICD 104. National Intelligence Program (NIP) Budget Formulation and Justification, Execution, and
Performance Evaluation. 30 April 2013.
ICD 113. Functional Managers. 19 May 2009.
ICD 116. Intelligence Planning, Programming, Budgeting, and Evaluation System.
14 September 2011.
ICD 203. Analytic Standards. 02 January 2015.
ICD 204. National Intelligence Priorities Framework. 07 January 2021.
ICD 302. Document and Media Exploitation. 06 July 2007.
ICD 304. Human Intelligence. 06 March 2008.
ICD 310. Coordination of Clandestine Human Source and Human-Enabled Foreign Intelligence
Collection and Counterintelligence Activities Outside the United States. 27 June 2016.
ICD 311. Coordination of Clandestine Human Source and Human-Enabled Foreign Intelligence
Collection and Counterintelligence Activities Inside the United States. 27 June 2016.
IC Police Guidance 107.1. Requests for Identities of U.S. Persons in Disseminated Intelligence
Reports. 11 January 2018. Available online: https://www.dni.gov/index.php/what-we-do/ic-
related-menus/ic-related-links/intelligence-community-policy-guidance.
MISC PUB 27-7. Manual for Courts-Martial United States (2019 Edition). Available online through
the Army Publishing Directorate website at https://armypubs.army.mil.
Public Law 109-163. National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2006. 06 January 2006.
Available online at https://www.govinfo.gov/app/collection/plaw.
Title 5, USC. Government Organization and Employees. Section 552a. Privacy Act of 1974.
Title 10, USC. Armed Forces.
Title 18, USC. Crimes and Criminal Procedure.
Title 32, USC. National Guard.
Title 50, USC. War and National Defense.
Uniform Code of Military Justice. Available online: https://www.loc.gov.
WEBSITES
ABCANZ Armies’ Program. Available online through the All Partners Access Network website:
https://community.apan.org.
Army MI Data Fundamentals. Available online through Percipio, the Army eLearning website:
https://usarmy.percipio.com/.
PRESCRIBED FORMS
This section contains no entries. |
2-0 | 314 | References
REFERENCED FORMS
Unless otherwise indicated, DA forms are available online: https://armypubs.army.mil/.
DA Form 2028. Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms. |
2-0 | 315 | Index
Entries are by paragraph number.
Army strategic challenges, 2-3 BCT (continued)
A
enemy application of intelligence collection
air domain. See also domains.
instruments of national capabilities, 7-117
intelligence, threat, other OE
power, 2-4–2-6 MI company, 7-112–7-114
considerations, 2-36
intelligence considerations for, S-2, 7-109
AISE. See also intelligence 2-9, 2-10 biometrics. See complementary
enterprise. overcoming through lethality, capabilities.
INSCOM officers, including, 2-7, 2-8
brigade combat team. See BCT.
7-15
Army strategic contexts, 2-24,
brigade intelligence support
all-source intelligence capabilities, 2-25, 4-4
element (BISE). See BCT.
1-56–1-61 armed conflict, 4-40–4-68,
all-source analysis, 1-57–1-59 7-51–7-55, 7-73–7-80, C
all-source production, 1-60, 7-98–7-104, 7-123–7-126
C2. See also commander, role of;
1-61 competition below armed
intelligence operations;
battalion, 7-132 conflict, 4-8–4-24, 7-41–
operations process.
BCT, 7-118 7-48, 7-69, 7-70, 7-94, 7-95,
defined, 3-5
corps, 7-67, 7-68 7-119, 7-120
staff, role of, 3-10
division, 7-92, 7-93 consolidating gains and, 2-26
theater army, 7-38, 7-39 crisis, 4-25–4-39, 7-49, 7-50, CI, 1-66–1-68. See also,
area defense. See defensive 7-71, 7-72, 7-96, 7-97, intelligence product, categories
operations. 7-121, 7-122 of.
area security. See enabling assessment, 6-55, 6-56. See also CIP, 5-91–5-94
operations, security operations. intelligence process; targeting defined, 5-90
process (D3A). during large-scale combat
armed conflict defined, 6-54 operations, 8-139–8-149
adversary method
China, 4-49–4-51 attack. See offensive operations. classified information. See
disclosure policy.
Russia, 4-52–4-54
B
BCT during, 7-123–7-126 close operations. See operations,
consolidating gains, 4-55–4-67 battalion, 7-127, 7-128 defensive and offensive.
corps during, 7-73–7-80 all-source intelligence collaboration. See also
division during, 7-98–7-104 capabilities, 7-132 information collection, layered;
fighting for intelligence, 4-68 intelligence cell, 7-130 intelligence operations, success
large-scale combat operations, intelligence collection of.
4-44–4-47 capabilities, 7-131 collaborative environment,
theater army during, 7-51–7-55 S-2, 7-129 7-31
Army intelligence. See battle rhythm, 3-56, 3-75 national to tactical effort, 7-5
intelligence. defined, 3-74 collection management, 3-33,
working group, 3-76–3-78
Army Intelligence and Security 3-34, 5-18, 5-19, A-22. See
Enterprise. See AISE. BCT, 7-105–7-108 also intelligence operations,
all-source intelligence success of; IWFT.
Army operations, 3-21. See also
capabilities, 7-118 collection manager, 6-14–6-16
operational doctrinal concepts.
BISE, 7-115, 7-116 conducting intelligence-related
Army planning methodologies, during armed conflict, 7-123– missions and operations,
3-21–3-23 7-126 3-38
Army Service component during competition below defined, 5-17
command (ASCC), 7-9 armed conflict, 7-119, 7-120 executing technical collection,
during crisis, 7-121, 7-122 3-37
intelligence cell, 7-110, 7-111 |
2-0 | 316 | Index
Entries are by paragraph number.
collection management complementary capabilities crisis, 4-25, 4-26
(continued) (continued) adversary activities to control
functions, 5-22–5-27 document and media escalation, 4-29
intelligence analysis and, 5-20, exploitation, 1-98, 1-99 adversary activities to mitigate
5-21 electromagnetic warfare, U.S. deterrence, 4-30
process, 5-28–5-30 1-100, 1-103 adversary activities to shape a
using ancillary collection forensics, 1-104–1-106 crisis, 4-27, 4-28
assets, 3-35, 3-36 identity activities, 1-107–1-109 BCT during, 7-121, 7-122
collection operations management space, 1-110, 1-111 consolidating gains, 4-35, 4-36
(COM), A-9. See also collection concept of operations, defined, corps during, 7-71, 7-72
management, functions. 5-30 division during, 7-96, 7-97
fighting for intelligence, 4-37–
collection orchestration consolidating gains
4-39
Army, 5-26 defined, 2-26
operational aspects, 4-31–4-34
joint, A-9 during armed conflict, 4-55–
theater army during, 7-49, 7-50
collection requirements 4-67
during competition below current intelligence. See
management (CRM), A-9. See
also collection management, armed conflict, 4-20 intelligence product, categories
functions. during crisis, 4-35, 4-36 of.
transitioning between current operations integration cell.
combat information, defined, 1-20
offensive, defensive, and See CP cell, integrating cell.
combat power. See operational stability operations, 4-59– cyberspace domain. See also
doctrinal concepts. 4-63 complementary capabilities;
combined arms. See operational transitioning to post-conflict domains.
doctrinal concepts. competition, 4-64–4-67 intelligence, threat, other OE
command and control. See C2. contested deployment. See considerations, 2-38
deployment
command post. See CP. D
COP
commander, role of, 3-6–3-8 data. See IWFT.
defined, 5-95
C2, 3-5
intelligence portion of, 5-95– data literacy, 1-50
integrating intelligence into
operations, 3-9 5-99 deep operations. See operations,
corps, 7-56–7-58 defensive and offensive.
commander’s critical information
requirement. See information all-source intelligence deep sensing, defined, 2-85
capabilities, 7-67, 7-68
requirement. defense support of civil
during armed conflict, 7-73–
common intelligence picture. See 7-80 authorities, C-34–C-41
CIP. during competition below defensive operations, 8-58, 8-59.
common operational picture. See armed conflict, 7-69, 7-70 See also consolidating gains;
COP. during crisis, 7-71, 7-72 warfare.
E-MIB, 7-63–7-65 area defense, 8-60
competition below armed conflict,
intelligence cell, 7-61, 7-62 intelligence support to, 8-66–
4-8, 4-9
intelligence collection 8-72
adversary activities to achieve
capabilities, 7-66 mobile defense, 8-61, 8-62
strategic goals, 4-10
G-2, 7-59, 7-60 retrograde, 8-63–8-65
adversary activities to counter
a U.S. response, 4-11 counterintelligence. See CI. delay. See defensive operations,
adversary activities to preclude cover. See enabling operations, retrograde.
U.S. access to a region, 4- security operations. deployment. See also force
12, 4-13 projection, subprocesses.
CP, 3-56–3-58
BCT during, 7-119, 7-120 contested. 8-6–8-11
defined, 3-59
consolidating gains, 4-20
main CP, 3-60–3-62 dimensions, 2-39, 2-43. See also
corps during, 7-69, 7-70
mobile command group, 3-66, OE, understanding an; pre-
division during, 7-94, 7-95
3-67 mission analysis of the OE.
fighting for intelligence, 4-21–
rear area CP, 3-68–3-70 disclosure of classified
4-24
tactical CP, 3-63–3-65 information, A-25–A-31
operational aspects, 4-14–4-19
theater army during, 7-41–7-48 CP cell, 3-56, 3-58 disclosure policy, A-25–A-31
defined, 3-71
complementary capabilities, 1-92 division, 7-81–7-86
functional cell, 3-73
biometrics, 1-93–1-95 all-source intelligence
integrating cell, 3-72
cyberspace, 1-96, 1-97 capabilities, 7-92, 7-93 |
2-0 | 317 | Index
Entries are by paragraph number.
division (continued) force generation information collection, 3-30–3-32,
armed conflict, during, 7-98– defined, 1-2 6-5. See also IWFT.
7-104 intelligence support to aggressive, 8-123
during competition below (IWFT 2.1), 1-24, B-1–B-17 conduct collection
armed conflict, 7-94, 7-95 force projection, C-1 management task, 3-33–
during crisis, 7-96, 7-97 intelligence support to, C-8– 3-38
intelligence cell, 7-89, 7-90 C-13 conducting (IWFT 2.3), 1-24,
intelligence collection subprocesses, C-14–C-33 B-54–B-80
capabilities, 7-91 threats, C-2–C-7 defined, 3-29
G-2, 7-87, 7-88 direct information collection
foreign intelligence entity, 1-66
document and media exploitation. task, 3-39–3-40
See complementary forensics. See complementary effective, 8-110, 8-111
capabilities. capabilities. execute collection task, 3-41
forms of contact. See operations, gaps, 8-24, 8-25
domains, 2-33, 2-43. See also
defensive and offensive. intelligence contribution to, 6-4
OE, understanding an; pre-
intelligence operations and,
mission analysis of the OE. fusion. See all-source intelligence
6-6–6-8
defined, 2-32 capabilities, all-source
layered, 8-112–8-117
production.
E phased and continuous,
future operations cell. See CP 8-118–8-122
electromagnetic warfare, 1-100 cell, integrating cell. reconnaissance and, 6-9
electromagnetic attack, 1-101
security operations and, 6-12
electromagnetic protection, G
surveillance and, 6-10, 6-11
1-103 G-2/S-2. See intelligence staff.
electromagnetic spectrum information dimension. See also
actions, 1-103 general military intelligence. See dimensions.
electromagnetic support, 1-102 intelligence product, categories operational and intelligence
of. considerations for 2-42
E-MIB. See corps.
GEOINT, 1-69–1-71 information requirement. See also
employment. See force projection,
geospatial intelligence. See defensive operations,
subprocesses.
GEOINT. intelligence support to;
enabling operations, 8-52 offensive operations,
guard. See enabling operations,
defined, 8-51 intelligence support to;
security operations.
reconnaissance, 8-53–8-55 planning, integrated.
security operations, 8-56, 8-57 H commander’s critical
estimative intelligence. See homeland defense, C-34–C-41 information requirement, 3-7
intelligence product, categories human dimension. See also informational considerations. See
of. dimensions. mission variables (METT-TC
expeditionary-military intelligence operational and intelligence [I]).
brigade. See E-MIB. considerations for 2-40 INSCOM, 7-13, 7-14. See also
exploitation. See offensive human intelligence. See HUMINT. AISE; strategic environment,
operations. intelligence role.
HUMINT, 1-72–1-74
functional commands, 7-9,
F I 7-15,
field army, defined, 7-58 MIB-Ts, 7-9
identity activities, 1-107–1-109
fighting for intelligence inspections. See operations
identity intelligence. See identity
described, 1-120, 1-121 process, prepare activity.
activities; intelligence product,
during armed conflict, 4-68 categories of. instruments of national power,
during competition below 2-4–2-6
armed conflict, 4-21–4-24 imperatives of operations. See
during crisis, 4-37–4-39 multidomain operations, Army’s integrating processes, 3-27, 3-28
during large-scale combat operational concept. information collection, 3-29–
3-41
operations, 1-123–1-125, indicator, defined, 5-63
IPOE, 3-28
8-1–8-3
information. See IWFT; U.S. knowledge management, 3-54,
echelons, across, 7-16–7-21
person information. 3-55
intelligence support as, 4-7
information advantage risk management, 3-51–3-53
setting the globe, 1-122
intelligence support to, 5-79– targeting, 3-42–3-50
setting the theater, 1-122
5-81
fixing force. See defensive
operations, mobile defense. |
2-0 | 318 | Index
Entries are by paragraph number.
intelligence. See also commander, intelligence authority sources, D-8 intelligence operations (continued)
role of; IWFT; staff, role of; intelligence capabilities, 1-54, 1- primary tactical task, as a, 6-6–
staff, teamwork within. 55.See also intelligence 6-8
Army intelligence, 1-18–1-20, collection capabilities. staff capability considerations,
4-3 all-source intelligence 6-19
Army operations and, 2-55 capabilities, 1-56–1-61 success of, 6-8
characteristics of, 1-8, 1-9 integrating across echelons, intelligence oversight, D-1, D-4–
combined arms, role within, 7-6, 7-7 D-7
2-77 intelligence PED capabilities, intelligence PED
defined, 1-1 1-112–1-114 during large-scale combat
disclosure policy, A-26–A-32 single-source intelligence operations, 8-128–8-130
domains and dimensions, capabilities, 1-62–1-91
considerations of, 2-1 intelligence preparation of the
effective and flexible, intelligence collection capabilities operational environment. See
considerations for, 2-2 battalion, 7-131 IPOE.
BCT, 7-117
general, 5-37, 5-38 intelligence process, 1-25, 1-28,
corps, 7-66
imperatives of operations, 1-29, 1-31
division, 7-91
considerations for, 2-89 analyze continuing activity,
national and joint, 7-12
information advantage, support 1-48–1-50
theater army, 7-38
to assess continuing activity,
information collection, intelligence community (U.S.). 1-51–1-53
contribution to, 6-4 See intelligence enterprise. collect and process step, 1-35–
integrating and synchronizing, intelligence disciplines, 1-63–1-65 1-37
3-1–3-4 CI, 1-66–1-68 conduct intelligence operations
MDMP, support to, 3-25, 3-26 GEOINT, 1-69–1-71 continuing activity, 1-46
multidomain operations and, HUMINT, 1-72–1-74 continuing activities, 1-43
2-59–2-66 measurement and signature disseminate and integrate
multidomain operations, intelligence, 1-75–1-78 step, 1-41, 1-42
Army’s operational concept OSINT, 1-79–1-83 joint intelligence process,
and, 2-83–2-85 SIGINT, 1-84–1-87 compared to, 1-26, 1-27
multinational intelligence technical intelligence, 1-88– operations process, support to,
considerations, A-10–A-12 1-91 1-30
operational approach, intelligence enterprise, 1-11–1-17 perform PED continuing
considerations for, 2-93 AISE, 1-11 activity, 1-47
operational framework, support across echelons and, plan and direct step, 1-33, 1-34
considerations for, 2-97 7-1, 7-2 produce step, 1-38–1-40
purpose, 1-2–1-4, 2-50 support to operations, 4-2 steps, 1-32
tailored and focused during U.S. intelligence community, synchronize intelligence
large-scale combat 1-16, 1-17 continuing activity, 1-44,
operations, 8-124–8-127 1-45
targeting, support to, 5-64– intelligence handover line. See
5-78 also information collection, intelligence product, 1-5, 1-6
tenets of operations, layered. analytic standards, adhering
considerations for, 2-87 defined, 3-40 to, 1-10
categories of, 1-7
understanding an OE and, intelligence integration, 3-1–3-4,
effective, 8-137, 8-138
2-45–2-48 7-6, 7-7. See also planning,
situation development,
intelligence analysis. See also integrated. associated with, 5-83, 5-84
pre-mission analysis of the OE. national to tactical effort, 7-5
intelligence requirements, 1-34
collection management and, intelligence operations. See also
management of, A-22
5-20, 5-21 intelligence process; language
continuum, 5-31–5-33 support; operations process, intelligence staff
defined, 1-49 framework for exercising C2. composition, 5-5–5-7
during large-scale combat conducting, 6-13, 6-31 G-2/S-2, 5-9
operations, 8-131–8-136 collection manager, 6-14–6-16 responsibilities, 5-5, 5-8, 5-9
systems, 1-118 guidelines, 6-20–6-30 situational understanding,
intelligence architecture, 1-115– in multinational operations, facilitating, 5-85–5-89
119, 5-11, 5-12. See also A-20, A-21 support, 4-5, 4-6, 5-1–5-4
IWFT; planning, integrated. integrating joint intelligence, intelligence support
challenges to, 8-20–8-22 surveillance, and challenges to. See also
planning, 5-13–5-15 reconnaissance assets, contested deployment.
planning products, 5-16 6-17, 6-18 challenges to, 8-4, 8-5 |
2-0 | 319 | Index
Entries are by paragraph number.
intelligence support (continued) IWFT (continued) MDMP. See also Army planning
national and joint, 7-10, 7-11 IWFT 2.2, provide support to methodologies.
to defensive operations, 8-66– situational understanding, defined, 3-24
8-72 B-18–B-53 intelligence support to, 3-25,
to offensive operations, 8-81– IWFT 2.3, conduct information 3-26
8-87 collection, B-54–B-80 preparing for, 5-41
intelligence synchronization, IWFT 2.4, provide intelligence measurement and signature
8-106–8-106. See also support to targeting, B-81– intelligence, 1-75–1-78
intelligence process. B-100 MI company. See BCT.
integration and, 3-1–3-4 leveraging data, information,
national to tactical effort, 7-5 and intelligence, 5-34, 5-35 MIB-T, 7-34, 7-35. See also
list, B-1 INSCOM.
intelligence warfighting function, performing IPOE, 5-42–5-61 baseline design, 7-37
1-22 performing situation support and enabling services,
challenges to, 8-16–8-25. See development, 5-82–5-84 7-36
also intelligence support,
provide warnings, 5-62, 5-63 military decision-making process.
challenges to.
See MDMP.
defined, 1-21 J
IWFTs, 1-23, 1-24 military intelligence brigade-
joint task force headquarters, A-1–
theater. See MIB-T.
intelligence warfighting function A-9
task. See IWFT. mission variables (METT-TC [I]),
K 2-43, 2-44. See also OE,
interoperability, A-15–A-19
architecture and, 5-16 knowledge management. See understanding an.
consolidating gains and, 4-20 integrating processes. informational considerations,
2-44
defined, A-14
L
joint/multinational, 4-15 mobile defense. See defensive
levels of, A-14 land domain. See also domains. operations.
training and, 6-22 intelligence, threat, other OE mobilization. See force projection,
considerations, 2-34
IPOE, 5-42–5-44, 5-47. See also subprocesses.
defensive operation, landpower movement to contact. See
intelligence support to; application of, 4-1 offensive operations.
integrating processes; offensive defined, 2-68
multidomain operations, 2-57,
operation, intelligence support language support, E-1
2-58. See also targeting.
to; planning, integrated. categories, E-2–E-11
defined, 2-56
define the OE (step 1), 5-48–5- command language council,
intelligence and, 2-59–2-66
52 E-13
relative advantage, 2-59–2-61
describe environmental effects command language program
relative advantage, 2-59–2-66
on operations (step 2), 5-53, manager, E-12
windows of opportunity, 2-59–
5-54 determining requirements,
2-66
determine threat courses of E-26, E-27
action (step 4), 5-58—5-60 sources, E-16–E-25 multidomain operations, Army’s
evaluate the threat (step 3), support to intelligence operational concept, 2-78–2-82
5-55—5-57 operations, E-14, E-15 imperatives of operations,
mission focus, 5-45, 5-46 2-88, 2-89
large-scale combat operations,
products, 5-61 multidomain task force, 2-80
2-68, 2-69
tenets of operations, 2-86,
IWFT, 5-10. See also intelligence and fighting for intelligence,
2-87
warfighting function. 8-1–8-3
collection management, 5-17– defined, 2-67 multidomain task force. See
5-30, during armed conflict, 4-44– multidomain operations, Army’s
conducting pre-mission 4-47 operational concept.
analysis of the OE, 5-36– operational challenge, 8-12– multinational intelligence. See
5-41 8-15 intelligence.
intelligence architecture,
linguist. See language support, O
planning, establishing,
sources.
revising, 5-11–5-16 OE, 2-35. See also intelligence;
intelligence support to M IPOE; pre-mission analysis of
targeting, 5-64–5-78 the OE.
maritime domain. See also
IWFT 2.1, provide intelligence tools and processes, for
domains.
support to force generation, understanding, 2-31
intelligence, threat, other OE
B-1–B-17 understanding an, 2-27–2-30
considerations, 2-35 |
2-0 | 320 | Index
Entries are by paragraph number.
offensive operations, 8-73–8-75. OSINT, 1-79–1-83 rehearsal. See operations
See also consolidating gains; process, prepare activity.
P
warfare. relative advantage. See
attack, 8-77 PED. See also intelligence PED; multidomain operations.
exploitation, 8-78 intelligence process;
retirement. See defensive
intelligence support to, 8-81– intelligence capabilities.
operations, retrograde.
8-87 challenges to, 8-23
movement to contact, 8-76 peer threat. See also threat. retrograde. See defensive
pursuit, 8-79 during armed conflict, 4-48 operations.
open-source intelligence. See PIR. See also intelligence risk management. See integrating
OSINT. requirements. processes.
operational approach. See orienting on, 6-24, 6-25 RSOI, 7-20, 8-5, 8-20, 8-24, 8-94,
operational doctrinal concepts. planning, integrated, 8-93 8-101, 8-105
deployment and, 8-11, C-21,
operational doctrinal concepts, intelligence architecture,
C-27
2-1, 2-49 tactical portion of, 8-94–8-99
during competition below
Army operations, 2-51–2-54 IPOE and information
armed conflict, 7-43, 7-70,
combat power, 2-73, 2-74, requirements, 8-100–8-102
7-94, 7-119
2-76 target development, 8-103–
during crisis, 7-49, 7-72, 7-96
combined arms, 2-70–2-73 8-105
E-MIB, 7-65
large-scale combat operations, planning, mission. See operations
intelligence support, 8-88,
2-67–2-69 process, plan activity
8-125
multidomain operations, 2-56–
planning products, 3-25 MIB-T and, 7-35
2-66
multidomain operations, plans cell. See CP cell, integrating S
Army’s operational concept, cell.
scientific and technical
2-78–2-82 pre-mission analysis of the OE,
intelligence. See intelligence
operational approach, 2-90– 5-36
product, categories of.
2-93 domains and dimensions,
operational framework, 2-90, 5-37, 5-38 screen. See enabling operations,
2-91, 2-96, 2-97 operational variables (PMESII- security operations.
strategic framework, 2-94, 2-95 PT), 5-39, 5-40 security operations. See also
warfighting functions, 2-74– threat, terrain, weather, civil enabling operations.
2-76 considerations, 5-41 primary tactical task, as a, 6-12
operational environment. See OE. priority intelligence requirement. setting the globe. See fighting for
operational framework. See See PIR. intelligence.
operational doctrinal concepts. processing, exploitation, and setting the theater. See fighting for
operational variables (PMESII- dissemination. See PED. intelligence.
PT), 2-43, 2-44. See also OE, publicly available information SIGINT, 1-84–1-87
understanding an; pre-mission research, 1-65 signals intelligence. See SIGINT.
analysis of the OE.
pursuit. See offensive operations. single-source intelligence
operations, defensive and
physical dimension. See also capabilities
offensive, 8-29
dimensions. complementary capabilities,
close operations, 8-32–8-36,
operational and intelligence 1-92–1-111
8-42–8-46
considerations for 2-41 intelligence disciplines, 1-63–
deep operations, 8-32–8-41
1-91
enabling operations, 8-50–8-57 R
forms of contact, 8-30, 8-31 situation development. See IWFT.
rear operations. See operations,
rear operations, 8-32–8-36, situational understanding. See
defensive and offensive.
8-47–8-50 also intelligence staff.
reception, staging, onward
operations process, 3-19, 3-20. achieving and maintaining,
movement, and integration. See
See also intelligence process. 5-98
RSOI.
assess continuing activity, commander and staff, support
6-54–6-56 reconnaissance. See also to, 5-90
execute activity, 6-53 enabling operations. defined, 1-5
framework for exercising C2, primary tactical task, as a, 6-9 long-term challenges, 4-6, 4-7
6-1–6-3, 6-32 push and pull, 8-122 support to (IWFT 2.2), 1-24,
plan activity, 6-33—6-47 redeployment. See force B-18–B-53
prepare activity, 6-48–6-52 projection, subprocesses. space capability. See
complementary capabilities. |
2-0 | 321 | Index
Entries are by paragraph number.
space domain. See also domains. targeting intelligence requirement. theater army (continued)
intelligence, threat, other OE See intelligence requirements. MIB-T, 7-34–7-37
considerations, 2-37 targeting process (D3A), 3-49, threat, 2-16. See also air domain,
stability operation. See 3-50, 5-66 cyberspace, land, maritime,
consolidating gains; warfare. assess function, 5-76–5-78 space; IPOE; pre-mission
staff, role of, 3-10 decide function, 5-67–5-69 analysis of the OE.
participating in the intelligence deliver function, 5-75 emerging threat capabilities,
warfighting function, 3-12– detect function, 5-70–5-74 2-22, 2-23
3-14 task-organizing, 6-57 force projection, C-1–C-7
supporting the commander, command relationships, 6-58– hazards, 2-17
3-11 6-60 peer threat, 2-18–2-20
staff, teamwork within, 3-15–3-17 other relationships, 6-63 threat methods, 2-21
support to intelligence, 3-18 support relationships, 6-61, titles, U.S. Code, D-1–D-3
strategic environment, 2-11–2-13 6-62 training, 6-22
intelligence role, 2-14, 2-15 technical authorities. See troop leading procedures, 6-37–
threats, 2-16–2-23 technical oversight. 6-47. See Army planning
strategic framework. See technical channels. See technical methodologies.
oversight.
operational doctrinal concepts.
U
striking force. See defensive technical control. See technical
U.S. Army Intelligence and
operations, mobile defense. oversight.
Security Command. See
surveillance. See information technical intelligence, 1-88–1-91 INSCOM.
collection and the primary technical oversight, 6-64
U.S. Army Military Intelligence
tactical tasks. technical authorities, 6-66–
Readiness Command. See
sustainment. See force projection, 6-70 INSCOM, MIB-Ts.
subprocesses. technical channels, 6-65, 6-70,
U.S. person information, D-7
6-71
T technical control, 6-66, 6-68–
W
target, defined, 3-43 6-70
warfare, 4-41
target development, 5-64, 5-74. tempo, defined, 4-68 conventional warfare, 4-42
See also planning, integrated. tenets of operations. See defensive operation, 4-43
target intelligence. See multidomain operations, Army’s irregular warfare, 4-42
intelligence product, categories operational concept. offensive operation, 4-43
of. theater army, 7-22–7-26 stability operation, 4-43
targeting, 3-43 all-source intelligence warning intelligence. See
defined, 3-42 capabilities, 7-39, 7-40 intelligence product, categories
intelligence support to (IWFT during armed conflict, 7-51– of.
2.4), 1-24, B-81–B-100 7-55 window of opportunity. See
intelligence support to, 5-64– during competition below multidomain operations.
5-78 armed conflict, 7-41–7-48
withdraw. See defensive
members, 3-48 during crisis, 7-49, 7-50
operations, retrograde.
multidomain operations, within, G-2, 7-27–7-30
3-44–3-46 intelligence cell, 7-31–7-33 working group. See battle rhythm.
principles, 3-47 intelligence collection write for release, A-23–A-25
capabilities, 7-38 |
2-0 | 323 | FM 2-0
01 October 2023
By Order of the Secretary of the Army:
RANDY A. GEORGE
General, Acting United States Army
Chief of Staff
Official:
MARK F. AVERILL
Administrative Assistant
to the Secretary of the Army
2324902
DISTRIBUTION:
Active Army, Army National Guard, and United States Army Reserve. To be distributed in |
1-02.1 | 1 | FM 1-02.1
OPERATIONAL TERMS
(cid:41)(cid:40)(cid:37)(cid:53)(cid:56)(cid:36)(cid:53)(cid:60)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:21)(cid:23)
DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION:
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
This publication supersedes FM 1-02.1, dated 09 March 2021. |
1-02.1 | 2 | This publication is available at the Army Publishing Directorate site
(https://armypubs.army.mil) and the Central Army Registry Site |
1-02.1 | 3 | *FM 1-02.1
Field Manual Headquarters
No. 1-02.1 Department of the Army
Washington, DC, (cid:21)(cid:27)(cid:3)(cid:41)(cid:72)(cid:69)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:92)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:19)(cid:21)(cid:23)
OPERATIONAL TERMS
Contents
Page
Preface .................................................................................................................................................. iii
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... v
CHAPTER 1 ........................................................................................................................................... 1
MILITARY TERMS ......................................................................................................................... 1
CHAPTER 2 ......................................................................................................................................... 83
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND COUNTRY CODES ...................................................... 83
Section I — Acronyms and Abbreviations .......................................................................... 83
Section II — Geographical Entity Codes ........................................................................... 106
References ........................................................................................................................................ 113
DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
*This publication supersedes FM 1-02.1, dated 09 March 2021. |
1-02.1 | 5 | Preface
FM 1-02.1 constitutes approved Army doctrinal terminology for general use. The principal audience for this
manual are members of the profession of Arms. Commanders and staffs of Army headquarters serving as
joint task force or multinational headquarters should also refer to applicable joint or multinational doctrine
concerning the range of military operations and joint or multinational forces. Trainers and educators
throughout the Army will also use this publication.
Commanders, staffs, and subordinates ensure their decisions and actions comply with applicable U.S.,
international, and, in some cases, host-nation laws and regulations. Commanders at all echelons ensure their
Soldiers operate in accordance with the law of war and the rules of engagement.
This publication implements the following international agreements:
STANAG 1059 (ED. 8). Letter Codes for Geographical Entities. 01 April 2004.
STANAG 1241 (ED. 5). NATO Standard Identity Description Structure for Tactical Use. 06 April 2005.
STANAG 3680 (ED. 5). NATOTerm database. https://nso.nato.int/natoterm/Web.mvc.
FM 1-02.1 uses joint terms where applicable.
FM 1-02.1 applies to the Active Army, Army National Guard/Army National Guard of the United States,
and United States Army Reserve unless otherwise stated.
The proponent of FM 1-02.1 is the United States Army Combined Arms Center. The preparing agency is the
Combined Arms Doctrine Directorate, United States Army Combined Arms Center. Send comments and
recommendations on DA Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms) to
Commander, United States Army Combined Arms Center and Fort Leavenworth, ATZL-MCD (FM X-XX),
300 McPherson Avenue, Fort Leavenworth, KS 66027-2337; by email to
[email protected]; or submit an electronic DA Form 2028. |
1-02.1 | 7 | Introduction
This third edition of FM 1-02.1 compiles all Army terms and definitions approved for use in Army doctrinal
publications, including ADPs, FMs, and ATPs. It also includes joint and North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO) terms used and listed in the glossaries of Army doctrinal publications. FM 1 02.1 also lists shortened
forms (whether considered acronyms or abbreviations) approved for use in Army doctrinal publications.
This publication is augmented by the military terms and symbols database, known as the Army Dictionary
online. To maintain Army terminology current, the Army Dictionary online is updated monthly to reflect the
latest operational term changes published in new editions of Army doctrine publications (To access the
database, go to https://jdeis.js.mil/jdeis/index.jsp?pindex=207, and log in with a common access card.) This
database is an official Department of Defense (DOD) website, maintained by the Combined Arms Doctrine
Directorate in collaboration with the Joint Staff Directorate for Joint Force Development, and is part of the
Joint Doctrine, Education, and Training Electronic Information System. While the database includes the same
joint terms appearing in FM 1-02.1, readers should consult the DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated
Terms for up-to-date joint terminology.
When communicating instructions to subordinate units, commanders and staffs from company through corps
echelons should use this publication as a dictionary of operational terms and military symbols.
FM 1-02.1 is organized as follows:
Chapter 1 presents defined terms.
Chapter 2 presents acronyms, abbreviations, and country codes.
The terminology entries in chapter 1 of this publication fall into three categories:
Army only doctrine applicable definitions.
Joint (DOD) definitions used in Army doctrine publications.
NATO definitions used in Army doctrine publications.
For each term and definition, a proponent publication is cited in parentheses after the definition.
Army only applicable doctrine definitions. The Army definition is preceded by “(Army)” if the term also
has a joint definition that differs from the Army definition. (See the definition for “attack position” listed
below.) If the term has no associated joint definition, the Army definition is not preceded by “(Army)”. (See
the definition for “situational understanding” listed below.) All Army-unique definitions must be followed
by the proponent Army publication in parentheses, as in the following examples:
attack position — (Army) The last position an attacking force occupies or passes through before crossing
the line of departure. (ADP 3-90)
situational understanding — The product of applying analysis and judgment to relevant information to
determine the relationship among the operational and mission variables to facilitate decision making. (ADP
6-0)
Joint (DOD) defined terms that appear in glossaries of Army doctrine publications. Each joint definition
is preceded by “(DOD).”
airspace control — (DOD) The exercise of delegated authority over designated airspace and users through
control procedures and coordination measures to maximize operational effectiveness. (JP 3-52)
NATO defined terms that appear in glossaries of Army publications. Each NATO definition is preceded by
“(NATO).”
international organization — (NATO) An intergovernmental, regional or global organization governed by
international law and established by a group of states, with international juridical personality given by
international agreement, however characterized, creating enforceable rights and obligations for the purpose
of fulfilling a given function and pursuing common aims. (NATOTerm) |
1-02.1 | 8 | Introduction
DOD and NATO terms with multiple definitions. The related definition number will precede the definition
to denote the definition or definitions applicable to Army doctrine. For example, the DOD term “convoy”
has two different definitions (1 and 2) for this term, and the Army only uses definition number 2 in doctrine:
convoy — (DOD) 2. A group of vehicles organized for the purpose of control and orderly movement with or
without escort protection that moves over the same route at the same time and under one commander. (JP 3-
02)
In addition, two other descriptors may appear after a definition, but are not part of the definition:
(cid:120) Also called.
(cid:120) See also.
Also called. If a term has a shortened form (acronym or abbreviation) approved for doctrinal use, the
shortened form appears after the definition, preceded by also called, as in the following example:
after action review — A guided analysis of an organization’s performance, conducted at appropriate times
during and at the conclusion of a training event or operation with the objective of improving future
performance. It includes a facilitator, event participants, and other observers. (FM 7-0) Also called AAR.
See also. If related terms are defined elsewhere in FM 1-02.1, they are cross-referenced after the definition.
The related terms are bolded and preceded by “See also,” as in the following example:
area security — A security task conducted to protect friendly forces, installation routes, and actions within
a specific area. (ADP 3-90) See also area reconnaissance.
The acronym and abbreviation entries listed in section I of chapter 2 are Army and joint. Shortened forms
applicable only to Army doctrine are shown in boldface, to distinguish Army from joint usage. Acronyms
are added to FM 1-02.1 and the online “Army Dictionary” when a defined term has an associated acronym
or if an acronym has doctrinal cross branch or functional usage. The cross-branch usage criterion for
considering an acronym for inclusion is that it must appear in two or more doctrinal publications that are not
branch specific or related. |
1-02.1 | 9 | Chapter 1
Military Terms
This chapter presents military terms currently used in Army doctrine.
—A—
access control point — A corridor at the installation perimeter through which all vehicles and pedestrians must
pass when entering or exiting the installation. (ATP 3-39.32)
act of mercy — (DOD) In personnel recovery, assistance rendered to evaders by an individual or elements of
the local population who sympathize or empathize with the evaders' cause or plight. See also evader,
evasion, recovery, recovery operations. (JP 3-50)
actions on contact — A process to help leaders understand what is happening and to take action. (FM 3-90)
active — A descriptor that identifies an established kill box that has a fires and airspace status affecting aircraft
and fires operating in the kill box. (ATP 3-09.34)
active defense — (DOD) The employment of limited offensive action and counterattacks to deny a contested
area or position to the enemy. (JP 3-60)
administrative contracting officer — (DOD) Contracting officers whose primary duties involve contract
administration. (JP 4-10) Also called ACO.
administrative control — (DOD) Direction or exercise of authority over subordinate or other organizations in
respect to administration and support. (JP 1 Volume 2) Also called ADCON.
advance force operations — Operations conducted to refine the location of specific, identified targets and
further develop the operational environment for near-term missions. (FM 1-02.1) Also called AFO.
advanced operations base — A small, temporary base established near or within a joint operations area to
command, control, and support special operations training or tactical operations. (ADP 3-05)
advanced trauma management — Resuscitative and stabilizing medical or surgical treatment provided to
patients to save life or limb and to prepare them for further evacuation without jeopardizing their well being or
prolonging the state of their condition. (FM 4-02)
adversary — (DOD) A party acknowledged as potentially hostile to a friendly party and against which the use of
force may be envisaged. (JP 3-0)
aerial delivery — The air transport of cargo, equipment and/or personnel to a desired location on the ground by
aircraft. (ATP 4-48)
aerial port — (DOD) An airfield that has been designated for the sustained air movement of personnel and
materiel, as well as an authorized port for entrance into or departure from the country where located. (JP 3-36)
Also called APORT. See also port of debarkation, port of embarkation.
aeromedical evacuation — (DOD) The movement of patients under medical supervision to and between
medical treatment facilities by air transportation. (JP 4-02) Also called AE.
after action review — A guided analysis of an organization’s performance, conducted at appropriate times
during and at the conclusion of a training event or operation with the objective of improving future
performance. (FM 7-0) Also called AAR.
agility — The ability to move forces and adjust their dispositions and activities more rapidly than the enemy. (FM
3-0)
aimpoint — (DOD) 1. A point associated with a target and assigned for a specific weapon impact. (JP 3-60)
air and missile defense — (DOD) Direct [active and passive] defensive actions taken to destroy, nullify, or
reduce the effectiveness of hostile air and ballistic missile threats against friendly forces and assets. (JP 3-01)
Also called AMD.
air apportionment — (DOD) The determination and assignment of the total expected effort by percentage
and/or by priority that should be devoted to the various air operations for a given period of time. (JP 3-0)
air assault — (DOD) The movement of friendly assault forces by rotary-wing or tiltrotor aircraft to engage and
destroy enemy forces or to seize and hold key terrain. (JP 3-18) See also assault.
air assault force — (DOD) A force composed primarily of ground and rotary-wing air units organized, equipped,
and trained for air assault operations. (JP 3-18) |
1-02.1 | 10 | Chapter 1
air assault operation — (DOD) An operation in which assault forces, using the mobility of rotary-wing or tiltrotor
aircraft and the total integration of available fires, maneuver under the control of a ground or air maneuver
commander to engage enemy forces or to seize and hold key terrain. (JP 3-18)
air corridor — (DOD) A restricted air route of travel specified for use by friendly aircraft and established for the
purpose of preventing friendly aircraft from being fired on by friendly forces. (JP 3-52)
air defense — (DOD) Defensive measures designed to destroy attacking enemy aircraft or aerodynamic
missiles, or to nullify or reduce the effectiveness of such attack. (JP 3-01) Also called AD.
air defense artillery — (DOD) Weapons and equipment for actively combating air targets from the ground. (JP
3-01) Also called ADA.
air defense region — (DOD) A geographical subdivision of an air defense area. (JP 3-01)
air defense sector — (DOD) A geographical subdivision of an air defense region. (JP 3-01)
air defense warning condition — (DOD) An air defense warning given in the form of a color code
corresponding to the degree of air raid probability with yellow standing for when an attack by hostile aircraft or
missiles is probable; red for when an attack by hostile aircraft or missiles is imminent or is in progress; and
white for when an attack by hostile aircraft or missiles is improbable. (JP 3-01) Also called ADWC.
air domain — (DOD) The atmosphere, beginning at the Earth’s surface, extending to the altitude where its
effects upon operations become negligible. (JP 3-30)
air interdiction — (DOD) Air operations to perform interdiction conducted at such distances from friendly forces
that detailed integration of each Air mission with the fire and movement of friendly forces is not required. (JP 3-
03)Also called AI.
air liaison officer — (DOD) The senior tactical air control party member attached to a ground unit who functions
as the primary advisor to the ground commander on air power. (JP 3-09.3) Also called ALO.
Air Mobility Command — (DOD) The Air Force component command of the United States Transportation
Command. (JP 3-36) Also called AMC.
air movement — (DOD) Air transport of units, personnel, supplies, and equipment including airdrops and air
landings. (JP 3-36)
air operations center — (DOD) The senior agency of the Air Force component commander that provides
command and control of Air Force Air and space operations and coordinates with other components and
Services. (JP 3-30) Also called AOC.
air support operations center — (DOD) The principal air control agency of the theater air control system
responsible for the direction and control of air operations directly supporting the ground combat element. (JP
3-09.3) Also called ASOC.
air tasking order — (DOD) A method used to task and disseminate to components, subordinate units, and
command and control agencies projected sorties, capabilities and/or forces to targets and specific missions.
(JP 3-30) Also called ATO.
air terminal — (DOD) A facility on an airfield that functions as an air transportation hub and accommodates the
loading and unloading of airlift aircraft and the intransit processing of traffic. (JP 3-36)
airborne assault — (DOD) The use of airborne forces to parachute into an objective area to attack and
eliminate armed resistance and secure designated objectives. (JP 3-18)
airborne mission coordinator — (DOD) The designated individual that serves as an airborne extension of the
component commander or supported commander responsible for the personnel recovery mission. (JP 3-50)
Also called AMC.
airborne operation — (DOD) An operation involving the air movement into an objective area of combat forces
and their logistic support for execution of a tactical, operational, or strategic mission. (JP 3-18)
airdrop — (DOD) The unloading of personnel or materiel from aircraft in flight. (JP 3-36)
airfield — (DOD) An area prepared for the accommodation (including any buildings, installations, and
equipment), landing, and takeoff of aircraft. See also departure airfield, landing area, landing site. (JP 3-36)
air-ground operations — The simultaneous or synchronized employment of ground forces with aviation
maneuver and fires to seize, retain, and exploit the initiative. (FM 3-04) Also called AGO.
airhead — (DOD) A lodgment that, when seized and held, ensures the continuous air landing of troops and
materiel and provides the maneuver space necessary for projected operations. (JP 3-18)
airhead line — (DOD) A line denoting the limits of the objective area for an airborne assault. (JP 3-18)
airland — (DOD) Movement by air and disembarkment, or unloading, on the ground after the aircraft has landed
or while an aircraft is hovering. (JP 3-36) |
1-02.1 | 11 | Military Terms
airspace control — (DOD) The exercise of delegated authority over designated airspace and users through
control procedures and coordination measures to maximize operational effectiveness. (JP 3-52)
airspace control authority — (DOD) The commander designated to assume overall responsibility for the
operation of the airspace control system in the airspace control area. (JP 3-52) Also called ACA.
airspace control order — (DOD) An order implementing the airspace control plan that provides the details of
the approved requests for airspace coordinating measures. (JP 3-52) Also called ACO.
airspace control plan — (DOD) The document approved by the joint force commander that provides specific
planning guidance and procedures for the airspace control system for the joint force operational area. (JP 3-
52)Also called ACP.
airspace control system — (DOD) An arrangement of those organizations, personnel, policies, procedures,
and facilities required to perform airspace control functions. (JP 3-52) Also called ACS.
airspace coordinating measures — (DOD) Measures employed to facilitate the efficient use of airspace to
accomplish missions and simultaneously provide safeguards for friendly forces. (JP 3-52) Also called ACM.
airspace coordination area — (DOD) A three-dimensional block of airspace in a target area, established by the
appropriate ground commander, in which friendly aircraft are reasonably safe from friendly surface fires. (JP 3-
09.3) Also called ACA.
airspace management — (DOD) The planning, coordination, integration, and regulation of airspace by airspace
control elements in support of airspace control. (JP 3-52)
alkalinity — The content of carbonates, bicarbonates, hydroxides, and occasionally berates, silicates, and
phosphates in water. (ATP 4-44)
allocation — (DOD) 1. Distribution of limited forces and resources for employment among competing
requirements. (JP 5-0)
all-source intelligence — (DOD) 1. Intelligence products and/or organizations and activities that incorporate all
sources of information in the production of finished intelligence. 2. In intelligence collection, a phrase that
indicates that in the satisfaction of intelligence requirements, all collection, processing, exploitation, and
reporting systems and resources are identified for possible use and those most capable are tasked. (JP 2-0)
See also intelligence. (Army) The integration of intelligence and information from all relevant sources in order
to analyze situations or conditions that impact operations. (ADP 2-0)
alternate position — A defensive position that the commander assigns to a unit or weapon system for
occupation when the primary position becomes untenable or unsuitable for carrying out the assigned task. (FM
3-90)
alternate supply route — A route or routes designated within an area of operations to provide for the movement
of traffic when main supply routes become disabled or congested. (ATP 4-93) Also called ASR. See also area
of operations, main supply route.
altitude — The vertical distance of a level, a point or an object considered as a point, measured from mean sea
level or height above ellipsoid. (FM 3-09)
ambulance control point — A manned traffic regulating, often stationed at a crossroad or road junction, where
ambulances are directed to one of two or more directions to reach loading points and medical treatment
facilities. (ATP 4-02.2)
ambulance exchange point — A location where a patient is transferred from one ambulance to another enroute
to a medical treatment facility. (ATP 4-02.2) Also called AXP.
ambulance loading point — This is the point in the shuttle system where one or more ambulances are
stationed ready to receive patients for evacuation. (ATP 4-02.2)
ambulance relay point — A point in the shuttle system where one or more empty ambulances are stationed to
advance to a loading point or to the next relay post to replace departed ambulances. (ATP 4-02.2)
ambulance shuttle system — A system consisting of one or more ambulance loading points, relay points, and
when necessary, ambulance control points, all echeloned forward from the principal group of ambulances, the
company location, or basic relay points as tactically required. (ATP 4-02.2)
ambush — A variation of attack from concealed positions against a moving or temporarily halted enemy. (FM 3-
90)
ammunition supply point — A retail ammunition support activity where ammunition is received, stored, issued,
and accounted for. (ATP 4-35)
ammunition support activity — Locations that are designated to receive, store, maintain, and provide
munitions support to Army forces. (FM 4-30) |
1-02.1 | 12 | Chapter 1
ammunition transfer holding point — A designated site operated by a brigade support battalion distribution
company where ammunition is received, transferred, or temporarily stored, or transferred to supported units
within a functional or multifunctional brigade. (ATP 4-35) Also called ATHP.
amphibious operation — (DOD) A military operation launched from the sea by an amphibious force to conduct
landing force operations within the littorals. (JP 3-02) Also called PHIBOP.
antiaccess — (DOD) Action, activity, or capability, usually long-range, designed to prevent an advancing enemy
force from entering an operational area. (JP 3-0) Also called A2.
anticipation — The ability to foresee events and requirements and initiate necessary actions that most
appropriately satisfy a response without waiting for operation orders or fragmentary orders. (ADP 4-0)
Antideficiency Act violations — (DOD) The incurring of obligations or the making of expenditure (outlays) in
violation of appropriation law as to purpose, time, and amounts as specified in the defense appropriation or
appropriations of funds. (JP 3-80)
antiradiation missile — (DOD) A missile which homes passively on a radiation source. (JP 3-01) Also called
ARM.
antiterrorism — (DOD) Defensive measures used to reduce the vulnerability of individuals and property to
terrorist acts, to include rapid containment by local military and civilian forces. (JP 3-26) Also called AT.
apportionment — (DOD) The quantities of force capabilities and resources provided for planning purposes only,
but not necessarily an identification of the actual forces that may be allocated for use when a plan transitions
to execution. (JP 5-0)
approach march — The advance of a combat unit when direct contact with the enemy is intended. (FM 3-90)
area air defense commander — (DOD) The component commander with the preponderance of air defense
capability and the required command, control, and communications capabilities who is assigned by the joint
force commander to plan and execute integrated air defense operations. (JP 3-01) Also called AADC.
area command — In unconventional warfare, the irregular organizational structure established within an
unconventional warfare operational area to command and control irregular forces advised by Army Special
Forces. (ATP 3-05.1)
area complex — A clandestine, dispersed network of facilities to support resistance activities in a given area
designed to achieve security, control, dispersion, and flexibility. (ATP 3-18.1)
area damage control — (DOD) Measures taken before, during, and/or after a hostile action or natural or
manmade disasters to reduce the probability of damage and minimize its effects. (JP 3-10) Also called ADC.
area defense — A type of defensive operation that concentrates on denying enemy forces access to designated
terrain for a specific time rather than destroying the enemy outright. (ADP 3-90)
area denial — (DOD) Action, activity, or capability, usually short-range, designed to limit an enemy force’s
freedom of action within an operational area. (JP 3-0) Also called AD.
area of influence — (DOD) A geographical area wherein a commander is directly capable of influencing
operations by maneuver or fire support systems normally under the commander's command or control. (JP 3-
0)
area of interest — (DOD) That area of concern to the commander, including the area of influence, areas
adjacent thereto, and extending into enemy territory. (JP 3-0) Also called AOI.
area of operations — (DOD) An operational area defined by the joint force commander for land and maritime
forces that should be large enough to accomplish their missions and protect their forces. (JP 3-0) Also called
AO.
area of responsibility — (DOD) The geographical area associated with a combatant command within which a
geographic combatant commander has authority to plan and conduct operations. (JP 1 Volume 1) Also called
AOR.
area reconnaissance — A form of reconnaissance operation that focuses on obtaining detailed information
about the terrain or enemy activity within a prescribed area. (FM 3-90)
area search — (DOD) Visual reconnaissance of limited or defined areas. (JP 3-50)
area security — A type of security operation conducted to protect friendly forces, lines of communications
installation routes, and actions within a specific area. (FM 3-90)
area support — Method of logistics, medical support, and personnel services in which support relationships are
determined by the location of the units requiring support. Sustainment units provide support to units located in
or passing through their assigned areas. (ATP 4-90) |
1-02.1 | 13 | Military Terms
ARFOR — The Army component and senior Army headquarters of all Army forces assigned or attached to a
combatant command, subordinate joint force command, joint functional command, or multinational command.
(FM 3-94)
Army core competencies — The Army’s essential and enduring capabilities that define the Army’s fundamental
contributions to the Nation’s security. (ADP 1-01)
Army corps — (DOD) An echelon of command and tactical formations that employs divisions, multifunctional
brigades, and functional brigades to achieve objectives on land. (JP 3-31)
Army design methodology — A methodology for applying critical and creative thinking to understand, visualize,
and describe problems and approaches to solving them. (ADP 5-0)
Army division — (DOD) An echelon of command and tactical formation that employs brigade combat teams,
multifunctional brigades, and functional brigades to achieve objectives on land. (JP 3-31)
Army doctrine — Fundamental principles, with supporting tactics, techniques, procedures, and terms and
symbols, used for the conduct of operations and as a guide for actions of operating forces, and elements of
the institutional force that directly support operations in support of national objectives. (ADP 1-01)
Army Health System — A component of the Military Health System that is responsible for operational
management of the health service support and force health protection missions for training, predeployment,
deployment, and postdeployment operations. The Army Health System includes all mission support services
performed, provided, or arranged by the Army Medicine to support health service support and force health
protection mission requirements for the Army and as directed, for joint, intergovernmental agencies, coalition,
and multinational forces. (FM 4-02)
Army leader — Anyone who by virtue of assumed role or assigned responsibility inspires and influences people
by providing purpose, direction, and motivation to accomplish the mission and improve the organization. (ADP
6-22)
Army personnel recovery — The military efforts taken to prepare for and execute the recovery and
reintegration of isolated personnel. (FM 3-50)
Army Profession — A vocation of Soldiers and Department of the Army Civilians whose collective expertise is
the ethical design of, support to, and application of landpower; serving under civilian authority; and entrusted
to defend the Constitution and the rights and interests of the American people. (ADP 6-22)
Army requirements review board — The ARFOR commander's established board to review, validate, approve,
and prioritize selected contract support requests. (ATP 4-71) Also called ARRB.
Army Service component command — (DOD) Command responsible for recommendations to the joint force
Commander on the allocation and employment of Army forces within a combatant command. (JP 3-31) Also
called ASCC.
Army special operations aviation — Designated Active Component forces and units organized, trained, and
equipped specifically to conduct air mobility, close air support, and other special air operations. (ADP 3-05)
Army special operations forces — (DOD) Those Active and Reserve Component Army forces designated by
the Secretary of Defense that are specifically organized, trained, and equipped to conduct and support special
operations. (JP 3-05) Also called ARSOF.
Army team building — A continuous process of enabling a group of people to reach their goals and improve
their effectiveness through leadership and various exercises, activities, and techniques. (FM 6-22)
art of tactics — Three interrelated aspects: the creative and flexible array of means to accomplish assigned
missions, decision making under conditions of uncertainty when faced with a thinking and adaptive enemy,
and the understanding of the effects of combat on Soldiers. (ADP 3-90)
artillery target intelligence zone — A weapons locating radar search area in enemy territory that the
commander monitor closely to detect and report any weapon ahead of all acquisitions other than those from
critical friendly zones or call for fire zones. (FM 3-09) Also called ATIZ.
assailable flank — A flank exposed to attack or envelopment. (ADP 3-90)
assault — (Army) A short and violent well-ordered attack against a local objective. (FM 3-90)
assault echelon — (Army) The element of a force that is scheduled for initial assault on the objective area. (FM
1-02.1)
assault position — A covered and concealed position short of the objective from which final preparations are
made to assault the objective. (ADP 3-90)
assault time — The moment to attack the initial objective throughout the geographical scope of the operation.
(ADP 3-90)
assembly area — An area a unit occupies to prepare for an operation. (FM 3-90) |
1-02.1 | 14 | Chapter 1
assembly line rigging — A method of mass rigging designed to get the maximum amount of equipment rigged
for airdrop in a minimum amount of time. (ATP 4-48)
assessment — (DOD) 1. A continuous process that measures the overall effectiveness of employing joint force
capabilities during military operations. 2. Determination of the progress toward accomplishing a task, creating
a condition, or achieving an objective. 3. Analysis of the security, effectiveness, and potential of an existing or
planned intelligence activity. 4. Judgment of the motives, qualifications, and characteristics of present or
prospective employees or “agents.” (JP 3-0)
asset visibility — (DOD) Provides users with information on the location, movement, status and identity of units,
personnel, equipment, and supplies. (JP 3-35) Also called AV.
assign — (DOD) 1. To place units or personnel in an organization where such placement is relatively
permanent, and/or where such organization controls and administers the units or personnel for the primary
function, or greater portion of the functions, of the unit or personnel. (JP 3-0)
assumption — (DOD) A specific supposition of the operational environment that is assumed to be true, in the
absence of positive proof, essential for the continuation of planning. (JP 5-0)
assured mobility — A framework—of processes, actions, and capabilities—that assures the ability of a force to
deploy, move, and maneuver where and when desired. (ATP 3-90.4)
attach — (DOD) 1. The placement of units or personnel in an organization where such placement is relatively
temporary. (JP 3-0)
attack — A type of offensive operation that defeats enemy forces, seizes terrain, or secures terrain. (FM 3-90)
attack by fire — A tactical mission task using direct and indirect fires to engage an enemy from a distance. (FM
3-90)
attack by fire position — The general position from which a unit performs the tactical task of attack by fire.
(ADP 3-90)
attack guidance matrix — A targeting product approved by the commander, which addresses the how and
when targets are engaged and the desired effects. (FM 3-09) Also called AGM.
attack position — (Army) The last position an attacking force occupies or passes through before crossing the
line of departure. (ADP 3-90)
audience — (DOD) In public affairs, a broadly-defined group that contains stakeholders and/or publics relevant
to military operations. (JP 3-61)
authentication — (DOD) 1. A security measure designed to protect a communications system against
acceptance of a fraudulent transmission or simulation by establishing the validity of a transmission, message,
or originator. 2. A means of identifying individuals and verifying their eligibility to receive specific categories of
information. 3. Evidence by proper signature or seal that a document is genuine and official. 4. In personnel
recovery missions, the process whereby the identity of an isolated person is confirmed. (JP 3-50)
auxiliary — For the purpose of unconventional warfare, the support element of the irregular organization whose
organization and operations are clandestine in nature and whose members do not openly indicate their
sympathy or involvement with the irregular movement. (ADP 3-05)
avenue of approach — (Army) A path used by an attacking force leading to its objective or to key terrain.
Avenues of approach exist in all domains. (ADP 3-90)
axis of advance — (Army) The general area through which the bulk of a unit’s combat power must move. (ADP
3-90)
azimuth — A horizontal angle measured clockwise from a north base line that could be true north, magnetic
north, or grid north. (ATP 3-09.50)
azimuth of fire — The direction, expressed in mils, that a firing unit is laid (oriented) on when it occupies a
position. (ATP 3-09.50)
azimuth of the orienting line — The direction from the orienting station to a designated end of the orienting
line. (ATP 3-09.50).
—B—
back-azimuth — The direction equal to the azimuth plus or minus 3200 mils. (ATP 3-09.50)
backbrief — A briefing by subordinates to the commander to review how subordinates intend to accomplish their
mission. (FM 6-0)
ballistic missile — (DOD) Any missile which does not rely upon aerodynamic surfaces to produce lift and
consequently follows a ballistic trajectory when thrust is terminated. (JP 3-01) Also called BM.
banking support — The provision of cash, non-cash and electronic commerce mechanisms necessary to
support the theater procurement process and host nation banking infrastructure. (FM 1-06) |
1-02.1 | 15 | Military Terms
base — (DOD) 1. A locality from which operations are projected or supported. (JP 4-0)
base boundary — (DOD) A line that delineates the surface area of a base for the purpose of facilitating
coordination and deconfliction of operations between adjacent units, formations, or areas. (JP 3-10)
base camp — An evolving military facility that supports that military operations of a deployed unit and provides
the necessary support and services for sustained operations. (ATP 3-37.10)
base cluster — (DOD) A collection of bases, geographically grouped for mutual protection and ease of
command and control. (JP 3-10)
base cluster operations center — (DOD) A command and control facility that serves as the base cluster
commander's focal point for defense and security of the base cluster. (JP 3-10) Also called BCOC.
base defense — (DOD) The local military measures, both normal and emergency, required to nullify or reduce
the effectiveness of enemy attacks on, or sabotage of, a base, to ensure that the maximum capacity of its
facilities is available to United States forces. (JP 3-10)
base defense operations — The combined activities of counterintelligence, security, military police, emergency
responders, antiterrorism and force protection working groups, and the commander to deny, disrupt, or
counter foreign intelligence entities, insider, and other threats targeting United States bases and facilities.
(ATP 2-22.2-1) Also called BDO.
base defense operations center — (DOD) A command and control facility established by the base commander
to serve as the focal point for base security and defense. (JP 3-10) Also called BDOC.
basic load — (DOD) The quantity of supplies required to be on hand within, and moved by a unit or formation,
expressed according to the wartime organization of the unit or formation and maintained at the prescribed
levels. (JP 4-09).
battalion — A unit consisting of two or more company-, battery-, or troop-size units and a headquarters. (ADP 3-
90)
battalion task force — A maneuver battalion-size unit consisting of a battalion headquarters, at least one
assigned company-size element, and at least one attached company-size element from another maneuver or
support unit (functional and multifunctional). (ADP 3-90)
battery — A company-size unit in a field artillery or air defense artillery battalion. (ADP 3-90)
battle — A set of related engagements that lasts longer and involves larger forces than an engagement. (ADP 3-
90)
battle damage assessment — (DOD) The estimate of damage composed of physical and functional damage
assessment, as well as target system assessment, resulting from the application of lethal or nonlethal military
force. Also called BDA. (JP 3-0)
battle damage repair — (DOD) Essential repair, which may be improvised, carried out rapidly in a hostile
environment in order to return damaged or disabled equipment to temporary service. (JP 4-09)
battle drill — Rehearsed and well understood actions made in response to common battlefield occurrences.
(ADP 3-90)
battle handover — A coordinated mission between two units that transfers responsibility for fighting an enemy
force from one unit to another. (FM 3-90)
battle handover line — A designated phase line where responsibility transitions from the stationary force to the
moving force and vice versa. (ADP 3-90) Also called BHL.
battle injury — (DOD) Damage or harm sustained by personnel during or as a result of battle conditions. (JP 4-
02)Also called BI.
battle management — (DOD) The management activities within the operational environment based on the
commands, direction, and guidance given by appropriate authority. (JP 3-01) Also called BM.
battle position — 1. A defensive location oriented on a likely enemy avenue of approach. (ADP 3-90) 2. For
attack helicopters, an area designated in which they can maneuver and fire into a designated engagement
area or engage targets of opportunity. (FM 1-02.1) Also called BP. See also airspace coordination area,
avenue of approach.
battle rhythm — (DOD) A deliberate, daily schedule of command, staff, and unit activities intended to maximize
use of time and synchronize staff actions. (JP 3-33) (Army) A deliberate cycle of command, staff, and unit
activities intended to synchronize current and future operations. (FM 6-0)
battle task — A platoon or lower echelon collective task that is crucial to the successful accomplishment of a
company, battery, or troop mission-essential task. (FM 7-0) |
1-02.1 | 16 | Chapter 1
battlefield coordination detachment — (DOD) An Army liaison located in the air operations center that
provides selected operational functions between the Army forces and the air component commander. (JP 3-
03)Also called BCD.
beach capacity — The per day estimate expressed in terms of measurement tons, weight tons, or cargo
unloaded over a designated strip of shore. (ATP 4-13)
begin morning nautical twilight — (DOD) The start of that period where, in good conditions and in the absence
of other illumination, the sun is 12 degrees below the eastern horizon and enough light is available to identify
the general outlines of ground objects and conduct limited military operations. (JP 3-09.3) Also called BMNT.
be-prepared mission — A mission assigned to a unit that might be executed. (FM 5-0)
biological agent — (DOD) A microorganism (or a toxin derived from it) that causes disease in personnel, plants,
or animals or causes the deterioration of materiel. (JP 3-11)
biological hazard — (DOD) An organism, or substance derived from an organism, that poses a threat to human
or animal health. (JP 3-11)
biometrics — (DOD) The process of recognizing an individual based on measurable anatomical, physiological,
and behavioral characteristics. (JP 2-0)
biometrics-enabled intelligence — (Army) Intelligence resulting from the combination of biometric information
with other intelligence, threat information, or information relating to other aspects of the operational
environment in order to answer intelligence requirements. (ATP 2-22.82) Also called BEI.
blister agent — (DOD) A chemical agent that injures the eyes and lungs and burns or blisters the skin. (JP 3-11)
Also called vesicant agent.
block — 1. A tactical mission task that denies the enemy access to an area or an avenue of approach. 2. An
obstacle effect that integrates fire planning and obstacle effort to stop an attacker along a specific avenue of
approach or prevent the attacking force from passing through an engagement area. (FM 3-90)
blood agent — (DOD) A chemical compound, including the cyanide group, that affects bodily functions by
preventing the normal utilization of oxygen by body tissues. (JP 3-11)
blood chit — (DOD) A small sheet of material depicting an American flag and a statement in several languages
to the effect that anyone assisting the bearer to safety will be rewarded. (JP 3-50)
blue kill box — A fire support and airspace coordination measure that facilitates attacking surface targets with
air-to-surface munitions without further coordination with the area of operations commanders’ headquarters.
(ATP 3-09.34) Also called BKB.
board — A grouping of predetermined staff representatives with delegated decision authority for a particular
purpose or function. (FM 6-0)
boost phase — (DOD) That portion of the flight of a ballistic missile or space vehicle during which the booster
and sustainer engines operate. (JP 3-01)
boundary — (DOD) A line that delineates surface areas for the purpose of facilitating coordination and
deconfliction of operations between adjacent units, formations, or areas. (JP 3-0)
bounding overwatch — A movement technique used when contact with enemy forces is expected. (FM 3-90)
box formation — A movement formation with elements arranged in a box or square, or two elements up and
two elements back. (FM 3-90)
branch — (DOD) 1. A subdivision of any organization. 2. A geographically separate unit of an activity, which
performs all or part of the primary functions of the parent activity on a smaller scale. 3. An arm or service of
the Army. 4. The contingency options built into the base plan used for changing the mission, orientation, or
direction of movement of a force to aid success of the operation based on anticipated events, opportunities, or
disruptions caused by enemy actions and reactions. (JP 5-0)
breach — 1. A tactical mission task in which a unit breaks through or establishes a passage through an enemy
obstacle. (FM 3-90) 2. A synchronized combined arms activity under the control of the maneuver commander
conducted to allow maneuver through an obstacle. (ATP 3-90.4)
breach area — A defined area where a breach occurs. (ATP 3-90.4)
breakbulk ship — (DOD) A ship with conventional holds for stowage of breakbulk cargo and a limited number of
containers, below or above deck, and equipped with cargo-handling gear. (JP 4-09)
breakout — An operation conducted by an encircled force to regain freedom of movement or contact with
friendly units. (ADP 3-90)
breakpoint chlorination — The application of chlorine to water containing free ammonia. (ATP 4-44)
breakthrough — A rupturing of the enemy’s forward defenses that occurs as a result of an attack. (FM 3-90) |
1-02.1 | 17 | Military Terms
bridgehead — (Army) 1. An area on the enemy’s side of the linear obstacle that is large enough to
accommodate the majority of the crossing force, has adequate terrain to permit defense of the crossing sites,
provides security of crossing forces from enemy direct fire, and provides a base for continuing the attack.
(Marine Corps) 2. An area of ground held or to be gained on the enemy’s side of an obstacle. (ATP 3-90.4)
bridgehead force — A force that assaults across a gap, after the crossing is established, to secure the enemy
side (the bridgehead) to allow the buildup and passage of a breakout force during gap crossing. (ATP 3-90.4)
bridgehead line — The limit of the objective area in the development of the bridgehead. (ATP 3-90.4)
brigade — A unit consisting of two or more battalions and a headquarters company or detachment. (ADP 3-90)
brigade combat team — (Army) A combined arms organization consisting of a brigade headquarters, at least
two maneuver battalions, and necessary supporting functional capabilities. (ADP 3-90) Also called BCT.
brigade support area — A designated area in which sustainment elements locate to provide support to a
brigade. (ATP 4-90) Also called BSA.
buffer zone — (DOD) 1. A defined area controlled by a peace operations force from which disputing or
belligerent forces have been excluded. Also called area of separation in some United Nations operations. (JP
3-07.3) Also called BZ.
bypass — A tactical mission task in which a unit deliberately avoids contact with an obstacle or enemy force.
(FM 3-90)
bypass criteria — Measures established by higher echelon headquarters that specify the conditions and size
under which enemy units and contact may be avoided. (FM 3-90)
—C—
cache — (DOD) A source of subsistence and supplies, typically containing items such as food, water, medical
items, and/or communications equipment, packaged to prevent damage from exposure and hidden in isolated
locations by such methods as burial, concealment, and/or submersion, to support isolated personnel. (JP 3-
50)
call for fire — A standardized request for fire containing data necessary for obtaining the required fire on a
target. (FM 3-09) Also called CFF.
call for fire zone — A weapons locating radar search area from which the commander wants to attack hostile
firing systems. (FM 3-09) Also called CFFZ.
call forward area — (Army) 1. In gap crossing, the final preparations waiting area within the crossing area
(Marine Corps) 2. The area at the departure airfield where plane loads are assembled in a ready condition
before being directed to the loading ramp area. The joint inspection is conducted in this area. (ATP 3-90.4)
call sign — (DOD) Any combination of characters or pronounceable words, which identifies a communication
facility, a command, an authority, an activity, or a unit; used primarily for establishing and maintaining
communications. (JP 3-50) Also called CS.
campaign — (DOD) A series of related major operations aimed at achieving strategic and operational objectives
within a given time and space. (JP 5-0)
campaign plan — (DOD) A joint operation plan for a series of related major operations aimed at achieving
strategic or operational objectives within a given time and space. (JP 5-0)
canalize — (Army) A tactical mission task in which a unit restricts enemy movement to a narrow zone. (FM 3-90)
candidate target list — (DOD) A list of entities submitted by component commanders, appropriate agencies, or
the joint force commander’s staff for further development and inclusion on the joint target list, restricted target
list, or the no-strike list. (JP 3-60) Also called CTL.
capacity building — The process of creating an environment that fosters host-nation institutional development,
community participation, human resources development, and strengthening of managerial systems. (FM 3-07)
captivity exploitation — The captor’s effort to achieve its goals and objectives through the use of propaganda,
interrogation, legal justification, concessions, reprisal, indoctrination, and forced labor against captive
individuals or groups. (ATP 3-50.20)
captured enemy documents and media — Any piece of recorded information previously under enemy control
regardless of its form—written, printed, engraved, and photographic matter as well as recorded media and
media devices—that pertains to the enemy, weather, or terrain that are under the U.S. Government’s physical
control and are not publicly available. (ATP 2-91.8)
carrier-owned containers — Containers owned or leased by the ocean liner carrier for the movement of
intermodal cargo. (ATP 4-12)
casualty — (DOD) Any person who is lost to the organization by having been declared dead, duty status—
whereabouts unknown, missing, ill, or injured. (JP 4-02) |
1-02.1 | 18 | Chapter 1
casualty collection point —A location that may or may not be staffed, where casualties are assembled for
evacuation to a medical treatment facility. (ATP 4-02.2)
casualty evacuation — (DOD) The unregulated movement of casualties that can include movement both to and
between medical treatment facilities. (JP 4-02) Also called CASEVAC. (Army) The movement of casualties
aboard nonmedical vehicles or aircraft without en route medical care. (ATP 4-02.13)
catastrophic event — (DOD) Any natural or man-made incident, including terrorism, which results in
extraordinary levels of mass casualties, damage, or disruption severely affecting the population, infrastructure,
environment, economy, national morale, and/or government functions. (JP 3-28)
C-day — (DOD) The unnamed day on which a deployment operation commences or is to commence. (JP 5-0)
cell — (DOD) A subordinate organization formed around a specific process, capability, or activity within a
designated larger organization of a joint force commander’s headquarters. (JP 3-33)
censor zone — An area from which weapons locating radar is prohibited from reporting acquisitions. (FM 3-09)
Also called CZ.
center of gravity — (DOD) The source of power that provides moral or physical strength, freedom of action, or
will to act. (JP 5-0) Also called COG.
centralized control — (Army) A focal point for transportation planning and resource allocation at the appropriate
integrated logistics support level to manage current and future requirements of the supported force. (ATP 4-
16)
chaff — (DOD) Radar confusion reflectors, consisting of thin, narrow metallic strips of various lengths and
frequency responses, which are used to reflect echoes for confusion purposes. (JP 3-85)
chain of command — (DOD) The succession of commanding officers from a superior to a subordinate through
which command is exercised. (JP 1 Volume 2) Also called command channel.
characteristic — A feature or quality that marks an organization or function as distinctive or is representative of
that organization or function. (ADP 1-01)
checkpoint — A predetermined point on the ground used to control movement, tactical maneuver, and
orientation. (FM 3-90) Also called CP.
chemical agent — (DOD) A chemical substance that is intended for use in military operations to kill, seriously
injure, or incapacitate mainly through its physiological effects. (JP 3-11)
chemical hazard — (DOD) Any chemical manufactured, used, transported, or stored that can cause death or
other harm through toxic properties of those materials, including chemical agents and chemical weapons
prohibited under the Chemical Weapons Convention as well as toxic industrial chemicals. (JP 3-11)
chemical warfare — (DOD) All aspects of military operations involving the employment of lethal and
incapacitating chemical munitions/agents and the warning and protective measures associated with such
offensive operations. (JP 3-11) Also called CW.
chemical weapon — (DOD) Together or separately, (a) a toxic chemical and its precursors, except when
intended for a purpose not prohibited under the chemical Weapons Convention; (b) a munition or device,
specifically designed to cause death or other harm through toxic properties of those chemicals specified in (a),
above, which would be released as a result of the employment of such munition or device; (c) any equipment
specifically designed for use directly in connection with the employment of munitions or devices specified in
(b), above. (JP 3-11)
chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear defense — (DOD) Measures taken to minimize or negate the
vulnerabilities and/or effects of a chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear hazard incident. (JP 3-11) Also
called CBRN defense.
chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear environment — (DOD) An operational environment that
includes chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear threats and hazards and their potential resulting
effects. (JP 3-11) Also called CBRN environment.
chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear hazard — (DOD) Chemical, biological, radiological, and
nuclear elements that could create adverse effects due to an accidental or deliberate release and
dissemination. (JP 3-11)
chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear operations — Chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear
operations include the employment of capabilities that assess, protect against, and mitigate the entire range of
chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear incidents to enable freedom of action. (FM 3-11)
chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear passive defense — Measures taken to prevent, minimize or
negate the vulnerability to, and effects of, chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear threats and hazards.
(ATP 3-11.32) Also called CBRN passive defense. |
1-02.1 | 19 | Military Terms
chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear protection — Measures taken to keep chemical, biological,
radiological, and nuclear threats and hazards from having an adverse effect on personnel, equipment, and
facilities. (ATP 3-11.32) Also called CBRN protection.
chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear response — (DOD) In countering weapons of mass
destruction, the activities to attribute responsibility for an event, minimize effects, sustain operations, and
support follow on actions. (JP 3-40) Also called CBRN response.
chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and explosives — Components that are threats or potential
hazards with adverse effects in the operational environment. (ATP 3-37.11) Also called CBRNE.
chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear incident — (DOD) Any occurrence, resulting from the use of
chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear weapons and devices; the emergence of secondary hazards
arising from friendly actions; or the release of toxic industrial materials or biological organisms and substances
into the environment, involving the emergence of chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear hazards. (JP
3-11)
chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear sample management — Chemical, biological, radiological, or
nuclear sample management is the process whereby chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear samples are
collected, packaged, transported, stored, transferred, analyzed, tracked, and disposed. It begins with the
decision to collect chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear samples and continues to the reporting of
information produced by the final analysis of that sample. This process includes safeguarding and prioritizing
chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear samples, tracking their movements and analytical status, and
reporting the end result of sample analysis. The chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear sample
management process establishes procedures, guidelines, and constraints at staff and unit levels to protect
and preserve the integrity of chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear samples that may have tactical,
operational, and/or strategic implications. (ATP 3-11.37)
chief of fires — The senior fires staff officer at echelons above corps who advises the commander on the best
use of available fires resources, and provides input to necessary orders. (ADP 3-19)
chief of mission — (DOD) The principal officer in charge of a diplomatic facility of the United States, including
any individual temporarily assigned to be in charge of such a facility. (JP 3-08) Also called COM.
chief train dispatcher — Supervises train movement, reroutes rail traffic in emergencies, determines train
tonnage, orders motive power, determines rail line capacity, and establishes train movement priority. (ATP 4-
14)
choking agent — A chemical warfare agent which produces irritation to the eyes and upper respiratory tract and
damage to the lungs, primarily causing pulmonary edema. Also known as lung-damaging agent. (ATP 4-
02.85)
civil administration — (DOD) An administration established by a foreign government in (1) friendly territory,
under an agreement with the government of the area concerned, to exercise certain authority normally the
function of the local government; or (2) hostile territory, occupied by United States forces, where a foreign
government exercises executive, legislative, and judicial authority until an indigenous civil government can be
established. (JP 3-05) Also called CA.
civil affairs — (DOD) Designated Active and Reserve Component forces and units organized, trained, and
equipped specifically to conduct civil affairs operations and to support civil-military operations. (JP 3-57) Also
called CA.
civil affairs operations — (DOD) Actions planned, coordinated, executed, and assessed to enhance awareness
of, and manage the interaction with, the civil component of the operational environment; identify and mitigate
underlying causes of instability within civil society; and/or involve the application of functional specialty skills
normally the responsibility of civil government. (JP 3-57) Also called CAO.
civil augmentation program — (DOD) Standing, long-term external support contacts designed to augment
Service logistic capabilities with contract support in both preplanned and short notice contingencies. (JP 4-10)
Also called CAP.
civil authorities — (DOD) Those elected and appointed officers and employees who constitute the government
of the United States, the governments of the 50 states, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto
Rico, the United States Virgin Islands, Guam, insular areas, and political subdivisions thereof. (JP 3-28)
civil authority information support — (DOD) The use of military information support operations capabilities to
conduct public information dissemination activities to support national security or disaster relief operations
within the United States and its territories in support of a lead federal agency. (JP 3-13.2) Also called CAIS.
civil considerations — The influence of manmade infrastructure, civilian institutions, and attitudes and activities
of the civilian leaders, populations, and organizations within an area of operations on the conduct of military
operations. (ADP 6-0) |
1-02.1 | 20 | Chapter 1
civil engagement — A targeted, planned, and coordinated meeting with known or potential contacts in a civil
network that is designed to develop or maintain relationships and to share or collect information. (FM 3-57)
Also called CE.
civil information — (DOD) Relevant data relating to the civil areas, structures, capabilities, organizations,
people, and events of the civil component of the operational environment used to support the situational
awareness of the supported commander. (JP 3-57)
civil information evaluation — The evaluation of civil information for operational relevance and feasible
courses of action. (FM 3-57) Also called CIE.
civil information management — (DOD) Process whereby data relating to the civil component of the
operational environment is gathered, collated, processed, analyzed, produced into information products, and
disseminated. (JP 3-57) Also called CIM.
civil knowledge integration — The actions taken to analyze, evaluate, and organize collected civil information
for operational relevance and informing the warfighting function. (FM 3-57) Also called CKI.
civil military integration — The actions taken to establish, maintain, influence, or leverage relations between
military forces and indigenous populations and institutions to synchronize, coordinate, and enable
interorganizational cooperation and to achieve unified action. (FM 3-57) Also called CMI.
civil network — A collection of formal and informal groups, associations, military engagements, and
organizations within an operational environment that interact with each other with varying degrees of
frequency, trust, and collaboration. (FM 3-57)
civil network analysis — A process that identifies and analyzes the relative importance and influence of nodes
within a civil network through network visualizations and qualitative and quantitative analytical methods. (FM
3-57) Also called CAN.
civil network development — The planned and targeted action in which civil affairs forces develop networks
within the civil component of the operational environment to influence populations and manage local resources
in order to extend the operational reach, consolidate gains, and achieve military objectives. (FM 3-57) Also
called CND.
civil network development and engagement — The activity by which the civil network capabilities and
resources are engaged, evaluated, developed, and integrated into operations. (FM 3-57) Also called CNDE.
civil preparation of the battlefield — The systematic process of analyzing civil considerations in an area of
interest to determine their effects on friendly, neutral, and enemy operations. (FM 3-57) Also called CPB.
civil preparation of the environment — The continuous development of civil knowledge within an area of
operations to help commanders identify capabilities within civil society that can be integrated with operations
for stability and security activities. (FM 3-57)
civil reconnaissance — (DOD) A targeted, planned, and coordinated observation and evaluation of specific civil
aspects of the environment such as areas, structures, capabilities, organizations, people, or events. (JP 3-57)
Also called CR.
Civil Reserve Air Fleet — (DOD) A program in which the Department of Defense contracts for the services of
specific aircraft, owned by a United States entity or citizen, during national emergencies and defense oriented
situations when expanded civil augmentation of military airlift activity is required. (JP 3-36) Also called CRAF.
civilian internee — (DOD) A civilian who is interned during armed conflict, occupation, or other military
operation for security reasons, for protection, or because he or she committed an offense against the detaining
power. (DODD 2310.01E) Also called CI.
civil-military operations — (DOD) Activities of a commander performed by designated military forces that
establish, maintain, influence, or exploit relations between military forces and indigenous populations and
institutions by directly supporting the achievement of objectives relating to the reestablishment or maintenance
of stability within a region or host nation. (JP 3-57) Also called CMO.
civil-military operations center— (DOD) An organization, normally comprised of civil affairs, established to
plan and facilitate coordination of activities of the Armed Forces of the United States within indigenous
populations and institutions, the private sector, international organizations, nongovernmental organizations,
multinational forces, and other governmental agencies in support of the commander. (JP 3-57) Also called
CMOC.
civil-military support element — A tasked-organized civil affairs force established to plan, facilitate, and
execute civil affairs operations in support of civil-military engagement in a specified country, region, or theater.
(FM 3-57) Also called CMSE.
clandestine operation — (DOD) An operation sponsored or conducted by governmental departments or
agencies in such a way as to assure secrecy or concealment. (JP 3-05) |
1-02.1 | 21 | Military Terms
classes of supply — (DOD) The ten categories into which supplies are grouped to facilitate supply
management and planning. I. Rations and gratuitous issue of health, morale, and welfare items. II. Clothing,
individual equipment, tentage, tool sets, and administrative and housekeeping supplies and equipment. III.
Petroleum, oils, and lubricants. IV. Construction materials. V. Ammunition. VI. Personal demand items. VII.
Major end items, including tanks, helicopters, and radios. VIII. Medical. IX. Repair parts and components for
equipment maintenance. X. Nonstandard items to support nonmilitary programs such as agriculture and
economic development. (JP 4-09) [Note. Army doctrine also includes a miscellaneous category comprising
water, captured enemy material, and salvage material.]
clear — A tactical mission task in which a unit eliminates all enemy forces within an assigned area. (FM 3-90)
clearance of fires — The process by which the supported commander ensures that fires or their effects will
have no unintended consequences on friendly units or the scheme of maneuver. (FM 3-09)
clearing — A mobility (focused on movement) task performed by follow-on engineers and explosive ordnance
disposal that involves the total elimination or neutralization of an obstacle. (ATP 3-90.4)
close air support — (DOD) Air action by Aircraft against hostile targets that are in close proximity to friendly
forces and that require detailed integration of each Air mission with the fire and movement of those forces. (JP
3-0) Also called CAS.
close area — The portion of the commander’s area of operations where the majority of subordinate maneuver
forces conduct close combat. (ADP 3-0)
close combat — Warfare carried out on land in a direct-fire fight, supported by direct and indirect fires, and
other assets. (ADP 3-0)
close operations — Tactical actions of subordinate maneuver forces and the forces providing immediate sup
them, whose purpose is to employ maneuver and fires to close with and destroy enemy forces. (FM 3-0)
close quarters battle — Sustained combative tactics, techniques, and procedures employed by small, highly
trained special operations forces using special purpose weapons, munitions, and demolitions to recover
specified personnel, equipment, or material. (ADP 3-05)
close support — (DOD) That action of the supporting force against targets or objectives which are sufficiently
near the supported force as to require detailed integration or coordination of the supporting action. (JP 3-31)
code word — (DOD) 1. A word that has been assigned a classification and a classified meaning to safeguard
intentions and information regarding a classified plan or operation. 2. A cryptonym used to identify sensitive
intelligence data. (JP 3-50)
collaborative planning — Two or more echelons planning together in real time, sharing information,
perceptions, and ideas to develop their respective plans simultaneously. (ADP 5-0)
collateral damage — (DOD) A form of collateral effect that causes unintentional or incidental injury or damage
to persons or objects that would not be lawful military targets in the circumstances ruling at the time. (JP 3-60)
collection — (DOD) In intelligence usage, the acquisition of information and the provision of this information to
processing elements. (JP 2-0)
collection asset — (DOD) A collection system, platform, or capability that is supporting, assigned to, or attached
to a particular commander. (JP 2-0)
collection management — (DOD) In intelligence usage, the process of converting intelligence requirements into
collection requirements, establishing priorities, tasking or coordinating with appropriate collection sources or
agencies, monitoring results, and retasking, as required. (JP 2-0)
collection manager — (DOD) An individual with responsibility for the timely and efficient tasking of organic
collection resources and the development of requirements for theater and national assets that could satisfy
specific information needs in support of the mission. (JP 2-00) Also called CM.
collection operations management — (DOD) The authoritative direction, scheduling, and control of specific
collection operations and associated processing, exploitation, and reporting resources. (JP 2-0) Also called
COM.
collection plan — (DOD) A systematic scheme to optimize the employment of all available collection capabilities
and associated processing, exploitation, and dissemination resources to satisfy specific information
requirements. (JP 2-0).
collection point(s) (patient or casualty) — A specific location where casualties are assembled to be
transported to a medical treatment facility. It is usually predesignated and may or may not be staffed. (FM 4-
02) |
1-02.1 | 22 | Chapter 1
collection requirements management — (DOD) The authoritative development and control of collection,
processing, exploitation, and/or reporting requirements that normally result in either the direct tasking of
requirements to units over which the commander has authority, or the generation of tasking requests to
collection management authorities at a higher, lower, or lateral echelon to accomplish the collection mission.
(JP 2-0) Also called CRM.
collective protection — (DOD) The protection provided to a group of individuals that permits relaxation of
individual chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear protection. (JP 3-11) Also called COLPRO.
column formation — A movement formation with elements arranged one behind another. (FM 3-90)
combat and operational stress control — A coordinated program of actions taken by military leadership to
prevent, identify, and manage reactions to traumatic events that may affect exposed organizations and
individuals during unified land operations. (FM 4-02)
combat assessment — (DOD) The determination of the overall effectiveness of force employment during
military operations. (JP 3-60) Also called CA.
combat camera — (DOD) Specially-trained expeditionary forces from Service-designated units capable of
providing high-quality directed visual information during military operations. (JP 3-61) Also called COMCAM.
combat identification — (DOD) The process of attaining an accurate characterization of detected objects in the
operational environment sufficient to support an engagement decision. (JP 3-09) Also called CID.
combat information — A report that is gathered by or provided to the tactical commander which, due to its
highly perishable nature or the criticality of the situation, cannot be processed into tactical intelligence before
being used to support decision making. (FM 2-0)
combat lifesaver — A nonmedical Soldier trained to provide enhanced first aid as a secondary mission. (FM 4-
02)
combat load — The minimum mission-essential equipment and supplies as determined by the commander
responsible for carrying out the mission, required for Soldiers to fight and survive immediate combat
operations. (FM 4-40)
combat outpost — A reinforced observation post capable of conducting limited combat operations. (FM 3-90)
combat patrol — A patrol that provides security and harasses, destroys, or captures enemy troops, equipment,
or installations. (ATP 3-21.8)
combat power — (DOD) The total means of destruction and/or disruptive force which a military unit/formation
can apply against the opponent at a given time. (JP 3-0) (Army) The total means of destructive, constructive,
and information capabilities that a military unit or formation can apply at a given time. (ADP 3-0)
combat search and rescue — (DOD) The tactics, techniques, and procedures performed by forces to effect the
recovery of isolated personnel during combat. (JP 3-50) Also called CSAR.
combatant command — (DOD) A unified or specified command with a broad continuing mission under a single
commander established and so designated by the President, through the Secretary of Defense and with the
advice and assistance of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. (JP 1 Volume 2) Also called CCMD.
combatant command (command authority) — (DOD) Nontransferable command authority, which cannot be
delegated, of a combatant commander to perform those functions of command over assigned forces involving
organizing and employing commands and forces; assigning tasks; designating objectives; and giving
authoritative direction over all aspects of military operations, joint training, and logistics necessary to
accomplish the missions assigned to the command. (JP 1 Volume 2) Also called COCOM.
combatant command historian — The senior joint historian with overall staff responsibility for developing
historical policy and plans for the combatant command and executing joint historical operations within the
combatant command’s area of responsibility. (ATP 1-20)
combatant commander — (DOD) A commander of one of the unified or specified combatant commands
established by the President. (JP 3-0) Also called CCDR.
combination yard — Yard that is a combination of receiving, classifying, and departure facilities. (ATP 4-14)
combined arms — The synchronized and simultaneous application of arms to achieve an effect greater than if
each arm was used separately or sequentially. (ADP 3-0)
combined arms team — (DOD) The full integration and application of two or more arms or elements of one
Service into an operation. (JP 3-18)
command — (DOD) 1. The authority that a commander in the armed forces lawfully exercises over subordinates
by virtue of rank or assignment. 2. An order given by a commander. (JP 1-0). Also called CMD.
command and control — (DOD) The exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commander
over assigned and attached forces in the accomplishment of the mission. (JP 1 Volume 2) Also called C2. |
1-02.1 | 23 | Military Terms
command and control system — (DOD) The facilities, equipment, communications, procedures, and personnel
essential for a commander to plan, direct, and control operations of forces pursuant to the missions assigned.
(JP 6-0) (Army) The arrangement of people, processes, networks, and command posts that enable
commanders to conduct operations. (ADP 6-0)
command and control warfighting function — The related tasks and a system that enable commanders to
synchronize and converge all elements of power. (ADP 3-0)
command group — Consists of the commander and selected staff members who assist the commander in
controlling operations. (FM 6-0)
command information — (DOD) Communication by a military organization directed to the internal audience that
creates an awareness of the organization’s goals, informs them of significant developments affecting them and
the organization, increases their effectiveness as ambassadors of the organization, and keeps them informed
about what is going on in the organization. (JP 3-61) Also called internal information. See also command,
public affairs.
command post — A headquarters or a portion there of, organized for the exercise of command and control. (FM
6-0) Also called CP.
command post cell — A grouping of personnel and equipment organized by warfighting function or by planning
horizon to facilitate the exercise of command and control. (FM 6-0)
command relationships — (DOD) The interrelated responsibilities between commanders, as well as the
operational authority exercised by commanders in the chain of command. (JP 1 Volume 2)
commander’s critical information requirement — (DOD) An information requirement identified by the
commander as being critical to facilitating timely decision making. (JP 3-0) Also called CCIR.
commander’s intent — (DOD) A clear and concise expression of the purpose of the operation and the desired
military end state that supports mission command, provides focus to the staff, and helps subordinate and
supporting commanders act to achieve the commander’s desired results without further orders, even when the
operation does not unfold as planned. (JP 3-0)
commander’s visualization — The mental process of developing situational understanding, determining
desired end state, and envisioning an operational approach by which the force will achieve that end state.
(ADP 6-0)
commander's communication synchronization — (DOD) A process to coordinate and synchronize narratives,
themes, messages, images, operations, and actions to ensure their integrity and consistency to the lowest
tactical level across all relevant communication activities. (JP 3-61) Also called CCS.
commit — (DOD) The process of assigning one or more aircraft or surface-to-air missile units to prepare to
engage an entity, prior to authorizing such engagement. (JP 3-01)
committal authority — The ability to obligate Army common user transportation resources against a
transportation movement requirement. (ATP 4-16)
committed force — A force in contact with an enemy or deployed on a specific mission or course of action,
which precludes its employment elsewhere. (ADP 3-90)
common control — The horizontal and vertical map or chart location of points in the target and position area,
tied in with the horizontal and vertical control in use by two or more units. (ATP 3-09.02)
common deflection — The deflection, which may vary based on the weapon’s sight system, corresponding to
the firing unit’s azimuth of fire. (ATP 3-09.50)
common grid — Refers to all firing and target-locating elements within a unified command located and oriented,
to prescribed accuracies, with respect to a single three-dimensional datum. (ATP 3-09.02)
common intelligence picture — (DOD) A single, identical display of relevant, instructive, and contextual
intelligence information regarding enemy, adversary, and neutral force disposition, and supporting
infrastructures derived from all sources at any level of classification, shared by more than one command, that
facilitates collaborative planning and assists all echelons to enhance situational awareness and decision
making. (JP 2-0) Also called CIP.
common operational picture — (DOD) A single identical display of relevant information shared by more than
one command that facilitates collaborative planning and assists all echelons to achieve situational awareness.
(JP 3-0) (Army) A display of relevant information within a commander’s area of interest tailored to the user’s
requirements and based on common data and information shared by more than one command. (ADP 6-0)
Also called COP.
common sensor boundary — A line depicted by a series of grid coordinates, grid line, phase line or major
terrain feature that divides target acquisition search areas into radar acquisition management areas. (FM 3-09)
Also called CSB. |
1-02.1 | 24 | Chapter 1
common-user logistics — (DOD) Materiel or service support shared with or provided by two or more Services,
Department of Defense agencies, or multinational partners to another Service, Department of Defense
agency, non-Department of Defense agency, and/or multinational partner in an operation. (JP 4-09) Also
called CUL.
communications intelligence — (DOD) Technical information and intelligence derived from foreign
communications by other than the intended recipients. (JP 2-0) Also called COMINT.
communications network — (DOD) An organization of stations capable of intercommunications, but not
necessarily on the same channel. (JP 6-0) Also called COMNET.
communications security — (DOD) Actions designed to deny unauthorized persons information of value by
safeguarding access to, or observation of, equipment, material, and documents with regard to the possession
and study of telecommunications or to purposely mislead unauthorized persons in their interpretation of the
results of such possession and study. (JP 6-0) Also called COMSEC.
community engagement — (DOD) Public affairs activities that support the relationship between military and
civilian communities. (JP 3-61)
company — A unit consisting of two or more platoons, usually of the same type, with a headquarters and a
limited capacity for self-support. (ADP 3-90)
company team — A combined arms organization formed by attaching one or more nonorganic armor,
mechanized infantry, Stryker infantry, or light infantry platoons to a tank, mechanized infantry, Stryker, or
infantry company either in exchange for, or in addition to its organic platoons. (ADP 3-90)
competing observable — (DOD) Within military deception, any observable that contradicts the deception story,
casts doubt on, or diminishes the impact of one or more required or supporting observables. (JP 3-13.4)
complex catastrophe — (DOD) Any natural or man-made incident, including cyberspace attack, power grid
failure, and terrorism, which results in cascading failures of multiple, interdependent, critical, life sustaining
infrastructure sectors and causes extraordinary levels of mass casualties, damage, or disruption severely
affecting the population, environment, economy, public health, national morale, response efforts, and/or
government functions. (JP 3-28)
complex terrain — A geographical area consisting of an urban center larger than a village and/or of two or more
types of restrictive terrain or environmental conditions occupying the same space. (ATP 3-34.80)
comprehensive approach — An approach that integrates the cooperative efforts of the departments and
agencies of the United States Government, intergovernmental and nongovernmental organizations,
multinational partners, and private sector entities to achieve unity of effort toward a shared goal. (FM 3-07)
comprehensive dental care — Dental treatment to restore and/or maintain a Soldier’s optimal oral health,
function, and aesthetics. (ATP 4-02.19)
concealment — Protection from observation or surveillance. (FM 3-96)
concept of operations — (DOD) A verbal or graphic statement that clearly and concisely expresses what the
joint force commander intends to accomplish and how it will be done using available resources. (JP 5-0)
(Army) A statement that directs the manner in which subordinate units cooperate to accomplish the mission
and establishes the sequence of actions the force will use to achieve the end state. (ADP 5-0) See also
commander’s intent, operation plan.
condition — (DOD) 1. Those variables of an operational environment or situation in which a unit, system, or
individual is expected to operate and may affect performance. 2. A physical or behavioral state of a system
that is required for the achievement of an objective. (JP 3-0)
conduits — (DOD) Within military deception, information or intelligence gateways to the deception target, such
as foreign intelligence entities, intelligence collection platforms, open-source intelligence, and foreign and
domestic news media. (JP 3-13.4)
configuration management — (DOD) A discipline applying technical and administrative direction and
surveillance to: (1) identify and document the functional and physical characteristics of a configuration item, (2)
control changes to those characteristics, and (3) record and report changes to processing and implementation
status. (JP 6-0)
confirmation brief — A brief subordinate leaders give to the higher commander immediately after the operation
order is given to confirm understanding. (ADP 5-0) See also commander’s intent, operation order.
conflict prevention — (DOD) A peace operation employing complementary diplomatic, civil, and, when
necessary, military means, to monitor and identify the causes of conflict, and take timely action to prevent the
occurrence, escalation, or resumption of hostilities. (JP 3-07.3)
conflict transformation — The process of reducing the means and motivations for violent conflict while
developing more viable, peaceful alternatives for the competitive pursuit of political and socio-economic
aspirations. (FM 3-07) |
1-02.1 | 25 | Military Terms
consolidate — To organize and strengthen a captured position to use it against the enemy. (FM 3-90)
consolidate gains — Activities to make enduring any temporary operational success and to set the conditions
for a sustainable security environment, allowing for a transition of control to other legitimate authorities. (ADP
3-0)
consolidation area — The portion of the land commander’s area of operations that may be designated to
facilitate freedom of action, consolidate gains through decisive action, and set conditions to transition the area
of operations to follow on forces or other legitimate authorities. (ADP 3-0)
constraint — (Army) A restriction placed on the command by a higher command. A constraint dictates an action
or inaction, thus restricting the freedom of action a subordinate commander. (FM 5-0)
contact point — (DOD) 1. In land warfare, a point on the terrain, easily identifiable, where two or more units are
required to make contact. (JP 3-50) Also called CP.
contact procedure — (DOD) Predesignated actions taken by isolated personnel and recovery forces that permit
link-up between the two parties in hostile territory. (JP 3-50)
contain — A tactical mission task in which a unit stops, holds, or surrounds an enemy force. (FM 3-90)
container — (DOD) An article of transport equipment that meets American National Standards
Institute/International Organization for Standardization standards that is designed to facilitate and optimize the
carriage of goods by one or more modes of transportation without intermediate handling of the contents. (JP 4-
01)
container control officer — (DOD) A designated official (E-6 or above or civilian equivalent) within a command,
installation, or activity who is responsible for control, reporting, use, and maintenance of all Department of
Defense-owned and -controlled intermodal containers and equipment from the time received until dispatched.
(JP 4-09) Also called CCO.
container management — The process of establishing and maintaining visibility and accountability of all cargo
containers moving within the Defense Transportation System. (ADP 4-0)
contamination — (DOD) 1. The deposit, absorption, or adsorption of radioactive material, or of biological or
chemical agents on or by structures, areas, personnel, or objects. 2. Food and/or water made unfit for
consumption by humans or animals because of the presence of environmental chemicals, radioactive
elements, bacteria or organisms, the byproduct or the growth of bacteria or organisms, the decomposing
material (to include the food substance itself), or waste in the food or water. (JP 3-11)
contamination control — (DOD) A combination of preparatory and responsive measures designed to limit the
vulnerability of forces to chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, and toxic industrial hazards and to avoid,
contain, control exposure to, and, where possible, neutralize them. (JP 3-11)
contamination mitigation — (DOD) The planning and actions taken to prepare for, respond to, and recover
from contamination associated with all chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear threats and hazards in
order to continue military operations. (JP 3-11)
contingency — (DOD) A situation requiring military operations in response to natural disasters, terrorists,
subversives, or as otherwise directed by appropriate authority to protect United States interests. (JP 5-0)
contingency command post — A portion of a unit headquarters tailored from the theater army headquarters
that enables the commander to conduct small-scale operations within the assigned area of operations. (FM 6-
0)
contingency plan — (DOD) A branch of a campaign plan that is planned based on hypothetical situations for
designated threats, catastrophic events, and contingent missions outside of crisis conditions. (JP 5-0)
continuity — The uninterrupted provision of sustainment across all levels of war. (ADP 4-0)
continuity of care — Attempt to maintain the role of care during movement at least equal to the care provided at
the preceding facility. (FM 4-02)
continuous tractive effort — The effort required to keep a train rolling after it has started. (ATP 4-14) Also
called CTE.
contract support integration — (DOD) The planning, coordination, and synchronization of contracted support
in military operations. (JP 4-10)
contracting detachment — A small table of organization and equipment unit with nine contracting personnel
commanded by field grade officer that is organic to each contracting battalion. (ATP 4-71) Also called
CONDET.
contracting effects — The operational contracting organizations and capabilities that provide identification,
integration, and synchronization of commercial support within an operational area that enable the execution,
sustainment, and prolonged endurance of military operations. (ATP 4-71) |
1-02.1 | 26 | Chapter 1
contracting officer — (DOD) A Service member or Department of Defense civilian with the legal authority to
enter into, administer, modify, and/or terminate contracts. (JP 4-10)
contracting officer’s representative — (DOD) An individual designated in writing by the contracting officer to
perform specific technical or administrative functions. (JP 4-10) Also called COR.
contracting support — (DOD) The planning, coordination, and execution of contracting authority to legally bind
contractors in support of military operations. (JP 4-10)
contractor management — (DOD) The oversight and integration of contractor personnel and associated
equipment in support of military operations. (JP 4-10)
contractors authorized to accompany the force — (DOD) Contractor employees and all tiers of subcontractor
employees who are authorized to accompany the force in applicable contingency operations outside of the
United States and have afforded such status through the issuance of a letter of authorization. (JP 4-10) Also
called CAAF.
control — 1. The regulation of forces and warfighting functions to accomplish the mission in accordance with the
commander’s intent. (ADP 6-0) 2. A tactical mission task in which a unit maintains physical influence over an
assigned area. (FM 3-90) 3. An action taken to eliminate a hazard or reduce its risk. (ATP 5-19)
control measure — A means of regulating forces or warfighting functions. (ADP 6-0)
controlled supply rate — The rate of ammunition consumption that can be supported, considering availability,
facilities, and transportation. It is expressed in rounds per unit, individual, or vehicle per day. (ATP 3-09.23)
conventional forces — (DOD) 1. Those forces capable of conducting operations using nonnuclear weapons. 2.
Those forces other than designated special operations forces. (JP 3-05) Also called CF.
conventional warfare — A violent struggle for domination between nation-states or coalitions of nation-states.
(FM 3-0)
convergence — An outcome created by the concerted employment of capabilities from multiple domains and
echelons against combinations of decisive points in any domain to create effects against a system, formation,
decision maker, or in a specific geographic area. (FM 3-0)
convoy — (DOD) 2. A group of vehicles organized for the purpose of control and orderly movement with or
without escort protection that moves over the same route at the same time and under one commander. (JP 3-
02)
convoy security — A specialized area security task conducted to protect convoys. (ATP 3-91)
coordinated fire line — (DOD) A line beyond which conventional surface-to-surface direct fire and indirect fire
support means may fire at any time within the boundaries of the establishing headquarters without additional
coordination but does not eliminate the responsibility to coordinate the airspace required to conduct the
mission. (JP 3-09) Also called CFL.
coordinating altitude — (DOD) An airspace coordinating measure that uses altitude to separate users and as
the transition between different airspace control elements. (JP 3-52) Also called CA.
coordinating authority — (DOD) A commander or individual who has the authority to require consultation
between the specific functions or activities involving forces of two or more Services, joint force components, or
forces of the same Service or agencies but does not have the authority to compel agreement. (JP 1 Volume 2)
coordination level — (DOD) An airspace coordinating measure below which fixed-wing aircraft normally will not
fly. (JP 3-52) Also called CL.
coordination point — A point that indicates a specific location for the coordination of tactical actions between
adjacent units. (FM 3-90)
cordon and search — A variation of movement to contact where a friendly force isolates and searches a target
area. (FM 3-90)
cordon security — The security provided between two combat outposts positioned to provide mutual support.
(ATP 3-91)
core competency — An essential and enduring capability that a branch or an organization provides to Army
operations. (ADP 1-01)
corps — An echelon of command and tactical formation that employs divisions, multi-functional brigades, and
functional brigades to achieve objectives on land. (ADP 3-90)
counterair — (DOD) A mission at the theater level that integrates offensive and defensive operations to attain
and maintain a desired degree of control of the air and protection by neutralizing or destroying enemy aircraft
and missiles, both before and after launch. (JP 3-01)
counterattack — A variation of attack by a defending force against an attacking enemy force. (FM 3-90) |
1-02.1 | 27 | Military Terms
counterbattery fire — Fire delivered for the purpose of destroying or neutralizing indirect fire weapon systems.
(FM 3-09)
counterdeception — (DOD) Efforts to negate, neutralize, diminish the effects of, or gain advantage from a
foreign deception operation. (JP 3-13.4)
counterfire — (DOD) Fire intended to destroy or neutralize enemy weapons. (JP 3-09)
countering weapons of mass destruction — (DOD) Efforts against actors of concern to curtail the
conceptualization, development, possession, proliferation, use, and effects of weapons of mass destruction,
related expertise, materials, technologies, and means of delivery. (JP 3-40) Also called CWMD.
counterinsurgency — (DOD) Comprehensive civilian and military efforts designed to simultaneously defeat and
contain insurgency and address its root causes. (JP 3-24) Also called COIN.
counterintelligence — (DOD) Information gathered and activities conducted to identify, deceive, exploit, disrupt,
or protect against espionage, other intelligence activities, sabotage, or assassinations conducted for or on
behalf of foreign powers, organizations or persons or their agents, or international terrorist organizations or
activities. (JP 2-0) Also called CI.
countermeasures — (DOD) That form of military science that, by the employment of devices and/or techniques,
has as its objective the impairment of the operational effectiveness of enemy activity. (JP 3-85)
countermobility operations — (DOD) The construction of obstacles and emplacement of minefields to delay,
disrupt, and destroy the enemy by reinforcement of the terrain. (JP 3-34) (Army/Marine Corps) Those
combined arms activities that use or enhance the effects of natural and man made obstacles to deny enemy
freedom of movement and maneuver. (ATP 3-90.8) See also destroy, disrupt.
counterpreparation fire — Intensive prearranged fire delivered when the imminence of the enemy attack is
discovered. (FM 3-09)
counterproductive leadership — The demonstration of leader behaviors that violate one or more of the Army's
core leader competencies or Army Values, preventing a climate conducive to mission accomplishment. (ADP
6-22)
counterproliferation — (DOD) Those actions taken to reduce the risks posed by extant weapons of mass
destruction to the United States, allies, and partners. (JP 3-40) Also called CP.
counterreconnaissance — A tactical mission task that encompasses all measures taken by a unit to counter
enemy reconnaissance and surveillance efforts. (FM 3-90)
counterterrorism — (DOD) Activities and operations taken to neutralize terrorists and their organizations and
networks in order to render them incapable of using violence to instill fear and coerce governments or
societies to achieve their goals. (JP 3-26) Also called CT.
country container authority — The appointed staff element that is responsible for enforcement of theater
container management policy and procedures established by the combatant commander. (ATP 4-12)
country team— (DOD) The senior, in-country, United States coordinating and supervising body, headed by the
chief of the United States diplomatic mission, and composed of the senior member of each represented United
States department or agency, as desired by the chief of the United States diplomatic mission. (JP 3-07.4)
course of action — (DOD) 2. A scheme developed to accomplish a mission. (JP 5-0) Also called COA.
cover — (Army) 1. Protection from the effects of fires. (FM 3-96) 2. A type of security operation done
independent of the main body to protect them by fighting to gain time while preventing enemy ground
observation of and direct fire against the main body. (ADP 3-90)
covered approach — 1. Any route that offers protection against enemy fire. 2. An approach made under the
protection furnished by other forces or by natural cover. (FM 1-02.1) See also cover.
covert crossing — A planned crossing of an inland water obstacle or other gap in which the crossing is
intended to be undetected. (ATP 3-90.4)
covert operation — (DOD) An operation that is so planned and executed as to conceal the identity of or permit
plausible denial by the sponsor. (JP 3-05)
crew — A small military unit that consists of all personnel operating a particular system. (ADP 3-90)
crime analysis — The systematic examination and interpretation of police information to determine when,
where, and why crime, disorder, fear of crime, and other destabilizing events occur in specific places. (FM 3-
39)
crime prevention — A crime control method that applies to efforts to reduce criminal opportunity, protect
potential human victims, and prevent property loss by anticipating, recognizing, and appraising crime risk and
initiating actions to remove or reduce it. (ATP 3-39.10) |
1-02.1 | 28 | Chapter 1
criminal intelligence — Police information compiled, analyzed, and disseminated in an effort to anticipate,
prevent, or monitor criminal activity. (FM 3-39)
crisis — (DOD) An emerging incident or situation involving a possible threat to the United States, its citizens,
military forces, or vital interests that develops rapidly and creates a condition of such diplomatic, economic, or
military importance that commitment of military forces and resources is contemplated to achieve national
and/or strategic objectives. (JP 3-0)
critical asset — (DOD) A specific entity that is of such extraordinary importance that its incapacitation or
destruction would have a very serious, debilitating effect on the ability of a nation to continue to function
effectively. (JP 3-26)
critical asset list — (DOD) A prioritized list of assets, normally identified by phase of the operation and
approved by the joint force commander, that should be defended against air and missile threats. (JP 3-01)
Also called CAL.
critical asset security — The protection and security of personnel and physical assets or information that is
analyzed and deemed essential to the operation and success of the mission and to resources required for
protection. (ADP 3-37)
critical capability — (DOD) A means that is considered a crucial enabler for a center of gravity to function as
such and is essential to the accomplishment of the specified or assumed objective(s). (JP 5-0)
critical event — An event that directly influences mission accomplishment. (FM 5-0)
critical friendly zone — A friendly area of coverage employed by weapons locating radar which the maneuver
commander designates as critical to the protection of an asset whose loss would seriously jeopardize the
mission. (FM 3-09) Also called CFZ.
critical infrastructure protection — (DOD) Actions taken to prevent, remediate, or mitigate the man-made or
natural risks to critical infrastructure and key assets. (JP 3-28) Also called CIP.
critical requirement — (DOD) An essential condition, resource, and means for a critical capability to be fully
operational. (JP 5-0)
critical vulnerability — (DOD) An aspect of a critical requirement which is deficient or vulnerable to direct or
indirect attack that will create decisive or significant effects. (JP 5-0)
cross-domain fires — Fires executed in one domain to create effects in a different domain. (ADP 3-19)
cruise missile — (DOD) A guided and powered missile that flies at constant speed for the majority of its route
and relies upon aerodynamic forces for lift. (JP 3-01) Also called CM.
cueing — The integration of one or more types of reconnaissance or surveillance systems to provide information
that directs follow-on collecting of more detailed information by another system. (FM 3-90)
culminating point — The point at which a force no longer has the capability to continue its form of operations,
offense or defense. (JP 5-0)
cultural intelligence element — An organic element of the Military Information Support Operations Command,
providing culturally nuanced analyses and intelligence to subordinate unit commanders and their staffs, as well
as to other agencies, focused on political, military, economic, social, information, and infrastructure, and other
political-military factors. (FM 3-53)
curve resistance — The resistance offered by a curve to the progress of a train. (ATP 4-14) Also called CR.
customer wait time — (DOD) The total elapsed time between issuance of a customer order and satisfaction of
that order. (JP 4-09) Also called CWT.
cyberspace — (DOD) A global domain within the information environment consisting of the interdependent
networks of information technology infrastructures and resident data, including the Internet,
telecommunications networks, computer systems, and embedded processors and controllers. (JP 3-12)
cyberspace attack — (DOD) Actions taken in cyberspace that create noticeable denial effects (i.e., degradation,
disruption, or destruction) in cyberspace or manipulation that leads to denial that appears in a physical
domain, and is considered a form of fires. (JP 3-12)
cyberspace capability — (DOD) A device or computer program, including any combination of software,
firmware, or hardware, designed to create an effect in or through cyberspace. (JP 3-12)
cyberspace defense — (DOD) Actions taken within protected cyberspace to defeat specific threats that have
breached or are threatening to breach cyberspace security measures. (JP 3-12)
cyberspace domain — (Army) The interdependent networks of information technology infrastructures and
resident data, including the Internet, telecommunication networks, computer systems, embedded processors
and controllers, and relevant portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. (FM 3-0) |
1-02.1 | 29 | Military Terms
cyberspace electromagnetic activities — The process of planning, integrating, and synchronizing cyberspace
and electronic warfare operations in support of unified land operations. (ADP 3-0) Also called CEMA.
cyberspace exploitation — (DOD) Actions taken in cyberspace to gain intelligence, maneuver, collect
information, or perform other enabling actions required to prepare for future military operations. (JP 3-12)
cyberspace operations — (DOD) The employment of cyberspace capabilities where the primary purpose is to
achieve objectives in or through cyberspace. (JP 3-0)
cyberspace security — (DOD) Actions taken within protected cyberspace to prevent unauthorized access to,
exploitation of, or damage to computers and networks, including platform information technology. (JP 3-12)
cyberspace superiority — (DOD) The degree of dominance in cyberspace by one force that permits the
secure, reliable conduct of operations by that force, and its related land, air, maritime, and space forces at a
given time and place without prohibitive interference. (JP 3-12)
—D—
data — In the context of decision making, unprocessed observations detected by a collector of any kind (human,
mechanical, or electronic). (ADP 6-0)
D-day — (DOD) The unnamed day on which a particular operation commences or is to commence. (JP 3-02)
debarkation — (DOD) The unloading of troops, equipment, or supplies from a ship or aircraft. (JP 3-02)
debriefing — The systematic questioning of individuals to procure information to answer specific collection
requirements by direct and indirect questioning techniques. (FM 2-22.3)
decentralized execution — (DOD) Delegation of execution authority to subordinate commanders. (JP 3-30)
deception event — (DOD) A deception means executed at a specific time and location in support of a deception
operation. (JP 3-13.4)
deception goal — (DOD) Commander’s statement of the purpose of military deception as it contributes to the
successful accomplishment of the assigned mission. (JP 3-13.4)
deception means — (DOD) Methods, resources, and techniques that can be used to convey information to the
deception target. (JP 3-13.4)
deception objective — (DOD) The desired result of a deception operation expressed in terms of what the
adversary is to do or not to do at the critical time and/or location. (JP 3-13.4)
deception story — (DOD) A scenario that outlines the friendly actions that will be portrayed to cause the
deception target to adopt the desired perception. (JP 3-13.4)
deception target — (DOD) The adversary decision maker with the authority to make the decision that will
achieve the deception objective. (JP 3-13.4)
decision point — (DOD) A point in space and time when the commander or staff anticipates making a key
decision concerning a specific course of action. (JP 5-0)
decision support matrix — A written record of a war-gamed course of action that describes decision points and
associated actions at those decision points. (ADP 5-0) Also called DSM. See also branch, decision point,
decision support template, sequel.
decisive action — (Army) The continuous, simultaneous execution of offensive, defensive, and stability
operations or defense support of civil authorities tasks. (ADP 3-0)
decisive operation — The operation that directly accomplishes the mission. (ADP 3-0)
decisive point — (DOD) A geographic place, specific key event, critical factor, or function that, when acted
upon, allows commanders to gain a marked advantage over an adversary or contribute materially to achieving
success. (JP 5-0)
decisive terrain — Key terrain whose seizure and retention is mandatory for successful mission
accomplishment. (ADP 3-90)
decisively engaged — A fully committed force or unit that cannot maneuver or extricate itself. (FM 3-90)
deck — The surface of a railcar on which a load rests. (ATP 4-14)
decompression — (DOD) In personnel recovery, the process of normalizing psychological and behavioral
reactions that recovered isolated personnel experienced or are currently experiencing as a result of their
isolation and recovery. (JP 3-50)
decontamination — (DOD) The process of making any person, object, or area safe by absorbing, destroying,
neutralizing, making harmless, or removing chemical or biological agents, or by removing radioactive material
clinging to or around it. (JP 3-11)
decoy — (DOD) An imitation in any sense of a person, object, or phenomenon that is intended to deceive enemy
surveillance devices or mislead enemy evaluation. Also called dummy. (JP 3-13.4) |
1-02.1 | 30 | Chapter 1
deep area — Where the commander sets conditions for future success in close combat. (ADP 3-0)
deep operations — Tactical actions against enemy forces, typically out of direct contact with friendly forces,
intended to shape future close operations and protect rear operations. (FM 3-0)
deep sensing — The employment of capabilities beyond the division coordinated fire line to collect data and
information that supports targeting, situational understanding, or decision making. (FM 2-0)
defeat — To render a force incapable of achieving its objectives. (ADP 3-0)
defeat in detail — Concentrating overwhelming combat power against separate parts of a force rather than
defeating the entire force at once. (ADP 3-90)
defeat mechanism — The method through which friendly forces accomplish their mission against enemy
opposition. (ADP 3-0)
defended asset list — (DOD) A listing of those assets from the critical asset list prioritized by the joint force
commander to be defended with the resources available. (JP 3-01) Also called DAL.
defense coordinating element — (DOD) A staff and military liaison officers who assist the defense coordinating
officer in facilitating coordination and support to activated emergency support functions. (JP 3-28) Also called
DCE.
defense coordinating officer — (DOD) Department of Defense single point of contact for domestic
emergencies who is assigned to a joint field office to process requirements for military support; forward
mission assignments through proper channels to the appropriate military organizations; and assign military
liaisons, as appropriate, to activated emergency support functions. (JP 3-28) Also called DCO.
defense design — A strategy for defense based on a compiled list of defensive tasks required to defend against
a specific threat or support specific mission operations. Each defensive task is built using intelligence, features
such as friendly force lay down, adversary forces lay down, named area of interest or ballistic missile
operations areas, and characteristics such as defended assets, terrain, system location or orientation, and
limitations. (FM 3-27)
defense industrial base — (DOD) The Department of Defense, government, and private sector worldwide
industrial complex with capabilities to perform research and development and design, produce, and maintain
military weapon systems, subsystems, components, or parts to meet military requirements. (JP 3-27) Also
called DIB.
defense plan — Multiple defense designs combined together to create a cohesive plan for defending a broad
area. (FM 3-27)
defense support of civil authorities — (DOD) Support provided by U.S. Federal military forces, Department of
Defense civilians, Department of Defense contract personnel, Department of Defense component assets, and
National Guard forces (when the Secretary of Defense, in coordination with the governors of the affected
States, elects and requests to use those forces in Title 32, United States Code, status) in response to requests
for assistance from civil authorities for domestic emergencies, law enforcement support, and other domestic
activities, or from qualifying entities for special events (DODD 3025.18) Also called DSCA.
Defense Transportation System — (DOD) That portion of the worldwide transportation infrastructure that
supports Department of Defense transportation needs. (JP 4-01) Also called DTS. See also transportation
system.
defensive counterair — (DOD) All defensive measures designed to neutralize or destroy enemy forces
attempting to penetrate or attack through friendly airspace. (JP 3-01) Also called DCA.
defensive cyberspace operations — (DOD) Missions to preserve the ability to utilize blue cyberspace
capabilities and protect data, networks, cyberspace-enabled devices, and other designated systems by
defeating on-going or imminent malicious cyberspace activity. (JP 3-12) Also called DCO.
defensive cyberspace operations-internal defensive measures — (DOD) Operations in which authorized
defense actions occur within the defended portion of cyberspace. (JP 3-12) Also called DCO-IDM.
defensive cyberspace operations-response actions — (DOD) Operations that are part of a defensive
cyberspace operations mission that are taken external to the defended network or portion of cyberspace
without the permission of the owner of the affected system. (JP 3-12) Also called DCO-RA.
defensive fires — Surface to surface indirect fires intended to disrupt discovered enemy preparations for an
attack. (FM 3-09)
defensive operation — An operation to defeat an enemy attack, gain time, economize forces, and develop
conditions favorable for offensive or stability operations. (ADP 3-0)
defensive space control — (DOD) Active and passive measures taken to protect friendly space capabilities
from attack, interference, or unintentional hazards. (JP 3-14) Also called DSC. |
1-02.1 | 31 | Military Terms
defilade — (DOD) 1. Protection from hostile observation and fire provided by an obstacle such as a hill, ridge, or
bank. (JP 3-09)
definitive care — Care or treatment which returns an ill or injured Soldier achieving maximum medical
improvement. (FM 4-02)
definitive identification — The employment of multiple state-of-the-art, independent, established protocols and
technologies by scientific experts in a nationally recognized laboratory to determine the unambiguous identity
of a chemical, biological, radiological, and/or nuclear hazard with the highest level of confidence and degree of
certainty necessary to support strategic-level decisions. (ATP 3-11.37)
definitive treatment — The final role of comprehensive care provided to return the patient to the highest degree
of mental and physical health possible. It is not associated with a specific role or location in the continuum of
care; it may occur in different roles depending upon the nature of the injury or illness. (FM 4-02)
deflection — A horizontal clockwise angle measured from the line of fire or the rearward extension line of fire to
the line of sight to a given aiming point with the vertex of the angle at the instrument. (ATP 3-09.50)
delay — When a force under pressure trades space for time by slowing down the enemy’s momentum and
inflicting maximum damage on enemy forces without becoming decisively engaged. (ADP 3-90)
delay line — A phase line over which an enemy is not allowed to cross before a specific date and time or enemy
condition. (FM 3-90)
deliberate breach — The systematically planned and executed creation of a lane through a barrier or obstacle.
(ATP 3-90.4)
deliberate crossing — The crossing of an inland water obstacle or other gap that requires extensive planning
and detailed preparations. (ATP 3-90.4)
deliberate operation — An operation in which the tactical situation allows the development and coordination of
detailed plans, including multiple branches and sequels. (ADP 3-90)
deliberate search and recovery operations — Performed during the post-combat and area clearance phases,
when enemy threat is minimal, and adequate time is available to use all the detailed techniques. (ATP 4-46)
demobilization — (DOD) 1. The process of transitioning a conflict or wartime military establishment and defense
based civilian economy to a peacetime configuration while maintaining national security and economic vitality.
(JP 4-05)
demonstration — (DOD) 2. In military deception, a show of force in an area where a decision is not sought that
is made to deceive an adversary. (JP 3-13.4) (Army) A variation of tactical deception used as a show of force
in an area where a unit does not seek a decision and attempts to mislead an adversary. (FM 3-90)
denial operations — Actions to hinder or deny the enemy the use of terrain, supplies, or facilities. (FM 3-90)
denied area — (DOD) An area under enemy or unfriendly control in which friendly forces cannot expect to
operate successfully within existing operational constraints and force capabilities. (JP 3-05) (Army) An area
that is operationally unsuitable for conventional forces due to political, tactical, environmental, or geographical
reasons. It is a primary area for special operations forces. (FM 3-05)
denied, degraded, or disrupted space operational environment — A composite of those conditions and
influences in which space-enabled capabilities have been impaired by hostile threats or non-hostile means.
(FM 3-14) Also called D3SOE.
dental care — The preventive, restorative, and surgical treatment of the hard and soft oral tissues, which is
comprised of operational dental care and comprehensive dental care. (ATP 4-02.19)
deny — A task to hinder or prevent the enemy from using terrain, space, personnel, supplies, or facilities. (ATP
3-21.20)
Department of Defense information network — (DOD) The set of information capabilities and associated
processes for collecting, processing, storing, disseminating, and managing information on demand to
warfighters, policy makers, and support personnel, whether interconnected or stand-alone. (JP 6-0) Also
called DODIN.
Department of Defense information network operations — (DOD) Operations to secure, configure, operate,
extend, maintain, and sustain Department of Defense cyberspace to create and preserve the confidentiality,
availability, and integrity of the Department of Defense information network. (JP 3-12) Also called DODIN
Operations.
Department of Defense information network-Army — An Army-operated enclave of the Department of
Defense information network that encompasses all Army information capabilities that collect, process, store,
display, disseminate, and protect information worldwide. (ATP 6-02.71) Also called DODIN-A.
departure airfield — (DOD) An airfield on which troops and/or materiel are enplaned for flight. (JP 3-36)
departure yard — Yard where classified cars are made up into trains. (ATP 4-14) |
1-02.1 | 32 | Chapter 1
deployment — (DOD) The movement of forces into and out of an operational area. (JP 3-35)
depth — The extension of operations in time, space, or purpose to achieve definitive results. (ADP 3-0)
deputy fire support coordinator — The senior field artillery staff officer at corps and division headquarters who
is responsible for advising the commander on the best use of available fires resources, providing input to
necessary orders, and developing and implementing the fire support plan. (FM 3-09)
derailer — Safety devices designed to limit unauthorized movement of a car or locomotive beyond a specific
point. (ATP 4-14)
desired perception — (DOD) In military deception, what the deception target must believe for it to make the
decision that will achieve the deception objective. (JP 3-13.4)
destroy — A tactical mission task that physically renders an enemy force combat-ineffective until it is
reconstituted. (FM 3-90)
destruction — In the context of the computed effects of field artillery fires, destruction renders a target out of
action permanently or ineffective for a long period of time, producing 30-percent casualties or materiel
damage. (FM 3-09)
detachment — A tactical element organized on either a temporary or permanent basis for special duties. (ADP
3-90)
detachment left in contact — An element left in contact as part of the previously designated security force
while the main body conducts its withdrawal. (FM 3-90) Also called DLIC.
detainee — (DOD) Any person captured, detained, or otherwise under the control of Department of Defense
personnel. (JP 3-31)
detection — (DOD) 1. In tactical operations, the perception of an object of possible military interest but
unconfirmed by recognition. 2. In surveillance, the determination and transmission by a surveillance system
that an event has occurred. 4. In chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear environments, the act of
locating chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear hazards by use of chemical, biological, radiological, and
nuclear detectors or monitoring and/or survey teams. (JP 3-11)
detention — A charge made on a carrier conveyance held by or otherwise delayed through the cause of the
United States Government. (ATP 4-12)
deterrence — (DOD) The prevention of action by the existence of a credible threat of unacceptable
counteraction and/or belief that the cost of action outweighs the perceived benefits. (JP 3-0)
diamond formation — A movement formation with one element leading, one element positioned on each flank,
and the remaining elements to the rear. (FM 3-90)
direct action — (DOD) Short-duration strikes and other small-scale offensive actions conducted as a special
operation in hostile, denied, or diplomatically sensitive environments and which employ specialized military
capabilities to seize, destroy, capture, exploit, recover, or damage designated targets. (JP 3-05)
direct air support center — (DOD) The principal air control agency of the United States Marine Corps air
command and control system responsible for the direction and control of air operations directly supporting the
ground combat element. (JP 3-09.3) Also called DASC.
direct exchange — A supply method of issuing serviceable materiel in exchange for unserviceable materiel on
an item-for-item basis. (FM 4-40)
direct fire — (DOD) Fire delivered on a target using the target itself as a point of aim for either the weapon or
the director. (JP 3-09.3)
direct haul — Single transport mission completed by the same vehicle(s). (ATP 4-11)
direct liaison authorized — (DOD) That authority granted by a commander (any level) to a subordinate to
directly consult or coordinate an action with a command or agency within or outside of the granting command.
(JP 1 Volume 2) Also called DIRLAUTH.
direct pressure force — A force employed in a pursuit that orients on the enemy main body to prevent enemy
disengagement or defensive reconstitution. (FM 3-90)
direct support — (DOD) A mission requiring a force to support another specific force and authorizing it to
answer directly to the supported force’s request for assistance. (JP 3-09.3) Also called DS. (Army) A support
relationship requiring a force to support another specific force and authorizing it to answer directly to the
supported force’s request for assistance. (FM 3-0)
directed energy — (DOD) An umbrella term covering technologies that relate to the production of a beam of
concentrated electromagnetic energy or atomic or subatomic particles. (JP 3-85) Also called DE.
directed obstacle — An obstacle directed by a higher commander as a specified task to a subordinate unit.
(ATP 3-90.8) |
1-02.1 | 33 | Military Terms
directed-energy warfare — (DOD) Military action involving the use of directed-energy weapons, devices, and
countermeasures. (JP 3-85)
directed-energy weapon — (DOD) A weapon or system that uses directed energy to incapacitate, damage, or
destroy enemy equipment, facilities, and/or personnel. (JP 3-85)
direction finding — (DOD) A procedure for obtaining bearings of radio frequency emitters by using a highly
directional antenna and a display unit on an intercept receiver or ancillary equipment. (JP 3-85) Also called
DF.
direction of attack — A specific direction or assigned route a force uses and does not deviate from when
attacking. (ADP 3-90)
direction of fire — The direction on which a fire unit is laid to the most significant threat in the target area, to the
chart direction to the center of the zone of fire, or to the target. (ATP 3-09.50)
directive authority for logistics — (DOD) Combatant commander authority to issue directives to subordinate
commanders to ensure the effective execution of approved operation plans, optimize the use or reallocation of
available resources, and prevent or eliminate redundant facilities and/or overlapping functions among the
Service component commands. (JP 1 Volume 2) Also called DAFL.
disarmament — (Army) The collection, documentation, control, and disposal of small arms, ammunition,
explosives, and light and heavy weapons of former combatants, belligerents, and the local populace. (FM 3-
07)
disassociated personal effects — Personal effects not found on the human remains or cannot be associated at
the time of recovery. (ATP 4-46)
disease and nonbattle injury — (DOD) All illnesses and injuries not resulting from enemy or terrorist action or
caused by conflict. (JP 4-02) Also called DNBI.
disengage — A tactical mission task in which a unit breaks contact with an enemy to conduct another mission or
to avoid becoming decisively engaged. (FM 3-90)
disengagement criteria — Protocols that specify those circumstances where a friendly force must break contact
with the direct fire and observed indirect fire to avoid becoming decisively engaged or to preserve friendly
combat power. (FM 3-90)
disengagement line — A phase line located on identifiable terrain that, when crossed by the enemy, signals to
defending elements that it is time to displace to their next position. (ADP 3-90)
disinformation — The deliberate use of incorrect or false information with the intention to deceive or mislead.
(FM 3-61)
disintegrate — To disrupt the enemy’s command and control, degrading the synchronization and cohesion of its
operations. (FM 3-0)
dislocate — To employ forces to obtain significant positional advantage in one or more domains, rendering the
enemy’s dispositions less valuable, perhaps even irrelevant. (FM 3-0)
dislocated civilian — (DOD) A broad term primarily used by the Department of Defense that includes displaced
person, an evacuee, an internally displaced person, a migrant, a refugee, or a stateless person. (JP 3-29) Also
called DC.
dismounted movement — A movement of troops and equipment mainly by foot, with limited support by
vehicles. (FM 3-90) Also called foot march.
dispersion — (DOD) 1. The spreading or separating of troops, materiel, establishments, or activities, which are
usually concentrated in limited areas to reduce vulnerability. (JP 5-0)
displaced person — (DOD) A broad term used to refer to internally and externally displaced persons
collectively. (JP 3-29)
display — (DOD) In military deception, a static portrayal of an activity, force, or equipment intended to deceive
the adversary’s visual observation. (JP 3-13.4)
disrupt — 1. A tactical mission task in which a unit upsets an enemy’s formation or tempo and causes the
enemy force to attack prematurely or in a piecemeal fashion. 2. An obstacle effect that focuses fire planning
and obstacle effort to cause the enemy to break up its formation and tempo, interrupt its timetable, commit
breaching assets prematurely, and attack in a piecemeal effort. (FM 3-90)
distinction — The law of armed conflict principle that obliges parties to a conflict to distinguish between
combatants and the civilian population and to distinguish between military objectives and protected property
and places. (FM 6-27)
distribution — (DOD) 5. The operational process of synchronizing all elements of the logistic system to deliver
the “right things” to the “right place” at the “right time” to support the geographic combatant commander. (JP 4-
0) |
1-02.1 | 34 | Chapter 1
distribution management — Synchronizes and optimizes transportation, its networks, and materiel
management with the warfighting functions to move personnel and materiel from origins to the point of need in
accordance with the supported commander's priorities. (ADP 4-0)
distribution manager — (DOD) The executive agent for managing distribution with the combatant commander’s
area of responsibility. (JP 4-09)
distribution system — (DOD) That complex of facilities, installations, methods, and procedures designed to
receive, store, maintain, distribute, and control the flow of military materiel between the point of receipt into the
military system and the point of issue to using activities and units. (JP 4-09)
diversion — (DOD) 1. The act of drawing the attention and forces of an enemy from the point of the principal
operation; an attack, alarm, or feint that diverts attention. (JP 3-03)
division — An echelon of command and tactical formation that employs brigade combat teams, multi-functional
brigades, and functional brigades to achieve objectives on land. (ADP 3-90)
document and media exploitation — The processing, translation, analysis, and dissemination of collected
hardcopy documents and electronic media that are under the U.S. Government’s physical control and are not
publicly available. (FM 2-0)
domain — defined portion of an operational environment requiring a unique set of warfighting capabilities and
skills. (FM 3-0)
double envelopment — A variation of envelopment where forces simultaneously attack along both flanks of an
enemy force. (FM 3-90)
drawbar pull — The actual pulling ability of a locomotive after deducting from tractive effort, the energy required
to move the locomotive itself. (ATP 4-14) Also called DBP.
drop zone — (DOD) A specific area upon which airborne troops, equipment, or supplies are airdropped. (JP 3-
36)Also called DZ.
dynamic targeting — (DOD) Targeting that prosecutes targets identified too late, or not selected for action in
time to be included in deliberate targeting. (JP 3-60)
—E—
earliest arrival date — (DOD) A day, relative to C-day, that is specified as the earliest date when a unit, a
resupply shipment, or replacement personnel can be accepted at a port of debarkation during a deployment.
(JP 5-0) Also called EAD. See also latest arrival date.
early warning — (DOD) Early notification of the launch or approach of unknown weapons or weapons carriers.
(JP 3-01) Also called EW.
early-entry command post — A lead element of a headquarters designed to control operations until the
remaining portions of the headquarters are deployed and operational. (FM 6-0)
echelon — Separate level of command. (FM 1-02.1)
echelon formation — A movement formation with elements arranged on an angle to the left or to the right of the
direction of attack (echelon left, echelon right). (FM 3-90)
echelon support — The method of supporting an organization arrayed within an area of an operation. (ATP 4-
90)
economy — Providing sustainment resources in an efficient manner that enables the commander to employ all
assets to the greatest effect possible. (ADP 4-0)
economy of force — (DOD) The judicious employment and distribution of forces so as to expend the minimum
essential combat power on secondary efforts to allocate the maximum possible combat power on primary
efforts. (JP 3-0)
effect — (DOD) 1. The physical or behavioral state of a system that results from an action, a set of actions, or
another effect. 2. The result, outcome, or consequence of an action. 3. A change to a condition, behavior, or
degree of freedom. (JP 3-0)
electromagnetic attack — (DOD) Division of electromagnetic warfare involving the use of electromagnetic
energy, directed energy, or antiradiation weapons to attack personnel, facilities, or equipment with the intent of
degrading, neutralizing, or destroying enemy combat capability and is considered a form of fires (JP 3-85).
Also called EA.
electromagnetic compatibility — (DOD) The ability of systems, equipment, and devices that use the
electromagnetic spectrum to operate in their intended environments without causing or suffering unacceptable
or unintentional degradation because of electromagnetic radiation or response. (JP 3-85) Also called EMC. |
1-02.1 | 35 | Military Terms
electromagnetic environment — (DOD) The resulting product of the power and time distribution, in various
frequency ranges, of the radiated or conducted electromagnetic emission levels encountered by a military
force, system, or platform when performing its assigned mission in its intended operational environment. (JP
3-85) Also called EME.
electromagnetic environmental effects — (DOD) The impact of the electromagnetic environment upon the
operational capability of military forces, equipment, systems, and platforms. (JP 3-85) Also called E3.
electromagnetic hardening — (DOD) Action taken to protect personnel, facilities, and/or equipment by
blanking, filtering, attenuating, grounding, bonding, and/or shielding against undesirable effects of
electromagnetic energy. (JP 3-85)
electromagnetic interference — (DOD) Any electromagnetic disturbance, induced intentionally or
unintentionally, that interrupts, obstructs, or otherwise degrades or limits the effective performance of
electronics and electrical equipment. (JP 3-85) Also called EMI.
electromagnetic intrusion — (DOD) The intentional insertion of electromagnetic energy into transmission paths
in any manner, with the objective of deceiving operators or of causing confusion. (JP 3-85)
electromagnetic jamming — (DOD) The deliberate radiation, reradiation, or reflection of electromagnetic
energy for the purpose of preventing or reducing an enemy’s effective use of the electromagnetic spectrum,
and with the intent of degrading or neutralizing the enemy’s combat capability. (JP 3-85)
electromagnetic masking — (DOD) The controlled radiation of electromagnetic energy on friendly frequencies
in a manner to protect the emissions of friendly communications and electronic systems against enemy
electromagnetic support measures/signals intelligence without significantly degrading the operation of friendly
systems. (JP 3-85)
electromagnetic probing — (DOD) Intentional radiation designed to be introduced into the devices or systems
of an adversary for the purpose of learning the functions and operational capabilities of the devices or
systems. (JP 3-85)
electromagnetic protection — (DOD) Division of electromagnetic warfare involving actions taken to protect
personnel, facilities, and equipment from any effects of friendly or enemy use of the electromagnetic spectrum
that degrade, neutralize, or destroy friendly combat capability. (JP 3-85) Also called EP.
electromagnetic pulse — (DOD) A strong burst of electromagnetic radiation caused by a nuclear explosion,
energy weapon, or by natural phenomenon, that may couple with electrical or electronic systems to produce
damaging current and voltage surges. (JP 3-85) Also called EMP.
electromagnetic reconnaissance — (DOD) The detection, location, identification, and evaluation of foreign
electromagnetic radiations. (JP 3-85)
electromagnetic security — (DOD) The protection resulting from all measures designed to deny unauthorized
persons information of value that might be derived from their interception and study of noncommunications
electromagnetic radiations (e.g., radar). (JP 3-85)
electromagnetic spectrum management — (DOD) The operational, engineering, and administrative
procedures to plan and coordinate operations within the electromagnetic operational environment. (JP 3-85)
electromagnetic spectrum operations — (DOD) Coordinated military actions to exploit, attack, protect, and
manage the electromagnetic environment. (JP 3-85) Also called EMSO.
electromagnetic spectrum superiority — (DOD) That degree of control in the electromagnetic spectrum that
permits the conduct of operations at a given time and place without prohibitive interference, while affecting the
threat’s ability to do the same. (JP 3-85)
electromagnetic support — (DOD) Division of electromagnetic warfare involving actions tasked by, or under
direct control of, an operational commander to search for, intercept, identify, and locate or localize sources of
intentional and unintentional radiated electromagnetic energy for the purpose of immediate threat recognition,
targeting, planning and conduct of future operations. (JP 3-85) Also called ES.
electromagnetic vulnerability — (DOD) The characteristics of a system that cause it to suffer a definite
degradation (incapability to perform the designated mission) as a result of having been subjected to a certain
level of electromagnetic environmental effects. (JP 3-85) Also called EMV.
electromagnetic warfare — (DOD) Military action involving the use of electromagnetic and directed energy to
control the electromagnetic spectrum or to attack the enemy. (JP 3-85) Also called EW.
electromagnetic warfare reprogramming — (DOD) The deliberate alteration or modification of electromagnetic
warfare or target sensing systems, or the tactics and procedures that employ them, in response to validated
changes in equipment, tactics, or the electromagnetic environment. (JP 3-85)
electronic intelligence — (DOD) Technical and geolocation intelligence derived from foreign
noncommunications electromagnetic radiations emanating from other than nuclear detonations or radioactive
sources. (JP 3-85) Also called ELINT. |
1-02.1 | 36 | Chapter 1
electro-optical-infrared countermeasure — (DOD) A device or technique employing electro-optical-infrared
materials or technology that is intended to impair the effectiveness of enemy activity, particularly with respect
to precision-guided weapons and sensor systems. (JP 3-85) Also called EO-IR CM.
embarkation — (DOD) The process of putting personnel and/or vehicles and their associated stores and
equipment into ships and/or aircraft. (JP 3-02)
emergency dental care — Care given for the relief of oral pain; diagnosis and treatment of infections; control of
life-threatening oral conditions (hemorrhage, cellulitis, or respiratory difficulties); and treatment of trauma to
teeth, jaws (maxilla/mandible), and associated facial structures is considered emergency care. (ATP 4-02.19)
emergency locator beacon — (DOD) A generic term for all radio beacons used for emergency locating
purposes. (JP 3-50) See also personal locator beacon.
emergency medical treatment — The immediate application of medical procedures to the wounded, injured, or
sick by specially trained medical personnel. (FM 4-02)
emergency operations center — (DOD) A temporary or permanent facility where the coordination of
information and resources to support domestic incident management activities normally takes place. (JP 3-41)
Also called EOC.
emergency preparedness liaison officer — (DOD) A senior reserve officer who represents their Service at the
appropriate joint field office conducting planning and coordination responsibilities in support of civil authorities.
(JP 3-28) Also called EPLO.
emergency support functions — (DOD) Government and certain private-sector capabilities grouped into an
organizational structure to provide the support, resources, program implementation, and services that are
most likely to be needed to save lives, protect property and the environment, restore essential services and
critical infrastructure, and help victims and communities return to normal, when feasible, following domestic
incidents. (JP 3-28) Also called ESF.
emission control — (DOD) The selective and controlled use of electromagnetic, acoustic, or other emitters to
optimize command and control capabilities while minimizing, for operations security: a. detection by enemy
sensors, b. mutual interference among friendly systems, and/or c. enemy interference with the ability to
execute a military deception plan. (JP 3-85) Also called EMCON.
emission security — (DOD) Actions designed to deny unauthorized persons information of value as a result of
intercept and analysis of compromising emanations from cryptographic equipment and telecommunications
systems. (JP 6-0)
employment — (DOD) The strategic, operational, or tactical use of forces. (JP 5-0)
en route care — The care required to maintain the phased treatment initiated prior to evacuation and the
sustainment of the patient’s medical condition during evacuation. (ATP 4-02.2)
enabling operation — An operation that sets the friendly conditions required for mission accomplishment. (FM
3-90)
encirclement — Where one force loses its freedom of maneuver because an opposing force is able to isolate it
by controlling all ground lines of communications and reinforcement. (FM 3-90)
encircling force — The force that maneuvers to the rear or flank of the enemy to block the enemy’s escape.
(FM 3-90)
end delivery tonnage — The through tonnage, in short tons, of payload that is delivered at the end of the
railway line (railhead) each day. (ATP 4-14) Also called EDT.
end state — (DOD) The set of required conditions that defines achievement of the commander's objectives. (JP
3-0)
endo-atmospheric intercept capabilities — A ballistic missile intercept inside the Earth’s atmosphere. (ATP 3-
01.15)
endurance — The ability to persevere over time throughout the depth of an operational environment. (FM 3-0)
enemy — A party identified as hostile against which the use of force is authorized. (ADP 3-0)
enemy combatant — (DOD) In general, a person engaged in hostilities against the United States or its coalition
partners during an armed conflict. (DODD 2310.01E) Also called EC.
engage — (DOD) In air and missile defense, a fire control order used to direct or authorize units and/or weapon
systems to attack a designated target. (JP 3-01)
engage on remote — (DOD) Use of nonorganic sensor or ballistic missile defense system track data to launch
weapon and complete engagement. (JP 3-01) Also called EOR.
engagement — (DOD) 1. An attack against an air or missile threat. (JP 3-01) 2. A tactical conflict, usually
between opposing lower echelons maneuver forces. (JP 3-0) |
1-02.1 | 37 | Military Terms
engagement area — An area where the commander masses effects to contain and destroy an enemy force.
(FM 3-90) Also called EA.
engagement authority — (DOD) An authority vested with a joint force commander that may be delegated to a
subordinate commander, that permits an engagement decision. (JP 3-01)
engagement criteria — Protocols that specify those circumstances for initiating engagement with an enemy
force. (FM 3-90)
engagement priority — Identifies the order in which the unit engages enemy systems or functions. (FM 3-90)
engineer regulating point — A location used to ensure that vehicles do not exceed the capacity of the crossing
means and to give drivers final instructions on site-specific procedures and information. (ATP 3-90.4) Also
called ERP.
engineer work line — A coordinated boundary or phase line used to compartmentalize an area of operations to
indicate where specific engineer units have primary responsibility for the engineer effort. (FM 3-34)
envelopment — A form of maneuver in which an attacking force avoids an enemy’s principal defense by
attacking along an assailable flank. (FM 3-90)
environmental assessment — A study to determine if significant environmental impacts are expected from a
proposed action. (ATP 3-34.5)
environmental compliance — The unconditional obeying of international, foreign nation, federal, state, and
local environmental rules, regulations, and guidelines that affect current operations. (ATP 3-34.5)
environmental conditions report — A concise summary of events or situations that created a negative or
positive change in environmental conditions at a base camp site. (ATP 3-34.5)
environmental modification technique — Any method of warfare for changing—through the deliberate
manipulation of natural processes—the dynamics, composition, or structure of the Earth (to include its biota,
lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere) or outer space. (FM 6-27)
environmental protection level — The varying level of environmental protection that can reasonably be
afforded at any particular time during military operations, given the absolute requirement that such a diversion
of resources away from the mission at hand does not adversely affect that mission, any friendly personnel, or
indigenous or refugee populations. (ATP 3-34.5)
environmental reconnaissance — The systematic observation and recording of site or area data collected by
visual or physical means, dealing specifically with environmental conditions as they exist, and identifying areas
that are environmentally sensitive or of relative environmental concern, for information and decisionmaking
purposes. (ATP 3-34.5)
environmental restoration — The systematic removal of pollution or contaminants from the environment,
especially from the soil or groundwater, by physical, chemical, or biological means; also known as remediation
or environmental cleanup. (ATP 3-34.5)
environmental services — Environmental services are the various combinations of scientific, technical, and
advisory activities (including modification processes and the influence of man-made and natural factors)
required to acquire, produce, and supply information on the past, present, and future states of space,
atmospheric, oceanographic, and terrestrial surroundings for use in military planning and decisionmaking
processes or to modify those surroundings to enhance military operations. (ATP 3-34.5)
environmental stewardship — The integration and application of environmental values into the military mission
to sustain readiness, improve the quality of life, strengthen civil relations, and preserve valuable natural
resources. (ATP 3-34.5)
esoteric communications — Public statements whose surface meaning (manifest content) does not reveal the
real purpose, meaning, or significance (latent content) of the author. (ATP 2-22.9-1)
essential care — The absolutely necessary initial, en route, resuscitative, and surgical care provided to save,
stabilize, and return as many Soldiers to duty as quickly as possible. (FM 4-02)
essential dental care — Dental care necessary to intercept potential emergencies to prevent lost duty time and
preserve fighting strength. (ATP 4-02.19)
essential element of friendly information — A critical aspect of a friendly operation that, if known by a threat
would subsequently compromise, lead to failure, or limit success of the operation and therefore should be
protected from enemy detection. (ADP 5-0) Also called EEFI. See also commander’s critical information
requirement.
essential elements of information — (DOD) The most critical information requirements regarding the
adversary and the environment needed by the commander by a particular time to relate with other available
information and intelligence in order to assist in reaching a logical decision. (JP 2-0) Also called EEIs.
essential task — (Army) A specified or implied task that must be executed to accomplish the mission. (FM 5-0) |
1-02.1 | 38 | Chapter 1
establishing directive — (DOD) An order issued to specify the purpose of the support relationship. (JP 3-02)
estimative intelligence — (DOD) Intelligence that identifies, describes, and forecasts adversary capabilities and
the implications for planning and executing military operations. (JP 2-0)
evacuation — (DOD) The ordered or authorized departure of noncombatant evacuees from a specific area to
another in the same or different countries by Department of State, Department of Defense, or appropriate
military commander. (JP 3-68)
evacuee — (DOD) A civilian removed from a place of residence by military direction for reasons of personal
security or the requirements of the military situation. (JP 3-57) See also displaced person.
evader — (DOD) Any person isolated in hostile or unfriendly territory who eludes capture. (JP 3-50)
evaluating — Using indicators to judge progress toward desired conditions and determining why the current
degree of progress exists. (ADP 5-0)
evasion — (DOD) The process whereby isolated personnel avoid capture with the goal of successfully returning
to areas under friendly control. (JP 3-50)
evasion plan of action — (DOD) A course of action, developed prior to executing a combat mission, that is
intended to improve a potential isolated person's chances of successful evasion and recovery by providing the
recovery forces with an additional source of information that can increase the predictability of the evader's
action and movement. (JP 3-50) Also called EPA.
event matrix — (DOD) A cross-referenced description of the indicators and activity expected to occur in each
named area of interest. (FM 1-02.1)
event template — (DOD) A guide for collection planning that depicts the named areas of interest where activity,
or its lack of activity, will indicate which course of action the adversary has adopted. (JP 2-0)
execution — The act of putting a plan into action by applying combat power to accomplish the mission and
adjusting operations based on changes in the situation. (ADP 5-0) See also combat power, situational
understanding.
execution matrix — A visual representation of subordinate tasks in relationship to each other over time. (ADP 5-
0)
executive agent — (DOD) A delegation of authority by the Secretary of Defense or Deputy Secretary of Defense
to a subordinate to act on behalf of the Secretary of Defense. (JP 1 Volume 2) Also called EA.
exfiltrate — A tactical mission task in which a unit removes Soldiers or units from areas under enemy control by
stealth, deception, surprise, or clandestine means. (FM 3-90)
exfiltration — (DOD) The removal of personnel or units from areas under enemy control by stealth, deception,
surprise, or clandestine means. (JP 3-50)
exo-atmospheric intercept capabilities — A ballistic missile intercept outside the Earth’s atmosphere. (ATP 3-
01.15)
explicit knowledge — Codified or formally documented knowledge organized and transferred to others through
digital or non-digital means. (ATP 6-01.1)
exploitation — (DOD) 1. Taking full advantage of success in military operations, following up initial gains, and
making permanent the temporary effects already created. 2. Taking full advantage of any information that has
come to hand for tactical, operational, or strategic purposes. 3. An offensive operation that usually follows a
successful attack and is designed to disorganize the enemy in depth. (JP 2-0) (Army) A type of offensive
operation following a successful attack to disorganize the enemy in depth. (FM 3-90)
explosive hazards — A condition where danger exists because explosives are present that may react in a
mishap with potential unacceptable effects to people, property, operational capability, or the environment. (FM
4-30)
explosive ordnance — (DOD) All munitions and improvised or clandestine explosive devices, containing
explosives, propellants, nuclear fission or fusion materials, and biological and chemical agents. (JP 3-34)
explosive ordnance disposal — (DOD) 1. The detection, identification, on-site evaluation, rendering safe,
exploitation, recovery, and final disposal of explosive ordnance. 2. The organizations engaged in such
activities. (JP 3-34) Also called EOD. (Army) The detection, identification, on-site evaluation, rendering safe,
exploitation, recovery, and final disposal of explosive ordnance. (FM 4-30)
explosive ordnance disposal incident — (DOD) The suspected or detected presence of unexploded or
damaged explosive ordnance that constitutes a hazard to operations, installations, personnel, or material and
requires explosive ordnance disposal procedures. (JP 3-42)
explosive ordnance disposal unit — (DOD) Personnel with special training and equipment who render
explosive ordnance safe, make intelligence reports on such ordnance, and supervise the safe removal thereof.
(JP 3-34) |
1-02.1 | 39 | Military Terms
exposure — The frequency and length of time personnel and equipment are subjected to a hazard or hazards.
(ATP 5-19)
exterior lines — Lines on which a force operates when its operations converge on the enemy. (ADP 3-0)
external audience — (DOD) In public affairs, all people who are not United States military members,
Department of Defense civilian employees, and their immediate families. (JP 3-61)
external support contract — (DOD) Contract awarded by Contracting organizations whose Contracting
authority does not derive directly from the theater support Contracting head(s) of a Contracting activity or from
systems support Contracting authorities. (JP 4-10)
—F—
463L system — (DOD) A material handling system that consists of military and civilian aircraft cargo restraint rail
systems, aircraft pallets, nets, tie down, coupling devices, facilities, handling equipment, procedures, and other
components designed to efficiently accomplish the air logistics and aerial delivery mission. (JP 4-09)
facility — (DOD) A real property entity consisting of one or more of the following: a building, a structure, a utility
system, pavement, and underlying land. (JP 3-34)
far side objective — A defined location oriented on terrain or an enemy force that an assaulting force seizes to
eliminate enemy direct fires to prevent the enemy from interfering with the reduction of the obstacle and allows
follow-on forces to move securely through the created lanes. (ATP 3-90.4)
federal service — (DOD) A term applied to National Guard members and units when called to active duty to
serve the United States Government under Article I, Section 8 and Article II, Section 2 of the Constitution and
the Title 10, United States Code, Sections 12401 to 12408. (JP 4-05)
feint — (DOD) In military deception, an offensive action involving contact with the adversary conducted for the
purpose of deceiving the adversary as to the location and/or time of the actual main offensive action. (JP 3-
13.4) (Army) A variation of tactical deception that makes contact solely to deceive the adversary as to the
location, time of attack or both. (FM 3-90)
field army — (DOD) An echelon of command that employs multiple corps, divisions, multifunctional brigades,
and functional brigades to achieve objectives on land. (JP 3-31) See also Army corps.
field artillery — (DOD) Equipment, supplies, ammunition, and personnel involved in the use of cannon, rocket,
or surface-to-surface missile launchers. (JP 3-09) Also called FA. (Army) The equipment, supplies,
ammunition, and personnel involved in the use of indirect fire cannon, rocket, or surface-to-surface missile
launchers. (FM 3-09) Also called FA.
field confirmatory identification — The employment of technologies with increased specificity and sensitivity
by technical forces in a field environment to identify chemical, biological, radiological, and/or nuclear hazard
with a moderate level of confidence and degree of certainty necessary to support follow-on tactical decisions.
(ATP 3-11.37)
field force engineering — The application of the Engineer Regiment capabilities from the three engineer
disciplines (primarily general engineering) to support operations through reachback and forward presence.
(FM 3-34)
field historian — An Army historian, military or civilian, that serves outside of the Center of Military History
documenting, recording, and reporting the official history of the Army at the command and unit levels. (ATP 1-
20)
field maintenance — On system maintenance, repair and return to the user including maintenance actions
performed by operators. (FM 4-30)
field of fire — The area that a weapon or group of weapons may cover effectively from a given position. (FM 3-
90)
field services — Includes aerial delivery, food service, shower and laundry, mortuary affairs, and water
purification. These services enhance unit effectiveness and mission success by providing for Soldier basic
needs. (ADP 4-0)
fighter engagement zone — (DOD) In air defense, that airspace of defined dimensions within which the
responsibility for engagement of air threats normally rests with fighter aircraft. (JP 3-01) Also called FEZ.
final coordination line — A phase line close to the enemy position used to coordinate the lifting or shifting of
supporting fires with the final deployment of maneuver elements. (ADP 3-90) Also called FCL.
final protective fire — (DOD) An immediately available prearranged barrier of fire designed to impede enemy
movement across defensive lines or areas. (JP 3-09.3) Also called FPF.
final protective line — A selected line of fire where an enemy assault is to be checked by interlocking fire from
all available weapons and obstacles. (FM 3-90) Also called FPL. |
1-02.1 | 40 | Chapter 1
finance operations — The execution of the joint financial management mission to provide financial advice and
guidance, support the procurement process, provide pay support, and provide banking and disbursing support.
(FM 1-06)
financial management — The sustainment of U.S. Army, joint, interagency, interdepartmental, and multinational
operations through the execution of two mutually supporting core functions, resource management and
finance operations. These two functions are comprised of the following core competencies: fund the force,
banking and disbursing support, pay support, accounting support and cost management, financial
management planning and operations, and management internal controls. (FM 1-06)
fire and movement — The concept of applying fires from all sources to suppress, neutralize, or destroy the
enemy, and the tactical movement of combat forces in relation to the enemy (as components of maneuver,
applicable at all echelons). At the squad level, it entails a team placing suppressive fire on the enemy as
another team moves against or around the enemy. (FM 3-96)
fire direction center — (DOD) That element of a command post, consisting of gunnery and communications
personnel and equipment, by means of which the commander exercises fire direction and/or fire control. (JP 3-
09.3) Also called FDC.
fire plan — A tactical plan for using the weapons of a unit or formation so that their fire will be coordinated. (FM
3-09)
fire superiority — The dominating fires of one force over another force that permits that force to maneuver at a
given time and place without prohibitive interference by the other. (FM 3-90)
fire support — (DOD) Fires that directly support land, maritime, amphibious, space, cyberspace, and special
operations forces to engage enemy forces, combat formations, and facilities in pursuit of tactical and
operational objectives. (JP 3-09) (Army) A rapid and continuous integration of surface to surface indirect fires,
target acquisition, armed aircraft, and other lethal and nonlethal attack/delivery systems that converge against
targets across all domains in support of the maneuver commander’s concept of operations. (FM 3-09)
fire support area — (DOD) An appropriate maneuver area assigned to fire support ships by the naval force
commander from which they can deliver gunfire support to an amphibious operation. (JP 3-09) Also called
FSA.
fire support coordination — (DOD) The planning and executing of fire so targets are adequately covered by a
suitable weapon or group of weapons. (JP 3-09)
fire support coordination center — (DOD) A single site in which centralized communications facilities and
personnel incident to the coordination of all forms of fire support for Marine forces are located. (JP 3-09) Also
called FSCC.
fire support coordination line — (DOD) A fire support coordination measure established by the land or
amphibious force commander to support common objectives within an area of operation, beyond which all
fires must be coordinated with affected commanders prior to engagement and, short of the line, all fires must
be coordinated with the establishing commander prior to engagement. (JP 3-09) Also called FSCL.
fire support coordination measure — (DOD) A measure employed by commanders to facilitate the rapid
engagement of targets and simultaneously provide safeguards for friendly forces. (JP 3-0) Also called FSCM.
fire support coordinator — The senior field artillery commander for the theater, corps, division, brigade combat
team who is the maneuver commander’s primary advisor to plan, coordinate, and integrate field artillery and
fire support in the execution of assigned tasks. (FM 3-09)
fire support element — (DOD) That section of the tactical operations center at every echelon above company
responsible for targeting coordination and for integrating fires under the control or in support of the force. (JP
3-09) See also fire support, support.
fire support officer — (Army) The operational to tactical level field artillery officer responsible for advising the
supported commander or assisting the senior fires officer responsible for coordinating fire functions and fire
support. (FM 3-09)
fire support plan — A plan that that addresses each means of fire support available and describes how Army
indirect fires, joint fires, and target acquisition are integrated with maneuver to facilitate operational success.
(FM 3-09)
fire support planning — The continuing process of analyzing, allocating, integrating, synchronizing, and
scheduling fires to describe how the effects of fires facilitate maneuver force actions. (FM 3-09)
fire support station — (DOD) An exact location at sea within a fire support area from which a fire support ship
delivers fire. (JP 3-02) Also called FSS.
fire support team — (DOD) A field artillery team provided for each maneuver company/troop and selected units
to plan and coordinate all supporting fires available to the unit, including mortars, field artillery, naval surface
fire support, and close air support integration. (JP 3-09.3) Also called FIST. |
1-02.1 | 41 | Military Terms
fire team — A small military unit typically containing four or fewer Soldiers. (ADP 3-90)
fires — (DOD) The use of weapon systems or other actions to create specific lethal or nonlethal effects on a
target. (JP 3-0)
fires warfighting function — The related tasks and systems that create and converge effects in all domains
against the adversary or enemy to enable operations across the range of military operations. (ADP 3-0)
first aid (self-aid/buddy aid) — Urgent and immediate lifesaving and other measures which can be performed
for casualties (or performed by the victim them self) by nonmedical personnel when medical personnel are not
immediately available. (FM 4-02)
fix — 1. A tactical mission task in which a unit prevents the enemy from moving from a specific location for a
specific period. 2. An obstacle effect that focuses fire planning and obstacle effort to slow an attacker’s
movement within a specified area, normally an engagement area. (FM 3-90)
fixing force — A force designated to supplement the striking force by preventing the enemy from moving from a
specific area for a specific time. (ADP 3-90)
flank — The right or left limit of a unit. (ADP 3-90)
flanking position — A geographical location on the flank of the force from which effective fires can be placed on
that flank. (ADP 3-90)
flexibility — The employment of a versatile mix of capabilities, formations, and equipment for conducting
operations. (ADP 3-0)
flexible deterrent option — (DOD) A planning construct intended to facilitate early decision making by
developing a wide range of interrelated responses that begin with deterrent-oriented actions carefully tailored
to create a desired effect. (JP 5-0) Also called FDO.
flexible response — (DOD) The capability of military forces for effective reaction to any enemy threat or attack
with actions appropriate and adaptable to the circumstances existing. (JP 5-0)
follow and assume — A tactical mission task in which a committed force follows a lead force conducting an
offensive operation and continues the mission if the lead force cannot continue. (FM 3-90)
follow and support — A tactical mission task in which a committed force follows and supports a lead force
conducting an offensive operation. (FM 3-90)
follow-on echelon — Those additional forces moved into the objective area after the assault echelon. (FM 3-99)
See also air assault operation, assault echelon.
force field artillery headquarters — A battalion size or higher unit designated by the supported commander
who specifies its duration, duties, and responsibilities. (FM 3-09)
force health protection — (DOD) Measures to promote, improve, or conserve the behavioral and physical well-
being of Service members to enable a healthy and fit force, prevent injury and illness, and protect the force
from health hazards. (JP 4-02) Also called FHP. (Army) Measures that promote, improve, conserve or
conserve the behavioral or physical well-being of Soldiers comprised of preventive and treatment aspects of
medical functions that include: combat and operational stress control, dental services, veterinary services,
operational public health, and laboratory services. Enabling a healthy and fit force, prevent injury and illness,
and protect the force from health hazards. (FM 4-02)
force projection — (DOD) The ability to project the military instrument of national power from the United States
or another theater, in response to requirements for military operations. (JP 3-0)
force protection — (DOD) Preventive measures taken to mitigate hostile actions against Department of
Defense personnel (to include family members), resources, facilities, and critical information. (JP 3-0) Also
called FP.
force protection condition — (DOD) A Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff-approved standard for
identification of and recommended responses to terrorist threats against United States personnel and facilities.
(JP 3-26) Also called FPCON.
force tailoring — The process of determining the right mix of forces and the sequence of their deployment in
support of a joint force commander. (ADP 3-0)
forced march — A march longer or faster than usual or in adverse conditions. (FM 3-90)
forcible entry — (DOD) Seizing and holding of a military lodgment in the face of armed opposition or forcing
access into a denied area to allow movement and maneuver to accomplish the mission. (JP 3-18)
foreign assistance — (DOD) Support for foreign nations that can be provided through development assistance,
humanitarian assistance, and security assistance. (JP 3-0) |
1-02.1 | 42 | Chapter 1
foreign disaster relief — (DOD) Assistance that can be used immediately to alleviate the suffering of foreign
disaster victims that normally includes services and commodities, as well as the rescue and evacuation of
victims; the provision and transportation of food, water, clothing, medicines, beds, bedding, and temporary
shelter; the furnishing of medical equipment and medical and technical personnel; and making repairs to
essential services. (JP 3-29)
foreign humanitarian assistance — (DOD) Department of Defense activities conducted outside the United
States and its territories to directly relieve or reduce human suffering, disease, hunger, or privation. (JP 3-29)
Also called FHA.
foreign instrumentation signals intelligence — (DOD) A subcategory of signals intelligence consisting of
technical information and intelligence derived from the intercept of foreign electromagnetic emissions
associated with the testing and operational deployment of non-United States aerospace, surface, and
subsurface systems. (JP 2-0) Also called FISINT.
foreign internal defense — (DOD) Participation by civilian agencies and military forces of a government or
international organizations in any of the programs and activities undertaken by a host nation government to
free and protect its society from subversion, lawlessness, insurgency, terrorism, and other threats to its
security. (JP 3-22) Also called FID.
foreign military sales — (DOD) That portion of United States security assistance for sales programs that
require agreements/contracts between the United States Government and an authorized recipient government
or international organization for defense articles and services to be provided to the recipient for current stocks
or new procurements under Department of Defense-managed contracts, regardless of the source of financing.
(JP 3-20) Also called FMS.
forensic-enabled intelligence — (DOD) The intelligence resulting from the integration of scientifically examined
materials and other information to establish full characterization, attribution, and the linkage of events,
locations, items, signatures, nefarious intent, and persons of interest. (JP 2-0) Also called FEI.
forms of maneuver — Distinct tactical combinations of fire and movement with a unique set of doctrinal
characteristics that differ primarily in the relationship between the maneuvering force and the enemy. (ADP 3-
90)
forward air controller — (DOD) An officer (aviator/pilot) member of the tactical air control party who, from a
forward ground or airborne position, controls aircraft in close air support of ground troops. (JP 3-09.3) Also
called FAC. See also close air support.
forward air controller (airborne) — (DOD) A specifically trained and qualified aviation officer, normally an
airborne extension of the tactical air control party, who exercises control from the air of aircraft engaged in
close air support of ground troops. (JP 3-09.3) Also called FAC(A).
forward arming and refueling point — (DOD) A temporary facility, organized, equipped, and deployed, to
provide fuel and ammunition necessary for the employment of aviation maneuver units in combat. (JP 3-09.3)
Also called FARP.
forward boundary — A boundary that delineates the forward edge of a unit’s area of operation. (FM 3-90)
forward contracting element — The support element of an employed contracting battalion consisting of two or
more contracting specialists from its contracting detachment that provides contracting support to units within
an affected area of operations per mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support available, time
available, civil considerations. (ATP 4-71) Also called FCE.
forward edge of the battle area — (DOD) The foremost limits of a series of areas in which ground combat units
are deployed to coordinate fire support, The positioning of forces, or the maneuver of units, excluding areas in
which covering or screening forces are operating. (JP 3-09.3) Also called FEBA.
forward line of own troops — (DOD) A line that indicates the most forward positions of friendly forces in any
kind of military operation at a specific time. (JP 3-03) Also called FLOT.
forward logistics element — Comprised of task-organized multifunctional logistics assets designed to support
fast-moving offensive operations in the early phases of decisive action. (ATP 4-90) Also called FLE.
forward observer — (DOD) An individual operating with front line troops trained to adjust ground or naval
gunfire and pass back battlefield information. (JP 3-09) Also called FO.
forward operating base — (DOD) An airfield used to support tactical operations without establishing full support
facilities. (JP 3-09.3) Also called FOB.
forward operating site — (DOD) A scalable location outside the United States and its territories intended for
rotational use by operating forces. (JP 4-04) Also called FOS.
forward passage of lines — Occurs when a unit passes through another unit’s positions while moving toward
the enemy. (ADP 3-90) |
1-02.1 | 43 | Military Terms
forward resuscitative surgery — Urgent initial surgery required to render a patient transportable for further
evacuation to a medical treatment facility staffed and equipped to provide for the patient’s care. (FM 4-02)
forward-looking infrared — (DOD) An airborne, electro-optical, thermal imaging device that detects far-infrared
energy, converts the energy into an electronic signal, and provides a visible image for day or night viewing.
(JP 3-09.3) Also called FLIR.
fragmentary order — (DOD) An abbreviated operation order issued as needed to change or modify an order or
to execute a branch or sequel. (JP 5-0) Also called FRAGORD.
fratricide — The unintentional killing or wounding of friendly or neutral personnel by friendly firepower. (ADP 3-
37)
free-fire area — (DOD) A specific region into which any weapon system may fire without additional coordination
with the establishing headquarters. (JP 3-09) Also called FFA.
frequency deconfliction — (DOD) A systematic management procedure to coordinate the use of the
electromagnetic spectrum for operations, communications, and intelligence functions. (JP 3-85)
friendly — (DOD) A contact positively identified as a friend using identification, friend or foe and other
techniques. (JP 3-01)
friendly force information requirement — (DOD) Information the commander and staff need to understand the
status of friendly force and supporting capabilities. (JP 3-0) Also called FFIR.
friendly force tracking — (DOD) The process of fixing, observing, and reporting the location and movement of
friendly forces. (JP 3-09) Also called FFT.
frontal attack — A form of maneuver in which the attacking force seeks to destroy a weaker enemy force or fix a
larger enemy force in place over a broad front. (FM 3-90)
frustrated cargo — (DOD) Any shipment stopped prior to its destination that requires disposition instructions to
continue. (JP 4-18)
function — (DOD) The broad, general, and enduring role for which an organization is designed, equipped, and
trained. (JP 1 Volume 1)
functional damage assessment — (DOD) The estimate of the effect of military force to degrade or destroy the
functional or operational capability of the target to perform its intended mission and on the level of success in
achieving operational objectives established against the target. (JP 3-60)
fusion – Consolidating, combining, and correlating information together. (ADP 2-0).
—G—
gap — 1. An area free of obstacles that enables forces to maneuver in a tactical formation. (FM 3-90) 2. A
ravine, mountain pass, river, or other terrain feature that presents an obstacle that may be bridged. (ATP 3-
90.4)
gap crossing — The projection of combat power across a linear obstacle (wet or dry gap). (ATP 3-90.4)
general engineering — (DOD) Those engineering capabilities and activities, other than combat engineering,
that provide infrastructure and modify, maintain, or protect the physical environment. (JP 3-34) Also called GE.
general license — A document that generally or partially relaxes the exercise of the rights of war in regards to
trade in relation to any community or individuals liable to be affected by their operation. (FM 6-27)
general military intelligence — (DOD) Intelligence concerning the military capabilities of foreign countries or
organizations, or topics affecting potential United States or multinational military operations. (JP 2-0) Also
called GMI.
general support — (DOD) 1. Support given to the supported force as a whole and not to any particular
subdivision thereof. (JP 3-09.3) Also called GS.
general support-reinforcing — (Army) A support relationship assigned to a unit to support the force as a whole
and to reinforce another similar-type unit. (FM 3-0)
generated obscuration — Obscuration produced by generator systems, smoke pots, and hand grenades. (ATP
3-11.50)
geospatial data and information — The geographic-referenced and tactical objects and events that support the
unit mission, task, and purpose. (ATP 3-34.80)
geospatial engineering — (DOD) Those engineering capabilities and activities that contribute to a clear
understanding of the physical environment by providing geospatial information and services to commanders
and staffs. (JP 3-34) |
1-02.1 | 44 | Chapter 1
geospatial information and services — (DOD) The collection, information extraction, storage, dissemination,
and exploitation of geodetic, geomagnetic, imagery, gravimetric, aeronautical, topographic, hydrographic,
littoral, cultural, and toponymic data accurately referenced to a precise location on the Earth’s surface. (JP 2-
0)Also called GI&S.
global distribution — (DOD) The process that coordinates and synchronizes fulfillment of joint force
requirements from the point of origin to point of employment. (JP 4-09)
global force management — (DOD) Processes that align directed readiness, force assignment, allocation,
apportionment, and assessment methodologies in support of strategic guidance. (JP 3-35) Also called GFM.
global missile defense — (DOD) Missile defense operations, activities, or actions that affect more than one
combatant command and require synchronization among the affected commands to deter and prevent attacks,
destroy enemy Missiles, or nullify or reduce the effectiveness of an attack. (JP 3-01) Also called global MD.
Global Positioning System — (DOD) A satellite-based radio navigation system operated by the Department of
Defense to provide all military, civil, and commercial users with precise positioning, navigation, and timing. (JP
3-14) Also called GPS.
governance — (DOD) The state’s ability to serve the citizens through the rules, processes, and behavior by
which interests are articulated, resources are managed, and power is exercised in a society. (JP 3-24)
government-in-exile — A government that has been displaced from its country, but remains recognized as the
legitimate sovereign authority. (ATP 3-05.1)
government-owned containers — Containers purchased by the U.S. Government identified by ISO numbers
starting with USAU or USAX. (ATP 4-12)
grade resistance — The resistance offered by a grade to the progress of a train. (ATP 4-14) Also called GR.
graphic control measure — A symbol used on maps and displays to regulate forces and warfighting functions.
(ADP 6-0)
gross trailing load — The maximum tonnage that a locomotive can move under given conditions. (ATP 4-14)
Also called GTL.
ground-based interceptor — (DOD) A fixed-based, surface-to-air missile for defense against long-range
ballistic missiles using an exo-atmospheric hit-to-kill interception of the targeted reentry vehicle in the
midcourse phase of flight. (JP 3-01) Also called GBI.
ground-based midcourse defense — (DOD) A surface-to-air ballistic missile defense system for exo-
atmospheric midcourse phase interception of long-range ballistic missiles using the ground-based
interceptors. (JP 3-01) Also called GMD.
guard — A type of security operation done to protect the main body by fighting to gain time while preventing
enemy ground observation of and direct fire against the main body. (ADP 3-90)
guard rail — A rail or series of rails that lay parallel to the running rails of a track that help prevent derailments
by holding wheels in alignment and keeping derailed wheels on the ties. (ATP 4-14)
guarded frequencies — (DOD) A list of time-oriented, enemy frequencies that are currently being exploited for
combat information and intelligence or jammed after the commander has weighed the potential operational
gain against the loss of the technical information. (JP 3-85)
guerrilla — An irregular, predominantly indigenous member of a guerrilla force organized similar to military
concepts and structure in order to conduct military and paramilitary operations in enemy-held, hostile, or
denied territory. (ATP 3-05.1)
guerrilla base — A temporary site where guerrilla installations, headquarters, and some guerrilla units are
located. A guerrilla base is considered to be transitory and must be capable of rapid displacement by
personnel within the base. (ATP 3-05.1)
guerrilla force — (DOD) A group of irregular, predominantly indigenous personnel organized along military lines
to conduct military and paramilitary operations in enemy-held, hostile, or denied territory. (JP 3-05)
guerrilla warfare — Military and paramilitary operations conducted in enemy-held, hostile, or denied territory by
irregular, predominantly indigenous, guerrilla forces to reduce the effectiveness, industrial capacity, and
morale of the enemy. (ATP 3-18.1)
gun-target line — (DOD) An imaginary straight line from gun to target. (JP 3-09.3)
—H—
harassing fire — Fire designed to disturb enemy troops, curtail movement. (FM 3-09)
hasty breach — (DOD) The creation of lanes through enemy minefields by expedient methods such as blasting
with demolitions, pushing rollers or disabled vehicles through the minefields when the time factor does not
permit detailed reconnaissance, deliberate breaching, or bypassing the obstacle. (JP 3-15) |
1-02.1 | 45 | Military Terms
hasty crossing — The crossing of an inland water obstacle or other gap using the crossing means at hand or
those readily available, and made without pausing for elaborate preparations. (ATP 3-90.4)
hasty operation — An operation in which a commander directs immediately available forces, using fragmentary
orders, to perform tasks with minimal preparation, trading planning and preparation time for speed of
execution. (ADP 3-90)
hazard — (DOD) A condition with the potential to cause injury, illness, or death of personnel; damage to or loss
of equipment or property; or mission degradation. (JP 3-33)
hazardous waste — A solid waste that is listed as such in federal law or exhibits any of the hazardous
characteristics of ignitability, corrosiveness, reactivity, or toxicity. (ATP 3-34.5) Also called HW.
hazardous waste accumulation site — A specially designated site for the temporary collection of hazardous
wastes where no container may remain on site without permit for more than a specified duration, of which is
correlative to the amount of refuse stored. (ATP 3-34.5)
head of a contracting activity — (DOD) The official who has overall responsibility for managing the contracting
activity. (JP 4-10) Also called HCA.
health service support — (DOD) All services performed, provided, or arranged to promote, improve, conserve,
or restore the mental or physical well-being of personnel. (JP 4-02) Also called HSS. (Army) The support and
services performed, provided, and arranged by Army Medicine to promote, improve, conserve, or restore the
behavioral and physical well-being of personnel by providing direct patient care that include medical treatment
(organic and area support) and hospitalization, medical evacuation to include medical regulating, and medical
logistics to include blood management. (FM 4-02)
health surveillance — (DOD) The regular or repeated collection, analysis, and interpretation of health-related
data and the dissemination of information to monitor the health of a population and to identify potential health
risks, thereby enabling timely interventions to prevent, treat, reduce, or control disease and injury, which
includes occupational and environmental health surveillance and medical surveillance subcomponents. (JP 4-
02.)
H-hour — (DOD) 1. The specific hour on D-day at which a particular operation commences. (JP 5-0)
high-payoff target — (DOD) A target whose loss to the enemy will significantly contribute to the success of the
friendly course of action. (JP 3-60) Also called HPT.
high-payoff target list — A prioritized list of high-payoff targets by phase of the operation. (FM 3-60)
high-risk personnel — (DOD) Personnel who, by their grade, assignment, symbolic value, or relative isolation,
are likely to be attractive or accessible terrorist targets. (JP 3-26) Also called HRP.
high-value individual — A person of interest who is identified, surveilled, tracked, influenced, or engaged. (FM
3-60) Also called HVI.
high-value target — (DOD) A target the enemy commander requires for the successful completion of the
mission. (JP 3-60) Also called HVT.
historical documents — Documents, materials, and data collected by the field historian to supplement the
official record. (ATP 1-20)
historical monograph — An in-depth, systematically researched and presented historical work that focuses on
a single subject or event. (ATP 1-20)
homeland — (DOD) The physical region that includes the continental United States, Alaska, Hawaii, United
States territories, and surrounding territorial waters and airspace. (JP 3-28)
homeland defense — (DOD) The protection of United States sovereignty, territory, domestic population, and
critical infrastructure against external threats and aggression or other threats as directed by the President. (JP
3-27) Also called HD.
homeland security — (DOD) A concerted national effort to prevent terrorist attacks within the United States;
reduce America's vulnerability to terrorism, major disasters, and other emergencies; and minimize the damage
and recover from attacks, major disasters, and other emergencies that occur. (JP 3-28) Also called HS.
homing — (DOD) The technique whereby a mobile station directs itself, or is directed, towards a source of
primary or reflected energy, or to a specified point. (JP 3-50)
honor — The law of armed conflict principle that demands a certain amount of fairness in offense and defense
and a certain mutual respect between opposing forces. (FM 6-27) Also called chivalry.
host nation — (DOD) A nation which receives forces and/or supplies from allied nations and/or North Atlantic
Treaty Organization to be located on, to operate in, or to transit through its territory. (JP 3-57) Also called HN.
hostile act — (DOD) An attack or other use of force against the United States, United States forces, or other
designated persons or property to preclude or impede the mission and/or duties of United States forces,
including the recovery of United States personnel or vital United States Government property. (JP 3-28) |
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