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The ‘Althing’ is the national parliament of which country?	Althing \| Icelandic government \| Britannica.com Icelandic government See Article History Alternative Title: Althingi Althing, Icelandic Alþingi, unicameral legislature of Iceland . Founded at Thingvellir in southwestern Iceland c. 930, the Althing is one of the oldest national parliaments in the world. Meeting site of the first Althing (Icelandic parliament), in present-day Thingvellir, Ice. © Digital Vision/Getty Images While things , representative assemblies of freemen, were widespread throughout medieval Scandinavia , the Althing represented the first such body to exercise legislative power at the national level. The Althing met at Thingvellir from c. 930 to 1798, but it was abolished by decree of the Danish crown in 1800. The Althing was reconvened in Reykjavík in 1845, and it remained there, with the exception of a special session in Thingvellir that proclaimed the establishment of the Icelandic republic on June 17, 1944. Learn More in these related articles: legislature Lawmaking branch of a government. Before the advent of legislatures, the law was dictated by monarchs. Early European legislatures include the English Parliament and the Icelandic Althing (founded c. 930). Legislatures may be unicameral or bicameral (see bicameral system). Their powers may include... Iceland island country located in the North Atlantic Ocean. Lying on the constantly active geologic border between North America and Europe, Iceland is a land of vivid contrasts of climate, geography, and culture. Sparkling glaciers, such as Vatna Glacier (Vatnajökull), Europe’s largest, lie... Thingvellir historical site, southwestern Iceland, on the northern shore of Lake Thingvalla. From 930 to 1798 it was the annual meeting place of the Althing (Parliament). Though little remains of any of the early buildings, the spectacular setting in which much of Iceland’s early history unfolded is now... 4 References found in Britannica Articles Assorted References development of democracy (in democracy: Continental Europe ) former site at Thingvellir (in Thingvellir ) Icelandic history and government (in Iceland: Constitutional framework ) (in Iceland: Political developments ) Article History Corrections? Updates? Help us improve this article! Contact our editors with your feedback. MEDIA FOR: You have successfully emailed this. Error when sending the email. Try again later. Edit Mode Submit Tips For Editing We welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles. You can make it easier for us to review and, hopefully, publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind. Encyclopædia Britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience. You may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered. Any text you add should be original, not copied from other sources. At the bottom of the article, feel free to list any sources that support your changes, so that we can fully understand their context. (Internet URLs are the best.) Your contribution may be further edited by our staff, and its publication is subject to our final approval. Unfortunately, our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions. Submit Thank You for Your Contribution! Our editors will review what you've submitted, and if it meets our criteria, we'll add it to the article. Please note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors, and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed. Uh Oh There was a problem with your submission. Please try again later. Close Date Published: September 20, 2016 URL: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Althing Access Date: January 20, 2017 Share	Iceland
Which British group were banned from performing in the US for four years in the 1960’s?	Althing - Iceland's Parliament (Photo 5/85) Althing - Iceland's Parliament Althing - Iceland's Parliament The Althingi, anglicised variously as Althing or Althingi, is the national parliament (literally, "(the) all-thing", or general assembly) of Iceland. The Althing is the oldest parliamentary institution in the world still extant. It was founded in 930 at Thingvellir, (the "assembly fields" or "Parliament Plains"), situated approximately 45 km east of what later became the country's capital, Reykjavík, and this event marked the beginning of the Icelandic Commonwealth. Even after Iceland's union with Norway in 1262, the Althing still held its sessions at Þingvellir until 1799, when it was discontinued for 45 years. It was restored in 1844 and moved to Reykjavik, where it has resided ever since. The present parliament building, the Althingishus, was built in 1881, of hewn Icelandic stone. The constitution of Iceland provides for six electoral constituencies with the possibility of an increase to seven. The constituency boundaries are fixed by legislation. Each constituency elects nine members. In addition, each party is allocated seats based on its proportion of the overall national vote in order that the number of members in parliament for each political party should be more or less proportional to its overall electoral support. A party must have won at least five per cent of the national vote in order to be eligible for these proportionally distributed seats. Political participation in Iceland is very high: usually over 85 per cent of the electorate casts a ballot (87.7% in 2003). The current president of the Althing is Asta Ragnheiur Johannesdottir. ( Althing - Iceland's Parliament )	i don't know
How many people ride each elephant in the game of Elephant Polo?	Riding an African elephant Riding an African elephant Tweet on Twitter While Indian elephants have long been used to carry people on their backs, riding their much larger and wilder African cousins has always been seen as too dangerous. But with tame animals raised by humans, elephant-back safaris are quite safe, and the perfect way to move silently through the bush viewing game. Three South African game lodges offer elephant-back safaris: Camp Jabulani in Limpopo province, Addo Elephant Back Safaris in the Eastern Cape and the Elephant Sanctuary in Gauteng. Jabulani In 1997 a three-month-old elephant bull was found stuck in a silt dam near Hoedspruit in Limpopo. Discovered by Lente Roode, founder of the Hoedspruit Endangered Species Centre and now owner of Camp Jabulani, the exhausted and malnourished elephant calf was immediately taken to the centre. Roode named the calf Jabulani, meaning “happiness” or “rejoice”, but experts had little hope for his survival without his mother’s milk. But a formula was developed and Jabulani pulled through. Raised in captivity, a attempted reintroduction into the wild herd of elephants on Kapama Game Reserve when he was two years old failed. At five years old the young bull really needed an elephant family when the perfect opportunity presented itself. In 2002, Roode learned of a herd of 12 trained elephants in Zimbabwe whose lives were in jeopardy after the game farm where they lived was invaded by war veterans. Roode bought the elephants, which were moved to the Kapama Private Game Reserve in South Africa. When Jabulani was introduced to the herd, the matriarch Tokwe immediately adopted him as her own. Game viewing from elephant back This was to be the start of elephant-back safaris in South Africa, and the luxury six-suite tented camp Camp Jabulani, named after the feisty little bull. The 13 adult elephants – Sebekwe, Mnuyati, Nfuli, Joe, Jim, Setombe, Semopane, Tokwe, Lundi, Fishan, Bubu, Dande and Jabulani – take guests out on daily excursions to the bush. At night the elephants sleep in stables. Guests are seated on a comfortable canvas-covered saddle mounted behind an experienced elephant handler. From this vantage point they are able to view game – antelope, giraffe and zebra – up close as the elephants move silently in single file through the bush. It is also possible to see the Big Five as the reserve contains lions, wild elephant, leopard, rhino and buffalo. Each safari lasts for about an hour and 20 minutes and includes a talk by the elephant master on elephant behaviour before the ride, and refreshments afterwards. Guests mount and dismount from a specially built platform level with the elephant’s back. Elephant-back safaris are available to day visitors too, but for guests staying over at Camp Jabulani safaris are included in the tariff and can be enjoyed both as a daytime excursion and a night safari with spotlights. Guests may have as many rides as they want, but the activity is not available to children younger than 12 years. The 13 elephants can carry a maximum of 18 passengers between them at any one time. Riding in Addo In the Zuurberg mountains of Greater Addo – but not affiliated to the national park – is Addo Elephant Back Safaris. At this Eastern Cape lodge guests have the option to walk with or ride the three resident elephants through some of Africa’s most diverse landscapes. Addo Elephant Back Safaris Walks with the elephants allow guests to observe their behaviour in natural surroundings, while riding the gentle pachyderms gives an excellent perspective of the area – at a peaceful and gentle pace. Bush, ravines and forest are encountered on each outing, before relaxing at a waterhole while the elephants frolic and swim. There are numerous daily options, from a two-hour morning walk and ride with snacks provided, to a three-hour walk and ride with lunch, an afternoon walk and ride with drinks and snacks for two hours, to a late-afternoon sundowner encounter with elephants, with drinks and snacks provided and lasting an hour. Elephant Sanctuary Elephant Sanctuary and Guest Lodge is in the scenic Magaliesberg mountains, just 45 minutes from Johannesburg and Tshwane. The sanctuary lies in natural indigenous bush and is home to plenty of wildlife and about 350 species of birds – and 12 African elephants. Elephant Sanctuary Elephant Sanctuary offers guests a comprehensive, hands-on elephant experience that enriches and informs. Mosadi, Moroela, Khumba, Thandi, Jabu, Themba, Mvuso, Kitso, Thaba, Tumelo and Kasper ensure that guests will leave with new-found respect and admiration for the gentleness and intelligence of African elephants. Activities include touching, feeding and brushing elephants, walking with them or riding them through the bush. Guests can opt for a day trip to the sanctuary or overnight in the 10-bedded Indo-African lodge, where all rooms share a common wall with the elephants’ stables.	two
Sheppey and Canvey are islands in which English river estuary?	Elephant \| San Diego Zoo Animals & Plants San Diego Zoo Animals & Plants Loxodonta africana (African) and Elephas maximus (Asian) Class: Mammalia (Mammals) Genera: Loxodonta (African) and Elephas (Asian) Species: africana and maximus Subspecies: L. africana africana (African bush), L. africana cyclotis (African forest); E. maximus indicus (Indian), E. maximus maximus (Ceylon), E. maximus sumatranus (Sumatran) ABOUT Have you "herd"? They’re enormous and intelligent, strong and sociable. Humans have been impressed by elephants for centuries, simply because they are so big—a male African elephant can weigh up to 7.5 tons (6.8 metric tons)! They also amaze us with their long and flexible noses, large and flapping ears, and loose, wrinkly skin. There are many stories about elephants—you’ve probably heard of Horton, Babar, and Dumbo. Elephants are one of the best-known animals in the world. If all elephants seem the same to you, take a closer look. There are two elephant species that are usually recognized: the African elephant and the Asian elephant. There is some ongoing debate about how many subspecies may exist, or whether some of these might, in fact, be species in their own right. Here are a few ways to tell them apart: - African elephants have large ears that are shaped like the continent of Africa, both males and females have visible tusks, their skin is very wrinkly, their back is swayed, and the end of their trunk works as if they have two fingers there to help them pick things up. African elephants are the largest mammals on land. - Asian elephants have smaller ears, usually only the males have visible tusks, their skin is not as wrinkly as African elephants’, they only have one "finger" at the ends of their trunk, and their back is dome-shaped. Cool ears! An elephant's ears are a like an air conditioner. As elephants flap their ears on a hot day, the blood flowing through the many blood vessels in the ears is cooled. If they have just splashed around in a river, all the better! This ear flapping behavior cools their large bodies on warm days. The skinny on skin. The term “pachyderm” is from the Greek word pachydermos, which means "thick skinned," and this term often refers to both elephants and hippopotamuses. An elephant's skin can be up to 1 inch (2.54 centimeters) thick on some parts of its body. It’s also loose, which makes the elephant look like it's wearing baggy pants or sagging stockings. But there’s a good reason for this—it keeps the animal cool by trapping moisture that takes longer to evaporate. And even though it’s thick, an elephant's skin is also very sensitive to touch and sunburn. Elephants often spray themselves with water or roll in the mud or dust for protection from the sun and biting insects. Really long in the tooth. Tusks are an elephant's incisor teeth and are the only incisors an elephant has. They are used for defense, digging for water and food, and lifting things. The tusks present at birth are milk teeth, which fall out after a year when they are about 12 inches (5 centimeters) long. Permanent tusks extend beyond the lips at about two to three years and grow throughout the animal’s life. The tusks are composed of ivory (dentine) beneath the outer layer of enamel, but the peculiar diamond pattern of the elephant’s tusk gives it a distinctive luster that ivory tusks of other mammals such as hippos, warthogs, walruses, and sperm whales don’t have, and African elephants are sometimes killed by poachers just for their ivory tusks. Elephants also have four molars, one on the top and one on the bottom on both sides of the mouth. One molar can weigh about 5 pounds (2.3 kilograms) and is the size of a brick! Each elephant can go through up to six sets of molars in its lifetime. New teeth do not erupt vertically, as in most mammals, but grow in from behind, pushing the old worn-out teeth forward and out, like a production line of teeth moving along the jaw from back to front. When elephants get old, their remaining molars are sensitive and worn down, so they prefer to eat softer food. Marshes are the perfect place for soft plant food, so old elephants are often found there. Many times they stay there until they die. This practice led some people to think that elephants went to special burial grounds to die. The nose knows. An elephant's trunk is both an upper lip and a nose. There are 8 major muscles on each side of the trunk and 150,000 muscle fascicles (portions of muscles) for the entire trunk. There are no bones or cartilage in this unique appendage. An elephant's trunk is so strong it can push down trees and so agile that it can pick up a single piece of straw. Elephants also use their trunk like we use our hands: to grab, hold, pick up, reach, touch, pull, push, and throw. The trunk is still a nose, too, and has two nostrils at the end that suck air up the long nasal passages and into the lungs. Elephants also use their trunks to drink, but the water doesn’t go all the way up the nose like a straw; instead, the elephant sucks water only part way up the trunk, curls it toward its mouth, tilts its head up, and lets the water from the trunk pour in. Sounds of music. Elephants make many different sounds; humans cannot hear some of these sounds, as their frequency is too low for our ears. Elephants use these sounds to communicate with each other over long distances. Have you ever had your stomach growl at an unfortunate moment? Well, stomach growls are a welcome sound in elephant society; a stomach that makes loud rumbling and growling noises seems to signal to others that everything is “okay.” The largest elephant on record was an adult male African elephant. He weighed about 24,000 pounds (10,886 kilograms) and was 13 feet (3.96 meters) tall at the shoulder! Most elephants don't get that large, but African bush elephants do grow larger than Asian elephants. HABITAT AND DIET Home is where the herd is. Asian elephants live in India, Nepal, and parts of Southeast Asia. Their habitat is scrub forest and rain forest, and they are often found along rivers during dry months. African bush elephants are found in eastern, central and southern Africa, living in lowland and montane forests, flood plains, and all types of woodland and savanna. The smaller African forest elephants inhabit the Congo basin and western Africa in moist, semi-deciduous rain forests. Elephants eat all types of vegetation, from grass and fruit to leaves and bark—about 165 to 330 pounds (75 to 150 kilograms) each day, which is about 4 to 6 percent of their body weight. They spend an average of 16 hours per day eating! Bush elephants are grazer-browsers and eat grasses, including sedges, flowering plants, leaves, shrubs, and small- to medium-size trees. Forest elephants are browser-frugivores and eat leaves, fruits, seeds, branches, and bark. Asian elephants are both browsers (feeding on shrubs and trees during the dry season and after heavy rains) and grazers (feeding on grass during the first part of the wet season). They can consume many species of plants, as well as twigs and bark. The choice of plants varies with seasons. The elephants at the San Diego Zoo and the San Diego Zoo Safari Park eat less than their wild counterparts—about 125 pounds (57 kilograms) of food each day—because they don’t have to burn as many calories looking for food. Still, the adult male African elephants at the Safari Park need to eat over 70,000 calories each day! Our elephants are offered hay, herbivore pellets, acacia browse, celery, cucumbers, and lettuce daily. Elephants drink 20 to 50 gallons (75 to 190 liters) of water each day. FAMILY LIFE All elephants live in close social groups called herds, usually made up of related females and their offspring. The leader of the herd is known as the matriarch; she is usually the oldest and most experienced female in the group. The matriarch remembers where and how to find food and water, how to avoid predators, and the best places for shelter. She also keeps the younger elephants in line and teaches them how to behave in elephant society. In some cases the group may include one of the matriarch’s sisters and her offspring. When groups get too big, “bond groups” split off but maintain a loose association. Adult males don't usually live in a herd. Once male elephants are old enough to find their own food and protect themselves, they leave the herd and live on their own or form bachelor herds with other males. Only after they become adults do they visit herds of females, and that is only for short periods of time to breed. Bulls do not take part in caring for the young. Ellie etiquette. Good manners are important in elephant society. Trunks are used in greeting: a lower-ranking animal will insert its trunk tip into the other’s mouth. A trunk may be held out to an approaching elephant as a greeting and is also used in caressing, twining, wrestling, and checking reproductive status. Stranger danger. Elephant calves could be a potential meal for hyenas, lions, leopards, or crocodiles, but as long as they stay near Mom or their herd, they have little to worry about. If an elephant senses danger, it trumpets a loud alarm call to alert the others. The herd then forms a protective ring, with youngsters in the middle and the adults facing out to confront a potential predator. A healthy adult elephant’s only foe is a human poacher with a powerful rifle. At birth a baby elephant, called a calf, may stand three feet (one meter) tall. A calf is usually quite hairy, with a long tail and a very short trunk, and is very dependent upon its mother and other members of the herd. The little one uses its mouth to drink its mother's milk, so it doesn't need a long trunk to feed. Calves stick close to Mom and nurse frequently; they gain, on average, 2 to 3 pounds (1 to 1.3 kilograms) a day in their first year! Herd mates tend to look out for the calves if they are in distress. Despite all the playtime and protection, calves still have to navigate through social nuances and establish their social rank within the herd. Babies spend their days practicing making all four legs go in the same direction at the same time, perfecting their ear flaring, and mastering trunk control. Calves are clumsy at first with their trunk, but they learn to use it as they grow older. By the time they are two to three years old, they no longer need to nurse. AT THE ZOO Empress and Queenie were the San Diego Zoo’s first elephants, arriving here in 1923 via train from San Francisco. After being led off the train, the two Asian elephants refused to move another step, no matter how much encouragement they received. The Zoo’s founder, Harry Wegeforth, M.D., was there to greet them, and it occurred to him that they were probably used to being ridden, so he climbed up on Empress and another staff member did the same with Queenie, and off they walked from the train station to the Zoo, gathering many astonished looks along the way! Peaches was the San Diego Zoo’s first African elephant—and she made sure to be a memorable one, too. When she arrived in 1953, she was three years old, smart, curious, and, as then ZOONOOZ editor Ken Stott described her, “playful as a quarter-ton kitten.” She had made the journey from Africa to San Diego with keeper Ralph “Gabe” Davis, and they got along famously—at least most of the time. When Gabe gave her breakfast, she would grumble and trumpet at him until he left her alone to eat—apparently, she was not sociable in the morning. She also showed a marked preference for men, even pushing away Zoo Executive Director Belle Benchley when she tried to say hello. Peaches did become more mellow as she grew up, but even as an adult, she still had a way of “flirting” with men while more often than not giving women a cool stare. Since that time, we've had numerous elephants at our two facilities, and our first elephant birth occurred in 1981. In 1971, Asian elephant Carol became famous by appearing on The Tonight Show with the Zoo’s animal ambassador Joan Embery, to meet Johnny Carson and paint for him while millions watched nationwide! Today, five elephants live in the Zoo’s Elephant Odyssey habitat. Its features include the state-of-the-art Elephant Care Center, which is helpful, as our herd is made up of older, non-breeding elephants at this time. Two of them—Mary and Devi—are Asian elephants and three of them—Tembo, Shaba, and Mila—are African bush elephants. Tembo (Swahili for elephant) has lived at the Zoo for much of her life. Before we adopted her, she was an animal actor, and appeared in the TV series Born Free as—you guessed it—a baby elephant! We think she was born around 1972, and her official birthday is the first of January. In fact, most of our elephants have the same birthday. As most were orphaned or rescued in the wild, we can only estimate their ages. So, we use the same system as racehorse owners. On New Year's Day, they all officially become a year older! At the Safari Park, a herd of seven African elephants, born in Kruger National Park in South Africa in 1991, was translocated to Swaziland in 1994. Yet just a few years later, they were scheduled to be culled due to overpopulation. Fortunately, the herd instead was brought to San Diego on a truly "jumbo" plane in August 2003. A fellow herd-mate from Africa followed in October 2009, by way of the Lowry Park Zoo in Tampa, Florida. These elephants are one of the most genetically valuable African elephant herds in North America. Since their arrival at the San Diego Zoo Safari Park, their numbers have grown. The success of this group at the Safari Park helped earn us the Association of Zoos and Aquariums’ 2014 award for significantly enhancing the conservation of a species. In March 2012, five of those elephants were moved to the Reid Park Zoo in Arizona to start a new herd. Today, the Safari Park is home to 13 African bush elephants: 5 adults and 8 calves of varying ages. Our newest calf, Qinisa, was born on August 28, 2012. To best manage the elephants’ health at both the Zoo and the Safari Park, these behemoths are trained to present various body parts to keepers for inspection and care. Whether it is daintily presenting a foot, patiently standing parallel to the bars for a cleaning, or offering up their trunk for a saline flush, these animals are clearly highly cognizant and deserve the best care. As a species that has spent millions of years patrolling the parched African landscape following ancient mental maps to water sources, it’s no wonder that swimming pools and mud wallows are a big hit with our elephants. On warm days, guests can be treated to views of the Park’s younger elephants cavorting about in the pool, spraying each other with trunks full of water and horsing around with their friends in the sun. Elephants both in the wild and in zoos often rub their tusks against hard surfaces, which sometimes damages them. Elephant youngster Khosi, born at the Park in September 2006, wore down her tusks over time, so in 2011 our veterinary team performed a pulpotomy, which is like a root canal on a tusk, and then placed permanent stainless-steel caps on each of her tusks to prevent further wear. The procedure went well, thanks to intense planning, training and desensitizing the elephant, and collaboration among the Park’s keepers and veterinary staff. At the Park, you may see some of the elephants wearing an anklet “accelerometer,” which is essentially a high-tech pedometer measuring step count and activity, as part of our Elephant Walking Study. Additionally, some of the elephants are trained to wear a collar around their neck that holds a GPS unit and a digital infrasonic recorder. This research will expand to the Zoo, and then to other zoos around the country to help us gather as much accurate activity and behavioral data as possible, which will ensure that elephants in zoos receive the best, most appropriate care possible. CONSERVATION Elephants have been hunted relentlessly for their tusks (even though they’re made of dentine, the same as our teeth). Elephants are now protected, but poachers still hunt them, and they face other problems, too. Because they are so big and need so much food, they can eat themselves out of “house and home.” Elephants and people often come into conflict as elephant habitats undergo dramatic reductions in size. Asian and African forest elephants are listed as endangered, primarily due to habitat loss and fragmentation. African bush elephants are threatened, primarily due to habitat loss and being poached for their tusks. We are actively promoting the conservation of elephants through a variety of methods aimed at understanding elephant behavior and their reproductive biology in their natural habitats and in zoos. We can apply the knowledge we gain studying the elephants at the San Diego Zoo and San Diego Zoo Safari Park to help sustain elephants in their native environments. In one multidisciplinary approach, our scientists record elephant auditory communication and behavior for a clearer understanding of the social dynamics of a herd and the relationship between mother and calf. In another, we’re recording and plotting calf weights as a measure of health. To promote genetic diversity, we’re sharing bull elephant semen with other facilities in an effort to enhance the gene pool of managed populations. To further reproductive success, we are monitoring hormones to uncover the details of the complex estrous cycle of elephants. At the Safari Park, we are studying how many miles our elephants move each day by having select individuals wear specially designed pedometers. Eventually, results will be compared between individual animals, zoos, and even what has been documented in nature to see if zoo elephants get enough exercise. Partnerships and collaborations. We continue to financially support field conservation efforts in Swaziland and are working with the Northern Rangelands Trust to preserve large tracts of land in Kenya and helping local ecologists and rangers reduce human-elephant conflict in the area. In the past, we have partnered with the Pinnewala Elephant Orphanage in Sri Lanka, where Asian elephants are managed in conditions very similar to that of their wild counterparts. The small country of Botswana is home to the largest contiguous wild elephant population remaining on the African continent. San Diego Zoo Global has partnered with the nonprofit Elephants Without Borders (EWB) to delve further into research to answer questions about elephants, their behavior, and the best ways to help conserve them. Blood samples from wild elephants have been taken to our labs for ongoing genetic studies; fecal samples are collected for analysis of diet and stress in elephant populations throughout their range to possibly determine health conditions and motivation for elephant travels. Elephants Without Borders has been deploying satellite-monitoring collars on elephants throughout northern Botswana since 2000, having tracked over 90 individual elephants; this is one of the longest and largest elephant movement studies in Africa. Every individual pachyderm has its unique character and intriguing story to his or her own seasonal march, preferred routes, and favored places. Each new elephant fitted with a tracking device provides new information to understand the ecology of these animals. Unpredictable individual ranging behavior coupled with a dynamic, ever-changing environment in Botswana underscore the need for long-term elephant studies. The elephants are tracked from a fixed-wing plane, which allows a visual assessment of collared elephants to determine herd structure and habitat use. In collaboration with San Diego Zoo Global, Elephants Without Borders has established a conservation farming project in the Chobe Enclave in Botswana. This project is developing experimental plots with various methods of keeping elephants away from crops, including farming of specific chili species that are thought to be unpalatable to elephants and may deter them from invading crop areas. Along with aerial survey wildlife counts and satellite-collared elephant data, these projects are essential for developing community-based conservation programs to reduce human-elephant conflict and make better-informed conservation decisions for all. In addition, San Diego Zoo Global has developed anesthesia techniques that are used at other zoos and in the wild and is a member of the International Elephant Foundation. All of these efforts help us and other zoos continue to provide the highest level of care for our elephants and to assist elephants in the wild. Sounds	i don't know
Conglomerations of frozen ice crystals which fall through the Earth’s atmosphere are commonly known as what?	1000+ images about Snowflakes that fall on my nose and eyelashes on Pinterest \| Beautiful, Nature and Snow "Physics professor Kenneth from California Institute of Technology has been studying snowflakes since 1997. Using a special device, he shows us what they look like in reality." See More	Snowflake
Bucket, Poison Ivy, Cincinnati and Pumpkin are all terms used in which sport/game?	Earth Science - A Quick Summary of Earth Science Earth Science A QUICK SUMMARY OF EARTH SCIENCE from: Foundations of Earth Science (Third Edition) by Frederick K. Lutgens and Edward J. Tarbuck Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks Summary top A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic solid that possesses a definite chemical structure, which gives it a unique set of physical properties. Most rocks are aggregates composed of two or more minerals. The building blocks of minerals are elements. An atom is the smallest particle of matter that still retains the characteristics of an element. Each atom has a nucleus which contains protons and neutrons. Orbiting the nucleus of an atom are electrons. The number of protons in an atom's nucleus determines its atomic number and the name of the element. Atoms bond together to form a compound by either gaining, losing, or sharing electrons with another atom. Isotopes are variants of the same element, but with a different mass number (the total number of neutrons plus protons found in an atom's nucleus). Some isotopes are unstable and disintegrate naturally through a process called radioactive decay. The properties of minerals include crystal form, luster, color, streak, hardness, cleavage, fracture, and specific gravity. In addition, a number of special physical and chemical properties (taste, smell, elasticity, malleability, feel, magnetism, double refraction, and chemical reaction to hydrochloric acid) are useful in identifying certain minerals. Each mineral has a unique set of properties which can be used for identification. The eight most abundant elements found in Earth's continental crust (oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium) also compose the majority of minerals. The most common mineral group is the silicates. All silicate minerals have the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron as their fundamental building block. In some silicate minerals, the tetrahedra are joined in chains; in others, the tetrahedra are arranged into sheets, or three-dimensional networks. Each silicate mineral has a structure and a chemical composition that indicates the conditions under which it was formed. The nonsilicate mineral groups include the oxides (e.g., magnetite, mined for iron), sulfides (e.g., sphalerite, mined for zinc), sulfates (e.g., gypsum, used in plaster and frequently found in sedimentary rocks), native elements (e.g., graphite, a dry lubricant), halides (e.g., halite, common salt and frequently found in sedimentary rocks), and carbonates (e.g., calcite, used in portland cement and a major constituent in two well-known rocks: limestone and marble). The term ore is used to denote useful metallic minerals, like hematite (mined for iron) and galena (mined for lead), that can be mined for a profit, as well as some nonmetallic minerals, such as fluorite and sulfur, that contain useful substances. Rocks: Materials of the Lithosphere Summary top Igneous rock forms from magma that cools and solidifies in a process called crystallization. Sedimentary rock forms from the lithification of sediment. Metamorphic rock forms from rock that has been subjected to great pressure and heat in a process called metamorphism. The rate of cooling of magma greatly influences the size of mineral crystals in igneous rock. The four basic igneous rock textures are 1) fine-grained, 2) coarse-grained, 3) porphyritic, and 4) glassy. The mineral makeup of an igneous rock is ultimately determined by the chemical composition of the magma from which it crystallized. N.L. Bowen showed that as magma cools, minerals crystallize in an orderly fashion. Crystal settling can change the composition of magma and cause more than one rock type to form from a common parent magma. Igneous rocks are classified by their texture and mineral composition. Weathering is the response of surface materials to a changing environment. Mechanical weathering, the physical disintegration of material into smaller fragments, is accomplished by frost wedging, expansion resulting from unloading, and biological activity. Chemical weathering involves processes by which the internal structures of minerals are altered by the removal and/or addition of elements. It occurs when materials are oxidized or react with acid, such as carbonic acid. Detrital sediments are materials that originate and are transported as solid particles derived from weathering. Chemical sediments are soluble materials produced largely by chemical weathering that are precipitated by either inorganic or organic processes. Detrital sedimentary rocks, which are classified by particle size, contain a variety of mineral and rock fragments, with clay minerals and quartz the chief constituents. Chemical sedimentary rocks often contain the products of biological processes such as shells or mineral crystals that form as water evaporates and minerals precipitate. Lithification refers to the processes by which sediments are transformed into solid sedimentary rocks. Common detrital sedimentary rocks include shale (the most common sedimentary rock), sandstone, and conglomerate. The most abundant chemical sedimentary rock is limestone, composed chiefly of the mineral calcite. Rock gypsum and rock salt are chemical rocks that form as water evaporates and triggers the deposition of chemical precipitates. Some of the features of sedimentary rocks that are often used in the interpretation of Earth history and past environments include strata, or beds (the single most characteristic feature), bedding planes, and fossils. Two types of metamorphism are 1) regional metamorphism and 2) contact metamorphism. The agents of metamorphism include heat, pressure, and chemically active fluids. Heat is perhaps the most important because it provides the energy to drive the reactions that result in the recrystallization of minerals. Metamorphic processes cause many changes in rocks, including increased density, growth of larger mineral crystals, reorientation of the mineral grains into a layered or banded appearance known as foliation, and the formation of new minerals. Some common metamorphic rocks with a foliated texture include slate, schist, and gneiss. Metamorphic rocks with a nonfoliated texture include marble and quartzite. top Weathering, mass wasting, and erosion are responsible for transforming solid rock into sediment. They are called external processes because they occur at or near Earth's surface and are powered by energy from the Sun. By contrast, internal processes, such as volcanism and mountain building, derive their energy from Earth's interior. Mass wasting is the downslope movement of rock and soil under the direct influence of gravity. Although gravity is the controlling force of mass wasting, water influences mass wasting by saturating the pore spaces and destroying the cohesion between particles. Oversteepening is one factor that triggers mass wasting. The water cycle describes the continuous interchange of water among the oceans, atmosphere, and continents. Powered by energy from the sun, it is a global system in which the atmosphere provides the link between the oceans and continents. The processes involved in the water cycle include precipitation, evaporation, infiltration (the movement of water into rocks or soil through cracks and pore spaces), runoff (water that flows over the land, rather than infiltrating into the ground), and transpiration (the release of water vapor to the atmosphere by plants). The factors that determine a stream's velocity are gradient (slope of the stream channel), shape, size and roughness of the channel, and the stream's discharge (amount of water passing a given point per unit of time, frequently measured in cubic feet per second). Most often, the gradient and roughness of a stream decrease downstream while width, depth, discharge, and velocity increase. The two general types of base level (the lowest point to which a stream may erode its channel) are 1) ultimate base level, and 2) temporary, or local base level. Any change in base level will cause a stream to adjust and establish a new balance. Lowering base level will cause a stream to erode, while raising base level results in deposition of material in the channel. The work of a stream includes erosion (the incorporation of material), transportation (as dissolved load, suspended load, and bed load), and, whenever a stream's velocity decreases, deposition. Although many gradations exist, the two general types of stream valleys are 1) narrow V-shaped valleys and 2) wide valleys with flat floors. Because the dominant activity is downcutting toward base level, narrow valleys often contain waterfalls and rapids. When a stream has cut its channel closer to base level, its energy is directed from side to side, and erosion produces a flat valley floor, or floodplain. Streams that flow upon floodplains often move in sweeping bends called meanders. Widespread meandering may result in shorter channel segments, called cutoffs, and/or abandoned bends, called oxbow lakes. Floods are triggered by heavy rains and/or snowmelt. Sometimes human interference can worsen or even cause floods. Flood-control measures include the building of artificial levees and dams, as well as channelization, which could involve creating artificial cutoffs. Many scientists and engineers advocate a nonstructural approach to flood control that involves more appropriate land use. Common drainage patterns produced by streams include 1) dendritic, 2) radial, 3) rectangular, and 4) trellis. As a resource, groundwater represents the largest reservoir of freshwater that is readily available to humans. Geologically, the dissolving action of groundwater produces caves and sinkholes. Groundwater is also an equalizer of stream flow. Groundwater is that water which occupies the pore spaces in sediment and rock in a zone beneath the surface called the zone of saturation. The upper limit of this zone is the water table. The zone of aeration is above the water table where the soil, sediment, and rock are not saturated. Groundwater generally moves within the zone of saturation. The quantity of water that can be stored depends on the porosity (the volume of open spaces) of the material. However, the permeability (the ability to transmit a fluid through interconnected pore spaces) of a material is the primary factor controlling the movement of groundwater. Springs occur whenever the water table intersects the land surface and a natural flow of groundwater results. Wells, openings bored into the zone of saturation, withdraw groundwater and create roughly conical depressions in the water table known as cones of depression. Artesian wells occur when water rises above the level at which it was initially encountered. Most caverns form in limestone at or below the water table when acidic groundwater dissolves rock along lines of weakness, such as joints and bedding planes. Karst topography exhibits an irregular terrain punctuated with many depressions, called sinkholes. Some of the current environmental problems involving groundwater include 1) overuse by intense irrigation, 2) land subsidence caused by groundwater withdrawal, and 3) contamination. top A glacier is a thick mass of ice originating on the land as a result of the compaction and recrystallization of snow, and shows evidence of past or present flow. Today, valley or alpine glaciers are found in mountain areas where they usually follow valleys that were originally occupied by streams. Ice sheets exist on a much larger scale, covering most of Greenland and Antarctica. On the surface of a glacier, ice is brittle. However, below about 50 meters, pressure is great, causing ice to flow like a plastic material. A second important mechanism of glacial movement consists of the whole ice mass slipping along the ground. Glaciers erode land by plucking (lifting pieces of bedrock out of place) and abrasion (grinding and scraping of a rock surface). Erosional features produced by valley glaciers include glacial troughs, hanging valleys, cirques, arêtes, horns, and fiords. Any sediment of glacial origin is called drift. The two distinct types of glacial drift are 1) till, which is material deposited directly by the ice; and 2) stratified drift, which is sediment laid down by meltwater from a glacier. The most widespread features created by glacial deposition are layers or ridges of till, called moraines. Associated with valley glaciers are lateral moraines, formed along the sides of the valley, and medial moraines, formed between two valley glaciers that have joined. End moraines, which mark the former position of the front of a glacier, and ground moraine, an undulating layer of till deposited as the ice front retreats, are common to both valley glaciers and ice sheets. Perhaps the most convincing evidence for the occurrence of several glacial advances during the Ice Age is the widespread existence of multiple layers of drift and an uninterrupted record of climate cycles preserved in sea- floor sediments. In addition to massive erosional and depositional work, other effects of Ice Age glaciers included the forced migration of animals, changes in stream and river courses, adjustment of the crust by rebounding after the removal of the immense load of ice, and climate changes caused by the existence of the glaciers themselves. In the sea, the most far-reaching effect of the Ice Age was the worldwide change in sea level that accompanied each advance and retreat of the ice sheets. Deserts in the lower latitudes coincide with zones of high air pressure known as subtropical highs. Middle latitude deserts exist because of their positions in the deep interiors of large continents, far removed from oceans. Mountains also act to shield these regions from marine air masses. Practically all desert streams are dry most of the time and are said to be ephemeral. Nevertheless, running water is responsible for most of the erosional work in a desert. Although wind erosion is more significant in dry areas than elsewhere, the main role of wind in a desert is in the transportation and deposition of sediment. Many of the landscapes of the Basin and Range region of the western and southwestern United States are the result of interior drainage with streams eroding uplifted mountain blocks and depositing the sediment in interior basins. Alluvial fans, playas, playa lakes, and inselbergs are features often associated with these landscapes. In order for wind erosion to be effective, dryness and scant vegetation are essential. Deflation, the lifting and removal of loose material, often produces shallow depressions called blowouts and can also lower the surface by removing sand and silt, leaving behind a stony veneer called desert pavement. Abrasion, the "sandblasting" effect of wind, is often given too much credit for producing desert features. However, abrasion does cut and polish rock near the surface. Wind deposits are of two distinct types: 1) extensive blankets of silt, called loess, that is carried by wind in suspension; and 2) mounds and ridges of sand, called dunes, which are formed from sediment that is carried as part of the wind's bed load. Plate Tectonics: A Unifying Theory Summary top In the early 1900s, Alfred Wegener set forth his continental drift hypothesis. One of its major tenets was that a supercontinent called Pangaea began breaking apart into smaller continents about 200 million years ago. The smaller continental fragments then "drifted" to their present positions. To support the claim that the now-separate continents were once joined, Wegener and others used the fit of South America and Africa, distribution of ancient climates, fossil evidence, and rock structures. One of the main objections to the continental drift hypothesis was its inability to provide an acceptable mechanism for the movement of continents. The theory of plate tectonics, a far more encompassing theory than continental drift, holds that Earth's rigid outer shell, called the lithosphere, consists of seven large and numerous smaller segments called plates that are in motion relative to each other. Most of Earth's seismic activity, volcanism, and mountain building occur along the dynamic margins of these plates. A major departure of the plate tectonics theory from the continental drift hypothesis is that large plates contain both continental and ocean crust and the entire plate moves. By contrast, in continental drift, Wegener proposed that the sturdier continents "drifted" by breaking through the oceanic crust, much like ice breakers cut through ice. The three distinct types of plate boundaries are 1) divergent boundaries–where plates move apart, 2) convergent boundaries–where plates move together as in oceanic-continental convergence, oceanic-oceanic convergence, or continental-continental convergence, and 3) transform boundaries–where plates slide past each other. The theory of plate tectonics is supported by 1) paleomagnetism, the direction and intensity of Earth's magnetism in the geologic past; 2) the global distribution of earthquakes and their close association with plate boundaries; 3) the ages of sediments from the floors of the deep-ocean basins; and 4) the existence of island groups that formed over hot spots and provide a frame of reference for tracing the direction of plate motion. Several models for the driving mechanism of plates have been proposed. One model involves large convection cells within the mantle carrying the overlying plates. Another model called slab-pull proposes that dense oceanic material descends and pulls the lithosphere along. A third model suggests that hot, buoyant plumes of rock are the upward flowing arms, while the downward limbs of these convective cells are the cold, dense subducting plates. No single driving mechanism can account for all of the major facets of plate motion. Restless Earth: Earthquakes, Geologic Structures, and Mountain Building Summary top Earthquakes are vibrations of Earth produced by the rapid release of energy from rocks that rupture because they have been subjected to stresses beyond their limit. This energy, which takes the form of waves, radiates in all directions from the earthquake's source, called the focus. The movements that produce most earthquakes occur along large fractures, called faults, that are associated with plate boundaries. Two main groups of seismic waves are generated during an earthquake: 1) surface waves, which travel along the outer layer of Earth; and 2) body waves, which travel through Earth's interior. Body waves are further divided into primary, or P, waves, which push (compress) and pull (dilate) rocks in the direction the wave is traveling, and secondary, or S, waves, which "shake" the particles in rock at right angles to their direction of travel. P waves can travel through solids, liquids, and gases. Fluids (gases and liquids) will not transmit S waves. In any solid material, P waves travel about 1.7 times faster than S waves. The location on Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake is the epicenter. An epicenter is determined using the difference in velocities of P and S waves. There is a close correlation between earthquake epicenters and plate boundaries. The principal earthquake epicenter zones are along the outer margin of the Pacific Ocean, known as the circum-Pacific belt, and through the world's oceans along the oceanic ridge system. Earthquake intensity depends not only on the strength of the earthquake, but on other factors, such as distance from the epicenter, the nature of surface materials, and building design. The Mercalli intensity scale assesses the damage from a quake at a specific location. Using the Richter scale, the magnitude (a measure of the total amount of energy released) of an earthquake is determined by measuring the amplitude (maximum displacement) of the largest seismic wave recorded, with adjustments of the amplitude made for the weakening of seismic waves as they move from the focus, as well as for the sensitivity of the recording instrument. A logarithmic scale is used to express magnitude, in which a tenfold increase in recorded wave amplitude corresponds to an increase of one on the magnitude scale. Each unit of Richter magnitude equates to roughly a 30-fold energy increase. The most obvious factors that determine the amount of destruction accompanying an earthquake are the magnitude of the earthquake and the proximity of the quake to a populated area. Structural damage attributable to earthquake vibrations depends on several factors, including 1) intensity, 2) duration of the vibrations, 3) nature of the material upon which the structure rests, and 4) the design of the structure. Secondary effects of earthquakes include tsunamis, landslides, ground subsidence, and fire. Substantial research to predict earthquakes is underway in Japan, the United States, China, and Russia– countries where earthquake risk is high. No consistent method of short-range prediction has yet been devised. Long-range forecasts are based on the premise that earthquakes are repetitive or cyclical. Seismologists study the history of earthquakes for patterns, so their occurrences might be predicted. As indicated by the behavior of P and S waves as they travel through Earth, the four major zones of Earth's interior are the 1) crust (the very thin outer layer), 2) mantle (a rocky layer located below the crust with a thickness of 2885 kilometers), 3) outer core (a layer about 2270 kilometers thick, which exhibits the characteristics of a mobile liquid), and 4) inner core (a solid metallic sphere with a radius of about 1216 kilometers). The continental crust is primarily made of granitic rocks, while the oceanic crust is of basaltic composition. Ultramafic rocks such as peridotite are thought to make up the mantle. The core is composed mainly of iron and nickel. The most basic geologic structures associated with rock deformation are folds (flat-lying sedimentary and volcanic rocks bent into a series of wavelike undulations) and faults (fractures in the crust along which appreciable displacement has occurred). The two most common types of folds are anticlines, formed by the upfolding, or arching, of rock layers, and synclines, which are downfolds, or troughs. Faults in which the movement is primarily vertical are called dip-slip faults. Dip-slip faults include both normal and reverse faults. In strike-slip faults, horizontal movement causes displacement along the trend, or strike, of the fault. Major mountain systems form along convergent plate boundaries. Andean-type mountain building along continental margins involves the convergence of an oceanic plate and a plate whose leading edge contains continental crust. At some point in the formation of Andean-type mountains a subduction zone forms. Continental collisions, in which both plates may be carrying continental crust, have resulted in the formation of the Himalaya Mountains and Tibetan Highlands. Recent investigations indicate that accretion, a third mechanism of orogenesis (the processes that collectively result in the formation of mountains), takes place where smaller crustal fragments collide and merge with continental margins along some plate boundaries. Many of the mountainous regions rimming the Pacific have formed in this manner. top The primary factors that determine the nature of volcanic eruptions include the magma's temperature, its composition, and the amount of dissolved gases it contains. As lava cools, it begins to congeal, and as viscosity increases, its mobility decreases. The viscosity of magma is directly related to its silica content. Granitic lava, with its high silica content, is very viscous and forms short, thick flows. Basaltic lava, with a lower silica content, is more fluid and may travel a long distance before congealing. Dissolved gases provide the force which propels molten rock from the vent of a volcano. The materials associated with a volcanic eruption include lava flows, (pahoehoe and aa flows for basaltic lavas), gases (primarily in the form of water vapor), and pyroclastic material (pulverized rock and lava fragments blown from the volcano's vent, which include ash, pumice, lapilli, cinders, blocks, and bombs). Shield cones are broad, slightly domed volcanoes built primarily of fluid, basaltic lava. Cinder cones have very steep slopes composed of pyroclastic material. Composite cones, or stratovolcanoes, are large, nearly symmetrical structures built of interbedded lavas and pyroclastic deposits. Composite cones represent the most violent type of volcanic activity. Other than volcanoes, regions of volcanic activity may contain volcanic necks (rocks that once occupied the vents of volcanoes but are now exposed because of erosion), craters (steep walled depressions at the summit of most volcanoes), calderas (craters that exceed one kilometer in diameter), fissure eruptions (volcanic material extruded from fractures in the crust), and pyroclastic flows. Igneous intrusive bodies are classified according to their shape and by their orientation with respect to the host rock, generally sedimentary rock. The two general shapes are tabular (sheetlike) and massive. Intrusive igneous bodies that cut across existing sedimentary beds are said to be discordant, whereas those that form parallel to existing sedimentary beds are concordant. Dikes are tabular, discordant igneous bodies produced when magma is injected into fractures that cut across rock layers. Tabular, concordant bodies called sills form when magma is injected along the bedding surfaces of sedimentary rocks. Laccoliths are similar to sills but form from less-fluid magma that collects as a lens-shaped mass that arches the overlying strata upward. Batholiths, the largest intrusive igneous bodies with surface exposures of more than 100 square kilometers (40 square miles), frequently compose the cores of mountains. Active areas of volcanism are found along the oceanic ridges, adjacent to ocean trenches, as well as the interiors of plates themselves. Most active volcanoes are associated with plate boundaries. top The doctrine of uniformitarianism, one of the fundamental principles of modern geology put forth by James Hutton in the late 1700s, states that the physical, chemical, and biological laws that operate today have also operated in the geologic past. The idea is often summarized as, "the present is the key to the past." Hutton argued that processes that appear to be slow-acting could, over long spans of time, produce effects that were just as great as those resulting from sudden catastrophic events. Catastrophism, on the other hand, states that Earth's landscapes have been developed primarily by great catastrophes. The two types of dates used by geologists to interpret Earth history are 1) relative dates, which put events in their proper sequence of formation, and 2) numerical dates, which pinpoint the time in years when an event took place. Relative dates can be established using the law of superposition, principle of original horizontality, principle of cross-cutting relationships, inclusions, and unconformities. Correlation, the matching up of two or more geologic phenomena in different areas, is used to develop a geologic time scale that applies to the whole Earth. Fossils are the remains or traces of prehistoric life. The special conditions that favor preservation are rapid burial and the possession of hard parts such as shells, bones, or teeth. Fossils are used to correlate sedimentary rocks that are from different regions by using the rocks' distinctive fossil content and applying the principle of fossil succession. The principle of fossil succession states that fossil organisms succeed one another in a definite and determinable order, and therefore any time period can be recognized by its fossil content. Radioactivity is the spontaneous breaking apart (decay) of certain unstable atomic nuclei. Three common forms of radioactive decay are 1) emission of alpha particles from the nucleus, 2) emission of a beta particle (or electron) from the nucleus, and 3) capture of an electron by the nucleus. An unstable radioactive isotope, called the parent, will decay and form daughter products. The length of time for one-half of the nuclei of a radioactive isotope to decay is called the half-life of the isotope. If the half-life of the isotope is known, and the parent/daughter ratio can be measured, the age of a sample can be calculated. The geologic time scale divides Earth's history into units of varying magnitude. It is commonly presented in chart form, with the oldest time and event at the bottom and the youngest at the top. The principal subdivisions of the geologic time scale, called eons, include the Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic (together, these three eons are commonly referred to as the Precambrian), and, beginning about 540 million years ago, the Phanerozoic. The Phanerozoic (meaning "visible life") eon is divided into the following eras: Paleozoic ("ancient life"), Mesozoic ("middle life"), and Cenozoic ("recent life"). The primary problem in assigning numerical dates to units of time is that not all rocks can be dated radiometrically. A sedimentary rock may contain particles of many ages that have been weathered from different rocks that formed at various times. One way geologists assign numerical dates to sedimentary rocks is to relate them to datable igneous masses, such as volcanic ash beds. top Oceanography is a composite science that draws on the methods and knowledge of biology, chemistry, physics, and geology to study all aspects of the world ocean. Earth is a planet dominated by oceans. Seventy-one percent of Earth's area consists of oceans and marginal seas. In the Southern Hemisphere, often called the water hemisphere, about 81% of the surface is water. Of the three major oceans, Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian, the Pacific Ocean is the largest, contains slightly more than half of the water in the world ocean, and has the greatest average depth–3940 meters (12,900 feet). Salinity is the proportion of dissolved salts to pure water, usually expressed in parts per thousand (‰). The average salinity in the open ocean ranges from 35‰ to 37‰. The principal elements that contribute to the ocean's salinity are chlorine (55%) and sodium (31%). The primary sources for the salts in the ocean are chemical weathering of rocks on the continents and outgassing through volcanism. Outgassing is also considered to be the principal source of water in the oceans as well as in the atmosphere. In most regions, open oceans exhibit a three-layered temperature and salinity structure. Ocean water temperatures are warmest at the surface because of solar energy. The mixing of waves as well as the turbulence from currents can distribute this heat to a depth of about 450 meters or more. Beneath the sun-warmed zone of mixing, a layer of rapid temperature change, called the thermocline, occurs. Below the thermocline, in the deep zone, temperatures fall only a few more degrees. The changes in salinity with increasing depth correspond to the general three-layered temperature structure. In the low and middle latitudes, a surface zone of higher salinity is underlain by a layer of rapidly decreasing salinity, called the halocline. Below the halocline, salinity changes are small. The zones that collectively make up a passive continental margin include the continental shelf (a gently sloping, submerged surface extending from the shoreline toward the deep-ocean basin), continental slope (the true edge of the continent, which has a steep slope that leads from the continental shelf into deep water), and in regions where trenches do not exist, the steep continental slope merges into a gradual incline known as the continental rise. The continental rise consists of sediments that have moved downslope from the continental shelf to the deep-ocean floor. Active continental margins are located primarily around the Pacific Ocean in areas where the leading edge of a continent is overrunning oceanic lithosphere. Here sediment scraped from the descending oceanic plate is plastered against the continent to form a collection of sediments called an accretionary wedge. An active continental margin generally has a narrow continental shelf, which grades into a deep-ocean trench. Submarine canyons are deep, steep-sided valleys that originate on the continental slope and may extend to depths of three kilometers. Many submarine canyons have been excavated by turbidity currents (downslope movements of dense, sediment-laden water). The deep-ocean basin lies between the continental margin and the mid-oceanic ridge system. The features of the deep-ocean basin include deep-ocean trenches (the deepest parts of the ocean, where moving crustal plates descend into the mantle), abyssal plains (the most level places on Earth, consisting of thick accumulations of sediments that were deposited atop the low, rough portions of the ocean floor by turbidity currents), and seamounts (isolated volcanic peaks on the ocean floor that originate near oceanic ridges or in association with volcanic hot spots). Mid-ocean ridges, the sites of sea-floor spreading, are found in all major oceans and represent more than 20 percent of Earth's surface. These broad features are characterized by an elevated position, extensive faulting, and volcanic structures that have developed on newly formed oceanic crust. Most of the geologic activity associated with ridges occurs along a narrow region on the ridge crest, called the rift zone, where magma from the asthenosphere moves upward to create new slivers of oceanic crust. Coral reefs, which are confined largely to the warm, sunlit waters of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, are constructed over thousands of years primarily from the skeletal remains and secretions of corals and certain algae. Coral islands, called atolls, consist of a continuous or broken ring of coral reef surrounding a central lagoon. Atolls form from corals that grow on the flanks of sinking volcanic islands, where the corals continue to build the reef complex upward as the island sinks. There are three broad categories of sea floor sediments. Terrigenous sediment consists primarily of mineral grains that were weathered from continental rocks and transported to the ocean. Biogenous sediment consists of shells and skeletons of marine animals and plants. Hydrogenous sediment includes minerals that crystallize directly from seawater through various chemical reactions. Sea floor sediments are helpful when studying worldwide climate changes because they often contain the remains of organisms that once lived near the sea surface. The numbers and types of these organisms change as the climate changes, and their remains in the sediments record these changes. top Surface ocean currents are parts of huge, slowly moving, circular whirls, or gyres, that begin near the equator in each ocean. Wind is the driving force for the ocean's surface currents. Where wind is in contact with the ocean, it passes energy to the water through friction and causes the surface layer to move. The most significant factor other than wind that influences the movement of surface ocean currents is the Coriolis effect, the deflective force of Earth's rotation which causes free-moving objects to be deflected to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. Because of the Coriolis effect, surface currents form clockwise gyres in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise gyres in the Southern Hemisphere. Ocean currents are important in navigation and travel and for the effect that they have on climates. The moderating effect of poleward-moving warm ocean currents during the winter in middle latitudes is well known. Cold currents depress air temperatures and cause increased fog and reduced rainfall totals. In contrast to surface currents, deep-ocean circulation is governed by gravity and driven by density differences. The two factors that are most significant in creating a dense mass of water are temperature and salinity. Tides, the daily rise and fall in the elevation of the ocean surface at a specific location, are caused by the gravitational attraction of the Moon and, to a lesser extent, by the Sun. Near the times of new and full Moons, the Sun and Moon are aligned and their gravitational forces are added together to produce especially high and low tides. These are called the spring tides. Conversely, at about the times of the first and third quarters of the Moon, when the gravitational forces of the Moon and Sun are at right angles, the daily tidal range is less. These are called neap tides. The three factors that influence the height, wavelength, and period of a wave are 1) wind speed, 2) length of time the wind has blown, and 3) fetch, the distance that the wind has traveled across the open water. The two types of wind-generated waves are 1) waves of oscillation, which are waves in the open sea in which the wave form advances as the water particles move in circular orbits, and 2) waves of translation, the turbulent advance of water formed near the shore as waves of oscillation collapse, or break, and form surf. Features produced by shoreline erosion include wave-cut cliffs (which originate from the cutting action of the surf against the base of coastal land), wave-cut platforms (relatively flat, benchlike surfaces left behind by receding cliffs), sea arches (formed when a headland is eroded and two caves from opposite sides unite), and sea stacks (formed when the roof of a sea arch collapses). Some of the features formed when sediment is moved by beach drift and longshore currents are spits (elongated ridges of sand that project from the land into the mouth of an adjacent bay), baymouth bars (sand bars that completely cross a bay), and tombolos (ridges of sand that connect an island to the mainland or to another island). Local factors that influence shoreline erosion are 1) the proximity of a coast to sediment-laden rivers, 2) the degree of tectonic activity, 3) the topography and composition of the land, 4) prevailing winds and weather patterns, and 5) the configuration of the coastline and nearshore areas. Three basic responses to shoreline erosion problems are 1) building structures such as groins (short walls built at a right angle to the shore to trap moving sand) and seawalls (barriers constructed to prevent waves from reaching the area behind the wall) to hold the shoreline in place, 2) beach nourishment, which involves the addition of sand to replenish eroding beaches, and 3) relocate buildings away from the beach. One frequently used classification of coasts is based upon changes that have occurred with respect to sea level. Emergent coasts, often with wave-cut cliffs and wave-cut platforms above sea level, develop either because an area experiences uplift or as a result of a drop in sea level. Conversely, submergent coasts, with their drowned river mouths, called estuaries, are created when sea level rises or the land adjacent to the sea subsides. top Weather is the state of the atmosphere at a particular place for a short period of time. Climate, on the other hand, is a generalization of the weather conditions of a place over a long period of time. The most important elements, those quantities or properties that are measured regularly, of weather and climate are 1) air temperature, 2) humidity, 3) type and amount of cloudiness, 4) type and amount of precipitation, 5) air pressure, and 6) the speed and direction of the wind. If water vapor, dust, and other variable components of the atmosphere were removed, clean, dry air would be composed almost entirely of nitrogen (N), about 78% of the atmosphere by volume, and oxygen (O2), about 21%. Carbon dioxide (CO2), although present only in minute amounts (0.036%), is important because it has the ability to absorb heat radiated by Earth and thus helps keep the atmosphere warm. Among the variable components of air, water vapor is very important because it is the source of all clouds and precipitation and, like carbon dioxide, it is also a heat absorber. Ozone (O3), the triatomic form of oxygen, is concentrated in the 10- to 50-kilometer altitude range of the atmosphere, and is important to life because of its ability to absorb potentially harmful ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. Because the atmosphere gradually thins with increasing altitude, it has no sharp upper boundary but simply blends into outer space. Based on temperature, the atmosphere is divided vertically into four layers. The troposphere is the lowermost layer. In the troposphere, temperature usually decreases with increasing altitude. This environmental lapse rate is variable, but averages about 6.5°C per kilometer (3.5°F per 1000 feet). Essentially all important weather phenomena occur in the troposphere. Above the troposphere is the stratosphere, which exhibits warming because of absorption of ultraviolet radiation by ozone. In the mesosphere, temperatures again decrease. Upward from the mesosphere is the thermosphere, a layer with only a minute fraction of the atmosphere's mass and no well-defined upper limit. The two principal motions of Earth are 1) rotation, the spinning of Earth about its axis, which produces the daily cycle of daylight and darkness, and 2) revolution, the movement of Earth in its orbit around the Sun. Several factors act together to cause the seasons. Earth's axis is inclined 23° degrees from the perpendicular to the plane of its orbit around the Sun and remains pointed in the same direction (toward the North Star) as Earth journeys around the Sun. As a consequence, Earth's orientation to the Sun continually changes. The yearly fluctuations in the angle of the Sun and length of daylight brought about by Earth's changing orientation to the Sun cause seasons. The three mechanisms of heat transfer are 1) conduction, the transfer of heat through matter by molecular activity, 2) convection, the transfer of heat by the movement of a mass or substance from one place to another, and 3) radiation, the transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic radiation is energy emitted in the form of rays, or waves, called electromagnetic waves. All radiation is capable of transmitting energy through the vacuum of space. One of the most important differences between electromagnetic waves are their wavelengths, which range from very long radio waves to very short gamma rays. Visible light is the only portion of the electromagnetic spectrum we can see. Some of the basic laws that govern radiation as it heats the atmosphere are 1) all objects with temperatures above -273 degrees Celsius (absolute zero) emit radiant energy, 2) hotter objects radiate more total energy than do colder objects, 3) the hotter the radiating body, the shorter the wavelengths of maximum radiation, and 4) objects that are good absorbers of radiation are good emitters as well. The general drop in temperature with increasing altitude in the troposphere supports the fact that the atmosphere is heated from the ground up. Approximately 50% of the solar energy, primarily in the form of the shorter wavelengths, that strikes the top of the atmosphere is ultimately absorbed at Earth's surface. Earth releases the absorbed radiation in the form of long-wave radiation. The atmospheric absorption of this long-wave terrestrial radiation, primarily by water vapor and carbon dioxide, is responsible for heating the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide, an important heat absorber in the atmosphere, is one of several gases that influence global warming. Some consequences of global warming could be 1) shifts in temperature and rainfall patterns, 2) a gradual rise in sea level, 3) changing storm tracks and both the higher frequency and greater intensity of hurricanes, and 4) an increase in the frequency and intensity of heat waves and droughts. The factors that cause temperature to vary from place to place, also called the controls of temperature, are 1) differences in the receipt of solar radiation—the greatest single cause, 2) the unequal heating and cooling of land and water, in which land heats more rapidly and to higher temperatures than water and cools more rapidly and to lower temperatures than water, 3) altitude, 4) geographic position, 5) cloud cover and albedo, and 6) ocean currents. Temperature distribution is shown on a map by using isotherms, which are lines that connect equal temperatures. top Water vapor, an odorless, colorless gas, changes from one state of matter (solid, liquid, or gas) to another at the temperatures and pressures experienced near Earth's surface. The processes involved in changing the state of matter of water are evaporation, condensation, melting, freezing, sublimation, and deposition. Humidity is the general term used to describe the amount of water vapor in the air. Relative humidity, the ratio (expressed as a percent) of the air's water vapor content to its water vapor capacity at a given temperature, is the most familiar term used to describe humidity. The water vapor capacity of air is temperature dependent, with warm air having a much greater capacity than cold air. Relative humidity can be changed in two ways. One is by adding or subtracting water vapor. The second is by changing the air's temperature. When air is cooled, its relative humidity increases. Air is said to be saturated when it contains the maximum quantity of water vapor that it can hold at any given temperature and pressure. Dew point is the temperature to which air would have to be cooled in order to reach saturation. The cooling of air as it rises and expands due to successively lower pressure is the basic cloud-forming process. Temperature changes in air brought about by compressing or expanding the air are called adiabatic temperature changes. Unsaturated air warms by compression and cools by expansion at the rather constant rate of 10°C per 1000 meters of altitude change, a figure called the dry adiabatic rate. If air rises high enough, it will cool sufficiently to cause condensation and form a cloud. From this point on, air that continues to rise will cool at the wet adiabatic rate which varies from 5°C to 9°C per 1000 meters of ascent. The difference in the wet and dry adiabatic rates is caused by the condensing water vapor releasing latent heat, thereby reducing the rate at which the air cools. Three mechanisms that can initiate the vertical movement of air are 1) orographic lifting, which occurs when elevated terrains, such as mountains, act as barriers to the flow of air; 2) frontal wedging, when cool air acts as a barrier over which warmer, less dense air rises; 3) convergence, which happens when air flows together and a general upward movement of air occurs; and 4) localized convective lifting, when unequal surface heating causes localized pockets of air to rise. The stability of air is determined by examining the temperature of the atmosphere at various altitudes. Air is said to be unstable when the environmental lapse rate (the rate of temperature decrease with increasing altitude in the troposphere) is greater than the dry adiabatic rate. Stated differently, a column of air is unstable when the air near the bottom is significantly warmer (less dense) than the air aloft. When stable air is forced aloft, precipitation, if any, is light, whereas unstable air generates towering clouds and stormy conditions. For condensation to occur, air must be saturated. Saturation takes place either when air is cooled to its dew point, which most commonly happens, or when water vapor is added to the air. There must also be a surface on which the water vapor may condense. In cloud and fog formation, tiny particles called condensation nuclei serve this purpose. Clouds are classified on the basis of their appearance and height. The three basic forms are cirrus (high, white, thin, wispy fibers), cumulus (globular, individual cloud masses), and stratus (sheets or layers that cover much or all of the sky). The four categories based on height are high clouds (bases normally above 6000 meters), middle clouds (from 2000 to 6000 meters), low clouds (below 2000 meters), and clouds of vertical development. Fog is defined as a cloud with its base at or very near the ground. Fogs form when air is cooled below its dew point or when enough water vapor is added to the air to bring about saturation. Various types of fog include advection fog, radiation fog, upslope fog, steam fog, and frontal (or precipitation), fog. For precipitation to form, millions of cloud droplets must somehow join together into large drops. Two mechanisms for the formation of precipitation have been proposed. One, in clouds where the temperatures are below freezing, ice crystals form and fall as snowflakes. At lower altitudes the snowflakes melt and become raindrops before they reach the ground. Two, large droplets form in warm clouds that contain large hygroscopic ("water seeking") nuclei, such as salt particles. As these big droplets descend, they collide and join with smaller water droplets. After many collisions the droplets are large enough to fall to the ground as rain. The forms of precipitation include rain, snow, sleet, hail, and rime. top Air has weight: at sea level it exerts a pressure of 1 kilogram per square centimeter (14.7 pounds per square inch). Air pressure is the force exerted by the weight of air above. With increasing altitude, there is less air above to exert a force, and thus air pressure decreases with altitude, rapidly at first, then much more slowly. The unit used by meteorologists to measure atmospheric pressure is the millibar. Standard sea level pressure is expressed as 1013.2 millibars. Isobars are lines on a weather map that connect places of equal air pressure. A mercury barometer measures air pressure using a column of mercury in a glass tube that is sealed at one end and inverted in a dish of mercury. As air pressure increases, the mercury in the tube rises; conversely, when air pressure decreases, so does the height of the column of mercury. A mercury barometer measures atmospheric pressure in "inches of mercury;" the height of the column of mercury in the barometer. Standard atmospheric pressure at sea level equals 29.92 inches of mercury. Aneroid ("without liquid") barometers consist of partially- evacuated metal chambers that compress as air pressure increases and expand as pressure decreases. Wind is the horizontal flow of air from areas of higher pressure toward areas of lower pressure. Winds are controlled by the following combination of forces: 1) the pressure gradient force (amount of pressure change over a given distance), 2) Coriolis effect (deflective effect of Earth's rotation–to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere), 3) friction with Earth's surface (slows the movement of air and alters wind direction), and 4) the tendency of a moving object to continue moving in a straight line. The two types of pressure centers are 1) cyclones, or lows (centers of low pressure), and 2) anticyclones, or highs (high-pressure centers). In the Northern Hemisphere, winds around a low (cyclone) are counterclockwise and inward. Around a high (anticyclone), they are clockwise and outward. In the Southern Hemisphere, the Coriolis effect causes winds to be clockwise around a low and counterclockwise around a high. Since air rises and cools adiabatically in a low pressure center, cloudy conditions and precipitation are often associated with their passage. In a high pressure center, descending air is compressed and warmed; therefore, cloud formation and precipitation are unlikely in an anticyclone, and "fair" weather is usually expected. Earth's global pressure zones include the equatorial low, subtropical high, subpolar low, and polar high. The global surface winds associated with these pressure zones are the trade winds, westerlies, and polar easterlies. Particularly in the Northern Hemisphere, large seasonal temperature differences over continents disrupt the idealized, or zonal, global patterns of pressure and wind. In winter, large, cold landmasses develop a seasonal high-pressure system from which surface air flow is directed off the land. In summer, landmasses are heated and a low-pressure system develops over them, which permits air to flow onto the land. These seasonal changes in wind direction are known as monsoons. In the middle latitudes, between 30 and 60 degrees latitude, the general west-to- east flow of the westerlies is interrupted by the migration of cyclones and anticyclones. The paths taken by these cyclonic and anticyclonic systems is closely correlated to upper-level air flow and the polar jet stream. The average position of the polar jet stream, and hence the paths of cyclonic systems, migrates equatorward with the approach of winter and poleward as summer nears. Local winds are small-scale winds produced by a locally generated pressure gradient. Local winds include sea and land breezes (formed along a coast because of daily pressure differences over land and water), valley and mountain breezes (daily wind similar to sea and land breezes except in a mountainous area where the air along slopes heats differently than the air at the same elevation over the valley floor), chinook and Santa Ana winds (warm, dry winds created when air descends the leeward side of a mountain and warms by compression). The two basic wind measurements are direction and speed. Winds are always labeled by the direction from which they blow. Wind direction is measured with a wind vane and wind speed is measured using a cup anemometer. Weather Patterns and Severe Weather Summary top An air mass is a large body of air, usually 1600 kilometers (1000 miles) or more across, which is characterized by a sameness of temperature and moisture at any given altitude. When this air moves out of its region of origin, called the source region, it will carry these temperatures and moisture conditions elsewhere, perhaps eventually affecting a large portion of a continent. Air masses are classified according to 1) the nature of the surface in the source region and 2) the latitude of the source region. Continental (c) designates an air mass of land origin, with the air likely to be dry; whereas a maritime (m) air mass originates over water, and therefore will be relatively humid. Polar (P) air masses originate in high latitudes and are cold. Tropical (T) air masses form in low latitudes and are warm. According to this classification scheme, the four basic types of air masses are continental polar (cP), continental tropical (cT), maritime polar (mP), and maritime tropical (mT). Continental polar (cP) and maritime tropical (mT) air masses influence the weather of North America most, especially east of the Rocky Mountains. Maritime tropical air is the source of much, if not most, of the precipitation received in the eastern two-thirds of the United States. Fronts are boundaries that separate air masses of different densities, one warmer and often higher in moisture content than the other. A warm front occurs when the surface position of the front moves so that warm air occupies territory formerly covered by cooler air. Along a warm front, a warm air mass overrides a retreating mass of cooler air. As the warm air ascends, it cools adiabatically to produce clouds and frequently, light-to-moderate precipitation over a large area. A cold front forms where cold air is actively advancing into a region occupied by warmer air. Cold fronts are about twice as steep and move more rapidly than warm fronts. Because of these two differences, precipitation along a cold front is more intense and of shorter duration than precipitation associated with a warm front. The primary weather producers in the middle latitudes are large centers of low pressure that generally travel from west to east, called middle-latitude cyclones. These bearers of stormy weather, which last from a few days to a week, have a counterclockwise circulation pattern in the Northern Hemisphere, with an inward flow of air toward their centers. Most middle-latitude cyclones have a cold front and frequently a warm front extending from the central areas of low pressure. Convergence and forceful lifting along the fronts initiate cloud development and frequently cause precipitation. As a middle-latitude cyclone with its associated fronts passes over a region, it often brings with it abrupt changes in the weather. The particular weather experienced by an area depends on the path of the cyclone. Thunderstorms are caused by the upward movement of warm, moist, unstable air, triggered by a number of different processes. They are associated with cumulonimbus clouds that generate heavy rainfall, lightning, thunder, and occasionally hail and tornadoes. Tornadoes, destructive, local storms of short duration, are violent windstorms associated with severe thunderstorms that take the form of a rotating column of air that extends downward from a cumulonimbus cloud. Tornadoes are most often spawned along the cold front of a middle-latitude cyclone, most frequently during the spring months. Hurricanes, the greatest storms on Earth, are tropical cyclones with wind speeds in excess of 119 kilometers (74 miles) per hour. These complex tropical disturbances develop over tropical ocean waters and are fueled by the latent heat liberated when huge quantities of water vapor condense. Hurricanes form most often in late summer when ocean-surface temperatures reach 27°C (80°F) or higher and thus are able to provide the necessary heat and moisture to the air. Hurricanes diminish in intensity whenever they 1) move over cool ocean water that cannot supply adequate heat and moisture, 2) move onto land, or 3) reach a location where large-scale flow aloft is unfavorable. Hurricane damage is of three types: 1) storm surge, 2) wind damage, and 3) inland flooding. The Nature of the Solar System Summary top Early Greeks held the geocentric ("Earth-centered") view of the universe, believing that Earth was a sphere that stayed motionless at the center of the universe. Orbiting Earth were the Moon, Sun, and the known planets—Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. To the early Greeks, the stars traveled daily around Earth on a transparent, hollow sphere called the celestial sphere. In A.D. 141, Claudius Ptolemy presented the geocentric outlook of the Greeks in its finest form which became known as the Ptolemaic system. Modern astronomy evolved through the work of many dedicated individuals during the 1500s and 1600s. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) reconstructed the solar system with the Sun at the center and the planets orbiting around it, but erroneously continued to use circles to represent the orbits of planets. Tycho Brahe's (1546-1601) observations were far more precise than any made previously and are his legacy to astronomy. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) ushered in the new astronomy with his three laws of planetary motion. After constructing his own telescope, Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) made many important discoveries that supported the Copernican view of a Sun-centered solar system. Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727), developed laws of motion and proved that the force of gravity, combined with the tendency of an object to move in a straight line, results in elliptical orbits for planets. The planets can be arranged into two groups: the terrestrial (Earthlike) planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars) and the Jovian (Jupiterlike) planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune). Pluto is not included in either group. When compared to the Jovian planets, the terrestrial planets are smaller, more dense, contain proportionally more rocky material, and have slower rates of rotation. The nebular hypothesis describes the formation of the solar system. The planets and Sun began forming about 5 billion years ago from a large cloud of dust and gases called a nebula. As the nebular cloud contracted, it began to rotate and assume a disk shape. Material that was gravitationally pulled toward the center became the protosun. Within the rotating disk, small centers, called protoplanets, swept up more and more of the nebular debris. Due to their high temperatures and weak gravitational fields, the inner planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars) were unable to accumulate many of the lighter components (hydrogen, ammonia, methane, and water) of the nebula. However, because of the very cold temperatures existing far from the Sun, the fragments from which the Jovian planets formed contained a high percentage of ices—water, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and methane. The lunar surface exhibits several types of features. Most craters were produced by the impact of rapidly moving debris (meteoroids). Bright, densely cratered highlands make up most of the lunar surface. Dark, fairly smooth lowlands are called maria. Maria basins are enormous impact craters that have been flooded with layer upon layer of very fluid basaltic lava. All lunar terrains are mantled with a soil-like layer of gray, unconsolidated debris, called lunar regolith, which has been derived from a few billion years of meteoric bombardment. Mercury is a small, dense planet that has no atmosphere and exhibits the greatest temperature extremes of any planet. Venus, the brightest planet in the sky, has a thick, heavy atmosphere composed primarily of carbon dioxide, a surface of relatively subdued plains and inactive volcanic features, a surface atmospheric pressure ninety times that of Earth's, and surface temperatures of 475°C (900°F). Mars, the red planet, has a carbon dioxide atmosphere only 1 percent as dense as Earth's, extensive dust storms, numerous inactive volcanoes, many large canyons, and several valleys of debatable origin exhibiting drainage patterns similar to stream valleys on Earth. Jupiter, the largest planet, rotates rapidly, has a banded appearance, a Great Red Spot that varies in size, a ring system, and at least sixteen moons (one of the moons, Io, is a volcanically active body). Saturn is best known for its system of rings. It also has a dynamic atmosphere with winds up to 930 miles per hour and "storms" similar to Jupiter's Great Red Spot. Uranus and Neptune are often called "the twins" because of similar structure and composition. A unique feature of Uranus is the fact that it rotates "on its side." Neptune has white, cirruslike clouds above its main cloud deck and an Earth-sized Great Dark Spot, assumed to be a large rotating storm similar to Jupiter's Great Red Spot. Pluto, a small frozen world with one moon, has an elongated orbit that causes it to occasionally travel inside the orbit of Neptune, but with no chance of collision. The minor members of the solar system include the asteroids, comets, and meteoroids. No conclusive evidence has been found to explain the origin of the asteroids. Comets are made of frozen gases with small pieces of rocky and metallic material. Many travel in very elongated orbits that carry them beyond Pluto. Meteoroids, small solid particles that travel through interplanetary space, become meteors when they enter Earth's atmosphere and vaporize with a flash of light. Meteor showers appear to occur when Earth encounters a swarm of meteoroids, probably lost by a comet. Meteorites are the remains of meteoroids found on Earth. The three types of meteorites are 1) iron, 2) stony, and 3) stony-iron.	i don't know
Juan Velasco Alvarado became President of the Revolutionary Government in October 1968 in which south American country?	Juan Francisco Velasco Alvarado (June 16, 1910 – December 24, 1977) was a left-wing Peruvian General who ruled Peru from 1968 to 1975 under the title of "President of the Revolutionary Government". Early life Juan Velasco was born in Castilla, a city near Piura on Peru's north coast. He was the son of Manuel José Velasco, a medical assistant, and Clara Luz Alvarado, who had 11 children. Velasco described his youth as one of "dignified poverty, working as a shoeshine boy in Piura." [2] He was married to Consuelo Gonzáles Arriola, and had four children. In 1929, he stowed away on a ship to Lima, Peru , falsified his age, and joined the Peruvian Army as a private on April 5, 1929. He then took a competitive exam for entrance into the Escuela Militar de Chorrillos (" Chorrillos Military School "), and got the highest score of all applicants. In 1934, [3] he graduated with high honors and at the head of his class. [2] Coup d'Etat against President Fernando Belaunde During the Belaúnde administration (1963–1968), political disputes became a norm as he held no majority in Congress. Serious arguments between President Belaúnde and Congress, dominated by the APRA -UNO coalition, and even between the President and his own Acción Popular (Popular Action) party were common. A dispute with the International Petroleum Company over licenses to the La Brea y Pariñas oil fields in northern Peru sparked a national scandal when a key page of a contract (the 11th) was found missing. This provided the catalyst that allowed Armed Forces to seize absolute power and close down Congress, almost all of whose members were briefly incarcerated. General Velasco seized power on October 3, 1968 in a bloodless military coup, deposing the democratically-elected administration of Fernando Belaúnde , under which he served as Commander of the Armed Forces. President Belaúnde was sent into exile. Initial reaction against the coup evaporated after five days when on October 8, 1968 the oil fields in dispute were taken over by the Army. Military revolution and dictatorship (1968–1975) The coup leaders named their administration the Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces, with Velasco at its helm as President. Velasco's rule was driven by a desire to give justice to the poor and became known as Peruanismo. Velasco's rule was characterized by left-leaning policies, as he nationalised entire industries, expropriated companies in a wide range of activities from fisheries to mining to telecommunications to power production and consolidated them into single industry-centric government-run entities (PescaPeru, MineroPeru, Petroperú , SiderPeru,Centromin Peru, ElectroPeru, Enapu, EnatruPeru, Enafer, Compañia Peruana de Telefonos, EntelPeru, Correos del Peru, etc.), and increased government control over economic activity by enforcing those entities as monopolies and preventing any private activity in those sectors. The media became more open to left-wing intellectuals and politicos. A root and branch education reform was in march looking to include all Peruvians and move them towards to a new national thinking and feeling; the poor and the most excluded were vindicated and the Día del Indio or Peruvian Indian's day name was changed to Día del Campesino or Peruvian Peasant's day every June 24, a traditional holiday of the land, the day of winter solstice . The education reform of 1972 provided for bilingual education of the indigenous people of the Andes and the Amazon, which consisted nearly half of the population. In 1975 the Velasco government enacted a law making Quechua an official language of Peru equal to Spanish. Thus, Peru was the first Latin American country to officialize an indigenous language. However, this law was never enforced and ceased to be valid when the 1979 constitution became effective, according to which Quechua and Aymara are official only where they predominate, as mandated by law – a law that was never enacted. [4] It was also characterised by the increasing use of authoritarian powers, as the administration grew away from tolerating any level of dissent, periodically jailing, deporting and harassing suspected political opponents and repeatedly closing and censoring broadcast and print news media, finally expropriating all of the newspapers in 1974 and sending the publishers into exile. A cornerstone of his political and economic strategy was the implementation by dictate of an agrarian reform program to expropriate farms and diversify land ownership. In its first ten years in power General Juan Velasco Alvarado's Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces (GRFA) expropriated 15,000 properties (totaling nine million hectares) and benefited some 300,000 families. The former landlords who opposed this program complained that they did not receive adequate compensation for their confiscated assets and lamented that the state officials and peasant beneficiaries mismanaged their properties after the expropriation. The owners who opposed his program also claimed that the expropriation was more akin to confiscation, as they were paid in non-tradable bonds that would eventually become worthless by the government's inflationary policies. Peru has the lowest amount of arable land per capita in South America. Less than 2% of the Peruvian territory is arable land , with 98% of the territory composed of arid desert with little rain, harsh mountains with very steep terrain, or wild Amazon forest. The deposed Belaúnde administration had attempted to implement a milder agrarian reform program, but it had been defeated in Congress by the APRA-UNO coalition with support of the major landowners . Within this framework, the Velasco administration engaged in an aggressive program of import substitution industrialization , imposing tight foreign exchange and trade controls. Economically, the Velasco administration's policies were ultimately unsuccessful. The Peruvian military government ran deeper into debt and was forced to devalue the currency and ran inflationary policies. Fisheries and agriculture were particularly visible failures. PescaPeru aggressively overfished the anchoveta, a fish used primarily as material for fishmeal production and a key element in the Peruvian sea ecosystem, which resulted in record production for a couple of years but combined with an El Niño event in 1972 led to an absolute collapse that would take over a decade to partially recover. The badly mismanaged agrarian reform resulted in the creation of thousands of capital-poor and mostly uneducated small farmers whose production and distribution capacities fell substantially short of the pre-reform production. This, coupled with the trade restrictions, led to periodic shortages, rationing, and increased social unrest. Foreign and military policies In foreign policy, in contrast with his 1970s Latin American contemporaries, which were mostly right-wing military dictatorships, he pursued a partnership with the Soviet bloc , tightening relations with Cuba and Fidel Castro and undertaking major purchases of Soviet military hardware. Relations between the United States and Peru were tense and even hostile, as soon as General Velasco and his junta took power. Just five days after Velasco seized power in 1968, the General began the nationalization of the Peruvian Economy with the expropriation and nationalization of the American International Petroleum Company (IPC) oil fields located in the northern Peruvian oil port and refinery of Talara , Piura , near the Peruvian border with Ecuador , Piura , being the region where Velasco was born. IPC was a subsidiary of Standard Oil , and although the claims over the IPC were ultimately resolved in negotiations between the two governments, the US after this seizure no longer considered Peru an ally or a friendly country. Instead, the US started considering that Peru was leaning towards the Soviet-bloc; therefore, the CIA started to organize plans to destabilize and to overthrow General Velasco. US-Peru disagreements continued over a broad range of issues including even Peru's claim to a 200-mile fishing limit that resulted in the seizure of several US commercial fishing boats and the expropriation of the American copper mining company Cerro de Pasco Corporation. However, in spite these provocations, the U.S. responded immediately with humanitarian aid in 1970, when an earthquake killed about 50,000 persons and left over 600,000 homeless. Still, the U.S. efforts at good relations were rebuffed. In a 1973 press conference, in response to a question about Soviet military advisors in Peru, Velasco announced that the United States Peace Corps was being expelled from Peru. General Velasco's other main goal besides the nationalization of the main areas of the Peruvian economy and the agrarial reforms, was to militarily reconquer the lands lost by Peru to Chile in the War of the Pacific . [5] It is estimated that from 1970 to 1975 Peru spent up to 2 Billion USD (roughly 20 Billion USD in 2010's valuation) on Soviet armament. [6] According to various sources Velasco's government bought between 600 and 1200 T-55 Main Battle Tanks, APCs , 60 to 90 Sukhoi 22 warplanes, 500,000 assault rifles, and even considered the purchase of a British carrier Centaur-class light fleet carrier HMS Bulwark . [6] The enormous amount of weaponry purchased by Peru caused a meeting between former US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger and Chilean president, general and US-backed dictator Augusto Pinochet in 1976. [6] Velasco's military plan was to launch a massive sea, air, and land invasion against Chile. [6] In 1999, General Pinochet claimed that if Peru had attacked Chile during 1973 or even 1978, Peruvian forces could have penetrated deep south into Chilean territory, possibly military taking the Chilean city of Copiapó located half way to Santiago . [5] The Chilean Armed Forces considered launching a preventive war to defend itself. Though, Pinochet's Chilean Air Force General Fernando Matthei opposed a preventive war and responded that "I can guarantee that the Peruvians would destroy the Chilean Air Force in the first five minutes of the war". [5] Some analysts believe the fear of attack by Chilean and US officials as largely unjustified but logical for them to experience, considering the Pinochet dictatorship had come into power with a coup against democratically elected president Salvador Allende . According to sources, the alleged invasion scheme could be seen from the Chilean's government perspective as a plan for some kind of leftist counterattack. While acknowledging the Peruvian plans were revisionistic scholar Kalevi J. Holsti claim more important issues behind were the "ideological incompatibility" between the regimes of Velasco Alvarado and Pinochet and that Peru would have been concerned about Pinochet's geopolitical views on Chile's need of naval hegemony in the Southeastern Pacific. “ —Juan Velasco Alvarado [2] Overthrow Economic difficulties such as inflation, unemployment, food shortages and increased political opposition after the 1974 crackdown on the press ultimately increased pressures on the Velasco Administration and led to its downfall. On August 29, 1975, a number of prominent military commanders initiated a coup in the southern city of Tacna , nicknamed El Tacnazo . The military commanders of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th military regions declared that Velasco had not achieved most of what the "Peruvian Revolution" had stood for and was unable to continue in his functions. Prime Minister Francisco Morales Bermúdez was then appointed president, by unanimous decision of the new military junta. Prior to being deposed, Velasco had been seriously ill for at least a year. He had lost a leg to an embolism, and his cognitive abilities and personality were rumoured to have been affected by related circulatory problems. At the time of the coup, he was convalescing in the Presidential winter residence at Chaclacayo , countryside 20 kilometers east of Lima. General Velasco immediately called for a meeting with his council of ministers, at Government Palace in downtown Lima, where he discovered that there was little or nothing to do. He made a last speech to the nation on the evening of August 29, 1975, announcing his decision not to resist the coup because "Peruvians cannot fight against each other". General Velasco kept a low profile in Peruvian politics until his death in 1977. Following his death, Velasco was carried on the shoulders of campesinos for six hours around Lima, to show their respect and gratitude for his efforts on their behalf. [7] Legacy Although General Velasco is still remembered fondly by small left-leaning circles, his legacy remains largely controversial. In 1974, a then relatively unknown Hugo Chávez and around one dozen fellow cadets and soldiers, all youths, traveled to Ayacucho , Peru to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the eponymous Battle of Ayacucho . There, they were personally greeted by General Velasco. Velasco gave each of them a miniature pocket edition of La Revolución Nacional Peruana ("The Peruvian National Revolution"). The cadets also noted Velasco's perceived close relationship with both the Peruvian masses and the rank and file of the Peruvian military. [8] Chávez became attached to this book, and would both study its contents and constantly carry it on his person. However, Chávez later lost it after his arrest for leading the 1992 Venezuelan coup attempt . Twenty-five years later, as president, Chávez ordered the printing of millions of copies of his government's new Bolivarian Constitution only in the form of miniature blue booklets, a partial tribute to Velasco's gift. Remarks "Que los chilenos se dejen de cojudeces o mañana desayuno en Santiago" ("Chileans should stop with the bullshit or tomorrow I shall eat breakfast in [that is, invade] Santiago" [2] "¡Campesino, el patrón no comerá más de tu pobreza!" (" Countrymen, the land owner will never again feed of your poverty!") [3]	Peru
Celine Dion won the 1988 Eurovision Song Contest for which country?	Ollanta Humala \| president of Peru \| Britannica.com president of Peru Ollanta Humala, (born June 27, 1962, Lima , Peru), former army commander and onetime military coup leader who was elected president of Peru in 2011. Ollanta Humala, 2011. Enrique Castro Mendivil—Reuters/Landov Humala joined the army in 1982 and received training at the U.S. Army-run School of the Americas, which trained Latin American officers. In the 1990s, as an army captain, he commanded a counterinsurgency unit during the government’s fight against the revolutionary organization Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso). Reports later surfaced that violent excesses had occurred under his command, though Humala denied these allegations. In October 2000 he attracted nationwide attention when he led a military rebellion against Pres. Alberto Fujimori that was quickly put down. Within months, however, Fujimori’s government crumbled amid growing scandals; Humala subsequently received a congressional pardon for his role in the rebellion and was reinstated in the army. After serving as a military attaché at the Peruvian embassies in France and South Korea , he retired from the army in 2004 with the rank of lieutenant colonel. Humala ran for president in Peru’s 2006 election. He secured the most votes in the first round and advanced to a runoff with Alan García . During the campaign Humala publicly allied himself with Venezuelan Pres. Hugo Chávez , and Chávez openly supported Humala’s presidential bid, leading García to warn that “Peru would become a colony of Venezuela” if Humala became president. García won the election by a 52.62–47.37 percent margin. Humala stood again in the 2011 presidential election. Making an abrupt about-face, Humala attempted to downplay his association with Chávez, explicitly stating that “the Venezuelan model doesn’t apply in Peru” and recasting himself as a centre-left politician in the mold of former Brazilian president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva . Denying that he wished to bring Chávez’s socialist revolution to Peru, Humala instead promised to pursue moderate leftist policies as he sought to reduce poverty in the country, where roughly a third of the population lived below the poverty line despite nearly a decade of robust economic growth. He disavowed his earlier promises to renegotiate Peru’s free-trade agreements and to rewrite the constitution in order to give the government a greater role in the economy. Although his plans included higher taxes on the country’s lucrative mining sector, he insisted that he would negotiate with mining companies on taxes rather than unilaterally impose them. As in 2006, Humala won the first round of voting and advanced to a runoff, this time with conservative congresswoman Keiko Fujimori . The two were engaged in a highly polarizing campaign in which Humala continued to face questions over his ties to Chávez and Fujimori confronted accusations that she was a proxy for her father, the former president (1990–2000) who was now imprisoned on human rights and corruption charges. On June 5, 2011, Humala prevailed over Fujimori in the runoff, earning a narrow victory of 51.45–48.55 percent in one of the closest presidential elections in Peru’s history. He was inaugurated on July 28. Britannica Stories EU Considers Rules For Robots Humala’s critics expressed skepticism over his political transformation, but, following his victory, he continued to strike a moderate tone, pledging economic stability and a pragmatic approach to resolving social problems. He also vowed to respect democracy , declaring that he intended to build “a government of agreement, of a wide base where no one will feel excluded.” Sherman Hollar In choosing not to pursue a radical agenda, Humala lost the support of Peru’s political left, and by 2014 more than a dozen members of Congress who had supported his candidacy deserted Humala to form a new coalition that would oppose him in the lead-up to the 2016 presidential election. (Humala was constitutionally prohibited from running for a consecutive term, but there was much speculation that his wife, Nadine Heredia, whose popularity greatly exceeded his, would be a presidential candidate.) Humala also faced opposition from conservatives in 2012, when his government proposed buying a stake in the local holdings of the Spanish oil company Repsol SA . Although no such action was taken, the private sector complained loudly about what some saw as government meddling in the marketplace. Despite those political setbacks for Humala, during the first years of his rule the Peruvian economy continued to prosper, registering annual GDP growth of more than 6 percent while maintaining low rates of inflation. Humala’s personal popularity with Peruvians, however, declined markedly, seemingly in response to the perception, among some, of failed campaign promises, as a result of political scandals involving members of his government, and because of disenchantment with his handling of social conflicts. Foremost among those conflicts were the clashes between mining interests and environmentalists, most notably over a proposed open-pit coal mine in the Cajamarca region of northern Andean Peru. Humala’s woes continued when, despite the free-trade agreement with the European Union that had come into effect in 2013, Peru’s overall economy slowed considerably by 2014, largely as a consequence of the decline in international demand for industrial and precious metals. Instability within his cabinet plagued Humala’s administration almost from the start, and policy disagreements, personal decisions, and political scandals forced him to name a new prime minister seven times by early 2015. Most controversially, in late March of that year, Prime Minister Ana Jara was constitutionally forced to resign after being censured by the opposition-led Congress for allegedly failing to control the National Intelligence Directorate, which recently had been accused of domestic spying on opposition politicians, journalists, and members of the military, among others. Ollanta Humala - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up) (born 1962). On June 5, 2011, in one of the closest presidential elections in Peru’s history, Ollanta Humala, a leftist former army commander and one-time military coup leader, prevailed over conservative congresswoman Keiko Fujimori in a runoff, earning a narrow 51.45%-48.55% victory. The vote brought to a close a highly polarizing campaign in which Humala faced questions over his ties to Venezuelan Pres. Hugo Chavez, who had openly supported Humala’s unsuccessful 2006 presidential bid, and Fujimori confronted accusations that she was a proxy for her father, former president Alberto Fujimori, who was imprisoned on human rights and corruption charges. Denying that he wished to bring Chavez’s socialist revolution to Peru, Humala instead promised to pursue moderate leftist policies as he sought to reduce poverty in the country, where roughly a third of the population lived below the poverty line despite nearly a decade of robust economic growth. Humala succeeded Pres. Alan Garcia, who was prohibited from running for reelection, on July 28. Article Contributors	i don't know
What is a score of 40-all otherwise known as in the game of tennis?	How to Score the Game of Tennis How to Score the Game of Tennis Often tennis professionals are asked how to keep score in the game of tennis. Unfortunately, there is no simple answer. The explanation provided below may prove useful. In the game of tennis ï¿½ points make up a game, games make up a set, and sets make up a match. POINTS A point is scored when someone makes an error, hits past the opponent, or forces the opponent to make the error. The points are scored in this manner: 0 = Love 3rd point = 40 4th point = Game In scoring, the serverï¿½s points are always given first. For example: If the server wins the first point the score would be 15-Love. If the receiver should win the first point, the score would be Love-15. GAMES The most difficult part of scoring in tennis is the game. Points make up a game. The first person to win 4 points (by a margin of two or more) is the winner of the game. The unusual thing about the game is what happens if the score becomes 3 points all (tied at 40-40). At that time the score would be ï¿½deuceï¿½. The next point won after deuce would be one of the players ï¿½advantageï¿½ or ï¿½addï¿½. It might be stated ï¿½your addï¿½, or more formally stated ï¿½advantage, Mr. Smithï¿½. Some players might say ï¿½add-inï¿½ if it is the serverï¿½s advantage, or ï¿½add-outï¿½ if it is the receiverï¿½s advantage. All of these methods are acceptable means of calling the score in an advantage situation. The next point won after someoneï¿½s ï¿½addï¿½ would either be ï¿½gameï¿½ or ï¿½deuceï¿½ again. Deuce, add-in, deuce, add-out can go on indefinitely until someone wins by a margin of two or more points. Letï¿½s run through a hypothetical game: Smith ï¿½ server; Ryan ï¿½ Receiving Ryan wins the first point: love ï¿½ 15 Smith wins the second point: 15 ï¿½ all Smith wins the third point: 30 ï¿½ 15 Smith wins the forth point: 40 ï¿½ 15 Ryan wins the fifth point: 40 ï¿½ 30 Ryan wins the sixth point: deuce Ryan wins the seventh point: Ryanï¿½s add, or add-out, or advantage Ryan Smith wins the eight point: deuce Smith wins the ninth point: Smithï¿½s add, or add-in Smith wins tenth point: Smith wins the game (finally!) Had Smith won either this point or the next one, he would have won the game. SETS A set is completed when one of the players wins six games by a margin of two or more games. Therefore, the score could be 6 ï¿½ 2, or 6 ï¿½ 3, or 6 ï¿½ 4, but not 6 ï¿½ 5, It could be 7 ï¿½ 5 (because a player won by a margin of two games). Should the score go to 6 games ï¿½ all, a tiebreaker would be played to determine the winner of the set. A match can consist of: The best 2 out of 3 sets (the most common). The best 3 out of 5 sets (same is used in major tournaments such as U.S. Open and Wimbledon). The first to win 10 games (a pro set). THE TIEBREAKER The tiebreaker is played if the players reach 6 games ï¿½ all. The next player to serve (player A) will serve the first point from the right hand (forehand) court. The next two points will be served by player B beginning from the left hand (backhand) court, then the right (forehand) court. The forth and fifth points will be served by player A, beginning with the left court, then the right court. The sixth and seventh points will be served by player B, beginning with the left (backhand) court, again. This goes on indefinitely until either player wins 7 points, by a margin of 2 or more. It is possible for the score to be as high as 21-19, because a player must win by two points or more to win the tiebreaker! One final note: After each six points of the tiebreaker, the players should switch ends of the court.ï¿½ The best way to learn the way to score a match is to sit down in front of the television while a major tournament is on. Try to give the score along with the announcers.	Deuce
Footballer Mario Balotelli joined which English football club in 2010?	Tennis Term Dictionary Tennis Term Dictionary The left side of the court. Sometimes used to refer to the left-side service box. Ad-In In regular scoring (not no-ad), if the server wins the point when the score is deuce, the score becomes ad-in. Sometimes, the score is called "my ad" by the server, but "ad-in" is the proper term for the score. Ad-Out Same as "ad-in" except that the advantage is to the receiver or receiving team. Players frequently call this score out as "your ad," but "ad-out" is the proper term for the score. All (as in 30-all) When the server and the receiver are tied in any score, it is called using "all" as the last word. Examples: in a game, if both players have 2 points, the score is "thirty-all." This can go for set scores and match scores, as in "we are 3-all in this set" or "sets are one-all." American Twist, or Kick Serve For us older players, the "kick" server used to be called the "American Twist." Don't ask me why because I don't know. I could make something up, of course, like it was first hit by an American player by the name of Donald Tilden McEnnewcome, but you, my faithful readers, are much too smart to fall for that. But the kick serve is one that is hit with some top spin and some side spin so that the ball arcs and angles and then jumps to the side in the direction of the servers racquet arm. In other words, if a right hander hits a kick serve to the ad (backhand) court, it will jump out away from the center of the court. This serve is effective as a second serve or also to pull an opponent off the court allowing for a serve-and-volley tactic. ATP Association of Tennis Professionals. This is the organization that handles the profesional men's tour. Visit atptennis.com for more information. Baseliner Player who prefers to stay back as his or her primary tactic. These players tend to be very steady, make few mistakes, and can run for hours without getting tired. They can confound serve-and-volleyers. Best tactics against baseliners include vertical movement (drop and lob) and conservative net-rushing (i.e. stay back until you get a really good opportunity to come in). Baseliners tend to hail from areas where slower court surfaces are prevalent, such as Florida and Spain. Buster (or Breaker) Shorthand for tie-breaker. When a set score reaches 6-all, a tie-breaker is played. The standard tie-breaker played today is the 12-point tie-breaker, where the victor is the first to reach 7 points with a minimum margin of 2 points. Back in the day (yeesh, I'm old) we had the 9-point tie-breaker where the winner would only need 5 points with a margin of 1. I recall a match when I was but a little birdling where the third set tie-breaker went to 4-all in the tie-breaker meaning that the entire match hinged on the final point. Now that's intense! Chip and Charge During a baseline exchange when one player gets a short ball, hits an approach shot, and follows it to the net, this is frequently called "chip and charge" because the standard approach shot has slight backspin on it. Also because "chip and charge" is fun to say. Some similar variations on this alliterative behavior are "pound and pray," "hack and hope," and "wail and wish." Compact Swing Players who do not take a large wind-up on their groundstrokes are said to have a "compact" swing. These players typically cannot generate a lot of power on their own (but be careful, some can hit the ball deceivingly hard) but it is difficult to force them to hit late. Many baseliners prefer a compact swing to increase their consistency. If you ever see an old tape of Borg v. McEnroe, notice Mac's compact strokes versus Borg's large looping backswings. Continental Grip Back in the day (there's that phrase again), instructors used to teach grips by identifying where the V of your hand (the V-shaped part of your hand formed by your thumb and index finger) was placed on the racquet's grip. Nowadays, most instructors use the "pad" of your index finger (the part of your hand just at the base of the index finger, otherwise known as the backside or inside of your knuckle) as a guide. Hold your racquet vertically (racquet face pointing level) and look at the butt cap. Imagine the 4 faces and 4 bevels of the grip as the points of a compass: N, S, E, W, NE, NW, SE, SW. If you are right handed and your index pad is on the NE bevel, this is a continental grip. Lefties will have their pad on the NW bevel. This grip is used most often for serves and occasionally for volleys (although I find it makes the wrist too flimsy to volley effectively). Deuce When the game score is 40-all, the score is said to be "deuce." From that point on, every second point is called "deuce" until the game is over. Some players call 30-all deuce, which it effectively is, but technically is not. So it's not. End of story. Deuce Court The right side of the court, so named because when the score is deuce the ball is served from the right side into the opponent's right-side service box. Exception: in "no-ad" scoring, the receiver/receiving team can choose which side they want to receive on, deuce or ad. The deuce court is sometimes called the forehand side of the court, but I surmise lefties don't call it that. Doubles When two players compete against two other players. Singles is when one person plays against one other person. Sometimes, when there are three people that want to play, they will play 2-on-1, which is called "Australian Doubles." Oh, those kookie Aussies... Eastern Grip When the pad of your index finger is on the East face of the grip (West for lefties), this is said to be the Eastern Forehand Grip. There is, however, a distinction between this grip and the Eastern Backhand Grip, which is when the pad of your index finger is on the North face. Five Fifteen. Many players shorten the saying of "fifteen" in the game score to "five," as in "five-all" or "five-forty" instead of "fifteen-all" or "fifteen-forty." Half-Volley When the ball is hit just after its bounce when it is still just a few inches off the ground, this is a "half-volley." Heavy Ball This is a tough one. It is very difficult to truly define a "heavy" ball. All I can say is you just know it's heavy. Typically a heavy ball is one that is hit hard, not very high, deep, and has a modicum of top spin on it. These are the balls that when one is hit your way, you feel like the ball is hitting your racquet more than vice-versa. People who hit heavy balls are generally advanced players who play a power game, but pretty much anyone can hit one from time to time. Hook Cheat, typically on a line call. If your opponent calls your in shots out on purpose, he or she is said to be "hooking" you. Popular phrases include, "that's a hook, Mark! You #@&%$!" and "HOOK! Did you see that hook? Man, that guy is hooking the tar out of me!" Inside-out Backhand When a backhand is hit from the forehand side of the court toward the opponents opposite side, it is termed inside out. The reason for this term is that the destination of the ball is the same as if the ball were hit down-the-line, but the ball is actually angling crosscourt. So, in describing the shot, neither crosscourt nor down-the-line really applies, so the inside-out term was invented. Very few players monkey around with inside-out backhands. Inside-out Forehand Inside-out forehand, on the other hand (get it?), are very common. Since most players are right-handed and since most players have stronger forehands than backhands, lots of players will run around their backhands to hit forehands to their opponent's backhands to gain a tactical advantage. By the way, if you are serving to my forehand in the ad court (I am right-handed) and I return to your backhand side, this is generally not called an inside-out forehand since I didn't move to that side on purpose to hit that shot; I was there to return serve. Basically, that's just a forehand return to your backhand side. Lob (offensive lob and defensive lob) Any shot that crosses the net high up in the air is a lob. Of course, just how high it has to be to be considered a lob is debatable. There are offensive lobs and defensive lobs. Offensive lobs are intended to go over a netplayer's head to win the point. Defensive lobs are generally used to give a player more time to get into position. Looping Swing Opposite of Compact Swing. When a player uses a looping motion in the backswing of their groundstrokes, it is said to be a looping backswing or just a looping swing. This can generate more power on a groundstroke but can also land you in trouble if the ball is coming so fast that you can't complete the loop in time to meet the ball properly. Love Nothing. Nada. Zero. Zilch. When giving the score, a player that has zero has his score given as "love." This applies to game, set, and match scores. Examples are "30-love," "we are 4-love in the set," and "I am leading one set to love." Mixed Doubles When a male and a female play doubles against another male and female, this is called mixed doubles. It is also the cause of many divorces. Moon-Baller A player who prefers to stay back and hit non-aggressive shots is called a "moon-baller." This is because their shots tend to be high looping affairs that one would swear cross the moon before coming back down to earth. There is a big distinction between moon-ballers and baseliners. Bjorn Borg: baseliner. My old college teammate Jesse (nicknames: "Treats," "Jughead," and "Jesster the Molester"): moon-baller. Moon-ballers are also sometimes called "fluff-ballers" or "pushers." These players can confound even the most advanced players because it is difficult to establish a rhythm against them. They also tend to have wickedly accurate passing shots so if you are going to net-rush against them, make sure you hit a good approach shot. By the way, Jesse never beat me in a challenge match. Consider that ticket punched! No-Ad Scoring When players reach deuce, the next point wins the game in "no-ad" scoring, aptly named because there are no ad points played. When playing no-ad scoring, the receiver/receiving team can decide which side, ad or deuce, to receive from. As well, the score in the game is traditionally called using 1, 2, and 3 instead of 15, 30, and 40, but this isn't followed very often. No-ad scoring was conceived to make matches shorter so that large tournaments can be played in a weekend. No-Man's Land The area between the baseline and the service line is known, traditionally, as "no-man's land." I guess it would be more PC to call it "no-person's land." The reason for this name is because you don't want to get caught in this part of the court. A deep shot will land behind you making it difficult to hit back, and you are also not close enough to the net to start thinking about hitting a winning volley. Basically, it's just not a good place to be. NTRP National Tennis Rating Program. The USTA (see USTA) developed the NTRP as a means to rate players for league and tournament play. See http://www.usta.com/leagues/custom.sps?iType=931&icustompageid=1655 for more information. It is intended to match players with opponents of similar skills so that the competition is more enjoyable. Although, if your fellow players are like mine, everyone tries to lower their rating so that they win more matches. I find this deplorable and against the very fiber of everything the... what? My medication? Okay... so, I forgot the little orange pill today. I don't really need it, do I? Open Stance When hitting the ball, if your feet are positioned more toward facing the net than the back fence, this is said to be an "open" stance. As a general rule, it is fine to hit forehands with an open stance (most of the pros do it all of the time these days) but you want a "closed" stance for backhands. Overhead (smash) The answer to the lob! An overhead smash (usually called just an "overhead") is when a player hits a ball over their head with a motion similar to a service motion. The "over their head" part is key to the name. Duh. Pace This is one of those terms that is highly subjective. Different players have different ideas of just exactly what pace is. I like to define it as the total kinetic energy in the ball. If a ball has more velocity or spin, then it has more pace. But that's not necessarily the best way to put it. If you reduce spin and increase velocity the same amount, the pace isn't the same. So, why is this important? Well, a very common tactic is to change pace during a point or between points. You can vary spin and velocity to keep your opponent from getting a good rhythm going. You can also hit many balls flat and slow and then surprise them with a hard shot with heavy topspin. Pro Set The normal set in tennis is won by winning 6 games with a margin of 2 or more games with a tie-breaker played at 6-all. A "pro set" is basically the same thing but is won by getting to 8 games. Generally, it is used to shorten matches; you will play a single pro set instead of two-out-of-three regular sets. Personally, I don't like them. One service break and you're in big trouble. Pronate The strict definition is "rotation of the wrist in an inward direction." How does this pertain to tennis? Well, back in the day (sigh), instructors used to talk about the wrist-snap on serves. In reality, and as is taught today, it is a pronation, or a rotation of the wrist, and not a wrist snap. Truth to tell, "wrist snap" just sounds painful and tennis is an injury-prone sport as it is. Pusher See "moon-baller." ROY A term used to describe the lower-level players. It's not used much today, however. The etymology harkens to junior football teams where you would have the First String, the Second String, the Third String, the Fourth String, and the "Rest Of Y'all." Semi-Western Grip Place your index pad on the SE bevel (SW for lefties) and that is a semi-western forehand grip. Serve-and-Volleyer One who follows his serve to the net as his primary tactic. Typically, serve-and-volleyers are found more often in areas where faster court surfaces prevail, such as California and Texas. And Germany. Shuffle "Shuffle" refers to the motion tennis players make with their feet when trying to get into position. Basically, it is a lateral movement where you keep your facing toward the net. The reason for shuffling your feet is because if you turn and run back into position, then your opponent will soon realize that hitting behind you (see wrong-footed) is an effective tactic. Singles When one player competes against one opponent. In singles, the doubles alleys (the long boxes at the sides of the court) are considered out-of-bounds. Singles Sticks The net posts are supposed to be 6 inches outside the bounds of the court. Most tennis courts include the doubles alleys, so the net posts must be outside of them. So, singles sticks were invented and are placed 6 inches outside the singles lines on a doubles court to raise the net at those points and to make the court regulation for singles play. These are rarely used in typical amateur play, but are necessary in high-level and pro tournaments. Slice Generally, any ball that has heavy spin (except top spin) is said to have "slice." There are slice forehands, slice backhands, slice serves� I've even witnessed a slice volley in my lifetime, although I am sure it was on accident. Split-Step The small hopping motion made when approaching the net to get ready for the next shot. The purpose of the split-step is to square your shoulders to the net and to get your weight balanced so that you can change direction quickly if the next shot isn't hit right to you. Ideally, you want to time the split-step so that your feet hit the ground at the same time your opponent's racquet hits the ball. This gives you the most time get ready to move to the next shot while also giving you the most time to close the net as tight as you can. Swinging Volley I think the Williams sisters made the swinging volley as popular as it is today. Basically, it's a ground-stroke (forehand or backhand) that you hit without first letting the ball bounce. And hoo boy are they fun to hit! Tank Sometimes, for whatever reason, a player really doesn't want to win a match. Perhaps they were paid off. Perhaps they have another more important tournament that they need to get to. Perhaps they just thought they left the stove on and need to get home. But going in the "tank" is often used to describe a player who is purposely not putting in their best effort. The "Dropper" The drop-shot. Used very effectively by people who have a lot of touch and finesse in their game, the "dropper" is a shot that is intentionally hit very short in an attempt to either bring their opponent into the net or perhaps to get an outright winner. Remember, the court is two-dimensional (maybe 3-D, but I hate those funny glasses), so there is more to tactics than just choosing whether to hit to your opponent's forehand or backhand. The "Saba-tweenie" Made popular by the long-legged Gabriela Sabatini, the "Saba-tweenie" is when a player is at net, gets lobbed, and runs down the lob but hits the ball between their legs with their back still to the net. In college, our coach had a standing bet that any player that hits a winner off of a Saba-tweenie got a steak dinner. My doubles partner won that bet (but lost the match... steak never tasted so bitter-sweet). The "T" Refer to my previous articles about The Geometry of Tennis. The "T" is the intersection of the service line and the center service line, forming a T-shape. Top Spin A ball that is hit with an upward motion of the racquet face will have "top spin" imparted on it. Due to fluid dynamics, Bernoulli's Law, the rotation of the earth, and the phases of the moon, a ball with topspin drives itself earthward. That means down. This allows a player to hit harder and higher over the net (increasing margin of error), and still keep the ball from going long (past the baseline). Toy Disney movie involving the playthings of a boy with characters voiced by, among others, Tim Allen and Tom Hanks. Seriously, a "toy" is when one player exhibits a level of skill, if even briefly, that far outstrips his opponent's and then uses this to purposely humiliate the opponent. An example would be if player A is way out of position and, instead of taking the easy winner, player B hits a gentle shot that is still just out of reach of player A but yet so inviting that player A encounters a dilemma about whether to go for it or not. Man, I love when that happens... I mean to my opponents. Not to me. That sucks. Tree Somewhat archaic but still in good use today, the term "tree" is used to describe a player that is having a great day and is playing far outside his or her usual abilities. It can also be used to describe a bout of incredible luck. Synonym: in the "zone." USPTA The United States Professional Tennis Association, an association of tennis instructors. For more information, visit http://www.uspta.org/ USPTR The United States Professional Tennis Registry, also an association of tennis instructors. For more information, visit http://www.ptrtennis.org/ USTA The United States Tennis Association, an organization devoted to promoting and developing tennis in the United States. Most nations have their own version of the USTA, which establishes leagues, sponsors tournaments, and hosts community tennis events. They also have a website: http://www.usta.com Western Grip If your index pad is on the South face of the grip, this is a Western forehand grip. Note, if you turn the racquet over, you have an Eastern backhand grip (although the Western Forehand grip tends to have more of a trigger-finger than the Eastern backhand grip). The Western forehand is very advanced and is used to maximize power and topspin in that shot. Wrong-footed When your opponent hits a shot behind you as you are scurrying to get back into position, you are said to have been "wrong-footed." WTA Women's Tennis Association, the women's counterpart to the ATP, which sponsors and promotes professional female tennis players and events. For more information, visit http://www.wtatour.com/	i don't know
In the human body, which teeth are known as the ‘cutting teeth’?	BBC Science & Nature - Human Body and Mind - Skeleton Layer Food processing: Teeth cut through and chew up food, preparing it for digestion Enamel: Is the hardest substance in the human body Tooth decay: Bacteria in your mouth produce acid which rots your teeth Teeth break down food Your teeth prepare food for digestion by breaking it down and chewing it up. They do this by cutting, tearing, crushing and grinding: Your eight flat front teeth are good for biting, scraping and cutting. They are called incisors Your four cone shaped canines are good at piercing and tearing food The teeth that crush and grind your food are your eight blunt premolars and your twelve broader, larger molars Hard teeth have a soft centre Your teeth are covered in enamel, which is the hardest substance in your body. It covers the exposed part of your teeth above your gum. The roots of your teeth are fixed into a socket in your jawbone. Although your teeth are hard on the outside, they actually have a soft centre. Inside your teeth is a cavity filled with pulp. Pulp is made up of connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerve fibres. It supplies nutrients to your teeth. The pulp cavity extends into the root of your teeth, forming the root canal. Two sets of teeth The first set of teeth known as deciduous or milk teeth erupts through the gums between eight months and three years of age. Milk teeth become loose and start to fall out as permanent teeth push through the gums at about six years of age. A full set of 32 permanent teeth is complete when wisdom teeth appear in the late teens or early twenties. The reason you have two sets of teeth probably comes down to size. A full set of permanent teeth would be too big to fit into a young child's mouth. So milk teeth act as a bridge until the jaw is large enough to accommodate a full set of permanent teeth. Wisdom teeth The last teeth that emerge are your wisdom teeth. It's not clear what their function is, but some experts believe they're a remnant from a time when our ancestors had a more rugged diet and, as a result, longer, larger jaws. Now our jaws are smaller, there often isn't enough room for them, which is why wisdom teeth can cause problems. Tooth decay There are bacteria in your mouth that multiply when you eat sweet food. As these bacteria feed on food stuck on your teeth, they produce acid. This acid can dissolve enamel and eat through a tooth, right down to the nerve in its pulp cavity. A hole in a tooth like this provides a route for bacteria in your mouth to cause nasty infections in the root of a tooth. This can result in excruciating toothache.	Incisor
In which country is the 2008 film ‘The Hurt Locker’ set?	Infant Teething Schedule of Baby Age Development You are here: Baby Care Center > Baby Information > Infant Teething Timeline Infant Teething Timeline and Baby Development Schedule Related to Cutting Teeth About the time many parents have gotten their babies to sleep through (most) the night, baby's timeline moves right on into teething. Infant development experts say that teething usually starts when your baby is around four months old, and continues until he or she is about two years old, at which time you get a reprieve until about five years old when the baby teeth start being replaced by grown-up teeth. Some babies teeth early�around three months old, and some teeth later, granting exhausted parents a few extra nights of well-earned sleep which they may spend worrying about the fact that the baby has yet to teeth when everyone else at Mommy and Me has already gained the admirable but odd-looking lower central incisors that make baby grins look hilarious to people who don't have children. Premature babies may teeth later�count it as a blessing. Some babies don't develop their first teeth until 7 months or more, and a few may even be a year old before showing a single tooth. Like many things about babies, you can't schedule progress on someone else's age chart: your baby will develop teeth when he or she is ready�and whether you're ready or not. When babies start teething, the order of the process generally proceeds along in fairly predictable stages. First come the two lower middle teeth; next, the four upper middle teeth arrive, and after that come incisors, the furthest forward molars and finally the back molars. The first teeth may be the easiest for many babies because the teeth are sharp and thin, so they make it through the gum tissue with less trouble than the broad molars do. An infant who's cutting teeth can be one miserable companion, but some babies hardly seem to notice the change. Because the tooth is breaking down and cutting through the gum, it's normal for babies to experience throbbing pain, swelling and the urge to bite. Biting might be ascribed to crankiness, which is also a symptom associated with teething, but in fact, putting pressure on sore gums from the outside equalizes the pressure exerted by the rising tooth and numbs the pain�until the outside pressure stops. It's a well-known fact that, once a baby reaches teething age, everything goes into the mouth. For nursing mothers, it can be a frustration when the child you've been waking yourself every two hours to feed suddenly bites you hard, but try not to take it personally. Do stop your baby and so, "no biting!" in your "I mean it" voice. (If you don't have your "I mean it" voice in place yet, here's where you develop it). Don't worry: you won't traumatize your child and you may be able to get the message across and continue to breastfeed in an atmosphere of mutual respect and (guarded) trust. Some babies won't stop biting when nursing, in which case, moms usually decide to wean their children. This is one of the first times you will have to decide whether you're going to be an assertive parent who manages to meet the needs of her baby while maintaining her own need not to be injured, or a resentful martyr who bears unnecessary bruises and whose child will go on to bite babysitters, grandparents and even pets in her quest for something firm to chew on. Baby Teething Articles and Infant Information Baby Teething Timeline	i don't know
Holly Valance and Jason Donovan competed in which 2011 UK television show?	Holly Valance and Alex Jones voted off Strictly Come Dancing - Mirror Online TV Holly Valance and Alex Jones voted off Strictly Come Dancing Holly Valance and Alex Jones waltzed off Strictly Come Dancing at the semi-final stage last night after failing to impress the public. Share Strictly Come Dancing: Holly Valance (Pic: BBC) Share Get celebs updates directly to your inbox + Subscribe Thank you for subscribing! Could not subscribe, try again laterInvalid Email Holly Valance and Alex Jones waltzed off Strictly Come Dancing at the semi-final stage last night after failing to impress the public. Singer Holly and The One Show host Alex were the judges’ bottom two acts and voters decided not to save them. It means McFly’s Harry Judd, 25, actress Chelsee Healey, 23, and stage star Jason Donovan, 43, will compete in the final in Blackpool this weekend. Who won Strictly Come Dancing? Alex, 34, who danced with James Jordan, said: “I’ve had an incredible time and when I’m old and grey I’ll look back at these three months. James has been brilliant – we’ve laughed 80% of the time, apart from when I get left and right wrong. “To meet the contestants, dancers and everybody backstage has been incredible experience. James has been able to work miracles, and in such a funny way.” Holly, 28, said: “I am not disappointed. I am just grateful to get this far, 11 out of 12 weeks ain’t bad, nothing to sniff at.” Holly is tipping Chelsee to win. She said: “She is a great dancer with a great personality. She was doing a TV show at the same time, shooting Waterloo Road. Now she has time to concentrate purely on Strictly I think she is going to keep rising. She will pull something amazing out of the bag.” She vowed to keep dancing, adding: “I would like to take some ballet classes. I enjoyed my Swan Lake and we did a lot of balletic stuff in that.” The Australian sparked pregnancy rumours on Twitter by touching her stomach a number of times after each of her performances. Asked to comment, she said cryptically: “I think that is hysterical. That is probably one of the c****est questions I have ever been asked.” On Saturday, two routines got the first perfect 40 scores of the series from the judges: Chelsee and Pasha’s paso doble and Jason and Kristina’s Argentine tango. Harry got 39 for his dances. Like us on Facebook Most Read Most Recent	Strictly Come Dancing
Which Chicago building was formerly known as the Sears Tower?	Holly Valance's sister Olympia Valance on Neighbours, Mark Wahlberg and Katy Perry \| TV & Radio \| Showbiz & TV \| Daily Express 14:39, Thu, Jun 19, 2014 Family Fortunes: Olympia Valance is following her famous sister Holly into Neighbours[ PH] “The first thing I did when I found out I was going on Neighbours was scream and quit my old job,” Olympia Valance tells me with great relish. The 21-year-old Aussie has joined the iconic soap as feisty temptress Paige Novak, following in the footsteps of her famous older half-sister who played Felicity Scully back in 1999. Since then Holly, now 31, had a huge hit record in 2002 with Kiss Kiss before heading for Hollywood and in 2011, she came fourth on Strictly Come Dancing. But these days she is happily married to London property magnate Nick Candy and posted her excitement at Olympia’s new gig on her "old stomping ground" on her website. "You can never have too many Valance's on your TV! #ProudSis" Olympia looks remarkably like big sis Holly, pictured here in her Neighbours hey day [PA] But Olympia is quick to stress that she has no plans to follow Holly into the music business and beyond. “I can sing, but the thought of standing up in front of thousands of people doesn’t attract me at all. I don’t know how they do it. I’d vomit, I know I would.” She would much rather follow in the footsteps of former Neighbours star Margot Robbie, who just played the lead opposite Leonardo DiCaprio in The Wolf Of Wall Street. “Margot is amazing. She is living the dream of any young actress.” Olympia’s character is set to stir things up in Erinsborough in steamy scenes with her handsome co-stars, so what does she think makes her sexy? Natural beauty: But Olympia still wishes she had Miranda Kerr's legs (who doesn't?) [ PH] "Definitely not my feet! I have short fat toes, everyone says i have hobbit feet. And I would love to swap my legs with MIranda Kerr, please." And how does a serious actress concentrate on her lines with so many hot men running around in shorts? The first thing I did when I found out I was going on Neighbours was scream and quit my old job Olympia Valance “Sadly it’s winter over here so I’m missing the shorts action. But I’ll be really looklng forward to summer,” she laughs. And is she a speedos or shorts kind of girl? “Shorts, definitely. Never speedos, it’s not a good look.” Even so, she might make an exception for one man. “Mark Wahlberg. I’ve fancied him forever. My poor partner knows that if somehow, miraculously, Mark Wahlberg stepped inside my front door and asked me to marry him, I would. I really would!” Kiss Kiss: Holly (pictured with Jason Donovan) competed on 2009's Strictly Come Dancing [ BBC] Apart from the muscle-bound Hollywood hottie, Olympia isn’t fazed by meeting celebrities, having grown up around big sister Holly, who is 10 years her senior, in her pop and movie star days. “I’ve met so many famous people so i don't go crazy. But I was really stoked to meet Katy Perry. She played at my sister’s wedding and afterwards we took photos with her and she was so lovely. She’s just really real and genuine.” And who would be her all-time dream neighbours? Related articles 'Simon Cowell was bit of a let-down', says BGT's Charlotte Jaconelli "Let's see, Mark Wahlberg will obviously be living with me. Emma Stone because she’s so talented and hilarious, I could listen to her all day. Then Heath Ledger, he’s one of my favourite actors of all time. “I really love U2, I’d really like to live next to them or with them. And I’d also like Jimmy Hendrix jamming next door to me. And Bob Marley, please. I love Bob, love me some reggae.” You heard the lady, the party's 'round at Olympia’s house. Neighbours is on Channel 5 weekdays at 1.45pm and 5.30pm Most read in TV & Radio	i don't know
Which English football club is nicknamed The Hornets?	Football Team Nicknames Home > Sports > List > Football > Teams > Nicknames > men Football Team Nicknames Many football teams from around the world have another name by which they are more well known. These are not all official names, and some national teams have more than one nickname. I have tried to find the most commonly used nickname, and included others if known. As you can see, these nicknames are commonly derived from the color of their playing strip or country flag, or an animal associated with the country. If you have any corrections or additions, please let me know . See also our list of female natinal football team names . List of National Teams meaning “the National Team” (in Persian) Albania “the Red and Blacks” (in Albanian) Algeria The Desert Foxes (in French) American Samoa “the National Team” (in Samoan) Andorra “the Tricolor Selection” (in Catalan) Angola The Black Antelopes (in Portuguese) Anguilla "the Rainbow Warriors" or "the Soccer Dolphins" Antigua and Barbuda Wadadi is a local dance Argentina “the White and Sky Blues” (in Spanish) Armenia “the National Team” in Armenia Aruba a hybrid word from Soccer and Kangaroo (a native animal to Australia) Austria Wunderteam meaning the Wonder Team (also das Team, die Rot-Weiss-Roten - “the Red, White and Reds” in German) Azerbaijan “the Team from the Land of Fire” in Azeri Bahamas the Rake and Scrape Boys named after a local dance Bahrain meaning “the Red Wolves” in Arabic Bangladesh “the National Team” in Bengali Barbados Bajan is a popular team for citizens of Barbados Belarus meaning “the National Team” in Belorussian Belgium les Diables Rouges / Rode Duivels meaning 'the Red Devils' (in French and Dutch) Belize also Druk XI (“the Dragons XI” in Dzongkha) Bolivia La Verde La Verde means 'The Green' or to some 'The Green Pasture' because of one of the colors of the national flag. Bosnia-Herzegovina Zmajevi ("The Dragons") "Zmajevi" means "The Dragons". It is a popular nickname of all Bosnian sport players. In foreign media, the team is sometimes referred to as the Golden Lilies. Other names that have been used include: BH Representacija - “the National Team” (in Bosnian), and Zuto-Plavi (“the Blue and Yellows” in Bosnian). Botswana meaning "The Zebras" in the Tswana lanuage Brazil Canarinho, or Seleção Canarinho means 'little canary', and Seleção means The Selection/Team (in Portuguese). Other names that are sometimes used are Verde-Amarela (Green and Yellow) Pentacampeões (Five Time Champions), and Os Tupis - The "tupis" (a brazilian indigenous group) British Virgin Islands meaning "The Wasps" or “the Hornets” in Malay. Bulgaria les Hirondelles – Intamba Mu Rugamba “the Swallows” in French and Kirundi Cambodia “the National Team” in Khmer Cameroon meaning Indomitable Lions (in French) Canada Canucks is a slang term for Canadians. Also Les Rouges, meaning 'The Reds' Cape Verde “the Blue Sharks” (in Portuguese). Also Crioulos (“the Creoles” in Portuguese) Cayman Islands “the Fwans of Ubangui”, a tributary of the Congo river, in French Chad after the Sao civilization that once inhabited part of Chad Chile Team China – Zhong Guo Dui, also Team Dragon – Long Zhi Dui Chinese Taipei meaning The Coffee Growers in Spanish. Also “the Tricolors” Comoros les Coelecantes “the Coelecanths” in French, a prehistoric fish once believed to be extinct but which has reappeared off the coast of Comoros Congo “the Red Devils” in French Congo DR Les Léopards / The Leopards Between 1960 and 1965, they were called the Lions. From 1965 till 1997 they were the Leoopards, before reverting back to the Simbas (“the Lions” in Swahili) from 1997 till 2006. However this Swahili name was unpopular to non-Swahili speakers, so they again became the Leopards. Cook Islands “the National Team” in Maori, the Green and Whites Costa Rica Los Ticos Spanish slang for natives of Costa Rica. Also la Tricolor (“the Tricolors” in Spanish), la Roja (“the Reds”), la Sele (“the Selection” Cote d’Ivoire The Elephants (in French), due to their part in the 19th century Ivory trade Croatia meaning Fiery boys. Also sometimes Kockasti (The Chequereds) Cuba meaning “the Tricolors” (in Spanish). Also los Leones del Caribe (“the Lions of the Caribbean”) Curaçao meaning “the Crisaders” in Georgian. Also Erovnuli Nakrevi (“the National Team” in Georgian) Germany Die Nationalmannschaft, or Die Nationalelf meaning 'The National Team', 'The National Eleven' (in German). Outside of Germany, simply 'Die Mannschaft' (The Team) is commonly used. Ghana a reference to the sole black star on Ghana's flag Greece I Galanolefki translates as “the Sky Blue and White team” in Greek. They are also sometimes referred to as Ethniki Ellados (“the Greek Team” in Greek) and ''To Peiratikó'' (“Pirates” in Greek) though the pirates is not an official nickname, it just came about after they won Euro 2004. Grenada Guam Matao "Matao" refers to the people in the upper class of the ancient Guam society. Previously the team was known as "the Men in Blue and White". Guatemala el Equipo Chapin “Chapin” is Spanish slang for a citizen of Guatemala. also la Azul y Blanco (“the Blue and Whites” in Spanish) and la Bicolor (“the Bicolors”) Guinea the National Elephants. Syli is a word in Sousou, a Guinean language, which means Elephant. Guinea-Bissau Creole for a species of fox Guyana The Golden Jaguars, the Guy Stars Haiti les Bicolores les Bicolores means “the Bicolors” in French. There are also several other names that they are known by, including: Les Grenadiers India Blue Tigers The Indian National team are also sometimes referred to as the "Bhangra Boys" (Bhangra is a dance originating from the Punjab region) Indonesia Merah Putih meaning “the Red and Whites”. Another nickname for the Indonesian Football Team is "Garuda" (see comments below) Iran Team Melli meaning the National Team (in Persian). Also Shirants Perse / Shiran-e Pars (“the Persian Lions” in Persian). Iraq “the Lions of the Two Rivers” in Arabic, also the Babylon Lions Israel “the Sky Blue Team” in Hebrew Italy Azzurri Azzurri is the plural of Azurro (Blue), terefore Azurri means "The Blues". The team is also sometimes referred to as la Nazionale (“the National Team”). Jamaica “the Snow Leopards” in Russian Kenya “Harambee” means “We will work together” in Swahili and is also the country’s motto. Northern Mariana Islands Blue Ayuyus In the local Chamorro dialect, the "y" is pronounced like a "z." So it is pronounced ah-zu-zus. An ayuyu is a large land crab that is prized as a delicacy. Both the men and women's teams use this nickname. North Korea (Korea DPR Chollima A Korean mythical horse, translates as "thousand-mile horse" and is portrayed as a mythical winged horse. South Korea (Korea Republic Asian Tigers or Taeguk Warriors also the Red Devils. The Taeguk symbol of two hands clasping is in the middle of the Korean flag. Kuwait the Green and White Team Palestine “the National Team” in Arabic Panama “the Red Tide”. Also known as el Equipo Canalero (“the Canal Team”) Papua New Guinea “the National Team” in Tok Pisin Paraguay also La Albirroja (White and red in Spanish) Peru “the White and Reds” in Spanish Philippines Azkals Derived from the word askal, meaning “the Stray Dogs” in Philipino. They are also known as the "Tri-Stars" (From the three stars on their flag). Poland White-Reds ( in Polish). Also Polskie Orly (“ the Polish Eagles” in Polish) Portugal Selecção das Quinas in Portuguese the word "QUINAS" is a 5 sided Polyhedron, representing the "Forts" (Castles) Conquered from the Moors, in the "Foundation" of Portugal in 1143. Puerto Rico Spanish for "The Blue Hurricane" Qatar Tahiti Toa Aito in Tahitian means "The Iron Warriors". In French, it is Les guerriers de fer. It was previously believed to be "L'Equipe du Fenua", the Island team - “fenua” means “island” in Tahitian. Tajikistan “the National Team” in Tajik Tanzania “Taifa” is Swahili for country. Also known as the Kilimanjaro Stars Thailand also known as Team Chart Tai, “the National Team” in Thai Timor-Leste O Sol Nascente Meaning 'The Rising Sun' in Portugeuese. Also known as The Little Samba Nation and El Lafaek. Togo the hawks or Sparrowhawks (in French) Tonga “the National Team” in Tongan Trinidad & Tobago named after a local musical genre Tunisia The Eagles of Carthage (in French) Turkey Ay Yıldızlılar (or Ay Yildiz meaning Crescent Stars also La Celeste Olímpica (The Olympic Sky Blue) US Virgin Islands The Dashing Eagle The Dashing Eagle is the American symbol of power and grace, transformed to embody the unique optimism, flair, and self-determination of the islands. USA The Stars and Stripes Other names that are used are Team USA and The Yanks. There does not appear to be an official name. Uzbekistan White Wolves (Oq boสปrilar/Oา ะฑั pะธะปap) also sometimes known as Terma Jamoasi, meaning “the National Team” in Uzbek. Vanuatu the Men in Black and Gold Venezuela la Vinotinto meaning “the Burgundies” in Spanish - because of the burgundy color of their shirts. They are also know by the names Los Llaneros (The Plainsmen) and La Remolacha Mecanica (The Clockwork Beet). Vietnam Doituyen Qocdia “the National Team” in Vietnamese. Other names used are: Những chiến binh đỏ (The Red Warriors) and Ngôi sao vàng (The Golden Star). Wales	Watford F.C.
Which planet in our solar system has a white cloud pattern in its atmosphere nicknamed ‘Scooter’?	Football :EltonJohn.com Football “I never want to be without Watford.” (1982) – Elton John Born in Pinner, just outside London, Elton’s nearest professional club was Watford. In his early teens he naturally gravitated to the club, watching from the terraces as the club’s cult hero of the late ’50s /early ’60s — Cliff Holton — banged in goal after goal. At this stage, Watford were in the lower reaches of English football’s four-tier professional game, but a decade later they came to prominence when they reached The FA Cup semi-final of 1970. At that stage, Elton expressed an interest in getting involved, but it wasn’t until August 1973 that he became a Vice-President of the club —a figurative role in English football, rather than an executive position. Elton in goal at Watford Football Club, 1973 Elton in goal at Watford Football Club, 1973 His first role as a Vice-President was to hold a fund-raising gig at the club’s Vicarage Road Stadium in May 1974 that saw Nazareth in support and Rod Stewart guesting. Some 31,000 packed into the ground in the same month his Caribou album was released. No one was left in any doubt about his love of Watford and soon, his astute knowledge of the game and obvious enthusiasm saw him asked to join the club’s Board of Directors. Then, in the summer of 1976, 29-year-old Elton bought the club’s majority shareholding and he assumed the role of Chairman. Understandably at the time, the notion of a pop star running a football club was treated with some incredulity, but Elton took to the task with the professionalism that has hallmarked his career. Watford were now in the bottom division of English football and things had to change. He was not a figurehead Chairman, and in Easter 1977, he set about find the club a new manager to match his ambition of taking Watford to the top. “I asked Don Revie (then national team manager) who to go after and he didn’t hesitate,” said Elton at the time. “He gave me the name of Graham Taylor.” After an initial courtship while he convinced Graham of the seriousness of his ambitions for the club, it was a marriage made in heaven. One of the great double-acts of the modern football era was born and over the next five years Watford rose from the basement of the game to its penthouse. Having moved through Divisions Four and Three, promotion to the top flight came in May 1982. But it didn’t end there. The Hornets, Watford’s nickname, finished runners-up in their first Division One (now the Premier League) season, qualifying them to play in European club competitions in the 1983/84 campaign. It was at the end at that campaign that a “family circle” was completed. Watford reached the 1984 FA Cup Final, and tearfully, Chairman Elton stepped out on to the turf of Wembley Stadium — the same turf trodden by his cousin Roy 25 years earlier. The Cup Final appearance was the culmination of a period characterised by good management, unflagging commitment and raw enthusiasm. Big money player purchases were not the key to the Hornets’ success. “Elton John’s Taylor-made Army” had an unquantifiable aura which turned it into an unstoppable force. Elton now turned his attention to improving the stadium itself and in 1986 he funded a new 3,500-seater grandstand as the club established itself at the top level of the game. But Graham Taylor left for pastures new the following year —en route to becoming England manager and for Elton, the magic had gone. He remained as Chairman, but in 1990 sold his majority shareholding and was asked to be the club’s Honorary Life-President, a position he still holds. Without the Elton-Taylor axis at the helm, the club drifted back down the divisions in the 1990s. But sport is an unpredictable beast and amazingly, Graham Taylor returned to the club in February 1996, with a point to prove after a difficult stint as England boss. A year on, he took to the club’s pitch before a game to announce to a packed crowd: “Elton’s coming home.” The stadium positively erupted. So did Watford’s fortunes. With Elton back as Chairman and Taylor at the helm too, successive promotions saw the Hornets buzz back to the now Premier League in 1999, proof positive that history can repeat itself. Two years on and Graham Taylor moved on again and in May 2002 Elton stepped down as Chairman as his touring commitments increased. His circle with Watford has also been completed, and he is now a fan again, just as he was before his music career took flight. Nevertheless, if you wrote a history of the modern era of English football, you’d have to include a chapter on “Elton John’s Rocket Men” as the club became known. They were heady days. Heady days almost returned to Vicarage Road in the 2012/13 season. With Italian legend Gianfranco Zola at the helm, the Hornets finished third in the Championship, meaning they competed in the play-off final to decide the third side to be promoted to the Premier League. Unfortunately, despite their league-best 85 goals in the regular season, no goals were forthcoming in the play-off final, and they lost 1-0 to Crystal Palace. By cruel irony, the winning goal was an extra-time penalty netted by former Hornet Kevin Phillips. Understandably hopes were high of continued good fortune in the 2013/14 season, but it was not to be. A lack of form led to the departure of Gianfranco Zola and the mid-season appointment of another Italian manager, Beppe Sannino. The team finished the campaign in 13th position in the 24-team league. Sannino himself resigned at the end of August 2014, sparking a bizarre sequence of events which saw three head coaches at Vicarage Road in just over a month. First to be appointed was Spaniard Oscar Garcia, but he stood down after just three weeks for medical reasons, to be replaced by his second-in-command, Billy McKinlay. But just a week later, McKinlay was replaced by Serbian Slaviša Jokanović, ostensibly due to the latter’s greater management experience. Amazingly through all this turmoil off the field, on the field Watford had a superb season and finished the campaign in second place – earning them automatic promotion to the Premier League, the highest echelon of the English game. It was a season which saw star striker and captain Troy Deeney elevated to cult hero status. His goalscoring exploits – alongside fellow striker Odion Ighalo – netted 41 goals during the season to underpin the Hornets’ promotion push. Unable to agree contract terms in the summer, team manager Jokanović parted company with the club, to be replaced by in June 2015 by Spaniard Quique Sánchez Flores. From the start, the ambitions of the new manager and his players were perfectly matched and the Hornets are on the verge of securing their Premier League position for next season. In parallel, wins over Newcastle United (home), Nottingham Forest (away) and Leeds United (home) propelled Watford to the last eight of the prestigious FA Cup and an away tie at Cup holders Arsenal. A famous 2-1 victory over the Gunners means Elton’s beloved Watford are in the semi-finals. These days the semi-finals are played at Wembley, which means the Hornets are back in FA Cup action at the game’s spiritual home for the first time since then chairman Elton shed a tear before the club’s appearance in the Final back in 1984. Can Watford go one step further and win the competition this season? First they must face Crystal Palace on April 24 in the semis, and if successful, the Final will be played at Wembley on May 21. Watch this space. The game generally “People should understand the power of football and what it means to people in the community around them.” (2010) – Elton John Watford is not the only football club in which Elton has held a financial stake. He also once part-owned the Los Angeles Aztecs, a soccer team that competed in the North American Soccer League from 1974-81. However, it’s his Watford experience that has given him a deep understanding of the game. He also has many friends within it. Many of these friends have worked with Elton to support his charitable work. For example, David Beckham is a Patron of the Elton John AIDS Foundation (EJAF) UK , one of the world’s foremost independent AIDS charities. Another friend, former Arsenal and French international striker Thierry Henry, was among the sports stars photographed by Anderson & Low as part of their Champions portfolio, a series of iconic nude studies of leading international athletes. The portfolio was shown at London’s National Portrait Gallery in London from November 2008 to March 2009 and the fund-raising went to the EJAF. He’s also helped friends celebrate, and in July 2008 played at the wedding of former Chelsea and Germany captain Michael Ballack. But he’s equally not afraid to speak his mind when he feels the game he loves is being badly served. In a wide-ranging interview in The Independent in 2010, he stridently challenged the game’s authorities to preserve the integrity of the game amidst the moneyed era which has engulfed it. From his own experience, football is the people’s game — and it must remain so. His comments came from the heart. A heart still mesmerised by the results on a Saturday afternoon, wherever in the world he finds himself, through whatever media.	i don't know
‘Stone Cold Sober’ is the 2009 debut single of which English singer/songwriter?	Stone Cold Sober (Song) \| Paloma Faith Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Stone Cold Sober (Song) Patrick Byrne and Blair Mackichan Format: CD, digital download Stone Cold Sober is the debut single by English singer-songwriter Paloma Faith from the album Do You Want the Truth or Something Beautiful? It was released on 15 June 2009 and entered the UK chart at number 17. Lyrics Edit I'll be the late night lady you won't recognize I'm a chameleon I'm always in disguise I'd read your future but it´s written in the past Take a good look might be your last Don´t try to show me Cause you don't know me Stay away!! I can be wilder than the wind 119 miles an hour I´m in a whole other dimension Dancing doubles on the floor You think I'm crazy, a little bit hazy But I'm stone cold sober You're telling me something But there's nothing cheap as words I'm walking away before I do affect the birds Excuse me MR I've got other things to do Than to stand here listening to you Stop talking at my face Take a rocket out to space and... Stay away!! I can be wilder than the wind 119 miles an hour I'm in a whole other dimension Dancing doubles on the floor You think i'm crazy, a little bit hazy But I´m stone cold... I can be wilder than the wind 119 miles an hour I´m in a whole other dimension Dancing doubles on the floor You think i'm crazy, a little bit hazy But I'm stone cold sober In the madness of the storm I'm the one to carry on I don't need no medicine I´f you're looking for a cure Don´t be knocking at my door I´ll never let you in Take a rocket out to space And stay out of my place I can be wilder than the wind 119 miles an hour I´m in a whole other dimension Dancing doubles on the floor You think i'm crazy, a little bit hazy But I´m stone cold.. . I can be wilder than the wind 119 miles an hour I´m in a whole other dimension Dancing doubles on the floor You think i'm crazy, a little bit hazy But I'm stone cold sober	Paloma Faith
Scapa Flow is a body of water in which Scottish island group?	Paloma Faith \| Music News and Videos - Yahoo Music R&B, British, Gospel, England, Singer-songwriter, Christian, London, English, Soul, Jazz, Pop, Rock, Female, Miscellaneous Biography: Paloma Faith (born Paloma Faith Blomfield; 21 July 1985) is an English singer-songwriter and actress. In 2009, she released her debut single"Stone Cold Sober"and her debut album, Do You Want the Truth or Something Beautiful?, which was certified Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry. Her album stayed within the top 40 album charts for over forty weeks. LessPaloma Faith (born Paloma Faith Blomfield; 21 July 1985) is an English singer-songwriter and actress. In 2009, she released … More Yahoo Music	i don't know
The world’s first nuclear bomb was detonated in 1945 in which US state?	The First Atomic Bomb Blast, 1945 The First Atomic Bomb Blast, 1945 Printer Friendly Version >>> The events that took place in a remote area of New Mexico during the predawn hours of July 16, 1945 forever changed the world. In the early morning darkness the incredible destructive powers of the atom were first unleashed and what had been merely theoretical became reality. The blast, .034 seconds after detonation The test was the culmination of three years' planning and development within the super secret Manhattan Project headed by General Leslie R. Groves. Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer directed the scientific team headquartered at Los Alamos, New Mexico. An isolated corner of the Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range located 230 miles south of Los Alamos was selected for the test that was given the code-name "Trinity." Even before the bomb was tested, a second bomb was secretly dispatched to the Pacific for an attack on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Preparations for the test included the building of a steel tower that would suspend the bomb one hundred feet above ground. Many were apprehensive - there were concerns that the blast might launch a cataclysmic reaction in the upper atmosphere leading to world destruction. Some feared the consequences of radio-active fallout on civilian populations surrounding the test site. Still others feared the test would be an outright dud. Observers were sent to surrounding towns to monitor the results of the blast and medical teams were kept on alert. Finally, the rains that had delayed the test for almost two weeks subsided and in the darkness of that July morning history was made. "We were reaching into the unknown and we did not know what might come of it." Two days after the blast, General Groves, head of the Manhattan Project, sent a Top Secret memorandum to Secretary of War Stimson detailing the events of that morning. Groves included the description of General Thomas Farrell who was in an observation hut close to the blast along with a hand-full of scientists and other personnel. We join General Farrell's account a few hours before the explosion: ADVERTISMENT "The scene inside the shelter was dramatic beyond words. In and around the shelter were some twenty-odd people concerned with last minute arrangements prior to firing the shot. Included were: Dr. Oppenheimer, the Director who had borne the great scientific burden of developing the weapon from the raw materials made in Tennessee and Washington and a dozen of his key assistants - Dr. Kistiakowsky, who developed the highly special explosives; Dr. Bainbridge, who supervised all the detailed arrangements for the test; Dr. Hubbard, the weather expert, and several others. Besides these, there were a handful of soldiers, two or three Army officers and one Naval officer. The shelter was cluttered with a great variety of instruments and radios. For some hectic two hours preceding the blast, General Groves stayed with the Director, walking with him and steadying his tense excitement. Every time the Director would be about to explode because of some untoward happening, General Groves would take him off and walk with him in the rain, counseling with him and reassuring him that everything would be all right. At twenty minutes before zero hour, General Groves left for his station at the base camp, first because it provided a better observation point and second, because of our rule that he and I must not be together in situations where there is an element of danger, which existed at both points. General Leslie R. Groves (left) and Dr. J. Robert Oppenhiemer Just after General Groves left, announcements began to be broadcast of the interval remaining before the blast. They were sent by radio to the other groups participating in and observing the test. As the time interval grew smaller and changed from minutes to seconds, the tension increased by leaps and bounds. Everyone in that room knew the awful potentialities of the thing that they thought was about to happen. The scientists felt that their figuring must be right and that the bomb had to go off but there was in everyone's mind a strong measure of doubt. The feeling of many could be expressed by ''Lord, I believe; help Thou mine unbelief.' We were reaching into the unknown and we did not know what might come of it. It can be safely said that most of those present - Christian, Jew and Atheist - were praying and praying harder than they had ever prayed before. If the shot were successful, it was a justification of the several years of intensive effort of tens of thousands of people statesmen, scientists, engineers, manufacturers, soldiers, and many others in every walk of life. In that brief instant in the remote New Mexico desert the tremendous effort of the brains and brawn of all these people came suddenly and startlingly to the fullest fruition. Dr. Oppenheimer, on whom had rested a very heavy burden, grew tenser as the last seconds ticked off. He scarce breathed. He held on to a post to steady himself. For the last few seconds, he stared directly ahead and then when the announcer shouted 'Now!' and there came this tremendous burst of light followed shortly thereafter by the deep growling roar of the explosion, his face relaxed into an expression of tremendous relief. Several of the observers standing back of the shelter to watch the lighting effects were knocked flat by the blast. The tension in the room let up and all started congratulating each other. Everyone sensed 'This is it!' No matter what might happen now all knew that the impossible scientific job had been done. Atomic fission would no longer be hidden in the cloisters of the theoretical The bomb is unloaded at the base of the tower. July 13, 1945 physicists' dreams. It was almost full grown at birth. It was a great new force to be used for good or for evil. There was a feeling in that shelter that those concerned with its nativity should dedicate their lives to the mission that it would always be used for good and never for evil. Dr. Kistiakowsky, the impulsive Russian, [actually an American and a Harvard professor] threw his arms around Dr. Oppenheimer and embraced him with shouts of glee. Others were equally enthusiastic. All the pent-up emotions were released in those few minutes and all seemed to sense immediately that the explosion had far exceeded the most optimistic expectations and wildest hopes of the scientists. All seemed to feel that they had been present at the birth of a new age - The Age of Atomic Energy - and felt their profound responsibility to help in guiding into right channels the tremendous forces which had been unleashed for the first time in history. As to the present war, there was a feeling that no matter what else might happen, we now had the means to insure its speedy conclusion and save thousands of American lives." References: General Farrell's account appears in - Department of State, Foreign Relations for the United States Conference of Berlin (Potsdam) (1945); Lansing, Lamont, Day of Trinity (1965). How To Cite This Article: "The First Atomic Bomb Blast, 1945," EyeWitness to History, www.eyewitnesstohistory.com (2003).	New Mexico
US rock musician Carmine Appice is famous for playing which instrument?	Nuclear Blasts in Mississippi \| Mississippi History Now Location of nuclear tests site in Mississippi. Map courtesy the U.S. Department of Energy . Henry G. Vermillion, office of information director, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, indicates evacuation area for the 1964 nuclear test site. Moncrief Photograph Collection, Item #180, Mississippi Department of Archives and History . Some residents stabilize chimneys, porches, and outbuildings in anticipation of the blast. Moncrief Photograph Collection, Item #197, Mississippi Department of Archives and History . Crowds gather a distance from the Tatum Salt Dome nuclear test site on October 22, 1964. Moncrief Photograph Collection, Item #183, Mississippi Department of Archives and History . Horace Burge, who lived about two miles from the site, came home after the Salmon test to find shattered dishes, and a damaged fireplace and chimney. Moncrief Photograph Collection, Item #261, Mississippi Department of Archives and History . Nuclear Blasts in Mississippi Stephen Cresswell At 10:00 a.m. on October 22, 1964, the United States government detonated an underground nuclear device in Lamar County, in south Mississippi. Residents there felt three separate shocks, and watched as the soil rose and behaved like ocean waves. Hunting dogs howled in terror, and two miles from the test site the blast shook pecans off the pecan trees. This nuclear test, and the one that followed two years later at the same Mississippi site, were the only nuclear explosions on U.S. soil east of the Rocky Mountain states. Atomic bombs were in the news in October 1964. Only one week before the Mississippi nuclear test, newspapers had reported that Communist China had detonated its first atomic bomb. For residents in Lamar County, however, no news story was watched more closely than the plans for nuclear testing in Mississippi. Background of Nuclear Testing The world’s first nuclear test came during World War II at Alamogordo, a remote location in the New Mexico desert on July 16, 1945. Three weeks after this successful test, the United States dropped two nuclear bombs on Japan, one over Hiroshima and one over Nagasaki, killing some 220,000 residents of those cities and leading to Japan’s surrender. President Harry S. Truman defended his decision to use nuclear bombs by saying that he hoped the bombs would convince Japan to surrender. Ironically, after World War II was over, the United States became allied with its former World War II enemies, but became locked in a bitter Cold War with its former World War II ally, the Soviet Union. Four years after America’s first testing of a nuclear device, the Soviets tested their first bomb. In the coming years, the United States built some 70,000 nuclear warheads, and the Soviet Union vowed to build a similar number. By the time of the nuclear testing in Mississippi in 1964, Great Britain, France, and China had joined “the nuclear club.” As a part of the rivalry between Communist and non-Communist nations during the Cold War, nuclear experts developed new types of nuclear weapons, and insisted that it was necessary to test these new designs. Many citizens around the world, however, expressed concern that such testing would lead to medically harmful “fallout” — radioactive particles that would drift to earth and enter people’s bodies, potentially causing leukemia and other diseases. In 1963, the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union signed a Partial Test Ban Treaty, agreeing not to test nuclear devices in the atmosphere or under water. The treaty did not address underground testing, because of disagreements and uncertainty over how to verify that nations were not testing weapons underground. Project Dribble A number of nuclear testing experts said it was not a good idea to prohibit underground testing, because some nations might cheat by secretly testing nuclear weapons underground. In most cases, seismographs (the device used to measure earthquakes) could detect underground nuclear tests. The United States wanted to know more about underground testing and how it could be detected, and designed Project Dribble, which included the two Mississippi detonations, to investigate the possibility that cheating nations could hide their underground tests in some way. Nuclear scientists investigated several potential test sites in Mississippi, but finally selected a site just north of Baxterville in Lamar County, about 28 miles southwest of Hattiesburg. Geologically, the area was called the Tatum Salt Dome, a vast supply of dense salt located about 1,000 feet below ground level. Salt domes deep beneath the surface of south central Mississippi are the dried remains of a sea that covered much of the state in the Mesozoic Era. The plan was to detonate one nuclear bomb about 2,700 feet down, in solid salt. This would be the 1964 blast, code-named Project Salmon. It was believed Project Salmon would blast a huge cavity in the salt. Then the second blast, Project Sterling, would involve detonating a smaller nuclear bomb inside the cavity left in the salt by Project Salmon. Scientists believed that because the bomb would be detonated in a cavity rather than in solid rock, the shock waves would be muffled and the test might not be detectable by seismographs and other measuring devices. So in 1964 officials of the Atomic Energy Commission came to Mississippi and began preparing the Tatum Salt Dome site for Project Salmon. A hundred Lamar County residents found work at the site, primarily driving trucks and heavy equipment, or providing food for the project employees. The nuclear test was scheduled for September 22, 1964, but the wind direction was not right until October 22. On that date about 400 residents were evacuated from the area, and were paid $10 per adult and $5 per child for their inconvenience. The zone from which citizens were evacuated stretched five miles downwind of ground zero, and about half that distance in directions that were not downwind of the test. Click here to see the Mississippi segment from the Peter Kuran film “Atomic Journeys.” (YouTube site accessed July 2008.) Most residents later reported that the shock of the explosion was much stronger than they had been led to believe. The editor of the Hattiesburg American , although almost thirty miles away, reported that he felt the newspaper building sway for nearly three minutes. At the test site, creeks ran black with silt-laden water, and by seven days after the blast, more than 400 nearby residents had filed damage claims with the government, reporting that their homes had been damaged or that their water wells had gone dry. Horace Burge lived about two miles from the site of the explosion, and returned home to his three-room house to discover considerable damage caused by the blast. The fireplace and chimney were badly damaged, and bricks littered his living room. Broken dishes and jars were all over his kitchen floor, and the shelves fell down inside his refrigerator and broke several glass containers. His electric stove was covered with ash and pieces of concrete. The pipes under his kitchen sink had burst, leading to flooding inside the house. Within days, the United States government began reimbursing local residents for the damage done to their homes. After the blast, reporters from the Hattiesburg American interviewed many local residents who said they didn’t want this nuclear testing to be done in their neighborhoods, but who added that there was nothing they could do about it. In an editorial, the Hattiesburg American lectured its readers that such tests were necessary for the future security of the United States. After seismic analysis, the government scientists reported that Project Salmon had been a success, with the bomb delivering the same force as 5,000 tons of TNT. The Project Salmon blast was about one-third as powerful as the bomb that destroyed Hiroshima in 1945. The bomb blasted a void in the salt as predicted, a spherical cavity that was about 110 feet in diameter. The Project Sterling blast, on December 3, 1966, was considerably weaker than the blast two years earlier, as it was intended to be. Instead of the force of 5,000 tons of TNT that Project Salmon had developed, Project Sterling’s bomb had the force of 350 tons of TNT. Observers two miles away from the blast reported they barely felt a bump. Like Project Salmon, Project Sterling was labeled a success. Because it was detonated in a cavity in the salt, its force, as measured by seismographs, was about 100 times weaker than would have been expected with the same sized bomb placed in solid rock or salt. Thus U.S. government officials reported that Mississippi’s two nuclear blasts, as a part of Project Dribble, helped prove that in fact the seismic effect of a nuclear blast could be greatly reduced if such a blast were set off in a large cave. This suggested it might be possible for a nation to cheat on a future nuclear test ban by hiding a nuclear test. It also helped teach atomic scientists how to detect and measure such hidden blasts. Though Mississippi’s part in nuclear testing was over by 1966, the Tatum Salt Dome site did see two additional tests by the Atomic Energy Commission as a part of Project Miracle Play. Project Miracle Play was similar to Project Dribble in that it too was designed to detect underground testing, but this time the two blasts were conventional bombs instead of nuclear. Mississippi’s two explosions in Project Miracle Play in 1969 and 1970 were fueled by a mixture of oxygen and methane. After the 1960s Since the 1960s, much has changed. The United States has reduced its nuclear stockpile considerably, to about 10,000 warheads, and Britain and France have also reduced their stockpiles. The Cold War has ended, and few nations remain Communist. The former Soviet Union split apart, and the nation of Russia inherited the nuclear warheads that formerly belonged to the Soviet Union. These Russian nuclear stockpiles are considerably smaller than those during the height of the Cold War. The United States has not tested a nuclear weapon since 1992, and the other major nations of the world have also gone years without nuclear testing, or planning any nuclear tests for the future. On the other hand, the United States expresses concern that nations such as Iran might soon develop and test nuclear weapons, or that a terrorist group might turn to nuclear warfare, including possibly a conventional bomb that would spread radioactive material. Further, North Korea claims to have detonated a nuclear bomb in 2006, though some claim this small explosion was not really a successful nuclear test. And, in July 2008, the International Atomic Energy Agency reported that North Korea had shut down its nuclear weapons-making nuclear reactor. Aside from the possibility that the enemies of the United States might obtain nuclear weapons, many citizens express concern that even if new nations, or groups, do not develop nuclear weapons, the world will always be in danger of nuclear explosions because 36,000 atomic bombs still exist. Health and safety at Tatum Salt Dome With any nuclear test there is the danger of health problems developing among the people and other living things near the test site. At the Mississippi nuclear test site, one fear in 1964 was that these underground explosions would “blow out” during the tests, sending dirt, gasses, and radioactive material high into the air. Government officials said this was unlikely, pointing out that the 2,700-foot shaft had been filled with gravel and an enormous concrete plug. After the 1964 blast, scientists reassured Mississippians by reporting that all radiation had been contained underground. They said the soil, water, and air in the area was not made radioactive. Unfortunately, the site did become contaminated after the blast. Two months after the 1964 test, nuclear researchers drilled a hole down into the void left by the blast in order to lower instruments into the cavity. In drilling the hole, the drill bit brought radioactive soil and water up to the surface. The same thing happened in 1966. Several times the U.S. government came in to attempt to clean up the Tatum Salt Dome site. In 1972, buildings at the site were bulldozed and sent to the government’s Nevada Test Site, where considerable radioactive material was already in storage. Most of the other radioactive material at the Tatum Salt Dome site (primarily soil, rock, and water) were put back down into the test cavity, where it remains today in solid or sludge form. Some of the radioactive liquids were injected into “Aquifer Number 5,” a vein of salty water located about 2,500 feet underground at the Tatum Salt Dome site. U.S. government officials erected a large stone monument at the site, with a brass plaque warning future generations not to drill or dig in the vicinity of this test site. Some Lamar County residents complained of lingering health effects in the decades after the blast. Some argued that the number of cancer deaths in the Tatum Salt Dome area is higher than national averages. Federal officials maintain that there is no health risk associated with living near the Tatum Salt Dome site, but the government did pay at least one former Mississippi employee of Project Dribble for unspecified health damages. Around 2000, the government built a water pipeline to help residents near the Tatum Salt Dome get drinking water from far away from the test site, in hopes of calming residents’ fears about their drinking water. On to the future Most Lamar County residents have already forgotten Mississippi’s two nuclear explosions, and younger citizens of Mississippi typically have never heard of Project Dribble. The debate about the future of nuclear weapons, though, will continue. Many people will argue that nuclear weapons are an important part of a diversified defense strategy for the nations that possess them, while others believe that nuclear weapons make the world a very unsafe place, with the potential to wreak tremendous harm to the environment and to end human society as we know it. Stephen Cresswell, Ph.D., is professor of history at West Virginia Wesleyan College and the author of an earlier Mississippi History Now article, “Was Mississippi a Part of Progressivism?” He is the author of Rednecks, Redeemers, and Race: Mississippi after Reconstruction, 1877-1917, a book in the Mississippi Historical Society’s Mississippi Heritage Series .	i don't know
A scratchplate is a plate usually attached to which musical instrument?	MANDOLIN PICKGUARD MANDOLIN PICKGUARD Mandolin Pickguard pickguard a very thin plate (usually made of synthetic material) glued to the soundboard below the treble side of the soundhole, ostensibly to protect the finish from scratches and gouges (some manufacturers put pickguards on both sides of the soundhole). Also called a scratchplate, a thin covering screwed or glued to the top of a guitar to protect the guitar from picks and fingernails. Comes in a variety of colors and styles. Often cracked around the screw holes on vintage guitars. A pickguard (also known as scratchplate or golpeador in Flamenco music, and uncommonly, a fingerrest) is a piece of plastic or other laminated material that is placed under the strings on the body of a guitar, mandolin or similar plucked string instrument. mandolin A musical instrument resembling a lute, having paired metal strings plucked with a plectrum. It is played with a characteristic tremolo on long sustained notes a stringed instrument related to the lute, usually played with a plectrum A mandoline (, ) is a cooking utensil used for slicing and for cutting juliennes; with proper attachments, it can make crinkle-cuts. It consists of two parallel working surfaces, one of which can be adjusted in height. A mandolin (mandolino) is a musical instrument in the lute family (plucked, or strummed). It descends from the mandore, a soprano member of the lute family. mandolin pickguard - Steve Miller Steve Miller Band Fly Like an Eagle Signed Autographed Mandolin Loa This beautiful hand signed item comes guaranteed with Lifetime Certificate of Authenticity Coa/Loa and Lifetime Authenticity Guarantee. This will make a excellent addition to any collection and comes with our satisfaction guarantee. The picture represents the exact item being sold. Signature's are hand signed by the named celebrity. We offer 3 styles of frames for $30 email before ordering to specify frame color style preference and we will include a frame with your order. Orders are shipped promptly the next business day, expedited and next day shipping available. Packages are packed and shipped with care to ensure a safe arrival at your destination Thank you for shopping our Amazon Store. This thing is pretty. Still got the original finish. the orig pickguard is long gone however. Blue comet mandolin	Guitar
Who served only 119 days as British Prime Minister in 1827, before dying of pneumonia?	ATLAS of Plucked Instruments - Europe West Tube flamenco guitar The flamenco guitar is usually quite similar in size and appearence to the classical guitar (see guitars early ). In general the difference will be that it is slightly lighter and therefore sounds a bit sharper (less sustain). The typical flamenco guitar will have "golpeadors" - some kind of protection (scratch plate) of the front, because part of the playing is tapping with the right hand ringfinger on the front. This scratch plate can be bright white, or nowadays just clear plastic. The placing of the golpeadors is not standard : sometimes more around the top of the soundhole, and sometimes on both sides (left and right). To make the guitar lighter, friction pegs were prefered to the normal guitar machines, but are now rare. The sides and back of the body are often made of lighter coloured wood, like cypress (or sycamore). The playing is usually quite virtuous, with left hand pulling-off and hammering-on for superfast passages, and right hand rolling fingers, damping with the hand, tapping on the front, etc. Often a capodastre is used, to ease the use of open strings when playing in other modes to ease the singers voice. Flamenco is a style of singing and dancing, which seems to have origins in Indian ragas, but also with lots of Arabian influence. For more information about Spanish instruments, see Tamborileros (in Spanish). Tube guitarro / guitarrico The guitarro is a small sized instrument with the shape of a guitar, but not like a requinto, and more like a cavaquinho or ukulele. The guitarro is used in the areas of Aragon, La Mancha, Andalusia and Murcia, and on the Baleares. They all belong to the same type, but there are small local variaties and much depends on the maker. Sometimes it is called guitarrico (in Aragon) or tiple (on Menorca); on Palma de Mallorca : guitarró Mallorqui. The guitarro is made like a miniature guitar, and properly varnished, not rustic like many ukuleles. The fretboard is flat with the front. Often the top of the front has an overlay of different wood. It can have tuning machines or tuning pegs from the back. Although originally the strings were made of gut, nowadays nylon is used. The guitarro may have just 4 or 5 single strings, but sometimes the 3 middle courses are double. The tuning is often like a guitar/ukulele : b' f#' d'' a'' e'', or : d" g" c" e" a". See for the local varieties in Spain : Tamborileros , and for the Baleares : see Musicasa . guitarrico Tube bandurria The bandurria is a small mandolin-like instrument, but differently tuned, and used for the popular Rondalla music. The bandurria can also be found in other countries : mainly in South America, but surprisingly also on the Philippines (see S.E.Asia ). The bandurria is made like a guitar, but in a teardrop shape, with a flat back. The neck is very short and the strings run over a saddle on the glued-on bridge (in guitar-style), but then continue to a metal stringholder on the edge of the body. It has 6 double metal courses, and is tuned in 5-5-5-5-5 (frets): g#g# c'#c'# f'#f'# b'b' e''e'' a''a'' It is the smallest instrument of the Rondalla group, which also includes a (normal 6-string) guitar, a standing bass and a laud (bigger, and tuned an octave lower than the bandurria - see under). Playing is with a plectrum, mainly playing the melody lines. Tube laud The laud is the bigger size bandurria, used to play in Rondalla music. The shape is very typical for this instrument. A similar instrument is played on the Philippines (see S.E.Asia ) and Cuba (see AmericaCentral ). The laud is made like a guitar, with a flat back. The body has often a wavy outline on the sides, but you can also find them in a teardrop shape. The soundholes are usually two f-holes with a central teardrop, but nowadays they also make them with a guitar-like round soundhole. As with the bandurria the strings run over a saddle on the glued-on bridge, then through holes in the bridge to a metal stringholder on the edge of the body. The string length of a laud is about double that of the bandurria, so it is one octave lower. It has 6 double metal courses, tuned in 5-5-5-5-5 : G#G# c#c# f#f# bb e'e' a'a' The laud is played with a plectrum, playing chords and riffs in the Rondalla. top Portugal In Portugal the (Spanish) guitar is quite popular; however here it is called viola (when played with the guitarra portuguesa) or guitarra classica (in solo concerts). In Brazilian Portuguese it is called violão. The electric guitar is always called guitarra. Besides these six-string guitars, there exists another guitar-like instrument, which is also called viola, but this instrument has 5 metal courses and comes with many different names, refering to the locality where it is in use. These instruments were almost extinct, but quite recently there seems to be a revival and all the types of violas can easily be bought again. You will notice that it is sometimes difficult to establish the name of the specific viola, as (apart from the decoration) the peghead may be different/similar, the soundhole may be different/similar, and the shape of the bridge may be different/similar. Usually only the number of strings and the arrangement of the thickness of strings makes it clear which viola it is. Some alternative models are shown. The peghead of most instruments can be either flat (with friction pegs or with machine-tuners from behind) or slotted (like a guitar), with maybe a strip of mirror in the middle, or with a special tuning machine like the guitarra portuguesa. It usually depends on the maker, but the cheaper versions usually have the guitar-style slotted head. Another typical detail of the violas is the special bridge, which has a separate strip of wood in front of the real bridge. Most violas are strummed to accompany singing. Notice that all violas have a 3/4 size equivalent, called requinto. A typical detail for ALL Portuguese instruments is the lack of purfling to protect the edge of the soundboard : the decorative inlay lines are always a bit away from the edge, leaving the edge itself unprotected. For information and pictures of all kinds of Portuguese plucked instruments see the nice website of José Lucio (in Portuguese). Many pictures here come from that website and from his book. example : bought via internet from Acousticmelo, Portugal 2015 L=790 B=400 H=90mm scale 445mm Tube Lisboa type guitarra portuguesa The (Spanish) guitar is in Portugal called the viola (see under). The guitarra is a mandolin shaped instrument, which is a descendant of the English guitar. The special - very typical - peghead with tuningmachines are based on the ones used by the 18th century English guitar maker Preston, and by some German Waldzittern. The guitarra is made like a guitar, with a flat back and a round soundhole. The fingerboard is raised above the front, and usually quite rounded. It may have a small scratchplate next to the soundhole. The tuninghead is always made with a special type of tuning machines (almost solely found on Portuguese instruments). By turning the top screw, the hook (on which the end of the string is fastened) slides up and down to tune the string. From the back of the machines the peghead has a kind of sickle shape. The metal strings run from the loop on the tuning machines over a rather high loose bridge (made of wood or plastic) to a row of pins on a metal stringholder on the edge of the body. There are two main kinds of guitarra : the Lisboa and the Coimbra type. The difference is the tuning, size and the end of the peghead. guitarra de Lisboa : Tube viola braguesa This is the most well-known viola of Portugal : the viola braguesa, which is typical of northwestern Portugal around the town of Braga, between the Douro and Minho Rivers. So it is also called viola da Braga. All violas are made like a normal guitar, but the fretboard stops at the edge of the body, and is flush with the soundboard. The sound hole of a viola braguesa is usually a half circle with two teardrops on top, but some may have a normal round sound hole. The bridge has a decorative "mustache", with two glued-on leaves on both sides. The tuning head could have the vague shape of a three-foil, but (as with all Portuguese instruments) it can also be made either like the guitarra portuguesa (Coimbra-style, with its typical tuning machines), or with friction pegs, or slotted with normal guitar-like tuning machines. It all depends on the maker. The bridge is very typical for all violas : the strings run first over a loose thin piece of wood (the actual bridge), then through gaps in the glued-on bridge and are then turned back and fixed with loops to pins (screws) on the bridge. The number of pins is not necessarily the number of strings, but is usually six. Tuning of the viola braguesa is in 5-courses: c'c, g'g, a'a, d'd', g'g' (this is like the Coimbra-style guitarra tuning, omitting the highest course). Tube viola amarantina The viola amarantina is called after the northern town of Amarante in Minho Province. It seems not much used anymore. This viola has two heart shaped soundholes, and is the only viola with the fingerboard continuing in the soundboard (but still flush with it). The frets above the tenth fret are shorter, and are only under the highest strings. The bridge is similar to the viola braguesa, with two glued-on leaves on both sides. This makes it different from the similar looking viola de diz cordes of Cape Verde and from the viola da terra used on the Azores , which both have a straight bridge. Usually there is also some inlay decoration beneath the bridge, in the shape of a flower with leaves. The tuning of the 5 metal strings of the viola amarantina is in 5 courses : d'd a'a b'b e'e' a'a' (like the guitarra tuning - see viola braguesa). Tube viola campaniça This viola is from the area of Baixo Alentejo, mainly in the region of Vila Verde de Ficalho. The viola campaniça has a tight slim waist and 10 strings, so it looks much like the viola beiroa, but it misses the short strings. It usually has some decoration of three stylised leaves under the bridge. The bridge has some extensions, ending in a square star shape. Nowadays the round soundhole is decorated with star-like inlay. The tuning head is flat, with friction pegs or machine tuners. Often there are still 12 of them, but only 10 are used for the 5 double courses (originally the 4th and 5th course were triple). The tuning of the 5 double courses of the viola campaniça is quite special : c'c f'f c'c' e'e' g'g'. Playing is usually picking with only the thumb, and mainly to accompany singing. The viola campaniça seems to be still in popular use. Tube cavaquinho The cavaquinho [pronounced : kah-vah-keen-you] is the small guitar of Portugal. It is made like a small Spanish guitar, but the soundhole, bridge and tuning head may follow any of the types mentioned above under the violas and guitarra. The fingerboard is flush with the front. Sometimes the top of the front is covered with different coloured wood like a scratchplate. Although it is the same size as a ukulele, notice that the 4 strings are made of metal, and tuned sometimes like a' a' c#'' e'', or like d' b' g'' d''. The cavaquinho is the grandfather of the ukulele : it first went to Madeira (in 1854, to become the braguinha) and then on to Hawaii (in 1879) to become the ukulele. Tube banjolim This instrument is the Portuguese banjo and comes in different sizes and with a different number of strings (often with different names, like viola banjo / banjolim / banjola / banjo de acordes / banjo trompete. There are banjos of cavaquinho-size with 4 single strings; a larger one with 4 single strings is a kind of tenor banjo : (banjo de acordes). With 4 double strings and the size of a mandolin : the banjolim; a larger one with 4 double strings, the size of a mandola : the banjola. With 6 strings as a guitar-like banjo : the viola banjo. They are all used for folk music. Usually the body of these banjo's is made of a round wooden box (side and back), in which the "drum" with the metal rim and the skin front, are fixed with a screw. The body of the banjo trompete (which is about the same size as the banjolim,) is made of metal (front and side together), with a wooden back. Tube timple On the west coast of Africa (near Morocco) are the (Spanish) Canary Islands. Here a special kind of cavaquinho exists : the 5 string timple. It is mainly made and used on the island of Lanzarote, and has similarities with the 16th century renaissance guitar. The timple has a strong vaulted back (which can also be found on the Mexican vihuela and some South American charangos). The peghead is either with friction pegs (from the back) or with tuning machines. There are only 7 frets, and the fingerboard is flush with the front. It has a glued-on bridge. It has 5 nylon strings and the tuning is like a renaissance lute : 5-4-5-5 (halftones) : g' c'' e' a' d''. It is played by strumming chords, to accompany singing, usually in large folk groups, with guitars. the vaulted back of the timple Tube braguinha On the Portuguese island of Madeira (just north of the Canary islands, more towards Portugal) they use three typical plucked instruments, that differ from the mainland Portuguese instruments. Note especially that the extra strip in front of the bridge is not used on the Madeira instruments. The smallest of the three guitar-like instruments is a type of cavaquinho, with the name braguinha (or braguinã) - in fact "little braga" (see viola de braga). It is also called machete, or machete de braga. It seems to have arrived on the island from Portugal in 1854 and was taken to Hawaii in 1879, where it became the ukulele (but with the tuning of the rajão - see under). The construction of a braguinha is like a tiny guitar, with a flat back and 4 metal strings. The tuning head can be flat with friction pegs from the back, or open like a guitar, with tuning machines. Sometimes the top half of the front is covered with different wood, like a scratchplate, but often it looks like a small rajão, so also with a raised fingerboard. The guitar-like bridge is glued to the front. The tuning of the 4 metal strings is d' g' b' d'' (the 5-string banjo tuning). The braguinha is played by strumming chords, to accompany folk singing. rajão The rajão is the slightly bigger relative of the braguinha, with 5 courses. The rajão is made like a small guitar, with a raised fingerboard. It has friction pegs from the back or normal guitar-like tuning machines (2x3). The guitar-like bridge is glued to the front. It has 6 metal strings in 5 courses : the first course is double. The tuning is guitar-like : d' g' c' e' a'a' . The rajão is played by strumming chords, to accompany folk singing. The short story about the birth of the ukulele is that both the braguinha and the rajão sailed in 1879 to Hawaii. Here the ukulele developed, by getting its size from the braguinha, and its tuning from the rajão. For the full story see : Coolhanduke , and for the ukulele see AmericaNorth . Tube viola de arame (da Madeira) On Madeira they use besides the normal guitar (called violão) the viola, here with 9 metal strings in 5 courses (the second course is a single string). The viola de arame (or viola da Madeira) looks quite a lot like a normal spanish guitar (but a bit smaller and more slender), with a raised fingerboard and a glued-on bridge (so no separate strip, although you may see them on some older models). The tuning head can be flat, with friction pegs from behind, or slotted like a guitar, with tuning machines on both sides. The guitar-like bridge is glued to the front. The 9 strings are tuned in 5 courses in open G : gG dD gg b d'd'. Sometimes all the courses are double. Tube viola da terra On the Portuguese islands of the Azores (northwest of Madeira, in the Atlantic Ocean) two special violas exist. One is the viola da terra, mainly found on the island São Miguel (although I have also seen it in shops on other islands), so another name for it is viola Micaelense. With the two heart shape soundholes the viola da terra looks quite similar to the viola amarantina, but it has 12 strings (not 10). The separate fingerboard is inlayed in the soundboard and the bridge ends in bird-like figures. It has a flower-like (or the more expensive models : a harp-like) inlay beneath the bridge. The tuning head can be any shape of a viola, and sometimes it has a narrow strip of mirror in the middle. It has 12 metal strings, in 5 courses in a kind of open g-tuning : aaA d'd'd gg bb d'd'. The viola da terra is mainly used to accompany singing in large groups with other stringed instruments. When played solo, only the thumb is used to pluck. Left is an example I saw in a shop in São Miguel in 2011. I was told that due to the high humidity of the Azores, the better instruments are nowadays made on mainland Portugal. Right another (older) viola da terra I bought via eBay in 2004. This example instrument was probably made in USA, where many Azoreans emigrated to. For lots of information see this weblog (in Portuguese). Note that a quite similar viola is used on the Cape Verde Islands (see under). Tube viola da terceira This viola is typical of the Azorean island of Terceira, and thus called viola da Terceira, or viola Terceirense. It comes in a version with 15 strings and one with even 18 strings. This viola is the only one with more than 5 courses. The viola da Terceira is quite guitar-like, (also in size and tuning) with a raised fingerboard. Tuning is with friction pegs from behind, or with normal guitar-like tuning machines. The bridge has no "mustaches" (and no pins), but decorative square blocks on both sides. Other decoration on the front is inlay flowers beneath the bridge. 15-string viola da terceira example : bought from the maker Marcos Costa, Ponta do Sol, Santo Antão, Cabo Verde, 2006 L=560 B=180 H=75mm scale 360mm cavaquinho The republic of Cape Verde ("Cabo Verde") is a collection of small vulcanic islands off the coast of central Africa; therefore it should have been on the Africa page. However, I have put it on this page of West Europe, as it has more relations with the Portuguese instruments than the African ones. Music on Cape Verde (which sounds very much like Brazilian and/or Portuguese music) is made in small groups with a guitar (violão), a violin, a (10 string) viola and a small cavaquinho. All the instruments are locally made, mainly on the island of São Vicente with the town Mindelo. The cavaquinho on Cape Verde is usually more like the bigger size cavaquinho from Brazil (or even larger !), than the slender one from Portugal (although the string length for all is more or less the same). On the island Santo Antão I saw some smaller ones (see the example) which are more the size of the Portuguese cavaquinho. The cavaquinhos are made like a small guitar, and have 4 metal strings with the tuning : d g' b' d'' (so no re-entrant tuning). Most of the instruments have white lines around the body and around the soundholes. Just a few also have scratchplates (like the example). The bridge is not like the Portuguese cavaquinho with an extra strip of wood, but like the spanish guitar. The neck is much wider than the cavaquinhos from Brazil or Portugal. The cavaquinhos are used to accompany singing by strumming and occasional a short solo. Selection of instruments by the local maker Aniceto Gomes (in Mindelo) : a 12-string guitar, a cavaquinho, a viola de 10 cordas, two violãos; in the back: two bandolims, a cavaquinho, and a banjolim. (picture from his website) Tube viola de dez cordas Music on Cape Verde (which sounds very much like Portuguese and/or Brazilian music) is made in small groups with a guitar (violão), a violin, a (10 string) viola and a small cavaquinho. All the instruments are locally made. The guitar (violão) looks usually very much like the normal spanish (or classical) guitar, with nylon strings. It often plays repeated riffs or bass-lines. The rhythm strumming of chords in this group is done by the cavaquinho and the viola de dez cordas, both with metal strings. The viola de dez cordes ("10-string guitar") is made like a slightly smaller guitar. It has two heart-shaped soundholes, so it looks very much like the viola da terra from the Azores; however it has only 10 metal strings in 5 courses, instead of 12. The difference with the similar looking viola amarantina from Portugal (also with 10 strings) is the shape of the bridge, which resembles the one of the viola da terra. The tuning is guitar-like : aa dd' gg bb e'e'. The viola de dez cordas is only used for strumming. Tube Irish bouzouki In Ireland folk music is very popular, and is often played in pubs; mainly using all kinds of acoustic instruments that are easy to carry about, like violins and flutes. The plucked instruments include (of course) the mandolin, the small tenor banjo (in mandolin tuning) and the (steelstring) guitar. From the Greek bouzouki developed (with some influence from a long neck cittern) the irish bouzouki. Sometimes also called Irish cittern, or Celtic cittern, but nowadays those names refer to a 5 course instrument (see page cittern ). The irish bouzouki is made with the body of a flat back mandolin. It has a long guitar-neck, and a small loose bridge. The 8 metal strings in 4 courses run over a loose wooden bridge to a mandolin-like string fastener at the edge of the body. Tuning varies between players : guitar-like, or mandolin-like, or some open tuning (like A D a d), etc. The irish bouzouki is used (like all other plucked instruments in Irish music) to accompany each other and occasionally get a solo part. For a discussion about the confusion of the names of all related mandolins and cittern - see thesession ). For lots of information about the Irish bouzouki see Han's website .	i don't know
Which British actor was the recipient of the 2012 Bafta for ‘Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema’?	John Hurt - Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema \| BAFTA Home Film John Hurt - Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema John Hurt - Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema Share 26 January 2012 BAFTA/IAN DERRY In 2012 BAFTA honoured the extraordinary career of John Hurt by presenting the veteran actor with with the Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema Award. Billy Bob Thornton presented Hurt with the Award at the BAFTA ceremony on 12 February 2012. Watch the ceremony clip of Hurt accepting the award followed by an exclusive backstage interview in which he talks about the honour with Zoë Ball. Chromeless One player. www.bafta.org + Powered by brightcove (587 x 330) "I know that film means a great deal to me but I had no idea that I meant so much to film. I feel very honoured." John Hurt, 2012 BAFTA/ ArchiveUniversally acclaimed for his acting talent, Hurt’s vast range of distinguished performances has shaped an impressive career spanning six decades. He has starred in a variety of remarkable film roles working alongside some of the most important figures in the industry including Orson Welles, Laurence Olivier, Richard Burton and Steven Spielberg. The legendary characters he has portrayed include Winston Smith in Nineteen Eighty-Four, Rich in A Man For All Seasons – a film which won seven BAFTA Awards and six Academy Awards – and Max in Midnight Express, for which he won the BAFTA and Golden Globe awards for Best Supporting Actor. FremantleMedia Ltd / Rex FeaturesHurt also won the BAFTA Television Award for Best Actor in 1976 for The Naked Civil Servant (pictured left), which was followed by a British Academy Film Award for Best Actor for his outstanding performance in The Elephant Man in 1981. Throughout an impressive career he has received a further four BAFTA nominations (one for Best Supporting Actor for his role in Alien) and two Academy Award nominations. His most recent film roles have seen him starring as Ollivander in the Harry Potter series and Control in Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy – both films are BAFTA-nominated this year. Tim Corrie, Chairman of BAFTA, said: “John Hurt is an actor it is both exciting and fascinating to watch. He has extraordinary screen presence and brings utter conviction to every role he undertakes. He is one of a kind, an iconic figure, and BAFTA is delighted to take this opportunity to honour his outstanding contribution to cinema.” John Hurt Accepting his Award Download BAFTA 2012OUTSTANDING CONTRIBUTIONJOHNHURT_WINNER (4.6 KB) , delivered at the Orange British Academy Film Awards in 2012. BAFTA / Steve Butler	John Hurt
What is the basic currency of Laos?	John Hurt - Outstanding Contribution to British Cinema in 2012 - YouTube John Hurt - Outstanding Contribution to British Cinema in 2012 Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Feb 12, 2012 Veteren actor John Hurt was honoured with the Outstanding Contribution to British Cinema Award at the 2012 Orange British Academy Film Awards. Here he talks to Zoë Ball backstage at the Royal Opera House. Enjoyed the video? Subscribe to our channel for new videos every week: https://youtube.com/user/Baftaonline Stay up to date with the latest news from BAFTA: Twitter:	i don't know
In mathematics, how many sides does a rhombus have?	How many sides are there in a parallelogram? \| Reference.com How many sides are there in a parallelogram? A: Quick Answer A parallelogram is a two-dimensional rhomboid or quadrilateral with four sides. The four sides, or edges, consist of two pairs, each with the opposite side parallel and congruent. The two pairs of consecutive angles, or vertices, in a parallelogram are supplementary, which means that the sum of the angles in each consecutive pair is 180 degrees. Full Answer The perimeter of a parallelogram is obtained through the formula 2(a + b), in which "a" and "b" represent the lengths of the opposite and congruent sides. The area of a parallelogram is determined by multiplying the length of its base by its height, the same formula which is used for a finding the area of a rectangle. This is because a parallelogram can be rearranged into a rectangle by dividing it into a right triangle and a trapezoid and then moving the right triangle over to the other side. Most of the theorems governing parallelograms are from Euclidean geometry and date back to more than 2,000 years ago. Euclid of Alexandria's major work, "Elements," contains the text of what was used as the standard basis of first-year geometry. Euclid's geometry theorems serve as fundamental exercises in mathematical deduction and were studied by individuals such as Abraham Lincoln as a means of heightening their overall powers of reasoning.	four
Which Nazi war criminal was officially charged with war crimes in February 1983?	A rhombus with all right angles - Math Central Math Central Quandaries & Queries Question from Rachel: Can a rhombus with all right angles still be tagged as a rhombus, or is it then said to be a square? We have three responses for you Hi Rachel, A rhombus is quadrilateral with all side of equal length. Thus a quadrilateral with all sides of equal length and all angles right angles is still a rhombus but it is also a square. It is also a quadrilateral, a rectangle and a parallelogram. Harley Weston Walter explains this pretty well with a diagram on this page in our archives . Stephen Rachel, In mathematics, experience has taught us that it is a good idea to use 'inclusive' definition. So the definition of a rhombus (e.g. four equal sides, or two mirrors of symmetry through opposite vertices) includes squares within their scope. The properties are still there, so include the squares as (special) rhombi. (Also include a square as a special rectangle!) If you think about any other property you identify for a rhombus (e.g. opposite sides parallel) these also hold for a square. In fact the reasoning used for these will also work for squares. It is not efficient to do the reasoning / remembering twice: once for rhombi, and again for the squares! Also any formula you develop for rhombi will also apply to squares. Walter Whiteley	i don't know
Mungo National Park is in which Australian state?	Guide to Mungo National Park, New South Wales - Tourism Australia Guide to Mungo National Park Guide to Mungo National Park Explore one of the world's most significant archaeological sites and see where Mungo Man was discovered in this World Heritage-listed national park Site Requires Javascript - turn on javascript! Australia.com does not support the internet browser you are using. Please upgrade to a more recent browser so that you can explore the destinations and experiences that await you as you plan your Australian holiday. Welcome to the official Australian tourism website. This site uses cookies. Find out more . Guide to Mungo National Park Add New South Wales Mungo National Park Explore one of the world's most significant archaeological sites and see where Mungo Man was discovered in this World Heritage-listed national park By Martha Tattersall You won't see many landscapes on Earth quite like Mungo National Park . A chain of dried-up lake beds and sand dunes make up this archaeological wonderland, an isolated, lunar landscape rich in natural beauty. It was here that the remains of Mungo Lady and Mungo Man, said to be roughly 40,000 years old, were discovered, preserved by low humidity and carbonite present in the sand. Tour the park with an Aboriginal guide and see where ancient burial sites, fireplaces, stone tools and fish bones continue to be discovered, offering a precious window into Australia’s past. HOW TO GET THERE You will need your own vehicle to explore Mungo National Park, or you can book an organised tour. Located in the far southwestern pocket of New South Wales, Mungo National Park can be accessed by car from Wentworth, Mildura, Balranald and Broken Hill. There are airports at Mildura and Broken Hill, with daily flights from most capital cities. Enjoy sunset at the historic Aboriginal site, the Walls of China See where burial sites and fireplaces have stood for more than 40,000 years Retreat to a comfy bed and relax under the stars by the campfire at Mungo Lodge Mungo National Park highlights TOP THINGS TO DO Explore the Walls of China While it’s 14,000 years since water filled Lake Mungo, the 33 kilometre (21 mile) chain of white dunes that once surrounded it is a feast for the imagination. This breathtaking lunar landscape – known as the Walls of China – is accessible on foot. The Walls of China Boardwalks are open to public access, however access beyond the boardwalk is available only with a tour. See where rain has washed away the soft sand and mud, creating characteristic ridges and cracks. Don't miss the sunset spectacular, when the striking chain turns yellow, orange and deep wine-red. Book a local Aboriginal guide The best way to learn about Mungo National Park is with an Aboriginal guided tour. For a full cultural experience, book a tour with Harry Nanya Tours or connect with an Aboriginal Discovery Tour ranger at the Mungo Visitor Centre, who will likely be descended from one of the three groups of the region: the Paakantji, Ngyiampaa or Mutthi Mutthi. You'll see evidence of ancient campfires, and learn about the adaptation and resilience of a people who have lived in the landscape for at least 45,000 years. Spend the night under the stars Experience the park at your leisure and return to a hot shower and comfortable bed at the end of the day. For a touch of luxury, relax in an air-conditioned cabin at Mungo Lodge . This outback property, located just outside the park, offers warm hospitality and is committed to eco-tourism. Modern furnishings, local artworks and sophisticated amenities will welcome you home. If you want to stay in the heart of the park, Mungo Shearers Quarters offers cosy facilities close to key park attractions. At this unique heritage accommodation, you will discover the area’s pastoral and Aboriginal history. Explore at your own pace Follow the 65 kilometre (40 mile) self-drive tour of the park which takes you to 15 stops along the way. The route includes the iconic dunes and the Walls of China and traces the northeast shores of Lake Mungo. More than 120,000 hectares (300,000 acres) of remote landscape provide a window into the dawn of human life on Earth. Please note, the weather in this area can be extreme: temperatures in summer frequently rise above 40° (104° Fahrenheit) and night time winter temperatures often drop below zero (32° Fahrenheit). More Articles Like This Best Aboriginal Experiences in New South Wale... Best Aboriginal Experiences in New South Wales 10 otherworldly places to see in Australia 10 otherworldly places to see in Australia Discover Australia's Aboriginal tourism exper... Discover Australia's Aboriginal tourism experiences Best of Aboriginal Experiences Explore the many enriching and immersive Aboriginal experiences that you can have only in Australia. Whether you are in a city, travelling the outback, enjoying a coastal holiday you will find ways in which you can connect with the world’s oldest living culture. 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Tasmania","id":"49003036\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Dynnyrne, South, Tasmania","id":"49005173\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Kempton, South, Tasmania","id":"49001920\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Apslawn, South, Tasmania","id":"49025877\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Carlton, South, Tasmania","id":"49000705\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Oyster Cove, South, Tasmania","id":"49002892\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Dodges Ferry, South, Tasmania","id":"49001105\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Bushy Park, South, Tasmania","id":"49000621\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Howden, South, Tasmania","id":"49001749\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Tea Tree, South, Tasmania","id":"49003594\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Ranelagh, South, Tasmania","id":"49003112\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Cygnet, South, Tasmania","id":"49001029\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Claremont, South, Tasmania","id":"49004927\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"National Park, South, Tasmania","id":"49002709\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Montagu Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49006082\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Sorell, South, Tasmania","id":"49003368\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Lune River, South, Tasmania","id":"49002231\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Port Arthur, South, Tasmania","id":"49003026\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Tarraleah, South, Tasmania","id":"49003581\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Dulcot, South, Tasmania","id":"49001138\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Gordon, South, Tasmania","id":"49001522\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Collinsvale, South, Tasmania","id":"49004971\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Raminea, South, Tasmania","id":"49003110\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Kingston Beach, South, Tasmania","id":"49001982\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Hastings, South, Tasmania","id":"49001677\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Dolphin Sands, South, Tasmania","id":"49025882\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Granton, South, Tasmania","id":"49001552\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Buckland, South, Tasmania","id":"49000560\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Battery Point, South, Tasmania","id":"49004549\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Colebrook, South, Tasmania","id":"49000840\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Taroona, South, Tasmania","id":"49006901\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Saltwater River, South, Tasmania","id":"49003261\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Desolation Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49001084\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Liawenee, South, Tasmania","id":"49025663\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Sandford, South, Tasmania","id":"49003268\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Mountain River, South, Tasmania","id":"49002603\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Mt Nelson, South, Tasmania","id":"49006161\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Cradoc, South, Tasmania","id":"49000961\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Bothwell, South, Tasmania","id":"49000454\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Lindisfarne, South, Tasmania","id":"49005866\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Richmond, South, Tasmania","id":"49003165\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Pontville, South, Tasmania","id":"49003020\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Wayatinah, South, Tasmania","id":"49003963\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Hobart City, South, Tasmania","id":"49005601\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Bruny Island, South, Tasmania","id":"49000549\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Howrah, South, Tasmania","id":"49005632\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"South Hobart, South, Tasmania","id":"49006756\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Nugent, South, Tasmania","id":"49002809\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Molesworth, South, Tasmania","id":"49002462\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Broadmarsh, South, Tasmania","id":"49000517\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Ouse, South, Tasmania","id":"49002883\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"White Beach, South, Tasmania","id":"49004028\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Glenorchy, South, Tasmania","id":"49005428\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Lymington, South, Tasmania","id":"49002233\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Fern Tree, South, Tasmania","id":"49005308\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Strathblane, South, Tasmania","id":"49003478\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Tyenna, South, Tasmania","id":"49003799\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Middleton, South, Tasmania","id":"49002403\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Midway Point, South, Tasmania","id":"49002405\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Judbury, South, Tasmania","id":"49001855\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Fortescue Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49001356\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Dunalley, South, Tasmania","id":"49001141\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Deep Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49001066\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Glebe, South, Tasmania","id":"49005408\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Kettering, South, Tasmania","id":"49001929\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Southport, South, Tasmania","id":"49003393\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"New Norfolk, South, Tasmania","id":"49002739\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Waddamana, South, Tasmania","id":"49003868\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Bronte Park, South, Tasmania","id":"49000528\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Moonah, South, Tasmania","id":"49006088\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Lewisham, South, Tasmania","id":"49002127\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Castle Forbes Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49000726\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Hobart, South, Tasmania","id":"49001727\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Tunbridge, South, Tasmania","id":"49003773\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Lower Sandy Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49005903\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Kingston, South, Tasmania","id":"49001981\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Huonville, South, Tasmania","id":"49001764\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Wattle Hill, South, Tasmania","id":"49026216\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Glenora, South, Tasmania","id":"49001476\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Rosny, South, Tasmania","id":"49006616\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Queens Domain, South, Tasmania","id":"49025919\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Lonnavale, South, Tasmania","id":"49002188\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Lake St Clair, South, Tasmania","id":"49002072\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"New Town, South, Tasmania","id":"49006222\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Fentonbury, South, Tasmania","id":"49001299\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"South Arm, South, Tasmania","id":"49003369\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Miena, South, Tasmania","id":"49002406\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Risdon, South, Tasmania","id":"49006570\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Glenfern, South, Tasmania","id":"49014454\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Glaziers Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49001448\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Campania, South, Tasmania","id":"49000668\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Lauderdale, South, Tasmania","id":"49005837\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Grove, South, Tasmania","id":"49001599\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Blackmans Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49000356\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Rosny Park, South, Tasmania","id":"49006617\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Eaglehawk Neck, South, Tasmania","id":"49001172\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Ida Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49025950\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Berriedale, South, Tasmania","id":"49004605\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Koonya, South, Tasmania","id":"49002009\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Brooks Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49025925\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Taranna, South, Tasmania","id":"49003568\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Birchs Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49000334\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Bream Creek, South, Tasmania","id":"49000493\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Seven Mile Beach, South, Tasmania","id":"49006706\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"North Hobart, South, Tasmania","id":"49006268\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Maydena, South, Tasmania","id":"49002342\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Plenty, South, Tasmania","id":"49003007\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Dover, South, Tasmania","id":"49001121\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Lutana, South, Tasmania","id":"49005914\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Brighton, South, Tasmania","id":"49000510\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"West Hobart, South, Tasmania","id":"49007114\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Westerway, South, Tasmania","id":"49004014\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Kellevie, South, Tasmania","id":"49001911\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Doo Town, South, Tasmania","id":"49001109\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Cockle Creek, South, Tasmania","id":"49000833\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Oatlands, South, Tasmania","id":"49002846\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Austins Ferry, South, Tasmania","id":"49004485\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Ellendale, South, Tasmania","id":"49001214\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Bagdad, South, Tasmania","id":"49000140\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Margate, South, Tasmania","id":"49002296\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Nubeena, South, Tasmania","id":"49002808\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Mornington, South, Tasmania","id":"49006103\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Acton Park, South, Tasmania","id":"49025723\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"Marion Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49002300\|49000245\|TAS"},{"name":"North West, Tasmania","id":"\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Staverton, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003448\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Hawley Beach, North West, Tasmania","id":"49001687\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Naracoopa, North West, Tasmania","id":"49002691\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Somerset, North West, Tasmania","id":"49006741\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Rosebery, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003203\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Cooee, North West, Tasmania","id":"49004992\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Caveside, North West, Tasmania","id":"49000738\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Devonport, North West, Tasmania","id":"49001087\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Howth, North West, Tasmania","id":"49001753\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Zeehan, North West, Tasmania","id":"49004263\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"West Ridgley, North West, Tasmania","id":"49004003\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Wynyard, North West, Tasmania","id":"49004189\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Currie, North West, Tasmania","id":"49001025\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Tullah, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003757\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Boat Harbour Beach, North West, Tasmania","id":"49025052\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Ulverstone, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003809\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Corinna, North West, Tasmania","id":"49000934\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Shearwater, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003326\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Red Hills, North West, Tasmania","id":"49014921\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Sheffield, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003328\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Cradle Mountain, North West, Tasmania","id":"49000959\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Moina, North West, Tasmania","id":"49002459\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Sassafras, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003282\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Wesley Vale, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003993\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Strahan, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003476\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Gunns Plains, North West, Tasmania","id":"49001627\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Penguin, North West, Tasmania","id":"49002961\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Bakers Beach, North West, Tasmania","id":"49026061\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Grassy, North West, Tasmania","id":"49001554\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Flowerdale, North West, Tasmania","id":"49001333\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Mayberry, North West, Tasmania","id":"49002340\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Weegena, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003969\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Lake Barrington, North West, Tasmania","id":"49002053\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Chudleigh, North West, Tasmania","id":"49000785\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Three Hummock Island, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003651\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Edith Creek, North West, Tasmania","id":"49001196\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Thirlstane, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003646\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Latrobe, North West, Tasmania","id":"49002089\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Elizabeth Town, North West, Tasmania","id":"49001211\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"West Ulverstone, North West, Tasmania","id":"49004004\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Burnie, North West, Tasmania","id":"49000596\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Roger River, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003194\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Loorana, North West, Tasmania","id":"49002191\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Liena, North West, Tasmania","id":"49002130\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Sisters Beach, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003350\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Table Cape, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003526\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Kimberley, North West, Tasmania","id":"49001957\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Lapoinya, North West, Tasmania","id":"49002083\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Yolla, North West, Tasmania","id":"49004250\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Rocky Cape, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003187\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Lower Barrington, North West, Tasmania","id":"49002208\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Promised Land, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003075\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"West Kentish, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003998\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Spreyton, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003404\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Don, North West, Tasmania","id":"49005132\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Cradle Valley, North West, Tasmania","id":"49000960\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Railton, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003104\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"South Burnie, North West, Tasmania","id":"49006749\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Crayfish Creek, North West, Tasmania","id":"49000970\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Port Sorell, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003047\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Boat Harbour, North West, Tasmania","id":"49000393\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"King Island, North West, Tasmania","id":"49001967\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Wilmot, North West, Tasmania","id":"49004066\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Gowrie Park, North West, Tasmania","id":"49001542\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Arthur River, North West, Tasmania","id":"49000096\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Claude Road, North West, Tasmania","id":"49000798\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Queenstown, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003094\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"East Devonport, North West, Tasmania","id":"49005186\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Marrawah, North West, Tasmania","id":"49002316\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Smithton, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003356\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Heybridge, North West, Tasmania","id":"49001706\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Mole Creek, North West, Tasmania","id":"49002460\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Forth, North West, Tasmania","id":"49001357\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Turners Beach, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003785\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Via Smithton, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003858\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"North Motton, North West, Tasmania","id":"49002784\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Meunna, North West, Tasmania","id":"49025054\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Eugenana, North West, Tasmania","id":"49005276\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Northdown, North West, Tasmania","id":"49002797\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Stanley, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003439\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Nietta, North West, Tasmania","id":"49002757\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Cape Grim, North West, Tasmania","id":"49025111\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Waratah, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003926\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Gormanston, North West, Tasmania","id":"49001526\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"Gawler, North West, Tasmania","id":"49001409\|49000244\|TAS"},{"name":"North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Pipers River, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003002\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Launceston, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002091\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Poatina, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003008\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Flinders Island, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001330\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Whitemark, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49004034\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Hadspen, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001641\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Perth, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002974\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Avoca, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000120\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Longford, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002183\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Lulworth, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002229\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Legana, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002107\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Grindelwald, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001592\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Musselroe Bay, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49025114\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Orford, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002872\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Deloraine, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001074\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Derby, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001082\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Killiecrankie, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001952\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Ross, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003216\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Swanwick, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003517\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Ben Lomond, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000268\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Fingal, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001310\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Low Head, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002204\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Conara Junction, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000862\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Westbury, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49004010\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Windermere, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49004078\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Gladstone, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001445\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Liffey, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002132\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Beaumaris, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000231\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"South Launceston, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49006757\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Kayena, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001903\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Carrick, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000715\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Friendly Beaches, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001380\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Launceston City, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49005838\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"West Launceston, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49026120\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Evandale, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001275\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Golden Valley, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001493\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Norwood, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49006299\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Swansea, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003515\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Gray, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001560\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Bicheno, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000308\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Winnaleah, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49004092\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Rosevears, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003211\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Kelso, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001914\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Lake Leake, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002067\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Robigana, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003181\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Hagley, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001643\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Clarence Point, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000791\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Kings Meadows, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49005753\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Prospect Vale, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49006496\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Jackeys Marsh, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49026143\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Coles Bay, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000842\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Nunamara, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002822\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Paper Beach, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002910\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Nabowla, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002682\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Nile, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002759\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Targa, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003575\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Cranbrook, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000965\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Ringarooma, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003171\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"George Town, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001416\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Cressy, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000973\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Falmouth, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001290\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Binalong Bay, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000323\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Underwood, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003814\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Campbell Town, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000670\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Gravelly Beach, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001557\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Greens Beach, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001577\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Lalla, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002075\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"St Leonards, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49006806\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Rossarden, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003219\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Newstead, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49006231\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Pyengana, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003084\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Franklin Village, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49005356\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Karoola, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001897\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Inveresk, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49005657\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Lilydale, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002137\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Four Mile Creek, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001361\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Invermay, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49005658\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"St Helens, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003427\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Beaconsfield, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000227\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Bridport, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000506\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Pipers Brook, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003001\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Branxholm, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000485\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Triabunna, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003737\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Rowella, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003227\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Hillwood, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001721\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Prospect, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49006493\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Glengarry, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001470\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Riverside North, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49006575\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Trevallyn, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49006985\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Blessington, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000373\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"White Hills, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49004030\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Mowbray, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49006152\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Riverside, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49006573\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Wyena, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49004184\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Epping Forest, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001239\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Powranna, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003060\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Lebrina, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002102\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Quamby Brook, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003090\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"East Launceston, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49026079\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Maria Island, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002297\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Youngtown, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49007252\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Beauty Point, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000235\|49000243\|TAS"},{"name":"Exeter, North - Northeast, 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Wales","id":"29015399\|29000089\|NSW"},{"name":"Turvey Park, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29003793\|29000089\|NSW"},{"name":"Junee, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015453\|29000089\|NSW"},{"name":"Sandigo, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015506\|29000089\|NSW"},{"name":"Lockhart, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015459\|29000089\|NSW"},{"name":"Cootamundra, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015431\|29000089\|NSW"},{"name":"Muttama, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015492\|29000089\|NSW"},{"name":"Forest Hill, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29001345\|29000089\|NSW"},{"name":"Hay, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015447\|29000089\|NSW"},{"name":"Conargo, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015428\|29000089\|NSW"},{"name":"Estella, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29016959\|29000089\|NSW"},{"name":"Ungarie, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015518\|29000089\|NSW"},{"name":"Tumblong, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015517\|29000089\|NSW"},{"name":"Barellan, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015391\|29000089\|NSW"},{"name":"Maude, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015481\|29000089\|NSW"},{"name":"Jerilderie, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015450\|29000089\|NSW"},{"name":"Wagga Wagga, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29003871\|29000089\|NSW"},{"name":"Murrami, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015490\|29000089\|NSW"},{"name":"Wyalong, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015526\|29000089\|NSW"},{"name":"Grong Grong, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29001594\|29000089\|NSW"},{"name":"Merriwagga, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015483\|29000089\|NSW"},{"name":"Coolac, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015429\|29000089\|NSW"},{"name":"Gundagai, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015445\|29000089\|NSW"},{"name":"Barmedman, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015392\|29000089\|NSW"},{"name":"Hillston, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015448\|29000089\|NSW"},{"name":"Jugiong, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015452\|29000089\|NSW"},{"name":"Coleambally, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015423\|29000089\|NSW"},{"name":"Leeton, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015458\|29000089\|NSW"},{"name":"South Gundagai, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29003377\|29000089\|NSW"},{"name":"Narrandera, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015495\|29000089\|NSW"},{"name":"Booroorban, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015400\|29000089\|NSW"},{"name":"Coolamon, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015430\|29000089\|NSW"},{"name":"Wallendbeen, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015520\|29000089\|NSW"},{"name":"Yanco, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015527\|29000089\|NSW"},{"name":"Mirrool, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015486\|29000089\|NSW"},{"name":"Goolgowi, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015440\|29000089\|NSW"},{"name":"Hanwood, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015446\|29000089\|NSW"},{"name":"Nangus, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015493\|29000089\|NSW"},{"name":"Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Orient Point, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29002874\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Manyana, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29002290\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Crookhaven Heads, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000979\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Tabourie Lake, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003528\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Berringer Lake, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000297\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Vincentia, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003862\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Yalwal, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29004205\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Beaumont, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000232\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Morton, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29014781\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Callala Beach, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000650\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Sussex Inlet, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003503\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Fishermans Paradise, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29001319\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Dolphin Point, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29001106\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Lake Conjola, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29002058\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Burrier, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000614\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Jaspers Brush, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29001823\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Greenwell Point, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29001579\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Mollymook, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29002464\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Swanhaven, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29004342\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Woodhill, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29004138\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Kings Point, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29001974\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Shallow Crossing, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003321\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Yatte Yattah, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29014536\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Falls Creek, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29001289\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Berrara, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000289\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Cambewarra, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000658\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"St Georges Basin, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003426\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Numbaa, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29002815\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Berry, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000299\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Cunjurong Point, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29001010\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Basin View, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000213\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Durras North, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29001166\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Bomaderry, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000414\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Kangaroo Valley, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29001887\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Pyree, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South 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Wales","id":"29002857\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Ulladulla, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003806\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Nowra, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29002805\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Wrights Beach, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29018040\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Mollymook Beach, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29017406\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Tapitallee, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003563\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Milton, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29002424\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Nowra Hill, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29002806\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Mogood, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29014784\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Brogers Creek, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29014585\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Hyams Beach, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29001766\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Bawley Point, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000224\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Terara, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003611\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Wandandian, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003913\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Coolangatta, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000892\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Currarong, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29001022\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Woollamia, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29004152\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Termeil, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003612\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Culburra Beach, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000998\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"South Nowra, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003385\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Sanctuary Point, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003264\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Bewong, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29004338\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Worrigee, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29004166\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Shoalhaven, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003337\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Shoalhaven Heads, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003338\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Narrawallee, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29002703\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Kioloa, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29001992\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Bendalong, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000271\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"North Nowra, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29002785\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Pretty Beach Shoalhaven, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003069\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Cudmirrah, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000997\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Broughton Vale, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000535\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Wairo Beach, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003879\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Erowal Bay, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29001244\|29000082\|NSW"},{"name":"Pebbly Beach, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29002946\|29000082\|NSW"}]} Make Your Trip Happen	New South Wales
In which 2001 film does Robert Redford play a court-martialled Lieutenant General who’s sent to jail?	Mungo National Park - Australian Traveller Australian Traveller Sign up to our free e-newsletter Weekly Newsletter COPYRIGHT AUSTRALIAN TRAVELLER MEDIA 2016 CLICK A STATE FOR MORE + NSW	i don't know
Which Japanese car manufacturer has a logo which features a silver ‘H’ inside a rectangle?	Car Company Logos Car Company Logos By Mary Gormandy White In addition to being an essential part of advertising and brand identity, car company logos provide a powerful visual image for auto consumers. Each automobile manufacturer has a unique logo, many of which have changed dramatically over the years. In some cases, these logos are tied to the company's history in surprising ways. List of Car Company Logos Abarth Now Fiat's racing arm, Abarth's logo is rich with meaning. The scorpion represents the Zodiac sign of company founder Karl Alberto Abarth, and the shield is a symbol of passion and triumph. The colors beneath the name represent the Italian flag. Acura Honda's luxury brand features a logo that looks like a stylized letter "A" inside a circle. The symbol also represents the caliper, an important precision engineering tool. Aixam Now Aixam Mega, the logo for this French microcar manufacturer is simple and elegant, spelling out the company's original name and calling out the first letter with a bold "A" (or "M" in some cases) inside a circular graphic. Alfa Romeo This Italian exotic car brand has a complicated, circular logo featuring a red cross and a green snake with a dragon's head. These symbols represent the city of Milan, where the company was founded. Aston Martin The British luxury car brand has an iconic logo of a pair of wings with the company name. A version of this logo has graced Aston Martin cars since the 1920s. Audi This German automaker's four interlocking rings represent this history of the company as it started out as four smaller companies. Bajoun Bajoun is a General Motors brand made and sold only in China. The name means "treasured horse" - and that's exactly what the logo depicts. Bentley The British exotic car manufacturer features a winged logo with a letter "B" in the center. The wings in this logo call up the company's aerospace roots. BMW BMW's blue and white checkerboard pattern represents an airplane propeller, since BMW was originally an airplane manufacturer. The logo's colors and checks are from the Bavarian flag, where the company was founded. Buick This American car brand features a logo with three shields inside a circle. The idea for the shield came from the Buick family crest. Cadillac Cadillac has had many logos over the years. This current version features two stalks of wheat with a shield in the center. Chevrolet One of the most iconic American car logos, the symbol for Chevrolet is a simple angled cross with a longer horizontal line. The design is referred to as the Chevrolet bowtie. Chrysler There are several versions of the Chrysler logo, but the most recognizable is a pentagon with a star in the center, referred to as the Chrysler Pentastar. The current version is sleeker and simpler, suggesting wings. Citroen The double chevrons in Citroen's logo represent the Helical Gear, a Citroen invention that is used in every modern automobile. They also represent the company's commitment to technical innovation. Dacia This Romanian car brand has been part of Renault since 1999.The company is bold and simple, highlighting the company name in a shade of blue representative of one of the colors of the Romanian flag, on a bold, silver-tone graphic. Daewoo The modern logo of this Korean General Motors brand still bears the crown-shaped emblem from the company's early days. The shape is similar to that of a now defunct, but once popular, football club in South Korea. Daimler The Daimler logo is simple and elegant, conveying the same sense of understated luxury that this German car manufacturer is known for around the world. Datsun The Datsun brand is exclusive to Japan and emerging markets like India. The logo places the brand front and center, superimposed over a striking chrome and blue graphic. Denza As the first Chinese car brand dedicated to new energy vehicles, Denza's logo represents the company's values of responsibility to nature and society Dodge The logo for this American brand features is the manufacturer's name in simple block lettering. The two red stripes represent speed and agility. Ferrari This Italian exotic car manufacturer uses a logo of a rearing horse, often set inside a yellow rectangle. The same horse logo once graced the sides of an Italian ace fighter pilot's plane. Fiat Fiat's bold red logo calls to mind its retro roots, as well as a sleek, modern style. Ford The Ford logo is simple and instantly recognizable: a blue oval with the company name in script lettering. A version of this logo has been in use since 1927. GM The white lettering in General Motors' logo stands for the company's purity, charm and integrity. The blue background indicates excellence and trustworthiness. GMC This American car company symbol is easy to recognize, since it is simply the letters "GMC" in red block lettering. Holden This GM-owned Australian car company's logo features a lion rolling a stone - a graphic representation of the invention of the wheel. Honda The Japanese carmaker features a symbol of a silver letter "H" inside a rectangle. Hummer Hummer's logo features the company's name and slogan in block letters appropriate for the company's rugged, yet luxurious, vehicles. Hyundai The symbol for the Korean auto company is a slanted blue letter "H" inside an oval Infiniti This high-end auto brand has an oval logo with a notch out of the bottom. Isuzu This Japanese car company's logo is a bright red representation of its name with mirror image "s" and "z" letters. Jaguar Luxury carmaker Jaguar has a logo of a leaping jungle cat with the company name underneath. Jeep Just like the classic vehicle itself, the Jeep logo is simple and utilitarian, consisting of the company name in block letters. Jiefang China's first domestic car manufacturer bears a logo with the number one as the focal feature. The company is a joint venture with General Motors, and the colors reflect that relationship. Kia This Korean automaker has a logo of the company's name in red letters, surrounded by a red oval. Lamborghini The Lamborghini logo is a gold shield with the company name above a charging bull which stands for Taurus, the Zodiac sign of the company founder. Lancia The Lancia logo features the company's name surrounded by a lance and a shield. Land Rover The green oval Land Rover logo is easily recognizable and elegantly simple. Lexus The luxury arm of Toyota features a simple letter "L" logo inside a silver circle. Lincoln This American carmaker has a simple logo of a vertical rectangle with a cross on it. Lotus The Lotus logo is a yellow circle with a green, curved triangle featuring the company name. Maserati The graphic on Maserati's logo is a red three-pronged spear referred to as a trident. It rises from a base that bears the company's name. Maybach Maybach's logo features two overlapping letter "M"s on a triangular, orange background. Mazda The logo for this Japanese company features a rounded rectangle with a winged V-shape in the center. Mercedes-Benz This simple logo is a circle with a three-pointed star in the center. The logo represents the merging of Mercedes and Daimler who had a laurel wreath and a star as their symbols respectively. Mini Mini's iconic, winged logo calls to mind its British roots and retro style. Mitsubishi Mitsubishi features a logo with three red diamonds arranged in the shape of a triangle. The logo represents the combination of two family crests. Nissan This automaker has a simple logo of a silver circle with the company name across the center. Opel The Opel logo features lightning streaking across an open circle above the German company's name. The logo is inspired by the Opel Blitz truck, as "blitz" is German for "lightning." Peugeot Peugeot's logo has featured a lion since 1948. The modern version features a lion above the company's name. The metallic color represents the brand's values, which are excellence, emotion, and allure. Porsche The Porsche logo features a shield with a prancing horse in the center, and red and black stripes. The horse represents the city seal of Stuttgart, Germany, where the brand was founded. RAM The logo for this American brand features a ram's head inside a shield shape. Renault Renault's logo is a silver diamond above the name on a yellow background. The yellow color represents the brand's joy, optimism and prosperity, while the silver stands for sophistication and creativity. Renault Nissan Representing the alliance of the French and Japanese automakers, this logo features both brand names beneath graphic elements that show their corporate colors joining together. Renault Samsung This logo represents the sophistication and creativity used by Renault Samsung Motors in its quest to produce high-end, modern vehicles and the company's focus on research and development. Rolls-Royce This luxury brand has a symbol of two overlapping letter "R"s on a blue background. Saab This logo is a blue circle with a red, griffin head wearing a gold crown. Saturn Saturn's logo is a silver abstract representation for the planet bearing the same name over a red background. The graphic is outlined in silver and positioned above the brand name. Scion This Toyota offshoot features an oval logo with a slanted vertical line and a horizontal bar printed with the company name. SEAT The logo for this Spanish car company features a bold, silver depiction of an "S" above the brand name boldly presented in red. Skoda The Skoda insignia is an encircled arrow with wings beneath the brand name. The colors and design represent this Czech Republic company's focus on the environment, eco-materials, progress and innovation. Smart Car The Smart Car has a logo shaped like the letter "C" with a yellow triangle. Spyker The Spyker logo calls to mind the company's aero roots with its airplane propellers. SRT Street Racing Technology (SRT) is a Chrysler brand. The logo features the brand's initials (and common name) in a slanted shape that indicates speed. The red color represents speed and agility, and is the same shade used in the logo for sister-brand Dodge. Subaru Subaru has a blue logo featuring several silver stars. The five smaller stars represent the five Japanese car companies that banded together to form the larger company. Suzuki This logo features a bold, red "S" symbol above the full name in dark blue. The red represents the brand's passion, determination and vitality, while the blue stands for strength and harmony. Tesla This green automaker features a shield-shaped logo with a stylized letter "T." Toyota	Honda
The 1914 poem ‘The Soldier’ was written by which English poet?	Car Manufacturer Logos \| Malaysiaminilover Car Manufacturer Logos advertisements Here is the complete list of car manufacturer logos and car company logos from A-Z you ever wanted. All these car logos endow with an influential visual image for car enthusiasts and automobile buyers. On the other hand, car logos are important as a symbol for advertising, brand identity, and meaning. Consumers may not remember a car brand but they can recognize car logos. Every car logos are unique with creativity and meaning. Each car manufacturer has its own logo, some remain the same since the first day the logo created but many of them have changed dramatically over the years for better image. Abadal Logo: ABADAL with a “Y” in the middle and “ia” at the bottom. Abadal was a Spanish car manufacturer between 1912 and 1923. Abarth Logo: Acura Logo: Premium version of Honda. The logo features a stylized letter “A” inside a circle. Alfa Romeo Logo: The logo features a red cross and green snake inside a complete circle. Alta Logo:	i don't know
The oil tanker Exxon Valdes ran aground off which US state in 1989?	Oil Spill Facts - Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council Questions and Answers about the Spill Where is the Exxon Valdez today? After several changes of name and ownership, the tanker was converted for hauling bulk ore in the South China Sea. Following a collision with a cargo ship in November 2012, the ore carrier was sold, again renamed, and then resold for scrap and routed to India. A court dispute to prevent the ship from being beached in India was resolved when the Supreme Court of India granted permission to the owners to beach the ship for dismantling. The former T/V Exxon Valdez was beached on August 2, 2012. For more details, see After the Big Spill, What Happened to the Ship Exxon Valdez? at the NOAA website . How did the accident happen? The National Transportation Safety Board investigated the accident and determined that the probable causes of the grounding were: The failure of the third mate to properly maneuver the vessel, possibly due to fatigue and excessive workload; the failure of the master to provide a proper navigation watch, possibly due to impairment from alcohol; the failure of Exxon Shipping Company to supervise the master and provide a rested and sufficient crew for the Exxon Valdez; the failure of the U.S. Coast Guard to provide an effective vessel traffic system; and the lack of effective pilot and escort services. Okay. But what actually happened? The Exxon Valdez departed from the Trans Alaska Pipeline terminal at 9:12 pm March 23, 1989. William Murphy, an expert ship's pilot hired to maneuver the 986-foot vessel through the Valdez Narrows, was in control of the wheelhouse. At his side was the captain of the vessel, Joe Hazelwood. Helmsman Harry Claar was steering. After passing through Valdez Narrows, pilot Murphy left the vessel and Captain Hazelwood took over the wheelhouse. The Exxon Valdez encountered icebergs in the shipping lanes and Captain Hazelwood ordered Claar to take the Exxon Valdez out of the shipping lanes to go around the icebergs. He then handed over control of the wheelhouse to Third Mate Gregory Cousins with precise instructions to turn back into the shipping lanes when the tanker reached a certain point. At that time, Claar was replaced by Helmsman Robert Kagan. For reasons that remain unclear, Cousins and Kagan failed to make the turn back into the shipping lanes and the ship ran aground on Bligh Reef at 12:04 am March 24, 1989. Captain Hazelwood was in his quarters at the time. LISTEN to Captain Hazelwood's radio call to the Valdez Vessel Traffic Center . Can I have more detail, please? Here's a detailed account of the accident as reported by the Alaska Oil Spill Commission in its 1990 Final Report . Was the captain drunk? The captain was seen in a local bar, admitted to having some alcoholic drinks, and a blood test showed alcohol in his blood even several hours after the accident. The captain has always insisted that he was not impaired by alcohol. The state charged him with operating a vessel while under the influence of alcohol. A jury in Alaska, however, found him NOT GUILTY of that charge. The jury did find him guilty of negligent discharge of oil, a misdemeanor. Hazelwood was fined $50,000 and sentenced to 1,000 hours of community service in Alaska ( State of Alaska v. Hazelwood ). He completed the community service ahead of schedule in 2001. He picked up trash along the Seward Highway and worked at Bean's Cafe, a "soup kitchen" for the homeless in Anchorage, Alaska. What's being done to prevent another Exxon Valdez-type accident? See the Spill Prevention and Response page for a thorough answer. How much oil was spilled? Approximately 11 million gallons or 257,000 barrels or 35,000 metric tonnes (38,800 short tons). Picture the swimming pool at your school or in your community. The amount of spilled oil is roughly equivalent to 17 olympic-sized swimming pools. How much oil was the Exxon Valdez carrying? 53,094,510 gallons or 1,264,155 barrels How does the Exxon Valdez spill compare to other spills? The Exxon Valdez spill, though still one of the largest ever in the United States, has dropped from the top 50 internationally ( view a list of top oil spills worldwide ). It is widely considered the number one spill worldwide in terms of damage to the environment, however. The timing of the spill, the remote and spectacular location, the thousands of miles of rugged and wild shoreline, and the abundance of wildlife in the region combined to make it an environmental disaster well beyond the scope of other spills. How many miles of shoreline were impacted by oil? Approximately 1,300 miles. 200 miles were heavily or moderately oiled (meaning the impact was obvious); 1,100 miles were lightly or very lightly oiled (meaning light sheen or occasional tarballs). By comparison, there is more than 9,000 miles of shoreline in the spill region. How large an area did the spill cover? From Bligh Reef the spill stretched 460 miles to the tiny village of Chignik on the Alaska Peninsula. View a map of the spill How was the spill cleaned up? Complicated question. It took more than four summers of cleanup efforts before the effort was called off. Not all beaches were cleaned and some beaches remain oiled today. At its peak the cleanup effort included 10,000 workers, about 1,000 boats and roughly 100 airplanes and helicopters, known as Exxon's army, navy, and air force. It is widely believed, however, that wave action from winter storms did more to clean the beaches than all the human effort involved. How much did it cost? Exxon says it spent about $2.1 billion on the cleanup effort. What techniques were used? TIP: Check out National Geographic, January 1990, Pages 18-19 for a great illustration on how shoreline cleanup was conducted. Hot water treatment was popular until it was determined that the treatment could be causing more damage than the oil. Small organisms were being cooked by the hot water. High pressure cold water treatment and hot water treatment involved dozens of people holding fire hoses and spraying the beaches. The water, with floating oil, would trickle down to the shore. The oil would be trapped within several layers of boom and either be scooped up, sucked up or absorbed using special oil-absorbent materials. Mechanical cleanup was attempted on some beaches. Backhoes and other heavy equipment would till the beaches to expose oil underneath so that it could be washed out. Many beaches were fertilized to promote growth of microscopic bacteria that eat the hydrocarbons. Known as bioremediation, this method was successful on several beaches where the oil was not too thick. More information about bioremediation techniques used can be found on the EPA website. A few solvents and chemical agents were used, although none extensively. How about more detail on cleanup techniques? How many animals died outright from the oil spill? No one knows. The carcasses of more than 35,000 birds and 1,000 sea otters were found after the spill, but since most carcasses sink, this is considered to be a small fraction of the actual death toll. The best estimates are: 250,000 seabirds, 2,800 sea otters, 300 harbor seals, 250 bald eagles, up to 22 killer whales, and billions of salmon and herring eggs. How are the animals doing now? Lingering injuries continue to plague some injured species while others are fully recovered. See the Status of Injured Resources section of this web site. Other useful websites that may help answer this question:	Alaska
In the game of Bingo, ‘Man alive’ is the nickname of which number?	The Exxon Valdez, 25 Years After — FBI The Exxon Valdez, 25 Years After FBI Continues to Support Environmental Crime Enforcement Partners Twenty-five years after the massive Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska, the FBI continues to support its partners on environmental crime cases. (NOAA photo) On March 24, 1989—25 years ago today—the massive oil tanker Exxon Valdez ran aground on Bligh Reef in Alaska’s Prince William Sound. The ship was outbound from Port Valdez and carried 53 million gallons of crude oil; an estimated 11 million gallons spilled into the Gulf of Alaska. The harm caused by the spill was extensive. Tens of thousands of animals died, generations of fish and other marine life were compromised, the lives of residents were greatly disrupted, and the ongoing effects of this catastrophe continue today. Clean-up costs were astronomical. Particularly since the 1970s amid growing concerns about the environment, a series of federal laws have been added to the government’s authority to investigate abuses of our shared environment, looking for criminal activity that threatens lives and health. In the case of the Exxon Valdez—and in most environmental crime cases at the time—the FBI worked closely with state and other federal agencies to determine what happened, how it happened, and if criminally negligent behavior was involved. In February 1990, after an extensive investigation into the incident, the Department of Justice brought a multi-count criminal indictment against Exxon Corporation and its shipping subsidiary for violations of the Clean Water Act, the Refuse Act, and the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (this particular law had been part of the FBI’s jurisdiction since the 1920s), among others. And in October 1991, the U.S. District Court in Anchorage accepted guilty pleas by Exxon and approved a settlement involving a criminal plea agreement and restitution. Exxon paid a hefty fine; however, a portion of it was returned due to the company’s support of clean-up efforts. The court also approved a civil settlement resolving claims with the federal government and Alaska for clean-up costs and damage to natural resources—the civil penalties were even higher than the criminal fines. Fast Forward: The FBI’s Role Today In 2014, with the Bureau’s overriding focus on preventing terrorist attacks—along with efforts to address cyber crimes and emerging national security and criminal threats—our environmental role is largely a supporting one, assisting our partners at the Environmental Protection Agency, the Coast Guard, and state and local agencies. But our focus on criminal activity that threatens lives remains the same. Working with other agencies, the FBI generally focuses on significant environmental crime cases in the following areas: Knowing endangerment, where the crime puts people in danger; Catastrophic events, like huge oil spills or explosions; Patterned flagrant violators, which include companies that shrug off their fines; Government abuse and public corruption, because the government has to obey the laws, too; and Organized crime, which often involves waste and illegal dumping. The Bureau brings unique tools to the investigative table—including sophisticated techniques like court-authorized electronic surveillance, undercover operations, and informants—that we’ve used successfully for years against organized crime groups, drug traffickers, financial crime fraudsters, and the like. And we continue to assist our partners in bringing the most egregious violators to justice. For information on the Department of Justice’s overall efforts to go after abusers of the nation’s civil and criminal pollution-control laws, visit its Environmental and Natural Resources Division website .	i don't know
Independence Day is celebrated in Panama during which month of the year?	Panama's Independence Day! Celebrate Two Important Dates With A Visual Tour \| The Huffington Post Panama's Independence Day! Celebrate Two Important Dates With A Visual Tour 11/28/2012 03:31 pm ET \| Updated Nov 03, 2015 130 RODRIGO ARANGUA via Getty Images ¡Feliz Día de la Independencia, Panamá! Colorful polleras and intricate headdresses filled the streets of Panama City this month as dancers wearing the national folk dress joined the military procession celebrating their independence from not one, but two countries. November 3, 1903 may be held as the beginning of the country’s sovereignty but, 82 years before the celebrated date, Panama obtained its first independence--their liberation from the Spanish crown. Panamanians strike up the band and cue the military procession each Nov. 3 to commemorate their separation from Colombia. Once part of Gran Colombia, (which consisted of present-day Colombia, Venezuela, Panama and Ecuador) Panama seceded in 1903, soon after the end of the Thousand Days’ War. Interest in the Panama Canal, and failure to ratify the Herrán-Hay treaty in the Colombian senate, prompted the United States to support Panama’s separation from Gran Colombia. Separatist in Panama, unlike Colombia, eventually did come to an agreement with the US, and on February 23, 1904 the new Republic of Panama gave President Theodore Roosevelt control of the Panama Canal Zone for $10 million US dollars. Then there's November 28th, the date on which Panama commemorates its independence from Spain. To celebrate these two important days in Panama's history, take this tour of the central american country that offers visitors vast ocean views of both the Atlantic and the Pacific, eco-tourism through its lush rain forests, cultural encounters with traditional wear and indigenous people that call this literal “bridge of the americas” home. Start the adventure below!:	November
Which English actor/singer was born Michael Dumble-Smith in 1942?	The Ambler \| Panama Holidays in November Honor The Nation's Rich History \| Amble Resorts Development Panamanians Party All November Long Holidays are big events in Panama, and November is the pick of the litter for celebratory months. Days off work, colorful traditional clothing, and musical parades… Panamanians dancing up and down the streets in major cities, hosting family parties, and spinning the revelry out as long as they can. If you’re looking to immerse in the rich culture of Panama , book your trip for November to take part in six national holidays. Just make sure you bring an umbrella – November is final month of Panama’s wet or “green” season, and you might feel a little something more than confetti showering down during afternoon festivities. Photo by Garrison Gunter November 2 – Day of the Dead November 2nd marks the annual Dia de los Muertos holiday in Panama. On this day of reverence, Panamanians flock to cemeteries across the country to tidy up the graves of their loved ones, decorate their tombstones, and pay their respects with offerings of food and flowers. Unlike the day of fanfare and parades in Mexico, el Dia de los Muertos in Panama takes a more subdued path. Declared a “dry day” by Panama officials, stores and restaurants cannot sell alcohol the entire day. Loud music also gets the axe. Although the Day of the Dead is generally celebrated for a full week in other Latin American countries, Panama’s official independence festivities begin the following day, putting the kibosh on extended mourning. November 3 – Separation Day This day begins the country-wide celebration of las Fiestas Patrias commemorating Panama’s separation from Colombia in 1903. The Panamanian people struggled long and hard for independence. El Guerra de los Mil Dias, or “ The Thousand Days War ,” took place in Colombia at the turn of the 20th century. This civil war involved some of the bloodiest battles that had ever been fought on Panamanian soil. Panama enlisted the help of the US in protecting their newfound Republic since tensions between Colombia and Panama remained high in 1903. Flag Day and Colon Day round out the trio of national holidays that make up the Fiestas Patrias. November 4 – Flag Day Visit Panama during November and you’ll see the country’s flag EVERYWHERE. Laura Moller , Amble’s Client Representative in Panama City attests: “Citizens fly flags or attach them to their front doors, and government buildings use every surface to exude patriotic spirit with the Panamanian flag . It’s really made an impression on me.” But this national emblem was not always so openly displayed. Secrecy once enshrouded the flag of Panama. The design was in the works even before Panama gained its independence, and Panamanians had to carefully conceal it from the Colombian army. Originally striped in red and yellow, the first flag of Panama was later replaced with the red, white, and blue one you see today. The colors of the Panamanian flag symbolize purity and honesty (blue), authority and law (red), and peace (white) – values that reflect Panama’s political ideals during its new nationhood. November 5 – Colon Day On this day in 1903, Panamanians in Colon stood their ground and averted a march on Panama City by the Colombian army. This event stands as a landmark in Panama’s history – it confirmed success of Panama’s separation from Colombia. Today, this holiday is celebrated in place of Colombus Day in Panama. November 10 – The Uprising in the Villa de Los Santos On November 10th, 1821, the Panamanian people of Los Santos leapt up and cried out for independence from their Spanish rulers. Though not officially the date of independence from Spain, this day pushed the process full-steam ahead. Once Los Santos secured its sovereignty, Panama City was forced to act, declaring full independence 18 days later. Photo by Garrison Gunter November 28 – Independence Day Free at last! On this day in 1821, Panama gained full independence from Spain. The country then joined up with Colombia for a tumultuous 80 years before finally becoming the independent nation we know today. Get Your Gobble On Are you an expat dreamily wishing for that turkey-induced coma you remember from your own favorite November holiday? Well grab your fork and knife, because the feast is about to commence in Panama. Many restaurants in Panama City offer a traditional Thanksgiving meal for their expatriate community (check out Dolce on Via Argentina and Pangea on Calle Alberto Navarro for a good starting point) so you can tryptophan the day away. Once you’ve had your fill of the endless November celebrations (that’s right, everyone is expected to participate, regardless of age or nationality), you may need some help getting back into the swing of things. Try a few of these traditional cures: drink hydrating coconut water, try a little hair of the dog (milk with Seco liquor is a good choice), savor traditional sancocho (a soup with chicken and veggies), or have a good, filling Panamanian dinner.	i don't know
What is the title of the fourth ‘Dirty Harry’ film, starring and directed by Clint Eastwood?	Clint Eastwood Movie List Clint Eastwood Movie List 11 Jan, 2010 list 0 Clinton ‘Clint’ Eastwood is a very popular American actor, director, producer and composer who has won five Academy Awards and five Golden Globe Awards. Here is a list of all the films Clint Eastwood has acted in, directed and produced. Clint Eastwood Movie List Trouble with the Curve (2012) – Gus Gran Torino (2008)- Walt Kowalski Million Dollar Baby (2004)- Frankie Dunn Blood Work (2002)- Terry McCaleb Space Cowboys (2000)- Frank Corvin True Crime (1999)- Steve Everett Absolute Power (1997)- Luther Whitney The Bridges of Madison County (1995)- Robert Kincaid A Perfect World (1993)- Chief Red Garnett In the Line of Fire (1993)- Secret Service Agent Frank Horrigan Unforgiven (1992)- William ‘Bill’ Munny The Rookie (1990)- Nick Pulovski White Hunter Black Heart (1990)- John Wilson Pink Cadillac (1989)- Tommy Nowak The Dead Pool (1988)- Inspector ‘Dirty’ Harry Callahan Heartbreak Ridge (1986)- Sergeant Thomas Highway Pale Rider (1985)- Preacher City Heat (1984)- Lieutenant Speer Tightrope (1984)- Captain Wes Block Sudden Impact (1983)- Harry Callahan Honkytonk Man (1982)- Red Stovall Firefox (1982)- Mitchell Gant Any Which Way You Can (1980)- Philo Beddoe Bronco Billy (1980)- Bronco Billy Escape from Alcatraz (1979)- Frank Morris Every Which Way But Loose (1978)- Philo Beddoe The Gauntlet (1977)- Ben Shockley The Enforcer (1976)- Inspector ‘Dirty’ Harry Callahan The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976)- Josey Wales The Eiger Sanction (1975)- Dr. Jonathan Hemlock Thunderbolt and Lightfoot (1974)- John ‘Thunderbolt’ Doherty Magnum Force (1973)- Inspector ‘Dirty’ Harry Callahan Breezy (1973- uncredited role)- Man in Crowd on Pier High Plains Drifter (1973)- Stranger Joe Kidd (1972)- Joe Kidd Dirty Harry (1971)- Inspector ‘Dirty’ Harry Callahan Play Misty for Me (1971)- Dave The Beguiled (1971)- Cpl. John McBurney Kelly’s Heroes (1970)- Private Kelly Two Mules for Sister Sara (1970)- Hogan Paint Your Wagon (1969)- Pardner Where Eagles Dare (1968)- Lieutenant Morris Schaffer Coogan’s Bluff (1968)- Coogan Hang ‘Em High (1968)- Marshal Jed Cooper El magnifico extranjero (1967)- Rowdy Yates. The English title of the film is ‘The Magnificent Stranger’. Le steghe (1967)- Charlie. The English title of the film is ‘The Witches’ Il buono, il brutto, il cattivo (1966)- Blondie. The English title is ‘The Good, the Bad and the Ugly’ Per qualche dollaro in piu (1965)- Monco. The English title is ‘For a Few Dollars More’. Per un pungo di dollari (1964)- Joe. The English title is ‘A Fistful of Dollars’. Ambush at Cimarron Pass (1958)- Keith Williams Lafayette Escadrille (1958)- George Moseley. There are two English titles of this film, ‘Hell Bent for Glory’ and ‘With You in My Arms’. Escapade in Japan (1957- uncredited role)- Dumbo Pilot The First Traveling Saleslady (1956)- Lieutenant Jack Rice, Roughrider Away All Boats (1956- uncredited)- Marine (Medic) Star in the Dust (1956- uncredited)- Tom, ranch hand Never Say Goodbye (1956- uncredited)- Will Tarantula (1955- uncredited)- Jet Squadron Leader Lady Godiva of Coventry (1955- uncredited)- First Saxon Francis in the Navy (1955)- Jonesey Revenge of the Creature (1955- uncredited)- Jennings- Lab Technician. Director and Producer Letters from Iwo Jima (2006) Flags of Our Fathers (2006) Million Dollar Baby (2004) Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil (1997) Absolute Power (1997) The Bridges of Madison County (1995) A Perfect World (1993) White Hunter Black Heart (1990) Bird (1988) The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976) The Eiger Sanction (1975) Play Misty For Me (1971) The Beguiled: The Storyteller (1971) Producer Only Trouble with the Curve (2012) The Stars Fell on Henrietta (1995) Thelonious Monk: Straight, No Chaser (1988)- executive producer Tightrope (1984) Do you have a favorite movie starring or directed by Clint Eastwood? Let me know by leaving a comment! Other Movie Lists: October 23, 2010 at 11:46 pm A long time ago I saw a movie I am sure featured Clint E. I don’t know how it happened but he played a man who came upon a female “community” in the middle of nowhere. He was kind of a bad guy in this film as he flirted and played girls against one another. Finally he was injured and while he was under they amputated his leg unnecessarily. Not a great movie but interesting to see Clint play a role like this. Do you know the title?? J The name of the movie Julie is referring to is “The Beguiled”. ET robert hartlerode all clint movies are my favorite the best is unforgiving!!![with morgan and gene heckman] Patty Hinton I am very excited to write my paper on Clint Eastwood. I enjoy looking up his accomplishments. Dale What was the name of the movie where clint came upon the drunk colonel defending the river and all hell broke loose. The battle and the poor people always got to me. They all seemed doomed from the start? mar December 15, 2010 at 7:29 pm I remember seeing a movie as a teen I thought it was with clint eastwood and sissy spacek, about a woman who was bought from an open air market — she was naked and chained up with other women and the men were buying and selling things like animals and stuff… what was the name of that movie? Want to know it I think the movie you are talking about is Prime Cut (1972). It didn’t star Clint Eastwood but Sissy Spackek appeared. The scene you are talking about what a controversial part of that film. Mike what is the name of the movie where clint eastwood is a cop who gets mad when the sniper shoots a man in a field…I know this is vague but I cant remember a whole lot more… Elvis High Plains Drifter or Pale Rider. Which one did the town’s people paint the town red? Paul When I was a kid I saw a movie starring Clint Eastwood where he used what appeared to be a homemade four barrel rotating shotgun. Do you know what movie this is? Eric P. all of them r my favorite i really like escape from alcatraz and the good the bad and the ugly Mario A March 4, 2011 at 2:10 am I was just telling my 14 year old son this story: My mom didn’t like going to the movies, but my dad did, basically to bond with me and see Clint in action. I was nine when Clint starred in “Every Which way but Loose”. These were pretty lean times; my dad worked 2 jobs and we would go to matinee’s on Saturday. When “Clyde the Orangutan” kissed Philo’s mom, my dad busted out laughing. He was the loudest one in the theater. He laughed so hard that he cried and had to clean his glasses. I realized at the age of nine that I had never REALLY heard him laugh. Up until then all I could remember was my mom yelling at him, and him barking orders and working 2 jobs. “Right turn Clyde”. It remains an endearing saying to he and I to this day, and we are closer than ever thanks to that day. Thank you, Mr Eastwood After my dad, you are the greatest. Peter The movie where he paints the town red is High Plains Drifter. He played a preacher in Pale Rider Les R September 19, 2011 at 8:42 pm In a movie he was an American solder or Airforce person found injured by Hungarian cowboys near a farm during World War 2 and was protected from being captured by German solders. Would like to know the name of the movie.so I might obtain it. Last time I saw it it was on PBS station a long time ago. Arun November 21, 2011 at 1:33 pm Hello Mike (8) The movie where the sniper shoots a man in a field is ‘A perfect World’ starring Kevin Costner. Clint directs as well as having a supporting role. Great cinematography, well directed and pitch perfect performances from all the actors. Who could ask for more? Cathy B May 7, 2012 at 11:50 pm Well I think that Clint Eastwood is the “Ultimate Actor”, so it’s hard for me to decide which movie would be my favorite, but some that top the list are “The Bridges of Madison County”, “Heartbreak Ridge”, All of the “Dirty Harry Series”, “In the Line of Fire”. Thunderbolt and Lightfoot was the first movie I saw with Clint Eastwood in it, needless to say he made a lasting impression. @ #8 Mike…I think the movie you’re referring to is A Perfect World with Kevin Costner. Gary	Sudden Impact
Who defeated Edward Heath in 1975 for the leadership of the British Conservative Party?	Clint Eastwood - Biography - IMDb Clint Eastwood Biography Showing all 440 items Jump to: Overview (3) \| Mini Bio (1) \| Spouse (2) \| Trade Mark (14) \| Trivia (211) \| Personal Quotes (185) \| Salary (24) Overview (3) 6' 4" (1.93 m) Mini Bio (1) Perhaps the icon of macho movie stars, and a living legend, Clint Eastwood has become a standard in international cinema. Born May 31, 1930 in San Francisco, the elder of two children in a middle-class family, Eastwood stayed in high school until the comparatively late age of nineteen and worked menial jobs over a period of several years before enrolling at Los Angeles City College, from which he dropped out after two semesters to pursue acting. He found uncredited bit parts in such nondescript B-films as Revenge of the Creature (1955) and Tarantula (1955) during the mid-'50s while simultaneously digging swimming pools for a living, until he got his first breakthrough in the long-running TV series Rawhide (1959) with Eric Fleming . Though only a secondary player in the early seasons, Clint made the show his own by end of its run and became a recognizable face to television viewers around the country. Eastwood found much bigger and better things in Italy with the excellent spaghetti westerns A Fistful of Dollars (1964) and For a Few Dollars More (1965). But it was the third installment in the trilogy where he found one of his signature roles: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1966). The movie was a big hit and he became an instant international star. Clint's first American-made western, Hang 'Em High (1968), was yet again a success, and he followed it up with another starring role in Coogan's Bluff (1968) (the loose inspiration to the TV series McCloud (1970)) before playing second fiddle to Richard Burton in the World War II epic Where Eagles Dare (1968) and Lee Marvin in the bizarre musical Paint Your Wagon (1969). In Two Mules for Sister Sara (1970) and Kelly's Heroes (1970), Eastwood went in an experimental direction by combining tough-guy action with offbeat humor. 1971 proved to be one of his best years in film, if not the best. He starred in The Beguiled (1971) and the classic thriller Play Misty for Me (1971), but it was his role as the hard edge police inspector in Dirty Harry (1971) that gave Eastwood one of his signature roles and invented the loose-cannon cop genre that has been imitated even to this day. Eastwood did a fairly consistent quality of work thereafter with the road movies Thunderbolt and Lightfoot (1974) and The Gauntlet (1977), the Dirty Harry sequels Magnum Force (1973) and The Enforcer (1976), the westerns Joe Kidd (1972), High Plains Drifter (1973) and The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976) (his first of six onscreen collaborations with then live-in love Sondra Locke ), and the fact-based thriller Escape from Alcatraz (1979). In 1978 he branched out into the comedy genre in Every Which Way But Loose (1978), which became the biggest hit of his career up to that time; taking inflation into account, it still is. In short, notwithstanding The Eiger Sanction (1975), the '70s were an uninterrupted continuation of success. Eastwood kicked off the '80s with Any Which Way You Can (1980), the blockbuster sequel to Every Which Way But Loose. The fourth Dirty Harry film, Sudden Impact (1983), was the highest-grossing film of the franchise and spawned the character's trademark catchphrase, "Make my day". Clint also starred in Bronco Billy (1980), Firefox (1982), Tightrope (1984), City Heat (1984), Pale Rider (1985) and Heartbreak Ridge (1986), all of which were solid hits, with Honkytonk Man (1982) being his only commercial failure of the period. In 1988 he did his fifth and final Dirty Harry movie, The Dead Pool (1988). Although it was a success overall, it did not have the box office punch the previous films had. About this time, with outright bombs like Pink Cadillac (1989) and The Rookie (1990), it became apparent that Eastwood's star was declining as it never had before. He then started taking on more personal projects, such as directing Bird (1988), a biopic of Charlie Parker , and starring in and directing White Hunter Black Heart (1990), an uneven, loose biopic of John Huston . Eastwood bounced back in a big way with his western Unforgiven (1992), which garnered the then 62-year-old his first ever Academy Award nomination (Best Actor) and win for Best Director. Following up with a quick hit, he took on the secret service in In the Line of Fire (1993), then accepted second billing to Kevin Costner in the interesting but poorly received drama A Perfect World (1993). Next up was a love story, The Bridges of Madison County (1995), where Clint surprised audiences with a sensitive performance, but it soon became apparent he was going backwards after his brief revival. Subsequent films were credible, but nothing really stuck out. Among them were the moderately well-received Absolute Power (1997) and Space Cowboys (2000) as well as the badly received True Crime (1999) and Blood Work (2002). But Eastwood surprised yet again, returning to the top of the A-list with the hugely successful boxing drama Million Dollar Baby (2004). The movie earned him an Oscar for Best Director and a Best Actor nomination for the second time. Behind the camera, he had big successes directing the multi-award-winners Mystic River (2003), Flags of Our Fathers (2006), Letters from Iwo Jima (2006) and Changeling (2008) which starred Angelina Jolie . His next starring vehicle, Gran Torino (2008), earned $30 million in its opening weekend, proving his box office appeal has not waned. Eastwood has managed to keep his extremely convoluted personal life top secret and never discusses his families with the media. He had a long time relationship with frequent co-star Locke and has at least eight children by at least six other women, although he has only been married twice. Clint Eastwood lives in Los Angeles and owns homes in Monterey, Northern California, Idaho and Hawaii. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Scott- [email protected] Spouse (2) ( 19 December 1953 - 19 November 1984) (divorced) (2 children) Trade Mark (14) During the credits at the end of his movies, the camera will move around the location it was filmed in, after which there will be freezeframe for the rest of the credits. Frequently uses shadow lightning in his films Known on-set as a director for filming very few takes and having an easy shooting schedule. Tim Robbins once said that when working on Mystic River, Eastwood would usually ask for only one take, or two "if you were lucky", and that a day of filming would consist of starting "no earlier than 9 a.m. and you leave, usually, after lunch." The lead characters in his movie are often outsiders with a dark past they prefer not to remember Narrow eyes and towering height Unmistakable authoratative rasping (sometimes hissing) voice Often breaks unexpectedly into a warm smile Deadpan delivery of one-liners Many of his films show at least one variation of sexual assault His films are often period pieces with a strong attention to detail His scowl Often plays characters who are consumed by regrets over past mistakes and are given one chance to redeem themselves Recurring pattern of his characters is having an unloaded gun or one that misfires. His films often feature misguided but well meaning younger characters who are mentored by older characters Trivia (211) Lived with Sondra Locke from 1975 to 1989. Owns the Mission Ranch hotel & restaurant in Carmel, Calif., the exclusive Tehama golf club in Carmel Valley, and is partial owner of the Pebble Beach Golf Country Club in nearby Monterey Peninsula. Received an honorary Cesar award in Paris, France for his body of work. [February 1998] Ranked #2 in Empire (UK) magazine's "The Top 100 Movie Stars of All Time" list. [October 1997] Gained popularity with his first three major films, A Fistful of Dollars (1964), For a Few Dollars More (1965) and The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1966) (which weren't released in America until 1967/68). Soon afterwards Jolly Films (which produced A Fistful of Dollars (1964)) came out with a film called "The Magnificent Stranger", which was actually two episodes of Rawhide (1959) edited together. Eastwood sued and the film was withdrawn. He wore the same poncho, without ever having washed it, in all three of his "Man with No Name" Westerns. Elected mayor of Carmel-by-the-Sea, California. It has often been claimed that Eastwood ran for office as a Republican. In fact, although he was registered as a Republican in California, the position of mayor is non-partisan. [April 1986] Was apparently such an organized director that he finished Absolute Power (1997) days ahead of schedule. Got his role in Rawhide (1959) while visiting a friend at the CBS lot when a studio exec spotted him because he "looked like a cowboy." Lifeguard and projectionist of training films for the U.S. Army from 1951-1952, stationed at Fort Ord in California. According to former high school buddy Don Loomis in "Clint: The Life and Legend" by Patrick McGilligan , page 49, Eastwood avoided being sent to combat in Korea by romancing one of the daughters of a Fort Ord officer, who might have been entreated to watch out for him when names came up for postings. Has eight children by six different women: Kimber Eastwood (b. June 17, 1964) with Roxanne Tunis ; Kyle Eastwood (b. May 19, 1968) and Alison Eastwood (b. May 22, 1972) with Maggie Johnson; Scott Eastwood (b. March 21, 1986) and Kathryn Eastwood (b. February 2, 1988) with Jacelyn Reeves; Francesca Eastwood (b. August 7, 1993) with Frances Fisher ; Morgan Eastwood (b. December 12, 1996) with Dina Eastwood ; and another child with another woman whose identities are not confirmed. Only Kyle, Alison, Francesca and Morgan are mentioned in Clint's October 2003 episode of Biography (1987). It's interesting, given his penchant towards violence, that his name, Clint Eastwood, is an anagram for 'old west action'. His name is used as the title of the hit Gorillaz song and video "Clint Eastwood" (2001). Mentioned in the theme song of the 1980s TV hit The Fall Guy (1981). Until his pride was displaced by discovery of a larger version of same tree in 2002, Eastwood used to be proud owner of tree believed to be the nation's largest known hardwood - a bluegum eucalyptus. Sworn in as parks commissioner for state of California at Big Basin Redwood Park, Santa Cruz, Ca., 8 June 2002. Holding up his new commissioner's badge, he told the crowd, "You're all under arrest". 2000 recipient of John F. Kennedy Center Honors. Received the Career Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival. [August 2000] Of English, Scottish, Irish, and smaller amounts of German, Dutch, and Welsh, ancestry. His character's voice was provided by Enrico Maria Salerno in A Fistful of Dollars (1964), For a Few Dollars More (1965) and The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1966). In 1967, Eastwood dubbed his dialogue in English for the trilogy's American release. When he directs, he insists that his actors wear as little makeup as possible and he likes to print first takes. As a result, his films consistently finish on schedule and on budget. When directing, he simply says "okay" instead of "action" and "cut." (source: "Sunday Morning Shootout"). Weighed 11 lbs 6 oz at birth. His production company is Malpaso Productions, which he formed in 1968. The company's first feature release was Hang 'Em High (1968). Mentioned on T.G. Sheppard 's hit single "Make My Day," which in the first half of 1984 reached #12 on Billboard's Hot Country Singles chart and also reached #62 on that magazine's Hot 100 singles survey. When Don Siegel fell ill during production of Dirty Harry (1971), Eastwood stepped in as director during the attempted-suicide/jumper sequence. Current wife Dina Ruiz ( Dina Eastwood ) is a former local television news anchor/reporter from Salinas, Ca. They met when she was assigned to interview him for KSBW-TV in spring 1993. She admitted that she had seen zero of his movies. 35 years older than wife Dina Eastwood . Dina's parents were 19 and 21 when she was born. This makes Clint 16 years older than his mother-in-law, and 14 years older than his father-in-law. Brother-in-law of Dominic V. Ruiz and Jade Marx-Berti . Came close to divorcing first wife Maggie Johnson in the mid-1960s due to having fathered a child (though not necessarily his first) in an affair with Roxanne Tunis . They separated, but within a matter of weeks, Johnson became very ill with hepatitis. After she recovered, Eastwood agreed to a reconciliation, and almost 15 years after they married, their first child together was born. It was agreed upon that Johnson would turn a blind eye to the other family, but in 1972 Eastwood had the scare of his life when Johnson and Tunis accidentally met. Eastwood was directing Breezy (1973) and Tunis was on the set when Johnson showed up unexpectedly. A crew member calmly introduced the two women while Eastwood ran and hid. Eastwood's children from liaisons with Jacelyn Reeves, now known as Scott Eastwood and Kathryn Eastwood , were born with their mother's last name and have been left out of nearly all publications and documentaries about Eastwood until recently. No father is listed on either of their birth certificates. He has always disliked the reading of political and social agendas in his films, which has occurred from Dirty Harry (1971) to Million Dollar Baby (2004). He has always maintained that all of his films are apolitical and what he has in mind when making a film is whether it's going to be entertaining and compelling. Has been named to Quigley Publications' annual Top 10 Poll of Money-Making Stars 21 times, making him #2 all-time for appearances in the top 10 list. Only John Wayne , with 25 appearances in the Top 10, has more. Eastwood, who first appeared in the Top Ten at #5 in 1968, finished #2 to Wayne at the box office in 1971 after finishing #2 to Paul Newman in 1970. After his first two consecutive #1 appearances in 1972 and 1973, he dropped back to #2 in 1974, trailing Robert Redford at the box office. Clint was again #2 in 1979, 1981 and 1982 (topped by Burt Reynolds all three years), before leading the charts in 1983 and '84. He last topped the poll in 1993. Was named the top box-office star of 1972 and again in 1973 by the Motion Picture Herald, based on an annual poll of exhibitors as to the drawing power of movie stars at the box-office, conducted by Quigley Publications. He was the only nominee for the Best Actor Oscar in 2004 (for Million Dollar Baby (2004)) to play a fictitious character. All four other nominees portrayed real people in their respective films. A sample of his whistling can be heard on the track "Big Noise" from his son Kyle Eastwood 's jazz CD "Paris Blue" (2004). At The 72nd Annual Academy Awards (2000) he presented the Best Picture statuette to American Beauty (1999). Was named the #1 top money-making star at the box office in Quigley Publications' annual poll of movie exhibitors five times between 1972 and 1993. Bing Crosby , Burt Reynolds and Tom Hanks also have been named #1 five times, while Tom Cruise holds the record for being named #1 six times. Stacy McLaughlin filed a $100,000 lawsuit against Eastwood in May 1989 for "knowingly, intentionally and deliberately" ramming her Nissan Maxima with his quarter-ton pickup at the Burbank Studios on Dec. 16, 1988, when she mistakenly parked in his parking space while dropping off a tape at his Malpaso Productions office. Eastwood, who contended he was only trying to park his vehicle in its rightful space, paid $960 to repair the headlights and bumper of McLaughlin's car. She sought the additional money as punitive damages, claiming malice on Eastwood's part. The case went to court in July 1991, but a judge refused to grant the damages. At age 74, he became the oldest person to win the Best Director Oscar for Million Dollar Baby (2004). He directed 11 different actors in Oscar-nominated performances: Gene Hackman , Meryl Streep , Sean Penn , Tim Robbins , Marcia Gay Harden , Hilary Swank , Morgan Freeman , Angelina Jolie , Matt Damon , Bradley Cooper , and himself (in Unforgiven (1992) and Million Dollar Baby (2004)). Hackman, Penn, Robbins, Freeman and Swank won Oscars for their performances in one of Eastwood's movies. For two consecutive years he directed two out of the four actors who won Oscars for their performances: Sean Penn (Best Actor) and Tim Robbins (Best Supporting Actor) in Mystic River (2003)) in 2004, and Hilary Swank (Best Actress) and Morgan Freeman (Best Supporting Actor) for Million Dollar Baby (2004)) in 2005. Received an honorary Doctorate from Wesleyan University in Connecticut (2000). Wesleyan is also home to his personal archives. Every year the PGA tour comes to Pebble Beach, California, to host a celebrity golf tournament where celebrities team up with the professionals. Clint participated in this every year from 1962-2002 and is the longest running participant. He now serves as Host. In early 2005 he announced that he would supply the voice for a "Dirty Harry" video game. Premiere Magazine ranked him as #43 on a list of the Greatest Movie Stars of All Time in their Stars in Our Constellation feature (2005). Some of his favorite actors are Gary Cooper , Humphrey Bogart , Robert Mitchum and James Stewart . Opened the Hog's Breath Inn with co-founders Paul E. Lippman and Walter Becker in 1972. According to Lippman, "I had to terminate three pretty good waitresses in the first few months of operation; not because they went to bed with Clint Eastwood, but because they either talked about it all over the premises, or came in the next day acting like they owned the place." The restaurant closed in 1999 and then re-opened under new management. Has his look-alike puppet in the French show Les guignols de l'info (1988). He stood at 6'4" at his peak, but due to recent back problems, he can only stretch up to 6'2". He, Warren Beatty , Robert Redford , Mel Gibson , Richard Attenborough and Kevin Costner are the only directors best known as actors who have won an Academy Award as Best Director. President of jury at the Cannes Film Festival. [1994] Claimed that the trait he most despised in others was racism. The boots that he wore in Unforgiven (1992) are the same ones he wore in the TV series Rawhide (1959). They are now a part of his private collection and were on loan to the 2005 Sergio Leone exhibit at the Gene Autry Museum of Western Heritage in Los Angeles, California. In essence these boots have book-ended his career in the Western genre. Made six movies with former partner Sondra Locke : The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976), The Gauntlet (1977), Every Which Way But Loose (1978), Bronco Billy (1980), Any Which Way You Can (1980) and Sudden Impact (1983). As a director, he has always refused to test screen his films before their release. He objected to the end of Dirty Harry (1971) when Harry throws his badge away after killing the Scorpio Killer, arguing with director Don Siegel that Harry knew that being a policeman was the only work for which he was suited. Siegel eventually convinced Eastwood that Harry threw his badge away as a symbol that he had lost faith in the justice system. He was a contract player at Universal International in the mid-1950s. He and a younger actor named Burt Reynolds were released from their contracts and left the studio on the same day. They were both fired by the same director. Eastwood was fired when the director didn't want to use him in a movie because "his Adam's Apple was too big." Reynolds, who was serving as a stunt man, was fired after he shoved the director into a water tank during an argument over how to do a stunt fall. At the 2005 National Board of Review awards dinner in New York City, Eastwood joked that he would kill filmmaker Michael Moore if Moore ever showed up at his home with a camera (an evident reference to Moore's controversial interview Charlton Heston , for Bowling for Columbine (2002)). After the crowd laughed, Eastwood said, "I mean it." Moore's spokesman said, "Michael laughed along with everyone else, and took Mr. Eastwood's comments in the lighthearted spirit in which they were given." Publicly, Eastwood has not commented further. Took acting class from Michael Chekhov in Hollywood. In 1972 Eastwood attended President Richard Nixon 's landslide victory celebration in Los Angeles, along with John Wayne , Charlton Heston and Glenn Ford . Was appointed to serve on the National Council of the Arts by President Nixon in 1972. Has ruled out the possibility of playing Dirty Harry again, saying he has "outgrown him age-wise." His performance as "Dirty" Harry Callahan in Dirty Harry (1971) is ranked #92 on Premiere Magazine's 100 Greatest Performances of All Time (2006). At a press conference for his movie Mystic River (2003), Eastwood condemned the Iraq war as a "big mistake" and defended Sean Penn 's visit to Baghdad, saying he might have done the same thing but for his age. Eastwood declined an offer from President George Bush to campaign for him in the 1992 Presidential election. He told an interviewer the next year, "I think what the ultra-right wing conservatives did to the Republicans is really self-destructive, absolutely stupid". His performance as Blondie in The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1966) is ranked #50 on Premiere Magazine's 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time. His performance as "Dirty" Harry Callahan in Dirty Harry (1971) is ranked #42 on Premiere Magazine's 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time. Ended his longstanding friendship with onetime neighbor William R. Thompkins in 1964. He claims that he wound up getting the role in Sergio Leone 's A Fistful of Dollars (1964) because James Coburn , to whom the role was originally offered, wanted $25,000. Eastwood accepted the role for $15,000. Was offered Al Pacino 's role in Any Given Sunday (1999), but turned it down because Warner Bros. wouldn't let him direct it also. Is a patron of the arts, notably as an avid collector of western art. Presented the Golden Globe Award for Best Director to Ang Lee for Brokeback Mountain (2005). His "Fistful" mannerisms was imitated in Canada, by the Tim Horton's restaurant chain, to promote the 2005 Southwest chicken sub. Claims to have been an early choice for the title role in Superman (1978). "I was like, 'Superman? Nah, nah, that's not for me.' Not that there's anything wrong with it. It's for somebody, but not me," he said. Whenever asked if he would do a Dirty Harry 6, he often joked that he can imagine Dirty Harry now long retired, and fly-fishing with his .44 magnum. Cited as America's Favorite Movie Star by the Harris Polls conducted in 1993, 1994 and 1997. Tom Hanks and Harrison Ford are the only other actors to be cited as the #1 Movie Star as many times. He is "Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur", a high French distinction that has been conferred on him by President Jacques Chirac on February 17, 2007, as a tribute to his career as an actor and a filmmaker. Voted for Arnold Schwarzenegger as Governor of California in 2003 and 2006. In 1969 he attended a celebration of John Wayne 's 40-year career at Paramount Pictures, along with Lee Marvin , Rock Hudson , Fred MacMurray , James Stewart , Ernest Borgnine , Michael Caine and Laurence Harvey . Semi-fluent in Italian. Was offered Gregory Peck 's role in Mackenna's Gold (1969), but turned it down to make Hang 'Em High (1968) instead. The producers of Dirty Harry (1971) originally didn't want Eastwood, since they felt he was too young at 41. After older stars like John Wayne , Frank Sinatra and Robert Mitchum turned the film down, Eastwood was cast. He last played Harry Callahan aged 58 in The Dead Pool (1988), which was only a year older than the character was supposed to be in the first film according to the original screenplay. William Friedkin offered him the lead in Sorcerer (1977), but Eastwood didn't want to travel anywhere at that time. Jack Nicholson turned the film down for the same reason. Used to shop at Market Basket a lot when it was still open. Mentioned in theme song in The Adventures of George the Projectionist (2006). Received an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from the University of Southern California. [May 2007] Learned mountain climbing for The Eiger Sanction (1975) because he felt the scenes were too dangerous for him to pay a stuntman to do for him. He was the last climber up The Totem Pole in Monument Valley, and as part of the contract, the movie crew removed the pitons left by decades of other climbers. The scene where he was hanging off the mountain by a single rope was actually Eastwood, and not a stuntman. An accomplished jazz pianist, he performs much of the music for his movies, including the scene in the bar in In the Line of Fire (1993). California Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted Eastwood into the California Hall of Fame located at The California Museum for History, Women, and the Arts. [December 2006] Along with John Travolta and Tom Selleck , he attended the formal state dinner at the White House held by President Ronald Reagan to welcome Prince Charles and Princess Diana to the United States in 1985. In the late 1980s he discussed remaking the classic Sam Peckinpah western Ride the High Country (1962) with Charlton Heston . He was made a Fellow of the British Film Institute in recognition of his outstanding contribution to film culture. William Goldman said of Eastwood that he was the only person to be a star in the '70s, '80s and '90s. By "star" Goldman means Variety's list of top ten actors of the decade. Former longtime companion Sondra Locke blasted Eastwood in her autobiography "The Good, the Bad, and the Very Ugly: A Hollywood Journey" (1997), describing him as "a monster who thought nothing of destroying anything inconvenient to him" and even likening Clint to O.J. Simpson . Locke reiterated earlier publicized claims that Eastwood had manipulated her into having two abortions and a tubal ligation in the 1970s and sabotaged her directorial career after the couple's 1989 split, but also made new allegations that he sired two children by another woman in the last three years of their relationship (which mainstream media refused to report, despite the fact that the kids' names and exact birthdates were revealed in the book). Sondra wrote that she learned of this "double life" from an investigative journalist who phoned her during depositions in the palimony case with the shocking revelation that Clint had a secret family in Carmel living in a house under his business manager's name--a fact confirmed when she filed a motion to discover and Eastwood's will was called in for evidence, with the document showing one Jacelyn Reeves, her legally fatherless son and daughter listed as beneficiaries. Sondra Locke filed a palimony lawsuit against Eastwood in April 1989, after he changed the locks on their Bel-Air home and moved her possessions into storage while she was at work directing Impulse (1990). Diagnosed with breast cancer in the midst of the hearings, Locke met privately with him and dropped the suit in November 1990 in exchange for a settlement that included financial payments, title to a house in West Hollywood that he had been leasing to her estranged husband Gordon Anderson , and a multi-year contract with Warner Bros. to direct films. In June 1995 she sued Eastwood again, for fraud and breach of fiduciary duty once she became convinced - after having more than 30 separate projects rejected by the studio - that the deal was a sham and that she was employed only on paper. Having unearthed a bookkeeping printout to corroborate this assertion, Locke alleged the checks she received from Warner actually came from money Eastwood had laundered out of the budget for Unforgiven (1992) and written off as production costs. The case went to trial in September 1996, with ten of the 12 jurors believed to be solidly in Locke's corner, with the only real issue being how much money ultimately would be awarded. Eastwood's lawyers suggested a settlement, and on the morning in which jurors were set to begin a second day of deliberation, Locke announced her decision to drop her suit against him in return for an unspecified monetary reward. A separate lawsuit against Warner Brothers was settled out of court in May 1999, ending the decade-long legal saga. Though he often smokes in his movies, he is a lifelong non-smoker offscreen. Although he can handle pistols with either hand equally well, he is left-eye dominant, evident when he shoots a rifle as in Joe Kidd (1972) or Unforgiven (1992), but is right handed, as seen when he wears or handles one pistol. He and Burt Reynolds had major influences on each other's careers. It was he who sent a copy of "Sharky's Machine" to Reynolds, which gave Reynolds the idea to turn the novel into a movie, Sharky's Machine (1981), which went on to garner excellent reviews. On the other hand, it was Reynolds who sent Clint a copy of "The Outlaw Josey Wales", later made into a film by Eastwood ( The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976)). Years later, Reynolds told him about "this great novel" called "The Bridges of Madison County", and some time later it was shot by Eastwood ( The Bridges of Madison County (1995)). Served as mayor of Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, for one term for the nominal salary of $300. Turned down the role of Captain Willard in Apocalypse Now (1979) because he found the story "too dark." The role went to Martin Sheen , whose son Charlie went on to co-star with Clint in The Rookie (1990). Was offered the chance to play James Bond in Live and Let Die (1973), but turned it down because he felt the character should be played by an English actor. Roger Moore was then cast and went on to play Bond six more times. Has a younger sister named Jeanne Bernhardt (b. 1934) and two nieces, Anna (b. 1958) and Celia (b. 1961). Owns a hillside mansion in Sun Valley, Idaho and a beachfront estate in Maui. Notable women Eastwood has reportedly been romantically linked with include actresses Inger Stevens , Jean Seberg , Jo Ann Harris , Jamie Rose , Rebecca Perle , Catherine Deneuve , Susan Saint James and Jill Banner , singer Keely Smith , competitive swimmer Anita Lhoest , restaurant critic Gael Greene , wildlife activist Jane Brolin, columnist Bridget Byrne, story analyst Megan Rose, French model Cathy Reghin and former Carmel mayor Jean Grace. Practices transcendental meditation twice a day, and said in 2013 that he has been meditating for the past 40 years. Dislikes hunting, saying that he doesn't enjoy killing an animal for no reason. Father was Clinton Eastwood Sr. (1906-1970), an executive at Georgia Pacific LLC, a pulp and paper manufacturing company. Stepfather, after his widowed mother remarried in 1972, was John Belden Wood (1913-2004), a lumber executive. Considered for the role of Rambo in First Blood (1982) long before Sylvester Stallone was hired. He was awarded the American National Medal of the Arts on February 25, 2010 for his services and contributions to the arts. Contrary to rumors, he is not a vegetarian. However, he does keep to a strict lowfat diet. Profiled in "Directors Close Up" by Jeremy Kagan (2005). Declined to have a party for his 80th birthday, explaining that at his age he doesn't like birthday parties for himself. He said his only plans to celebrate the occasion would be to go out for a drink with his wife. The genesis of his production company, Malpaso Productions, had a curious origin. When Italian director Sergio Leone approached Eastwood about appearing in what would become the "Spaghetti Western" trilogy-- A Fistful of Dollars (1964), For a Few Dollars More (1965) and The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1966)--Eastwood was eager to take it but was advised against it by his agent, suggesting it would be a "bad move" (mal paso). Against all advice, the actor went ahead and accepted the "man with no name" role and his decision turned out to be a "good move". Eastwood never forgot the irony of the situation and adopted "Malpaso" as his production company name. Sergio Leone asked him and his The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1966) co-stars Eli Wallach and Lee Van Cleef to appear in Once Upon a Time in the West (1968). The idea was reportedly scrapped due to scheduling conflicts with other films, although some rumors state they declined when they heard that their characters were going to be killed off by Charles Bronson 's character in the first five minutes. Leone filmed the scene instead with character actors Woody Strode , Jack Elam and Al Mulock . Eastwood's parents settled in Piedmont, California, where he attended Piedmont Jr. High School, then Piedmont High School from January 1945 to January 1946. Later, Eastwood enrolled at Oakland Technical High School; he was held back due to poor academic scores and was scheduled to graduate in January 1949 as a midyear graduate, although it is not clear if he ever did. Served as President of the Cannes Jury when Pulp Fiction (1994) won but the film was not his personal choice: "On the jury here when 'Pulp Fiction' won, somebody said, 'Oh, Clint Eastwood was on the jury, so he voted for the American film.' But my sensibilities are European, here is where my success started. Actually, 'Zhang Yimou''s To Live (1994) was my favorite piece, but most of the European jurors seemed to like 'Pulp Fiction'.". Five of his movies were nominated for AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies: Dirty Harry (1971), The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976), Unforgiven (1992), Mystic River (2003) and Million Dollar Baby (2004). "Unforgiven" made the list at #68, 30 places up from its original rank at #98. Turned down the role of K in Men in Black (1997). Paul Haggis , who wrote the screenplay for Million Dollar Baby (2004), offered Eastwood the role of Hank Deerfiled in In the Valley of Elah (2007). Eastwood turned it down and recommended Tommy Lee Jones , who went on to receive a Best Actor Oscar nomination for his performance. He was going to play the villain Two-Face on the Batman (1966) TV series, but the show was canceled before the episode began shooting. He later expressed interest for the same role in Batman Forever (1995). Although he has been associated with violence throughout his career, he personally detests it and has carefully shown the horrific consequences of violence in films such as Unforgiven (1992), A Perfect World (1993), Absolute Power (1997), Mystic River (2003), Million Dollar Baby (2004) and Gran Torino (2008). According to Robert Daley , the head of Warner Bros. when Eastwood made 15 pictures there, none of those films ever included preview screenings because Clint "doesn't believe in the preview process". He and Warren Beatty are the only actor-directors to earn Best Actor and Best Director Oscar nominations for the same film two times. His signature character, "The Man With No Name", is portrayed by Timothy Olyphant as "The Spirit of the West" in Rango (2011). A former logger, steel furnace stoker and gas station attendant before becoming an actor. Directed two films concurrently in 1973; High Plains Drifter (1973) and Breezy (1973). Cinematographer Bruce Surtees and actor Geoffrey Lewis are regulars in Eastwood films (he's directed). Father-in-law of Stacy Poitras . In Cape Town, South Africa, filming Invictus (2009). [March 2009] Attending Cannes premiere of latest film Changeling (2008), a period thriller set in the 1920s. [May 2008] The character Shane Gooseman ("Goose" for short) from the animated space opera The Adventures of the Galaxy Rangers (1986) was based on him and his screen persona. A guest speaker at the 2012 Republican National Convention, Eastwood spent much of his speech time on a largely improvised routine addressing an empty chair representing President Barack Obama . It generated many responses and a lot of discussion. Ex-girlfriend Frances Fisher wrote a condemning post on Facebook and suggested Eastwood's appearance was a publicity stunt to get more tickets sold for his new movie Trouble with the Curve (2012), adding "I've seen this act before. And I didn't buy it. Crazy like a fox. I saw the same act sitting with therapists, mediators and lawyers. [...] Even though I am certainly not a Republican, I felt bad for the people who thought this was a good idea." Several commentators including Bill Maher sidetracked to point out the hypocrisy of Eastwood's mere presence at the gathering, since the star's turbulent personal history was the antithesis of the "family values" advocated by Presidential nominee Mitt Romney on the same stage that evening. Has played the same character in more than one film three times: The Man with No Name in the Leone trilogy, Philo Beddoe in the Any Which Way movies and Harry Callahan in the Dirty Harry franchise. He appeared in and directed two Best Picture Academy Award winners: Unforgiven (1992) and Million Dollar Baby (2004). Morgan Freeman also appeared in both films. Had planned to star in Die Hard (1988) and originally owned the rights to the novel "Nothing Lasts Forever" on which the film is based, but opted to make The Dead Pool (1988) instead. Ranked #19 in Forbes magazine's list of the world's 40 best-paid entertainers, with estimated earnings of $44 million in 1995 and 1996. [September 1996] Along with Orson Welles , Laurence Olivier , Woody Allen , Warren Beatty , Kenneth Branagh and Roberto Benigni , he is one of only seven men to receive Academy Award nominations for both Best Actor and Best Director for the same film: Welles for Citizen Kane (1941), Olivier for Hamlet (1948), Allen for Annie Hall (1977), Beatty for both Heaven Can Wait (1978) and Reds (1981), Branagh for Henry V (1989), Eastwood for Unforgiven (1992) and Benigni for Life Is Beautiful (1997). Ex-significant other Sondra Locke was legally married to gay sculptor Gordon Anderson the entire time she and Eastwood were living together, and to this day they are still married in name. While house hunting with Locke in the late '70s, Eastwood introduced himself as "Mr. Anderson," even when he happened to be wearing a Thunderbolt and Lightfoot (1974) T-shirt. Locke recalled that the sales agents could barely keep a straight face and always looked at their feet when addressing him as such. Biography in: John Wakeman, editor. "World Film Directors, Volume Two, 1945- 1985". Pages 294-302. New York: The H.W. Wilson Company, 1988. Early in his career he appeared in a "B" western, Ambush at Cimarron Pass (1958), in which he was billed third and leading lady Margia Dean was billed second. Years later, after Eastwood had become a superstar actor and director, Dean ran into him at a social function and teased him, "Just remember, I got top billing over you". Discovered by director Arthur Lubin during filming of Francis Joins the WACS (1954) on location in Marina, Ca. Has a grandson born in February 1984 named Clinton Eastwood Gaddie through his illegitimate daughter Kimber Tunis ( Kimber Eastwood ). Clint and Roxanne Tunis are great-grandparents via Kimber's son. Clint and former spouse Maggie Johnson were estranged for nine years and legally separated for six before she filed for divorce in May 1984 (it was finalized that November). She had finally decided to make the split official so she could marry Henry Wynberg , a used car salesman who had once squired Elizabeth Taylor . The Johnson-Wynberg union ended in 1989 after four years, and in 1992 Wynberg married a 19-year-old Costa Rican woman. Had a falling out with longtime associate Fritz Manes during the filming of Heartbreak Ridge (1986). At one time, was dating Barbra Streisand . Landed his breakthrough role in A Fistful of Dollars (1964) after Charles Bronson , Rory Calhoun , James Coburn , Henry Fonda , Ty Hardin , Steve Reeves , Tony Russel and Henry Silva all turned it down. Wanted to direct Angels & Demons (2009), but didn't get the chance because Ron Howard was contractually obligated to direct it because of his contract from The Da Vinci Code (2006). Once said that his wide hips were his only physical flaw, except for the chipped tooth he eventually had fixed. Hired a private detective in the early 1980s when his company, Malpaso Productions, began to receive a series of strange, threatening letters addressed to him mailed from various California locations by someone who seemed to have inside knowledge of his life. The trouble was, the detective had an extremely long list of possible Clint enemies and ex-girlfriends but no real clues as to who might be the culprit. After a while suspicion focused on Jane Brolin, an off-and-on paramour of Eastwood's then married to actor James Brolin . Eastwood scoffed at the idea it was her and thought it might be an actress friend of ex-mistress Roxanne Tunis , seeking some kind of revenge on him. One night he drove around the Hollywood Hills with Fritz Manes , trying to find the assumed woman's address. He tried to convince Manes that they should burgle her place, and see if the lady's typewriter matched up with the letters. Manes said no, and the vile letters eventually waxed and waned. In an interview with the London Times, Eastwood confessed that he had gained unwanted attention from a 23-year-old schoolteacher when he was 19 and that she stalked him and threatened to kill herself after a one-night stand. Wanted to play Charles A. Lindbergh in The Spirit of St. Louis (1957) and penned a letter to director Billy Wilder in October 1954 requesting to meet in person to discuss his potential eligibility for the role. At the time, Eastwood had just done his first screen test for Universal Pictures but had yet to make his acting debut. The role ultimately went to an established star, James Stewart . Former agent is Leonard Hirshan . On Christmas morning 2001, his daughter Francesca Eastwood and her mother Frances Fisher narrowly escaped a fire that engulfed their rented house in North Vancouver, Canada. Francesca leaped 15 feet from a second-story window into the arms of her mother and a neighbor, and was treated at a hospital for smoke inhalation. Frances was also treated for burns on her hands. Clint flew up to visit them in the hospital and personally thanked his daughter's rescuers. One of several celebrity endorsers of David Lynch 's Foundation for Consciousness-Based Education and World Peace. On a return air trip from a prearranged tryst in Seattle in September 1951, a two-seated plane on which he was aboard ran out of fuel and crashed into the Pacific Ocean near Point Reyes. Eastwood and the pilot swam to shore - a distance some estimated at three miles, but Eastwood has said that he is not sure it was actually that long. Admitted to voting for Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952 and 1956, Richard Nixon in 1968 and 1972, Ronald Reagan in 1980 and 1984, Ross Perot in 1992, and John McCain in 2008. Had a long-held obsession with New York Times film critic Pauline Kael because she never liked his work. After her review of The Enforcer (1976), Clint asked a psychiatrist to do an analysis of Kael from her reviews of his past work, which he had memorized verbatim. It concluded that Kael was actually physically attracted to Clint and because she couldn't have him she hated him. Therefore, it was some sort of vengeance, according to Clint. Was interested in the prospect of playing Hank Rearden in a cinematic adaptation of "Atlas Shrugged" that was in development by Albert S. Ruddy in the early '70s. A slow bloomer in almost every regard, Eastwood didn't leave high school until he was 19 (in an era where most students graduated at 16 or 17), got his first important film role at age 34, waited until he turned 38 to start a family, made his directorial debut at 41, and received his first Oscar nomination when he was nearly 63. Accounts from inside the courtroom in the fraud case brought against him by Sondra Locke noted that Eastwood spoke in a barely audible tone on the witness stand and was unable to cross-reference. In one deposition he used the phrase "I have no records on that" 79 times. Developed his movie voice by listening to audio recordings of Marilyn Monroe . He said he'd noticed Monroe's breathy whisper and he thought it was very sexy and since it had worked so well for her, he decided he'd "do" a male version of it himself. One of his properties, the Rising River Ranch (located in Burney, CA) was formerly owned by the late Bing Crosby . Used to be buddies with Robert Donner , George Fargo and Chill Wills . Past cars have included Ferrari, Mercedes-Benz and GMC Yukon XL. As of 2016 he is still driving at 86 years old and his vehicle of choice is an unmarked Ford Crown Victoria. According to author Patrick McGilligan , in mid-1993 Eastwood was confronted with the claims of a woman in her late thirties, originally from Washington State, who had researched her adoption and ascertained that he was her biological father. After having his lawyers and business managers check her out, the story goes, Eastwood agreed to have dinner with the woman, who was married to a rich man and was happy to guard her anonymity - she just wanted to meet him - and promised to stay in touch. (It is worth noting that although McGilligan's book is touted as being meticulously researched, it does contain easily provable errors concerning important people in Eastwood's life, e.g. ex-partner Sondra Locke 's year of birth, son Kyle Eastwood 's marital status at a given time and the gender of Clint's only grandchild of record, Graylen Eastwood .) In a 2012 documentary that aired on French television, McGilligan stated on camera: "We don't know how many children Clint has had with how many women." A now-defunct website launched in 2006 by a man claiming to be Eastwood's cousin said he also has a son named Lesly, born 13 February 1959 to Rosina Mary Glen. Publicly, Eastwood has not addressed any of these claims or been asked to comment on them by the media. Avid tennis player in the past. Turned down The Bucket List (2007). Doesn't use text messaging and prefers landline when he talks on the phone. His first onscreen kiss was with Carol Channing in The First Traveling Saleslady (1956). In addition to his multiple houses, he has a well-appointed apartment behind his studio office in Burbank. In Carmel, he used to keep an apartment on the third floor of a building two doors down from the Hog's Breath Inn. Turned down the role of Archie Gates in Three Kings (1999) which went to 31-years-younger George Clooney . Cited under the pseudonym Mr. Smith in "Life Extension: A Practical Scientific Approach" by Durk Pearson and Sandy Shaw . A July 1968 item by Dorothy Manners gives insight to Eastwood's rapid rise to stardom: "Clint Eastwood is on his way to earning $750,000 per picture while the proverbial man in the street is still asking, 'Who's Clint Eastwood?'. He's the hottest property sight unseen (almost) in Hollywood today.". Has always been allergic to horses, which is why, in his westerns, he is rarely seen in close-up on horseback. Ferris Webster was Eastwood's film editor for many years, working for him exclusively, but the two had a falling out during postproduction on Firefox (1982). The only biographical book he's ever authorized is "Clint Eastwood: A Biography" (1996) by Richard Schickel , which contains extensive plot summary for each of Eastwood's movies but leaves his private life little documented by comparison. Clint's first wife Maggie encouraged him to marry Frances Fisher , with whom she and her kids got along great. Fisher was aware of Roxanne and Kimber Tunis, but it was only after giving birth to Eastwood's child that she discovered - not through him - that he had yet another brood with Jacelyn Reeves. Hence it did not come as a surprise to anyone in the know when they didn't get married and split up rather abruptly. Frances later had a face-to-face encounter with Reeves at the funeral of one of Clint's golf buddies. Has no middle name. Without taking any acting jobs, he earned $17 million for the period of a year ending in 2010: $6 million apiece for directing Invictus (2009) and Hereafter (2010), $4 million in DVD royalties for Gran Torino (2008), plus $1 million in royalties from earlier projects. Completely avoids soda and rarely drinks alcohol. Personal physician Dr. Harry Demopoulos told Muscle & Fitness magazine in 1991 that Clint never eats fat, takes his antioxidants faithfully, works out like a demon and gets plenty of sleep, which is an area that is often neglected in a fitness program. He started lifting weights at 19, when weight training and bodybuilding were relegated to back-alley sweatshops with black-iron plates. Eastwood's image was untouched by personal scandal of any sort until late April 1989, when his girlfriend of 14 years, Sondra Locke , made it known to the world that she had undergone two abortions and a tubal ligation "at his specific request," she claimed. ("I had done the unthinkable. I had publicly exposed him," she commented in retrospect.) The breakup with Locke opened the floodgates to investigative journalism about Eastwood. In July 1989, the National Enquirer reported the existence of a love child he fathered in 1964, and in February 1990, the Star tabloid became the first publication to link Eastwood's name with Jacelyn Reeves--who, it turns out, was the mother of two of his unmentionable offspring. Reputable news outlets wouldn't touch this information for years after. When Locke's memoirs were published in 1997, she was shut out of most venues to promote the book. "Sadly, it was well suppressed by Clint and WB. [...] I was sad that it did not get the attention I feel it deserved," she said in 2013. "Clint: The Life and Legend," a deeply unflattering biography by film historian Patrick McGilligan , was published in Great Britain in 1999, but did not make its way to the United States until 2002, having bounced around publishers for three years amid rumored threats from Eastwood's attorneys. Los Angeles Times critic Allen Barra called it "perhaps the most thoroughly demythologizing book yet written on modern Hollywood." On Christmas Eve 2002, Eastwood's lawyer Marshall Grossman filed a $10 million libel suit against McGilligan and St. Martin's Press in San Jose, California. Strangely enough, out of all the sordid stories in the book, the libel claim only covered three points, according to news reports: (1) That Eastwood once punched his first wife Maggie Johnson in the face; (2) That Eastwood is an atheist; (3) That Eastwood used a romantic relationship with an officer's daughter in order to avoid being sent overseas during the Korean War. The suit was settled in 2004 without any public disclosure; McGilligan and the publisher admitted no wrongdoing and there was no penalty. A revised and updated version of "Clint" was published in 2015, with most of the original content intact. The three cited passages had been excised, and a few other modifications amounting to less than two pages were made. McGilligan says many of things he reported in the first edition are now taken for granted, and one of the reasons Eastwood sued him was an obvious attempt to find out his sources. His net worth was estimated at $375 million prior to his 2014 divorce from Dina Eastwood . No terms of financial settlement were revealed in the divorce decree, so it's unclear where his personal fortune currently stands. A bachelor again at age 84, he's been seen in the company of photographer Erica Tomlinson-Fisher and restaurant hostess Christina Sandera in recent times, and has reportedly bought homes for both women. Had hair transplants in the mid-1980s. After the surgery when his head was wrapped in white bandages, he said he'd been in a bicycle accident. Was asked for permission about his name being used for Marty ( Michael J. Fox ) in Back to the Future Part III (1990). He consented and was said to be tickled by the homage. De-facto producer of Ratboy (1986) even though his name is nowhere to be found in the credits. While promoting the reality series Mrs. Eastwood & Company (2012) on E!, Clint's then-wife Dina Eastwood told Chelsea Handler : "I hope we're still married when this is over!". Two weeks after the show premiered, Clint and Dina separated. Known to be passive-aggressive in private life, communicating only by gesture, inference, and what isn't said or done. Went to the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival in 2013 and 2015. After meeting Sondra Locke at a luncheon in 1994, feminist activist Gloria Steinem said she would orchestrate a nationwide campaign to ban Clint Eastwood films. Although Clint implies that he grew up poor by frequently dropping references to the Great Depression, actually his family lived in a very wealthy part of town, had a swimming pool, belonged to the country club, and each parent drove their own car. His mother Ruth Wood often brought her own bedsheets when she stayed overnight at Clint's. Sondra Locke said she never observed the two of them really "talking." Most odd was the day she and Clint arrived at Rising River Ranch and on the kitchen counter lay a few dollars and change with a note from Ruth: "We made a long-distance phone call. Have fun. Mom." Clint stuffed the money in his pocket and looked impressed that she'd paid. With the exception his cameo as Silvana Mangano 's husband in the obscure Italian film The Witches (1967), Space Cowboys (2000) is the only time Eastwood has played a formally married man. His characters are usually single and meet their potential love interest during the course of the movie. Other times he's played divorcées ( Tightrope (1984), Heartbreak Ridge (1986), The Rookie (1990)), widowers ( Dirty Harry (1971), The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976), Gran Torino (2008), Trouble with the Curve (2012)) or men who are separated from their wives ( True Crime (1999)) but never actually married. Biographer Patrick McGilligan recounted that "the people who know Clint best suspect there are other families in his closet" in addition to his verified children, editorializing "If Kimber Tunis was kept secret for twenty-five years, and the Washington woman for forty, might there not be others?". Left-handed. To date, 24 of the 46 films Eastwood has starred in depict violence against women. He's made 16 films in which a female character is killed, 12 films depicting rape or attempted rape, and 11 films showing a female character battered. According to the unpublished manuscript "Take Ten" by Ria Brown, Anita Lhoest at one point became pregnant with Clint's child, but went ahead and had an abortion. Of his 8 or more children, the only one who lived with him growing up is daughter Morgan Eastwood , born when Clint was 66. An impersonation Twitter account was suspended. [November 2016] Personal Quotes (185) [on Sondra Locke ] She plays the victim very well. Unfortunately she had cancer and so she plays that card. [to Eli Wallach prior to starting work on The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1966)] Never trust anyone on an Italian movie. I know about these things. Stay away from special effects and explosives. [what he says after a take, instead of "Cut!"] That's enough of that shit. I like the libertarian view, which is to leave everyone alone. Even as a kid, I was annoyed by people who wanted to tell everyone how to live. I love every aspect of the creation of motion pictures and I guess I am committed to it for life. Right now, the state of the movies in America, there's an awful lot of people hanging on wires and floating across things and comic book characters and what have you. There seems to be a lot of big business in that, a nice return on some of those. Nowadays you'd have many battles before you blow it up, but eventually you'd take it down. And that's okay, I don't heavily quarrel with that, but for me personally, having made films for years and directed for 33 years, it just seems to me that I long for people who want to see a story and see character development. Maybe we've dug it out and there's not really an audience for that, but that's not for me to really worry about. And I like to direct the same way that I like to be directed. [on directing] Most people like the magic of having it take a long time and be difficult . . . but I like to move along, I like to keep the actors feeling like they're going somewhere, I like the feeling of coming home after every day and feeling like you've done something and you've progressed somewhere. And to go in and do one shot after lunch and another one maybe at six o'clock and then go home is not my idea of something to do. I think kids are natural actors. You watch most kids; if they don't have a toy they'll pick up a stick and make a toy out of it. Kids will daydream all the time. There's really no way to teach you how to act, but there is a way to teach you how to teach yourself to act. That's kind of what it is; once you learn the little tricks that work for you, pretty soon you find yourself doing that. Again, after you've gone through all the various processes and the film comes out and is very successful, you're almost afraid to revisit it. You want to save it for a rainy day. ...in America, instead of making the audience come to the film, the idea seems to be for you to go to the audience. They come up with the demographics for the film and then the film is made and sold strictly to that audience. Not to say that it's all bad, but it leaves a lot of the rest of us out of it. To me cinema can be a much more friendly world if there's a lot of things to choose from. You know when you think of a particular director, you think you would have liked to be with them on one particular film and not necessarily on some other one. At the studios, everybody's into sequels or remakes or adaptations of old TV shows. I don't know if it's because of the corporate environment or they're just out of ideas. Pretty soon, they're going to be wanting to do one of Rawhide (1959). I think I'm on a track of doing pictures nobody wants to do, that they're all afraid of. I guess it's the era we live in, where they're doing remakes of The Dukes of Hazzard (1979) and other old television shows. I must say, I'm not a negative person, but sometimes I wonder what kind of movies people are going to be making 10 years from now if they follow this trajectory. When I grew up there was such a variety of movies being made. You could go see Sergeant York (1941) or Sitting Pretty (1948) or Sullivan's Travels (1941), dozens of pictures, not to mention all the great B movies. Now, they're looking for whatever the last hit was. If it's The Incredibles (2004), they want 'The Double Incredibles.' My theory is they ought to corral writers into writers' buildings like they used to and start out with fresh material. I liked the Million Dollar Baby (2004)' script a lot. Warner Bros. said the project had been submitted to them and they'd passed on it. I said, "But I like it." They said, "Well, it's a boxing movie." And I said, "It's not a boxing movie in my opinion. It's a father-daughter love story, and it's a lot of other things besides a boxing movie." They hemmed and hawed and finally said that if I wanted to take it, maybe they'd pay for the domestic rights only. After that, I'd be on my own. We took it to a couple of other studios, and they turned it down, much like Mystic River (2003) was turned down, the exact same pattern. People who kept calling and saying, "Come on, work with us on stuff." I'd give it to them, and they'd go, "Uh, we were thinking more in terms of Dirty Harry coming out of retirement." And who knows? Maybe when it comes out they'll be proven right. Plastic surgery used to be a thing where older people would try to go into this dream world of being 28 years old again. But now, in Hollywood, even people at 28 are having work done. Society has made us believe you should look like an 18-year-old model all your life. But I figure I might as well just be what I am. [on trying to get Million Dollar Baby (2004) made at Warner Bros.] They might have been a little more interested if I said I wanted to do "Dirty Harry 9" or something. [2005 Academy Awards acceptance speech for Best Director for Million Dollar Baby (2004)] Thank you. Thank you very much. Thank you. I'd like to thank my wife, who is my best pal down here. And my mother, who was here with me in 1993. She was only 84 then. But she's here with me again tonight. And she just -- so, at 96, I'm thanking her for her genes. It was a wonderful adventure. It takes a -- to make a picture in 37 days, it takes a well-oiled machine. And that well-oiled machine is the crew -- the cast, of course, you've met a lot of them. But there's still Margo and Anthony and Michael and Mike and Jay and everybody else who was so fabulous in this cast. And the crew, Campanelli. Billy Coe and, of course, Tom Stern , who is fantastic. And Henry Bumstead , the great Henry Bumstead who is the head of our crack geriatrics team. And Henry and Jack Taylor, and Dick Goddard [ Richard C. Goddard ], all those guys. Walt and everybody. I can't think of everybody right now. I'm drawing a blank right now. But, Warren, you were right. And thank you, for your confidence earlier in the evening. I'm just lucky to be here. Lucky to be still working. And I watched Sidney Lumet , who is 80, and I figure, "I'm just a kid. I'll just -- I've got a lot of stuff to do yet." So thank you all very much. Appreciate it. [1985] My old drama coach used to say, "Don't just do something, stand there." Gary Cooper wasn't afraid to do nothing. One of the first films I went to - I went with my dad because my mother didn't want to go see a war movie - was Sergeant York (1941). My dad was a big admirer of Sergeant York stories from [World War I]. It was directed by Howard Hawks . That was when I first became aware of movies, who made them, who was involved. Most people who'll remember me, if at all, will remember me as an action guy, which is OK. There's nothing wrong with that. But there will be a certain group which will remember me for the other films, the ones where I took a few chances. At least, I like to think so. The plan was, when I first started directing in the 1970s, to get more involved in production and directing so at some point in my life, when I decided I didn't want to act anymore, I didn't have to suit up. I feel very close to the western. There are not too many American art forms that are original. Most are derived from European art forms. Other than the western and jazz or blues, that's all that's really original. In The Bridges of Madison County (1995) Kincaid's a peculiar guy. Really, he's kind of a lonely individual. He's sort of a lost soul in mid-America. I've been that guy. I think people jumped to conclusions about Dirty Harry (1971) without giving the character much thought, trying to attach right-wing connotations to the film that were never really intended. Both the director [ Don Siegel ] and I thought it was a basic kind of drama - what do you do when you believe so much in law and order and coming to the rescue of people and you just have five hours to solve a case? That kind of impossible effort was fun to portray, but I think it was interpreted as a pro-police point of view, as a kind of rightist heroism, at a time in American history when police officers were looked down on as "pigs", as very oppressive people - I'm sure there are some who are, and a lot who aren't. I've met both kinds. You have to trust your instincts. There's a moment when an actor has it, and he knows it. Behind the camera you can feel the moment even more clearly. And once you've got it, once you feel it, you can't second-guess yourself. You can find a million reasons why something didn't work. But if it feels right, and it looks right, it works. Without sounding like a pseudointellectual dipshit, it's my responsibility to be true to myself. If it works for me, it's right. None of the pictures I take a risk in cost a lot, so it doesn't take much for them to turn a profit. We don't deal in big budgets. We know what we want and we shoot it and we don't waste anything. I never understand these films that cost twenty, thirty million dollars when they could be made for half that. Maybe it's because no one cares. We care. [on how he decided to do A Fistful of Dollars (1964)] I'd done Rawhide (1959) for about five years. The agency called and asked if I was interested in doing a western in Italy and Spain. I said, "Not particularly." They said, "Why don't you give the script a quick look?" Well, I was kind of curious, so I read it, and I recognized it right away as Yojimbo (1961), a Kurosawa [ Akira Kurosawa ] film I had liked a lot. Over I went, taking the poncho with me - yeah the cape was my idea. There's a rebel lying deep in my soul. Anytime anybody tells me the trend is such and such, I go the opposite direction. I hate the idea of trends. I hate imitation; I have a reverence for individuality. I got where I am by coming off the wall. I've always considered myself too individualistic to be either right-wing or left-wing. I don't like the wimp syndrome. No matter how ardent a feminist may be, if she is a heterosexual female, she wants the strength of a male companion as well as the sensitivity. The most gentle people in the world are macho males, people who are confident in their masculinity and have a feeling of well-being in themselves. They don't have to kick in doors, mistreat women, or make fun of gays. I don't believe in pessimism. If something doesn't come up the way you want, forge ahead. The reason I became a Republican is because [ Dwight D. Eisenhower ] was running. A hero from World War II, a charismatic individual, a military man, a non-attorney - even then I liked that! I was a very young person voting for the first time. A lot of people joke that a conservative is a liberal who's made his first $100,000 and then decides,"Wait a second, I want to save this, why are they taxing it away?". Today the country's in kind of a turmoil over taxing. Being raised in the thirties, watching my parents work hard to make ends meet, with jobs scarce, and then the war years - it tends to make a person a little more fiscally conscious than if you've been born into a wealthier family. You know, if you go to most people who are self-made and ask them what their political philosophy is, usually they're a little more conservative than people who had a better start. This film cost $31 million. With that kind of money I could have invaded some country. They say marriages are made in Heaven. But so is thunder and lightning. I've always supported a certain amount of gun control. I think California has always had a mandatory waiting period, so we were never concerned about it like the rest of the country. Some states didn't have any at all. So I've always supported that. I think it's very important that guns don't get in the wrong hands, and, yes, I would support most of that. I don't know too much about trigger locks. I've never really discussed that with anyone. But I do feel that guns - it's very important to keep them out of the hands of felons or anyone who might be crazy with it. I've thought about retiring for years now. When I did Play Misty for Me (1971) in 1970, I thought that if I could pull this off maybe I could step behind the camera, and it would be time to see the end of me. Every year I have threatened to do that - and here I am. So it may come sooner than you think. [on World War II] I feel terrible for both sides in that war and in all wars. A lot of innocent people get sacrificed. It's not about winning or losing, but mostly about the interrupted lives of young people. I've done a lot of violent movies, especially in the early days. My recent efforts, like The Bridges of Madison County (1995), weren't too violent. In recent years I've done less, and, yes, I am concerned about violence in film. In '92, when I did Unforgiven (1992), which is a film that had a very anti- violence and anti-gun play - anti-romanticizing of gun play theme, I remember that Gene Hackman was concerned about it, and we both discussed the issue of too much violence in films. It's escalated ninety times since Dirty Harry (1971) and those films were made. Maybe I'm getting to the age when I'm starting to be senile or nostalgic or both, but people are so angry now. You used to be able to disagree with people and still be friends. Now you hear these talk shows, and everyone who believes differently from you is a moron and an idiot - both on the Right and the Left. I like to play the line and not wander too far to either side. If a guy has just had a bad day in the mines and wants to see a good shoot 'em up, that's great. My involvement goes deeper than acting or directing. I love every aspect of the creation of motion pictures and I guess I'm committed to it for life. Whatever success I've had is due to a lot of instinct and a little luck. I've always had the ability to say to the audience, watch this if you like, and if you don't, take a hike. I've actually had people come up to me and ask me to autograph their guns. [on former President Ronald Reagan ] Yes, I liked him very much. When he was a former president of the Screen Actors Guild, I don't think he had the vast support that a lot of other presidents have had. So I don't know why that is, it's just the nature of things. [when asked if he is still registered as a Republican] Yes, I am. I started - I enrolled as a Republican in 1951 when Dwight D. Eisenhower was running. And I was in the military. I was a fan of his. And that's how I got started off. I was never - my parents were mixed, I think one Republican, one Democrat, so I didn't have any grand-pappies to influence me. When I was doing The Bridges of Madison County (1995), I said to myself, "This romantic stuff is really tough. I can't wait to get back to shooting and killing." [when asked if he has disappointed his conservative fans by directing Million Dollar Baby (2004)] Well, I got a big laugh out of that. These people are always bitching about "Hollyweird", and then they start bitching about this film. Are they all so mad because The Passion of the Christ (2004) is only up for the makeup award and a couple of other minor things? Extremism is so easy. You've got your position, and that's it. It doesn't take much thought. And when you go far enough to the right you meet the same idiots coming around from the left. [on John Huston ] It's another aspect of the character that pleased me: he was interested in other things besides his art. He liked women, gambling, living the high life. He could have a life parallel to his work. I could identify with this type of behavior. But, because of this very fact, he became attracted more and more by other things, so that what interested him in life moved him away from his art to the point that he nearly lived a tragedy. And the tragedy brings him back to reality. If you study Huston's life, you realize that at the age of nineteen he thought he didn't have long to live because of a heart defect a doctor has notified him of as a result of a misdiagnosis. It drove him to elaborate a personal philosophy according to which he would profit from life to the maximum. He didn't take care of himself - he was a confirmed smoker, a heavy drinker - and yet he lived to be more than eighty. Paul Newman spoke to me about him when we were acting at the same time, each in a different movie, in Tucson, Arizona. He was starring in The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean (1972) and I was doing Joe Kidd (1972) with John Sturges . Huston drank martinis and smoked cigars all night long, slept from one o'clock to four o'clock in the morning because he was an insomniac, did everything he shouldn't do to live to be old, and yet he died at a very great age! It was the same thing with John Wayne , who was first of all the opposite of a health fanatic. I never considered myself a cowboy, because I wasn't. But I guess when I got into cowboy gear I looked enough like one to convince people that I was. If you want a guarantee, buy a toaster. I always cry when I watch myself on screen. Guys I thought of as heroes were like Joe Louis and, maybe during the war, there was General [ George S. Patton ], of course, and maybe [ Dwight D. Eisenhower ], who was the head of the Allied forces. And Gary Cooper . There were just a handful of men and a handful of women. Now, people become stars who are just heiresses or something. I also wonder how I got this far in life. Growing up, I never knew what I wanted to do. I was not a terribly good student or a very vivacious, outgoing person. I was just kind of a backward kid. I grew up in various little towns and ended up in Oakland, California, going to a trade school. I didn't want to be an actor, because I thought an actor had to be an extrovert - somebody who loved to tell jokes and talk and be a raconteur. And I was something of an introvert. My mother used to say: "You have a little angel on your shoulder." I guess she was surprised I grew up at all, never mind that I got to where I am. The best I can do is quote a line from Unforgiven (1992): "Deserve's got nothing to do with it." Every movie I make teaches me something, and that's why I keep making them. I'm at that stage of life when I could probably stop and just hit golf balls. But in filming these two movies about Iwo Jima, I learnt about war and about character. I also learnt a lot about myself. I was a teenager when the battle of Iwo Jima took place. I remember hearing about the bond drive and the need to maintain the war effort. Back then, people had just come through 10 years of a Depression, and they were used to working for everything. I still have an image of someone coming to our house when I was about six years old, offering to cut and stack the wood in our back yard if my mother would make him a sandwich. The Americans who went to Iwo Jima knew it would be a tough fight, but they always believed they'd win. The Japanese were told they wouldn't come home - they were being sent to die for the Emperor. People have made a lot out of that very different cultural approach. But as I got into the storytelling for the two movies [ Flags of Our Fathers (2006) and Letters from Iwo Jima (2006)], I realised that the 19-year-olds from both sides had the same fears. They all wrote poignant letters home saying: "I don't want to die." They were all going through the same thing, despite the cultural differences. I guess if you see both of the movies [ Flags of Our Fathers (2006) and Letters from Iwo Jima (2006)] together, they sum up as an antiwar film. Whether it's about territory or religion, war is horrifyingly and depressingly archaic. But I didn't set out to make a war movie. I cared about those three fellows - Bradley, Hayes and Gagnon [ John H. Bradley , Ira H. Hayes , 'René A. Gagnon'] - the headliners on that war-bond circus. The young men were taken off the front lines, wined and dined, introduced to movie stars. But it felt wrong to them. As for me, I like being behind the camera instead of in front of it. I can wear what I want. Will I act again? I never say never. I like doing things where I can stretch and go in different directions. I'm not looking to take it easy. Like the Marines on Iwo Jima, I understand that if you really want something, you have to be ready to fight. Life is a constant class, and once you think you know it all, you're due to decay. You're due to slide. I have to keep challenging myself and try something I haven't done before. The studios aren't always happy with that. When I wanted to make Mystic River (2003), the studio said, "Uh-oh, it's so dark." And I said, "Well, it's important. And it's a nice story." Then the next movie, Million Dollar Baby (2004), they said, "Who wants to see a picture about a girl boxing?" And I said, "It's really a father-daughter love story. Boxing just happens to be what's going on." They didn't have much faith. So there are always obstacles and people afraid to take risks. That's why you end up with remakes of old TV shows as movies. But playing it safe is what's risky, because nothing new comes out of it. [on the Iraq war] My druthers would have been, "Get a more benevolent dictator and stick him in. You know, try somebody a little less mean." You don't go in there and fire the army. The army's got to do something. When you fire 'em, you leave them all unemployed. Worst thing in the world. Just get somebody else who they respect and bring him on your side. That's one way of doing it. [on President George W. Bush ] You've got to admire somebody who stands up for what they believe regardless of how the polls go. A lot of presidents do everything by the polls. They do a focus group then all of a sudden they say, "OK, that's what I'm going to be for because that's where focus group is leading me. [on the Iraq war] I wasn't for going in there. Only because democracy isn't something that you get overnight. I don't think America got democracy overnight. It's something we had to fight for and believe in. [on John Wayne ] I gave him a piece of material that I thought had potential for us to do as a younger guy and an older guy. He wrote me back critical of it. He had seen High Plains Drifter (1973), and he didn't think that represented Americana like She Wore a Yellow Ribbon (1949) and other John Ford westerns. I never answered him. [on Sergio Leone ] I spun off Sergio and he spun off me. I think we worked well together. I like his compositions. He has a very good eye. I liked him, I liked his sense of humor, but I feel it was mutual. He liked dealing with the kind of character I was putting together. "Macho" was a fashionable word in the 1980s. Everybody was kind of into it, what's macho and what isn't macho. I really don't know what macho is. I never have understood. Does it mean somebody who swaggers around exuding testosterone? And kicks the gate open and runs sprints up and down the street? Or does handsprings or whatever? Or is macho a quiet thing based on your security. I remember shaking hands with Rocky Marciano . He was gentle, he didn't squeeze your hand. And he had a high voice. But he could knock people around, it was a given. That's macho. Muhammad Ali is the same. If you talked with him in his younger years, he spoke gently. He wasn't kicking over chairs. I think some of the most macho people are the gentlest. I was tired of playing the nice, clean-cut cowboy in Rawhide (1959), I wanted something earthier. Something different from the old-fashioned Western. You know: Hero rides in, very stalwart, with white hat, man's beating a horse, hero jumps off, punches man, schoolmarm walks down the street, sees this situation going on, slight conflict with schoolmarm, but not too much. You know schoolmarm and hero will be together in exactly 10 more reels, if you care to sit around and wait, and you know the man beast horse with eventually get comeuppance from hero this guy bushwhacks him in reel nine. But [ A Fistful of Dollars (1964)] was different; it definitely had satiric overtones. The hero was an enigmatic figure, and that worked within the context of this picture. In some films, he would be ludicrous. You can't have a cartoon in the middle of a Renoir. In those days, they'd make interview tests, not acting tests. They'd sit you in front of the camera and talk--just as we're talking now. I thought I was an absolute clod. It looked pretty good; it was photographed well, but I thought, "If that's acting, I'm in trouble". But they signed me up as a contract player--which was a little lower than working in the mailroom. I like working with actors who don't have anything to prove. [on Ambush at Cimarron Pass (1958)] Probably the lousiest western ever made. [on the retirement of friend and fellow actor Gene Hackman ]: It is a sad thing. I know his agent and I saw him recently, and he said, 'Can't you talk Gene into coming back?' I said, 'I'd love to see him come back, but I think it's not very nice to ride him.' He's too good an actor not to be performing but, by the same token, he probably thinks that's enough. [on Gran Torino (2008)] That will probably do it for me as far as acting is concerned. You always want to quit while you are ahead. You don't want to be like a fighter who stays too long in the ring until you're not performing at your best. There are certain things you have to be realistic about. Dirty Harry would not be on a police department at my age so we'll move on from that. Having a good person as a foil certainly helps, because acting is an ensemble art form. Clark Gable is only as good as Claudette Colbert in It Happened One Night (1934). [on Paint Your Wagon (1969)] It wasn't like Singin' in the Rain (1952), where it had a cohesive plot line. They started out with a real dramatic story and then made it fluffy. When they changed it around, I tried to bail out. It wasn't my favorite. I wasn't particularly nervous about singing on film. My dad was a singer and we'd have sing-arounds. But certainly [ Frank Sinatra ] wasn't worried. With Every Which Way But Loose (1978), they gave me the script and I thought, "This is something. This is kinda crazy. But there's something kind of hip about it. This guy's out drifting along and his best friend is an orangutan". I mean, the scenes of talking to an orangutan about your troubles, I'd never seen anything quite like it. He has a romance that falls through, he doesn't get the girl, and then he goes off with the orangutan. I thought, What could be better? I wouldn't put it in the time capsule of films you did that you thought were great, but everything's a challenge. Gene Hackman was interesting because I gave the Unforgiven (1992) script to his agent and he said no, he didn't want to do anything violent. But I went back to him and said, "I know where you're coming from. You get to a certain age and I'm there too, where you don't want to tell a lot of violent stories, but this is a chance to make a great statement". At this particular time in my life, I'm not doing anything as a moneymaker. It's like I'm pushing the envelope the other way to see how far we can go to be noncommercial. But I'm definitely not going for the demographics of 13- to 15-year-olds. I didn't know if Mystic River (2003) would go over at all. I had a hard time getting it financed, to tell you the truth. But I just told Warners the same thing I did with Million Dollar Baby (2004): "I don't know if this is going to make any money. But, I think I can make a picture that you'd be proud to have in your library. People have lost their sense of humor. In former times we constantly made jokes about different races. You can only tell them today with one hand over your mouth or you will be insulted as a racist. I find that ridiculous. In those earlier days every friendly clique had a 'Sam the Jew' or 'Jose the Mexican' - but we didn't think anything of it or have a racist thought. It was just normal that we made jokes based on our nationality or ethnicity. That was never a problem. I don't want to be politically correct. We're all spending too much time and energy trying to be politically correct about everything. [on the possibility of a Dirty Harry (1971) sequel] I'm 78 years old, and you're pretty well drummed out of the police force by that age. There could be a scenario. I suppose if some mythical writer came out of nowhere and it was the greatest thing on the planet, I'd certainly have to think about it. But it's not like I've ever courted it. I feel like that was an era of my life, and I've gone on to other things. I'm not sure about being Dirty Harry again--but who knows? I keep finding interesting stories, or they come to me, so I'll keep making movies. [on a possible return to acting after saying he was giving it up with Gran Torino (2008)] I'm like Jaws 2 (1978): "Just when you think it's safe to go back in the water..." [on Angelina Jolie ] She's wonderful. To me, she's like a throwback to the women in film of the Forties. Not to say women today aren't great, but back then there was more individuality. They didn't have the same Botox look. Angelina has that great individuality, her own look and her own style. I think she would have been just as big a name in that era, the same as Katharine Hepburn , Bette Davis and Ingrid Bergman . [on Million Dollar Baby (2004)] It's a tragedy that could have been written by the Greeks or Shakespeare. I don't quite understand this obsession about doing remakes and making television series into feature films. I would rather see them encourage writers with new ideas in all different genres like they used to in the heyday of movies. [in 2002, on Michael Cimino ] George Lucas made Howard the Duck (1986), and the guy who made Waterworld (1995) - those films didn't destroy them. Critics were set up to hate Heaven's Gate (1980) . . . the picture didn't work with the public. If it had, it would have been the same as Titanic (1997). "Titanic" worked, so all is forgiven. Certain things may have been his fault. The accolades for The Deer Hunter (1978) probably made him think, "I am a genius, king of the world". But if you say you're king of the world then people will root for you to fall . . . I've always said that if you're prepared to accept reviews saying you're brilliant, you better be prepared to accept reviews saying you're a burn. The guy calling you a bum may be wrong, but the guy calling you brilliant may be wrong, too. Michael needs to make an intimate, smaller picture, do a film for five or six weeks, with no special effects, flying by the seats of his pants, to not be afraid and pull the trigger. [on death] I don't think older people think about it that much, my mother was 97. She passed away a few years back. The only thing she ever said to me, toward the last, she said, 'I want out of here, I am tired.' And I said 'No, no, three more years. We get the century mark.' I figured I could coax her into more after that, but when she finally did pass away, she couldn't talk because she had had a stroke. They said do you want to be resuscitated for while, and she said 'no.' So, I had to grant her that wish. She had no fear and I think as you get older -- you probably have more fear as a younger person than you do as an older person. Because as an older person you have stacked up a lot of background and time-in-grade, so to speak, so you are probably thinking what the hell 'I have had a good time. If you believe in reincarnation you're putting too much on the other side. I believe you have just one shot at life, and you should do the best you can with that shot. And I suppose you should be thankful that you've been given the ability to do certain things in life, and not be greedy enough to want to stay around forever. [on the Rocky (1976) movies] I loved the first one. I always admired Sylvester Stallone 's tenacity to go ahead and get that made. I would never have been able to pass the Bill Clinton - Gary Hart test. No one short of Mother Teresa could pass. [on directing Leonardo DiCaprio as J. Edgar Hoover ] He could make a lot of money making mechanical genre pictures but he wants to be challenged. And it's much more of a challenge to play someone who doesn't have the slightest thing in common with you. [on Bruce Surtees ] He was fearless. He wasn't afraid to give you sketchy lighting if you asked for it. He didn't believe in flat light or just bright, 'Rexall drugstore' lighting, which a lot of times you can get if you get somebody that isn't very imaginative. He was perfect for me, because we didn't have very big budgets in those days. He'd made dollies by towing a blanket across the floor with the cameraman sitting on it. I don't believe in pessimism. If something doesn't come out the way you want, forge ahead. If you think it's going to rain, it will. [on surviving a plane crash in the early 1950s] They had one plane, a Douglas AD, sort of a torpedo bomber of the World War II vintage, and I thought I'd hitch on that. Everything went wrong. Radios went out. Oxygen ran out. And finally we ran out of fuel up around Point Reyes, California, and went in the ocean. So we went swimming. It was late October, November. Very cold water. I found out many years later that it was a white shark breeding ground, but I'm glad I didn't know that at the time or I'd have just died. [on his planned remake of A Star Is Born (1937)] I talked about that for a while with Warner Brothers' people and we're still playing with that idea. But the problem at the beginning was they were more infatuated with just the idea of the casting. They were talking about having Beyoncé Knowles in it, and she was very popular, but she also is very active and it's hard to get a time scheduled, so we never could get that worked out. But I'm still playing with the idea. I've done war movies because they're always loaded with drama and conflict. But as far as actual participation ... it's one of those things that should be done with a lot of thought, if it needs to be done. Self-protection is a very important thing for nations, but I just don't like to see it. Extremism is so easy. You've got your position and that's it. It doesn't take much thought. And when you go far enough to the right,you meet the same idiots coming around from the left. The stronger the participation of the female characters, the better the movie. They knew that in the old days, when women stars were equally as important as men. There's a rebel lying deep in my soul. Anytime anybody tells me the trend is such and such, I go the opposite direction. I like the image of the piano player: the piano player sits down, plays, tells his story, and then gets up and leaves - letting the music speak for itself. [after the Carmel city council refused his architectural plans for a downtown construction] They don't know who they're fuckin' with. I'll build that damn building the way I want it if I have to run the fucking city council to do it. My father used to say to me, 'Show 'em what you can do, and don't worry about what you're gonna get. Say you'll work for free and make yourself invaluable'. [to Steve Kroft , why he refuses to say how many children he has] Well, 'cause I - you - they're - there are other people that are involved there and they're vulnerable people. I can protect myself, but they can't. [press statement in response to claims made by ex-significant other Sondra Locke , 4/27/89] I adamantly deny and deeply resent the accusation that either one of those abortions or the tubal ligation were done at my demand, request or even suggestion. As to the abortions, I told Locke that whether to have children or terminate her pregnancies was a decision entirely hers. Particularly with regard to the tubal ligation, I encouraged Locke to make her own decision after she had consulted with a physician about the appropriateness of and the necessity for that surgical procedure. [about Patrick McGilligan 's unauthorized biography of him, 2002] I don't know if this is the same book that came out in England, but if it is, it's just very factually inaccurate. He has me involved with women I've never met and attending schools I've never gone to - and there was a photograph supposedly of me that wasn't me. The stories about my father weren't true. There were incidents described that never took place; I've never broken a window with a ball peen hammer in my life. If you can't even get the little stuff right, then how are you going to get the big stuff right? But I don't want to talk about it too much, because I hate even giving it credence. It's a very mean-spirited book. I don't care if you write something bad about me, as long as it's true. I'm not Mr. Evangelical Pure-as-the-snow. I just want the true (stories) out. They're fair game. But when they're made up, they're not fair game. [on misrepresentation of his early work] My parts ranged from one-liners to four-liners, but to look at some of the billings in TV Guide these days, you'd think I co-starred in those films. [on director Arthur Lubin ] We spent a lot of time together, traveled together. He liked me a lot; got me into the talent program at Universal, gave me a lot of breaks. Bought me some nice clothes, too. That's when people started wondering about us! Every movie I make teaches me something. That's why I keep making them. I tried being reasonable, I didn't like it. [in 1975 on Sondra Locke ] I never knew I could love somebody so much, and feel so peaceful about it at the same time. Alfred Hitchcock once told me, when I was analyzing a lot of things about his pictures, 'Clint, you must remember, it's only a movie.' Crimes against children are the most heinous crime. That, for me, would be a reason for capital punishment because children are innocent and need the guidance of an adult society. [answering David Letterman 's declarative question, "You have seven children?"] Uh, at least. I was always respectful of people who were deeply religious because I always felt that if they gave themselves to it, then it had to be important to them. But if you can go through life without it, that's OK, too. It's whatever suits you. [on home pornography] The ultimate turn-on. My grandfather lived to be late 90s on one side and on the other side, 70s or something. And my father died young, at 63. But he didn't take very good care of himself. I grew up with J. Edgar Hoover . He was the G-man, a hero to everybody, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation was the big, feared organization. He was ahead of his time as far as building up forensic evidence and fingerprinting. But he took down a lot of innocent people, too. It's much more fun to play something you're nothing like than what you are... It's much easier to hide yourself in a character. [characterizing his relationship with Roxanne Tunis ] It didn't mean anything; it was just an affair. I was young and . . . anyway she was a stand-in and extra on the show, and she was really crazy about me, and always hanging out in my dressing room. Plagiarism is always the biggest thing in Hollywood. I always thought of myself as a character actor. I never thought of myself as a leading man. I love stories about women. When I was a kid, I thought movies just came from air. I thought they just appeared. Why am I a star? It can't be because of looks. I kind of make a film for myself to sort of express myself. [speaking in 2007 about troubled actress June Fairchild ] My heart sank when I heard of what had become of June. There are organizations that can help her but I'm sure she could also use a friendly face right now. I'd really like to meet her. I've been through my womanizer part of my life. There was a point when it was an illness, just compulsive, but that's behind me now. I've never considered myself addicted to anything, but if I was, that was it. Everybody has certain things they wish they hadn't done in life. They wish they hadn't kicked their dog when they were ten or something. I like Italian movies. I was frequently there in the '60s, in Rome and the vicinity. It was a great period in life. I was very influenced by their stuff. [January 1962] There has to be something for me beyond western roles, which rarely give you a full feeling of acting accomplishment. Have you ever heard of a western star being called an actor's actor? I'll bet not! [April 2010] I planned on not working at this time in my life, but I am enjoying working more now than I ever have. I have been lucky enough to work in a profession I really like and I figure I will continue until somebody hits me over the head. In the past I have been with women who wanted more from me than I was ever willing to give. I was probably not as attentive as I could have been. I can be selfish and some of the women didn't have a good idea of their self. They wanted me to mould them and I just can't do that. I'm not good in big crowds. I prefer smaller, one-to-one nights out, which is why I've never been single. I like the company of women, but I do go for longer-term relationships than flings. The best things to come of all those relationships are my children. I've waited all my life for a woman like Dina. She is bright, funny, independent. It's fate that I met her when I was in my sixties. I'd love to have been with her 20, 30 years ago and I would have settled down much sooner. I spent my twenties and thirties being angry, then my forties and fifties being disappointed. It's only in the last part of my life that I've learned to be happy. [if he could give advice to his younger self] He was never a smart kid. I was a slow learner, so I'd say speed up the process a bit-and maybe practice a little more! [December 2014] I just went through a period where my DNA was in demand for a while. I think that's all ended-but, you never know! [on marriage] I haven't exactly been successful at it, but I made a couple of attempts. I've had moments of success interrupted by moments of satyr. Shelley Berman used to say that. I admire people who can accomplish and do it, but it's very difficult in today's society, because there are so many things pulling at people. People gain different interests as time goes by, so they decide that they want to try something else. You have to keep trying! You don't want to give up and be so cynical that, you say, 'Never!' But, maybe, at my stage in life, there's a silver act. Never say never. Sergio Leone loved long stories and long pictures. To me, I don't mind a long picture if you've got a lot of story. But if you're just making a long movie to just show off more production value, I think you can edit some of that stuff down. That's where he and I would differ. I am concerned about violence in films. In 1992, when I did Unforgiven (1992), which is a film that is very anti-violence and very anti-gun, I remember that Gene Hackman was concerned about it too. And we both discussed how much violence in films has escalated since Dirty Harry (1971) and other movies I made. Films can go overboard on violence but the Dirty Harry films don't. We don't use slow motion violence for instance, or lingering blood squirts. Also, Harry Callahan is an honorable man and a hero to middle America. I'd question films like Taxi Driver (1976) where the hero is mentally ill. As soon as I read that line in the script, "Go ahead make my day", I knew audiences would love it. [on John Ford ] I remember seeing Stagecoach (1939) as a kid when it first came out. Ford had an influence on me subconsciously, and I watched it in a dark theatre with my knees up. Sometimes twice in a row. There's something about the way he approached the subject that broke down clichés of the era. I think he was always trying to make social statements in his movies, and with Stagecoach he used the western to do it efficiently. Too many directors don't know what the hell they're doing. They'll do multiple takes on scenes and try out different angles and lighting. I don't like that. If you can't see it yourself straight away, you shouldn't be a director. [on his dissatisfaction with his diminishing role in the "Dollars" trilogy] In the first, I was just about alone. Then there were two of us. And now are three of us. If it goes on like this I'm going to end up in a detachment of cavalry. There's a bar I used to go to on Sunset Boulevard that was a straight bar that's now a gay bar. I think I went into it once some years later, and I looked around and said, 'Oh, yeah, it's a gay bar.' I still finished my beer. [on Roxanne Tunis and Kimber Eastwood , as quoted in "The Good, the Bad, and the Very Ugly"] I give them a few thousand here and there, but I always give it in cash so they can't prove anything. Besides, Kimber is listed as a dependent on her stepfather's tax returns; she's not a dependent of mine. Legally, I'm not responsible. Who's Barbara Walters ? [asked by British interviewer Ginny Dougary why so many women had his babies] Well, sometimes -- ughh . . . arghh . . . I . . . I don't . . . ahh . . . know why it is that I'm any more of a sire than anyone else. Um . . . er . . . something to do with the genes, I guess. When I used to be a contract player in 1954 at Universal, I wasn't getting good roles. I was getting one-liners, and then I'd be gone. But I'd hang around; I'd watch guys. And when I had days off, which was most days, I'd go down and watch other sets while they were shooting. Watch Joan Crawford or whomever. Just watch how they worked and how the director handled them. I didn't know anything about making movies, and there's a lot to learn. Secretly everybody's getting tired of political correctness, kissing up. That's the kiss-ass generation we're in right now. We're really in a pussy generation. Everybody's walking on eggshells. We see people accusing people of being racist and all kinds of stuff. When I grew up, those things weren't called racist. And then when I did Gran Torino (2008), even my associate said, "This is a really good script, but it's politically incorrect." And I said, "Good. Let me read it tonight." The next morning, I came in and I threw it on his desk and I said, "We're starting this immediately." I don't know what I am. I'm a little of everything. [on Barack Obama ] He doesn't go to work. He doesn't go down to Congress and make a deal. What the hell's he doing sitting in the White House? If I were in that job, I'd get down there and make a deal. Sure, Congress are lazy bastards, but so what? You're the top guy. You're the president of the company. It's your responsibility to make sure everybody does well. It's the same with every company in this country, whether it's a two-man company or a two-hundred-man company... You're as young as you feel. As young as you want to be. There's an old saying I heard from a friend of mine. People ask him, "Why do you look so good at your age?" He'll say, "Because I never let the old man in." And there's truth to that. It's in your mind, how far you let him come in. I don't have any great pickup lines. I was never an extrovert, so I always had to have someone meet me halfway. If she was interested, we'd come together, and if not ... When I became a movie actor and became well-known, it took care of itself. Maybe that's why I became an actor. 100 years from now and more, people will look back on this generation of films, and the guy who will standout more than anyone else will be Tom Cruise . What's one great thing about a theater is it's got an exit. One of the most important things in life is feeling good about yourself. And when you're in decent shape, when you like the way your body looks and feels and your energy levels are at their highest, it's a lot easier to feel good about yourself. I am a junior, and all my younger life I was called Sonny or Junior, and I think a kid deserves his own name. When I was growing up in the '30s and '40s, kids were a lot more active than they are today. We didn't have television, we certainly didn't have computers, so you came home from school and then went out to play with the other kids in your neighborhood. You didn't have to be a varsity athlete to get into a game of pickup basketball or football or to take a bat, ball and glove out to an empty lot for a game of flies-and-grounders. [on taking nootropics] You can actually feel a difference and see a difference in yourself. I'm not necessarily interested in extending life. To me, what seems most intriguing is just keeping the quality of your life up as long as fate decrees that you'll be here on the planet. [on the contemporary superhero craze in Hollywood] Thank God that I didn't have to do that. [...] I always liked characters that were more grounded in reality. Maybe they do super things or more-than-human things - like Dirty Harry, he has a knack for doing crazy things, or the western guys - but, still, they're not caped crusaders. Follow what you think. You want to do something? Just do it the best you can. Not everyone makes something phenomenal, but at least you can fail on your own terms. I was a bit of a screw-up, a loner. I think women like to see other women put down when they're out of line. They have a dream of the guy who won't let them get away with anything. And the man in the audience is thinking, 'That's how I'd like to handle it--cool and assured, knowing all the answers.' He wants to be a superhero. The important thing to remember about women is that they're a lot smarter than men and they don't play fair. [asked on the red carpet at The Bridges of Madison County (1995) premiere if he thinks men become sexier with age] That's in the eyes of the beholder. I know nothing about how men become sexy because men aren't sexy to me, so I really don't know. My appeal is in the characters I play. A superhuman type character who has all the answers, is double cool, exists on his own without society or the help of society's police forces. A guy sits in the audience. He's twenty-five years old and he's scared stiff about what he's going to do with his life. He wants to have that self-sufficient thing he sees up on the screen. I'm just doing a job, I'm just in the entertainment business doing the kinds of films that appeal to me. You've got to keep that in perspective. Fame is fleeting. I think I'm reasonably intelligent. [in GQ magazine, October 2011] I don't give a fuck about who wants to get married to anybody else! Why not?! We're making a big deal out of things we shouldn't be making a deal out of ... Just give everybody the chance to have the life they want I can get into the nostalgia thing sometimes, but to me the good old days are right now. I am very well mannered, and that, believe it or not, stands me in very good stead. Marriage is not just about 'love.' It's about 'like' as well. The main thing is not how long you're on the planet, but the quality you have while you're here. In some ways I know I didn't live up to my parents' hopes. It was a long time before I wanted to go to college--but in some ways I surpassed my parents' hopes. I guess I'm just a bum and a drifter by nature. I don't think of myself as a "star." I don't have any image of myself. Sometimes I think I disappoint people by not being more like the characters I play in the movies. But who wants to be those guys? The best kind of fan is the one who tells you he loved your film and then, boom, is off. I'm in the entertainment business, NOT in the business of trying to shape social opinions. My dad was always talking about retiring and sitting next to a stream with a couple of beers in his hand. Sounds like a commercial - but it's not for me! I'm not a person who pre-plans life. [asked for the secret to a lasting marriage, 1971] We don't believe in togetherness. We've stayed together by staying apart. For years I bummed around trying to get an acting job. They told me my voice was too soft, my teeth needed capping, I squinted -- all that tearing down of my ego. If I walked into a casting office now, a stranger, I'd get the same old crap. But now I'm Clint Eastwood . [in the early 70s] I'm number one at the box office, but Hollywood considers me a bore. Salary (24)	i don't know
Which political leader married Austrian Archduchess Marie-Louise in 1810?	The marriage of Napoleon I and Marie-Louise of Austria - napoleon.org Home History of the Two Empires Timelines The marriage of Napoleon I and Marie-Louise of Austria The marriage of Napoleon I and Marie-Louise of Austria Period : Directory / 1st Empire facebook Russia or Austria? This timeline follows on from our “Divorce” timeline and forms part of our close-up on: the marriage of Napoleon I and Marie-Louise of Austria. With the marriage between Napoleon and Josephine officially dissolved in January, 1810, Napoleon was free to continue his search for a new bride. A union with Russia was hindered by court opposition (particularly from Alexander’s mother, Maria Feodorovna), political indecision from Alexander and the young age of the one remaining Russian princess, Anna Pavlovna. The issue was, however, to prove even more complicated. Although Maria Feodorovna was anti-Napoleon in principle, she was aware of the advantages that could be gained from having Napoleon as an ally in a France-dominated Europe, the potential dangers of having Austria allied with France, and the effect that such a decision could have on public opinion back home in Russia. Thus, on 19 January, 1810, she wrote to Alexander to inform him that: “As a mother, I cannot wish nor desire this union. However, as it should not be considered from a mother’s perspective, but as a matter of State of the highest importance, it should be discussed and judged as such. […] All that the State can wish of me is the total abnegation of my maternal rights; in this (unique) case I must make this sacrifice to you and to [the State]: [the decision] on your sister’s fate belongs to no-one but you, my dear Alexander.” [Letter from Maria Feodorovna to Alexander I, 19 January, 1810, in Marie Martin, Maria Féodorovna en son temps (1759-1828): contribution à l’histoire de la Russie et de l’Europe, Paris, 2003] With his mother having removed herself from the picture, Alexander would be forced to make a decision. Whilst negotiations advanced little, Napoleon began to despair of any such union and the Austrian option was suggested. Feelers were sent out to measure the Austrian court’s receptiveness to a Franco-Austrian alliance. Towards the end of January, the French court was informed that Napoleon would not be refused if he were to ask for the Austrian emperor’s eldest daughter’s hand in marriage. Negotiations were begun but these discussions remained secret from everyone except those involved directly. It would thus appear that there is a point in early 1810 at which negotiations were being pursued with both the Russian and Austrian courts. 21 January, 1810: On the anniversary of the death of Louis XVI, husband of Marie-Antoinette and Marie-Louise’s aunt, a privy council was called in the Emperor’s personal study. Those present included (in the order they spoke) Napoleon; Lebrun (Prince Arch-treasurer); Eugène ; Talleyrand ; Comte Garnier, Senate president; Comte de Fontanes, president of the Corps législatif; Duc de Bassano ; the Duc de Cadore ( Champagny, Minister of Foreign Relations ); the Prince de Neufchatel ( Berthier ); the King of Naples ( Murat ); and Cambacérès. Montalivet (the Interior Minister) was the final member involved (although Talleyrand includes Comte Mollien amongst those consulted, Mémoires du Prince de Talleyrand, 2007, p. 341). According to Cambacérès’ memoirs, Napoleon opened by asking those present for their opinion on a new wife: “Internal politics not permitting me to choose a French bride, I wanted to place before you the considerations that could determine a preference, between three European princesses who appear to display the necessary qualities to sit upon the throne of France. ” Champagny read a report informing those assembled that the Emperor had drawn up a list of three potential princesses: Maria Auguste, Princess of Saxony; the Grand Duchess, Anna Pavlovna, the youngest sister of Alexander I; and Archduchess Marie-Louise of Austria. All three royal houses had expressed an interest in forming an alliance with France. Champagny observed that Maria Auguste was no longer in the first blooms of youth (she would have been nearly 28 at the time) and that an alliance with Russia would involve numerous complications that might damage French traditions and customs: complications including prominently the demand that each palace have a Russian orthodox chapel and the open and free practice of Russian orthodoxy. With regards to Marie-Louise, Austria would request nothing more than what was agreed for the marriage of Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette. The opinion of Lebrun was then solicited. This was a break from tradition for if a ‘prince of the blood’ was not present, Cambacérès should have been the next consulted. Cambacérès comments that this was not by accident. Lebrun, almost asleep and mumbling, was taken aback by the change in custom and said only “I am for the Saxon; she is from a good race.” Eugene next had his say, opting for the archduchess. Talleyrand was also in favour of Marie-Louise, without giving his reasons. Garnier opted for Maria-Auguste, while Fontanes also opted for Marie-Louise. The Duc de Bassano was also consulted; this was another extraordinary turn as the Secrétaire d’Etat never had a say in council. He agreed with Fontanes. Champagny confirmed his choice for Marie-Louise, an opinion that was shared by Berthier. A majority was thus reached before Murat was consulted, and he showed himself to be against the union with Austria. Cambacérès spoke last: “As Your Highness is remarrying only for children, it seems appropriate to choose the princess most capable, through her age and constitution, of giving them to him. Concerning matters of State, I do not, however, think it favourable to the archduchess. Austria will never be to us anything other than a poorly reconciled enemy. Russia, through her geographical position, seems suited to an alliance with France. I believe that it would be better for us to smooth over the difficulties which appear to be preventing the Emperor’s marriage to a grand duchess of Russia, and that this union should be preferred above any other. ” Napoleon, who had remained silent during the deliberations of each of his ministers and advisers, thus announced: “I thank you, gentlemen, for the thoughts that you have expressed to me. I shall weigh them up in my chambers. I remain convinced that whatever difference there is between you, every one of the opinions expressed was governed by a well-informed zeal, in the best interests of the State, and by a loyal dedication to my person.” Cambacérès wrote that he believed that the meeting had been set up and decided before hand, and that Eugene had been leaned on by Bassano and Talleyrand at Napoleon’s request. [Mémoires inédits : éclaircissements publiés par Cambaceres sur les principaux événements de sa vie politique, vol. II, Paris, Perrin, 1999, pp. 324-329] 22 January, 1810: Whilst a decision was being formulated in France, Marie-Louise wrote to Madamoiselle Poulet, a friend: “Since Napoleon’s divorce, I continue to open the Gazette de Francfort in the hope of finding an announcement of his new bride. I must admit that this delay has given me much cause for worry. […] If misfortune so wishes it, I am prepared to sacrifice my own happiness for the good of the State.” 27 January, 1810: Metternich wrote to his wife: “I consider this affair to be the most important that can possibly concern Europe at this time; I see in the Emperor’s choice the possible guarantee of an order that conforms as much to the general interest of the many peoples who, after such terrible and numerous shocks, hope for peace, as to the personal interests of this prince. [Letter from Metternich to his wife dated 27 January, 1810, in Mémoires, documents et écrits divers laissés par le Prince de Metternich, vol. II, p. 316] 6 February, 1810: Napoleon wrote to Champagny, outlining certain concerns with the Russian princess, namely her young age and thus perceived inability to conceive. “[It has been] observed that Princess Anne [is] not yet mature [she would have been fifteen at the time]; occasionally it takes a couple of years for some girls to attain maturity having reached the marriageable age and the idea of waiting three years with no hope of conceiving a child goes against the intentions of the Emperor.” [Letter from Napoleon to Champagny dated 6 February, 1810, Correspondance de Napoléon Ier, Second Empire edition, n° 16,210] That same day, Napoleon wrote again to Champagny, seemingly decided against the Russian: “Tomorrow evening […] you will dispatch a letter to inform [the Russians] that I am decided in favour of the Austrian.” [Letter from Napoleon to Champagny dated 6 February, 1810, Correspondance de Napoléon Ier, Second Empire edition, n° 16,211] Napoleon makes his choice 15 February, 1810: Metternich announced to Marie-Louise that Napoleon wished to marry her. She answered: “I want only what my duty commands me to want.” [quoted by Paul Ganière, “Marie-Louise d’Autriche” in Dictionnaire Napoléon, ed. Jean Tulard, p. 1140] That same day, the exchange of marriage ratifications/agreements took place in Vienna (news of which arrived in Paris on 6 March). 23 February, 1810: Napoleon wrote to Francis I , Emperor of Austria: “Monsieur mon Frère, I have dispatched my cousin the vice-connétable, Prince de Neuchâtel [Berthier], to ask Your Imperial Majesty for the Archduchess Marie-Louise, your daughter, in marriage. The great qualities that distinguish so eminently this princess, the valuable advantage that she has in belonging to You, makes me greatly desire this union. I have been led to believe that Your Majesty would like to consent to it.” [Letter from Napoleon to Francis I dated 23 February, 1810, Correspondance de Napoléon Ier, Second Empire edition, n° 16287] 24 February, 1810: Berthier left for Paris for Vienna. 4 March, 1810: Berthier arrived in Vienna. 8 March, 1810: Maréchal Berthier asked Francis I for Marie-Louise’s hand in marriage on behalf of Napoleon. 9 March, 1810: Berthier and Metternich signed a marriage contract which set out Marie-Louise’s dowry (the equivalent of 400,000 Francs). She also renounced all claims to the Austrian crown’s kingdoms, provinces and territories, as well as 200,000 Florins worth of rings and jewels given to her by the Austrian Emperor. This was offset by 200,000 Écus worth of presents and jewels given to her by Napoleon. Her dower came to a total of 500,000 Francs. 11 March, 1810, 5.30pm: Marie-Louise married Napoleon by proxy in Vienna, with Archduke Charles standing in for Napoleon. 13 March, 1810: Marie-Louise left Vienna for France. 16 March, 1810: the Austrian delegation arrived at the border between Austria and Bavaria, at Braunau-sur-Inn. There, Marie-Louise was met by Caroline, Queen of Naples and the Maréchal Lannes ‘ widow, the Duchess of Montebello. 20 March, 1810: Napoleon left Paris for Compiègne. 27 March, 1810: impatient, Napoleon met the party at Compiègne and spent the night with his new bride. 31 March, 1810: the couple received the imperial family and others (including Cambacérès). The marriage ceremonies 1 April, 1810: the civil marriage of Archduchess Marie-Louise of Austria and Napoleon took place in a second ceremony. 2 April, 1810: the religious ceremony was held in the chapel at the Louvre in Paris. See our page on the painting The religious marriage of Napoleon I and Marie-Louise in the Salon Carré at the Louvre, on 2 April, 1810 , by Georges Rouget for more details on the ceremony. 3 April, 1810: The imperial couple received congratulations and tributes from the Senate, Conseil d’Etat, the Italian Senate, the Corps législatif, ministers, cardinals, the Empire’s grand officiers, civil and military authorities, and the palace ladies, amongst others. New arrivals 10 May, 1810: Alexandre-Florian-Joseph, Comte Colonna Walewski, was born to Napoleon’s mistress, Marie Lontchinska, a Polish countess. 20 March, 1811: Napoléon François Charles Joseph Bonaparte was born to Napoleon and Marie-Louise. (H.D.W. March 2010)	Napoleon
In humans, Ritter disease affects which part of the body?	Marie Louise - definition of Marie Louise by The Free Dictionary Marie Louise - definition of Marie Louise by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Marie+Louise Related to Marie Louise: Marie Antoinette , Alexander the Great Marie Louise Austrian archduchess who became empress of the French as the second wife of Napoleon I. Marie Louise (French mari lwiz) n (Biography) 1791–1847, empress of France (1811–15) as the second wife of Napoleon I; daughter of Francis I of Austria. On Napoleon's abdication (1815) she became Duchess of Parma Marie′ Louise′ n. 1791–1847, 2nd wife of Napoleon I: empress of France. Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: Vigée-Lebrun Élisabeth References in periodicals archive ? His Majesty the Sultan received congratulatory cables from His Highness Sheikh Sabah Al Ahmed Al Jabir Al Sabah, Emir of Kuwait, President Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz of Mauritania, King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck of Bhutan, President Dilma Rousseff of Brazil, President Pierre Nkurunziza of Burundi, President Marie Louise Coleiro Preca of Malta and Anerood Jugnauth, Prime Minister of the Republic of Mauritius. Robea Richards Muscat, Dec 3 (ONA) His Majesty Sultan Qaboos Bin Said has received a cable of thanks from President Marie Louise Coleiro Preca of the Republic of Malta in reply to His Majesty's congratulatory cable on the occasion of her country's Independence Anniversary. Leaders greet Maltese president Kirk Woodend: As a close protection officer i had a chance to look after Peaches and i must say you were a beautiful young lady and thank you for the plessure of meeting you RIP Peaches X Joy Lyons: Feel in my heart for her two children and her poor dad Nita Dixon: god bless you, you beautiful lady, so sorry for your loss of a young daughter bob , peaches hubby & her children xxx Marie Louise Wells Read: R.	i don't know
Which French philosopher and mathematician has been dubbed ‘The Father of Modern Philosophy’?	René Descartes (Author of Discourse on Method and Meditations on First Philosophy) Philosophy , Science Influences edit data René Descartes, also known as Renatus Cartesius (Latinized form), was a highly influential French philosopher, mathematician, scientist, and writer. He has been dubbed the "Father of Modern Philosophy," and much of subsequent Western philosophy is a response to his writings, which continue to be studied closely. His influence in mathematics is also apparent, the Cartesian coordinate system that is used in plane geometry and algebra being named for him, and he was one of the key figures in the Scientific Revolution. Descartes frequently sets his views apart from those of his predecessors. In the opening section of the Passions of the Soul, a treatise on the Early Modern version of what are now commonly called emotions, he goes so far as to as René Descartes, also known as Renatus Cartesius (Latinized form), was a highly influential French philosopher, mathematician, scientist, and writer. He has been dubbed the "Father of Modern Philosophy," and much of subsequent Western philosophy is a response to his writings, which continue to be studied closely. His influence in mathematics is also apparent, the Cartesian coordinate system that is used in plane geometry and algebra being named for him, and he was one of the key figures in the Scientific Revolution. Descartes frequently sets his views apart from those of his predecessors. In the opening section of the Passions of the Soul, a treatise on the Early Modern version of what are now commonly called emotions, he goes so far as to assert that he will write on his topic "as if no one had written on these matters before". Many elements of his philosophy have precedents in late Aristotelianism, the revived Stoicism of the 16th century, or in earlier philosophers like St. Augustine. In his natural philosophy, he differs from the Schools on two major points: First, he rejects the analysis of corporeal substance into matter and form; second, he rejects any appeal to ends — divine or natural — in explaining natural phenomena. In his theology, he insists on the absolute freedom of God’s act of creation. Descartes was a major figure in 17th century continental rationalism, later advocated by Baruch Spinoza and Gottfried Leibniz, and opposed by the empiricist school of thought consisting of Hobbes, Locke, Berkeley, and Hume. Leibniz, Spinoza and Descartes were all versed in mathematics as well as philosophy, and Descartes and Leibniz contributed greatly to science as well. As the inventor of the Cartesian coordinate system, Descartes founded analytic geometry, the bridge between algebra and geometry, crucial to the invention of calculus and analysis. Descartes' reflections on mind and mechanism began the strain of Western thought that much later, impelled by the invention of the electronic computer and by the possibility of machine intelligence, blossomed into the Turing test and related thought. His most famous statement is: Cogito ergo sum (French: Je pense, donc je suis; English: I think, therefore I am), found in §7 of part I of Principles of Philosophy (Latin) and in part IV of Discourse on the Method (French). ...more	René Descartes
Xyrophobia is the irrational fear of which grooming items?	René Descartes - René Descartes Poems - Poem Hunter René Descartes - René Descartes Poems - Poem Hunter Biography Do you like this poet? René Descartes (31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) was a French philosopher, mathematician, and writer who spent most of his adult life in the Dutch Republic. He has been dubbed the 'Father of Modern Philosophy', and much subsequent Western philosophy is a response to his writings, which are studied closely to this day. In particular, his Meditations on First Philosophy continues to be a standard ... more » Click here to add this poet to your My Favorite Poets. Quotations more quotations » ''One cannot conceive anything so strange and so implausible that it has not already been said by one philosopher or another.'' René Descartes (1596-1650), French philosopher, mathematician, scientist. Discourse on Method, book II (1637). Echoing a sentiment earlier express... Good sense is of all things in the world the most equally distributed, for everyone thinks himself so abundantly provided with it, that even those most difficult to please in all other matters do not ... René Descartes (1596-1650), French philosopher, the Father of Modern Philosophy. Discourse on Method, part I, p. 1, Descartes Selections, ed. R.M. Eat... ''it is not possible for there to be in us any thought of which, at the moment it is in us, we are not conscious.'' René Descartes (1596-1650), French philosopher. "Fourth Replies," Oeuvres de Descartes, volume VII, p. 246, J. Vrin (1964-75). ''I think, therefore I am. [Cogito, ergo sum.]'' René Descartes (1596-1650), French philosopher, mathematician. Le Discours de la Méthode, pt. 4 (1637). ''All that is very clearly and distinctly conceived is true.'' René Descartes (1596-1650), French philosopher, the Father of Modern Philosophy. The Philosophy of the 16th and 17th Centuries, ed. R.H. Popkin, The F...	i don't know
US film and television actor Harvey Lee Yeary is better known by what name?	stumbleupon More StatsView More About Lee Majors Harvey Lee Yeary, better known as Lee Majors is an American film and television actor. He has also worked as a voice actor. Lee Majors was born on 23rd April 1939 in Wyandotte, Michigan. He has a net worth of $15 Million. When he was young, Lees used to look like Elvis Presley. He has made his wealth by depiction difficult roles successfully. His performance as the illegitimate son of the husband of Victoria Barkley in the television series won him a lot of accolades. This was “The Big Valley” that ran from 1965 to 1969. He also became famous by his roles in “The Six Million Dollar Man” which was telecast from 1973 to 1978 and in “The Fall Guy” from 1981 to 1986. He has also played Coach Ross in a very long run television series “The Game” on the CW Network. His debut performance was in “Strait Jacket” in 1964. Lee’s first break came when he was able to defeat more than 400 young actors to secure the role of Heath Barkley for “The Big Valley” on ABC. One of the actors he was able to beat was the great Burt Reynolds . Lee Majors married four times. In 1961, he married Kathy Robinson, and had one child with her. The couple divorced three years later. His second marriage was with Farrah Fawcett, an actress. In 1982, they got seperated. He then went on to marry Karen Velez in 1988. Lee had two sons and a daughter from this union. This time too it ended in divorce. His last marriage was with Faith Cross, who was a model and an actress. Earnings & Financial Data The below financial data is gathered and compiled by TheRichest analysts team to give you a better understanding of Lee Majors's net worth by breaking down the most relevant financial events such as yearly salaries, contracts, earn outs, endorsements, stock ownership and much more. ?	Lee Majors
Who was the closing act at the 1970 Isle of Wight Festival?	About: Lee Majors About: Lee Majors An Entity of Type : person , from Named Graph : http://dbpedia.org , within Data Space : dbpedia.org Lee Majors (born Harvey Lee Yeary; April 23, 1939) is an American television, film and voice actor. He is known for his roles as Heath Barkley in the TV series The Big Valley (1965–69), as Colonel Steve Austin in The Six Million Dollar Man (1973–78), and as Colt Seavers in The Fall Guy (1981–86).In the late 1980s and 1990s, he reprised the role of Steve Austin in a number of TV movies, and appeared in a number of supporting, recurring and cameo roles in feature films and TV series, and lent his voice to a number of animated TV series and video games. Property Lee Majors (* 23. April 1939 in Wyandotte, Michigan; gebürtig Harvey Lee Yeary) ist ein US-amerikanischer Schauspieler. (de) Harvey Lee Yeary, dit Lee Majors est un acteur et producteur américain, né le à Wyandotte (Michigan). Il est principalement connu pour avoir été la vedette des séries télévisées L'Homme qui valait trois milliards et L'Homme qui tombe à pic. (fr) Lee Majors (born Harvey Lee Yeary; April 23, 1939) is an American television, film and voice actor. He is known for his roles as Heath Barkley in the TV series The Big Valley (1965–69), as Colonel Steve Austin in The Six Million Dollar Man (1973–78), and as Colt Seavers in The Fall Guy (1981–86). In the late 1980s and 1990s, he reprised the role of Steve Austin in a number of TV movies, and appeared in a number of supporting, recurring and cameo roles in feature films and TV series, and lent his voice to a number of animated TV series and video games. (en) Lee Majors (nacido como Harvey Lee Yeary, el 23 de abril de 1939, en Wyandotte, Míchigan) es un actor estadounidense, famoso por su papel de Steve Austin en la serie The Six Million Dollar Man, que se filmó entre 1973 y 1978. (es) È noto per i ruoli di Heath Barkley in La grande vallata (The Big Valley, 1965-1969), di Jess Brandon in Owen Marshall: Counselor at Law (1971-1974), del Col. Steve Austin in L'uomo da sei milioni di dollari (1974-1978), e di Colt Seavers in Professione pericolo (The Fall Guy, 1981-1986). È anche stato il Col. Seymour Kooze in Son of the Beach. (it) リー・メジャース（Lee Majors、本名Harvey Lee Yeary、1939年4月23日 - ）は、アメリカ合衆国の俳優。代表作は『俺たち賞金稼ぎ!!フォール・ガイ』（コルト・シーバス）、『600万ドルの男』（スティーブ・オースチン）など。 (ja) Harvey Lee Yeary, (Wyandotte , Michigan, 23 de abril de 1939), mais conhecido como Lee Majors, é um ator norte-americano. (pt) Lee Majors, geboren als Harvey Lee Yeary (Wyandotte (Michigan), 23 april 1939) is een Amerikaanse acteur. Hij is vooral bekend om zijn rollen in televisieseries, films en komedies. Hij was de ster in vier langlopende ABC televisieseries (waaronder Tour of Duty) in zijn veertig jaar durende carrière. In Nederland is hij vooral bekend om zijn rol als Kolonel Steve Austin in de hitserie De Man van zes Miljoen (The Six Million Dollar Man), die op de Amerikaanse televisie werd uitgezonden tussen 1974 en 1978. In die serie is hij een astronaut die na een vreselijk ongeval bijna dood is. Hij wordt herbouwd met moderne technologie die 'bionica' (cybernetica) wordt genoemd. De gehele 'herbouw' inclusief 'onderdelen' kost bij elkaar zes miljoen dollar waarmee de titel van de serie is verklaard. Na dit succes heeft hij de hoofdrol gespeeld in de serie The Fall Guy, in Amerika uitgezonden tussen 1981 en 1986. (nl) Lee Majors, właściwie Harvey Lee Yeary (ur. 23 kwietnia 1939 roku w Wyandotte, w stanie Michigan) – amerykański aktor telewizyjny i filmowy. (pl) Ли Мэйджорс (англ. Lee Majors, род. 23 апреля 1939(19390423)) — американский актёр, известный благодаря ролям на телевидении. Мэйджорс наиболее известен благодаря своим ролям в сериалах «Большая долина» (1965—1969), «Оуэн Маршалл, советник адвокатов» (1971—1974), «Человек на шесть миллионов долларов» (1974—1978), за которую он номинировался на премию «Золотой глобус» за лучшую мужскую роль в телевизионном сериале — драма в 1977 году, и «Каскадёры» (1981—1986). Все эти шоу транслировались на ABC.Мэйджорс обучался по спортивной стипендии в Индианском университете, но в итоге из-за травмы не смог продолжать карьеру и переквалифицировался в телевизионного актёра. Он дебютировал в эпизоде шоу «Дымок из ствола» и с тех пор появился в более семидесяти телевизионных шоу и нескольких кинофильмов. Роль в сериале «Большая долина» он получил обойдя более четыреста других актёров, среди которых был и Берт Рейнольдс. Также Мэйджорс снялся во множестве сделанных для телевидения фильмах, в основном, сиквелах сериала «Человек на шесть миллионов долларов». В последние годы он появился в сериалах «Дурман», «Анатомия страсти», «Воспитывая Хоуп» и «Даллас», в последнем из которых он сыграл старого возлюбленного Сью Эллен Юинг.В 1984 году, Мэйджорс получил именную звезду на Голливудской аллее славы за вклад в развитие телевидения. Вне экрана, Мэйджорс был женат четырежды, самый значимый из браков был с Фэррой Фосетт с 1973 по 1982 год. В период брака, его с Фосетт в прессе окрестили реальными Кеном и Барби. После расставания, Мэйджорс встретился с Фосетт лишь в 2009 году, за два месяца до её смерти от рака. (ru) Lee Majors (* 23. April 1939 in Wyandotte, Michigan; gebürtig Harvey Lee Yeary) ist ein US-amerikanischer Schauspieler. (de) Lee Majors (nacido como Harvey Lee Yeary, el 23 de abril de 1939, en Wyandotte, Míchigan) es un actor estadounidense, famoso por su papel de Steve Austin en la serie The Six Million Dollar Man, que se filmó entre 1973 y 1978. (es) È noto per i ruoli di Heath Barkley in La grande vallata (The Big Valley, 1965-1969), di Jess Brandon in Owen Marshall: Counselor at Law (1971-1974), del Col. Steve Austin in L'uomo da sei milioni di dollari (1974-1978), e di Colt Seavers in Professione pericolo (The Fall Guy, 1981-1986). È anche stato il Col. Seymour Kooze in Son of the Beach. (it) リー・メジャース（Lee Majors、本名Harvey Lee Yeary、1939年4月23日 - ）は、アメリカ合衆国の俳優。代表作は『俺たち賞金稼ぎ!!フォール・ガイ』（コルト・シーバス）、『600万ドルの男』（スティーブ・オースチン）など。 (ja) Harvey Lee Yeary, (Wyandotte , Michigan, 23 de abril de 1939), mais conhecido como Lee Majors, é um ator norte-americano. (pt) Lee Majors, właściwie Harvey Lee Yeary (ur. 23 kwietnia 1939 roku w Wyandotte, w stanie Michigan) – amerykański aktor telewizyjny i filmowy. (pl) Lee Majors (born Harvey Lee Yeary; April 23, 1939) is an American television, film and voice actor. He is known for his roles as Heath Barkley in the TV series The Big Valley (1965–69), as Colonel Steve Austin in The Six Million Dollar Man (1973–78), and as Colt Seavers in The Fall Guy (1981–86).In the late 1980s and 1990s, he reprised the role of Steve Austin in a number of TV movies, and appeared in a number of supporting, recurring and cameo roles in feature films and TV series, and lent his voice to a number of animated TV series and video games. (en) Harvey Lee Yeary, dit Lee Majors est un acteur et producteur américain, né le à Wyandotte (Michigan). Il est principalement connu pour avoir été la vedette des séries télévisées L'Homme qui valait trois milliards et L'Homme qui tombe à pic. (fr) Lee Majors, geboren als Harvey Lee Yeary (Wyandotte (Michigan), 23 april 1939) is een Amerikaanse acteur.Hij is vooral bekend om zijn rollen in televisieseries, films en komedies. Hij was de ster in vier langlopende ABC televisieseries (waaronder Tour of Duty) in zijn veertig jaar durende carrière.Na dit succes heeft hij de hoofdrol gespeeld in de serie The Fall Guy, in Amerika uitgezonden tussen 1981 en 1986. (nl) Ли Мэйджорс (англ. Lee Majors, род. 23 апреля 1939(19390423)) — американский актёр, известный благодаря ролям на телевидении. Мэйджорс наиболее известен благодаря своим ролям в сериалах «Большая долина» (1965—1969), «Оуэн Маршалл, советник адвокатов» (1971—1974), «Человек на шесть миллионов долларов» (1974—1978), за которую он номинировался на премию «Золотой глобус» за лучшую мужскую роль в телевизионном сериале — драма в 1977 году, и «Каскадёры» (1981—1986). (ru)	i don't know
Getulio Vargas served as President of which South American country for 15 years from 1930?	Getulio Vargas \| president of Brazil \| Britannica.com president of Brazil Alternative Title: Getúlio Dorneles Vargas Getulio Vargas Michel Temer Getúlio Vargas, in full Getúlio Dorneles Vargas (born April 19, 1882 [see Researchers Note ], , São Borja, Braz.—died Aug. 24, 1954, Rio de Janeiro ), president of Brazil (1930–45, 1951–54), who brought social and economic changes that helped modernize the country. Although denounced by some as an unprincipled dictator, Vargas was revered by his followers as the “Father of the Poor,” for his battle against big business and large landowners. His greatest accomplishment was to guide Brazil as it weathered the far-reaching consequences of the Great Depression and the accompanying polarization between communism and fascism during his long tenure in office. Vargas, 1951 AP Vargas was born in the state of Rio Grande do Sul , into a family prominent in state politics. Contemplating a military career, he joined the army when he was 16 but soon decided to study law. In 1908, shortly after graduating from the Porto Alegre Law School, he entered politics. By 1922 he had risen rapidly in state politics and was elected to the National Congress, in which he served for four years. In 1926 Vargas became minister of finance in the Cabinet of President Washington Luís Pereira de Sousa , a post he retained until his election as governor of Rio Grande do Sul in 1928. From his position as state governor, Vargas campaigned unsuccessfully as reform candidate for the presidency of Brazil in 1930. While appearing to accept defeat, Vargas in October of that year led the revolution, organized by his friends, that overthrew the oligarchical republic. For the next 15 years Vargas assumed largely dictatorial powers, ruling most of that time without a congress. He held sole power as provisional president from Nov. 3, 1930, until July 17, 1934, when he was elected president by the constituent assembly. During this time he survived a São Paulo-led revolt in 1932 and an attempted communist revolution in 1935. On Nov. 10, 1937, Vargas presided over a coup d’état that set aside the constitutional government and set up the populist authoritarian Estado Novo (“New State”). In 1938 he, along with members of his family and staff, personally resisted an attempt to overthrow his government by Brazilian fascists. Prior to 1930 the federal government had been in effect a federation of autonomous states, dominated by rural landholders and financed largely by the proceeds of agricultural exports. Under Vargas this system was destroyed. The tax structure was revised to make state and local administrations dependent upon the central authority, the electorate was quadrupled and granted the secret ballot, women were enfranchised, extensive educational reforms were introduced, social-security laws were enacted, labour was organized and controlled by the government, and workers were assured a wide range of benefits, including a minimum wage , while business was stimulated by a program of rapid industrialization . Vargas, however, did not change the private-enterprise system, nor did his social reforms extend in practice to the rural poor. Britannica Stories Ringling Bros. Folds Its Tent But on Oct. 29, 1945, Vargas was overthrown by a coup d’état in a wave of democratic sentiment sweeping postwar Brazil. He still, however, retained wide popular support. Although elected as senator from Rio Grande do Sul in December 1945, he went into semiretirement until 1950, when he emerged as the successful presidential candidate of the Brazilian Labour Party. He took office on Jan. 31, 1951. As an elected president restrained by congress, a profusion of political parties, and public opinion, Vargas was unable to satisfy his labour following or to placate mounting middle-class opposition. Thus, he resorted increasingly to ultranationalistic appeals to hold popular support and incurred the animosity of the U.S. government, which encouraged intransigent opposition from his enemies. By mid-1954 criticism of the government was widespread, and the armed forces, professing shock over scandals within the regime, joined in the call for Vargas’s withdrawal. Rather than accept forced retirement, Vargas took his life on Aug. 24, 1954. His dramatic deathbed testament to the country led to a great resurgence of mass support, allowing for a rapid return of his followers to power.	Brazil
The United Arab Republic, which began in 1958 and ended in 1961, was a union of which two nations?	The Era of Get�lio Vargas, 1930-54 - Brazil History The Military Republic, 1964-85 The Era of Getï¿½lio Vargas, 1930-54 Just as the 1889 regime change led to a decade of unrest and painful adjustment, so too did the revolts of 1930. Getulio Dornelles Vargas was the most expressive character of the Brazilian Republic. He was born in the city of Sï¿½o Borja, Rio Grande do Sul, on April 19th 1883. He attended military schools as a youth, but majored in Laws in 1907. His meteoric political career started in 1909, when he was elected State Deputy; in 1922, he was elected Federal Deputy; in 1926, he was Minister of Finances; in 1928, he was elected governor of Rio Grande do Sul. Provisional President Getï¿½lio Dornelles Vargas ruled as dictator (1930-34), congressionally elected president (1934-37), and again dictator (1937-45), with the backing of his revolutionary coalition. He also served as a senator (1946-51) and the popularly elected president (1951-54). Vargas was a member of the gaucho-landed oligarchy and had risen through the system of patronage and clientelism, but he had a fresh vision of how Brazilian politics could be shaped to support national development. He understood that with the breakdown of direct relations between workers and owners in the expanding factories of Brazil, workers could become the basis for a new form of political power--populism. Using such insights, he would gradually establish such mastery over the Brazilian political world that he would stay in power for fifteen years. During those years, the preeminence of the agricultural elites ended, new urban industrial leaders acquired more influence nationally, and the middle class began to show some strength. Tenentismo , or the lieutenants' rebellion against the army and governmental hierarchies, faded as a distinctive movement after 1931, in part because its adherents promoted the preservation of state autonomy when the trend toward increased centralization was strong. Individual lieutenants continued to exercise important roles, but they made their peace with the traditional political forces. In 1932 Sï¿½o Paulo, whose interests and pride suffered under the new regime, rose in revolt. The three-month civil war saw many officers who had lost out in 1930 or were otherwise disgruntled join the Paulistas, but federal forces defeated them. A new constitution in 1934 reorganized the political system by creating a legislature with both state and social-sector representatives. It contained some electoral reforms, including women's suffrage, a secret ballot, and special courts to supervise elections. The Constituent Assembly elected Vargas president for a four-year term. However, the attempt to harness the revolution to the old system, somewhat remodeled, would soon fail completely and take Brazil into prolonged dictatorship. The left helped in that process by becoming a creditable threat. On misguided instructions from Moscow based on misinformation from Brazil, the Brazilian communists, led by a former tenente, staged a revolt in 1935, but it was rapidly suppressed. In the 1930s, the civilian elites feared that Brazil would suffer a civil war similar to Spain's, and so for the first time in Brazilian history they supported a strong, unified military. The Estado Novo gave the army its long-held desire for control over the states' Military Police (Policia Militar) units. The elites of the old state pï¿½trias gave up their independent military power in return for federal protection of their interests. This process was not always a willing one, as the Paulista revolt of 1932 showed, but federal monopoly of military force escalated the power of the central government to levels previously unknown. A significant turning point in the history of Brazil had been reached. Under the Estado Novo, state autonomy ended, appointed federal officials replaced governors, and patronage flowed from the president downward. All political parties were dissolved until 1944, thus limiting opportunities for an opposition to organize. In the process, Vargas eliminated threats from the left and the right. At the local level, "colonels" survived by declaring their loyalty and accepting their share of patronage for distribution to their own underlings. The Vargas years had their greatest impact on national politics and economics and their least impact at the local level where the older forms of power continued well into the 1950s. Even in the 1990s, local political bosses were tagged "colonels." Vargas took care to absorb the rural and commercial elites into his power base. He had the ability to make former enemies supporters, or at least neutrals. The Vargas years saw the reorganization of the armed forces, the economy, international trade, and foreign relations. The government restored the old imperial palace in Petrï¿½polis and encouraged the preservation of historic buildings and towns. The average annual rise in the gross domestic product (GDP) was nearly 4 percent. Brazil's first steel mill at Volta Redonda (1944) was the start of the great industrial output of the second half of the century. The 1930-45 era added corporatism to the Brazilian political lexicon. Even as it channeled investment into industry, the Estado Novo classified strikes as crimes and grouped the government-controlled unions into separate sector federations that were not allowed to form across-the-board national organizations. The idea was to keep the lines of control vertical (vertical integration). The government decreed regular wage and benefits increases and slowly expanded an incomplete social security system. Its minimum wage levels were never satisfactory. The regime's propaganda touted state paternalism and protection and depicted Vargas as the benefactor of the working classes. He also was the benefactor of the factory owners, who saw industry expand 11.2 percent a year throughout the 1930s, which meant that it more than doubled during the decade. Indeed, growth and repression were the twin orders of the day. Journalists and novelists were censored, jailed, and discouraged. The army restricted access to the military schools to those with acceptable racial, familial, religious, educational, and political characteristics. As a result of these repressive measures, the suspension of political activities, and the government's support of rearming and modernizing the military, the army gained a coherence and unity that it had not experienced since before 1922. The popular status that the army won by participating in the Italian campaign (1944-45) of World War II also permitted the High Command, under General Pedro Aurï¿½lio de Gï¿½es Monteiro, a long-time supporter of Vargas, to step into the successionist crisis of October 1945 to depose Vargas and to cut short the political mobilization of the masses that the generals believed would upset the social order. Not to have acted would have violated the implicit agreement made with the elites when the latter surrendered their independent state military forces to federal control. The elected government over which President Eurico Gaspar Dutra presided from 1946 to 1951 opened under the decree laws of the Estado Novo and continued under the new constitution of 1946. This charter reflected the strong conservative tendency in Brazilian politics by incorporating ideas from the constitution of 1934 and the social legislation of the Estado Novo. Over the next years, the various cabinet changes traced the government's steady movement toward the right. The Dutra administration was supported by the same conservative interventionist army that had backed the previous regime. Indeed, Dutra, who though retired from active duty, was inaugurated in his dress uniform and was promoted to general of the army and then to marshal while in office, made the point that he still belonged to the military class (classe militar ), that he would not neglect its needs, and that he would guide the army politically. More dispassionate observers see the ending of Vargas's productive leadership--during which the average annual rise in the GDP was nearly 4 percent--as the reaction of the landowning and business elite allied with the urban middle class against the processes of change. Dutra's years in office displayed a minimal level of state participation and intervention in the economy. It was indeed ironic that the man who led Brazil through the first steps of its "experiment with democracy" was a general who, in the early years of World War II, was so anti-liberal that he had opposed aligning Brazil with the democratic countries against Nazi Germany. He was a fervent anticommunist, who quickly broke the diplomatic ties Vargas had established with the Soviet Union, outlawed the Brazilian Communist Party, and supported the United States in the opening phases of the Cold War. He exchanged official visits with President Harry S. Truman and sought American aid for continued economic development. Dutra's government improved the railways, completed construction of roads that connected Rio de Janeiro to Salvador and Sï¿½o Paulo, and expanded the electrical generating and transmission systems. It also cooperated with the states in building more than 4,000 new rural schools and supported construction of new university buildings in various states. In 1951 it also created the National Research Council (Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas--CNPq), which would be important in developing capabilities and university faculties in coming decades. His mandate was marked by heated disputes over the nationalization of oil and plans for an international institute to study Amazï¿½nia. The latter were shelved amidst emotional charges that they would lead to the loss of half of the national territory; and the campaign for the former was suppressed violently. Dutra's military program included domestic arms production, sending many officers for training in the United States, expanding air force and naval schools and modernizing their equipment, and establishing the War College (Escola Superior de Guerra--ESG), which played such an important role in the political crises of the 1960s. Although Dutra could be criticized for not containing inflation and for allowing an importing frenzy that soon exhausted the savings of the war years, he managed to govern without declaring a state of siege, and he was the first elected president since 1926 to pass the office to his elected successor. As a candidate for president in the 1950 elections, Vargas advocated accelerating industrialization and expanding social legislation, and he was rewarded with a sizeable 49 percent of the vote. Vargas's attempts to base his elected government (1951-54) firmly on populism induced military, elite, and United States fears of nationalism. Even so, it was a period of deepening political polarization. Anticommunist military officers saw red in every attempt to expand labor's influence and objected to wage increases for workers when the value of their own salaries was eroding steadily. The United States refused economic assistance that Brazilian leaders believed they deserved for providing bases, natural resources, and troops during World War II. The lack of postwar benefits, especially for the service of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force (Forï¿½a Expedicionï¿½ria Brasileira--FEB), caused Vargas and part of the military to reject the idea of sending troops to fight in Korea. Although the United States government did not want to provide economic aid, it also did not want the Brazilian government to take an active role in developing the country's resources. Washington's desire to secure Brazil as a safe place for private United States investment clashed with Brazil's treatment of foreign-owned utilities. Foreign interests had been too slow in developing energy resources, so the Vargas government created the Brazilian Petroleum Corporation (Petrï¿½leo Brasileiro S.A.--Petrobrï¿½s) in 1953 and the Brazilian Electric Power Company (Centrais Elï¿½tricas Brasileiras S.A.--Eletrobrï¿½s) in 1961. The "Petroleum is Ours!" campaign of the nationalists caused arguments within the military over what was best to do. Some officers embraced the anti-statist attitude that Washington was sponsoring. The bitterly fought, emotional debate over the creation of Petrobrï¿½s poisoned political life and contributed to the subsequent military interventions. The Vargas administration dissolved in frustration and charges of corruption. On 23 August 1954, in a meeting at the Palace of Catete (residence of the President), the Command of the Armed Forces demanded that Vargas resign; Vargas proposes to leave while investigations were in progress, but the military refused. Left alone, Vargas committed suicide on August 24th 1954, shooting himself in the heart. He left a letter which became historic; the letter finishes with "...I leave life to enter History" (which he indeed did). His death produced considerable public sympathy, which in turn strengthened his reputation as "father of the poor." His influence in Brazilian politics was felt for decades. NEWSLETTER	i don't know
On which part of the body would a tabi be worn?	Tabi or not Tabi \| Ninjutsu No products in the cart. Tabi or not Tabi by togakure 20 Feb Even the sturdiest building can crumble if it is built on a weak foundation. Following this same principal, the human body can accomplish unimaginable feats, but not without a stable base. In Ninjustu, the foundation of the art starts with proper kamae. For this concept, the goal is to match balance and movement. The base of this balance originates from the planting and steadying of the feet into the Earth. The feet are often overlooked as a necessary part of the whole in regard to weight training, stretching and overall body maintenance, but their well-being is, in fact crucial. One important factor in achieving overall foundational health is proper footwear. Thus, tabi have remained a staple in the Ninjutsu uniform. Types of Tabi The noun tabi means journey. There are two types of tabi; indoor and outdoor. Their distinctions are primarily derived from different types of soles. Indoor tabi – In the dojo one would wear indoor tabi. The sole of the shoe is typically made of leather, suede or cotton canvas. This provides maximum movement across the smooth surface of the training facility. They are also traditionally worn as house shoes/slippers. Outdoor tabi– When practicing outdoors, a thicker soled shoe is usually more appropriate depending on the terrain. The outdoor tabi typically have a rubber sole. This provides more protection and grip on uneven surfaces. Most casual wear or fashionable tabi are formatted more like outdoor tabi. Modern Footwear Follies Argued as the world’s oldest leather shoe A good portion of the shoes worn in society today bare little similarity to the shape of the human foot, which has evolved over 2 billion years without shoes. The first type of foot covering was developed around 50,000 years ago and was comprised of animal skin to protect from cold weather and harsh surfaces such as rocks. Eventually this led to the development of leather sandals. It has only been over the last several centuries that it became normal to compress our toes together in a complete sheath. This compression has been the catalyst of a number of painful muscle, bone, and health problems that are not exclusive to the feet, but extend throughout the body. Modern shoes are so heavily enhanced at all angles that they do not conform to the natural shape of the foot, but instead act to alter it. This often places the foot in such a modified position that certain muscles within the foot and leg become less active, decreasing the actual strength of a person’s foundation If one was to stand on a flat surface with bare feet and observe the position of the toes it is most likely true that they are not compacted together. The Benefits of Tabi Tabi are traditionally worn in the practice of Ninjustu because of the art’s Japanese origin, and are much more conducive to overall foot health than most athletic footwear. Tabi separate the big toe from the others, which serves to bring the body into alignment. The slight widening of foot surface creates increased stability. It also allows the arch to lift. This in turn lifts the ankle, which supports the knee, followed by the pelvis, spine, neck and head. The absence of thick, over-supportive material in the sole of the tabi allows for the muscles in the feet and ankles to be engaged, which leads to stronger feet. Stronger feet lead to a stronger foundation and a stronger foundation leads to a stronger body. The separation of the toes can also increase agility and dexterity. Toes and Brain Function Some research has show heavy correlation between brain function and use of the big toe. The Sakura Sakuranbo Childcare Institute in Furuya, North of Tokyo has been using a “crawling program” to stimulate brain function in children with disabilities. These children are encouraged to play barefoot on the floor and move so that they start using their big toes in a natural way. Soon they are able to put their toes against the floor and eventually learn to crawl. They then make such improvements that they are playing with blocks and beginning to mouth words, which was previously unimaginable. Reflexology is the Chinese practice of foot massage used to stimulate other areas of the body. According to traditional Chinese medicine, if you manipulate the reflex points on the feet that communicate with the brain, you will stimulate the flow of vital energy to the brain and promote a healthful balance of the brain’s processes. The frequent use of tabi as footwear can relieve unwanted pressure in a number of places on the typically suffocating foot. The split toe design also encourages correct pressure between the big toe and second toe, which directly correlates to the neck as well as a number of other areas. Tabi as Athletic Shoes Shigeki Tanaka winning the 1951 the Boston Marathon wearing tabi shoes. In 1951 the Boston Marathon was won by Shigeki Tanaka who crossed the finish line at 2:27:45 wearing tabi made by the company, which is now called “Asics.” Despite Tanaka’s success, the shoe never became popular with American athletes. Perhaps this is partially due to timing, considering that this was just six years post- WWII and the integration Japanese culture may not have been openly welcomed. The style was discontinued shortly after and replaced by the models similar to the mainstream running shoes adorned today. Blue Ribbon sports, which later became “Nike,” used to carry the Asics brand. Years after the split of the companies, Nike introduced the “Air Rift,” which was another attempt at a tabi running shoe. The design never caught on, but in 2006 Asics gave it another shot and produced 4,400 pairs of the “Tai-Chi Tigress” and “Marathon Tabi.” These two collections sold out quickly. The Return of the Toe Spacer There has been a recent movement in mainstream culture to revert back to a footwear style based on the concept that less is more. With thinner material and intentional spacing between toes, many people are beginning to heal and strengthen what was broken by long-term use of over adjustment. Several styles that have been recently introduced separate all five toes, or just four toes grouping the smaller two together. The benefit to tabi still outweighs these multi-separations on a larger scale because each person’s foot varies in toe length and sometimes having each toe separated can cause and individual compression. Still, this is likely better than snug fitting shoes that bunch them all. Ninjutsu Tabi The tabi have always been an integral part of the Ninjutsu uniform. Originally this was so, because of its Japanese roots. Today it remains that way for multiple reasons including a thinner sole for heightened sensation, awareness and quietness along with the fact that they can allow the feet to hold things between the toes if needed. One never knows when they will need an extra hand.	Foot
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What is a slow stately dance, usually for couples, in triple time called?	Menuett - definition of Menuett by The Free Dictionary Menuett - definition of Menuett by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Menuett Also found in: Thesaurus , Encyclopedia , Wikipedia . min·u·et (mĭn′yo͞o-ĕt′) n. 1. A slow, stately pattern dance in 3/4 time for groups of couples, originating in 17th-century France. 2. The music for this dance. 3. A movement in 3/4 time that is usually the third, but sometimes the second, of a four-movement symphony or string quartet. [French menuet, from Old French, small, dainty (from the small steps characteristic of the dance), diminutive of menu, small, from Latin minūtus; see minute2.] minuet n 1. (Dancing) a stately court dance of the 17th and 18th centuries in triple time 2. (Classical Music) a piece of music composed for or in the rhythm of this dance, sometimes as a movement in a suite, sonata, or symphony. See also scherzo [C17: from French menuet dainty (referring to the dance steps), from menu small] min•u•et 1. a slow, stately dance in triple meter, popular in the 17th and 18th centuries. 2. a piece of music for such a dance or in its rhythm. [1665–75; < French menuet=menu small (see menu ) + -et -et ; so called from the shortness of the dancers' steps] minuet 1. An elegant 17th century French court dance, it began as a folk dance and gradually became a slower, more dignified and complex dance that graced many an aristocratic ballroom. 2. A graceful seventeenth-century court dance in triple time, used as third movement in many classical symphonies. ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:	Minuet
What is the name of the eagle in the children’s television show ‘The Muppets’?	Basic glossary of musical forms Music cataloging resources Basic glossary of musical forms These definitions are taken in part from the glossary of the The Classical Music Navigator by Charles H. Smith air/ayre: (1) an English song or melody from the 16th to the 19th century; (2) a 16th-century solo song with lute accompanied. aleatory music: music in which chance or indeterminacy are compositional elements. anthem: a choral setting (often with solo voice parts and organ accompaniment) of an English language religious or moral text, usually for performance during Protestant services. antiphon: a liturgical chant sung as the response to the verses of a psalm. arabesque: a short piece of music featuring various melodic, contrapuntal, or harmonic decorations. bagatelle: a short, light instrumental piece of music of no specified form, usually for piano. ballade: (1) a 14th-15th-century French song form which set poetry to music; (2) an instrumental (usually piano) piece with dramatic narrative qualities. barcarolle: song or instrumental piece in a swaying 6/8 time (i.e., suggesting the lilting motion of a Venetian gondola). berceuse: a soft instrumental piece or lullaby, usually in a moderate 6/8 tempo; a lullaby. canon: a contrapuntal form in two or more (voice or instrumental) parts in which the melody is introduced by one part and then repeated by the next before each previous part has finished (i.e., such that overlapping of parts occurs). cantata: term applied to a 17th-18th- century multi-movement non-theatrical and non-liturgical vocal genre; subsequently used to describe large-scale vocal works in the same spirit, generally for soloists, chorus and orchestra; may also be for solo voice and accompaniment. canzona: (1) 16th-17th-century instrumental genre in the manner of a French polyphonic chanson, characterized by the juxtaposition of short contrasting sections; (2) term applied to any of several types of secular vocal music. caprice/capriccio: term describing a variety of short composition types characterized by lightness, fancy, or improvisational manner. carol: since the 19th century, generally a song that is in four-part harmony, simple form, and having to do with the Virgin Mary or Christmas. chaconne: a slow, stately instrumental work in duple meter employing variations. chanson: French for song; in particular, a style of 14th- to 16th-century French song for voice or voices, often with instrumental accompaniment. chant/plainchant: monophonic music used in Christian liturgical services sung in unison and in a free rhythm. concertante: (1) a term used to modify another form or genre, suggesting that all parts should be regarded as equal in status (18th century) or indicating a virtuoso first violin part (19th century); (2) a work with solo parts in the nature of, but not the form of, a concerto. concerto: (1) ensemble music for voice(s) and instrument(s) (17th century); (2) extended piece of music in which a solo instrument or instruments is contrasted with an orchestral ensemble (post-17th century). concerto grosso: orchestral form especially popular in the 17th and 18th centuries in which the contrasting lines of a smaller and a larger group of instruments are featured. credo: third item of the Ordinary of the Mass . divertimento/divertissement: a style of light, often occasion-specific, instrumental music arranged in several movements.. etude/study: especially, a piece written for purposes of practicing or displaying technique. fancy/fantas(-ia)(-ie)(-y)/phantasie: an instrumental piece in which the formal and stylistic characteristics may vary from free, improvisatory types to strictly contrapuntal; form is of secondary importance. fugue: contrapuntal form in which a subject theme ("part" or "voice") is introduced and then extended and developed through some number of successive imitations. galliard: a lively court dance of Italian origin, usually in triple time. gigue (jig): a quick, springy dance often used as the concluding movement to 18th century instrumental suites. Gloria: second item of the Ordinary of the Mass . impromptu: a short instrumental piece of a free, casual nature suggesting improvisation. incidental music: music composed for atmospheric effect or to accompany the action in a predominantly spoken play; the music is not integral to the work even though it may have dramatic significance. Lied(er): German for song(s); in particular, a style of 19th-century German song distinguished by the setting of texts from the literary tradition and by the elaboration of the instrumental accompaniment. madrigal: (1) a 14th-century Italian style of setting secular verse for two or three unaccompanied voices; (2) a 16th/17th-century contrapuntal setting of verse (usually secular) for several equally important voice parts, usually unaccompanied. magnificat: a setting of the Biblical hymn of the Virgin Mary (as given in St. Luke) for use in Roman Catholic and Anglican services. march: instrumental music in duple meter with a repeated and regular rhythm usually used to accompany military movements and processions. masque: an aristocratic 16th-17th-century English theater form integrating poetry, dance, music, and elaborate sets. mass : the principal religious service of the Catholic Church, with musical parts that either vary according to Church calendar (the Proper) or do not (the Ordinary). mazurka: a moderately fast Polish country dance in triple meter in which the accent is shifted to the weak beats. microtonal music: music which makes use of intervals smaller than a semitone (a half step). minuet: a graceful French dance of moderate 3/4 tempo often appearing as a section of extended works (especially dance suites). motet: (1) to ca. 1400, a piece with one or more voices, often with different but related sacred or secular texts, singing over a fragment of chant in longer note-values; (2) after 1400, a polyphonic setting of a short sacred text. nocturne: a moderately slow piece, usually for piano, of dreamy, contemplative character and song-like melody. ode: cantata-like musical setting of the lyric poetry form so called. opera: theatrically staged story set to instrumental and vocal music such that most or all of the acted parts are sung. a drama set to music sung by singers usually in costume, with instrumental accompaninent; the music is integral and is not incidental. operetta: a light opera with spoken dialogue, songs, and dances. oratorio: originally setting of an extended religious narrative (and since ca. 1800, non-religious ones as well) for vocal soloists, chorus, and orchestra, intended for concert or church performance without costumes or stage settings. ostinato: a short melodic, rhythmic, or chordal phrase repeated continuously throughout a piece or section while other musical elements are generally changing. partita: term initially applied as a synonym for "set of variations" (17th century), then as a synonym for "suite" (ca. 1700 to present). passacaglia: an instrumental dance form usually in triple meter in which there are ground-bass or ostinato variations. pavan(e): a stately court dance in duple meter, from the 16th and 17th centuries, and remaining popular in the 17th century as an instrumental form. polka: an energetic Bohemian dance performed in the round in 2/4 time. polonaise: a stately Polish processional dance in 3/4 time. prelude: (1) an instrumental section or movement preceding or introducing a larger piece or group of pieces; (2) a self-contained short piece usually for piano. psalm: a vocal work set to text from the Book of Psalms. quadrille: a lively, rhythmic 19th-century French country couple dance that incorporates popular tunes, usually in duple meter. requiem: a musical composition honoring the dead; specially the Roman Catholic Mass for the dead, but also other commemorative pieces of analogous intent. rhapsody: term similar to "fantasia" applied to pieces inspired by extroverted romantic notions. romance: (1) a song with a simple vocal line and a simple accompaniment; especially popular in late 18th-19th-century France and Italy; (2) a short instrumental piece with the lyrical character of a vocal romance. rondo: an instrumental form in which one section intermittently recurs between subsidiary sections and which concludes the piece. scherzo: term designating lively and usually lighthearted instrumental music; most commonly used to label the fast-tempo movement of a symphony, sonata, etc. serenade: a light and/or intimate piece of no specific form such as might be played in an open-air evening setting. sinfonia: term applied in a variety of contexts in different periods; e.g., as a near synonym for "instrumental canzona," "prelude," "overture," and "symphony." sonata: an extended piece for instrumental soloist with or without instrumental accompaniment), usually in several movements. sonatina: a short sonata, or one of modest intent; especially popular during the Classical Period. song cycle : a group of songs performed in an order establishing a musical continuity related to some underlying (conceptual) theme. Stabat Mater: a sequence in the Roman Catholic liturgy regarding the crucifixion, and used in several Divine offices. suite: a set of unrelated and usually short instrumental pieces, movements or sections played as a group, and usually in a specific order. symphonic poem/tone poem: a descriptive orchestral piece in which the music conveys a scene or relates a story. symphony: an extended piece for full orchestra, usually serious in nature and in several movements. tango: an Argentinian couple dance in duple meter characterized by strong syncopation and dotted rhythms. Te Deum: (from the Latin, "We praise Thee, O God") lengthy hymn of praise to God in the Roman Catholic, Anglican, and other Christian liturgies. toccata: a piece for keyboard intended to display virtuosity. trio sonata: a 17th-18th-century sonata for two or three melody instruments and continuo accompaniment variations: composition form in the theme is repeated several or many times with various modifications. waltz: a popular ballroom dance in 3/4 time.	i don't know
Harare is the capital of which African country?	City of Harare Harare Travel Guide The capital city of Zimbabwe, Harare, is a beautiful, light-filled, open city; high on the country's central plateaux. It is a city of modern buildings, wide thoroughfares, numerous parks and gardens. A city whose streets are lined with flowering trees and a wonderful and invigorating climate. There is a strong appreciation for the city's cultural and historical heritage and a number of the older buildings have been preserved. The Mining Pension Fund Building at Central Avenue and Second Street is one example and many more are to be found along Robert Mugabe Road between Second Street and Julius Nyerere Way. The National Gallery houses not only a valuable and interesting national collection but also hosts travelling international exhibitions and has a permanent display of some outstanding Shona soft-stone carvings. The priceless collection of Rhodesiana and Africana in the form of diaries, notebooks and reports of various origins, are housed in the National Archives. Some of the original works of some of the greatest names in African exploration and missionary can be viewed. Other institutions which are well worth visiting include the Queen Victoria Museum and the Queen Victoria National Library, both at the Civic Centre; in Rotten Row. The city was laid out with large open spaces like the 68ha National Botanic Garden with more than 900 species of wild trees and shrubs from all over the country. The Mukuvisi Woodlands is 277 hectares of remarkably preserved natural woodland that stances astride the banks of the small Mukuvisi stream. A variety of bird and of wild animal species such as giraffe, zebra, impala, tsessche, wildebeest, bushbuck, steenbuck, reed buck and eland can be viewed. If you want to experience shopping the way it is traditionally done in many African countries, you need to stroll around at the open flea-market at Mbare. Here tourists can feast their eyes on a colourful array of baskets, food, clothing and other items. The Kopje, a granite hill rising above the south-west corner of central Harare, is a great place to go for views of the city. Harare Map: What our clients say: Thank you very much for your assistance with my accommodation at the Durban beach hotel. I have already positively responded to the survey and have included attached herewith some photos for publication. The weather...	Zimbabwe
Mescaline, a hallucinogenic compound, occurs naturally in several species of which plant?	Zimbabwe Facts and Information Zimbabwe Facts and Information Updated February 04, 2016. Zimbabwe Basic Facts: Zimbabwe is a beautiful country, rich in resources and hardworking people. It is home to the magnificent Victoria Falls , the mighty Zambezi River and Hwange National Park, one of Africa's best safari destinations . But political mismanagement in the past decade has plunged the country into economic catastrophe, turning a once rich country into a desperate one. Things improved in 2009 when the US Dollar replaced the local Zimbabwe Dollar, and the two main political parties found some common ground (more below). Location: Zimbabwe lies in Southern Africa , between South Africa and Zambia , ( click here for a map). Area: Zimbabwe covers 390,580 sq km, slightly larger than Montana, US, about the same size as Japan and slightly larger than Germany. Capital City: Harare Population: Around 13 million people live in Zimbabwe. Language: English (official), Shona, Sindebele (the language of the Ndebele, sometimes called Ndebele) and numerous but minor tribal dialects. continue reading below our video America's Best Foodie Cities Religion: Syncretic (part Christian, part indigenous beliefs) 50%, Christian 25%, indigenous beliefs 24%, Muslim and other 1%. Climate: Zimbabwe is blessed with an excellent tropical climate because much of the country is on a high plateau, so it does not get quite as hot as its neighbors. The rainy season is from November to March. When to Go: The best time to travel to Zimbabwe is from April to October during the dry season. Currency: US Dollar, (replaced the Zimbabwe Dollar in April 2009). Zimbabwe's Main Attractions: Zimbabwe used to be a premier tourist destination in Southern Africa , affordable with excellent hotels and lodges, good restaurants, plenty of wildlife and lots to do and see. It still is all these things, but with fewer visitors. Victoria Falls -- One of Africa's most impressive natural sights, a mile-wide curtain of falling water, it is not to be missed. There's lots to do besides admiring the waterfall in the Zambezi river area... Read more Great Zimbabwe -- Great Zimbabwe is one of sub-Saharan Africa's most important and largest stone ruins. Designated a World Heritage Site in 1986, the large towers and structures were built out of millions of stones balanced perfectly on top of one another without the aid of mortar. Great Zimbabwe gave modern Zimbabwe its name as well as its national emblem... Read more Hwange National Park -- Hwange National Park is one of Africa's best wildlife parks, home to vast herds of elephant, buffalo, zebra and giraffe. Endangered species like the African wild dog, brown hyena and gemsbok are also plentiful... Read more Harare -- Zimbabwe's capital is great place to hear live music any night of the week, and don't miss the annual Harare International Festival of the Arts . The Shona sculpture is exquisite, as are many of the crafts for sale in markets dotted around the city... Read more Matopos (Matobo) National Park -- Matopos is a very spiritual place, with lots of ancient bushman rock paintings as well as wildlife to enjoy. Cecil Rhodes is buried here... Read more Travel to Zimbabwe: Zimbabwe's International Airport: Harare International Airport (code: HRE) lies 7 miles (12km) southeast of Harare. Getting to Zimbabwe: By air, visitors usually arrive in Harare, or Victoria Falls . Regional flights service the small Vic Falls airport, and Air Zimbabwe and KLM service Harare from Europe. Most longhaul visitors stop in Jo'burg en route to Zimbabwe. By land, border crossings with South Africa and Zambia are easily navigable, but can get busy. Many cross over the bridge at Victoria Falls, and locals flocking to South Africa for work use the Beitbridge Border that links to the N1. Botswana and Mozambique are also accessible by land, there are long distance buses servicing Harare - Blantyre (Malawi) as well. More... Zimbabwe's Embassies/Visas: Visa requirements change frequently for visitors to Zimbabwe, check with their embassy for up to date information. Zimbabwe's Politics and Economics Politics - The UK annexed Southern Rhodesia from the [British] South Africa Company in 1923. A 1961 constitution was formulated that favored whites in power. In 1965 the government unilaterally declared its independence, but the UK did not recognize the act and demanded more complete voting rights for the black African majority in the country (then called Rhodesia). UN sanctions and a guerrilla uprising finally led to free elections in 1979 and independence (as Zimbabwe) in 1980. Robert Mugabe , the nation's first prime minister, has been the country's only ruler (as president since 1987) and has dominated the country's political system since independence. His chaotic land redistribution campaign, which began in 2000, caused an exodus of white farmers, crippled the economy, and ushered in widespread shortages of basic commodities. General elections held in March 2008 contained irregularities but still amounted to a censure of the ZANU-PF-led government with the opposition winning a majority of seats in parliament. MDC opposition leader Morgan Tsvangirai won the most votes in the presidential polls, but not enough to win outright. Difficult negotiations over a power-sharing government, in which Mugabe remained president and Tsvangirai became prime minister, were finally settled in February 2009, although the leaders have yet failed to agree upon many key outstanding governmental issues. Economy - The government of Zimbabwe faces a wide variety of difficult economic problems. The government's land reform program, characterized by chaos and violence, has badly damaged the commercial farming sector, the traditional source of exports and foreign exchange and the provider of 400,000 jobs, turning Zimbabwe into a net importer of food products. Until early 2009, the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe routinely printed money to fund the budget deficit, causing hyperinflation. The power-sharing government formed in February 2009 has led to some economic improvements, including the cessation of hyperinflation by eliminating the use of the Zimbabwe dollar and removing price controls. The economy is registering its first growth in a decade. Sources and More	i don't know
What is the first name of Welsh singer Duffy?	Duffy - Bio, Facts, Family \| Famous Birthdays Duffy 32 Year Old Singer#29 About British soul and pop singer and songwriter. She won a Grammy Award for Rockferry, her 2008 United Kingdom chart-topping debut album. Before Fame She attended the University of Chester, studying at both the Warrington and Parkgate campuses. Her first EP, Aimee Duffy, was released in 2004. Trivia She released her second album, Endlessly, in 2010. Family Life She was born in Wales to a Welsh mother and a British father. Her birth name was Amie Ann Duffy; she later adopted the stage names of Duffy and Aimee Duffy.	Amie
Who announced their resignation as leader of the British Labour Party in October 1980?	Duffy - Bio, Facts, Family \| Famous Birthdays Duffy 32 Year Old Singer#29 About British soul and pop singer and songwriter. She won a Grammy Award for Rockferry, her 2008 United Kingdom chart-topping debut album. Before Fame She attended the University of Chester, studying at both the Warrington and Parkgate campuses. Her first EP, Aimee Duffy, was released in 2004. Trivia She released her second album, Endlessly, in 2010. Family Life She was born in Wales to a Welsh mother and a British father. Her birth name was Amie Ann Duffy; she later adopted the stage names of Duffy and Aimee Duffy.	i don't know
Assamese cuisine originated in which country?	May 24, 2016 at 4:37am Hi all, Needed a help from all the group members. Currently im casti...ng for the India's biggest food show. So it would be really great of you'll if you can give me reference of people who are from Guwahati, Ranchi, Bhubneshwar an kolhapur and would be interested to participate in this show. It will be broadcasted on Star Plus. We are looking out for the best cook in our country. For which we are conducting Auditions Pan India. - Guwahati - Patna - Ranchi - Bhubaneswar - Hyderabad - Kolkata - Goa - Kolhapur - Chennai - Pune - Bangalore Kindly revert on: Lavish Agarwal tele/whatsapp:7045353048. [email protected] Thank you. See More	India
British actress Alison Steadman married which film director/writer in 1973?	Famous Assam Food, Assam Cuisine, Assam Food Recipes [email protected] Taj Mahal The pinnacle of Mughal architect, was built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan, grandson of Akbar the great, in the memory of his queen Arjumand Bano Begum, entitled ‘Mumtaz Mahal’. more... Wild Life The seventh largest nation in the world, has something or the other for everyone. Long stretches of deserts, lovely hill stations, interesting wildlife more... Honeymoon Romance and laugh with the idyllic sunsets and starlit skies on the beautiful beaches and the playful waves of Goa. more... Beaches The state of Goa in India, was a Portuguese colony until 1962, and is famous for its Indo-Portuguese culture and architecture. more... Religious The Golden Temple is the ultimate Sikh pilgrimage. The Harmandir Sahib, actually means the temple of Hari or the Supreme God. more... Hill Station Most of the hill stations are located in Uttarakhand, Karnataka, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir in the Himalayas. more... Backwater The ‘God’s Own Country’, is a small though beautiful state of South India. more... Pilgrimage in Assam \|\| Assam Cuisine \|\| Assam Wildlife \|\| Assam Bihu Festivals The cuisine of the Indian state of Assam much reflects the cuisine of the neighboring north-eastern states. Mustard oil is commonly used to prepare the various food items which are usually bland though quite delicious--the reason being spices are used only sparingly, and they are not roasted (like elsewhere) to prepare the various Assamese food items. Rice and fish constitute the main food of the people of Assam who also seem to be fond of bamboo shoots, olives, jackfruits, and bananas which are put to good use to make several lip-smacking delicacies. For instance, Bamboo shoots are used to make tasty chutney and pickles. Interestingly, fermented food is preferred in the state. The Assamese are mainly non-vegetarians. And the various non-vegetarian food items such as meat, chicken, pork and beef are much enjoyed by the people. Masor Jhol (sour fish curry), Manxo (preferably duck meat), Mati Mahor Dali (black gram dish) are some of the local non-vegetarian delicacies. And so is Eri Polu which is a unique and exotic non-vegetarian dish of the state and made with the pupa of the eri silkworm. Among the key vegetarian famous assam food Recipes , these are the chief ones: Khar Anja (dish made with raw papaya), Aloo Pitika (mashed potato dish seasoned with green chilies, onion, salt and mustard oil), and Pithas (rice cakes).	i don't know
Introduced in the 19th Century in Britain, what were Penny Black and Penny Red?	Penny Black - definition of Penny Black by The Free Dictionary Penny Black - definition of Penny Black by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Penny+Black Also found in: Encyclopedia , Wikipedia . Penny Black n (Philately) the first adhesive postage stamp, issued in Britain in 1840; an imperforate stamp bearing the profile of Queen Victoria on a dark background Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: quick IN reply to you asking for readers' memories of Coventry, a group of girls would start our Friday/Saturday night at Corks wine bar, followed by the Penny Black, Leofric, White Lion and Rays Bar (a few cocktails), a boogie at City Centre Night Club and finish up at The Parson's Nose. Hurled abuse at police After inventing the post, in Birmingham, Sir Rowland Hill was working out how to make sure people could use it - and in May 1840 he came up with the Penny Black, the rst adhesive postage stamp. Copyright © 2003-2017 Farlex, Inc Disclaimer All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.	Postage stamp
‘World in ‘what’ was a UK current affairs television programme which ran from 1963 to 1998?	May 6, 1840: Queen Victoria Gets Stamped \| WIRED May 6, 1840: Queen Victoria Gets Stamped subscribe 6 months for $5 - plus a FREE Portable Phone Charger. Author: Randy Alfred. Randy Alfred Date of Publication: 05.06.09. Time of Publication: 12:00 am. 12:00 am May 6, 1840: Queen Victoria Gets Stamped 1840: Britain starts using adhesive postage stamps, with the “penny black” stamp allowing prepayment of postage at a fixed — and low — rate. The idea will stick. King Henry I of England started a system of royal messengers in the 12th century, and subsequent monarchs improved and expanded the service. Henry VIII formally established the Royal Mail in 1516, but it was not until 1635 that Charles I made the service available to the public. It was possible to prepay postage, but mostly it was the recipient’s responsibility to pay the fees. If the recipient refused to accept delivery, the Royal Mail couldn’t collect, and it lost plenty of revenue that way. Railroads were spreading across Britain in the 1830s and ’40s, which made a rapid national mail service both possible and, because of the increased commerce in goods, necessary. A reformer named Rowland Hill started campaigning in 1837 for a cheap, pay-in-advance system that would make the mails available to everyone and help British commerce in the bargain. He proposed the rate of one penny (about 40 cents in current U.S. money). Proof of payment would either be prepaid stationery or a label printed on “a bit of paper just large enough to bear the stamp, and covered at the back with a glutinous wash.” In other words, an adhesive postage stamp . Parliament passed a postal reform bill in 1839, and Hill became an adviser to the Treasury, which supervised the financial operations of the Royal Mail. A national contest to design the first stamps drew thousands of entries. The ultimate design was the penny black stamp, good for use throughout Britain on May 6 of the following year. The tuppence blue stamp, for letters weighing more than the standard half-ounce, debuted a few days later. They both featured a portrait of Queen Victoria, then at the start of a six-decade reign. All subsequent British stamps have shown the head of the reigning monarch, either as the main subject or as a smaller reverse or relief design. The stamps came in sheets of 240 , corresponding to the number of pence in a pound sterling in the pre-1971 pound-shilling-pence currency system. The Royal Mail replaced the penny black with penny red stamps in 1841, largely because the black stamps were too easy to counterfeit, and the black ink hid postmarks, so people could — and did— reuse canceled stamps. Postal customers had to cut the sheets with scissors or knives, because the Royal Mail didn’t start issuing sheets with perforations until 1854. The stamps were an instant success. Postal traffic doubled in the first year and quadrupled by 1850. The system was widely copied and spread to more than 150 countries by 1880. Some accounts say the idea, if not the reality, of adhesive postage stamps originated earlier in Austria, Sweden or maybe Greece . But British stamps, to this day, are the only ones in the world that need not name the country of origin : The monarch’s head suffices. Source: Various	i don't know
Late English actor Oliver Reed played Uncle Frank in which 1975 film?	Tommy (1975) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error A psychosomatically deaf, dumb and blind boy becomes a master pinball player and, subsequently, the object of a religious cult. Director: From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC Famous Directors: From Sundance to Prominence From Christopher Nolan to Quentin Tarantino and every Coen brother in between, many of today's most popular directors got their start at the Sundance Film Festival . Here's a list of some of the biggest names to go from Sundance to Hollywood prominence. a list of 46 titles created 22 Mar 2011 a list of 27 titles created 26 Oct 2012 a list of 37 titles created 31 Jan 2013 a list of 47 titles created 10 months ago a list of 35 images created 2 months ago Search for " Tommy " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Nominated for 2 Oscars. Another 2 wins & 2 nominations. See more awards » Photos London, 1965: Like many other youths, Jimmy hates the philistine life, especially his parents and his job in a company's mailing division. Only when he's together with his friends, a 'Mod' ... See full summary » Director: Franc Roddam From the early black and white days to their colourful hedonistic era, you will Rock! See them at their most creative, and destructive, and experience The Who: Here! Director: Jeff Stein Composer and pianist Franz Liszt attempts to overcome his hedonistic lifestyle while repeatedly being drawn back into it by the many women in his life and fellow composer Richard Wagner. Director: Ken Russell Composer Gustav Mahler's life, told in a series of flashbacks as he and his wife discuss their failing marriage during a train journey. Director: Ken Russell In 17th-century France, Father Urbain Grandier seeks to protect the city of Loudun from the corrupt establishment of Cardinal Richelieu. Hysteria occurs within the city when he is accused of witchcraft by a sexually repressed nun. Director: Ken Russell A Harvard scientist conducts experiments on himself with a hallucinatory drug and an isolation chamber that may be causing him to regress genetically. Director: Ken Russell Scottish archaeologist Angus Flint discovers an odd skull amid the ruins of a convent that he is excavating. Shortly thereafter, Lady Sylvia Marsh returns to Temple House, a nearby mansion,... See full summary » Director: Ken Russell Biographical film of the life of French sculptor Henri Gaudier-Brzeska. Director: Ken Russell Piano teacher Peter Ilych Tchaikovsky struggles against his homosexuality by marrying, but unfortunately he chooses a nymphomaniac whom he cannot satisfy. Director: Ken Russell The Shelleys visit Lord Byron and compete to write a horror story. Director: Ken Russell Two best friends fall in love with a pair of women, but the relationships soon go in very different directions. Director: Ken Russell Edit Storyline Nora Walker is told that her British fighter pilot husband is missing in action and presumed killed in World War II. On V.E. Day, Nora gives birth to their son, who she names Tommy. While Tommy is an adolescent, Nora marries Frank, a shifty camp counselor. Shortly thereafter, Tommy suffers an emotionally traumatic experience associated with his father and step-father, which, based on things told to him at that time, results in him becoming deaf, dumb and blind, a situation which several people exploit for their own pleasure. As Nora tries several things to bring Tommy out of his psychosomatic disabilities, Tommy, now a young man, happens upon pinball as a stimulus. Playing by intuition, Tommy becomes a pinball master, which in turn makes him, and by association Nora and Frank, rich and famous. Nora literally shatters Tommy to his awakening, which ultimately leads to both the family's rise and downfall as people initially try to emulate Tommy's path then rebel against it. Written by Huggo Your senses will never be the same Genres: 26 March 1975 (UK) See more » Also Known As: Tommy by 'The Who' See more » Filming Locations: 111 min Sound Mix: Quintaphonic (5 channel Stereo) (as Quintophonic Sound®)\| Dolby (as Dolby System Noise Reduction - High Fidelity Optical Sound Track) Color: Did You Know? Trivia Some of the scenes with Robert Powell parallel his scenes in Mahler (1974), also directed by Ken Russell . See more » Goofs During "Eyesight to the Blind", Clapton's hand movements do not at all match his guitar playing on the song. See more » Quotes Nora Walker Hobbs : Do you think it's alright To leave the boy with Cousin Kevin? Do you think it's alright? There's something 'bout him I Don't really like. Do you think it's alright? (Portland, Oregon, USA) – See all my reviews I will say that the movie version of "Tommy" is not as good as The Who's original opera. I guess that it's hard to adapt something like that to the silver screen. But even so, this movie is an experience unlike any other. Watching it, you try to figure out how to digest all that you're seeing and make sense of it (although I would reject calling it sensory overload). The plot of course has deaf, dumb, blind Tommy Walker (Roger Daltrey) becoming a pinball champion and developing a cult following. Daltrey has no trouble getting into the role, especially when he sings "I'm Free". Equally good - and quite perceptive - is Ann-Margret as his mother Nora, using his celebrity to enrich herself; I really liked the scene where she hallucinates soap, beans and chocolate pouring out of the TV set. Oliver Reed seems a little bit wooden as Frank, whom Nora marries when she hears that her husband has gotten killed in WWII, but he still passes. Tina Turner really goes over the top as the Acid Queen, who tries to cure Tommy. Elton John is OK as the Pinball Wizard, but I guess that anyone could have done that role. Probably the most surprising cast member is Jack Nicholson as The Specialist; I mean, who would have ever imagined Jack Nicholson of all people in a musical?* Peter Townshend, John Entwistle and Keith Moon also appear. All in all, director Ken Russell instills this movie with the same sensibility that we find in the rest of his movies. Maybe it seemed better in the cinema, with its quintaphonic sound. But it's still something that I recommend to everyone. In conclusion: See it...feel it...touch it...heal it. *Just imagine musical versions of "Five Easy Pieces", "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest", "The Shining" and "As Good As It Gets"! 13 of 15 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	Tommy
The Swiss pastry Carac is traditionally covered with which colour icing?	Oliver Reed - Telegraph Celebrity Obituaries Oliver Reed Oliver Reed, the film actor who has died aged 61, exuded an animal magnetism and a sense of danger rare among British actors; these qualities made him a natural choice when the script required a woman to be either terrorised or seduced. Photo: POPPERFOTO/GETTY 12:01AM BST 03 May 1999 It was seduction which he practised on Glenda Jackson's Gudrun when he played Gerald in the film of D H Lawrence's Women in Love (1969). On the other hand, he was just as convincing wrestling naked with Alan Bates in the same film. But Reed's screen career often seemed like a mere rehearsal for the more important business of hell-raising in real life. He once summarised his career as "shafting the girlies and downing the sherbie'.' A prodigious drinker, he spent much of his later life being escorted from various pubs and hotels after initiating what he regarded as "tests of strength". Robert Oliver Reed was born in Wimbledon on February 13, 1938, a great-grandson of the actor-manager Herbert Beerbohm Tree and a nephew of the film director Carol Reed. After being expelled from 14 schools, Reed succeeded in becoming captain of athletics and junior cross-country champion at Ewel Castle. He then worked for a while as a bouncer for a strip club, and did his National Service in the Army Medical Corps. His hopes of becoming an officer were dashed when it was discovered that he suffered from dyslexia and was both illiterate and innumerate. On leaving the Army in 1958, Reed earned his crust as a fairground boxer and mortuary attendant. For a while he studiously ignored Reed's suggestions that he should attend Rada (founded by his great-grandfather), and only drifted into acting when he discovered that most of his drinking companions were earning good wages as film extras. Related Articles The authorised biography of Oliver Reed 04 Jul 2013 He made his television debut in a children's series, The Golden Spur. This led to a number of small film roles, as a layabout in Beat Girl (1960), as a factory worker in The Angry Silence (1960), as a ballet dancer in The League of Gentlemen (1960). Appropriately, he was a bouncer in The Two Faces of Dr Jekyll (1960). In 1962 Reed was given his first leading role in the Hammer horror film, The Curse of the Werewolf. He starred as the troubled lycanthrope. The film's special effects included a hair-sprouting scene in a jail, and several shots of Reed tiptoeing on his hind paws from the scene of murder. Altogether Reed made six films for Hammer. In The Damned (1963) he appeared as the leader of a motor-cycle gang; in Paranoiac (1963) he was a murderer bent on driving his sister (Janette Scott) crazy. Meanwhile Michael Winner, who had seen Reed in a television play, cast him as a promenade Casanova in a sleazy drama entitled The System (1963). Reed then played a brutal fur-trapper in The Trap, with Rita Tushingham. After terrorising Carol Lynley in The Shuttered Room (1967), Reed was seen in two Michael Winner comedies, The Jokers (1967), with Michael Crawford, and I'll Never Forget What's-'is-name (with Orson Welles, who became a close friend). Reed's breakthrough came in 1968, when, directed by his uncle, he made a convincingly savage Bill Sikes in the film version of the musical Oliver!. In terms of soft-spoken menace, Reed's performance nearly equalled that of Robert Newton in the earlier version by David Lean. The film won six Oscars and made Reed an international star. By the late Sixties, he was Britain's highest-paid actor. His next project was Ken Russell's adaptation of Women In Love (1970). Reed admitted to being nervous about the wrestling scene, which Russell had originally wanted to film in an ice-cold lake. "Alan and I drank a bottle of vodka each," Reed remembered, "before we staggered on to the set." Reed then achieved the distinction of becoming the first actor to appear fully naked in a mainstream film. Thereafter, his penchant for dropping his trousers sometimes got him into trouble. On holiday in the Caribbean and wanting to show off a newly acquired tattoo, Reed exposed himself in a hotel bar. Unknown to him, the symbol of a cockerel which he thereby displayed denoted to his audience an involvement in voodoo; he was forced to escape over a balcony. In his second film for Russell, The Devils (1971), Reed played a licentious priest who induces hysterical behaviour in a group of nuns. The film dwelt rather more on the physical effects of satanic possession than on its moral implications. Reed followed this with the part of a bullying Army sergeant in Triple Echo (1972), again with Glenda Jackson. This role was perhaps Reed's last attempt at serious acting. Thereafter he appeared to be less interested in the quality than in the quantity of parts he was offered, partly because he needed to pay the cost of the divorce from his first wife, Kathleen Byrne, and partly because he needed money to continue his roistering. In one celebrated incident in 1974, Reed invited 36 rugby players to a party at his home. Between Saturday night and Sunday lunchtime, they managed to consume between them 60 gallons of beer, 32 bottles of Scotch, 17 bottles of gin, four crates of wine and a lone bottle of Babycham. The entertainment concluded with Reed leading the players on a nude dawn run through the Surrey countryside. In 1974, Reed made a convincingly doughty Athos in The Three Musketeers. On one occasion during filming in Spain, the police were summoned to Reed's hotel to arrest him for dancing naked in a giant goldfish tank. "Leave me alone," shouted, Reed. "You can't touch me! I'm one of the Four Musketeers." Later that year he told a reporter, "Destroy me and you destroy the whole British film industry. I can afford to say cock-a-doodle-do because I'm the biggest star this country has got, and don't you forget it, you pig." Profiles that celebrated Reed's hell-raising prowess rarely mentioned his loutish, bullying streak, although on set he was always courteous and word perfect. In the late Seventies, Reed moved to Guernsey as a tax exile, where he lived with his companion Jackie Daryl and their daughter Sarah. He returned occasionally to England to appear on chat shows to promote such films as Tommy (1975) and The Prince and the Pauper (1977). Reed's notoriety increased yet further in 1985 when he married Jospehine Burge; she was then 21, but had been his companion since she was a 16-year old schoolgirl. At his stag party, which lasted two days, Reed claimed to have downed 136 pints of beer. But to the surprise of many, the marriage proved a success, although in 1986 Reed was forced to dig up nine acres of his back garden after forgetting where he had buried his wife's jewellery when drunk. Later that year, Reed went some way towards redeeming his critical reputation with his performance in Castaway, based on Lucy Irving's book about her time on a desert island. In 1991, Reed appeared on the late-night Channel 4 discussion programme After Dark (popularly known as After Closing Time). The subject was violence, and Reed was determined not to disappoint. Drinking wine from a half-pint glass, he freely expressed his views on the subject, periodically falling off his chair before kissing a surprised feminist author and announcing "Right, I'm off to have a slash." Channel 4 took the programme off the air after 20 minutes; when it returned, Reed terminated the discussion with the words: "Look, I'll put my plonker on the table if you don't give me a plate of mushy peas." Oliver Reed is survived by his wife Josephine and two daughters.	i don't know
The ‘Great Flag Debate’ took place in which country in 1964?	A Canadian Flag for Canada A CANADIAN FLAG FOR CANADA ... it would certainly seem that the Maple Leaf ... is pre-eminently the proper badge to appear on our flag. 1 Edward M. Chadwick, (1896) Introduction The sole function of any flag is to send a message. A national flag sends the message of nationality. In doing so, it forms the nation's premier graphic symbol, second in importance only to the nation's premier linguistic symbol: its name. Yet, for nearly a century following Confederation, Canadians lacked a national flag. Although, there were various governmental flags which represented Canada as a state, there was no formal flag which represented Canadians themselves; none which individual Canadians could fly to proclaim their Canadianness: no flag of Canada as a nation. This omission did not result from indifference on the part of Canadians towards flags, quite the reverse. It resulted from the passion that these symbols aroused in Canadians. The difficulty did not arise from any inherent unwillingness of Canadians to proclaim their identity upon flags, but their factious inability to agree upon a common symbolic identity. In retrospect, the choice of such a symbol would seem to have been inevitable, for to see a maple leaf is to think of Canada. While the beaver had been pre-eminent in the eighteenth century, its symbolic value was tied to its economic value, and both plummeted in the early nineteenth century. Not only did the fur trade largely bypass Montréal after the amalgamation of the North West and the Hudson's Bay Companies, but what beaver trade there was declined with the advent of the silk hat. This left the maple leaf as the pre-eminent Canadian symbol. In 1836, Étienne Parent added maple leaves to the masthead of his newspaper, Le Canadien, and noted, what he surely thought was obvious to all: "Le principal, la feuille d'Erable, a été, comme on sait, adopté comme l'emblême du Bas-Canada..." A year later, the maple leaf made its first appearance upon a Canadian flag, albeit an informal flag: the patriotes of Saint-Eustache carried a banner with a design of striking similarity to masthead of the Le Canadien. Following Confederation, the country gained its first official and distinctively Canadian flag: the Governor General's flag, adopted in 1870, bore a wreath of maple leaves in the centre. Then, just prior to its centennial, the country gained its first official and exclusively Canadian flag: the National Flag, raised in 1965, bore a single maple leaf in the centre. In the intervening ninety-five years, the maple leaf was at the centre of every initiative to establish a distinctive national flag. Indeed after assessing the contenders in one of the earliest of the country's many flag flaps, Toronto lawyer, Edward M. Chadwick, concluded in 1896 that "it would certainly seem that the Maple Leaf ... is pre-eminently the proper badge to appear on our flag." Yet, until 1965, the maple leaf served only a secondary role upon the official flags of the country. The question of why it took the maple leaf so long to dominate the national flag is also the question of why it took so long to even acquire a national flag for Canada. The long-running controversy over the flag of Canada had its roots in two separate dichotomies: one internal to Canada, one external. The internal dichotomy was found in the ambiguous loyalty which Canadians divided between nation and empire. The external dichotomy was found in the disparate usage of flags in Britain and the United States. If either of these dichotomies had been absent, the controversy would have been muted; with them, confusion and acrimony ensued. Canadian Nationalism versus Canadian Imperialism Along the way, the internal division between nationalism 2 and imperialism was the more apparent of the two dichotomies. The issue was one of emotional citizenship: Was the primary allegiance owed to Canada, and thus a national loyalty? Was the primary allegiance owed to the centre of the British Empire, and thus an imperial loyalty? Civilities were long strained as the tension between the two loyalties pulled the country first in one direction and then the other. It catered to the biases of many people to believe that the division between the imperial loyalty and the national loyalty ran down the middle of the Ottawa River. Actually, the division did not lie as much between the French and English cultures as it did between the English-Canadian nationalists and English-Canadian imperialists. Although Francophone nationalists were active in the controversy all along, they recognized that no significant progress could be made until the Anglophones got their act together. The romantic vision of the Canadian imperialists, was not only cultivated on Canadian soil, it was largely conceived on Canadian soil. Perceiving Canada as but a roomy extension of the old country, the British settler carried with him a nostalgia for his former home, and this nostalgia gradually congealed into a vision of a distant land of consummate grandeur, power, justice, and freedom. But the romantic vision did not stop there; it was extended over the years into a rather dazzling conception of a global and monolithic British Empire, to which the settler and his children owed homage. 3 The vision held in Great Britain, itself, was far more prosaic. For centuries, Britain held a strictly mercantile view of its colonies. It planted colonies (and called them plantations) for the same reason that a farmer plants cabbages; the health of the cabbages was of concern only to the extent that it affected profits. At first the colonies served as a source of raw materials, but subsequently as a dumping ground for surplus people and merchandise. Even Lord Durham's interest in the restoration of stability in Canada in 1838 was not prompted by a parental concern for a member of the British family of colonies, but because: The experiment of keeping colonies ... ought at least to have a trial, ere we abandon for ever the vast dominion which might supply the wants of our surplus population, and raise up millions of fresh consumers of our manufactures. 4 Despite the disparity between the romantic imperialist vision held in the colonies, and the prosaic mercantile vision held in the motherland, the inflated imperialist sentiments served Canada very well, especially before Confederation. Both Ontario and New Brunswick owe their very existence to the Loyalists who were escaping the newly formed American Republic. And, "among the Loyalists, passion for things British amounted almost to a religion." 5 The advantage lay in the fact that the quasi-religious belief in things British served as a talisman to protect Canadians against the quasi-religious belief held by Americans that it was their "manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence." 6 In the 1860s and 1870s, the common British bond played a significant role in melding disparate colonies into a country. In what became an implicit motto of Canadian imperialists, Sir John A. Macdonald rode to victory with his last electoral address (Ottawa, February 7, 1891) stating: "As for myself, my course is clear. A British subject I was born-a British subject I will die." However, with the coming of the twentieth century, the mindset of Canadian imperialists began to work to the disadvantage of the nation. Theirs was a view, which, as late as 1951, prompted adherents to have the singing of "O Canada" in schools labelled as subversive and unpatriotic. 7 In a sardonic assessment of Canadian imperialists, Arthur Lower records a 1953 correspondent's description of them as "Canadians who are actually just 'half-way Canadians', men who insist upon presenting themselves to American visitors as if they were really British who had the misfortune to live in Canada." 8 Such attitudes as these were surely ones which a nation would have been foolish to encourage. Both Canadian nationalism and Canadian imperialism were essentially Canadian inventions and were often, as in the case of Macdonald and, later, Diefenbaker, found as only vaguely reconciled emotions within the same individual. The animosity between these loyalties was never, on any significant scale, directed against the British nation, which was largely indifferent to the issue. Rather, it always surfaced as a running fight among Canadians. For three-quarters of a century, the divided loyalties of the country lay at the root of the inability of Canadians to adopt a national flag. The feud had left the country seemingly trapped forever in a Catch-22. 9 For, until the nation became pre-eminently Canadian, a solely Canadian flag was not a political possibility; yet, until the flag became pre-eminently Canadian, a solely Canadian nation was not an emotional possibility. The roots of the dilemma facing the country is brought into sharper focus through a discussion of two of the many individuals who had been involved in the flag controversy: Lester B. Pearson, and John G. Diefenbaker. Although each man played an important role during the cathartic resolution of the problem, it is not that role which is at issue for the moment. Rather, of concern is the perspective each man brought to the problem of the Canadian flag, for they epitomize a legion of nationalists and imperialists who went before. It is important to recognize that Diefenbaker and Pearson were both ardent Canadian patriots. However, they did adhere to different visions for Canada. Indeed, these different visions are, in many ways, encapsulated by the symbols each chose to represent his country. A CANADIAN IMPERIALIST: JOHN G. DIEFENBAKER Diefenbaker's views had been on record longest. His position, varying only slightly over the years, was stated during a campaign speech at Macdowall, Saskatchewan in 1926: I want to make Canada all Canadian and all British. The men who wish to change our flag should be denounced by every good Canadian. 10 Two things stand out: Canada was to be "all British"; a person who shared Diefenbaker's view was a "good Canadian", while those who did not "should be denounced" (presumably as bad Canadians). His remarks lay very much within the mainstream of Canadian imperialist sentiment of the day. What he meant by "our flag" was not specified, but likely he was referring to the Union Flag rather than the Canadian Red Ensign. Nearly twenty years later, during the flag controversy of 1945-46, Diefenbaker asserted that a Canadian flag must include the Union Flag in "the place of honour"; the remainder of his stand was essentially the same: In my opinion, sir, any flag which is determined upon for Canada must embody two ideas, one, Canada as a nation with a distinctive flag; the other, Canada within the empire. 11 Even Diefenbaker's choice of words is revealing, for Canada had not been "within the empire" since the passage of the Statute of Westminster in 1931. He went on to demonstrate his intolerance of nationalists by challenging "their right" to omit the Union Flag. In 1964, after nearly two more decades, neither Diefenbaker's stand nor his tactics had shifted. While maintaining his steadfast support of a red ensign (bearing a proposed fleur-de-lis badge), he did not scruple to impugn the motives of those who might think differently. During a speech in Toronto on June 3, 1964, Diefenbaker made reference to a recent government-sponsored pay increase for members of parliament, and suggested: It had a wonderful effect on third-party support. On the flag vote, the attitude would be, not that I love the red ensign less, but $18,000 more. 12 The next day, in a shower of justifiable indignation from the Commons, Diefenbaker was forced to ignobly withdraw his remarks, yet he remained unrepentant. The following month, on July 22, during a telecast of the "The Nation's Business," he exhibited the flailings of a drowning man as he alleged that atheism lay behind Pearson's attempt to establish a flag that did not bear the Union Flag. "Why," Diefenbaker asked, "does the Government insist that the Christian crosses, the spiritual element, be removed from our flag." 13 Apparently, no aspersion was too egregious. On December 21, 1964, when the issue of the national flag was finally settled, Diefenbaker wrote sadly: The Progressive Conservative party, Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition, stood alone in the House of Commons against the removal of the Union Jack from Canada's national flag. ... We fought for what we believed was right. We have lost. 14 There was a sense of tragedy in Diefenbaker's stand. In his election campaigns of 1957 and 1958, he had engendered a tremendous feeling of national pride among Canadians. But now the Canadianism which he espoused had blossomed beyond his vision and he was left in its wake as the champion of the old Canadian imperialism. In the end, Diefenbaker argued that he had merely wished to honour Canada's history and that Canada "should be symbolized by a flag containing both the Union Jack and the fleur-de-lis. ... Neither," he said, "was a sign of subservience to a colonial past. There was no colonialism in honouring our history." 15 However, a distinction has to be made between honouring the historical British connection, and feeding the imperial mindset. If the Union Flag had, in fact, merely served to symbolize an important part of our history, it might have proved acceptable, as indeed it has continued to do when it is flown as a separate flag to indicate Canada's links with the Commonwealth and its allegiance to the Crown. However, when the Union Flag was placed upon the national flag, it had come to epitomize the imperial attitude which honoured Britain first and Canada second. There were, of course, many in Canada who were not imperialists and who certainly did not fit Lower's recorded description of half-way Canadians, but who had supported the retention of the Union Flag upon the Canada's flag out of an appreciation of a valued tradition. Nevertheless, there were enough people who still believed that the only "good Canadian" was "all British" that it had become impossible to retain any form of the Canadian Red Ensign, with its embedded Union Flag, simply as an historical symbol. A CANADIAN NATIONALIST: LESTER B. PEARSON Pearson's position on the flag had only been on record since January 27, 1960, when as Leader of the Opposition he had issued a press report urging the Canadian government to find "a solution to the flag problem." He acknowledged an inescapable reality: neither the Canadian Red Ensign nor the Union Flag was "acceptable to many Canadians as a distinctive flag of Canada." Nevertheless, he went on to emphasize that the: Union Jack, which has had, and I am sure always will have a special and honoured significance for all Canadians ... will stand for important things in our history and our traditions. Indeed, whatever action Parliament might take in regard to a Canadian flag, I believe that the Union Jack should be accepted by Canada as an emblem to be flown on all occasions which are concerned with our Commonwealth Association and our status as a monarchy with the Queen as head of that Commonwealth. 16 At this stage Pearson's position largely followed that of the many nationalists before him: the present flags are unsuitable and Parliament should find a better one of, as yet, unspecified form. However, significant was his explicit proposal to retain the Union Flag, not as a national flag, but as a symbol of Canadian links with the Crown and Commonwealth. The government of the day did not accept the invitation to establish a new Canadian flag, so Pearson made it Liberal Party policy in 1961, and part of the election platform in 1962 and 1963. Finally in May of 1964, Pearson followed the lead of seventy years' worth of nationalists as he sought "a flag that is ... as Canadian as the Maple Leaf which should be its dominant design." 17 On June 15, 1964, he opened the Great Flag Debate, with extensive historical information, but a very simple message: the flag he sought would be "exclusively Canadian," and would "say proudly to the world and to the future: 'I stand for Canada'." 18 Significantly, Prime Minister Pearson acknowledged his respect for the honest disagreement of "others who are as patriotic and as Canadian as I am or can ever hope to be." Like Diefenbaker, Pearson sought to produce a flag which embodied history and tradition, but for Pearson a Canadian emblem should occupy the position of honour. The time had come for Canada to cut the umbilical cord of the banner of Britain. The divided emotional loyalties of the nation contributed greatly to the battle over the national flag. Canada's long-running flag controversy has been described as a shallow emotional issue of low priority, 19 yet, this assessment is, itself, one of consummate superficiality. The battle was not a trivial spat over the choice of a commercial logotype, rather, it was a fundamental and inevitable battle between two powerful but disparate cultural views of the nation. It was a battle waged on the deepest possible level, that of one's personal symbolic sense of identity. Alas then, the issue had not been whether the maple leaf was pre-eminently Canadian, but whether the nation was pre-eminently Canadian. Cleaving to American Practice and British Propriety The internal dichotomy was highly visible, because conflicting loyalties polarized every discussion of a Canadian national flag. The external dichotomy was insidious; it arose from the disparate functions served by flags in the United Kingdom and the United States. The American citizen had a national flag. The Stars and Stripes was the flag of the people since its inception by Congress in 1777, although it had not become an object of widespread public display until the time of the American civil war. 20 A British subject had no such flag. The Union Flag was a flag of the sovereign and his or her representatives; citizens were not entitled to its use. Indeed, reflecting the structure of the society itself, every flag in the British pantheon served to distinguish one individual or group from all others. There were flags for royalty, the navy, the army, custom's houses, port authorities, lighthouse ships, the merchant marine-the list goes on-but there was no appropriate flag to be flown voluntarily by a subject to denote his Britishness. Although now thought of as the national flag, the Union Flag was adopted informally by the public, and mainly so in this century. To this day, "the United Kingdom differs from most other countries in that she has no official national flag." 21 In clear imitation of the Americans, Canadians sought a flag which they could hoist to proclaim their Canadianness. Yet within the British system, there was neither precedent nor provision for the institution of a flag to represent the people, per se. For Canadians, an irreconcilable gulf grew between their simultaneous yearning for American practice and British propriety. The Canadian public would proudly hoist its identity; and the Canadian authorities would denounce either the flags or the public's use of them as improper. The Canadian's imitation of American flag-flying practice was more than unconscious mimicry; he looked south of the border and liked what he saw. Even Colonel George T. Denison, that archetypical imperialist, founder of the Canada First movement, and implacable foe of free trade with the U.S., admired American flag practice. In 1890 he chaired a meeting of the Imperial Federation League in which a letter was read from "the United States, mentioning the custom of flying the Stars and Stripes over the schools in that country, and suggesting that a like custom might be advantageous in Canada. The idea was seized on at once." Denison then led a deputation which persuaded the Ontario Minister of Education to institute the flying of the national flag at all schools. Proudly Denison notes, this "movement soon became general, and now in several Provinces the practice of displaying the flag is followed." 22 Although Denison and others regularly spoke of the national flag, Canada did not have a national flag before 1965. 23 After 1900, inconsistency reigned as two major pretenders vied for the honour, each being bolstered by ardent supporters and denounced by vociferous detractors. Typical were the claims and counter claims made by two Canadian books published in the 1920s. One asserted that "the Canadian Flag today is the British Red ... Ensign with the Dominion of Canada badge in the fly" while "the Union Jack is strictly the King's Colors and should not be displayed by private citizens." 24 The other proclaimed "the Union Jack is the national flag of Canada, ... and is the correct flag to be flown on land by all British subjects," but that the Canadian Red "ensign is to be used only by Canadian merchant vessels." 25 Conflicting, yet categorical assertions such as these flowed from editors, letter writers, pamphleteers, lobbyists, civil servants, and parliamentarians. Even today there are those who believe that one or other had indeed been Canada's national flag. Unfortunately, these assertions came close to being correct only when they denounced another man's choice, for no flag officially filled the role the public chose to give it. Equally unfortunate, the claims supporting a favourite were always justified by a mixture of wishful thinking, glibness, and the recycled obiter dicta of like-minded apologists. Yet, the pronouncements supporting a particular flag revealed much about the Canadians' yearning to proudly hoist their identity upon a national flag. Until parliament settled the issue and Canadians gained their long-sought national flag, there was an irreconcilable tension between the cleaving to both American practice and British propriety. Initially, there had been no question in the mind of the government that the choice of a flag should be determined by bureaucrats, after the British manner, rather than by elected representatives, after the American manner. When, in 1925, a request arose within National Defence for the adoption of a distinctive flag for Canada, the cabinet viewed it as a purely internal matter to be settled by a committee of public servants. Only when the press caught wind of it and expressed umbrage, did Mackenzie King concede that the adoption of a national flag would be left to parliament. Canada was now irretrievably committed to the American approach, although fruition was still forty years off. The distinction between the two approaches was dramatically underscored in 1964, when the parliamentary flag committee sought the advice of various experts, among whom was a representative of the authoritative College of Arms in England. The Chief Herald, Sir Anthony Wagner pompously assured the committee that it was irrelevant: if Canada wanted a flag, he would grant one to the country. This antediluvian man was promptly dropped from the guest list. 26 The dual dichotomies long rendered any attempt to settle the national flag controversy impotent. If either the emotional loyalties or the flag usage had been less ambiguous, Canada might have settled the issue in the nineteenth century when it first arose. For the flag controversy, however, the dichotomies only provided the background; it was the flags which provided the battleground. The Contenders Prior to 1965, the honour of being the National Flag of Canada was contested by a long series of both pretenders and contenders. The pretenders, those flags used as if, and widely believed to be, the national flag, were few in number but extensive in use. Nominally there were only two important pretenders, the Canadian Red Ensign, in any one of its manifold forms, and the Union Flag. The contenders, those flags offered as aspirants, were many in number but rarely in use. Yet of the innumerable flags proposed, there were a few which were either seminal or widely regarded. Each of the pretenders has had a chapter devoted to it, but, as historically important as they were to the symbolism of Canadian identity, the National Flag did not evolve (in any simple manner) out of either flag. Rather, the Maple Leaf Flag owes its lineage (to a much greater extent) to the rich heritage of contenders, flags which arose from the Canadian public rather than having been prescribed from above. From Confederation until the passage of the Statute of Westminster in 1931, all attempts to establish a distinctively Canadian national flag were directed at merely establishing a Canadian beachhead upon a British flag. After the Statute and with independence confirmed, there arose the first attempts to capture the whole flag for Canada. SEEKING A CANADIAN BEACHHEAD ON A BRITISH FLAG (1870-1924) From the beginning, the search for a flag which would distinguish Canada was a search for an identity which would distinguish Canada. The initial manoeuvers were small but prescient. In 1870, just three years after Confederation, the Canadian government turned a necessity into a statement by placing a wreath of maple leaves, rather than the standard-issue imperial laurel leaves, upon the flag of the governor general. Then, in 1871, an article in the Canadian Illustrated News erroneously promoted the badge from that governor general's flag as an ensign badge. In short order, the ensign and its badge, evolving all the while, became that really strident symbolic statement of Canadian identity of the late nineteenth century, the aberrant Canadian Red Ensign. 1892 is sometimes credited as the beginning of the Canadianization of the flag for that is the year in which merchantmen were authorized to use a Canadian badge on the Red Ensign. While this was certainly a victory for Canadian nationalism, the authorization merely legitimized a well established use. Yet, the badge which had just been authorized was rarely to be seen on land. Rather it was the aberrant Canadian Red Ensign, or as an observer in 1894 put it, "the erroneous flag, so commonly everywhere displayed" with its "Dominion badge in all forms of incorrectness," which served as the statement of Canadian identity. 27 The 1890s were a time when, according to the Toronto Globe of the day, "the revival of the national sentiment is again becoming popular." 28 Newly established Canadian Clubs had agenda filled with patriotic and historical talks and halls filled with Canadian Red Ensigns. 29 This was also the time when the first proposals began to appear for the alteration of the Canadian Red Ensign. The concern of the nationalists of the day was the establishment of an effective Canadian badge on the Red Ensign; a national beachhead, as it were, on the flag of another country. The first attempts to capture the whole flag for Canada were not to come for another forty years, and success in that venture was another thirty years beyond that. The proposals all sought a simpler badge which would replace the one that represented Canada as a composite of its provinces, with one that represented Canada as an entity in itself. The public press was replete with suggestions, and, in 1896, Edward M. Chadwick, a Toronto lawyer and amateur armorist, assessed them and rejected most as not meeting his criteria for a Canadian flag. The badge, he said, must not be un-British in character; it must be something which may be generally recognized as Canadian; it should conform to heraldic propriety; and it must be simple. With the sometime exception of the first, these criteria were to guide the search for a Canadian flag for Canada until the issue was settled in late 1964. Even the design elements differed only slightly over the years. Proposed flag badges which Chadwick considered and rejected were ones based on: various crosses (rejected as an unnecessary repetition of elements of the Union Flag); the French tricolour (an anachronism as it had no link with the old French Regime in Canada); the beaver (no great nation has ever selected a weak or insignificant animal); and a star with a ray for each province (proposed by Sir Sanford Fleming 30 and rejected as sending the wrong signal to Americans). Finally, Chadwick made a seminal assessment of the appropriateness of the maple leaf on the flag of Canada: A great number of suggestions have been varieties of the Maple Leaf badge, which is generally recognized all the world over as typical of Canada. Many of these last are artistic and suitable for decorative purposes, but unsuited for use in the Flag ... it should be the Maple Leaf in a simple form, either the single leaf, ... or the triple leaf.... It would certainly seem that the Maple Leaf, as complying with all four of the essential conditions above stated, is pre-eminently the proper badge to appear on our flag. 31 One cannot read these words without coming to the overwhelming conclusion that in the succeeding two-thirds of a century, from 1896 to 1964, nothing much new happened as the same ideas were endlessly recycled. Granted, Chadwick was discussing a badge to be placed upon the Red Ensign, but then even that remained an issue in 1964. Of interest is the lack of any mention of a design using the fleur-de-lis, however, in 1896, that device had yet to attain the popularity in Quebec it was to gain in the next half-dozen years. Chadwick's own choice for the Canadian flag badge was a sprig of three maple leaves: red when placed on the Blue Ensign, and yellow when placed on the Red Ensign. Proposals for flags which included a cluster of three maple leaves surfaced again in both the Second World War and the 1964 flag debate. However, the proposals most commonly put forward in the years between the 1890s and 1965 followed the lead of Canadian author, Barlow Cumberland. In a paean to the Union Flag published in 1897, Cumberland had suggested that the present "undistinguished medley" on the Canadian Red Ensign be replaced by a single maple leaf. 32 Cumberland's preference was for a green leaf; subsequent authors added gold and red to the list of proposed colours. Shortly after the turn of the twentieth century, the first exchange in Parliament took place on the subject of the appropriate flag for Canada. Since the early 1870s, the Canadian Red Ensign had flown over the Parliament, but now, accompanying the general upsurge in imperialist sentiment through much of the land, the Union flag replaced it. The substitution was protested in Parliament by Henri Bourassa, but he did not succeed in moving the government from its position. Indeed, the issue of Canada's flag appeared to be set in concrete, when in 1911, William Pugsley announced: I believe with every member of this House, that the Union Jack will fly over Canada as an integral part of the British Empire, until the end of time. 33 But then came the First World War. The nation came through the war with a new sense of direction as the returning veterans brought home a feeling of independence and Canadian identity. They had proudly worn the maple leaf on their uniforms. They had taken part in the victory celebrations amidst the flags of all the victorious nations. The resurgent feeling of nationalism throughout all of Canada prompted a desire for a flag which was distinguishably Canadian. The independence granted by the Statute of Westminster was still more than a decade away, and at this stage a distinctively Canadian flag did not mean an exclusively Canadian flag. The mood had merely returned to the nationalist feelings of the 1890s which had promoted the adoption of a simple Canadian symbol to be displayed on a British flag. Characteristic of this sentiment were the 1919 proposals of the Antiquarian and Numismatic Society of Montréal. They suggested that the badge be a golden maple leaf, which when placed on the Union Flag would form the national flag for use on land, and when placed on the Red and Blue Ensigns would be used at sea. 34 However, the advantages of this proposal were partially undercut as the government, reacting in part to the same upsurge in national identity, arranged for Canadian arms, the shield of which was placed on the ensigns in 1922. This simplified the clutter on the Canadian Red Ensign, but it did nothing to assuage the concerns of all those who wanted an officially approved flag to distinguish Canadians ashore. A few years later, the pursuit of that goal prompted a parliamentary brouhaha. THE FIRST DEBACLE (1924-1931) In 1924, the first Mackenzie King government quietly authorized the use of the new Canadian Red Ensign on Canadian buildings abroad: Canada House in London, and the new legations in Washington, Geneva, Paris and Tokyo. 35 This aroused little protest at the time, presumably because it did not pose much of a threat to the imperialists' sense of identity at home. The next event was not taken so calmly. On April 23, 1925, the Cabinet received a seemingly minor request from the Minister of National Defence. He noted that the Canadian Blue Ensign was authorized for Canadian government-owned vessels, and that the Canadian Red Ensign was authorized for other vessels registered in Canada, but that "there is throughout the country a desire that there should also be adopted for use ashore a distinctive flag which shall be recognized as the flag of the Dominion of Canada." The issue was regarded as a purely internal matter, and Prime Minister King was not even present when the Cabinet dealt with it by appointing a committee of public servants "to consider and report upon a suitable design for a Canadian flag." King apparently did not even learn of the issue until it erupted in the press early in June. Driven by cries of outrage from Toronto branches of the Imperial Order of the Daughters of the Empire, and the Loyal Orange Lodge, the issue entered Parliament. On June 17 the member for North Toronto, T.L. Church, attracted national attention when he demanded details of the order, who had sought it, and whether the Union Flag was Canada's only official flag. King, unsure of himself, heading a minority government, and trapped in a position not of his making, attempted to address all the questions and then to assure Parliament that "the Government would not for a moment consider adopting a national flag other than by resolution of this House and the full sanction of the Parliament of Canada." 36 This commitment was to prove binding on all future governments and ultimately would lead to the Great Flag Debate of 1964. However in 1925, King's assurances did little to abate the storm of protests from imperialists. Few nationalists voices were raised in his support, and imperialists continued to castigate him as a tyrant, a dissembler, a bumbler, and a lackey of the Americans. The last straw was added when a letter to the Toronto press noted that the committee (which had been appointed strictly on the basis of competence) was composed entirely of Roman Catholics. This, it considered, was an "insult to the sensibility of every loyal Canadian British subject." The political temperature had risen too high on an issue about which Mackenzie King appeared to care little. He dismissed the flag committee and ended the unsavory affair without a debate on the issue in Parliament. The vituperative reaction to the mere existence of a flag committee was highly localized and centred in Toronto. The Ontario imperialists never seemed to question but that they spoke for the nation, yet elsewhere a slow tide was rising against them. Within a year the Balfour Report would describe the Dominions as "autonomous Communities within the British Empire ... united by a common allegiance to the crown" and this would be given legislative sanction in 1931 with the Statute of Westminster. Nevertheless in 1925, the nationalist voices were not much in evidence. Taking up the cudgels the following year, La Presse commented delicately that "reasons [about] which we need not comment, caused the Government to postpone the study," and so the newspaper held a flag contest "with results surpassing our fondest hopes." The judges, mainly of French origin, chose a white ensign with a golden maple leaf on the fly and a Union Flag in the canton. The fact that they did not insist on the presence of the fleur-de-lis is significant. Francophones in Canada as a rule did not have the same strong attachment to their mother country as did Anglophones to theirs. Many felt that France had not given them the required support in their time of crisis, and so had developed a measure of patriotic respect for the British monarchy. 37 In Parliament, the issue refused to die. J.S. Woodsworth, the leader of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (the precursor of the NDP), was widely known as the "conscience of Canada" for his championship of the cause of workers. In 1927, the same year as he succeeded in manoeuvring Mackenzie King into establishing an old-age pension plan, he commented wryly about that year's celebration of Canada's Diamond Jubilee which, "so far as we can determine will consist very largely of flag-waving ... at a time when we do not have ... a distinctively Canadian flag to wave." Mackenzie King, being astute if not courageous, did not rise to the bait. Before the pivotal passage of the Statute of Westminster in 1931, even the most ardent of nationalists always included the Union Flag in any proposed design. 38 Some of these early proposals attempted to appeal to both factions, but were presented with such unctuous equivocation that they probably offended imperialists and nationalists alike: In presenting this design for a Canadian flag, I do not wish to give the impression that I am advocating that Canada should have a distinctive flag of her own, or should substitute the Union Jack. But recognizing that there is a deep and growing sentiment for a national flag in Canada, I believe, that instead of opposing such a sentiment it were far better to guide that sentiment in the right direction, so that when the demand becomes imperative, we may wisely select a design for it which will be truly emblematic of a nation. 39 A VISION TO CAPTURE THE WHOLE FLAG FOR CANADA (1931-1945) The first shots fired in the campaign to capture the whole flag for Canada came not long after the passage of the Statute of Westminster. The pamphleteers lead the way in proposing flags which not only emphasized the maple leaf but omitted the Union Flag. In 1937, Frank McDonagh of Toronto noted that there had been a "change in the constitutional position of Canada from crown colony to a sovereign, independent nation," and that "1937 will be recorded in Canadian history as the first year in which a king, at his coronation, swore to govern Canada according to Canadian laws and customs." With the battle cry of "a country without a flag is like a man without a name," he offered "A Canadian Flag for Canada" (from which this chapter gets its name). His flag for use on land superimposed a crown on a single autumnal maple leaf on a blue field. 40 McDonagh's maple-leaf flag set a precedent as it was exclusively Canadian; the crown it bore represented the Canadian, not the British, sovereign. However, his maple seed fell on imperialist ground and did not grow. If McDonagh's proposal, published in Toronto, evoked little response, the next one, published in Québec in 1943, proved to be one of the most influential designs to arise from the pamphleteers. The Ligue du Drapeau National, in the first bilingual pamphlet on the subject, promoted a flag with a green maple leaf centred on a field divided diagonally from upper hoist to lower fly, red over white. 41 The flag was simple and effective. Forming the background of the green Canadian leaf was the red of Royal Britain and the white of Royal France. This flag was subsequently endorsed by the Native Sons of Canada, and went on to become a major contender for the national flag until well into 1964. An exclusively Canadian flag was in the wind. It was a vision apparently shared by the men who served overseas during the Second World War. In 1945, the Maple Leaf, a paper published by the Canadian Armed Forces in London, printed a suggestion that the Battle Flag should become the national flag of Canada. This flag not only bore three red maple leaves, but also prominently displayed both the Union Flag and three fleurs-de-lis. The paper was inundated with letters from angry men and women of all ranks who condemned any inclusion of foreign symbols on the flag of Canada. Said the letters, "To the devil with the Fleur-de-lis and the Union Jack"; said the paper, "Servicemen Speak Out Loud for a truly Canadian Flag." 42 However, among servicemen, opinion was not as monolithic as the Maple Leaf made it seem. According to an RCAF officer who had seen service overseas, "there was a distinct difference of opinion ... between those who had been overseas and those who had not. Those who had seen active service disapproved the use of the Union Jack in the Canadian flag while those who had not favoured its use." 43 This preference for an exclusively Canadian symbol on the part of those who had served overseas is understandable. As John Ross Matheson has noted, "All you have to do to become passionately Canadian is [to] live away from the country...." 44 Meanwhile in parliament, the struggle continued through a series of private-member's motions made nearly annually from 1931 to 1943. The motions all seemed to be directed at merely modifying the Canadian Red Ensign by adopting a maple-leaf badge and then sanctioning its use on land. Parliament had reached the point where it was gingerly discussing a position advocated by Chadwick and Cumberland in the 1890s. An interesting pattern of behavior in the parliament during this period sheds light on regional differences in attitude. A flag motion typically would be presented by a member from the west (MacIntosh from Saskatchewan, or Dickie from B.C.), or from Quebec (LaCroix). It would then be opposed by Torontonians (Church or MacNicol) who "as always more royalist than the King, cried, 'Hands off the Union Jack'." 45 Sometimes the motion would even be given pro forma support by party leaders before being allowed to die without a vote. Nevertheless there was evidence that the long-lived Prime Minister Mackenzie King was beginning to see the merit of settling the issue. In 1938, he had given amorphous support to McIntosh's flag motion; in 1943, he had insisted that the Canadian Red Ensign fly along with the flags of Britain and the U.S. at the Québec Conference; in 1944, the Canadian Red Ensign had been authorized for use by the Canadian Army in Europe; and again in 1944, he suggested to the cabinet "that Canada take the Canadian Ensign and accept it at once as her national flag." However, his uncertain resolve is revealed by his almost simultaneous response to a question from Maclean's Magazine about whether Canada should have its own flag. Equivocated Mackenzie, "Yes, at an appropriate time." 46 In 1945 the troops returned from the Second World War, having not only distinguished themselves in battle, but having had themselves distinguished in battle by the flags they bore. To now lose the distinction upon returning to their own Union-Flag-festooned country was hardly a satisfactory reward. The Canada of 1945 was, after all, an independent nation. On V-E Day (Victory in Europe, May 8, 1945), the Canadian Red Ensign temporarily replaced the Union Flag on the Peace Tower of the Parliament Buildings, and pressure began to mount to have it proclaimed official. 47 Bowing to this, Mackenzie King issued an order-in-council on September 5, 1945, to the effect that: Until such time as action is taken by Parliament for the formal adoption of a national flag ... it shall be appropriate to fly the Canadian Red Ensign within and without Canada wherever place or occasion may make it desirable to fly a distinctive Canadian flag. Mackenzie was nothing if not a politician. What appears to be rather tortured language was actually masterly. It "permitted French Canadians to think the Ensign had been rejected as a permanent standard, English Canadians to think it had been accepted, and others to cling to the hope that a new national emblem was imminent." 48 The Canadian Red Ensign now returned to the parliament from which it had been displaced for the last forty-three years by the Union Flag. THE SECOND DEBACLE (1945-1946) Two months later, Prime Minister King approached the problem at arm's length. On November 8, 1945, his acting prime minister moved that a joint committee of the Senate and House of Commons be appointed to consider and report upon a suitable design for a distinctive national flag. With that, his Minister of Veterans' Affairs put the case for the government, while being careful to assure the parliament that "narrow nationalism" was not the goal. Whereupon the Conservative member from Nanaimo, Maj.-Gen. George Pearkes, offered an amendment that would have circumvented the committee by immediately adopting "the present Canadian Red Ensign as the official national flag." There probably were sufficient votes available to pass this motion at the time, but the Speaker, Dr. Gaspard Fauteux, (known to the press gallery as Dr. Ghastly Faux-pas) ruled the amendment out of order. 49 Likely, this was the closest the country ever came to having the Canadian Red Ensign as its official national flag. On November 14, the motion to establish a committee passed with only two opposed. This said more for Parliament's desire to resolve the issue than it did for its unanimity on the nature of the best solution. There were now four camps, those favouring: the Union Flag, the Canadian Red Ensign, a modified Red Ensign, and, for the first time, an exclusively Canadian flag, the chief contender for which was the Ligue du Drapeau National's green leaf on a diagonal red and white field. In opening the committee's deliberations, Secretary of State Paul Martin specified that the ideal flag of Canada should be easily recognizable, unlike any other, discernible at a distance, characteristic in structure, and appropriate and symbolic of the country and of its position as a sovereign state in the family of nations. Yet, in the end, the committee recommended "that the national flag of Canada should be the Canadian red ensign with a maple leaf in autumn golden colours in a bordered background of white," and thereby violated most of the Martin's criteria. Having conceived a lion, the committee gave birth to a house cat. The recommended flag was but a trivial variation on many other proposals dating back to the 1890s. But what had been an assertion of an independent spirit in colonial Canada, was now an assertion of a colonial spirit in an independent Canada. Before 1931, the attempt had been to place a Canadian symbol upon a British flag; after 1931 the attempt was to remove a British symbol from a Canadian flag. The committee's recommendation for the red ensign with the golden maple leaf had been carried twenty-three to one, with eleven absentees. Yet, despite what appeared to be overwhelming support, the Prime Minister rejected the committee's report on the superficial grounds that it was not unanimous. He then dropped the flag issue, even though the recommended flag had been his personal choice. What could have brought about this odd sequence of events? The answer, in part, was that the consensus of the committee was clearly not the consensus of the country. Of the 2,695 designs submitted to the committee by May 9, 1946, analysis revealed that maple leaves were featured in 1611 (60%), Union Flags in 383 (14%), stars in 231, fleurs-de-lis in 184, beavers in 116, crowns in 49, and crosses in 22. By this vote not only had Canadians shown their continuing love affair with the maple leaf, but only one in seven had shown a desire to retain the Union Flag on the national flag. Yet, that is what the committee chose to do. Within the committee the fundamental controversy had been over the retention of the Union Flag upon the flag of Canada. The imperialists, were adamant that Canada's flag should include the Union Flag. Nationalists from within and without Quebec said no. In particular, the Quebec Legislative Assembly urged the committee "to choose a really Canadian flag, that is to say a flag that excludes any sign of subjection, of colonialism, and which all Canadians, regardless of their origin, may display with pride." In a rational world, this request would have been treated as additional evidence that the inclusion of the Union Flag was inappropriate; but in this polarized committee, it probably only served to harden the defensiveness of the imperialists. Finally, Walter Harris, the chairman of the Commons portion of the committee, had received word from above. Prime Minister King had turned the committee's work into a mummery by instructing the Liberal majority to support the red ensign with the golden maple leaf. 50 So King had obtained what he wanted, but as it was not what the country wanted, to have pressed the matter would have invoked nothing but trouble. If he were to drop it, the Canadian Red Ensign in its present form would continue to fly, in the words of the order-in-council, "wherever place or occasion may make it desirable to fly a distinctive Canadian flag." King dropped the matter. But the problem refused to go away. In response to the rebuff given to Quebec's request, a provincial movement was initiated to persuade the government of Quebec to fly a truly Canadian flag over its legislative building. 51 Two years latter, the movement was successful as Quebec became the first province to declare its own flag. 52 Although this provided some measure of satisfaction within the province, it did not solve the national problem. THE MOMENTUM BUILDS (1947-1964) The controversy over a Canadian flag for Canada now became a national sport which was played regularly in newspapers, magazines and parliament. Following the 1946 flag debacle, the issue resurfaced with chronic regularity in Parliament. "During the speech from the throne Opposition members invariably referred to the failure of the government to produce a national flag. When the Liberals were in power Conservatives were the critics; when the Conservatives attained office in 1957 Liberals voiced their complaints." 53 Familiar, and justified, laments were offered during the Korean war (1950-1953) that "Canadian soldiers are being asked once more to fight abroad and shed their blood under a flag which is not theirs." 54 However, far more ironic was the issue of the flag raised in another war: that waged by the French and English against Egypt after President Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal in 1956. This occasioned Lester Pearson's greatest diplomatic achievement, for, in the proposal which brought him the Nobel Prize, he suggested that the French and English forces be replaced by a United Nations peacekeeping force. Yet when Calgary's Queen's Own Rifles were offered for the force, President Nasser remarked that the Canadian troops might be mistaken for the British, because of their uniforms, their regimental name, and the Union Flag in the Red Ensign. 55 The Queen's Own Rifles were withdrawn and Canada sent only equipment and a contingent of support services. 56 Throughout the 1950s and early 1960s, the major contenders for the national flag were the Canadian Red Ensign, and the green leaf on a red and white flag diagonal field (as proposed by the Ligue du Drapeau National). The Union Flag was no longer seriously in the running. Since the Second World War, a gap had formed between public sentiment and Canada's ambiguously national and increasingly inappropriate flag. Although the flags were used by officials, the general public's taste for flying them had waned. In commenting on the attitude in Canada in the early 1950s, Arthur Lower noted that "no flags are flown in this curious country on the day devoted to celebrating its birth because it has no flag to fly, not one that all its people will accept, anyway." 57 In 1958, a extensive poll was taken of the attitudes that adult Canadians held toward the flag. Of those who expressed opinions, over 80 percent wanted a national flag entirely different than that of any other nation, and, in results remarkably similar that obtained from the 1946 flag submissions, 60 percent wanted their flag to bear the maple leaf, while only 13 percent wished it to bear the Union Flag. 58 Imperialists were beginning to feel threatened. In defence, societies were formed for the promotion of the Canadian Red Ensign and, for the first time, pamphleteers began to sing its praises. 59 What the supporters of the Canadian Red Ensign lacked in numbers, they certainly made up in passion. THE GREAT FLAG DEBATE OPENS (1960-1964) The Great Flag Debate of 1964 was played out on that same field of emotions as the many other Canadian flag controversies since Confederation: Canadian nationalism verses Canadian imperialism. But somehow the battle in 1964 loomed larger than life; the combatants, of mythical proportions, served as champions for the legions who had gone before. In 1964, very little was new, with a major exception: the battle, once joined, was carried to its cathartic conclusion. The opening shots in the final battle of this civil war were fired by Pearson in January 1960 when he was Leader of the Opposition. He invited the government to solve the flag problem. Prime Minister Diefenbaker, who controlled Canada's largest majority to that date, could have easily accepted the invitation, but he did not seize the opportunity. So, Pearson continued to quietly gather information which would serve him well in the future. The one man who is most responsible for our present Canadian flag was John Matheson, the Liberal member for Leeds County in Ontario. On February 5, 1963, in the flickering twilight of the Diefenbaker regime, Matheson had placed two questions on the order paper: "Does Canada have national colours, and if so what are these colours? Does Canada have a national emblem and, if so, what is that emblem?" Both answers were to be found in the Canada's 1921 Grant of Arms. The national colours were red and white, as found on the torse and mantling, and the national emblem was three maple leaves conjoined on one stem, as found in the base of the arms. Matheson, a student of heraldry, already knew the answers, but he had been laying the groundwork for the actions of a Liberal government in the succeeding months. The election of the spring of 1963 had brought the Liberals back to power, but with a minority government. During the campaign, Pearson had promised that Canada would have a national flag within two years of his election, in plenty of time for the 1967 centennial of Confederation. 60 To do this he needed a knowledge of flags and a plausible proposal. John Matheson continued to advise the Prime Minister and followed a preliminary letter of February 14, 1963, with a detailed submission on May 23. In these he proposed a flag bearing "three red maple leaves conjoined on a single stem" on a white field. 61 It was Canada's national emblem in Canada's national colours. From the beginning, Matheson's aim had been to avoid creating something new, but rather to use that which Canada had long held as its own. In this sense the proposal was very old: three red leaves on a white field was the Canadian badge proposed by Edward Chadwick for the blue ensign in 1896; the emblem of Canada on the Fortescue Duguid's Battle Flag of 1939 (first proposed in 1924); it was Canadian element of the army badge of 1947; the Canadian element on the revised arms in 1957 and the Queen's personal flag for Canada of 1962. In another sense, the proposal was strikingly new; this was the first time it appeared unaccompanied and so proclaimed the single message: Canada. In February 1964, the three-leaf design was leaked to the press. Only a couple of months later, while Pearson was preparing for the forthcoming flag debate, Matheson's elegant proposal was muddied. One Saturday morning (probably early in May) Matheson was invited to the PM's residence to show him several drawings of the three-leaf flag. He took along Alan Beddoe, an advisor and artist. As Matheson described the incident: The prime minister studied the sketches produced. Then without any prior advice or warning to me, Beddoe extracted from his brief case another design, with vertical blue bars, which he handed to the prime minister saying: "Perhaps you would prefer this flag which conveys the message: From Sea to Sea." 62 Beddoe's design caught Pearson's fancy immediately, and shortly afterwards on May 14, 1964, Pearson informed the press of his choice and his intention to proceed with the flag legislation. With the addition of the blue bars, the three-leaf flag quickly attained the derisive epithet "Pearson's Pennant." In addition to offering the predictable captious comments, critics noted that vertical blue bars do not normally represent water, as was the attempt here. Rather, water is traditionally shown by blue and white wavy lines, such as could be seen on the flag of British Columbia. Further, Canada's colours were red and white only. Nevertheless, the three-leaf design with, and without the blue bars, quickly developed a following among Canadians ranging from flag-carrying demonstrators on Parliament hill, to Toronto night-club strippers who climaxed their acts by jiggling on stage with three strategically placed red maple leaves. 63 One thoughtful criticism of the Pearson design was offered in a widely circulated brief by George Bist, who, while retaining the blue bars, replaced the three leaves with a single red leaf on a white square, and thus evoked Eugène Fiset's 1919 suggestion for the Arms of Canada. Immediately, the New Democratic Party seized upon the idea as its own, 64 and it became widely promoted by the instantly formed apolitical group, a Citizen's Committee for a Single Maple Leaf. 65 Meanwhile the supporters of the single green leaf on the diagonal red and white field had been busy. The Native Sons of Canada arranged for miniature copies of their favourite to be delivered to every member of parliament, where, on May 12, they bloomed in the House on the desks of thirteen members of the Créditiste party. 66 In the battle for public opinion, Pearson took his campaign into the lions' den. In 1925, and again in 1945-46, the Orange Lodge had been the main force opposed to breaking the imperial link and losing the Union Flag. In 1964, the Royal Canadian Legion was the most vocal supporter of the status quo in the form of the Canadian Red Ensign. For months, every issue of their magazine, Legionary, had carried a picture of the ensign with the caption "This is Canada's Flag-Let's Keep it Flying." 67 Prime Minister Pearson took his case to the 20th RCL Convention in Winnipeg on May 17. But, unlike King before him, Pearson was a veteran, having enlisted for service at the age of 17 during the First World War. The Prime Minister told a bemedaled and ensign-flying crowd at the convention that he meant no disrespect for the Union Flag, or the Canadian Red Ensign, but declared, "I believe most sincerely that it is time now for Canadians to unfurl a flag that is truly distinctive and truly national in character," to which the Legionnaires thundered "No! No!" 68 There was an irony in the fact that the Legionnaires, who had recently replaced the Union Flag on their own badge with a maple leaf, rose to their feet, booed, and continued to yell "No!" after Pearson said: "I believe that today a flag designed around the maple leaf will symbolize and be a true reflection of the new Canada." 69 But Pearson had sought a flag which would be "Canada's own and only Canada's" and the next day public reaction ran strongly in his favour. The Prime Minister opened the parliamentary debate on June 15, 1964, with a resolution to establish officially as the flag of Canada a flag embodying the emblem proclaimed by His Majesty King George V on November 21, 1921-three maple leaves conjoined on one stem-in the colours red and white then designated for Canada, the red leaves occupying a field of white between vertical sections of blue on the edges of the flag. 70 Then, in a moving speech, Pearson outlined the history of the Union Flag, the Canadian Red Ensign, the Canadian coat of Arms, and the maple leaf as symbol. He assured the Parliament that the issue would be solved by neither an order-in-council nor a referendum, but rather, by Parliament itself. Before the debate had opened, John Diefenbaker had placed himself in the untenable position of denying the historical affinity of Canadians for the maple leaf as a symbol; said Diefenbaker, "The Government proposed Maple Leaf design bears no relationship with Canada's past." 71 Then, as he opened the opposition side of the debate, he denigrated it further with: "Surely Canada deserves something better than ... the symbol of three maple leaves." 72 Both history and the mood of the land were against him. Diefenbaker had trapped himself in the sincere, but ultimately futile, position of denouncing his country's very popular and indeed official symbol, while simultaneously lauding that of another independent nation, albeit one with close emotional and historic ties with Canada. As Peter C. Newman observed, "the thirty-seven angry days of the flag debate allowed the Liberal Leader to transcend his time while the Tory Chief remained a prisoner of his heritage." 73 Diefenbaker became increasingly isolated, even within his own party. Eventually some thirty English-speaking Conservatives and the whole ten-man Quebec contingent refused to support Diefenbaker's leadership on this issue. 74 If history was against Diefenbaker, it was not always clear at the time that history was on the side of Pearson. Not only had newspapers speculated that Pearson was about to commit political suicide, 75 but his colleagues were not always confident that the country would back him on the emotional issue of a new flag. MATHESON AND THE GRAIL (1964) The seemingly endless debate raged in Parliament and the press with no side giving quarter. Then on September 10, the Prime Minister yielded to the suggestion that the matter be referred to a special flag committee. The Conservatives at first saw this event as a victory, for they knew that all previous flag committees had suffered miscarriages. The all-party committee had fifteen members: seven Liberals, five Conservatives, one New Democrat, one Social Crediter, and one Créditiste. It was to report to the house of Commons in six weeks, and its meetings were understood to be confidential. Although the Prime Minister had asked John Matheson to be the chairman, he declined on the grounds that he could be more effective as a member. So on Matheson's recommendation, Herman Batten, the Member for Humber-St. George, was appointed chairman. This ended Pearson's involvement in the controversy for the time being, for unlike Mackenzie King in 1946, Pearson did not interfere with the committee's work. 76 The committee received extensive advice on flags and heraldry, yet while relevant to the question on hand, it was not clear that the members were listening. Seemingly impervious to expert testimony, two intransigent camps persisted: the Anglophone Tories, who insisted that the Union Flag should occupy the position of honour on Canada's flag; and the rest, who supported a flag based exclusively on the maple leaf. There was no such thing as a calm or reasoned discussion in the committee and weeks dragged on with no progress. John Matheson realized that if the committee were ever to produce a good flag, he would have to choose it himself, and then manoeuvre the committee into supporting it. For anyone as familiar as he was with the history of Canada's very long and factious flag controversy, this was a daunting prospect. The fact that Matheson succeeded gloriously earned him the Prime Minister's appreciative appellation: "the man who had more to do with it than any other." 77 The first problem was the design. Already Matheson had abandoned any expectation of obtaining acceptance for either his original three-leaf flag or Pearson's favourite blue-bar modification. Each had sunk beneath an overburden of political criticism. Further, he was becoming persuaded of the elegant simplicity of a single leaf design. Extensive conversations with two friends, neither of whom made formal presentations to the committee, strongly influenced Matheson's ultimate choice. The first was Lt.-Col. George F.G. Stanley, Ph.D., then Dean of Arts at the Royal Military College, at Kingston, and later to be lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick. John Matheson tells of one of their conversations which took place in Kingston earlier that year: I particularly recall standing beside George Stanley and looking up at the Royal Military College flag.... This flag had three vertical pales, red-white-red, with the college crest (a mailed fist holding three maple leaves) on the white centre pale. Dr. Stanley remarked "There, John, is your flag." Interpreting him literally I remarked that Canadians would not accept a mailed fist symbol. He said, "No, I mean with a red maple leaf in the place of the College Crest." 78 Not only was the RMC flag in the national colours, but its striking red-white-red pales were very probably modeled upon the ribbon on Canada's first military medal, the General Service Medal, issued for the defence of Canada between 1866 and 1870. However, the equal pales presented a flag too close to that of Peru, and the centre white pale was too narrow to effectively display a single large maple leaf. So, following the suggestion of Eugène Fiset to the arms committee in 1919, Matheson broadened the central pale to a form a square. The irony of thus presenting the angry Legionnaires with what was their own badge appealed to Matheson's sense of mischief. Matheson's second confidant and advisor was Conrad Swan, a herald at the College of Arms in London. In the end, Swan, a native of Vancouver Island, not only provided the heraldic language used on the flag proclamation, but in describing Matheson's unusually broad central pale, gave it a new heraldic term: the Canadian Pale. In the ensuing years, the Canadian Pale became a common feature of flags in Canada as it blossomed on the flags of territories, municipalities, crown corporations, and associations. There remained the choice of a leaf design. As Chadwick had noted in 1894, a simple, stylized version of the maple leaf is to be preferred on Canada's flag to a detailed, naturalistic rendition. Matheson's design was refined throughout the fall of 1964, but the final version was based on a leaf that Jacques Saint-Cyr of the Government Exhibition Commission had designed for and placed on some exhibition shipping crates. Matheson only had to straighten out a slight curve in the stem of Saint-Cyr's design to have the leaf that now appears on our flag. 79 Throughout, Matheson had striven to select a design whose roots ran deep into Canadian history and symbolism. His choice satisfied that criterion admirably, but how was he now to arrange it so the committee would adopt his choice. Stealth was in order, for even a very good design, if promoted by the Liberals, would become a target for unbridled criticism. Surreptitiously, the Matheson flag joined the other proposals on the wall. Others were also becoming discouraged. One afternoon Liberal, Grant Deachman, and New Democrat, Reid Scott, confronted Matheson with the startling information that they were prepared to cave in and go along with the Conservatives on an ensign. They pointed out the obvious: Pearson's favourite had no chance of success. Matheson protested that he had long since been persuaded of the superiority of a one-leaf design and that it was imperative that the committee not choose an ensign, but a flag, and one which displayed both Canada's colours and Canada's emblem. The design, he said, should at least match the aesthetic standards of the stylish Pearson Pennant, still on the wall. When Deachman and Scott sought an example of such a flag, Matheson pointed out the flag he had so carefully nurtured. Almost instantly an agreement was reached: that design was to be the choice. 80 But how to get the flag accepted? For now, secrecy must be maintained lest the Conservatives disparage the flag solely because others were in favour of it. It was also was agreed that Deachman, who was the government strategist, would orchestrate their efforts. The strategy required that at all times the Conservatives should vote in fear of an ultimate victory for the three-leaf Pearson Pennant. They must not suspect that everyone else had agreed to support Matheson's proposal. This plan was greatly facilitated by a general agreement that all votes would be taken in camera. Although the vote would be recorded in the minutes, the committee would only be informed of the success or failure of each motion. The fateful day for the voting came on October 22, 1964. The chairman, Herman Batten, who did not vote, started by placed three motions before the committee. First, the Conservative motion to decide the flag question with a national plebiscite, was defeated (by 9 to 5). Next, the motion that there should be but one national flag passed (14 to 0). Finally, the motion that the national flag should be the extant Canadian Red Ensign was defeated (by 10 to 4, the four in favour all being Anglophone Tories). As the national flag now would not be the Canadian Red Ensign, the committee had to choose from among the new designs. The flags were grouped into three classes, and then, by a procedure previously agreed upon, each class was reduced to a single representative flag. There were now only three finalists, and a vote was taken for the retention of each. The class of three-leaf designs, represented by the Pearson Pennant, was retained (by a vote of 8 to 6), as was the class of one-leaf designs, represented by Matheson's flag (13 to 1). The final class, containing either the Union Flag or fleur-de-lis, was rejected (9 to 5). This was a significant achievement: for the first time it was clear that the flag of Canada would be exclusively Canadian. But, with flags in the form of ensigns eliminated, the problem still remained to choose between the one-leaf and three-leaf designs. The Conservatives assumed that the Liberals would still be committed to the Pearson Pennant, but all others would vote against it. So the Tories made their choice for the one-leaf flag, not on the basis of design, but solely as a way to humiliate the Grits with an split and inconclusive vote. This is exactly what government strategy had expected them to do. The vote in favour of Matheson's design was a unanimous fourteen to nothing. The Tories were horrified at what they had done. So, on the next motion, which asserted that the just-chosen design represented a suitable flag for Canada, they cast an ineffective four votes in opposition. There followed a motion recommending the continued permissive use of the Union Flag "as a symbol of Canada's membership in the Commonwealth of Nations and her allegiance to the Crown"; this passed (8 to 1 with 5 Tory abstentions). 81 In the end, the Conservative obstinacy had done the country a great service for it had bought the extra time necessary to develop the best possible flag. But having a unanimous choice for a flag in the committee, as amazing as it was, did not constitute acceptance by Parliament itself. THE CATHARTIC CONCLUSION (1964) The flag controversy was all over but for the shouting; unfortunately there was plenty of that left. John Diefenbaker led off with a broadside over national CBC TV in which he asserted that the chosen flag "shows nothing of our heritage." 82 It was downhill from there. The fact that the Conservative members of the flag committee had voted for the new flag did not stop them from opposing it now that it was before Parliament. The pro-ensign voter, minority though he seemed to be, still relied on the Conservatives to block the new flag, so the debate staggered on acrimoniously for six weeks as the Conservatives launched a filibuster. Tory tactics soon began to backfire as they began to be blamed for, in the phrase of the Montréal Star, "holding the Parliament to ransom." Soon even the Conservatives felt trapped as one after another expressed his frustration with his leader's obduracy. Complained, Nova Scotian MP George Nowlan, "The Liberals have got to use closure, to get us off the hook. We can't just quit, our people would never forgive us for it. They've got to take the responsibility of forcing us." 83 Then both Léon Balcer, Diefenbaker's Quebec lieutenant, and the Créditiste, Réal Caouette, invited the government to end the parliamentary travesty by applying closure. Responding to the inevitability of it, the government cut off debate with a closure motion which passed 152 to 85. When the final vote on the adoption of the new flag came at 2:00 a.m., December 15, 1964, it passed by 163 to 78. Everyone was drained; commented the Globe and Mail on December 16: "Flags that have been torn in battle with a foreign enemy can still fly with pride. This will surely be the first flag in history that was shred by its sons." On the afternoon of December 15, the House of Commons dealt with the continued use of the Union Flag. The vote was a whopping 185 to 25 in favour of its retention as a symbol of Canada's allegiance to the Crown and its membership in the Commonwealth. The Senate, in turn, passed the resolution on December 17. Then, on Christmas Eve 1964, the Queen of Canada approved the Maple Leaf Flag. She signed the Royal Proclamation on January 28, 1965, when both the Prime Minister and the Leader of the Opposition were in London attending the funeral of Sir Winston Churchill. By the Proclamation, the Maple Leaf Flag became the flag of Canada on February 15, 1965. At noon on that day, throughout Canada and at Canadian legations and on Canadian ships throughout the world, the Canadian Red Ensign was lowered with great honour and the Maple Leaf Flag was raised. On Parliament Hill, Gaetan "Secours, a 26 year-old R.C.M.P. constable pulled smartly at the halyard of the flagpole beside the dais and moments later, a sudden east wind gave the first breath of life to Canada's red maple leaf flag." 84 A pre-eminently Canadian Nation From early in the nation's history, two things were clear: the maple leaf is the pre-eminently Canadian symbol; a flag is the pre-eminent manifestation of a national symbol. Yet, for the better part of a century these two ideas could not be joined to produce a Maple Leaf Flag for Canada, because the nation, itself, was not pre-eminently Canadian. Canada's soul was rent by conflicting allegiances. The seemingly endless quest for the national flag quickly became an almost formalized ritual through which the nation agonized over its emotional identity. Since 1871, every conceivable device was used-newspapers, magazines, pamphlets, books, speeches, sermons, radio and television programs, and parliamentary questions and motions-to explore the symbolic soul of the nation. The din was incessant, so much so that ironic concern was expressed in 1964 over how Canadians would handle the deprivation, if their favourite controversy was ever actually settled. Speculated Walter Stewart: "many of us will remember it longingly, the way a toothache victim probes with tender tongue for the spot recently vacated by a throbbing molar." 85 The national toothache, certainly a prosaic metaphor, but the flag quest did have an chronic presence shared by few other national problems, and the grail when found, contained the most soothing of national balms. For the first third of a century, an enthusiastic public had festooned holidays and patriotic events with flags. A fallow period followed, during which time a gap slowly widened between public sentiment and Canada's ambiguously national and increasingly inappropriate flags. Although the flags were used by officials, the Canadian public's taste for flying them had waned. Then with the happy adoption of the National Flag, and the widespread reverence it received, the use of flags of all kinds in this country was profoundly influenced. Not only was the Maple Leaf Flag proudly displayed everywhere, but a parade of provinces, cities, villages, associations, and businesses quickly followed suit and enthusiastically hoisted their own identities upon masts. A proliferation of flags, often including either a Canadian pale or a modern maple leaf, now fills both the large cities and a deep need. Canadians have become a flag-flying people once again. The National Flag has now became fused with the Canadian identity so comfortably that it is now hard to imagine the nation without it. As Arthur Lower noted when describing the change only two years after the event: Since the adoption of the new flag, something very interesting has happened to the Canadian psyche ... the country is ... coming to see itself as an entity.... Each time ... the average citizen looks at the new flag, he unconsciously says to himself "That's me!" 86 Finally the maple leaf has been joined by the nation in being pre-eminently Canadian, and, all three-the maple leaf, the flag, and the nation-say, in the words of Lester B. Pearson, "I stand for Canada." This work is copyrighted. All rights reserved. Endnotes 1. E.M. Chadwick, "The Canadian Flag" Canadian Almanac, 1896 (Toronto: Copp, Clark, 1896), p. 228. 2. Nationalism in this treatment is taken to mean Canadian nationalism so it includes the sentiments found in both founding nations which promoted a Canadian as opposed to a British, or even an American, identity. 3. Arthur R.M. Lower, "The Evolution of the Sentimental Idea of Empire: A Canadian View," History (January 1927): 289-303. Reprinted in History and Myth: Arthur Lower and the Making of Canadian Nationalism (Vancouver: U.B.C., 1975), pp. 290-304. 4. Durham, John George Lambton, 1st Earl of, Lord Durham's Report on the Affairs of British North America, edited with an introduction by C.P. Lucas (Oxford: Claredon, 1912), 2: 331. 5. Lower, "The Evolution of the Sentimental Idea of Empire." 6. The phrase was coined by John L. O'Sullivan in his United States Magazine and Democratic Review (July-August 1845), but he was just enunciating what had been, and continued to be, an American predilection which Canadians understandably found threatening. 7. Kingston Whig-Standard, February 10, 1956. 8. Arthur R.M. Lower, Canadians in the Making (Don Mills: Longmans, 1958), p. 439. The letter, from New York, was dated March 25, 1953. 9. A novel, Catch-22, by Joseph Heller, introduced the term into the language to denote a difficult situation or problem which apparently has alternative solutions, but which are nevertheless mutually contradictory. 10. Peter C. Newman, "The Great Flag Debate" The Distemper of Our Times, (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1968), p. 254. 11. John Ross Matheson, Canada's Flag: A Search for a Nation, (Boston: G.K. Hall, 1980), p. 46. 12. Canada: House of Commons Debates, June 4, 1964, IV, pp. 3917-20. 13. Newman, The Distemper of Our Times, p. 259. 14. John G. Diefenbaker, One Canada (Toronto: Macmillan, 1977), p. 225. 15. Diefenbaker, One Canada, p. 223. 16. Matheson, Canada's Flag, p. 66. 17. From Pearson's speech to the Royal Canadian Legion at Winnipeg on May 17, 1964. See Matheson, Canada's Flag, p. 74. 18. Pearson's speech of June 15, 1964 can be found in its entirety in the Canada: House of Commons Debates, IV (1964), pp. 4306-4309, 4319-26. Most of it is also found in the pamphlet, I stand for Canada! (Ottawa: Liberal Federation of Canada, 1964). Also see Matheson, Canada's Flag, pp. 80-86. 19. This assessment was offered by Patrick Nicholson in, Vision and Indecision (Don Mills: Longmans, 1968), p. 347. 20. Whitney Smith, The Flag Book of the United States (New York: William Morrow, 1975), p. 91. An excellent discussion of the gradual apotheosis of the American Flag as the premier icon of American civil religion can be found in Scott M. Guenter's book, The American Flag, 1777-1924 (Rutherford: Fairleigh Dickenson, 1990). 254 pp. 21. E.M.C. Barraclough, and W.G. Crampton, Flags of the World (London: Frederick Warne, 1978), p. 22. Most authors are not as careful with their language as these are. As a result, the number of authors who categorically name the Union Flag as the national flag of Britain is legion. Such authors seem unprepared to make a distinction between a flag being regarded as, or being used as, a national flag, and a flag actually being the national flag. Yet, for Canada, this distinction is crucial, for in its absence, the order-in-council of September 5, 1945, which only authorized the "flying of the Canadian Red Ensign wherever place or occasion may make it desirable to fly a distinctive Canadian flag," would have created a national flag. However, it did not. 22. George T. Denison, The Struggle for Imperial Unity, (London: Macmillan, 1909), pp. 134-136. 23. Conrad Swan, Canada: Symbols of Sovereignty (Toronto: University of Toronto, 1977), p. 79. 24. Andrew D. MacLean, British Flags on Land and Sea (Toronto: Hugh C. Maclean, 1929), pp. 23, 37. 25. Charles P. Band and Emilie L. Stovel, Our Flag (Toronto: Musson, 1925), pp. 11, 34. 26. Matheson, Canada's Flag, pp. 120-21. 27. Colin Campbell, "The Imperial and Canadian Flags," Canadian Almanac, 1895 (Toronto: Copp, Clark, 1895), p. 217. 28. Globe, (Toronto: March 1893). Quoted by Nina L. Edwards, The Story of the First Canadian Club, 1893-1953 (Hamilton: 1953). 29. Edwards, The Story of the First Canadian Club. 30. Sandford Fleming, "The Canadian Flag: A Proposal for The Meteor Flag of the Dominion" The Week, (Toronto: May 31, 1895), Cover, p. 639. 31. Chadwick, "The Canadian Flag" Canadian Almanac, 1896, pp. 227-28. 32. Barlow Cumberland, The Story of the Union Jack, (Toronto: William Briggs, 1897), pp. 227-30, Plate IX. On the title page Cumberland bills himself as both the "Past President of the National Club, Toronto, and Supreme President of the 'Sons of England,' Canada." 33. George F.G. Stanley, The Story of Canada's Flag (Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1965), p. 29. 34. Herbert George Todd, Armory and Lineages of Canada, 7th annual issue, 1919 (Yonkers: self, 1919), Plate I. 35. The discussion of the flag controversy of 1925 is based mainly on Matheson, Canada's Flag, Ch. 3.; and Stanley, The Story of Canada's Flag, Ch. 8. 36. Matheson, Canada's Flag, p. 29. 37. Personal communication from Auguste Vachon. 38. One proposal presented only a pastiche of the Union Flag; it featured, however, a single crowned maple leaf. The pamphlet, Proposed Royal Arms for Independent Canada (Boston: Dexter, 1903), p. 4, was prepared by the Aryan Order College of Arms in Canada. 39. J.F. Mitchell, Proposed Design for Canadian Flag (Winnipeg: self, 1929), 15 pp. 40. McDonagh, A Canadian Flag for Canada. 41. Ligue du Drapeau National, Pour un Drapeau National -For a National Flag (Québec: Ligue du Drapeau National, c. 1943), 20 p. 42. Maple Leaf (London: Canadian Armed Forces, December 10, 1945), editorial. 43. T.S. Ewart, A Flag for Canada (Ottawa: self, 1947), p. 5. 44. John Ross Matheson, "Birth of a Flag" The Archivist 17, 1 (Ottawa: National Archives of Canada, 1990), p. 6. 45. Blair Fraser, "The Great Flag Debate: Maple Leaf Rampant" The Search for Identity (Toronto: Doubleday, 1967), p. 237. 46. Fraser, The Search for Identity, p. 238. 47. Walter Stewart, "The Great Flag Fight" The Star Weekly (Toronto, July 4, 1964). 48. Stewart, "The Great Flag Fight." 49. Fraser, The Search for Identity, p. 238. 50. Fraser, The Search for Identity, p. 238. 51. Jean-Guy Labarre, Non au Drapeau Canadian (Montréal: Les Éditions Actualité, 1962), p. 52. 52. Although Nova Scotians have made use of a banner of their arms since 1858, the province has never formally adopted it as the provincial flag. 53. Stanley, The Story of Canada's Flag, p. 58. 54. The observation of Léon Balcer made in Parliament in May, 1951. See, Stanley, The Story of Canada's Flag, p. 57. 55. Chicago Tribune Press Service (January 5, 1957). 56. Desmond Morton, A Military History of Canada (Edmonton: Hurtig, 1985), p. 242. 57. Lower, Canadians in the making, p. 439. 58. The poll was taken by the Canadian Cross-Section, a CIPO affiliate. The statistics are presented by Jack Gale in "What Canadians want in a Flag," The Star Weekly (Toronto: March 21, 1959), p. 12. A total of 1,110 people were sampled from across the country. To the question, "Do you approve or disapprove of Canada having a national flag entirely different from that of any other country?" 74.9% approved, 14.9% disapproved, and 10.2% offered no opinion. To the question "If Canada did get another flag what should be on it?" 46.7% said the maple leaf, 10.2 said the Union Flag, 10.0% said a beaver, 3.6% (but 0% in Quebec) said the fleur-de-lis, and 23.0% expressed no idea. 59. Examples of the pamphlets are: Does Canada need a new flag? (Toronto: British-Isreal-World Federation, 1957, 1958), 20 p; R.E. Wemp Our Flag, its origin, history, symbolism, & significance (Toronto: British-Isreal-World Federation, 1959), 32 p, 2nd edition (1961), 24 p; and, Canada's Flag Keep it Flying (Toronto: Canadian Patriotic Association, n.d.), 8 p. 60. Stanley, The Story of Canada's Flag, p. 63. 61. Matheson, Canada's Flag, p. 68. 62. Matheson, Canada's Flag, p. 128. 63. Newman, The Distemper of Our Times, p. 257. 64. Matheson, Canada's Flag, p. 125. 65. The Citizens Committee for a Single Maple Leaf advertised their choice widely in newspapers in June 1964. See, for example, the Montreal Gazette (Montréal: June 15, 1964), p. 9. 66. Stewart, "The Great Flag Fight." 67. Matheson, Canada's Flag, p. 69. 68. Stewart, "The Great Flag Fight." 69. Information extracted from a film clip of Pearson's Legionnaire Speech broadcast on the first program of the PBS series "Canada: True North" (September 17, 1988). 70. Canada: House of Commons Debates, IV, 1964, p. 4293. The resolution had been placed before the parliament first on May 28. See, p. 3675. 71. Montreal Gazette (Montréal: June 11, 1964). 72. Canada: House of Commons Debates, IV, 1964, p. 4330. 73. Newman, The Distemper of Our Times, p. 254. 74. Newman, The Distemper of Our Times, p. 259. 75. In its lead editorial, the Vancouver Province (Vancouver: January 18, 1964), suggested that "Mr. Pearson Flirts with Political Suicide." 76. Matheson, Canada's Flag, p. 128. 77. Time, 85, 9 (February 26 1965). Also, Matheson, Canada's Flag, p. 186. 78. Matheson, Canada's Flag, p. 122. 79. Personal communication from John R. Matheson. See also Matheson, Canada's Flag, p. 178. 80. Matheson, Canada's Flag, pp. 127-8. 81. Matheson, Canada's Flag, pp. 132-5. 82. Matheson, Canada's Flag, p. 136. 83. Fraser, The Search for Identity, p. 245. 84. Matheson, Canada's Flag, p. 186. He is quoting from the Canadian issue of Time magazine.Those sources give the officer's name as Joseph Secours. In fact, his name was Gaetan Secours. 85. Stewart, "The Great Flag Fight." 86. Lower, Queen's Quarterly (Summer 1967).	Canada
In January 1987, who became the first woman inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame?	Canadian logo set / 53 Canadian logos - Logoblink.com Canadian logo set / 53 Canadian logos 7 – The finance and leasing professionals in Canada 10 – Canadian foundation for climate and atmospheric science ( CFCAS ) 15 – main Americas logo All logos from this logo set are based on the maple leaf – the official symbol of Canada, represented on the country’s flag as well: This flag is a result of a big flag debate which took place in 1964 when a new design for the national flag was chosen. It is designed by George Stanley . Read here more about the flag and the leaf. — The Canada wordmark is mandatory on virtually all of the applications mentioned above. Established in 1980, the Canada wordmark is essentially a logo for the government of Canada. It consists of the word “Canada” written in a serif font, a modified version of Baskerville, with a Canadian flag over the final ‘a’. In a 1999 study, commissioned by the federal government, 77% of respondents remembered seeing the Canada wordmark at some point in the past . Due to the logo’s simplicity and pervasiveness as an identifier, it is likely more had seen it and forgotten. Television viewers may be familiar with the logo from seeing it in the credits of Canadian television programs. Read more in Wiki .	i don't know
Ommetaphobia is the irrational fear of which part of the body?	Ommetaphobia - Ommatophobia, Fear of Eyes, Eye Fear, Eye Phobia, Phobia of Eyes Websites Welcome to my site for Ommetaphobia. In hopes of trying to provide some helpful information, I have searched the Internet looking for information on Ommetaphobia (Ommatophobia, Fear of Eyes, Eye Fear, Eye Phobia, Phobia of Eyes). Please note I am not a doctor and only provide this site for informational purposes. I hope you will find some benefit in the site. Best wishes! ~Edd~ What is Ommetaphobia? Ommetaphobia is also known as Ommatophobia and is the fear of eyes. Ommetaphobia develops when someone has a bad situation or traumatic event occur in their life involving eyes (i.e., seeing an eye pop out of the socket, getting hit in the eye, going blind in an eye, etc.). Ommetaphobia is considered a social phobia because it involves social situations (i.e., looking into someone’s eyes, touching your eyes, things getting into your eyes, etc.). However, I would imagine it could also be considered a specific phobia. For example, someone seeing eyes floating in a jar could send them into a panic. You can find more information about social and specific phobias on the home page. What are the symptoms of Ommetaphobia? As with any phobia, the symptoms vary by person depending on their level of fear. The symptoms of Ommetaphobia typically include extreme anxiety, dread and anything associated with panic such as shortness of breath, rapid breathing, irregular heartbeat, sweating, excessive sweating, nausea, dry mouth, nausea, inability to articulate words or sentences, dry mouth and shaking. Can I take medicine for Ommetaphobia? Medicine can be prescribed for Ommetaphobia. Please note that these medications can have side effects and/or withdrawal systems that can be severe. It is also important to note that medicines do not cure Ommetaphobia, at best they only temporarily suppress the systems. However, there are treatments for Ommetaphobia, which include counseling, hypnotherapy, psychotherapy, and Neuro-Linguistic programming. Please click on the link at the top of the page called “Treatment Information” to find out more information on these types of treatments. Note: If you are going to do a search, some common Ommetaphobia search terms include Ommatophobia, Fear of Eyes, Eye Fear, Eye Phobia, Phobia of Eyes. DISCLAIMER: PLEASE READ - By printing, downloading, or using you this information, you agree to the following: 1) I am only providing this material for information and research purposes. 2) The information is "AS IS", "WITH ALL FAULTS". 3) You understand the information was gathered by doing a general search on Internet search engines for the following terms: Ommetaphobia,Ommatophobia, Fear of Eyes, Eye Fear, Eye Phobia, Phobia of Eyes. 4) User assumes all risk of use, damage, or injury. 5) Information may have errors or be outdated. 6) Some information is from historical sources or represents opinions of the author. 7) You agree that we have no liability for any damages. 8) I are not liable for any consequential, incidental, indirect, or special damages. Finally, if you do not agree to terms, do not use the information. It is for informational and research purposes only! If you have any questions please contact me [email protected]	Eye
Which US stadium was nicknamed the ‘House that Ruth Built’?	ommetaphobia ( eyes) ommetaphobia ( eyes) ommetaphobia ( eyes) first time posting I have a very bad fear of eyes to the point I cant make eye contact with anyone for less than about a minute, not even my own, which sucks because i have big eyes. I cant handle hearing seeing or thinking about things like contact lenses, injury, or anything at all with eyes. My phobia started in 5th grade, to put it shortly since i can not tell the full story without being scared, lets just say i fell into a coat hanger. no serious injury i actually just...got up and walked away. but it left me traumatized. My teacher would also tell stories on how her sister harmed her own eyes and flipping eye lids was the trend so it never helped and just made it grow. in HS kids would also open their eyes like O_O and lean into me. At work everyone was describing gore to me and the superman movie we have on at work has an image of some gore and I cant bear looking at it everyday. Its becoming such a huge problem. I cant go out without sunglasses or sometimes fake glasses. I also keep having bad day dreams any one else with this fear and can help :c? im very tired of it. ( itd be nice to look my boyfriend in the eyes ) 05-16-2013, 01:39 AM RE: ommetaphobia ( eyes) Hi ariokage and welcome to oFear I'm not keen on eyes either! I'm more than a little squeamish when it comes to eye ops and stuff like that. I think cos they are a vulnerable and sensitive area of the body - as well as a rather important part of one of our sense - sight - which makes them an all-round (ahem - no pun intended) unique bit of body kit. I think it could help to understand the logic of why you're protective of your eyes - more consciously so than others since your 'near miss' in 5th Grade - but to also recognise the illogical extent your mind has taken you to 'protect' your eyes - ie limiting eye contact - does it protect you from anything? From your story - where you fell into a coat hanger - seems a likely place for this to have started. Eyes are something we tend to take for granted and, like all things we take for granted, it's only when they're threatened that we become aware of how important and sensitive they are. You're obsessing about harm now - but in reality this was a one off event some time ago that didn't cause serious injury. On this level I can understand how sunglasses or fake glasses can offer some physical protection, a barrier, from injury. However, it looks like you've become hypersensitive to this to the degree that looking someone in the eye is psychologically uncomfortable for you. If I were to suggest how to overcome this, I'd opt for one or two choices: 1. Talk it thru logically; you're not daft (honest you're not! ) and when you explore the logical reality you can overcome the associated emotions by recognising them as irrational. 2. Expose yourself! (I don't mean run nude in public!) - meaning put yourself thru gradual steps to face your fears and realise you can survive them - they're not as real as you imagine they are. Once you feel comfortable at each level, move onto the next until you reach your ultimate goal. I don't think we need to aim for becoming an eye surgeon here tho - you've already said that your goal is to look your boyfriend in the eye and feel comfortable - so you can make that your overall aim. Example of a way to do this - a) Look at eyes in a magazine - just normal eyes in a photo - do this for as long as your comfy doing it. Practice doing it longer til you can do it for a minute or so with hardly any bad feeling. b) Look at people in their eye when they're not looking - while out and about in public so you can do it at a distance c) Get your boyfriend (depending how understanding and supportive he is) to face you but look away while you gaze into his eyes (you have permission to gaze 'dreamily' into his eyes ) Do this again until you can do it for a minute without feeling anxious d) Do same as above but with your boyfriend looking at you. These are some suggestions and you may think of some more of your own. Do them at your own pace - you don't have to complete each one in just one go. And always remember the point is to be able to look at your boyfriend in the eyes. If you wanted to improve beyond this, then you can easily take it to bigger levels of gore and such, but I don't think that's necessary to stop the process of not being able to look someone in the eye. Hope this helps - and good luck with whatever you try Ian	i don't know
In a standard game of chess, how many queens does each player start with?	How to Play Chess: Rules and Basics - Chess.com Chess.com Forums Learn to Play Chess It's never too late to learn how to play chess - the most popular game in the world! If you are totally new to the game or even want to learn all of the rules and strategies, read on! Getting Better at Chess History of Chess The origins of chess are not exactly clear, though most believe it evolved from earlier chess-like games played in India almost two thousand years ago.The game of chess we know today has been around since the 15th century where it became popular in Europe. The Goal of Chess Chess is a game played between two opponents on opposite sides of a board containing 64 squares of alternating colors. Each player has 16 pieces: 1 king, 1 queen, 2 rooks, 2 bishops, 2 knights, and 8 pawns. The goal of the game is to checkmate the other king. Checkmate happens when the king is in a position to be captured (in check) and cannot escape from capture. Starting a Game At the beginning of the game the chessboard is laid out so that each player has the white (or light) color square in the bottom right-hand side. The chess pieces are then arranged the same way each time. The second row (or rank) is filled with pawns. The rooks go in the corners, then the knights next to them, followed by the bishops, and finally the queen, who always goes on her own matching color (white queen on white, black queen on black), and the king on the remaining square. The player with the white pieces always moves first. Therefore, players generally decide who will get to be white by chance or luck such as flipping a coin or having one player guess the color of the hidden pawn in the other player's hand. White then makes a move, followed by black, then white again, then black and so on until the end of the game. How the Pieces Move Each of the 6 different kinds of pieces moves differently. Pieces cannot move through other pieces (though the knight can jump over other pieces), and can never move onto a square with one of their own pieces. However, they can be moved to take the place of an opponent's piece which is then captured. Pieces are generally moved into positions where they can capture other pieces (by landing on their square and then replacing them), defend their own pieces in case of capture, or control important squares in the game. The King The king is the most important piece, but is one of the weakest. The king can only move one square in any direction - up, down, to the sides, and diagonally. Click on the '>' button in the diagram below to see how the king can move around the board. The king may never move himself into check (where he could be captured). The Queen The queen is the most powerful piece. She can move in any one straight direction - forward, backward, sideways, or diagonally - as far as possible as long as she does not move through any of her own pieces. And, like with all pieces, if the queen captures an opponent's piece her move is over. Click through the diagram below to see how the queens move. Notice how the white queen captures the black queen and then the black king is forced to move. The Rook The rook may move as far as it wants, but only forward, backward, and to the sides. The rooks are particularly powerful pieces when they are protecting each other and working together! The Bishop The bishop may move as far as it wants, but only diagonally. Each bishop starts on one color (light or dark) and must always stay on that color. Bishops work well together because they cover up each other’s weaknesses. The Knight Knights move in a very different way from the other pieces – going two squares in one direction, and then one more move at a 90 degree angle, just like the shape of an “L”. Knights are also the only pieces that can move over other pieces. The Pawn Pawns are unusual because they move and capture in different ways: they move forward, but capture diagonally. Pawns can only move forward one square at a time, except for their very first move where they can move forward two squares. Pawns can only capture one square diagonally in front of them. They can never move or capture backwards. If there is another piece directly in front of a pawn he cannot move past or capture that piece. Promotion Pawns have another special ability and that is that if a pawn reaches the other side of the board it can become any other chess piece (called promotion). A pawn may be promoted to any piece. [NOTE: A common misconception is that pawns may only be exchanged for a piece that has been captured. That is NOT true.] A pawn is usually promoted to a queen. Only pawns may be promoted. En Passant The last rule about pawns is called “en passant,” which is French for “in passing”. If a pawn moves out two squares on its first move, and by doing so lands to the side of an opponent’s pawn (effectively jumping past the other pawn’s ability to capture it), that other pawn has the option of capturing the first pawn as it passes by. This special move must be done immediately after the first pawn has moved past, otherwise the option to capture it is no longer available. Click through the example below to better understand this odd, but important rule. Castling One other special rule is called castling. This move allows you to do two important things all in one move: get your king to safety (hopefully), and get your rook out of the corner and into the game. On a player’s turn he may move his king two squares over to one side and then move the rook from that side’s corner to right next to the king on the opposite side. (See the example below.) However, in order to castle, the following conditions must be met: it must be that king’s very first move it must be that rook’s very first move there cannot be any pieces between the king and rook to move the king may not be in check or pass through check Notice that when you castle one direction the king is closer to the side of the board. That is called castling kingside. Castling to the other side, through where the queen sat, is called castling queenside. Regardless of which side, the king always moves only two squares when castling. Check & Checkmate As stated before, the purpose of the game is to checkmate the opponent’s king. This happens when the king is put into check and cannot get out of check. There are only three ways a king can get out of check: move out of the way (though he cannot castle!), block the check with another piece, or capture the piece threatening the king. If a king cannot escape checkmate then the game is over. Customarily the king is not captured or removed from the board, the game is simply declared over. Draws Occasionally chess games do not end with a winner, but with a draw. There are 5 reasons why a chess game may end in a draw: The position reaches a stalemate where it is one player’s turn to move, but his king is NOT in check and yet he does not have another legal move The players may simply agree to a draw and stop playing There are not enough pieces on the board to force a checkmate (example: a king and a bishop vs.a king) A player declares a draw if the same exact position is repeated three times (though not necessarily three times in a row) Fifty consecutive moves have been played where neither player has moved a pawn or captured a piece Chess 960 Chess960 follows all the rules of standard chess, except for the starting position of pieces on the back rank, which are placed randomly in one of 960 possible positions. Castling is done just like in standard chess, with the King and Rook landing on their normal castled squares (g1 and f1, or c1 and d1). 960 plays just like standard chess, but with more variety in the opening. Some Tournament Rules Many tournaments follow a set of common, similar rules. These rules do not necessarily apply to play at home or online Touch-move If a player touches one of their own pieces they must move that piece as long as it is a legal move. If a player touches an opponent’s piece, they must capture that piece. A player who wishes to touch a piece only to adjust it on the board must first announce the intention, usually by saying “adjust”. Introduction to Clocks and Timers Most tournaments use timers to regulate the time spent on each game, not on each move. Each player gets the same amount of time to use for their entire game and can decide how to spend that time. Once a player makes a move they then touch a button or hit a lever to start the opponent’s clock. If a player runs out of time and the opponent calls the time, then the player who ran out of time loses the game (unless the opponent does not have enough pieces to checkmate, in which case it is a draw). Basic Strategy There are four simple things that every chess player should know: #1 Protect your king Get your king to the corner of the board where he is usually safer. Don’t put off castling. You should usually castle as quickly as possible. Remember, it doesn’t matter how close you are to checkmating your opponent if your own king is checkmated first! #2 Don’t give pieces away Don’t carelessly lose your pieces! Each piece is valuable and you can’t win a game without pieces to checkmate. There is an easy system that most players use to keep track of the relative value of each chess piece: A pawn is worth 1 A knight is worth 3 A bishop is worth 3 A rook is worth 5 A queen is worth 9 The king is infinitely valuable At the end of the game these points don’t mean anything – it is simply a system you can use to make decisions while playing, helping you know when to capture, exchange, or make other moves. #3 Control the center You should try and control the center of the board with your pieces and pawns. If you control the center, you will have more room to move your pieces and will make it harder for your opponent to find good squares for his pieces. In the example above white makes good moves to control the center while black plays bad moves. #4 Use all of your pieces In the example above white got all of his pieces in the game! Your pieces don’t do any good when they are sitting back on the first row. Try and develop all of your pieces so that you have more to use when you attack the king. Using one or two pieces to attack will not work against any decent opponent. Getting Better at Chess Knowing the rules and basic strategies is only the beginning - there is so much to learn in chess that you can never learn it all in a lifetime! To improve you need to do three things: #1 – Play Just keep playing! Play as much as possible. You should learn from each game – those you win and those you lose. #2 – Study If you really want to improve quickly then pick up a recommended chess book. There are many resources on Chess.com to help you study and improve. #3 - Have fun Don’t get discouraged if you don’t win all of your games right away. Everyone loses – even world champions. As long as you continue to have fun and learn from the games you lose then you can enjoy chess forever!	1
The songs ‘Shall We Dance’, ‘Getting to Know You’ and ‘I’ll Whistle a Happy Tune’ are all from which 1956 musical film?	Chess Chess In this project, you will implement a game of chess. The user-interface has been provided for you. What you need to do is provide the back-end functionality that allows the user to move the chess pieces, keep a record of all the moves for a game, allow users to undo moves and save and load games. Overview of Chess Chess Corner Functional Specification Chess is based on some fairly simple rules. Each side has 16 pieces of 6 different types: Pawn, Rook, Knight, Bishop, Queen and King. The game is played on a board with 64 squares and the object of the game is to capture the other team's King. Each of the 6 types of piece have different rules for moving around the board, and can take pieces from the other team under certain conditions. Your job is to ensure that the two players playing your game of chess get to take turns (white always goes first), and cannot make a move that is invalid. In order to ensure that only valid moves are made, you should allow the player whose turn it is to click on one of their own pieces on the board. This event should trigger your program to highlight all the valid moves for the piece that was selected. If the user then clicks on one of the highlighted squares, the piece will move. If the user clicks anywhere other than a highlighted square, the selection of the piece will be cancelled and no move will be made. Only one chess piece can occupy a single square. Valid moves for each of the pieces are shown below: Pawn: one their first move, pawns may move either one or two squares directly ahead of them (unless blocked by any other piece). After their first move, they may only move one square directly ahead of them per turn. They may only take pieces of the other color when the opposing piece is in a square diagonally in front of them. ( Pawn moves from Chess is Fun .) You will need to implement some functionality to allow a pawn to change to another piece if it reaches the other side of the board. You are not required to implement the "En Passant" rule for Pawns (although you are welcome to if you so desire). Rook: Rooks may move horizontally or vertically as many squares as possible. The range of their movement is only terminated by the edge of the board or another piece. Rooks may take the first opposing piece that blocks their movement in any vertical or horizontal direction. ( Rook moves from Chess is Fun .) Knight: Knights always move in the shape of the letter "L". This means that they move two squares forward and one to the left or right in any direction. The Knight is the only piece that can jump over other pieces. ( Knight moves from Chess is Fun .) Bishop: The Bishop's movement is similar to the Rook's except that the Bishop can move diagonally in any direction. ( Bishop moves from Chess is Fun .) Queen: The Queen's movement is a combination of the Rook's and the Bishop's movement. This means that the Queen can move both horizontally, vertically and diagonally in any direction. ( Queen moves from Chess is Fun .) King: The King can only move a single square in any direction. The King cannot move into a 'check' position (a square in which he could be taken by an opposing piece). ( King moves from Chess is Fun .) You are not required to implement "castling" for the King and Rook (but again, you may if you wish). At the beginning of the game, each piece has a set position on the board. Each time a piece moves, you need to add the move to the history of the game. Any move may be undone to restore the position of the board before the move took place. Thus, it would be possible to repeatedly click Undo until the chess board was reset to its original position. Check Your project is required to display a message any time one of the players is in check. Also, the project should not allow any move that will leave the King in a check position. Some specific examples that you will need to consider are: In the example to the left, the King (K) is in check because of the Queen (Q). The King has several different choices on which square it can move to in order to get out of check. However, the only valid move for the Rook (R) is to move to the square marked in green because this will ensure that the King is no longer in check. Checkmate and Stalemate Checkmate occurs when the moving player's King is in check, and there are no valid moves that can be used to remove the king from check. Stalemate occurs when the moving player's King is not in check, but there are no valid moves that would not put the king in check. In either case (checkmate or stalemate), the game is over. In the case of checkmate, the player whose king is in checkmate loses the game. In the case of stalemate, neither player wins and the game is declared a draw. Your program is required to detect when checkmate or stalemate has occurred, in which case your program should print out an appropriate message and not allow further moves to be taken. However, even when checkmate or stalemate is reached, the undo function should still work. New Game The user may request a "new game", in which case the current game should be discarded and the program re-initialized to its original state. Loading and Saving Games The user may also save and load a previous game. The user will provide the filename to be loaded or saved to in a textbox and will then click either the save or load button. If a game is being loaded, the current game will be discarded in favour of the new game. If a game is saved, both the current board position and the history of the game need to be saved. This will be achieved using the XML file format. Details of the XML file format can be found here . The User Interface The user interface for the chess game has already been written for you. Details of how to integrate your code with the provided user interface code are provided here . Memory Management Errors Your program must not contain memory management errors. You should use the Linux tool named valgrind to check your program for memory management errors. valgrind can detect many kinds of memory-related bugs, including memory leaks, reading from invalid memory locations, and writing to invalid memory locations. The TAs will use valgrind to check your program for memory management errors when you pass off. To use valgrind, you should first compile and link your program using the -g flag, which tells the compiler and linker to include debugging information in your executable. After doing that, valgrind may be executed as follows: valgrind -tool=memcheck --leak-check=yes --show-reachable=yes executable param1 param2 ... valgrind will print out messages describing all memory management errors that it detects in your program. This is a valuable debugging tool. After your program completes, valgrind will print out information about any heap memory that was not deallocated before the program terminated. You are required to remove all memory leaks before passing off. You are not responsible for memory leaks in the standard C++ library or other libraries on which your program depends. For example, the C++ string class allocates memory on the heap which it never deallocates. valgrind will report this as a memory leak, but you are not responsible for it. You are only responsible for memory allocated directly by your program. valgrind will also print out Invalid read and Invalid write messages whenever your program reads from or writes to an invalid memory location. You are required to remove all invalid reads and writes before passing off. Please note that running your program with valgrind will cause your program run much slower than usual. Therefore, you might not want to always run your program with valgrind. Rather, run valgrind periodically during your program's development to find and remove memory errors. It is not recommended that you wait until your program is completely done before running valgrind. Exception Handling Your program must properly handle C++ exceptions. This means that your program must not abnormally terminate due to an unhandled exception. Polymorphism You are required to use polymorphism (i.e., virtual functions) in your implementation of this program. Specifically, you must use polymorphism to distinguish between the different kinds of chess pieces. This will probably involve creating a base class (or interface) that defines virtual methods for all of the operations on a chess piece, and then creating subclasses of the base class for each type of piece. This will allow your program to easily deal with the differences between the pieces, and also make it easy to add new kinds of pieces. Design Documentation The first step in developing a larger program like Chess is to spend some time understanding the problem that is to be solved. Once you understand the problem, start to design the classes that you will need by visualizing the operation of the program in your mind, and creating classes that perform each of the functions required by the program. For each class that you create, you should document what responsibilities the class has, and how it interacts with other classes to perform its responsibilities. This exercise will help you figure out what classes you need to write, and how those classes work together to produce a working program. Doing this type of design work before you start coding will save you time because it will help you avoid spending effort on dead-end ideas that don't work. Once you've thought through your design the best that you can without writing any code, you should make a first attempt at implementing your design. As your implementation progresses, you will probably find that your design was incomplete or faulty in some respects. This is to be expected because some insights only come from actually implementing a design. As you proceed, make necessary changes to your design, and incorporate them into your code. To encourage you to follow this type of design process, about a third of the way through the project you will be asked to document and turn in your Chess design. Your design document must include three things: A DETAILED description of the data structures that you will use to store the program's data. Describe in detail what data needs to be stored, and how you intend to store it (e.g., binary trees, hash tables, queues, arrays, linked-lists, etc.). Also explain why you chose the data structures that you did. For each class in your design, document the following: The name and purpose of the class The name and purpose of each data member The name and purpose of each method. For each method, document each of its parameters and its return value. The easiest way to document this information is to create a commented header file (.h file) for each of your classes using the style described in the Code Evaluation section. Since you will have to create commented header files anyway, using this format for your design document will help you get a head start on your code. A DETAILED description of the top-level algoirthms that implement each of the use cases below: New Game Save Game Load Game The best way to document these algorithms is to actually write the code for them in terms of the specific classes and methods in your design. This will help you see how your classes will work together at runtime to accomplish each task. Submit a hard-copy printout of your design document to the TAs before midnight on the due date. Please make sure that your name is clearly visible on the front of your design document. Design documents may not be submitted by email. Standard Template Library (STL) You may use the STL for this project. Unit Tests Every class/struct in your program must have a public method with the following signature static bool Test(ostream & os); that will automatically test the class/struct and verify that it works correctly. The Test method on a class/struct should create one or more instances of the class/struct, call methods on those objects, and automatically check that the results returned by the methods are correct. If all tests succeed, Test should return true. If one or more tests fail, Test should return false. For each test that fails, an informative error message that describes the test that failed should be written to the passed-in output stream. This will tell you which tests failed so that you can fix the problems. You must also write a test driver program that runs all of your automated test cases. This program will be very simple, consisting only of a main function that calls all of the Test methods on your classes/structs. Whenever you make a change to your classes/structs, you can recompile your test program and run it to make sure that the new code works and that it didn't break anything that was already there. The file UnitTest.h in the CS240 Utilities contains code that is useful for creating automated test cases. Shared Library As part of Project I you created a static library containing the CS240 Utility classes. For this project you will be required to create a shared library containing the chess GUI classes, and to use this library to link and run your program. Specifically, the following files must be packaged as a shared library: chessgui.o inputbox.o messagebox.o Since you will need to change chess.cpp in order to integrate your code with the GUI, you need not put chess.o in your shared library, although you can if you want to. In class we will teach you how to create shared libraries using g++, and how to link them into a program. When you pass off your program, the TA will ask you to un-tar your source code and build your program. Creating and linking the shared library will be part of the build process. Of course, you will also be asked to demonstrate that your program works. Make File Automation You will be required to automate the compilation and testing of your Chess program using a make file. If you wish, you may start with the make file that is provided with the user interface files, and enhance it to perform the functions described below. Your make file will support the following functions: build the shared library containing the chess GUI classes build the executable Chess program run your automated unit test cases remove all of the files created by the build process Your make file must recognize the following targets: Target $ make test Compile and run your automated test program. The test program should contain a main function that simply calls the Test methods on all of your classes. If all tests succeed, the program should print out a message indicating success. If one or more tests fail, the program should print out a message indicating failure, and also print out a message describing each test that failed. clean $ make clean Remove all files and directories created by the other targets. This returns the project directory to its original state. Code Evaluation After you have submitted and passed off your program, your source code will be graded on how well you followed the good programming practices discussed in class and in the textbook. The criteria for grading your source code can be found at the following link: Code Evaluation Criteria Submitting Your Program Create a gzip-compressed tar file containing all of your project's source files and directories. The name of the compressed tar file must have the following format: firstname_lastname.tgz where firstname should be replaced with your first name and lastname should be replaced with your last name. For example, if your name is Bob White, you would use the following command to create your Chess tar file: $ tar czf Bob_White.tgz chess (this assumes that your project files are stored in a subdirectory named chess ). NOTE: In order to minimize the size of your tar file, please make sure that it only contains C++ source files, make files, and any data files that are needed by your test cases. It should not include .o files, .so files, executable files, etc. If your tar file is larger than 500kb (half a megabyte), you will not be allowed to submit it. If you follow these instructions, your tar file will probably be much smaller than 500kb. If it is bigger than 500kb, you need to delete some files and recreate the tar file. After you have created your tar file, click on the following link to go to the project submission web page:	i don't know
In the board game ‘Operation’, how many Doctor’s points are scored by successfully removing the Funny Bone (humerus)?	operation game : definition of operation game and synonyms of operation game (English) Dexterity Operation is a battery-operated game of physical skill that tests players' hand-eye coordination and fine motor skills. Originally made by Milton Bradley , and currently made by Hasbro, [1] it has been in production since 1965, the year in which the game was invented by John Spinello . The game is a variant on the old-fashioned electrified wire loop game popular at funfairs and flammer stores around the United States. It consists of an "operating table", lithographed with a comic likeness of a patient (nicknamed "Cavity Sam") with a large red lightbulb for his nose . In the surface are a number of openings, which reveal fictional and humorously named ailments made of white plastic. Contents 4 External links Gameplay "Operation" includes two sets of cards: Doctor and Specialist cards. The Specialist cards are dealt out evenly amongst the players at the beginning of the game. Players take turns picking Doctor cards, which offer a cash payment for removing each particular ailment, using a pair of tweezers connected with wire to the board. Successfully removing the ailment is rewarded according to the dollar amount shown on the card. However, if the tweezers touch the metal edge of the opening (i.e., closing the circuit) during the attempt, a buzzer sounds, Sam's nose lights up red, and the player loses the turn. The player holding the Specialist card for that piece then has a try, getting double the fee if he or she succeeds. Since there will be times when the player drawing a certain Doctor card also holds the matching Specialist card, that player can purposely botch the first attempt in order to succeed on the second try for double value. The winner is the player with the most money after all the pieces have been extracted. The game can be difficult, due to the shapes of the plastic ailments and the fact the openings are barely larger than the pieces themselves. Adam's Apple: in the throat; The Adam's apple is a colloquial term referring to the thyroid cartilage surrounding the larynx that becomes more visually prominent during puberty. (100 points) Broken Heart: a heart shape with a crack through it on the right side of the chest. The phrase "broken heart" refers to an emotional feeling in which someone is very sad for a reason such as a breakup with a romantic partner. (100 points) Wrenched Ankle: a wrench in the right ankle. (100 points) Butterflies in the Stomach: a large butterfly in the middle of the torso. The name comes from the feeling in the stomach when nervous, excited or afraid. (100 points) Spare Ribs: two ribs fused together as one piece. "Spare Ribs" are a cut of meat or a dish prepared from that cut. (150 points) Water on the Knee: a pail of water in the knee; colloquialism for fluid accumulation around the knee joint. (150 points) Funny Bone: a play on the anatomical name for the upper arm bone (the humerus ), and a reference to the colloquial name of the ulnar nerve . (200 points) Charley Horse: a small horse resting near the hip joint; a play on the real charley horse , which is a sudden cramp in the leg or foot that can be cured by massage or stretching. (200 points) Writer's Cramp: a pencil in the forearm; refers to the real writer's cramp , which is a soreness in the wrist that can be cured by resting it. (200 points) The Ankle Bone Connected to the Knee Bone: This is not a plastic piece, but rather a rubber band that must be stretched between two pegs at the left ankle and knee. The name is taken from the African American spiritual " Dem Bones ." (200 points) Wish Bone: located on the left side of the chest. A wish bone is a chicken bone traditionally used by two people for making a wish. (300 points) Bread Basket: a slang term for the solar plexus. It is a very small slice of bread, with only a small notch taken out of the top for grip. (1,000 points) Brain Freeze: an ice-cream cone located in the brain; refers to the experience of " brain freeze ", a headache felt after eating frozen desserts too quickly. Brain Freeze was added in 2004, when Milton Bradley allowed fans a chance to vote on a new piece to be added to the original game during the previous year. Voters were given three choices and could make their selection via the company's official website [2] or by phone for a chance to win a $5,000 shopping spree. [3] The winning piece beat out tennis elbow and growling stomach . Other versions The 1964-1965 Saturday morning children's game show, [[Shenanigans (TV series)\|Shenanigans]] had a life sized, three-dimensional Operation game as one of its challenges. Aside from the traditional board game version, Milton Bradley also produced a hand-held version, which had a screen in Sam's tummy. In 2002, a brain surgery version was released, requiring the player to pull pieces out of a wisecracking Cavity Sam's head, within 15 seconds. Sam's nose lights up after time runs out. This also had a PC game produced in 1998. In May 2004, a Shrek version of the game was released. In December 2006, a Spider-Man version was released, in which the player operates on the Marvel comic hero, Spider-Man. In early 2007, a SpongeBob SquarePants version was introduced, featuring game pieces such as a " shoehorn " and a "Krabby Patty pleasure center". Based on the Nickelodeon TV series by the same name. 2005 saw the release of a Simpsons version of the game, featuring a talking Homer Simpson being operated on by doctors Julius Hibbert and Nick Riviera . Items in the game include Bowler's Thumb, Foot in Mouth, and Rubber Neck. When a player misses, the Homer figure screams or says one of his trademark lines such as " D'oh! or "This is not good!". Later in 2007, Hasbro released a different version of the original game called, "OPERATION Rescue Kit". Here you play four different timed games with three skill levels. Each skill level reduces the starting amount of time. Cavity Sam now has a heart monitor, and you can even pump oxygen into him to gain more time. In August 2008, Hasbro released a "Silly Skill Game" version which features 13 different sound effects for each of the different parts. Here the winner of the game is the player who removes most parts successfully. A Doctor Who version of the game was released in Great Britain , where players get to "operate" on a Dalek in order to (from the product description) "make it strong enough to take over the world. But be careful... if you damage it'll quickly tell you with one of its terrifying phrases! Whether it's the Targeting Sensor that you need to operate on, or the Manipulator Arm, you'll need a steady hand and nerves of steel!" In 2010, Hasbro released a Toy Story 3 version featuring Buzz Lightyear instead of the classic patient. This followed the release of Toy Story 3 into theaters. In 2010 Hasbro also released an Iron Man version of the game. In 2011, Hasbro made a Cars 2 edition including Mater the tow truck. On The Hub 's television game show Family Game Night hosted by Todd Newton , a segment called Operation Relay is played, where two families compete one after the other. Family members take turns pulling pieces out of an oversized Operation gameboard, and then running through an obstacle course to eventually place them in a container at the end of the course. If a player fails to pull a piece without touching the side, or drops it while going through the obstacle course, they must move to the back of the line, and it's the next person's turn. Each piece is worth a specific amount of points, and whichever team has earned the highest score when time expires wins. Also on the show is Operation Sam Dunk , in which families play skee ball to collect the most points possible. Each family gets two turns and the team with the highest score wins the game. References	200
Who was Vice-President to US President Jimmy Carter?	operation game : definition of operation game and synonyms of operation game (English) Dexterity Operation is a battery-operated game of physical skill that tests players' hand-eye coordination and fine motor skills. Originally made by Milton Bradley , and currently made by Hasbro, [1] it has been in production since 1965, the year in which the game was invented by John Spinello . The game is a variant on the old-fashioned electrified wire loop game popular at funfairs and flammer stores around the United States. It consists of an "operating table", lithographed with a comic likeness of a patient (nicknamed "Cavity Sam") with a large red lightbulb for his nose . In the surface are a number of openings, which reveal fictional and humorously named ailments made of white plastic. Contents 4 External links Gameplay "Operation" includes two sets of cards: Doctor and Specialist cards. The Specialist cards are dealt out evenly amongst the players at the beginning of the game. Players take turns picking Doctor cards, which offer a cash payment for removing each particular ailment, using a pair of tweezers connected with wire to the board. Successfully removing the ailment is rewarded according to the dollar amount shown on the card. However, if the tweezers touch the metal edge of the opening (i.e., closing the circuit) during the attempt, a buzzer sounds, Sam's nose lights up red, and the player loses the turn. The player holding the Specialist card for that piece then has a try, getting double the fee if he or she succeeds. Since there will be times when the player drawing a certain Doctor card also holds the matching Specialist card, that player can purposely botch the first attempt in order to succeed on the second try for double value. The winner is the player with the most money after all the pieces have been extracted. The game can be difficult, due to the shapes of the plastic ailments and the fact the openings are barely larger than the pieces themselves. Adam's Apple: in the throat; The Adam's apple is a colloquial term referring to the thyroid cartilage surrounding the larynx that becomes more visually prominent during puberty. (100 points) Broken Heart: a heart shape with a crack through it on the right side of the chest. The phrase "broken heart" refers to an emotional feeling in which someone is very sad for a reason such as a breakup with a romantic partner. (100 points) Wrenched Ankle: a wrench in the right ankle. (100 points) Butterflies in the Stomach: a large butterfly in the middle of the torso. The name comes from the feeling in the stomach when nervous, excited or afraid. (100 points) Spare Ribs: two ribs fused together as one piece. "Spare Ribs" are a cut of meat or a dish prepared from that cut. (150 points) Water on the Knee: a pail of water in the knee; colloquialism for fluid accumulation around the knee joint. (150 points) Funny Bone: a play on the anatomical name for the upper arm bone (the humerus ), and a reference to the colloquial name of the ulnar nerve . (200 points) Charley Horse: a small horse resting near the hip joint; a play on the real charley horse , which is a sudden cramp in the leg or foot that can be cured by massage or stretching. (200 points) Writer's Cramp: a pencil in the forearm; refers to the real writer's cramp , which is a soreness in the wrist that can be cured by resting it. (200 points) The Ankle Bone Connected to the Knee Bone: This is not a plastic piece, but rather a rubber band that must be stretched between two pegs at the left ankle and knee. The name is taken from the African American spiritual " Dem Bones ." (200 points) Wish Bone: located on the left side of the chest. A wish bone is a chicken bone traditionally used by two people for making a wish. (300 points) Bread Basket: a slang term for the solar plexus. It is a very small slice of bread, with only a small notch taken out of the top for grip. (1,000 points) Brain Freeze: an ice-cream cone located in the brain; refers to the experience of " brain freeze ", a headache felt after eating frozen desserts too quickly. Brain Freeze was added in 2004, when Milton Bradley allowed fans a chance to vote on a new piece to be added to the original game during the previous year. Voters were given three choices and could make their selection via the company's official website [2] or by phone for a chance to win a $5,000 shopping spree. [3] The winning piece beat out tennis elbow and growling stomach . Other versions The 1964-1965 Saturday morning children's game show, [[Shenanigans (TV series)\|Shenanigans]] had a life sized, three-dimensional Operation game as one of its challenges. Aside from the traditional board game version, Milton Bradley also produced a hand-held version, which had a screen in Sam's tummy. In 2002, a brain surgery version was released, requiring the player to pull pieces out of a wisecracking Cavity Sam's head, within 15 seconds. Sam's nose lights up after time runs out. This also had a PC game produced in 1998. In May 2004, a Shrek version of the game was released. In December 2006, a Spider-Man version was released, in which the player operates on the Marvel comic hero, Spider-Man. In early 2007, a SpongeBob SquarePants version was introduced, featuring game pieces such as a " shoehorn " and a "Krabby Patty pleasure center". Based on the Nickelodeon TV series by the same name. 2005 saw the release of a Simpsons version of the game, featuring a talking Homer Simpson being operated on by doctors Julius Hibbert and Nick Riviera . Items in the game include Bowler's Thumb, Foot in Mouth, and Rubber Neck. When a player misses, the Homer figure screams or says one of his trademark lines such as " D'oh! or "This is not good!". Later in 2007, Hasbro released a different version of the original game called, "OPERATION Rescue Kit". Here you play four different timed games with three skill levels. Each skill level reduces the starting amount of time. Cavity Sam now has a heart monitor, and you can even pump oxygen into him to gain more time. In August 2008, Hasbro released a "Silly Skill Game" version which features 13 different sound effects for each of the different parts. Here the winner of the game is the player who removes most parts successfully. A Doctor Who version of the game was released in Great Britain , where players get to "operate" on a Dalek in order to (from the product description) "make it strong enough to take over the world. But be careful... if you damage it'll quickly tell you with one of its terrifying phrases! Whether it's the Targeting Sensor that you need to operate on, or the Manipulator Arm, you'll need a steady hand and nerves of steel!" In 2010, Hasbro released a Toy Story 3 version featuring Buzz Lightyear instead of the classic patient. This followed the release of Toy Story 3 into theaters. In 2010 Hasbro also released an Iron Man version of the game. In 2011, Hasbro made a Cars 2 edition including Mater the tow truck. On The Hub 's television game show Family Game Night hosted by Todd Newton , a segment called Operation Relay is played, where two families compete one after the other. Family members take turns pulling pieces out of an oversized Operation gameboard, and then running through an obstacle course to eventually place them in a container at the end of the course. If a player fails to pull a piece without touching the side, or drops it while going through the obstacle course, they must move to the back of the line, and it's the next person's turn. Each piece is worth a specific amount of points, and whichever team has earned the highest score when time expires wins. Also on the show is Operation Sam Dunk , in which families play skee ball to collect the most points possible. Each family gets two turns and the team with the highest score wins the game. References	i don't know
Which river separates New York City from New Jersey?	Discover New York City’s Top 5 Bridges : New York Habitat Blog Top 5 Bridges in New York City One of the best ways to first see the magnificent skyline of Manhattan is from the window of a yellow taxicab as it crosses the Brooklyn Bridge. It’s remarkable to see how many bridges connect the island of Manhattan to other New York City boroughs. It is said there are over two thousand bridges in the city of New York alone, so you’re bound to see at least some of these while you’re visiting. In this article we’ll introduce you to some of the most famous and beautiful bridges of New York, and tell you something about the history and background of these bridges. We’ll also give you some practical visiting tips on these must-see bridges. So without further ado: here are our top 5 bridges in New York City! 1. Brooklyn Bridge The Brooklyn Bridge with the Lower Manhattan skyline The Brooklyn Bridge is probably the most famous bridge of New York City, and also one of its most popular landmarks. The Brooklyn Bridge was built in 1883, and was the first bridge to provide passage across the East River between Brooklyn and Manhattan, back when Brooklyn was still an independent city. The Brooklyn Bridge is one of the oldest suspending bridges in the US. At the time of its unveiling it was also the longest suspension bridge in the world. In fact, it was so long that people doubted its strength. In order to prove the bridge was safe, a circus promoter led a herd of 21 elephants across the Brooklyn Bridge! Nowadays, the Brooklyn Bridge is perceived as one of the great engineering accomplishments of the 19th century. Its beautiful brick towers and Gothic arches have been the subjects of many photographs and have even featured in such movies as The Avengers, The Dark Knight Rises and I Am Legend. While in New York, be sure to pay a visit to the Brooklyn Bridge. The best way to experience it is to take the subway to York Station (the F line) in Brooklyn. From here you can easily walk to the Brooklyn Bridge’s pedestrian walkway and stroll toward Manhattan for the best views. Be sure to bring a camera or smartphone, as you’ll want to take pictures of the magnificent Manhattan skyline (especially stunning just before sunset), the Hudson River, the Statue of Liberty and of course the Brooklyn Bridge itself. When you walk up to the bridge’s arches you’ll have a great photo op of the web-like pattern of the bridge’s many steel cables. You can also bring a love lock to attach to the bridge like many lovers have done before. Do watch out for the cyclists though: the pedestrian path and bicycle path are only marked by a white line, so be sure not to stray onto the wrong lane. To see what it’s like to walk across the Brooklyn Bridge, have a look at our video tour of DUMBO . DUMBO is the Brooklyn neighborhood that is located right between the Brooklyn Bridge and Manhattan Bridge. 2. Manhattan Bridge The Manhattan Bridge seen from DUMBO in Brooklyn The Manhattan Bridge is a somewhat more modern suspension bridge, as it was constructed in 1909. It was the last of the three bridges built over the lower East River, the second one being the Williamsburg Bridge. The Manhattan entrance to the Manhattan Bridge lies in Chinatown, and is marked by a magnificent triumphal arch and colonnade. On the Brooklyn end, the Manhattan Bridge ends in the popular neighborhood DUMBO, which is an acronym for Down Under the Manhattan Bridge Overpass. The Manhattan Bridge features a separate pedestrian walkway as well as a bikeway, making it convenient to walk or cycle across the bridge. You’ll get a great view of the Brooklyn Bridge and the Manhattan skyline from here, and you can also see the Statue of Liberty in the distance. However, unlike the Brooklyn Bridge, the Manhattan Bridge includes subway tracks. This means that crossing the bridge on foot or by bike can be rather noisy. You can also choose to cross the bridge by taking any of the following four subway lines: B, D, N or Q. If you take the B or Q train towards Manhattan, you’ll also get a chance to see the art installation called Masstransiscope, created by Bill Brand, in the abandoned Myrtle Avenue Station. You can see the zoetrope on the right side of the train just after leaving Dekalb Station. 3. Verrazano-Narrows Bridge Verrazano-Narrows Bridge connects Brooklyn to Staten Island in New York City The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge is the only bridge on our list that doesn’t connect to Manhattan. The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge connects the Fort Hamilton neighborhood in Brooklyn to the New York borough Staten Island, and is known for being the starting point of the New York Marathon. The bridge was named after Giovanni da Verrazzano, the first European to enter the New York Harbor, and after the Narrows, the body of water that the bridge spans. The New York Harbor and Upper Bay lie north of the Narrows, and the Lower Bay and North Atlantic Ocean lie to the south. The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge was opened in 1964, and an upper level was added in 1969 making it a double-decked suspension bridge. The bridge’s central span is 4,260 feet (1,298 meters) long, meaning it’s even longer than the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco. In fact, the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge has the longest bridge span in the Americas! Unfortunately, the bridge doesn’t have a pedestrian or bike path (yet). You can enjoy the views from the bridge from a car or you can take a bus across the bridge (the S53, S79 or S93). There are also several express buses from Manhattan that cross this bridge. 4. Queensboro Bridge The Roosevelt Island Tramway and Queensboro Bridge The Queensboro Bridge is the last bridge on this list that crosses the East River. It is located further to the north than the previous three bridges, and it connects the Upper East Side of Manhattan to Long Island City in Queens. It also passes over Roosevelt Island. The official name of the bridge is the Ed Koch Queensboro Bridge, but it’s also called the 59th Street Bridge because of its starting point on the Manhattan side. The cantilever bridge was built in 1909, and features several roadways, a pedestrian path, and a bike path. Furthermore, there’s an aerial tramway that runs along the north side of the bridge and carries passengers from Manhattan to Roosevelt Island. Perhaps you will recognize it from the 2002 movie Spider-Man, as the tramway played a big part in the film’s climax. The Roosevelt Island Tramway is popular among tourists, and a great way to take a trip to Roosevelt Island. Both from the tramway and the island you’ll get a magnificent view of the Midtown Manhattan skyline. Would you like to live on Roosevelt Island? Take a look at this room for rent in a 3-bedroom apartment on Roosevelt Island . This roommate share is perfect if you’re coming to New York for school, an internship, or on business. By living here you’ll be able to take the aerial tramway every day! If you’re looking for an apartment for a shorter period or holiday, check out our vacation rental apartments in New York City . 5. George Washington Bridge The George Washington Bridge lights up at nighttime The last bridge of our top 5 is located on the west side of Manhattan, and connects New York City to New Jersey: The George Washington Bridge. This suspension bridge crosses the Hudson River, and has a total length of 4,760 feet (1,450 meters). It starts at the Washington Heights neighborhood in Upper Manhattan and ends in the New Jersey borough of Fort Lee. The George Washington Bridge was opened in 1931. The elegant suspension bridge has room for 14 lanes, and also features a separate bike and pedestrian walk. From the bridge’s high pedestrian walk you’ll witness amazing views of Manhattan, New Jersey and the Hudson River. Bonus Bridges: Bow Bridge in Central Park and the Williamsburg Bridge The beautiful Bow Bridge in Central Park We felt like we couldn’t possibly end the list without at least giving Bow Bridge in Central Park and Williamsburg Bridge over the East River an honorable mention. Bow Bridge is a beautiful cast iron bridge built in 1862, which features an intricate design with beautiful decorations. The walkway of the bridge was constructed of ipe wood and turns a gorgeous shade of red when it gets wet. Bow Bridge has been featured in many films, such as Manhattan, The Way We Were and Keeping the Faith. It’s also a very popular proposal spot among couples to propose. You can find Bow Bridge west of the Loeb Central Park Boathouse just beside The Lake. The Williamsburg Bridge is the second suspension bridge that was built over the Lower East River. It is located somewhat further to the northeast from the Brooklyn Bridge and Manhattan Bridge, and connects the Lower East Side of Manhattan to the fashionable Williamsburg neighborhood in Brooklyn. Built in 1903, the total length of the industrial looking bridge is 7,308 feet (2,227 meters). Because of its length it is best to cross this bridge is by bike. If you go by bike you’ll also get a great look at all the graffiti that’s still visible on the bridge. Of course there’s also a magnificent view of both Manhattan and Brooklyn. That concludes our list of the top 5 bridges in New York City. What’s your favorite bridge in New York? Related apartment rental posts from New York Habitat:	Hudson River
Lunes is Spanish for which day of the week?	95 Jersey City Apartments Available Today from Equity Residential \| EquityApartments.com Jersey City Apartments Learn more about living in our Jersey City apartments What began as rich farmland and later transformed into an industrial hub, thanks to the area’s national railroad system, is modern day Jersey City, a sprawling area flanked by the Hackensack River to the west and the Hudson River to the East. It’s directly across the river from Manhattan, but Jersey City apartments come with convenience at a fraction of Big Apple prices, making it an attractive city to call home for people looking for more space without having to sacrifice big-city amenities. Commuting to Manhattan for work or entertainment is a breeze, thanks to the area’s reliable transit system and nearby highways. Get to New York’s Penn Station in less than an hour by way of the NJ Transit Rail or Bus, or hop on I-78 and cross the river straight into SoHo in 15 minutes from Downtown Jersey City apartments. But just because Jersey City is close to NYC doesn’t mean residents have to head across the Hudson for something to do! Jersey City is comprised of several unique neighborhoods with some neighborhoods and sub-sections located inside each one, much like Manhattan. Larger areas include Bergen-Lafayette, the Heights, Jersey City’s Historic Downtown, Greenville, Journal Square and the West Side, all of which offer unique Jersey City apartments and residential communities, plenty of entertainment options and distinct neighborhood personalities. In fact, many New Yorkers are considering moving to Jersey City from more expensive, crowded Big Apple homes to Jersey City apartments, attracted by New York establishments opening up shop across the Hudson and the growing local commercial districts sprouting up downtown and beyond. The growing area has truly become an economic hub along the Hudson as companies like Chase Bank, Lehman Brothers, Merrill Lynch and Charles Schwab set up shop across from New York’s iconic skyscrapers. The city is also home to plenty of educational establishments, including the New Jersey City University, Saint Peter’s University and Hudson County Community College, with the University of Phoenix, Rutgers and the State University of New Jersey operating satellite campuses conveniently located to Jersey City apartments. Getting where you need to go has never been easier - you can truly find it all right here in Jersey City! New York City Apartments Learn more about all of our New York City apartments. Equity has apartment communities in locations all over the New York City area. We're committed to finding you a home that suits your needs. Whether you are looking for a micro-unit studio or a large 3 bedroom penthouse, we can help you find your perfect home. Take a look at the map above to see what we have to offer or browse through all of our New York City apartment communities .	i don't know
In January 1973, the pilot episode of which British television comedy series, the longest-running sitcom in the world, was broadcast?	Last of the Summer Wine \| Bbc uk Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Last of the Summer Wine Last of the Summer Wine 7pages on Last of the Summer Wine A typical intertitle The Last of the Summer Wine (Pilot episode) Genre Alan J. W. Bell (1981–1982, 1983–2010) Starring "The Last of the Summer Wine" Composer(s) James Gilbert (1973)Bernard Thompson (1975) Sydney Lotterby (1976–1979, 1982–1983) Alan J. W. Bell (1981–1982, 1983–2010) Location(s) 12 November 1973 (1973-11-12) – 29 August 2010 (2010-08-29) Status Comedy Playhouse First of the Summer Wine Last of the Summer Wine is a British sitcom written by Roy Clarke that was broadcast on BBC One . Last of the Summer Wine premiered as an episode of Comedy Playhouse on 4 January 1973 and the first series of episodes followed on 12 November 1973. From 1983 to 2010, Alan J. W. Bell produced and directed all episodes of the show. The BBC confirmed on 2 June 2010 that Last of the Summer Wine would no longer be produced and the 31st series would be its last. Subsequently, the final episode was broadcast on 29 August 2010. Repeats of the show are broadcast in the UK on GOLD and it is also seen in more than twenty-five countries, including various PBS stations in the United States and in Canada on VisionTV. Last of the Summer Wine is the longest-running comedy programme in Britain and the longest-running sitcom in the world. Last of the Summer Wine was set and filmed in and around Holmfirth, West Yorkshire, England and centred around a trio of old men whose line-up changed several times over the years. The original trio consisted of Bill Owen as the scruffy and child-like Compo, Peter Sallis as deep-thinking, meek Norman Clegg and Michael Bates as authoritarian and snobbish Blamire. When Bates dropped out through illness in 1976 after two series, the role of the third man of the trio was filled in various years up to the 30th series by the quirky war veteran, Foggy (Brian Wilde), the eccentric inventor , Seymour ( Michael Aldridge ), and former police officer Truly ( Frank Thornton ). The men never seem to grow up and develop a unique perspective on their equally eccentric fellow townspeople through their youthful stunts. The cast grew to include a variety of supporting characters, each contributing their own subplots to the show and often becoming unwillingly involved in the schemes of the trio. After the death of Owen in 1999, Compo was replaced at various times by his real-life son, Tom Owen , as equally unkempt Tom, Keith Clifford as Billy Hardcastle, a man who fancied himself a descendant of Robin Hood , and Brian Murphy as the childish Alvin. Due to the age of the main cast, a new trio was formed during the 30th series featuring somewhat younger actors, and this format was used for the final two instalments of the show. This group consisted of Russ Abbot as a former milkman who fancied himself a secret agent , Hobbo, Burt Kwouk as the electrical repairman, Entwistle, and Murphy as Alvin. Sallis and Thornton, both past members of the trio, continued in supporting roles alongside the new actors. Although some feel the show's quality declined over the years, Last of the Summer Wine continued to receive large audiences for the BBC and was praised for its positive portrayal of older people and family-friendly humour. Many members of the British Royal Family enjoyed the show.The programme was nominated for numerous awards and won the National Television Award for Most Popular Comedy Programme in 1999. There were many holiday specials , two television films and a documentary film about the series. Last of the Summer Wine inspired other adaptations, including a television prequel , several novelisations , and stage adaptations. Contents Edit Last of the Summer Wine History and development In 1972, Duncan Wood , at that time the BBC's Head of Comedy, watched a drama on television called The Misfit . Impressed by writer Roy Clarke 's ability to inject comedy into the drama, Wood offered Clarke the opportunity to write a sitcom. Clarke nearly turned the job down as he felt that the BBC's idea for a programme about three old men was a dull concept for a half-hour sitcom. Instead, Clarke proposed that the men should all be unmarried, widowed, or divorced and either unemployed or retired, leaving them free to roam around like adolescents in the prime of their lives, unfettered and uninhibited. Clarke chose the original title, The Last of the Summer Wine, to convey the idea that the characters are not in the autumn of their lives but the summer, even though it may be "the last of the summer". BBC producers hated this at first and insisted that it remain a temporary working title, while the cast worried that viewers would forget the name of the show. The working title was changed later to The Library Mob, a reference to one of the trio's regular haunts early in the show. Clarke switched back to his original preference shortly before production began, a title that was shortened to Last of the Summer Wine after the pilot show. The Last of the Summer Wine premiered as an episode of BBC's Comedy Playhouse on 4 January 1973. The pilot, "Of Funerals and Fish", received enough positive response that a full series was commissioned to be broadcast before the end of the year. Although the initial series did not do well in the ratings, the BBC ordered a second series in 1975. Last of the Summer Wine Filming Edit EnlargeSid's Café in Holmfirth, a regular filming location. The café has become a tourist destination on the strength of the series, and features a model of Compo outside for photographic purposes.Barry Took, who had produced a series of ultimately unsuccessful documentaries for the BBC about working men's clubs, was partially responsible for the choice of location for the exterior shots. The programme which drew the highest ratings of the series focused on Burnlee Working Men's Club, a club in the small West Yorkshire town of Holmfirth and Took saw Holmfirth's potential as the backdrop of a television show. Took's idea was passed to James Gilbert and Roy Clarke via Duncan Wood, who was at that time filming Comedy Playhouse. Gilbert and Clarke then travelled to Holmfirth and decided to use it as the setting for the pilot of Last of the Summer Wine. Though the exterior shots were always filmed on location in Holmfirth and the surrounding countryside, the interior shots were, until the early 1990s, filmed in front of a live studio audience at BBC Television Centre in London. The amount of location work increased, however, as studio work became a drain on time and money. Under Alan J. W. Bell, Last of the Summer Wine became the first comedy series to do away with the live studio audience, moving all of the filming to Holmfirth. The episodes were filmed and then shown to preview audiences, whose laughter was recorded and then mixed into each episode's soundtrack to provide a laugh track and avoid the use of canned laughter. The show used actual businesses and homes in and around Holmfirth, including Sid's Café and Nora Batty's house, a real Holmfirth residence owned by Sonia Whitehead. Although this has helped the Holmfirth economy and made it a tourist destination, tensions have occasionally surfaced between Holmfirth residents and the crew. One such incident, regarding compensation to local residents, prompted producer Alan J. W. Bell to consider not filming in Holmfirth any more. The situation escalated to the point that Bell filmed a scene in which Nora Batty put her house up for sale. Last of the Summer Wine Crew Edit Every episode of Last of the Summer Wine was written by Roy Clarke. The Comedy Playhouse pilot and all episodes of the first series were produced and directed by James Gilbert. Bernard Thompson produced and directed the second series of episodes in 1975. In 1976, Sydney Lotterby took over as producer and director. He directed all but two episodes of the third series – Ray Butt directed "The Great Boarding House Bathroom Caper" and "Cheering up Gordon". Lotterby directed two further series before departing the show in 1979. In 1981, Alan J. W. Bell took over as producer and director. Bell, in an effort to get each scene exactly right, was known for his use of more film and more takes than his predecessors and for using wider angles that feature more of the local Holmfirth landscape. In 1983, Lotterby returned to the show at the insistence of Brian Wilde, who preferred Lotterby's use of tight shots focused on the trio as they talked rather than Bell's wide-angle scenes. Lotterby produced and directed one additional series before departing again the same year. Bell then returned to the show beginning with the 1983 Christmas special and produced and directed all episodes of the show to the end of the 31st series. In 2008, Bell announced that he had quit as producer of Last of the Summer Wine. Citing differences with the BBC and his dislike of their indifference towards the series, Bell said, "I have now decided I will not do it again. I have had enough of the BBC’s attitude." The announcement came following rumours initiated by Bell that the network would not commission another series of episodes following the 30th series and their indecision regarding a possible one-off special. However, on 26 June 2009, the BBC announced that it had recommissioned the show for a 31st series with Bell continuing as producer and director. Last of the Summer Wine Music "Last of the Summer Wine" by Ronnie Hazlehurst ---- Problems listening to this file? See media help . Composer and conductor Ronnie Hazlehurst, who had also produced themes for such series as Are You Being Served? , Yes Minister and Only Fools and Horses created the theme for the show. The BBC initially disliked Hazlehurst's theme, feeling it was not proper for a comedy programme to have such mellow music. He was asked to play the music faster for more comedic effect but eventually his original slower version was accepted. The theme, an instrumental work, featured lyrics three times. The 1981 Christmas special, "Whoops", had two verses of lyrics written by Roy Clarke that were performed over the closing credits. The 1983 film, "Getting Sam Home", used those two verses, with an additional two and played them over the opening credits. Another altered version was sung during Compo's funeral in the 2000 episode "Just a Small Funeral". Bill Owen also wrote a different version of the lyrics but this version was never used during an episode of the show. Composing the score for each episode until his death in 2007, Hazlehurst spent an average of ten hours per episode watching scenes and making notes for music synchronisation. Hazlehurst then recorded the music using an orchestra consisting of a guitar, harmonica, two violins, a viola, cello, accordion, horn, bass, flute and percussion. The distinctive harmonica was played by Harry Pitch, who had featured in the 1970 one-hit-wonder "Groovin With Mr Bloe. Last of the Summer Wine Characters and casting Edit Main article: List of Last of the Summer Wine characters The most famous of the Last of the Summer Wine trios: From left to right: Peter Sallis as Norman Clegg, Brian Wilde as "Foggy" Dewhurst and Bill Owen as "Compo" Simmonite.Initially, the only certain cast member for the show was Peter Sallis. Clarke had already collaborated on a few scripts with him and the character of Norman Clegg was created especially for Sallis, who liked the character and agreed to play him. He was soon joined by an actor he had previously worked with, comedy actor Michael Bates as Cyril Blamire. "The joy of Bill Owen's Compo is not what he does with the words but where he takes the character beyond what's in the script. He did this in a physical manner. It was only when I saw Bill on screen that I realized what a wonderful physical clown he was." Roy Clarke on Bill Owen and Compo James Gilbert had seen film actor Bill Owen playing northern characters in the Royal Court Theatre and proposed to cast him as Compo Simmonite. Clarke, who initially saw Owen as an archetypal cockney who could not play as solid a northern character as Compo was meant to be, only recognised Owen's potential after going to London for a read-through with him. On-screen chemistry with existing players determined the later changes to the cast. Brian Wilde, Michael Aldridge and Frank Thornton each brought a sense of completion to the trio after the departure of the preceding third man.Tom Owen provided a direct link between his father and himself after the death of Bill Owen. Keith Clifford was added following three popular guest appearances on the show. Brian Murphy was chosen as Nora Batty's neighbour because of his work on George and Mildred, where he played the hen-pecked husband to a strong-willed woman. In 2008, the BBC announced that Russ Abbot would join the cast as a relatively more youthful actor in series 30. Abbot was cast to allow Sallis and Thornton to reduce their role on the show to only indoor scenes. Abbot portrayed Luther "Hobbo" Hobdyke, who formed a new trio with Entwistle and Alvin. Entwistle, played by Burt Kwouk, was formerly a supporting character brought in to replace Wesley Pegden after the death of actor Gordon Wharmby, but whose role on the show steadily increased in the previous two series. The original cast of Last of the Summer Wine also included a handful of characters with whom the trio regularly interacted. Kathy Staff was chosen to play Compo's neighbour, Nora Batty. Gilbert was initially sceptical about casting Staff but changed his mind after she padded herself to look bigger and read from a scene between her character and Owen's. This group was rounded out by characters at two locations frequented by the trio: John Comer and Jane Freeman as Sid and Ivy, the quarrelling husband-and-wife owners of the local café; and Blake Butler and Rosemary Martin as Mr. Wainwright and Mrs. Partridge, the librarians having a not-so-secret affair. Butler and Martin, however, were dropped as major characters after the first series. According to Peter Sallis, Roy Clarke felt there was little more he could do with them. Supporting cast members were added throughout the run of the show. The only addition with no professional acting experience was the Holmfirth resident Gordon Wharmby, who performed so well during his audition as mechanic Wesley Pegden that Alan J. W. Bell cast him in one episode. Pegden became a regular character after a positive audience reception. When Alan J. W. Bell took over as producer, the plots of Last of the Summer Wine moved away from the original dialogue-packed scenes in the pub and the library; guest actors were brought in to interact with the trio in new situations. Although many of these guest appearances would last for only one episode, some led to a permanent role on the show, as in the cases of Gordon Wharmby, Thora Hird, Jean Alexander, Stephen Lewis, Dora Bryan, Keith Clifford, Brian Murphy, Josephine Tewson, June Whitfield, Barbara Young, and Trevor Bannister. Other noted guests on the programme included John Cleese, Ron Moody, Sir Norman Wisdom, Eric Sykes, Liz Fraser, Stanley Lebor, and Philip Jackson. Last of the Summer Wine Scenario Edit Last of the Summer Wine focused on a trio of older men and their youthful antics. The original trio consisted of Compo Simmonite, Norman Clegg and Cyril Blamire. Blamire left in 1976, when Michael Bates fell ill shortly before filming of the third series, requiring Clarke to hastily rewrite the series with a new third man. The third member of the trio would be recast four times over the next three decades: Foggy Dewhurst in 1976, Seymour Utterthwaite in 1986, Foggy again in 1990, and Truly Truelove in 1997. After Compo died in 2000, Compo's son, Tom Simmonite, filled the gap for the rest of that series, and Billy Hardcastle joined the cast as the third lead character in 2001. The trio became a quartet between 2003 and 2006 when Alvin Smedley moved in next-door to Nora Batty, but returned to the usual threesome in 2006 when Billy Hardcastle left the show. The role of supporting character Entwistle steadily grew on the show until the beginning of the 30th series, when he and Alvin were recruited by Hobbo Hobdyke, a former milkman with ties to MI5 , to form a new trio of volunteers who respond to any emergency. The trio explored the world around them, experiencing a second childhood with no wives, jobs or responsibilities. They passed the time by speculating about their fellow townspeople and testing inventions. Regular subplots in the first decade of the show included: Sid and Ivy bickering over the management of the café, Mr Wainwright and Mrs Partridge having a secret love affair that everyone knows about, Wally trying to get away from Nora's watchful eye, Foggy's exaggerated war stories, and Compo's schemes to win the affections of Nora Batty. The number of subplots on the show grew as more cast members were added. Regular subplots since the 1980s included: Howard and Marina trying to have an affair without Howard's wife finding out (a variation of the Wainwright-Partridge subplot of the 1970s), the older women meeting for tea and disussing their theories about men and life, Auntie Wainwright trying to sell unwanted merchandise to unsuspecting customers, Smiler trying to find a woman, Barry trying to better himself (at the insistence of Glenda), and Tom trying to stay one step ahead of the repo man. Last of the Summer Wine Episodes Edit Main article: List of Last of the Summer Wine episodes Enlarge A collage illustrating the different compositions of the main characters during Last of the Summer Wine's 37 year run. From left to right: Series 1–2, Series 3–8 & 12–18, Series 9–11, Series 19–21, Series 21, Series 22–24, Series 25–27, Series 28–29, Series 30–31.Last of the Summer Wine is the longest-running comedy programme in Britain , and the longest running situation comedy in the world. Each series has between six and twelve episodes; most were thirty minutes in length, with some specials running longer. There were 295 entries and 31 series between 1973 and 2010, counting the pilot, all episodes of the series, specials, and two films. Last of the Summer Wine Specials Edit In 1978, the BBC commissioned a Last of the Summer Wine Christmas special instead of a new series. Titled "Small Tune on a Penny Wassail", it was broadcast on 26 December 1978. Other Christmas programmes followed in 1979 and 1981. The 1981 special, "Whoops", gained 17 million viewers and was beaten only by Coronation Street for the number one spot. Christmas shows were produced infrequently thereafter and sometimes were the only new episodes in years without an order for a new series. This happened often during the 1980s when Roy Clarke's commitment to Open All Hours prevented the production of a full series every year. The specials often included well-known guest stars such as John Cleese and June Whitfield. The first New Year special, "The Man who Nearly Knew Pavarotti", was commissioned in 1994. The hour-long show was broadcast on 1 January 1995 and featured Norman Wisdom as a piano player who had lost the confidence to play. A second New Year programme was produced and broadcast in 2000 to celebrate the new millennium . It featured the second guest appearance by Keith Clifford and a guest appearance by Dora Bryan . Titled "Last Post and Pigeon", the show ran for sixty minutes and dealt with the trio's pilgrimage to visit World War II graves in France. Part of this special was shot on location in France. A third New Year show, titled "I Was a Hitman for Primrose Dairies", was broadcast on 31 December 2008 and introduced Hobbo and the new trio he formed with Entwistle and Alvin. Last of the Summer Wine Films Edit In 1983, Bill Owen suggested to returning producer Alan J. W. Bell that Roy Clarke's novelisation of the show (see below) should be made into a feature length special. Other British sitcoms such as Steptoe and Son and Dad's Army had previously produced films made for the cinema, but the BBC were initially sceptical as they had never before commissioned a film based on a comedy programme for original broadcast on television. They nevertheless commissioned a ninety minute film named "Getting Sam Home", which was broadcast on 27 December 1983, and started a trend which would continue with other British sitcoms, including Only Fools and Horses . After the success of "Getting Sam Home", a second film was made in 1986. Titled "Uncle of the Bride", the film featured the introduction of Michael Aldridge as Seymour, the new third man of the trio. The plot centred around the marriage of Seymour's niece, Glenda ( Sarah Thomas ), to Barry ( Mike Grady ). Also making her first appearance in the film was Thora Hird as Seymour's sister and Glenda's mother, Edie, as well as re-introducing Gordon Wharmby as Edie's husband Wesley, previously seen in a popular one-off appearance. The second film proved a success and all four new characters (five including Wesley) were carried over to the show beginning with the ninth series in 1986. Last of the Summer Wine Documentaries Edit A documentary film was commissioned to celebrate the 25th anniversary of Last of the Summer Wine. Produced and directed by Alan J. W. Bell, it featured interviews with the majority of cast and crew members, outtakes from the show, and a behind-the-scenes look at production. Segments with Duncan Wood and Barry Took explained the origins of the show and how it came to be filmed in Holmfirth. The documentary was broadcast on 30 March 1997. An updated version of the documentary was commissioned for the 30th anniversary of the series. Broadcast on 13 April 2003, this version featured an expanded interview with Brian Wilde and new interviews with Brian Murphy and Burt Kwouk . Last of the Summer Wine DVD releases Edit In September 2002, Universal Playback (licensed by the BBC) began releasing boxed sets of episodes on DVD for region two . Each set contains two consecutive full series of episodes. Three "best of" collections as well as four sets devoted to individual series have been released for region one . The first, simply titled Last of the Summer Wine, was released in 2003 and includes early episodes from the 1970s and 1980s. The second collection, titled Last of the Summer Wine: Vintage 1995, followed in 2004 and includes episodes from series seventeen and the 30th anniversary documentary. A 2008 release named Last of the Summer Wine: Vintage 1976 focuses on the third series of the show and includes bonus interviews with Peter Sallis, Brian Wilde, and Frank Thornton. A fourth title, Last of the Summer Wine: Vintage 1977, was released in September 2008. It focuses on the fourth series and feature a rare 1977 interview with Roy Clarke. Last of the Summer Wine: Vintage 1979 was released in June 2009. This fifth collection included episodes from series five and includes bonus interviews. A set of Christmas specials that was originally broadcast between 1978 and 1982 followed in October 2009. Last of the Summer Wine: Vintage 1982–1983 was released on 27 April 2010. The new collection features all episodes from the sixth and seventh series, but does not include the 1982 Christmas special "All Mod Conned".	Last of the Summer Wine
What is the main ingredient of a Foo Young dish?	Last Of The Summer Wine - YouTube Last Of The Summer Wine The next video is starting stop Last Of The Summer Wine uploaded a video 3 years ago 29:10 3 years ago 245 views Last of the Summer Wine is a British sitcom written by Roy Clarke that was initially broadcast on BBC1. Last of the Summer Wine premiered as an episode of Comedy Playhouse on 4 January 1973 and the...	i don't know
Which British writer coined the phrase ‘Youth is wasted on the young’?	George Bernard Shaw - Wikiquote George Bernard Shaw Jump to: navigation , search I hear you say "Why?" Always "Why?" You see things; and you say "Why?" But I dream things that never were; and I say "Why not?" My method is to take the utmost trouble to find the right thing to say, and then to say it with the utmost levity . See also: Quotes[ edit ] My specialty is being right when other people are wrong . The reasonable man adapts himself to the world ; the unreasonable one persists in trying to adapt the world to himself. Therefore all progress depends on the unreasonable man. The worst sin towards our fellow creatures is not to hate them, but to be indifferent to them: that's the essence of inhumanity. All great truths begin as blasphemies . Must then a Christ perish in torment in every age to save those that have no imagination ? One man that has a mind and knows it can always beat ten men who haven't and don't. Statue of Shaw in Niagara-on-the-Lake 1890s[ edit ] Patriotism is, fundamentally, a conviction that a particular country is the best in the world because you were born in it… The World (15 November 1893) Pasteboard pies and paper flowers are being banished from the stage by the growth of that power of accurate observation which is commonly called cynicism by those who have not got it… The World (18 July 1894), Music in London 1890-1894 being criticisms contributed week by week to The World (New York: Vienna House, 1973) But no public man in these islands ever believes that the Bible means what it says: he is always convinced that it says what he means; and I have no reason to hope that Mr Coote may be an exception to the rule. "The Living Pictures", The Saturday Review, LXXIX (April 6, 1895), 443, reprinted in Our Theatres in the Nineties (1932). Vol. 1. London: Constable & Co. 79-86 My method is to take the utmost trouble to find the right thing to say, and then to say it with the utmost levity . Answers to Nine Questions (September 1896), answers to nine questions submitted by Clarence Rook, who had interviewed him in 1895 Socialists must be in favor of an aristocratic form of government. We must have the best men for the job . . . In the dictator you must have a man who has not only the power to govern but the force of character to impose himself as dictator whether you like him or not. “Socialism urged to find dictator,” Berkeley Daily Gazette (Nov. 30, 1927) We have no more right to consume happiness without producing it than to consume wealth without producing it. Candida , Act I (1898) The Devil's Disciple , Act II (1901) Martyrdom , sir, is what these people like: it is the only way in which a man can become famous without ability. The Devil's Disciple, Act II I was a cannibal for twenty-five years. For the rest I have been a vegetarian . It was Shelley who first opened my eyes to the savagery of my diet. Interview "Who I Am, and What I Think", in Frank Harris 's periodical The Candid Friend (May 1901), reprinted in Sixteen Self Sketches, 1949, p. 53; quoted in Desmond King-Hele , Shelley: His Thought and Work, 1984, p. 42 You must not suppose, because I am a man of letters, that I never tried to earn an honest living. The Irrational Knot, Preface (1905) [Chess] is a foolish expedient for making idle people believe they are doing something very clever, when they are only wasting their time. The Irrational Knot (1905) To understand a saint , you must hear the devil 's advocate; and the same is true of the artist . The Sanity of Art: An Exposure of the Current Nonsense about Artists being Degenerate (1908) Assassination is the extreme form of censorship ; and it seems hard to justify an incitement to it on anti-censorial principles. The Shewing Up of Blanco Posnet (1909): The Rejected Statement, Pt. I : The Limits to Toleration Love Among the Artists (1900)[ edit ] If you leave your art , the world will beat you back to it. The world has not an ambition worth sharing, or a prize worth handling... The way to deal with worldly people is to frighten them by repeating their scandalous whisperings aloud. The public want actresses, because they think all actresses bad. They don't want music or poetry because they know that both are good. So actors and actresses thrive and poets and composers starve. There are some men who are considered quite ugly, but who are more remarkable than pretty people. You often see that in artists. All very fine, Mary; but my old-fashioned common sense is better than your clever modern nonsense . If you leave your art , the world will beat you back to it. The world has not an ambition worth sharing, or a prize worth handling. Corrupt successes , disgraceful failures , or sheeplike vegetation are all it has to offer. I prefer Art, which gives me a sixth sense of beauty , with self-respect : perhaps also an immortal reputation in return for honest endeavour in a labour of love . Perhaps woman's art is of woman's life a thing apart, 'tis man's whole existence; just as love is said to be the reverse — though it isn't. I hate singers, a miserable crew who think that music exists only in their own throats. A man's own self is the last person to believe in him, and is harder to cheat than the rest of the world. Composers are not human; They can live on diminished sevenths, and be contented with a pianoforte for a wife, and a string quartet for a family. Geniuses are horrid, intolerant, easily offended, sleeplessly self-conscious men, who expect their wives to be angels with no further business in life than to pet and worship their husbands. Even at the best they are not comfortable men to live with; and a perfect husband is one who is perfectly comfortable to live with. Even the youngest of us may be wrong sometimes. If parents would only realize how they bore their children! Episode I A Treatise on Parents and Children (1910)[ edit ] When will we realize that the fact that we can become accustomed to anything, however disgusting at first, makes it necessary to examine carefully everything we have become accustomed to. Death is for many of us the gate of hell ; but we are inside on the way out, not outside on the way in. A nation should always be healthily rebellious ; but the king or prime minister has yet to be found who will make trouble by cultivating that side of the national spirit. A child should begin to assert itself early, and shift for itself more and more not only in washing and dressing itself, but in opinions and conduct; yet as nothing is so exasperating and so unlovable as an uppish child, it is useless to expect parents and schoolmasters to inculcate this uppishness. Such unamiable precepts as Always contradict an authoritative statement, Always return a blow, Never lose a chance of a good fight, When you are scolded for a mistake ask the person who scolds you whether he or she supposes you did it on purpose, and follow the question with a blow or an insult or some other unmistakable expression of resentment, Remember that the progress of the world depends on your knowing better than your elders, are just as important as those of The Sermon on the Mount; but no one has yet seen them written up in letters of gold in a schoolroom or nursery. You are so careful of your boy's morals , knowing how troublesome they may be, that you keep him away from the Venus of Milo only to find him in the arms of the scullery maid or someone much worse. You decide that the Hermes of Praxiteles and Wagner's Tristan are not suited for young girls; and your daughter marries somebody appallingly unlike either Hermes or Tristan solely to escape from your parental protection. You have not stifled a single passion nor averted a single danger: you have depraved the passions by starving them, and broken down all the defences which so effectively protect children brought up in freedom. The secret of being miserable is to have leisure to bother about whether you are happy or not. The cure for it is occupation, because occupation means pre-occupation; and the pre-occupied person is neither happy nor unhappy, but simply alive and active, which is pleasanter than any happiness until you are tired of it. 1930s[ edit ] No public man in these islands ever believes that the Bible means what it says: he is always convinced that it says what he means. Our Theatres In The Nineties (1930) I have defined the 100 per cent American as 99 per cent an idiot. New York Times (19 December 1930) remarks on Sinclair Lewis receiving the Nobel Prize I am afraid we must make the world honest before we can honestly tell our children that honesty is the best policy. "Rungs of the Ladder" , BBC Radio broadcast, 11 July 1932 As a red hot Communist I am in favour of fascism. The only drawback to Sir Oswald’s movement is that it is not quite British enough. As quoted in Socialism and Superior Brains: The Political Thought of Bernard Shaw by Gareth Griffith (1993). Originally from Bernard Shaw, The News Chronicle, “The Blackshirt Challenge,” (Jan. 1934) An American has no sense of privacy . He does not know what it means. There is no such thing in the country. Speech at New York (11 April 1933) You in America should trust to that volcanic political instinct which I have divined in you. Speech at New York (11 April 1933) I don’t want to punish anybody, but there are an extraordinary number of people who I might want to kill…I think it would be a good thing to make everybody come before a properly appointed board just as he might come before the income tax commissioner and say every 5 years or every 7 years…just put them there and say, ‘Sir or madam will you be kind enough to justify your existence…if you’re not producing as much as you consume or perhaps a little bit more then clearly we cannot use the big organization of our society for the purpose of keeping you alive. Because your life does not benefit us and it can’t be of very much use to yourself.’ “George Bernard Shaw reopens capital punishment controversy”, Paramount British Pictures (March 5, 1931) On the Rocks (1933)[ edit ] On the Rocks : A Political Comedy Take the case of the extermination of Jesus Christ . No doubt there was a strong case for it. … By every argument, legal, political, religious, customary, and polite, he was the most complete enemy of the society of his time ever brought to the bar. I am the embodiment of a thought of God: I am the Word made flesh … Beware how you kill a thought that is new to you. For that thought may be the foundation of the kingdom of God on earth. In this play a reference is made by a Chief of Police to the political necessity for killing people: a necessity so distressing to the statesmen and so terrifying to the common citizen that nobody except myself (as far as I know) has ventured to examine it directly on its own merits, although every Government is obliged to practise it on a scale varying from the execution of a single murderer to the slaughter of millions of quite innocent persons. Whilst assenting to these proceedings, and even acclaiming and celebrating them, we dare not tell ourselves what we are doing or why we are doing it; and so we call it justice or capital punishment or our duty to king and country or any other convenient verbal whitewash for what we instinctively recoil from as from a dirty job. These childish evasions are revolting. We must strip off the whitewash and find out what is really beneath it. Extermination must be put on a scientific basis if it is ever to be carried out humanely and apologetically as well as thoroughly. Preface; Extermination Ignoring the satirical elements of Shaw's rhetoric, and that he is presenting many arguments of sometimes questionable sincerity for the "humane" execution of criminals, the last sentence here has sometimes been misquoted as if it as part of an argument for exterminations for the sake of eugenics , by preceding it with a selected portion of a statement later in the essay: "If we desire a certain type of civilization, we must exterminate the sort of people who do not fit into it … Extermination must be put on a scientific basis if it is ever to be carried out humanely and apologetically as well as thoroughly". In law we draw a line between the killing of human animals and non-human ones, setting the latter apart as brutes. This was founded on a general belief that humans have immortal souls and brutes none. Nowadays more and more people are refusing to make this distinction. They may believe in The Life Everlasting and The Life to Come; but they make no distinction between Man and Brute, because some of them believe that brutes have souls, whilst others refuse to believe that the physical materializations and personifications of The Life Everlasting are themselves everlasting. In either case the mystic distinction between Man and Brute vanishes; and the murderer pleading that though a rabbit should be killed for being mischievous he himself should be spared because he has an immortal soul and a rabbit has none is as hopelessly out of date as a gentleman duellist pleading his clergy. When the necessity for killing a dangerous human being arises, as it still does daily, the only distinction we make between a man and a snared rabbit is that we very quaintly provide the man with a minister of religion to explain to him that we are not killing him at all, but only expediting his transfer to an eternity of bliss. Preface; The Sacredness of Human Life The extermination of what the exterminators call inferior races is as old as history. "Stone dead hath no fellow" said Cromwell when he tried to exterminate the Irish. "The only good nigger is a dead nigger" say the Americans of the Ku-Klux temperament. "Hates any man the thing he would not kill?" said Shylock naively. But we white men, as we absurdly call ourselves in spite of the testimony of our looking glasses, regard all differently colored folk as inferior species. Ladies and gentlemen class rebellious laborers with vermin. The Dominicans, the watchdogs of God, regarded the Albigenses as the enemies of God, just as Torquemada regarded the Jews as the murderers of God. All that is an old story: what we are confronted with now is a growing perception that if we desire a certain type of civilization and culture we must exterminate the sort of people who do not fit into it. There is a difference between the shooting at sight of aboriginal natives in the back blocks of Australia and the massacres of aristocrats in the terror which followed the foreign attacks on the French Revolution. The Australian gunman pots the aboriginal natives to satisfy his personal antipathy to a black man with uncut hair. But nobody in the French Republic had this feeling about Lavoisier , nor can any German Nazi have felt that way about Einstein . Yet Lavoisier was guillotined; and Einstein has had to fly for his life from Germany. It was silly to say that the Republic had no use for chemists; and no Nazi has stultified his party to the extent of saying that the new National Socialist Fascist State in Germany has no use for mathematician-physicists. The proposition is that aristocrats (Lavoisier's class) and Jews (Einstein's race) are unfit to enjoy the privilege of living in a modern society founded on definite principles of social welfare as distinguished from the old promiscuous aggregations crudely policed by chiefs who had no notion of social criticism and no time to invent it. Preface; Previous Attempts Miss the Point. There have been summits of civilization at which heretics like Socrates , who was killed because he was wiser than his neighbors, have not been tortured, but ordered to kill themselves in the most painless manner known to their judges. But from that summit there was a speedy relapse into our present savagery. Preface; Cruelty's Excuses I dislike cruelty , even cruelty to other people, and should therefore like to see all cruel people exterminated. But I should recoil with horror from a proposal to punish them. Let me illustrate my attitude by a very famous, indeed far too famous, example of the popular conception of criminal law as a means of delivering up victims to the normal popular lust for cruelty which has been mortified by the restraint imposed on it by civilization. Take the case of the extermination of Jesus Christ . No doubt there was a strong case for it. Jesus was from the point of view of the High Priest a heretic and an impostor. From the point of view of the merchants he was a rioter and a Communist. From the Roman Imperialist point of view he was a traitor. From the commonsense point of view he was a dangerous madman. From the snobbish point of view, always a very influential one, he was a penniless vagrant. From the police point of view he was an obstructor of thoroughfares, a beggar, an associate of prostitutes, an apologist of sinners, and a disparager of judges; and his daily companions were tramps whom he had seduced into vagabondage from their regular trades. From the point of view of the pious he was a Sabbath breaker, a denier of the efficacy of circumcision and the advocate of a strange rite of baptism, a gluttonous man and a winebibber. He was abhorrent to the medical profession as an unqualified practitioner who healed people by quackery and charged nothing for the treatment. He was not anti-Christ: nobody had heard of such a power of darkness then; but he was startlingly anti-Moses. He was against the priests, against the judiciary, against the military, against the city (he declared that it was impossible for a rich man to enter the kingdom of heaven), against all the interests, classes, principalities and powers, inviting everybody to abandon all these and follow him. By every argument, legal, political, religious, customary, and polite, he was the most complete enemy of the society of his time ever brought to the bar. He was guilty on every count of the indictment, and on many more that his accusers had not the wit to frame. If he was innocent then the whole world was guilty. To acquit him was to throw over civilization and all its institutions. History has borne out the case against him; for no State has ever constituted itself on his principles or made it possible to live according to his commandments: those States who have taken his name have taken it as an alias to enable them to persecute his followers more plausibly. It is not surprising that under these circumstances, and in the absence of any defence, the Jerusalem community and the Roman government decided to exterminate Jesus. They had just as much right to do so as to exterminate the two thieves who perished with him. Preface, Leading Case of Jesus Christ All government is cruel; for nothing is so cruel as impunity. Pilate, as portrayed in Preface, Difference Between Reader And Spectator I am no mere chance pile of flesh and bone: if I were only that, I should fall into corruption and dust before your eyes. I am the embodiment of a thought of God: I am the Word made flesh: that is what holds me together standing before you in the image of God. … The Word is God. And God is within you. … In so far as you know the truth you have it from my God, who is your heavenly father and mine. He has many names and his nature is manifold. … It is by children who are wiser than their fathers, subjects who are wiser than their emperors, beggars and vagrants who are wiser than their priests, that men rise from being beasts of prey to believing in me and being saved. … By their fruits ye shall know them. Beware how you kill a thought that is new to you. For that thought may be the foundation of the kingdom of God on earth. Jesus, as portrayed in Preface, Difference Between Reader And Spectator The kingdom of God is striving to come. The empire that looks back in terror shall give way to the kingdom that looks forward with hope. Terror drives men mad: hope and faith give them divine wisdom. The men whom you fill with fear will stick at no evil and perish in their sin: the men whom I fill with faith shall inherit the earth. I say to you Cast out fear. Speak no more vain things to me about the greatness of Rome. … You, standing for Rome, are the universal coward: I, standing for the kingdom of God, have braved everything, lost everything, and won an eternal crown. Jesus, as portrayed in Preface, Difference Between Reader And Spectator Law is blind without counsel. The counsel men agree with is vain: it is only the echo of their own voices. A million echoes will not help you to rule righteously. But he who does not fear you and shews you the other side is a pearl of the greatest price. Slay me and you go blind to your damnation. The greatest of God's names is Counsellor; and when your Empire is dust and your name a byword among the nations the temples of the living God shall still ring with his praise as Wonderful! Counsellor! the Everlasting Father, the Prince of Peace. Jesus, as portrayed in Preface, Difference Between Reader And Spectator The last word remains with Christ and Handel ; and this must stand as the best defence of Tolerance until a better man than I makes a better job of it. Put shortly and undramatically the case is that a civilization cannot progress without criticism, and must therefore, to save itself from stagnation and putrefaction, declare impunity for criticism. This means impunity not only for propositions which, however novel, seem interesting, statesmanlike, and respectable, but for propositions that shock the uncritical as obscene, seditious, blasphemous, heretical, and revolutionary. Preface, The Sacredness Of Criticism 1940s and later[ edit ] The sex relation is not a personal relation. It can be irresistibly desired and rapturously consummated between persons who could not endure one another for a day in any other relation. letter, 24 June 1930, to Frank Harris "To Frank Harris on Sex in Biography" Sixteen Self Sketches (1949) The quality of a play is the quality of its ideas. "The Play of Ideas", New Statesman (6 May 1950) The apparent multiplicity of Gods is bewildering at the first glance; but you presently discover that they are all the same one God in different aspects and functions and even sexes. There is always one uttermost God who defies personification. This makes Hinduism the most tolerant religion in the world, because its one transcendent God includes all possible Gods… Hinduism is so elastic and so subtle that the profoundest Methodist and the crudest idolater are equally at home in it. Islam is very different, being ferociously intolerant. What I may call Manifold Monotheism becomes in the minds of very simple folk an absurdly polytheistic idolatry, just as European peasants not only worship Saints and the Virgin as Gods, but will fight fanatically for their faith in the ugly little black doll who is the Virgin of their own Church against the black doll of the next village. When the Arabs had run this sort of idolatry to such extremes … they did this without black dolls and worshipped any stone that looked funny, Mahomet rose up at the risk of his life and insulted the stones shockingly, declaring that there is only one God, Allah, the glorious, the great… And there was to be no nonsense about toleration. You accepted Allah or you had your throat cut by someone who did accept him, and who went to Paradise for having sent you to Hell. Mahomet was a great Protestant religious force, like George Fox or Wesley …. There is actually a great Hindu sect, the Jains , with Temples of amazing magnificence, which abolish God, not on materialist atheist considerations, but as unspeakable and unknowable, transcending all human comprehension. Letter to the Reverend Ensor Walters (1933), as quoted in Bernard Shaw : Collected Letters, 1926-1950 (1988) by Dan H. Laurence, p. 305; Shaw actually errs here in characterizing Jainism as simply a sect of Hinduism, as it is usually regarded as a separate and independent tradition, though Hindu and Jain philosophers have long had influence on each other, as well as other traditions A government which robs Peter to pay Paul can always depend on the support of Paul. Everybody's Political What's What (1944), Ch. 30, p. 256 We have no reason to suppose that we are the Creator's last word. The Bible is most dangerous book ever written on earth, keep it under lock and key. From Why You Should Never be a Christian (1987) by Ishaq 'Kunle Sanni and ‎Dawood Ayodele Amoo. The trouble with her is that she lacks the power of conversation but not the power of speech. Widely attributed to Shaw, this quotation is actually of unknown origin. The single biggest problem in communication is the illusion that it has taken place. The attribution to Shaw comes from Leadership Skills for Managers (2000) by Marlene Caroselli, p. 71. But this quote seems more likely to come from William H. Whyte.. The Biggest Problem in Communication Is the Illusion That It Has Taken Place . Quote Investigator (2014-08-31). Retrieved on 2015-11-09. Success does not consist in never making blunders, but in never making the same one a second time. H. W. Shaw ( Josh Billings ), as quoted in Scientific American, Vol. 31 (1874), p. 121, and in dictionaries of quotations such as Excellent Quotations for Home and School (1890) by Julia B. Hoitt, p. 117 and Many Thoughts of Many Minds: A Treasury of Quotations from the Literature of Every Land and Every Age (1896) by Louis Klopsch, p. 266 . I learned long ago never to wrestle with a pig. ... You get dirty and besides the pig likes it. Initially attributed to Cyrus S. Ching in Time, Vol. 56 (1950), p. 21. Quotes about Shaw[ edit ] Shaw is perhaps the most consciously conscious mind that has ever thought … ~ Jacques Barzun I never read a reply by Shaw that did not leave me in better and not worse temper or frame of mind … ~ G. K. Chesterton I found many men to whom I felt deeply grateful … but the man I liked most and the man who seemed to remind me of myself — of what I really was and would surely become — was George Bernard Shaw. ~ William Saroyan Shaw's plays are the price we pay for Shaw's prefaces. James Agate , diary entry (10 March 1933) Shaw knows at any moment, on any subject, what he thinks, what you will think, what others have thought, what all this thinking entails; and he takes the most elaborate pains to bring these thoughts to light in a form which is by turns abstract and familiar, conciliatory and aggressive, obvious and inferential, comic and puzzling. In a word, Shaw is perhaps the most consciously conscious mind that has ever thought — certainly the most conscious since Rousseau ; which may be why both of them often create the same impression of insincerity amounting to charlatanism. Yet it is by excess of honesty that Shaw himself lent color to his representation as an inconsequential buffoon bent on monopolizing the spotlight. Jacques Barzun , in "Bernard Shaw in Twilight" in The Kenyon Review (Summer 1943) Seeing clearly within himself and always able to dodge around the ends of any position, including his own, Shaw assumed from the start the dual role of prophet and gadfly. Jacques Barzun , in "Bernard Shaw in Twilight" in The Kenyon Review (Summer 1943) Shaw does not merely decorate a proposition, but makes his way from point to point through new and difficult territory. Jacques Barzun , in "Bernard Shaw in Twilight" in The Kenyon Review (Summer 1943) He never invested his whole moral capital in a man, a book, or a cause, but treasured up wisdom wherever it could be picked up, always with scrupulous acknowledgment … His eclecticism saving him from the cycle of hope-disillusion-despair, his highest effectiveness was as a skirmisher in the daily battle for light and justice, as a critic of new doctrine and a refurbisher of old, as a voice of warning and encouragement. That his action has not been in vain, we can measure by how little Shaw's iconoclasm stirs our blood; we no longer remember what he destroyed that was blocking our view. Jacques Barzun , in "Bernard Shaw in Twilight" in The Kenyon Review (Summer 1943) Bernard Shaw remains the only model we have of what the citizen of a democracy should be: an informed participant in all things we deem important to the society and the individual. Jacques Barzun "Bernard Shaw," in A Jacques Barzun Reader: Selections from his works (2002), p. 231 Mr. Shaw cannot realise his own pertness, nor can he preserve his own gravity, for more than a few moments at a time. Even when he sets out to be funny for fun's sake, he must needs always pretend that there is a serious reason for the emprise; and he pretends so strenuously that he ends by convincing us almost as fully as he convinces himself. Thus the absurdity, whatever it be, comes off doubly well. Conversely, even when he is really engrossed in some process of serious argument, or moved to real eloquence by one of his social ideals, he emits involuntarily some wild jape which makes the whole thing ridiculous — as ridiculous to himself as to us; and straightway he proceeds to caricature his own thesis till everything is topsy-turvy; and we, rolling with laughter, look up and find him no longer on his head, but on his heels, talking away quite gravely; and this sets us off again. For, of course, when seriousness and frivolity thus co-exist inseparably in a man, the seriousness is nullified by the frivolity. The latter is fed by the former, but, graceless and vampire-like, kills it. As a teacher, as a propagandist, Mr. Shaw is no good at all, even in his own generation. But as a personality he is immortal. Posterity will not, I fancy, read his writings. He has not enough of the specific art-sense for writing. I will not exasperate him by complaining that he has no sense of beauty in the use of his medium: the idea of beauty is a red rag to him, as we know. I will merely suggest that he has in his writing the qualities of a public speaker rather than of a writer. He does not write with that closeness which is the result not of haste but of leisure, and which is the main secret of good literature. He is too glib, too fluent, too diffuse, and too loud. Glibness and fluency, loudness and diffusion, are just the qualities needed for addressing an audience. But between speaking and writing there is a vast difference. A good writer cannot make good speeches, and Mr. Shaw's seems an instance to prove that a good speaker cannot write well. We, his contemporaries, can read him with delight, even though we seem to miss the reporter's interpolation of "laughter", "cheers", "interruption", and so forth. But relentlessly, in course of time, lack of solid form "tells on" writing. However interesting a writer may be, he will not, unless he be a strict artist, be read by posterity. Style, as has been said, is the one antiseptic. But, though Mr. Shaw's writing be not good enough for the next generation, he himself, being so signally unique, is good enough for all time. I wish I had the leisure to be his Boswell , and he the kindness to be my Johnson .	George Bernard Shaw
St Andrew’s Day, the patron saint of Scotland, falls in which month of the year?	List of misquotations - Wikiquote List of misquotations Jump to: navigation , search This page consists of things that many people think are correct quotations but are actually incorrect. This does not include quotations that were actually blunders by the people who said them (see, e.g., Wikipedia:Political gaffe ). Misquoted or misattributed[ edit ] "A lie can travel halfway around the world while the truth is putting on its shoes." Mark Twain, Winston Churchill, Thomas Jefferson, Ann Landers, etc never said these words, but Jonathan Swift did. [1] "Hell is just a frame of mind": widely claimed on the internet – always without a reference – to be a quotation from Christopher Marlowe's Doctor Faustus. It appears nowhere in the play. "If you have an apple and I have an apple and we exchange these apples then you and I will still each have one apple. But if you have an idea and I have an idea and we exchange these ideas, then each of us will have two ideas." George Bernard Shaw never said these words, but Charles F. Brannan did. [2] "The secret of all victory lies in the organization of the non-obvious" Widely attributed to Marcus Aurelius , this quote appears in The Decline of the West, by Oswald Spengler (1918 and 1923). "I don't think we're in Kansas anymore, Toto.", Dorothy Gale in The Wizard of Oz (played by Judy Garland) This phrase was never uttered by the character. What she really said was Toto, I've a feeling we're not in Kansas any more. "A stupid person's idea of a clever person", Julie Burchill of Stephen Fry . This phrase was coined by the Irish writer Elizabeth Bowen about Aldous Huxley in the 1930s. Burchill remarked that "My husband claims that it was I who coined the line about Stephen Fry that he is "a stupid person's idea of a clever person". And if I weren't a sober person's idea of a booze-addled person, I might be more useful in remembering whether this is true or not. Whatever, it's pretty damn good." "Not a lot of people know that.", Michael Caine , British actor. Peter Sellers said this whilst doing an impression of Michael Caine and Caine has become associated with the quote despite not having said it in the first place. [3] “Nice guys finish last.” Leo Durocher (1906–1991), US baseball manager. As reported in the biography, Nice Guys Finish Last, (by Leo Durocher, with Ed Linn, Simon & Schuster, 1975), Durocher's remark was his reply to being asked his opinion of the 1946 New York Giants. He actually said, “Take a look at them. All nice guys. They’ll finish last. Nice guys – finish last.” Elision of the relative pronoun ("who") in the final sentence turned an evaluation into a declaration that nice people are doomed to failure. “Doubt kills more dreams than failure ever will.” Suzy Kassem in Rise Up And Salute The Sun (2010) "Doubt kills more dreams than failure ever will” is a motivational saying that has been printed on many posters. The saying was first cited on the Truth Is Crying blog on August 18, 2008: “Have faith in your skills. Negative thoughts can kill your dreams before others do. Doubt kills more dreams than failure ever will.” — Suzy Kassem, an American intellectual artist, writer, filmmaker, philosopher, essayist, and poet of Egyptian heritage. The saying also appears in her book, Rise Up and Salute the Sun (2010). Quote was misattributed to Karim Seddiki, a fictitious writer, in 2014 by a designer by the name of Shanice Cameron. The image she created went viral with the wrong attribution and has been poorly copied since then. “The two most common elements in the Universe are Hydrogen and Stupidity.” Harlan Ellison (born May 27, 1934), US author . Although stated by Ellison in a nonfiction essay in the mid-1960s, this quote has been frequently misattributed to Frank Zappa . In Zappa's autobiography, The Real Frank Zappa Book (1989), on page 239, Zappa makes a similar comment: "Some scientists claim that hydrogen, because it is so plentiful, is the basic building block of the universe. I dispute that. I say there is more stupidity than hydrogen, and that is the basic building block of the universe." "I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it" Voltaire Thought to be words of Voltaire, it was actually written by Evelyn Beatrice Hall . "To learn who rules over you, simply find out whom you are not allowed to criticize." Voltaire Often used as justification for anti-Semitism, the quote is actually by Kevin Strom, a Neo-Nazi writer** "If I can't dance I don't want to be in [or a part of] your revolution." (also: "If I can't dance to it, it's not my revolution") Widely attributed to Emma Goldman , but according to Goldman scholar Alix Kates Shulman , it was instead the invention of anarchist printer Jack Frager for a small batch of Goldman T-shirts he printed in 1973. In her memoirs, Goldman remembers being censured for dancing and states: "I insisted that our Cause could not expect me to become a nun and that the movement should not be turned into a cloister. If it meant that, I did not want it. 'I want freedom, the right to self-expression, everybody's right to beautiful, radiant things.'" – Living My Life (New York: Knopf, 1934), p. 56 In the motion picture V for Vendetta , V (played by Hugo Weaving says that "a revolution without dancing is a revolution not worth having." See Shulman, Alix Kates ' Dances With Feminists , Women's Review of Books, Vol. IX, no. 3, December 1991. "Just the facts, ma'am." This, the best known quote from the Jack Webb series Dragnet , was never said by Sgt. Friday in any of the Dragnet radio or television series. The quote was, however, adopted in the 1987 Dragnet pseudo-parody film starring Dan Aykroyd and Tom Hanks in which Aykroyd played Sgt. Joe Friday. Correct versions: "All we want are the facts, ma'am." "All we know are the facts, ma'am." See Mikkelson, Barbara and David P. ( 29 March 2002 ). Just the Facts . Urban Legends. snopes.com. Retrieved on 2006-12-18. We trained hard... but it seemed that every time we were beginning to form up into teams we would be reorganized. I was to learn later in life that we tend to meet any new situation by reorganizing; and a wonderful method it can be for creating the illusion of progress while producing confusion, inefficiency, and demoralization. Actually by Charlton Ogburn (1911–1998) from "Merrill's Marauders: The truth about an incredible adventure" in the January 1957 issue of Harper's Magazine Actual quote: "We trained hard, but it seemed that every time we were beginning to form up into teams we would be reorganized. Presumably the plans for our employment were being changed. I was to learn later in life that, perhaps because we are so good at organizing, we tend as a nation to meet any new situation by reorganizing; and a wonderful method it can be for creating the illusion of progress while producing confusion, inefficiency and demoralization." see Brown, David S. "Petronius or Ogburn?", Public Administration Review, Vol. 38, No. 3 (May – June, 1978), p. 296 [4] "Elementary, my dear Watson" – Sherlock Holmes This phrase was never uttered by the character in any of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's written works. Though "Elementary," and "...my dear Watson." both appear near the beginning of The Crooked Man (1893), it is the "...my dear Watson" that appears first, and "Elementary" is the succinct reply to Watson's exclamation a few lines of dialogue later. This is the closest these four immortal words ever appear together in the canon. The first documented occurrence of this quote appears in the P. G. Wodehouse novel, "Psmith, Journalist" , which was serialized in The Captain magazine (1909-10) then published in book form (1915) and contains the following dialog: "That's right," said Billy Windsor. "Of course." "Elementary, my dear Watson, elementary," murmured Psmith. The end justifies the means. Often misattributed to Machiavelli 's The Prince , in which the idea appears, but not the phrase itself, and to many other writers who repeat this aphorism at least as old as Ovid , Heroides (c. 10 BC): Exitus acta probat. See also: Means and ends . "There's a sucker born every minute." While this is often attributed to P. T. Barnum , it seems to have been said by one of his competitors, commenting on one of Barnum's exhibits. Misattributed to W. C. Fields Actual quote: "Here Lies W. C. Fields: I would rather be living in Philadelphia." Presented as one of "A group of artists [writing] their own epitaphs" in a 1925 issue of Vanity Fair, which may or may not have been written by the figures whose names appear with the epitaphs. In the movie My Little Chickadee , Fields' character is about to be hanged. With the noose around his neck, he makes his last request to the lynching party. "I'd like to see Paris before I die." As the noose starts to tighten, he adds "Philadelphia will do!" see Amory, Cleveland, and Bradlee, Frederic, Vanity Fair: Selections from America's Most Memorable Magazine, a Cavalcade of the 1920s and 1930s, Viking Press, 1960, page 103. "I invented the internet." Misattributed to Al Gore . In fact, Al Gore did not claim to have "invented" the internet. This is a distortion of statements in which Gore claims credit for his role within Congress in funding the internet's development. While popularized by Gore's political opponents as a quote from Gore, the initial use of the word "invented" in this context was by Wired News author Declan McCullagh, who in turn was paraphrasing House Majority Leader Armey's criticism of Gore's claims. The correct Gore quote from CNN's Late Edition: "During my service in the United States Congress, I took the initiative in creating the Internet. I took the initiative in moving forward a whole range of initiatives that have proven to be important to our country's economic growth and environmental protection, improvements in our educational system." Finkelstein, Seth ( 28 April 2006 ). Al Gore "invented the Internet" – resources . sethf.com. Retrieved on 2011-6-16. "Theirs but to do or die!" This is a misstatement of a line from Tennyson 's “The Charge Of The Light Brigade”, which actually says, “Theirs not to reason why, Theirs but to do and die”. See http://wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Charge_of_the_Light_Brigade_(poem) "Far from the maddening crowd" This is a misstatement of a line from Thomas Gray 's poem “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” (1751): "Far from the madding crowd's ignoble strife, Their sober wishes never learn'd to stray." The line was later used by Thomas Hardy as the title of his novel “Far From The Madding Crowd”. See http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/134150.html "With great power comes great responsibility." This is often erroneously assumed to be the quote of Ben Parker dating back to the original Spider-Man origin story as depicted in 1962's Amazing Fantasy #15. This statement appears as a caption of narration in the last panel of the story and wasn't a spoken line by any character in the story. In most retellings of Spider-Man's origin, including the 2002 film , the quote has been retconned (the alteration of previously established facts in the continuity of a fictional work) to depict Uncle Ben's final lecture to Peter Parker prior to Ben's tragic death and as the words that continue to drive Peter as Spider-Man. Also, the correct Amazing Fantasy quote is, "With great power there must also come great responsibility." "It's life, Jim, but not as we know it." Attributed to Leonard McCoy from the run of Star Trek: The Original Series , but the phrase was never uttered. The similar phrase "not life as we know it" is spoken by Spock in the season one episode "The Devil in the Dark". The spurious phrase originated in the 1987 novelty song " Star Trekkin' ", in which the quote is attributed to Spock. McCoy's line in the song was, "It's worse than that, he's dead, Jim!" See: The Oxford Dictionary of Modern Quotations, 2007 edition (Oxford University Press), entry by Elizabeth Knowles; ISBN 978-0-19-920895-1 "We sleep safely in our beds because rough men stand ready in the night to visit violence on those who would harm us." [Edmund Burke, 1729 - 1797] Alternative: "People sleep peaceably in their beds at night only because rough men stand ready to do violence on their behalf." Alternative: "We sleep soundly in our beds because rough men stand ready in the night to visit violence on those who would do us harm." Commonly misattributed to George Orwell without citation. Sometimes also misattributed to Winston Churchill without citation. Actual source: Quote Investigator found the earliest known appearance in a 1993 Washington Times essay by Richard Grenier: "As George Orwell pointed out, people sleep peacefully in their beds at night only because rough men stand ready to do violence on their behalf." The absence of quotation marks indicates that Grenier was using his own words to convey his interpretation of Orwell's opinion, as seen in citations below. In his 1945 "Notes on Nationalism", Orwell wrote that pacifists cannot accept the statement "Those who 'abjure' violence can do so only because others are committing violence on their behalf.", despite it being "grossly obvious." "Notes on Nationalism" In an essay on Rudyard Kipling , Orwell cited Kipling's phrase "making mock of uniforms that guard you while you sleep" (Kipling, Tommy), and further noted that Kipling's "grasp of function, of who protects whom, is very sound. He sees clearly that men can be highly civilized only while other men, inevitably less civilized, are there to guard and feed them." (1942) Similar phrase: "I have neither the time nor the inclination to explain myself to a man who rises and sleeps under the blanket of the very freedom that I provide, then questions the manner in which I provide it." – Aaron Sorkin ( A Few Good Men ) "Well behaved women rarely make history." Often attributed to actress Marilyn Monroe , the quote was actually written by Laurel Thatcher Ulrich , a professor at Harvard University. See: http://www.immortalmarilyn.com/MarijanestakeonMM.html "Well, that escalated quickly." Was said by Ron Burgundy following a fight with local anchormen. The correct quote is "Boy, that escalated quickly". See: http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Anchorman:_The_Legend_of_Ron_Burgundy "Please, Sir, can I have some more?" Commonly thought to be said by Oliver Twist in the parish workhouse. The correct quote is "Please, Sir, I want some more". "The harder he works, the luckier he gets." Variations are frequently attributed to Donald Trump or his wife in interview, but the phrase originated with Samuel Goldwyn as "The harder I work, the luckier I get.", but he was believed to be paraphrasing the quote below. "I'm a great believer in luck, and I find the harder I work the more I have of it." There is no record that this was said or written by Thomas Jefferson . [5] . Its first print appearance is by F. L. Emerson in 1947. "Ladies and Gentlemen of the class of 99, wear sunscreen." The Wear Sunscreen speech is regularly attributed to Kurt Vonnegut or Baz Luhrmann , but it was originally written in 1997 as a newspaper column by Mary Schmich as a semi-parodic "Guide to Life for Students". "If the mountain won't come to Muhammad, then Muhammad must go to the mountain." Often attributed to the prophet Muhammad but there's no evidence that he actually said this. This phrase actually originates in a retelling of the story of Muhammad by Francis Bacon in 1625:"Mahomet cald the Hill to come to him. And when the Hill stood still, he was neuer a whit abashed, but said; If the Hill will not come to Mahomet, Mahomet wil go to the hil." The original phrase used the term "hill", but John Owen's 1643 translation used the term "mountain". This phrase is often misquoted due to widespread misunderstanding of the phrase's meaning. It does not refer to "going after opportunity instead of waiting for it to come to you". Its meaning translates, "If one's will does not prevail, one must submit to an alternative." "A billion here, a billion there, and pretty soon you're talking real money." Attributed to Everett Dirksen . Dirksen occasionally used the phrase "a billion here, a billion there" in his speeches, but the latter appendage was apparently the work of a newspaper reporter. Dirksen noted that although he never said the whole comment, he liked the misquotation and never seriously objected to its misattribution. "I will return and I will be millions." This is often attributed to Eva Perón, and indeed is on her tombstone, but there is no record she said it . The belief that she actually did is probably because she does in a José María Castiñeira de Dios poem written in her voice nearly ten years after her 1952 death. Túpac Katari, a leader of the Bolivian indigenous people's rebellion against Spanish rule, did in fact say something similar (" I shall die but return tomorrow multiplied ten thousandfold ") prior to his 1781 execution; more recently, a slave in Howard Fast's contemporary novel Spartacus says the line as he is being crucified and the line is repeated in the 1960 Stanley Kubrick film version. "I love my cigar, but I take it out of my mouth once in awhile!" Attributed to Groucho Marx . According to urban legend, while interviewing Marion and Charlotte Story for a 1950 episode of You Bet Your Life , Marx uttered the phrase in response to Charlotte, who had mothered 20 children with her husband, saying how much she loved her husband. According to surviving recordings of the episode in question, Marx actually said "With each new kid, do you go around passing out cigars?" Although episodes of You Bet Your Life were known to be edited for content, Marx himself denied ever saying the more risqué phrase. " Winning isn't everything; it's the only thing Vince Lombardi always insisted he had never said this, although it's close to a line he did frequently repeat: "Winning isn't a sometime thing; it's an all the time thing." The actual line was spoken by former UCLA football coach Henry Russell "Red" Sanders. Unsourced, unverified, or other best guesses[ edit ] These may not necessarily be misquotations but catchphrases from popular culture, whose formation required slight alterations to put them into context and make them memorable . "A house that has a library in it has a soul." Attributed to Plato by Robert G. Ingersoll in "The Liberty Of All" (1877), but it does not appear in Plato's writings. "No rest for the wicked." Probably a corruption of Isaiah 57:21: "There is no peace, saith my God, to the wicked." “Thus I progressed on the surface of life, in the realm of words as it were, never in reality. All those books barely read, those friends barely loved, those cities barely visited, those women barely possessed! I went through the gestures out of boredom or absent-mindedness. Then came the human beings, they wanted to cling, but there was nothing to cling to, and that was unfortunate – for them. As for me, I forgot. I never remembered anything but myself.” Widely reblogged quote with no evident primary source allegedly originating with Albert Camus . According to Goodreads , it is quoted from The Fall by Albert Camus. [6] "Mate, how does it feel to have dropped the World Cup" Allegedly by Steve Waugh to Herschelle Gibbs when Gibbs dropped a now infamous catch that eventually assisted in South Africa being knocked out of the 1999 Cricket World Cup. Although some Australian cricketers claim they heard this exchange, Waugh himself denies it was said. "Because it's there" George Mallory on why he wanted to climb Mount Everest. Questions have been raised about the authenticity of this quote. It may have been invented by a newspaper reporter. "It's a funny old game" Jimmy Greaves ' autobiography "Greavsie" insists that, despite this quote regularly being attributed to him, he has never used it. The misquotation may arise from a trailer for the Central Television programme Spitting Image during the mid-1980s. "Power corrupts; absolute power corrupts absolutely." This misquote hearkens back to the British Lord Acton , a 19th century English historian who was commenting about tyrannical monarchs (Caesar, Henry VIII, Napoleon, various Russian Tsars, etc.). Lord Acton actually wrote: "Power tends to corrupt; absolute power corrupts absolutely. Great men are almost always bad men." "Beam me up, Scotty" – James T. Kirk From the Star Trek science fiction television series. Several variants of this occur in the series, such as "Energize", "Beam me aboard," "Beam us up home," or "Two to beam up," but "Beam me up, Scotty" was never said during the run of the original Star Trek series. However, the quote "Beam us up, Scotty" was uttered in Star Trek: The Animated Series . The movie Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home included the closest other variation: "Scotty, beam me up." James Doohan , the actor who played Scotty, chose this phrase as the title of his 1996 autobiography. "Damn it, Jim! I'm a doctor not a..." – Leonard McCoy From the Star Trek science fiction television series. McCoy had several lines of this sort, except that he never said "damn it". Only one "swear word" was used on the original Star Trek series (prior to the movies): "hell". It was most famously spoken at the end of the episode entitled "City on the Edge of Forever": "Let's get the hell out of here" – J. T. Kirk. The phrase, complete with "damn it" probably originated from Dan Ackroyd's Dr. McCoy impersonation during a skit on Saturday Night Live season 1 episode 22; although McCoy did eventually end up saying, "Damn it, Jim" in Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan, followed directly by, "what the hell's the matter with you?" Used in Star Trek (2009). "All that glistens is not gold" / "All that glitters is not gold" – William Shakespeare Correct quote: "All that glisters is not gold". Often (usually) misquoted. Spoken by the Prince of Morocco in The Merchant of Venice In the opening verse to Led Zeppelin's Stairway to Heaven quotes "There's a lady who's sure, all that glitters is gold." The line "All that is gold does not glitter" is the opening of a poem in "Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring", referring to the character Aragorn, who "looks foul and feels fair". In the chorus of the Smash Mouth song "All Star" can be found the phrase "All that glitters is gold". "Blood, Sweat, and Tears" – Winston Churchill Correct quote: "I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat." The quote appeared in the book Metropolis, written by Thea von Harbou (wife of Metropolis director Fritz Lang ), first published in 1926 . The text, describing Freder Fredersen as he has just finished his first day working to keep the machines of Metropolis alive, states, "He tasted a salty taste on his lips, and did not know if it was from blood, sweat, or tears." Notes: A similar quote from Winston Churchill can be found in a recorded speech he gave to the House of Commons where he says " I have never promised anything but blood, sweat and tears, now however we have a new experience. We have victory. a..a remarkable victory. A bright gleam has caught the helmets of our soldiers and warmed and cheered all our hearts." The song from the movie The Longest Day says: " [...] Filled with hopes and filled with fears. Filled with blood and sweat and tears [...]" Blood, Sweat and Tears is the name of the 1963 album from Johnny Cash, which inspired the name for the music group formed in 1967, and may be the source of confusion. "God helps those who help themselves." The saying is not biblical, but it is an ancient proverb that shows up in the literature of many cultures, including a 1736 edition of Benjamin Franklin 's Poor Richard's Almanac. "There is a Rabbinic saying: "One who comes to be purified is helped." which is quite similar. This is more or less identical to the message in one of the Aesop's fables, about a man praying to Hercules--the fable "Heracles and the Driver" The moral to this fable is "The gods help those who help themselves" This is a likely origin as the fable is well known and the moral is the closest to the actual phrase. The saying is also found in Xenophon 's masterpiece about Cyrus, Cyropaedia. Pretty much the motto on the coat of arms of Huddersfield , England 'Juvat impigros deus'. Strictly speaking, God helps the industrious, but locally translated as "God helps those who help themselves". "Lead on, Macduff" Correct quote: "Lay on, Macduff, and damned be him who first cries 'Hold! enough!'" – William Shakespeare ( Macbeth ) "Bubble bubble, toil and trouble." Correct quote: "Double, double toil and trouble." – William Shakespeare ( Macbeth ) "Bubble bubble" was popularized in the hit Disney cartoon DuckTales – "Much Ado About Scrooge." The witches on the island chanted "Bubble, bubble, toil and trouble. Leave this island on the double." Here, the words from the Macbeth rhyming scheme are reversed. "Methinks the lady doth protest too much" Correct quote: "The lady doth protest too much, methinks." – William Shakespeare ( Hamlet ) This quote comes from Hamlet, Act 3, scene 2, line 254 (line accuracy may differ in varying versions of the play). During the time of Shakespeare, the word "protest" meant "vow" or "declare solemnly" rather than "deny". In this manner, Gertrude is making a comment about the Player Queen's overzealous attachment to the Player King rather than a denial of guilt. The quote is Gertrude's response to Hamlet's asking her if she is enjoying the play. "Money is the root of all evil." In context: "For the love of money is the root of all evil: which while some coveted after, they have erred from the faith, and pierced themselves through with many sorrows." ( 1 Timothy 6:10 ) KJV (The King James Bible) Many translations render what the KJV renders as "the root" (originally ῥίζα) as "a root" or "at the root" and "all evil" (πᾶς κακός) as "all sorts of evil" or "all kinds of evil". (See also translations in New International Version , New American Standard Bible , New Living Translation .) All translations agree that it is the love of money, rather than money itself, that is associated with evil. "Now is the winter of our discontent." In context: "Now is the winter of our discontent / Made glorious summer by this son of York." – William Shakespeare ( Richard III ) Notes: This is not a misquotation but a selective quotation, because the grammar of the quotation is different from the grammar of the original, and hence the meaning may be lost on some. As misquoted, is is the main verb, and the phrase means, "The winter of our discontent is happening now." In the full quote, is is an auxiliary verb and might be rephrased according to modern usage, to clarify the meaning: "Now the winter of our discontent is made into a glorious summer by this sun of York." (This sun of York and not son, a punning reference to the coat of arms of Edward IV.) "Alas, poor Yorick! I knew him well." Correct quote: "Alas, poor Yorick! I knew him, Horatio – a fellow of infinite jest, of most excellent fancy." – William Shakespeare ( Hamlet , Act V, Scene I) "Play it again, Sam" Actual quote: "Play it once, Sam, for old times' sake, play 'As Time Goes By'." – Ingrid Bergman (Casablanca) Actual quote: "You played it for her, you can play it for me. ... If she can stand to listen to it, I can. Play it." – Humphrey Bogart (Casablanca) Note: Woody Allen paid homage to Casablanca under the title Play It Again, Sam, which is likely the source of much such misquotation. The line first occurred in the Marx Brothers' film A Night in Casablanca (1946), another possible source of the misquotation. "I'm ready for my close-up, Mr DeMille" Actual quote: "All right, Mr. DeMille, I'm ready for my close-up" Gloria Swanson (Sunset Boulevard) "Greed is good" Actual quote: "The point is, ladies and gentleman, that greed, for lack of a better word, is good. Greed is right, greed works." – Gordon Gekko (Wall Street) "Someone set us up the bomb" Correct quote: "Somebody set up us the bomb" The spoken words are "Someone set us up the bomb" in the flash animation , which made the phenomenon popular. "somebody set up us the bomb" is a cheat code in Empire Earth to win the game automatically. Notes: From a Japanese video game, Zero Wing , with a very unskilled and amusing English translation. The original Japanese - nanimonoka niyotte bakuhatsubutsu ga shikakerareta youdesu - is natural and unbroken, although it conveys much greater uncertainty about what has happened. Similar to " all your base are belong to us ", which occurs in the same game. "The rest is science" Correct quote: "The rest is silence" – William Shakespeare ( Hamlet ) Notes: This phrase may also be used as a play on words, or even plain prose, as when Steve Swallow, the jazz musician, said about jazz composition, "Eventually, an idea always comes, and then the rest is science." "To gild the lily" Correct quote: "To gild refined gold, to paint the lily" – William Shakespeare ( The Life and Death of King John , Act IV, Scene II, line 13) (Shakespeare was himself playing with the biblical story that says that one does not need to add to what God has already done for the lily (Matt 6:28) "See how the lilies of the field grow. They do not labor or spin. Yet I tell you that not even Solomon in all his splendor was dressed like one of these.") "Why don't you come up and see me sometime?" Correct quote: "Why don't you come up sometime and see me? I'm home every evening." – Mae West ( She Done Him Wrong ) She switched the word order in her next film, I'm No Angel , where she says, "Come up and see me sometime", without the "Why don't you". A mechanical mouse in a Tom and Jerry cartoon repeated, "Come up and see me sometime." "I am not a crook" – Richard Nixon Often attributed to his denial of any foreknowledge of the Watergate break-in, when, in fact, the question raised in a Press Conference was about his personal finances. Nixon's response, properly worded, was: "And I think, too, that I can say that in my years of public life, that I welcome this kind of examination because people have gotta know whether or not their President's a crook. Well, I'm not a crook. I've earned everything I've got." "You dirty rat!" Never said by James Cagney in any film. However, in Blonde Crazy (1931) he says that another character is a "dirty, double-crossing rat!" In Taxi! (1932) James Cagney is ready to kill a man who killed his brother, (hence the full misquote in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, "You dirty rat, you killed my brother") and says, "Come out and take it, you dirty yellow-bellied rat, or I'll give it to you through the door!" This would be the closest true quotation in context and wording. Also quoted in the 1990 movie Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles by the character Michelangelo in an attempt to impersonate James Cagney "The only traditions of the Royal Navy are rum, sodomy and the lash." Winston Churchill 's personal secretary, Anthony Montague-Browne, said that although Churchill did not say this, he wished he had. "A language is a dialect with a navy." This was not said by Otto von Bismarck but rather by the linguist Max Weinreich . "The hottest places in hell are reserved for those who in times of great moral crisis maintain their neutrality", or a variation on that. This was stated by John F. Kennedy and attributed by him to Dante [7] . However, in the Divine Comedy those who "non furon ribelli né fur fedeli" — neither rebelled against nor were faithful to God — are located directly inside the gate of Hell, a region neither hot nor cold (Inferno, canto 3); the lowest part of Hell, a frigid lake of ice, was for traitors. "A damn close run thing" – Arthur Wellesley , the 1st Duke of Wellington, referring to his victory over Napoleon at Waterloo. He actually said, "It has been a damn nice thing-the nearest run thing you ever saw ..." with nice in the archaic meaning of "careful or precise" and not the modern "attractive or agreeable" or the even more archaic meaning of "foolish". "Do you feel lucky, punk?" – Clint Eastwood as Harry Callahan in Dirty Harry Correct quote plus context: "Ah-ah. I know what you're thinking: 'Did he fire six shots, or only five?' Well, to tell you the truth, in all this excitement I kind of lost track myself. But, being as this is a .44 Magnum, the most powerful handgun in the world, and would blow your head clean off, you've got to ask yourself one question: 'Do I feel lucky?' Well, do ya, PUNK?" Jim Carrey's character in The Mask came closer to the correct quote: "Now you have to ask yourself one question: 'Do I feel lucky?' Well... do ya... PUNKS?" "Whenever I hear the word 'culture' I reach for my revolver." The actual quote is "Wenn ich Kultur höre ... entsichere ich meinen Browning!" This translates as: "Whenever I hear [the word] 'culture'... I remove the safety from my Browning!" This quote is often mistakenly attributed to leading Nazi Hermann Göring , or occasionally to Julius Streicher , a lower-ranking Nazi. This misattribution may date from the famous Frank Capra documentaries (Why We Fight) shown to American troops before shipping out. In fact, it is a line uttered by the character Thiemann in Act 1, Scene 1 of the play Schlageter, written by Hanns Johst . The association with Nazism is appropriate, as the play was first performed in April 1933, in honor of Hitler 's birthday. Baldur von Schirach, head of the Hitlerjugend, delivered this sentence in a public speech, circa 1938. A footage of the scene, with von Schirach actually drawing his gun, appears in Frederic Rossif's documentary "from Nürnberg to Nürnberg". Notes: It is possible that this is actually a rather more felicitous phrase in translation than it is in the original. Both the original German and this English translation were juxtaposed by Howard Thomas in his review of an article by Nicholas H. Battey in the Journal of Experimental Biology, December 2002, as "the famous words of Hanns Johst: 'Wenn ich Kultur höre ... entsichere ich meinen Browning' – 'Whenever I hear the word culture, I reach for my revolver.'" The phrase itself may be a play on words as the word Browning may refer to both a pistol and the English poet Robert Browning . Additionally it should be noted that a Browning (most likely the M1935 High-Power) is not a revolver, but a magazine-fed semi-automatic pistol. However, at the time, the word "Browning" was used to refer to any pistol, much as "Colt" is used for any revolver in westerns. "Hell hath no fury like a woman scorned" The correct quotation is "Heaven has no rage like love to hatred turned/ Nor hell a fury like a woman scorned." by William Congreve in The Mourning Bride of 1697. "Don't fire till you see the whites of their eyes." This quotation is usually attributed to Andrew Jackson at the Battle of New Orleans . In fact, it originates with Colonel William Prescott commander of George Washington's Continental Army, at the Battle of Bunker Hill . The full quotation is, "Don't fire till you see the whites of their eyes. Then, fire low!" Source: George Washington's War by Robert Leckie "Houston, we have a problem" This phrase, supposedly uttered by Apollo 13 commander, Jim Lovell was, in its original rendering: "Houston, we've had a problem. We've had a main B bus undervolt." However, the first notification to Houston that there was a problem was by fellow astronaut Jack Swigert , who used almost identical words. The official NASA chronology [8] lists the messages as: 55:55:20 – Swigert: "Okay, Houston, we've had a problem here." 55:55:28 – Lousma: "This is Houston. Say again please." 55:55:35 – Lovell: "Houston, we've had a problem. We've had a main B bus undervolt." However, in the movie Apollo 13, Tom Hanks says Houston, we have a problem,. [9] "Kismet Hardy / Kiss me, Hardy" – British Vice Admiral Horatio Nelson Nelson is rumoured to have said "Kismet Hardy" or "Kiss me, Hardy" whilst he was dying. Kismet means Fate. However, the OED gives the earliest use in the English language of "kismet" as 1849. On his deathbed, Nelson said Kiss me, Hardy to his Flag Captain, Thomas Masterman Hardy, but they were not his final words, and Hardy was not present at Nelson's death. Nelson's actual final words (related by HMS Victory's Surgeon William Beatty, who was with him when he died) were "Thank God, I have done my duty. Drink, drink. Fan, fan. Rub, rub". "The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing" – Edmund Burke The above is most likely a summary of the following quote in Burke's "Thoughts on the Cause of Present Discontents": "When bad men combine, the good must associate; else they will fall one by one, an unpitied sacrifice in a contemptible struggle." See Wikipedia listing for William Congreve Only the Dead have seen the end of War. Attributed to Plato, but actually written by George Santayana in his The Life of Reason (1953). It was first misquoted in one of retired general Douglas MacArthur's farewell speeches and then crept into popular use. "A rose by any other name smells just as sweet." Actual quote: "What's in a name? That which we call a rose by any other word would smell as sweet." Act II, scene ii of William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet Captain Kirk misquotes the line in the original Star Trek series episode "By Any Other Name." Where art thou Romeo? The correct line (with context) is: "O Romeo, Romeo! Wherefore art thou Romeo?/Deny thy father and refuse thy name./Or, if thou wilt not, be but sworn my love,/And I’ll no longer be a Capulet." Juliet is not asking where Romeo is, she is asking why he is called Romeo. Act II, scene ii of the original Shakespeare Romeo's last name, Montague, means he is supposed to be bitter enemies with Juliet's family, the Capulet's and so Juliet is asking him to renounce his name. "If you build it, they will come" Actual quote: "If you build it, he will come" from Field of Dreams . Possibly a confusion of the Wayne's World 2 quote "If you book them, they will come." Said by the spirit of Jim Morrison. "'Step into my parlor,' said the spider to the fly." Actual quote: "Will you walk into my parlor?" said the spider to the fly" from " The Spider and the Fly ". Also referenced on the song "Spider to the Fly" by the Paper Chase "Brain: An apparatus with which we think we think" Actual quote: "Brain: An apparatus with which we think that we think" from Ambrose Bierce 's The Devil's Dictionary "Nul points" The French phrase is often attributed to the annual Eurovision Song Contest in the media and elsewhere, most notably in the episode of Father Ted , " Song for Europe ". However, only points from one to twelve (un – douze) are given during the song contest. The phrase refers to the final score after a country has received no votes at all. "Mirror, mirror, on the wall..." – The Queen in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs There is no correct source for this quotation, because it originates in a folk tale, and therefore by definition has no author and no known source. The 1937 film has "Magic mirror on the wall” (followed by "who is the fairest one of all?" and, later in the film, "who now is the fairest one of all?"). The Grimms' version of the story has "Spieglein, Spieglein, an der Wand, Wer ist die Schönste im ganzen Land?" (literally: "Mirror, mirror, on the wall, who is the most beautiful in the whole country?") – but of course the Snow White story existed before the Grimms collected it. "Fe-Fi-Fo-Fum, I smell the blood of Englishman, Be him alive or be he dead, I'll grind his bones to make my bread." Should this be quoting from Joseph Jacobs ' English Fairy Tales it should say "Fe-Fi-Fo-Fum, I smell the blood of Englishman, Be him alive or be he dead, I'll have his bones to grind my bread." Darth Vader: Obi-Wan never told you what happened to your father. Luke Skywalker: He told me enough! He told me you killed him! Darth Vader: No. I am your father. Luke Skywalker: No... that's not true! That's impossible! Water, water everywhere and not a drop to drink. A misquotation from the poem “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” by Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1834). Actual quote: Water, water, every where, / And all the boards did shrink; / Water, water, every where, / Nor any drop to drink. "Brace yourself, winter is coming" Attributed to Eddard (Ned) Stark (a character from George R. R. Martin's book series 'A Song of Ice and Fire'), but never in the series does he say the two phrases sequentially. "And I would have gotten away with it if it hadn't been for those meddling kids!" Commonly attributed to various Scooby-Doo villains after being apprehended and unmasked at the end of the mystery. This quote is a pastiche of the various lines delivered by villains. Some villains would come close to uttering the line but would substitute "meddlers" or "blasted kids" or some variation. Some villains would use the "meddling kids" part but only a part of the rest of the line. Many villains remained silent upon arrest. Frequent use of such a quote first began to appear in A Pup Named Scooby-Doo, where in almost every episode, the villains being arrested would say it, but refer to the gang as "pesky kids," rather than meddling. The "meddling" variation did begin to get used (and parodied) frequently in newer productions such as the direct-to-video movies, What's New, Scooby-Doo? and Scooby-Doo, Mystery Incorporated, including commercials such as Direct TV. "There is no way to happiness; happiness is the way." Commonly attributed to Buddha, but not said by him. The source is likely to be either modern Buddhist monk Thich Nhat Hanh, or Calvinist clergyman Abraham Johannes Muste. The phrase appears in Thich Nhat Hanh's writings; but it also appears in a volume of US senate hearings from 1948, when Thich Nhat Hanh had not yet been ordained as a monk. Muste is known to have used a variant of the phrase – "'peace' is the way" in 1967, but this was not the first time he had used it, and he had a connection with the 1948 hearing. (Citation is at fakebuddhaquotes.com/there-is-no-path-to-happiness-happiness-is-the-path/) "Eppur Si Muove (And Yet it Moves)." While attributed to Galileo during his trial with the Inquisition, there is no actual evidence to support the claim that he actually made this statement. "Lights, Camera, Action." Has never actually been used as a standard cadence in film-making. The call of "lights" would refer to burning lights, which had to actually be prepared, and then lit to function, and they would be irrelevant in modern times. There is no evidence that a call of "camera" was ever used at all: the call from the camera operator would be "speed", indicating that the film in the camera had reached the correct speed for filming. "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind" Said by Neil Armstrong while walking on the moon. Due to static interference during transmission Armstrong's message was misinterpreted and consequently has been misquoted. Armstrong actually said, "That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind." "640k ought to be enough for anyone." There is no reference to this ever being said by Bill Gates [13] . The earliest reference to Gates saying something like this appeared in the 1985 (not 1981) issue of InfoWorld magazine, and was regretful of the past rather than predictive of the future: "When we set the upper limit of PC-DOS at 640K, we thought nobody would ever need that much memory." Even this was without a precise reference and not part of an interview. "Do you want to play a game?" Does not appear in any of the Saw film series. Jigsaw's catchline is "I want to play a game." The question "Shall we play a game?" is said by the computer in the movie WarGames . Once you have tasted flight, you will forever walk the Earth with your eyes turned skyward, for there you have been, and there you will always long to return. This may be the most famous aviation quote that is not verifiable. It is attributed everywhere (including in some Smithsonian publications and the Washington Post) to Leonardo da Vinci. The probable author is John Hermes Secondari (1919-1975), who was a writer for the 1965 TV documentary I, Leonardo da Vinci. There's a more detailed discussion of this on the Leonardo da Vinci "Talk" page . Heavier-than-air flying machines are impossible Often attributed to Lord Kelvin , sometimes to Lord Rayleigh or Simon Newcomb . It is a fact that Kelvin didn't believe in heavier-than air flight [14] , but there is no reliable source that he or another physicist from 19th century said it was impossible from a scientific point of view. The oldest known source is the book from Chris Morgan "Facts and fallacies: a book of definitive mistakes and misguided predictions" (1981) Good Morning, Dave. Attributed to HAL 9000 (a character in the movies 2001: A Space Odyssey and 2010) but is never actually spoken by it. Two quotes of HAL 9000 that are very similar to the misquotation are Hello, Dave. in 2001: A Space Odyssey and Good Morning, Dr. Chandra. in 2010. Rivers of Blood. Enoch Powell, the controversial British politician, in the 1960s made a speech referring to the supposed dangers of immigration, which has always been known as the Rivers of Blood speech, but the actual words included "the River Tiber foaming with blood." Are you aware that Claude Pepper is known all over Washington as a shameless extrovert? Not only that, but this man is reliably reported to practice nepotism with his sister-in-law, he has a brother who is a known homo sapiens, and he has a sister who was once a thespian in wicked New York. Worst of all, it is an established fact that Mr. Pepper, before his marriage, habitually practiced celibacy. Attributed to George Smathers . Smathers never made this speech, nor did he express any such sentiment. The speech, which uses wordplay that would dupe a poorly educated or passive listener into thinking Pepper was part of a family of sexual perverts, was already a sort of urban legend circulating by the time Time magazine first placed it in print in 1950. Don't let it end like this. Tell them I said something. Supposedly the last words of Mexican Revolutionary military leader Pancho Villa following his 1923 assassination. However, most accounts of that event say that he died instantly, without any time to say anything. That's where the money is. Willie Sutton regularly denied, for the rest of his life, having given this answer to a reporter's question about why he robbed banks, and it is believed to have been the reporter's invention. Those denials did not, however, deter Sutton from titling his 1976 autobiography Where the Money Was, which may have led people to believe he did say it. I may be drunk, Bessie, but you are ugly, and tomorrow I shall be sober. There is no record of Churchill making this comeback, often attributed to him, to Bessie Braddock ; similar versions of the story involving other public figures of the era circulated before it became attached to him. The Battle of Waterloo was won on the playing fields of Eton. While often attributed to the Duke of Wellington on a visit to his alma mater later in life, historians consider it unlikely that he said. It was only first said to have been said by him four decades after the battle, after he had died; in addition he had not spent much time at Eton and did not recall those years fondly. Biographers familiar with his style of speaking also consider it doubtful that, had he expressed a sentiment like that, he would have expressed it that way. The definition of insanity is doing the same thing over and over and expecting a different result. This quote has been attributed to several sources, including Albert Einstein, Benjamin Franklin and Mark Twain. It may have first appeared in Rita Mae Brown's book, "Sudden Death," published in January 1983. barrypopik.com psychologytoday.com The people of this country have had enough of experts. - Michael Gove , in interview with Faisal Islam on June 3, 2016. Gove did not end his sentence here; he was interrupted by the interviewer [15] . The full quote is: "The people of this country have had enough of experts from organizations with acronyms, saying that they know what is best, and getting it consistently wrong." By eliding the latter part of the sentence, his opponents could argue that he had referred to experts as a whole, rather than to a particular behavior in which experts engaged.	i don't know
A rambutan is what type of foodstuff?	Rambutan \| 16 fruits you've probably never heard of \| MNN - Mother Nature Network 16 fruits you've probably never heard of By: Bryan Nelson on Feb. 23, 2016, 8:59 a.m. 3 of 18 Rambutan Native to the Malay Archipelago, the name of this fruit is derived from the Malay word meaning "hairy," and you can see why. But once the hairy exterior of the rambutan is peeled away, the tender, fleshy, delicious fruit is revealed. Its taste is described as sweet and sour, much like a grape. Though it has its origin in Southeast Asia, rambutan has been imported around the world, and now is commonly cultivated as close to home as Mexico and Hawaii. Rambutans are generally eaten raw but are sometimes stewed with sugar and cloves and eaten as a dessert, reports Purdue University . 11 food rules you should ignore Rambutan Native to the Malay Archipelago, the name of this fruit is derived from the Malay word meaning "hairy," and you can see why. But once the hairy exterior of the rambutan is peeled away, the tender, fleshy, delicious fruit is revealed. Its taste is described as sweet and sour, much like a grape. Though it has its origin in Southeast Asia, rambutan has been imported around the world, and now is commonly cultivated as close to home as Mexico and Hawaii. Rambutans are generally eaten raw but are sometimes stewed with sugar and cloves and eaten as a dessert, reports Purdue University . SPONSORED	Fruit
The marabou is what type of bird?	How to Eat a Rambutan: 10 Steps (with Pictures) - wikiHow How to Eat a Rambutan Two Parts: Eating a Rambutan Using Extra Rambutans Community Q&A Rambutan, a native of Southeast Asia, now grows in tropical climates all over the world. Named after the Malay word for "hair," the soft, drooping spines make this fruit unmistakable. In Costa Rica they are known as Mammon Chino or "Chinese Sucker" after their method of eating and their relation to lychee, a Chinese fruit. Steps Eating a Rambutan 1 Select a ripe rambutan. Rambutans start out green, then turn red, orange, or yellow as they ripen. The hair-like "spines" are green when the rambutan is fresh picked, but after the spines turn black, the fruit remains good for at least a few days. [1] 2 Cut a slit in the skin. Hold the rambutan firmly on a flat surface, gripping both tips. Place a sharp paring knife along the middle of the fruit, as though cutting it in half. Cut gently, severing the hairy, leathery skin without piercing the flesh. Carve halfway around the fruit to extend this slit. [2] You can tear the skin with your thumbnail instead, or even bite open a slit. The spines are soft and harmless, but the skin is inedible and may taste bitter. 3 Open the rambutan. The cut skin should tear apart easily. Pull one side completely off the fruit, as though opening a hinged lid. Inside sits a fruit similar to a grape: oval, slightly translucent, and white or pale yellow. 4 Squeeze to pop out the fruit. Squeeze the remaining skin gently to pop the edible flesh into your hand. 5 Remove the seed. The seed in the center is not edible while raw. Cut into the flesh without severing the seed, and try to pull it out. Some rambutans ("freestone" varieties) have seeds that slide out easily, while others ("clingstone") stick to the flesh. [3] If you have a clingstone rambutan, just leave the seed in and spit it out when finished. 6 Eat the fruit. If you removed the seed, just pop the flesh in your mouth. If the seed is still there, note that a tough, papery coating surrounds it. Nibble the flesh around it instead to avoid biting into it. Most rambutans are sweet and juicy, but some varieties are acidic or slightly drier. [4] Most rambutans have bitter seeds, although some may have a little sweetness. While a minority of people do eat the raw seeds, they contain traces of potentially toxic chemicals. [5] Eating them is not recommended, especially for children and animals. Part 2 Using Extra Rambutans 1 Consider roasting the seeds. In some areas, the seeds are roasted and eaten, similar to how you would roast nuts . Although edible in this form, the seeds are slightly bitter and may have mild narcotic properties. [6] More research needs to be done before this is officially approved as safe to eat. [7] 2 Make rambutan jam. Peel 1 pound (or 500g) rambutans, and two cloves, and boil them in water until the flesh separates from the seeds. Discard the seed coatings, then transfer the seeds to a little water and cook until soft. Cook the flesh, softened seeds, and 1½ cups (or 350g) sugar. Simmer for twenty minutes or until jam-like, remove the cloves, and seal in sterilized jars. [8] For a faster dessert, stew the fruit after peeling and boiling. 3 Refrigerate extra rambutans. Rambutans are only good for two weeks at most, and usually only a few days after buying them from a store. Refrigerate them whole and unpeeled in a perforated plastic bag to extend their lifespan. [9] 4 Freeze rambutans for a special dessert. Freeze whole, unpeeled rambutans in a zip-locked bag. Peel them and suck on them directly from the freezer for a milky, candy-like treat. [10] Community Q&A Is it safe to eat the fruit if part of the seed coating is stuck on it? wikiHow Contributor Yes, you may eat a small amount of the seed coating if it is stuck to the fruit. Does the rambutan have other names? wikiHow Contributor Each culture has its own name for it. Vietnamese call it "chomchom." Rambutan is the English name. Where can I get a rambutan? wikiHow Contributor You can get a rambutan at many Asian grocery stores. Some well-stocked supermarkets may occasionally carry them as well. Can an autistic child eat rambutan fruit? wikiHow Contributor There is no autism-based reason why the fruit cannot be offered to an autistic individual. If the autistic individual does not like the fruit, it may be because of sensory processing disorder, or a food sensitivity or intolerance. When does a rambutan get ripe? wikiHow Contributor A rambutan is usually ripe when you buy it from the store, but if not, you can leave it in the fridge for a day or two. A rambutan doesn't have to be ruby-red to be ripe--a bit of a green streak on the skin is fine. Is Rambutan safe for pregnant women? wikiHow Contributor Yes, it's safe and actually beneficial in many ways, provided you are not on a low-sugar diet. Stay away from durian and pineapple, though. Is eating a rambutan similar to peeling and eating lychees and longans, or is it different? wikiHow Contributor It is fairly similar, apart from the slightly tougher skin that you have to cut/tear through. Instead of cutting, you can squeeze the rambutan until the skin has a slight tear, before peeling the skin away. What health benefits are in rambutan? wikiHow Contributor What if I ate the seed by accident? wikiHow Contributor Don't worry. It will come out on its own, undigested, within a few days. Even if the seed was somehow crushed before consumption, just a single seed shouldn't do any harm. Updated: Views: 590,653 "This fruit is delicious. I cut it in half, which made it easier to eat. Still trying to find my way around the seed skin. It looks funky, but it's so good. "..." more - Kattie McDonald "Helped me understand a fruit new to me. How to prepare it for consumption, rules for storage and warnings as what not to do were all helpful."..." more - Bob Bates "Was given these by GF to eat at work. Had no idea what to do. Thanks, internet, for having HD pictures of how to eat alien fruit!"..." more - Travis H. "I had never tried them before and I just found them at grocery store. I wanted to know more. WikiHow rocks!"..." more - Chuck P. The information for the guavas and the other exotic fruits was very informative. Thanks tons! - Sharon Sterling Encountered Rambutan in Hawaii. Later in Arizona. Good to learn what to do with them. - Frederick Hecht I had no idea what this was when I purchased it at Costco, but now I do! Thanks! - Christine Joy Awesome article. Rambutan is very famous here in Indonesia. - Ratno Wijaya Really liked this! Considering buying Rambutans! - Elisha Wang Good and tasty fruit. - John Williams	i don't know
Albion is the oldest known name for which nation?	Historical Country Names - Nations Online Project Historical Country Names keywords: geography, historical country names, former country names, history, place name changes, historical maps List of formerly used country names and names of countries which have ceased to exist. Name changes of countries, dependencies, geographical and other regions of particular geopolitical interest. Today Abyssinia The Ethiopian Empire spans a geographical area of today Ethiopia, Eritrea , and Djibouti ,and included parts of Northern Somalia , Southern Egypt , Eastern Sudan , Yemen and Western Saudi Arabia . Abyssinia was an empire that existed for more than 800 years, from circa 1137 (beginning of Zagwe Dynasty) until 1974 when the Ethiopian monarchy was overthrown in a coup d'etat. Afars and Issas Territory formerly known as French Somaliland, the French colony was renamed to the French Territory of Afars and Issas (1967 - 1977),the territory became independent in 1977, known today as Djibouti. formerly a British protectorate became independent in 1966 as the Kingdom of Lesotho. formerly a British protectorate became independent in 1966 as Republic of Botswana. Democratic Republic of the Congo Benadir a coastal region of Somalia; covering most of the Indian Ocean coast of the country, from the Gulf of Aden to the Juba River, formerly part of Italian Somaliland. Biafra, Republic of (named after the Bight of Biafra) today part of Bophuthatswana - nominal republic and homeland for Tswana-speaking people, 1949 reincorporated into British Bechuanaland (region) incorporated into the Cape Colony (1895) British East Africa or East Africa Protectorate British protectorate from 1890 until 1920 Kenya , Tanzania , Uganda , and parts of Somalia (Jubaland) Cape Colony, 1795-1797 British colony, 1803-1806 colony of the Batavian Republic (Netherlands), since 1910 part of Central African Republic Kenya Colony The Colony and Protectorate of Kenya was part of the British Empire in Africa. It was established when the former East Africa Protectorate was transformed into a British crown colony in 1920. Ciskei (Republic of Ciskei)- homeland for Xhosa-speaking people, 1994 reincorporated into Dahomey ; (the Republic of Dahomey; in French: République du Dahomey), was a former French colony andpart of French West Africa until independence in 1960, in 1975 the Republic of Dahomeychanged its name in Benin. Dan Ho Me was an ancient Kingdom located in the south of today Benin. French Guinea was a French protectorate in West Africa, after independence from France in 1958 it became today Mali French West Africa was a federation of eight French colonial territories in Africa: Mauritania, Senegambia and Niger, French Sudan , French Guinea , Côte d'Ivoire, Upper Volta and Dahomey . Mauritania , The Gambia , Senegal , Niger , Mali , Guinea , Côte d'Ivoire , Burkina Faso and Benin. German East Africa (German: Deutsch-Ostafrika) a German colony from 1885 until 1919 which included Burundi, Rwanda and Tanganyika (the mainland part of present Tanzania), an area almost three times the size of Germany today. German East Africa colony ended with the defeat of Imperial Germany in World War I. With the Treaty of Versailles the territory was divided between Britain (Tanganyika.), Belgium (Ruanda-Urundi), and Portugal (to become part of Mozambique). Hausaland, consisted of seven independent city-states: Biram, Daura, Gobir, Kano, Katsina, Rano, and Zaria. Italian East Africa (former name for Italian possessions in eastern Africa) Kaffraria, former name for Transkei Katanga - 1960, Belgium granted independence to the Congolese province of the Mali Federation, was a country in West Africa 1959-1960, formed by a union between Malawi Portuguese East Africa (Província Ultramarina de Moçambique) Mozambique or Portuguese East Africa (officially the State of East Africa) for almost 500 years a Portuguese Colony, 1498–1975. See also: Portugal Sahara Occidental, Spanish name for Senegambia (region; former name of the confederation of Senegal and Gambia) Songhay (Songhai), in the 16th century a major empire of the Western Sudan, in the region of South-West Africa (SWA, German: Deutsch-Südwestafrika), a German colony from 1884-1915 Spanish West Africa (former name for Ifni and Spanish Sahara) Stellaland, Republic of; annexed by the Boers later British Bechuanaland, incorporated into the Cape Colony (1895) Tanganyika Territory, united with the islands Zansibar and Pemba it became Togoland (British Togoland), since 1957 part of Transkei (former Kaffraria and one of ten "black homelands" and nominal republic, in Southeast of ) Transvaal or ZAR - Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek; today the Province Limpopo of Ubangi-Shari (Oubangui-Chari) a former French territory in central Africa, whith independence on 13 August 1960 the country became the Central African Republic Union of South Africa The Union of South Africa was formed on 31 May 1910 as a parliamentary union of the four self-governing British colonies: the Cape of Good Hope Province (Cape Province; previously Cape Colony), Natal Province (Natal Colony), the Orange Free State Province (Oranje Vrij Staat/Orange River Colony) and the Transvaal Province (Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek/Transvaal Colony). The Union came to an end in 1961with a new constitution and became the "Republic of South Africa". Zaire, changed its name in 1997 to Zanzibar (island, east off the coast of Tanzania) a former protectorate of Britain. Zanzibar gained independence in1963 united with Tanganyika, today it is a semi-autonomous part of Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek (ZAR) or Transvaal colony; today the Limpopo province of Abkhazia (Region name is still in use) Bactria (Bakhtria) historical region of Greater Iran, located between the Hindu Kush mountain range and the Amu Darya (Amu river). The region was the birthplace of Zoroastrianism (Mazdaism) and later, also hosted Buddhism before becoming Muslim after the 7th century. The Cultural Landscape and Archaeological Remains of the Bamiyan Valley are a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Afghanistan with the remains of two huge standing Buddha statues which were destroyed by the Taliban in 2001. Circassia was located east of the Black Sea and west of the Caspian Sea in the Caucasus region, it was the mountainous territory of the Circassians (Adyghe), it was wiped from the map in the late 19th century whenRussia conqueredthe Caucasus region. All Circassians were displacedfrom their homeland. Historians refer to the displacement of the Adyghe people by the Russian Empire to "the inventing of the strategy of modern ethnic cleansing and genocide". Circassia was situated north of today Georgia in the southern half of Russia's Krasnodar Krai, south of Kuban River,as well as in the Beshtau, an isolated mountainous region in Stavropol Krai, and in todays Russian Republics of Adygea, Karachay–Cherkessia, Kabardino-Balkaria, and North Ossetia–Alania, in south west Russia . East Turkestan; Eastern Turkestan; Chinese Turkestan Part of western China (Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region ) Kashmir (region) is the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent. Until the mid-19th century, the term Kashmir geographically denoted only the Vale of Kashmir, the valley between the GreatHimalayas (in northeast) and the Pir Panjal mountain range (in southwest). Today the term Kashmir refers to a larger area that includes the Indian-administered state of Jammu and Kashmir (including the Kashmir valley and Jammu and Ladakh), the Pakistani-administered Gilgit-Baltistan and the Azad Kashmir provinces, and the Chinese-administered regions of Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract. state during the Middle and Late Bronze Ages, it is the ancient name of Cyprus Dilmun, mentioned in ancient texts as a trade partner of Mesopotamia, although the exact location of Dilmun is unclear, it is associated with Bahrain , the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia , Qatar , Oman and nearby coast of Iran in the Persian Gulf. Galilee, Galilea is a large region in northern Israel which overlaps with much of the administrative North District of the country. See: Map of Israel Judea, Judäa,(region) Hebrew: יהודה was the name of the mountainous southern part of the historic Land of Israel from the 8th century BC (Assyrian rule) to the 2nd century AD, when Roman Judea was renamed Syria Palaestina following the Jewish Bar Kokhba revolt. Muscat and Oman, Sultanate of Muscat and Oman until 1970 North Yemen or Yemen Arab Republic was a country from 1962 to 1990 in the western part of what is now Yemen. Ottoman Empire the Turkish empire, established in northern Anatolia by Osman I (Osman Gazi Khan) at the end of the 13th century and expanded by his successors to include all of Asia Minor and much of southeastern Europe. After setbacks caused by the invasion of the Mongol ruler Tamerlane (Timur) in 1402, the Ottomans captured Constantinople (today Istanbul) in 1453, and the empire reached its zenith under Suleiman the Magnificent (ruled 1520 to 1566). At the height of its power, in the 16th and 17th centuries, the Ottoman Empire controlled territory in southeastern Europe, southwestern Asia, and North Africa. It had greatly declined by the 19th century and collapsed after World War I. also known as the Trucial States, Trucial Oman, and the Trucial Shaykdoms Tylos, was referredby the Greeks to today Bahrain United Arab Republic (UAR) The United Arab Republic or U.A.R., was a union between Egypt and Syria. The union began in 1958 and existed until 1961, when Syria seceded from the union. Egypt continued to be known officially as the "United Arab Republic" until 1971. The President was Gamal Abdel Nasser. During most of its existence (1958–1961) it was a member of the United Arab States, a confederation with North Yemen. Egypt , Syria , Yemen Yemen Arab Republic (YAR) The Yemen Arab Republic, also known as North Yemen, was a country from 1962 to 1990 in the western part of what is now Yemen, its predecessor was the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (1918–1962), also known as the Kingdom of Yemen, its capital was at Taiz (Ta'izz). Yemen __Eastern Asia Cathay, (English) Cathay is the Anglicized version of "Catai" the name used for northern China, and an alternative name for: Choson, Chosen the Korean peninsula today split into Republic of Korea (South Korea) and Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) Formosa (island) Dutch Formosa, period of a colonial Dutch government (1624–1662), the Dutch East India Company established its presence on Formosa to trade with China and Japan and to prevent Portuguese and Spanish trade and colonial activities in East Asia. Spanish Formosa, a Spanish colony established in the north of of the island (1626–1642). Taiwan Great Korean Empire was the name of the Korean empire that existed on theKorean Peninsula, from the Proclamation of the Korean Empire in October 1897 to the Annexation of Korea by Japan in 1910. The Great Korean Empire was an absolute monarchy with a constitution. Republic of Korea (South Korea) and Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) Kingdom of Tungning (1662 - 1683) The kingdom was founded by Koxinga (official name: Zheng Chenggong),on the island of Formosa. Koxinga was born in Hirado, Japan to Zheng Zhilong, a Ming dynasty admiral-pirate-merchant, and his Japanese wife. The Kingdom of Tungning was run by the Zheng family, supporting the Ming Dynasty in mainland China which was replaced by the Manchu-ruled Qing Dynasty in 1644. Koxinga wanted to use the island as a base of operations to train its Ming military forces and recapture the mainland from the Manchus. Hedied in 1662 six month after the conquest of Formosa. His son Zheng Jing ruled the next 20 years from its court at Tainan. Annam, Anam (1883-1954) French protectorate in Central Vietnam Ayutthaya, Kingdom of; (Siam) covered Thailand , half of Cambodia , most of Laos and large areas of present day Myanmar (Burma) Bengal, region in the northeast of South Asia today divided between Bangladesh (formerly East Pakistan), and the India n federal stateWest Bengal. Balochistan or Baluchistan a region on in the Iranian Plateau in Southwest Asia, named after the local Baloch tribes of Persian origin. part of the region is now the province Balochistan in Pakistan , other areas of the region were part of today's Iran and Afghanistan . Baluchistan States Union existed between1952 and1955 in southwest British North Borneo, former British protectorate and crown colony, occupies the northern tip of the island of Borneo. Burma, changed its name in 1989 to Ceylon in 1972 thename of the country was changed to "Free, Sovereign and Independent Republic of Sri Lanka", in 1978 the name was changed to "Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka" Map of Sri Lanka Dutch East Indies (Netherlands East Indies) was the Dutch colony that became modern Indonesia following World War II. It was formed from the nationalized colonies of the former Dutch East India Company that came under the administration of the Netherlands in 1800. Indonesia East Pakistan, a former province of Pakistan. East Pakistan was created from Bengal Province based on the 'Mountbatten Plan' in what was then British India in 1947. Eastern Bengal was given to the Dominion of Pakistan and became a province of Pakistan by the name East Bengal. East Bengal was renamed East Pakistan in 1956 and later became the country of Bangladesh after the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, which took place after the General Elections of 1970. British West Indies - the colonies of the British in the Caribbean: today the term refers to the British Caribbean overseas territories which are: Anguilla , Bermuda , British Virgin Islands , Cayman Islands, Montserrat , Turks and Caicos Islands. Danish West Indies or "Danish Antilles", were a colony of Denmark - Norway in the Caribbean. They were sold to the United States in 1916 in the Treaty of the Danish West Indies and became the United States Virgin Islands in 1917. US Virgin Islands French West Indies, the French overseas departments Guadeloupe and Martinique , as well as the French Caribbean Départments d'Outre Mer, include the Guadeloupe dependencies of the French part of the island St. Martin and the islands Saint-Barthélemy, Les Saintes, Marie-Galante and La Désirade. Haiti, the Arawaks name for the island of Hispaniola New Spain (Nueva España) colonial territories of the Spanish Empire in North and Central America, including Somers Islands is a British overseas territory in the North Atlantic Ocean better kown as New Spain (Nueva España) colonial territories of the Spanish Empire in North and Central America, including Mexico , Guatemala , Belize , El Salvador , Honduras , Nicaragua , Costa Rica and parts of South-West USA New Netherland, or Nieuw-Nederland in Dutch, was the 17th-century colonial province of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands on the East Coast of North America. The settled areas are now part of the Mid-Atlantic States of New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and Connecticut, with small outposts in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island. The provincial capital, New Amsterdam, was located at the southern tip of the island of Manhattan on upper New York Bay. Today British Guiana was a British colony on the northern coast of South America, what is now the independent nation of Guyana. Capital was Georgetown . Guyana Dutch Guiana (Netherlands Guyana) Dutch colonization of the Guianas began in the beginning of the 17th century. The colonies of Essequibo and Demerara (Demerary), Surinam, and Berbice were Dutch settlements, trading posts and plantations in the coastal areas ofthe north eastern part of South America, a region which is known as the Guianas, today divided into the countries of Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, and the north eastern part of Brazil. Capital city was Fort Zeelandia ( Paramaribo ) Venezuela , Guyana , Suriname , French Guiana , and the Amapá province of Brazil. Gran Colombia (1819-1830), the former republic consisted ofthe territories of present-day Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Panama, northern Peru and northwest Brazil. Inini, an inland territory of French Guiana, its capital was Saint-Élie. New Holland (2), Nieuw Holland, or also known as Dutch Brazil, was a former dutch colony on the northeast coast of Brazil 1630 - 1654. Capital city was Mauritsstad, today part of the city of Recife . Province of Pernambuco, Brazil Terra de Santa Cruz , in the early 16th century when the Portoguese realized it was not an island but part of a continent they were about to conquer, they renamed it from 'Ilha de Vera Cruz' (Island of the True Cross) to Terra de Santa Cruz (Land of the Holy Cross). Today the region is known as Brazil. Map of Moldova Pridnestrovia (Transnistria) formerly part of the Soviet Union ( Russia ), today a breakaway state of Moldova also known as Transnistria, which claims territory between the Dniester river and the eastern border of Moldova with Ukraine . It declared independence in 1990 but is unrecognised by any United Nations member state. Transnistria is one of four post-Soviet "frozen conflict" zones. (see: Nagorno-Karabakh, Abkhazia, and South Ossetia) After the dissolution of the USSR, tensions between the newly created Moldova and the de facto sovereign state of Pridnestrovia escalated into a military conflict. Unlike the rest of Moldova Pridnestrovia had not wanted to separate from the Soviet Union. Because of the Russian military contingent present in Transnistria, the European Court of Human Rights considers Transnistria "under the effective authority or at least decisive influence of Russia". Map of Moldova Prussia, Preussen a former kingdom of the German Empire.Originally a small country on the south eastern shores of the Baltic Sea, under Frederick the Great it became a major European power covering much of modern northeast Germany and Poland. Capital city was Königsberg (today Kaliningrad, Russia), later Berlin . (region; former name for Carpatho-Ukraine) Map of Ukraine Silesia, (in German: Schlesien) historical region of Central Europe located mostly in Poland, with smaller parts in the Czech Republic and Germany, its largest city and capital was Wrocław(Breslau). Poland , the Czech Republic and Germany . Soviet Union (1922 - 1991) short form of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), a former federation of Communist republics occupying the northern half of Asia and part of eastern Europe, capital city was Moscow . 12 constituent republics emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 as independent post-Soviet states. Armenia , Azerbaijan , Belarus , Estonia , Georgia , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Latvia , Lithuania , Moldova , Russian Federation (Russia) , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , Ukraine , Uzbekistan Scotland, the former independent kingdom is today one of four constituent nations which form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, capital city is Edinburgh	Great Britain
The song ‘Fashion for His Love’ by Lady Gaga is a tribute to which late fashion designer?	Samotheans - First Inhabitants of Britain The Samotheans - First Inhabitants of Britain According to an ancient account that has been preserved in Holinshed's Chronicle, the earliest inhabitants of the island which is now called Britain were the Samotheans. Their first king was called Samothes, and he is believed to have been Meshech, the sixth son of Japheth. Note: This history uses source material of questionable origin, known as "pseudo-Berosus". See the Lost Works of Berosus . The Samothean Kings Holinshed's Chronicle ( 1 ) is a large six-volume work, written during the Tudor period. It contains a comprehensive history of England, Scotland and Ireland, from the earliest times to shortly before the publication date (first edition 1578, second edition in 1587). Volume I describes a succession of Samothean kings, ruling over an empire until they were invaded by a giant called Albion. They were liberated by another powerful figure called Hercules, and then the succession of kings continued until the arrival of Brutus the Trojan. The island of Britain was first called Samothea, until Albion came and re-named it after himself. When Albion was defeated, it did not revert to Samothea, but retained the name of Albion, until Brutus arrived and called it Britain. The succession of kings was as follows: Samothes Pictus Brutus (invaded and set up a new succession of kings) The Samothean kings ruled over more than just the island of Samothea. Their kingdom included a large part of Europe from the Rhine to the Pyrennes, an area known as Gallia. Samothes is said to be the founder of Celtica, as if the Celts and Gauls were in different parts of the same empire, although they are known to have spread out all over Europe and they are the same race. Holinshed's Chronicle gives more than one possible date for the arrival of the first inhabitants of Samothea. In one place it says that they arrived 200 years after the Flood. In another place (in Volume VI, Ireland) it gives the date of the Flood as 1650 AM (Anno Mundi - Year of the World from Creation). Going back to Volume I we have the arrival of Samothes in 1910 AM which is 260 years after the Flood. Without getting bogged down with the detail, we get the impression that the dispersion was not a gradual process. People travelled large distances in a very short time (probably to get away from Nimrod who had become a tyrant). There are other issues to be resolved, which I will return to later: Josephus ( 2 ) says that the Gauls are descended from Gomer, the eldest son of Japheth. Davis ( 3 ), using a number of sources, says that they arrived in Britain about 300 years after the Flood. If the Celts and Gauls are the same people, as is commonly thought, this is at variance with the Samothean history which associates the Celts with Meshech. Samothes (Meshech) is thought to have been so named because he was the "Saturn" or original founder of the kingdom, although this is a pagan practice of which he would disapprove. Samothes to Bardus - The First Five Kings The first five kings of Samothea maintained the true religion that they had learned from Noah and Japheth. They are each described as follows: Samothes was a man of great learning, and he taught about astronomy, moral values and politics. He founded a sect of philosophers called the Samothei, who were skilful in the law of God and man. He delivered his knowledge in Phoenician letters, from which the Greek alphabet is derived. Magus was a man of great learning, like his father Samothes, and the Magi of Persia derived their name after him. Sarronius, otherwise known as Sarron, founded public places of learning, to encourage people to study and not to indulge in uncivilised behaviour. He was the founder of a group of philosophers called the Sarronides, who were able to offer sacrifices. Sarron believed that sacrifices should only be made by people who were skilled in divine mysteries. Druiyus, otherwise called Druis, was the founder of the Druids. At first, this was the true religion taught by his predecessors, but after his death the Druids fell into pagan superstitions. Bardus was a poet and musician, and from him we get the word "Bard". He established an order of poets or heralds called "Bardi", and they were held in such high esteem that if two armies were engaged in battle, and the Bardi walked among them, the battle would stop until they had gone. After Bardus, the Celts departed from the strict ordinances of their former kings and fell into idleness and decadence, so that they were quickly subdued by the giant Albion. The Egyptian Family Feud Ham was the youngest of Noah's three sons, and he had four sons: Cush, who had six sons, including the notorious Nimrod who was the founder of the worst features of idolatry and paganism, and instigated the rebellion at Babylon. After the dispersion, the descendants of Cush inhabited Ethiopia. Mizraim, who succeeded his father Ham as king of Egypt. Put, who inhabited the North African coastal region to the west of Egypt. Caanan, whose descendants occupied the land on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean, until they were driven out by the Israelites. One of his sons, called Heth, founded the Hittite empire in Turkey and Carthage, but they were eventually defeated by the Romans and totally wiped out. Mizraim had seven sons, known as Ludim, Anamim, Lehabim, Naphtuhim, Pathruhim, Casluhim and Caphtorim. Two of these are of interest in this study: Naphtuhim was considered to be Neptune and was given the surname Marioticus because his dominions were among the islands of the Mediterranean sea. Lehabim was considered to be Hercules and was given the surname Lybicus. The Egyptians adopted the practice of deifying their kings, just as the Babylonians had deified Nimrod. The same practice was passed on to the Greeks and Romans and to all the pagan world, until it was subdued by Christianity. There were no unique characters called Neptune or Hercules, instead there could be any number of them, depending on how the pagans deified their kings. In the case of these two sons of Mizraim, they were called Neptune Marioticus and Hercules Lybicus. Their father Mizraim was also deified, and was called Osiris. Neptune, the son of Osiris, sailed the seas with his 33 giant sons, leaving each of them in a different place to overthrow the kingdoms that already existed and bring the world under their own tyrannical rule. The sons that feature in this story are: Albion, who invaded the island of Samothea with an army descended from Cush. Bergion, who invaded the island to the west of Samothea. It became known as Hibernia and is now called Ireland. Lestrigo, who invaded Italy. The king(s) from whom the Lomnimi or Geriones of Spain derived their name. Osiris was opposed to their ambitions, so the giants held a judicial council, with the support of their father Neptune, and put him to death. This event was a cause of great lamentation that was regularly observed in the religion of ancient Egypt, and the practice was passed on to the Greeks and Romans who lamented the death of Bacchus. It is also thought that Nimrod met a violent death. He may have been torn to pieces by wild beasts, but nobody seems to know for sure. Hercules Lybicus was infuriated by the murder of his father Osiris and set out to kill the giant sons of Neptune wherever they could be found. He went to Spain and defeated the Lomnimi or Geriones, then he passed through Gallia on his way to Italy, to do battle with Lestrigo. When Albion and Bergion heard that he was on his way to Italy, they set off to defend their brother Lestrigo, and fought against Hercules on the banks of the Rhine (it seems that Hercules must have gone further north to meet Albion and Bergion). The battle was going badly for Hercules, and his army had used up all their weapons, but Hercules called on them to pick up stones which were available in abundance and throw them at the enemy. This way they killed both Albion and Bergion, and most of their army, so that the remainder were put to flight and the battle was won. After that, Hercules went throughout Gallia, overthrowing tyrants in every place. It is thought that Hercules came to the island of Albion, arriving at a headland which Ptolomie calls Promontorium Herculis, now known as Hartland Point in north Devon. Holinshed gives a succession of Celtic kings who reigned after the defeat of Albion, beginning with the reinstatement of Celtes, although very little is said about these kings and there is doubt about what sort of rule they had. There are accounts of complete disorder as the other giants continued in a state of lawlessness. Tysilio's Chronicle ( 4 ) says that when Brutus arrived, the island was empty except for a few giants. Whatever may be the case, we can be sure that the island retained the name of Albion until Brutus arrived and called it Britain. The Samotheans gained a hollow liberation at the hand of Hercules. He did not fight his battles out of love for the Celts or other oppressed people. He simply wanted to avenge the death of his father Osiris. The Samotheans had been invaded by an Egyptian giant, from a family that was divided against itself, and they were liberated by a member of the same family. As already mentioned, the Samotheans had fallen because they had departed from the true religion of Noah and turned to paganism. When Albion came in 1721 BC (according to a rough calculation), the paganism got worse and continued after his death. It got no better when Brutus came, because Brutus himself was a pagan, and was not subdued until the arrival of Christianity in the first century AD. No wonder the Britons embraced Christianity with enthusiasm, after the long dark night of paganism that had oppressed them for 18 centuries. Note: Holinshed gives some contradictory accounts of the Egyptian genealogy, in which Hercules is sometimes the uncle of the giants and sometimes their cousin. I don't know how this has occurred, but we should reflect on the fact that in our own language, the terms "uncle" and "nephew" only exist in the line that includes first cousins. Otherwise we talk about "second cousins once removed" etc. It's possible that an uncle or nephew might have been considered a type of cousin, but that's a matter for people who are skilled in ancient languages and is beyond my competence. What Is A Giant? There used to be some big people in ancient times, and Holinshed gives some examples of medieval archeology where the bones of giants were found, but none of them remain today because they are so ancient and have all disintegrated. Perhaps if some of them had become fossilised, there might be some evidence for us to see, but they have avoided the rapid flood conditions required for fossilisation. The early patriarchs were thought to have been big, including Noah himself, but they are not generally referred to as a giants. The term "Gigantes" does not just describe someone's physical size. It means "sons of the earth", and from this word we get "Aborigenes" or "indigenous", meaning born and bred out of the earth that they inhabited. This creates a problem for the so-called giant sons of Neptune, who went around inhabiting the lands that belonged to other people, although if they were born at sea they might have been considered indigenous to the place where they landed. But that's just speculation. The real answer is that nothing is simple in ancient history and mythology. It's unlikely that Holinshed would have known much of the creation science that is being discussed today. In the pre-Flood climate, there were different physical conditions including higher air pressure and possibly even a higher speed of light. This meant that biological processes were more efficient, making it possible for very large animals such as dinosaurs to walk around with ease, and large birds could fly in the heavens. The post-flood climate favoured smaller creatures, and the very large ones became extinct through natural selection, although they were fearsome beasts while they still existed. The same thing could have happened to the human population. The early patriarchs were big, because they inherited their genes from their pre-flood ancestors. Then in the process of time, as the conditions favoured people of smaller stature, the number of small people began to increase. However, there were still some big people around, and if they were of evil intent they could inflict terror on the rest of the population. Ancestor Worship The practice of ancestor worship began with the Babylonians and Egyptians, and spread to the Greeks and Romans. Nimrod was the first person to make himself a king and rule over other people, and he was also worshipped as a god. Many nations of the ancient world adopted the practice of deifying their kings, acording to a simple genealogy. The first king to establish his rule in any part of the world was called "Saturn". His son and successor would be called "Jupiter" and his grandsons or nephews who reigned in the third place would be called "Hercules". Thus Nimrod was the Saturn of Babylon, and Ham was the Saturn of Egypt. Mizraim was the Jupiter of Egypt, although he was called Osiris. Their wives were also deified, so that the wife of Saturn was Rhea, and the wife of Jupiter was Juno, Isis or Io. Even Noah and his wife were deified, so that Noah was called Heaven, Oxygus, Sun, or Pater Deorum, and his wife was called Terra (the Earth), Vesta, Aretia, Moone, or Mater Deorum. Holinshed refers to a belief that the real name of Noah's wife was Tydia, and hence we get Terra. The practice of deifying kings, and even the early patriarchs, explains the whole Greek mythology: Uranus (Sky or Heaven) married Gaia (Earth) and they had a number of children, but for some reason Uranos hated them and tried to kill them, but Gaia tried to save them. Possibly this could be an allusion to the Flood, as if Noah was getting blamed for it because he had preached about it for many years. The ark was made from trees that grew from the earth, so Gaia is credited with saving a few people. Cronos (Saturn) is a surviving son of Uranus and Gaia. He rebelled against his father and overthrew him, cutting off his genitals and throwing them into the sea. This is very likely to be an allusion to Ham, who looked at Noah when he was drunk and naked in his tent, and told his brothers about it. There is a Jewish tradition, recorded in the Midrash Rabbah ( 5 ), that Ham didn't just look at Noah, he castrated him to prevent him from having a fourth son. In response, Noah cursed Caanan, the fourth son of Ham, who is thought to have seen him naked in the first place. Clearly, the castration of Noah is just a fable that doesn't match up with the Biblical account. It's inconcievable that such an event could have been missed out of the Bible if it actually happened. However, the very existence of such a fable is sufficient to match up Cronos with Ham, and Uranus with Noah. Rhea, the wife of Cronos, was the goddess of fortresses. This is clearly associated with Semiramis, the wife of Nimrod who built the tower of Babel, and it suggests that she played a major role in the construction of the tower and the city. The three sons of Cronos and Rhea were: - Zeus (Jupiter), god of the sky, with a thunderbolt in his hand. - Poseidon (Neptune), god of the sea. - Hades (Pluto, Orcus, Dis), god of the underworld. The sons of Zeus were Hephastus (Vulcan) and Heracles (Hercules). Poseidon (Neptune) had many offspring. Hades was married to Persephone, and he had a concubine called Minthe who turned into a plant, but he doesn't appear to have any offspring. Clearly, you could make almost anything out of Greek mythology because it's so complex, but it seems to be based on the deification of ancestors and kings, starting with Noah and his wife. Different names were used by different nations, so that the Osiris of Egypt became the Zeus of Greece and the Jupiter of Rome, but in every nation there was Saturn, Jupiter and Hercules in some form or other. The name Jupiter probably suited the Romans (Latins) as a way of remembering and possibly deifying their ancestor Japheth. If this is what happened, it would be the ideal type of cultural transformation that would be needed to transport the idolatry of Egypt to all the nations that descended from Japheth. The deification of kings has sown much confusion in the study of ancient history. We find that Saturn, Jupiter and Hercules are everywhere, but we cannot always find the names of the kings that they represent. For example, we find Hercules all over Europe, and Holinshed gives us the surname Lybicus, but we cannot be sure if all his exploits are done by one person, or by many people who have been deified as Hercules. Fighting for Heaven The custom arose in Egypt, that whenever a worthy or famous king died, a star would be assigned to his name, so that he would always be remembered. In ancient Egypt they built pyramids, arranged according to the constellations, for example the three pyramids of Giza represent Orion's belt. The king would be buried in his pyramid so that he would be transported to his chosen star. The custom was exported to other countries, including the island of Albion. It is thought that Albion the giant, together with his other giants, erected some of the megaliths and standing stones, and the practice was continued after Brutus arrived. In the process of time, it wasn't possible to find enough stars for all the kings (although they certainly could have done if they had today's modern telescopes). Instead, they thought of other places where their kings and fighting men could go, and the Greeks and Romans called it Elysium. It was a place of paradise, full of green fields. A place of honour in the afterlife was not automatically given to a king. He had to earn it by doing something valiant. Consequently, kings and princes were always trying to outdo each other, invading and conquering other countries to try and prove their valour. Honours were awarded, not just to the king himself, but to all his fighting men, so that a commander would encourage his troops by telling them that if they do not see the end of the battle, they will wake up in Elysium. Many unnecessary wars have been fought, and much blood has been spilt, because people have thought that if they fight and kill, they will go to some kind of heaven, but the whole abominable practice has its roots in paganism. It becomes even more lamentable when we consider that in ancient times there were just a few people spreading out over the whole earth, and there was nothing to fight for other than heaven. Albion was only the fourth generation after Noah. The genealogy was Noah, Ham, Mizraim, Naphtuhim, Albion. The so-called Samothean "kingdom", descended from Noah, Japheth and Meshech wasn't anything like a kingdom as we know it today. It was just a few families on an almost deserted island. Albion could have enjoyed the good life in his native Egypt, with plenty of space to do whatever he wanted, but no, he had to sail all the way to Samothea and overthrow a peaceful kingdom. His motivation was his grudge against Shem and Japheth, because of Noah's curse against Caanan the son of Ham. He thought that by going to war against the sons of Japheth, he could invalidate the curse and become a star in heaven. Gallic Gomer or Samothean Meshech? Earlier in this article, I asked two questions, about why Meshech was called Samathos, and were the original inhabitants of Britain descended from Gomer or Meshech? The two questions have to be answered together, because the descendants of Gomer and Meshech appear to have co-existed alongside each other in different places. Josephus ( 2 ) the first-century Jewish historian, describes the nations and tribes that are descended from Noah, both in his own time and in previous ages. He says the descendants of Gomer used to be called Gomerites, but in his own time they were called Galatians or Galls. The descendants of Meshech used to be called Mosocheni or Mazaca, but in his own time they were called Cappadocians. He also refers to a city called Mazaca, which undoubtedly means Moscow. Looking at the historic maps in Thompson's Chain Reference Bible ( 6 ), we find that in the apostolic age, the Galatians and Cappadocians used to live in two separate provinces directly alongside each other in Asia Minor, south of what is now known as the Black Sea. They had been there for a long time, and on the map of the ancient world they are simply called "Gomer" and "Meshech". There was also the nation of Gallia which occupied the area now known as France and Belgium as far as the Rhine, also in existence since ancient times. It is not at all inconcievable that the descendants of Meshech lived alongside Gallia in neighbouring "Britannia". However, the most surprising aspect of this study is that a large area including White Russia, Ukraine, and the western part of Russia as far as the Urals, was called Sarmatia, both in ancient times and in the apostolic age. This is precisely the area with Moscow at its centre, so we have the historic association between Meshech and Sarmatia. In ancient times we also find Gomer to the north of the Black Sea, occupying the area south of Sarmatia, so again we have the descendants of Gomer and Meshech alongside each other. It seems very likely that Gomer and Meshech were two friendly tribes that travelled together and occupied neighbouring areas, and for a considerable time thay retained their distinct identity and avoided intermarriage. The descendants of Meshech were called Celts, and the descendants of Gomer were called Gauls, but eventually they became indistinguishable and were known as Celtic Gauls. Somehow, in the history of the Britons (now known as the Welsh), Gomer has been remembered but Meshech has been forgotten. To answer the question about why Meshech was called Samathos, we have to find what the word means, rather than simply calling him Saturn according to the pagan mythology that he would have rejected. Really, we have to get a linguist to work on it, but to make a start, I have found the word "Summarius", in Archeologica Britannica ( 7 ), which means the "chief" or "principal", and would be an appropriate title for the first king and spiritual leader of a new nation. Authenticity of Berosus After discussing the Samothean history at great length, Holinshed casts doubt on it with the following words (which I quote in the original Tudor English): Vpon these considerations I haue no doubt to deliuer vnto the reader, the opinion of those that thinke this land to haue bene inhabited before the arriuall here of Brute, trusting it may be taken in good part, sith we haue but shewed the conjectures of others, till time that some sufficient learned man shall take vpon him to decipher the doubts of all these matters. Neuerthelesse, I thinke good to aduertise the reader that these stories of Samothes, Magus, Sarron, Druis, and Bardus, doo relie onelie vpon the authoritie of Berosus, whom most diligent antiquaries doo reject as a fabulous and counterfet author, and Vacerius hath laboured to prooue the same by a speciall treatise latelie published at Rome. When Holinshed refers to "Berosus" in this way, he actually means "pseudo-Berosus", as described in the Lost Works of Berosus . References 1. Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland, 6 volumes, Raphael Holinshed and others, 1587 edition. Reprinted 1807 for J. Johnson and others, London. Facsimile reprint 1965 by AMS Press Inc, New York, NY 10003. 2. Josephus Antiquities, I,VI,1 3. The History of the Welsh Baptists, from the Year Sixty-Three to the Year One Thousand Seven Hundred and Seventy, by Jonathan Davis (c.1786-1846), Pittsburgh: D.M. Hogan, 1835, 204p. Re-published in 1976 by The Baptist, Rt. 1, Aberdeen, Miss. 39730. Re-published again in 1982 by Church History Research & Archives, 220 Graystone Drive, Gallatin, Tennessee 37066. Tel: (615) 452-0341 or 452-7027. Note: The term "Baptist", used by Davis and his contemporaries, is taken to mean anyone who practices the baptism of believers by immersion, and is not restricted to the Baptist denomination. 4. Chronicle of the Kings of Britain. Translated by Peter Roberts in 1811 from the Welsh copy attributed to Tysilio . Facsimile reprint by Llanerch Publishers. ISBN 1-86143-111-2. 5. Midrash Rabbah - Genesis XXXVI:7 . Soncino Classics Collection, Judaic Classics Library CD-ROM, 1995, Davka Corporation, Chicago, USA. 6. The New Chain Reference Bible, compiled and edited by Frank Charles Thompson, 1964, B.B. Kirkbride, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA. 7. Archeologica Britannica, Volume 1, Glossography, Edward Lhuyd, Irish University Press, Shannon, 1971, SBN 7165-0031-0. Tit. II, A Comparative Vocabulary of the Original Languages of Britain and Ireland. Updated February 2002	i don't know
What is the first name of fictional character ‘Smiley’, created by the author John Le Carre?	Which Is the Best John le Carré Novel? - The New Yorker Which Is the Best John le Carré Novel? By August 6, 2014 CreditPhotograph by Sang Tan/AP. “The best spy novel of all time.” That’s what Publishers Weekly called “The Spy Who Came in from the Cold” in 2006, forty-three years after the book’s publication. John le Carré’s international best-seller is dynamite—fiendishly clever, as Arthur Conan Doyle might have said, and morally alert in a way that puts it way above the usual run of espionage fiction. Yet it’s not le Carré’s masterpiece. The author, born David Cornwell, wrote it at the peak of the Cold War, and he made the startling decision to portray the intelligence methods of both Western and Communist countries as vile and morally senseless. By this, his third book, he had found his great theme, betrayal, which he has dramatized with infinite variation ever since. The plot depends on a series of reversals—as you read, you have to revise your understanding of what’s going on, which is part of the fun—but, in the end, all mysteries solved, “The Spy Who Came in from the Cold” seems as schematic as an architect’s drawing. The book reproduced the East–West conflict as a set of obscure, fascinating, and dubious strategies. Who gained from the complex role-playing? The double agents, the planted insinuations, and the endless treacheries? What was won? After reading le Carré, you may think that the struggle against Communism is still necessary, but only a fool would think of it as anything but sordid. For some of us, this bleak and witty thriller was an introduction to grownup reality. No pessimistic book ever gave as much pleasure. Yet the question of which is le Carré’s best book remains in play. Certainly, “Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy,” the first of the trilogy later known as “The Quest for Karla” (which includes “The Honourable Schoolboy” and “Smiley’s People”) is the most entertaining of le Carré’s books. It came out in 1974, when everyone still remembered how badly British intelligence had been compromised in the forties, fifties, and sixties by Soviet double agents like Kim Philby and Guy Burgess. The scandal was still alive. (Sir Anthony Blunt confessed in 1964 that he had worked for the Soviets, but he was at large in the seventies. Margaret Thatcher didn’t reveal the truth about him until 1979.) In “Tinker,” le Carré tells us very little about how treason begins, but he creates a fictional account of how it might be shut down. As all the world knows, the meek-mannered cuckold George Smiley, roused from retirement and disgrace, uncovers a mole in M.I.6. (the Circus) by setting traps so intricate that only a spy could fall into them (funny, in its way). Like Raymond Chandler, another so-called genre writer (in this magazine, Pauline Kael once described Chandler as a skilled creator of pulp), le Carré offers a specialized view of life, but one so persuasive that many readers begin to see things in his ripely jaundiced way. Chandler was a master of the sleaze and alluring amorality of Los Angeles. Le Carré recorded the club banter—suave, heartless, knife-edged—of educated Englishmen drawn to espionage. He created the cryptic jargon of tradecraft—lamplighters, scalphunters, babysitters, joes, mothers, burnboxes—some of which got taken up by actual spies. In his masterpiece “Kim,” Kipling did the same for the lingo of Russo-British rivalry (“the great game”), but Chandler and le Carré devised, as they say, an entire world, increasingly detailed and comprehensive, a joy for adepts and for the quickly initiated. By the mid-seventies, however, the author of “genre books” was obviously a major novelist who understood the complications of deceit and self-delusion as well any writer. Some time after “A Perfect Spy” came out, in 1986, Philip Roth remarked that it was “the best English novel since the war.” So that was le Carré’s greatest book. Yet many were puzzled. Since the war? That would cover at least forty-one years, and works by George Orwell, Kingsley Amis, Angus Wilson, Graham Greene, Muriel Spark, Anthony Burgess, and Anthony Powell. Still, I was willing to trust Roth’s judgment, so I began to read. And, on two separate occasions, I found “A Perfect Spy” so densely worked and allusive that I fell out of the saddle, slightly embarrassed, after about fifty pages. But redemption lay at hand. A couple of months ago, prepping for a movie review, I read le Carré’s excellent late novel, “A Most Wanted Man” (2007). The toughness and complexity of that book re-launched me into “A Perfect Spy.” And it turns out that Roth was right. The perfect spy is one Magnus Pym, a name that suggests a man who is somehow both superlative and ordinary. It’s the late seventies or the early eighties, the Cold War is winding down, and Magnus is in the twilight of his career. His mentor in London—the extraordinary spymaster Jack Brotherhood—wants to believe in him, but the rest of what used to be called M.I.6. (now S.I.S., or the Firm) has suspected for years that Pym is a double agent. London, leaving him at large, posts him to Vienna, a relative backwater for espionage. In all, British intelligence, including Magnus, seems less concerned with Communist espionage than with the possibility that the well-funded C.I.A. will muscle in on British operations. That goes for le Carré, too, who has always been scornful of American spying. The Americans lack style, subtlety, patience. They burst forth from an incoherent, mongrel society, innocent of family and tradition and manners—every lack that Henry James complained of a hundred fifty years ago—before departing for London. Worst of all, they fail to enjoy spying as a treacherous game; they think they are saving the world, whereas the Brits know that, apart from Britain’s dwindling interests, there’s nothing to be saved, just the endless struggle itself, well or poorly joined. Among other things, “A Most Wanted Man,” set in Hamburg in the mid-aughts, is an outraged protest against American blundering after 9/11. At the beginning of “A Perfect Spy,” Magnus suddenly and silently disappears, retreating from Vienna to a tiny English boarding house near the sea. He wants to write—about his life, his career as a spy, his loyalties and betrayals. He wants to make an accounting for himself and for his splendid teen-age son, Tom. Now, as far as I know, le Carré has never been called an experimental or modernist writer. (It’s very unlikely that Susan Sontag would have been interested in him.) But “A Perfect Spy” is actually a meta-fiction. It’s about a man writing his life—in effect, writing a novel—and the text that Magnus produces is frequently coy and unreliable, which makes the complexities of the book staggering. There are overlapping tales, stories within stories, ricocheting versions of Magnus’s career. Le Carré doesn’t just stick to Magnus Pym’s discourse; he offers the point of view of Jack Brotherhood and of Pym’s staunch and frightened wife, Mary, both of them trying to find the missing man while worrying through their memories of him. Jaunty and comprehensive, le Carré jumps around in time, recounting Magnus’s life as son, lover, husband, embassy social lion, and spy. Most of all, as son. Magnus wants to finally unload his obsession with his father Richard (Rick) Pym, a swindler, liar, scoundrel, and enchanting son of a bitch; a Falstaff who does genuine harm. Rick screws people, and they almost always come back to him. He’s where the action is, right up to the end of his life, and Magnus adored and imitated him, becoming not a criminal but a professional con man and teller of tales, an agent. Like Rick, he betrays everyone, which is why he’s “perfect.” The book ranges over space as well as time—there are scenes from Magnus’s story set in Vienna, in Prague, in London, and even in Washington, where the C.I.A. begins to doubt his loyalty. But, most centrally, le Carré has written a book about England from the twenties to the seventies, particularly the upper-middle-class values and tone of those years, which he presents as a strange, semi-fathomable mixture of piety and duplicity. Le Carré knows the ways in which such people preserve recognition and intimacy—the shorthand that is just as pervasive in casual social meetings as it is in the S.I.S. headquarters, in London. As the great British critic Noel Annan wrote of le Carré in 1986, in The New York Review of Books, “The intricacy of the dense plot would be unendurable but for his talent as a mimic.” There’s the bullying authority of Brotherhood: “You’ve done your job. Fade away quickly. Now.” There are the clipped evasions of a closeted aristocratic friend of Magnus: “Didn’t care about money. Can’t lose what you haven’t got. Can’t miss what you don’t care about. Can’t sell what isn’t yours.” There’s also Tom’s public-school slang, and much else. As le Carré revealed, “A Perfect Spy” is heavily autobiographical. David Cornwell’s father, Ronnie Cornwell, was an ebullient criminal and a seductive charmer, whom David adored for decades—and finally loathed. Like Magnus Pym, the young David became a spy, posted to Germany after the war. Magnus became a great novelist, even if his novel was created by le Carré. The wheel comes full circle. For le Carré, spying has always been devoted to fiction-making—the creation of false identities, elaborate mirages, lies both preposterous and subtle, many of them sustained for years. What works in spying can also work in fiction. By the time he wrote “A Perfect Spy,” le Carré understood that espionage is an extreme version of the human comedy, even the human tragedy. It will very likely remain his greatest book. Correction: an earlier version of this post misidentified the year “The Spy Who Came in From the Cold” was published. David Denby has been a staff writer and film critic at The New Yorker since 1998.	George
Which bird is on the national flag of Papua New Guinea?	John le Carré: a Tinker, Tailor A-Z by William Boyd \| Books \| The Guardian Close A Adapting a novel for the cinema presents unique problems – it's not at all the straightforward process people assume, particularly if the novel is as complex and cerebral as Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy . The screenwriters of this exceptionally fine and sombre new dramatisation of the novel (Peter Straughan and the late Bridget O'Connor) have perfectly reflected its labyrinthine world of bluff and counter-bluff, of suspicion and paranoia, of corruption and betrayal. B Betrayal is the novel's and the film's great theme – and perhaps the dark undercurrent beneath all of John Le Carré 's work. Indeed one might claim that, among the few things we British are very good at – cricket, bespoke tailoring, dictionaries – is the spy novel. Possibly this is because we are also very good at betraying our country – our traitors are world-class and numerous, particularly since the second world war. The Cambridge spy ring still haunts the popular imagination. C "The Circus" is Le Carré's name for the fictional building that houses what, to all intents and purposes, is the headquarters of the British Secret Service and which overlooks Cambridge Circus (no coincidence) in the West End of London. The novel's plot, simply put, is that there is a traitor at the heart of the organisation – a "mole" in the very highest echelons of the service – and George Smiley, recently forcibly retired from the service, is re-recruited to find the man. There are five suspects – all identified by characters from the "Tinker, Tailor" jingle. Tinker, tailor, soldier, sailor, rich man, poor man, beggarman, thief. Smiley is himself a suspect – "beggarman" – and his search for the traitor is highly covert. He puts together his own team and, slowly but surely, they narrow the suspects down to one particular individual. It sounds simple but one of the delights of the novel (and the film) is its entwining complexity. You have to pay attention – only that way will its moments of bafflement be followed by dawning clarity. D David Cornwell (born 1931) is John le Carré's real name. As is well known by now, he was working for the Secret Intelligence Service, known as MI6, when he began to write fiction in the 1960s and was obliged therefore to choose a pseudonym. "Le Carré", so legend has it, was the name of a tiling firm whose advertisement he saw from the top of a bus as he was musing about what name to choose. E "The Expression of a nation's subconscious is its secret service." This adage from Tinker, Tailor may at first seem too pat and easy to survive any serious investigation. But, the more one considers it, the more acute it seems. Spying is as old as history itself, but secret intelligence services are fairly recent. Ours was founded in 1909. The CIA emerged from the second world war. When one thinks of other countries and their secret service manifestations – Russia and the KGB, Israel and Mossad, Pakistan and the ISI, even Uganda and Idi Amin's sinisterly bland State Research Bureau – the homily begins to appear particularly accurate. So how does that apply to Britain and MI5 and MI6? Le Carré himself once linked the character of the security services very tightly to that of the British establishment. All its complacencies and signal failures could be marked down to this identification. F Fiction is perhaps – paradoxically - the best way of telling the truth about spies and spying, particularly if you happen to have worked for the secret service and have signed the Official Secrets Act. The secret service is part of government, a department of the state, its members are civil servants, functionaries – however clandestine. Non-fiction accounts of the secret service are highly interesting but only for obsessives or former operatives, I would suggest, in the way that books about steam engines are fascinating only to train-spotters. The novel can glamorise that world ( Ian Fleming , Tom Clancy ), but the very best spy fiction (Le Carré, Len Deighton , Alan Furst ) somehow gets to the essence of the profession – its "feel", its vital nature, its dark ambience – in the way that histories can't. G George Smiley is Le Carré's Mr Pickwick – in the sense that this fictional character seems to have leaped the bounds of the novels he has appeared in and has achieved a life of his own. Smiley is middle-aged, small, portly, bespectacled, a cuckold and a bibliophile – the very opposite of a James Bond or a Jason Bourne. His extra-literary life has been facilitated by two compelling portrayals of him in adaptations of Tinker, Tailor. The first was by Alec Guinness in the 1979 BBC television series and now, in the new film version, we have Gary Oldman in the new film version –, who commendably resists the temptation to channel Guinness and turns in a performance of mesmerising, still intensity. "Less is more" was never better exemplified. H "Handwriting", "Scalphunters", "Stock", "Fieldcraft" and "Lamplighters" are all examples of the jargon of spying that Le Carré has created and that have entered the lingua franca of espionage, almost as if they had always existed and he had merely appropriated them. Indeed one of the challenges of writing a spy novel today is somehow to escape the long shadow of Le Carré. Avoid his jargon, is one important piece of advice – make up your own. I Ideology – or rather competing ideologies – must be, so reason tells us, at the nexus of all cold war betrayals such as the one depicted in Tinker, Tailor. Whether the double agent is British ( Philby, Burgess, Maclean, Blunt, Cairncross ) or a Soviet defector, the motive for betrayal must be a profound dissension from the prevailing ideology (capitalism, communism) in the country he purportedly serves. Sometimes this is true. The other great British double agent of the 50s and 60s, George Blake , genuinely seemed to believe that a world governed by communism would be a better place. My own feeling is that ideology may explain the initial recruitment but that other forces come into play fairly soon thereafter. Certainly the traitor in Tinker, Tailor doesn't seem to be an ideologue. One of the abiding fascinations in studying the world of traitors and double agents is to try to arrive at a sense of motive – why would you want to betray your own country in the first place? How do you live that double life for years on end? Somehow, a belief in the fundamental rightness of the "communist way" doesn't seem a substantial or sustaining enough reason. J Joseph Conrad , John Buchan , Somerset Maugham , Graham Greene , Norman Mailer , John Banville , Ian McEwan – the list of serious novelists who have written a spy novel is long and distinguished. You could add Erskine Childers , Compton Mackenzie , Geoffrey Household , Joseph Hone – let alone those authors who would classify themselves almost exclusively as writers of spy fiction (Fleming, Le Carré, Deighton, Furst, Charles Cumming ). There is something about the genre that is immensely alluring, particularly to the literary novelist – more appealing, I would argue, than the crime novel. At the core of the serious spy novel is the notion of duplicity and mendacity. All of us know those two abstract nouns intimately and we all employ them constantly in our daily lives, usually – and fortunately – to a minor and insignificant degree: all social life, for example, would grind to a halt without the "white lie", or the "pieux mensonge", as the French have it. The spy novel, while seeming to treat a rarified and, by definition, secret and unknown world, actually trades in concepts we all understand, instinctively and immediately. In some ways the world of the spy novel may be the best analogue of the human condition, writ large. K Karla is George Smiley's alter ego in the KGB – his great adversary, the spymaster supreme. There is a tremendous sequence of pages in the novel where Smiley and Karla come face to face in India, when Karla has been detained and Smiley is sent to interrogate him. Smiley seems happy to acknowledge Karla as the maestro. One of the problems of turning a long and intricate novel into a two-hour film is that a great deal has to be left out, and though this encounter is narrated in the film it is not seen. Somehow this contest between the two opposing intellects is at the centre of Tinker, Tailor – the quarry is not so much the traitor, the "mole", but Karla. L London, the city, figures almost as a character in Tinker, Tailor. So caught up are we in the unfolding intricacies of the plot that we forget how fine a writer of place Le Carré is. His topographical skills are as good as any, and parts of the city become vividly alive through his prose – Chelsea, Islington, Brixton and the environs of Liverpool Street station, for example. M Monologue is a somewhat outmoded literary device but one that le Carré uses a great deal and to great effect. Long narratives – flashbacks – are conveyed in pages of direct speech, uttered by this or that character. It's a device that transfers well to film – in some ways it works better as the monologue becomes voiceover, placed over scenes that we see in this new film filmed in Budapest and Istanbul, as well as London. For the screenwriter Le Carré's monologues are something of a gift. N Names are very important to Le Carré. He takes great care over the naming of his characters – no John Fosters or Sally Thompsons, Martin Smiths, or Jane Browns for him, however real and perfectly valid such names are. Instead, in Tinker, Tailor, we have Percy Alleline, Ricky Tarr, Connie Sachs, Roy Bland, Jim Prideaux, Peter Guillam and Toby Esterhase, among many others. A well-named character is instantly memorable and, thus identified, he or she immediately begins to live and breathe as a rounded person on the page. O Omniscience is another dated technique much favoured by Le Carré. He likes to be able to enter the minds of various characters from time to time and tell the reader what he or she is thinking. It's not much favoured today – subjectivity rules and the restricted point of view is pretty much the norm in fiction – but, for Le Carré, the advantage of the omniscient form means that the world of the novel is not seen exclusively by George Smiley – we get other angles, other interpretations. This is not a problem when it comes to adapting the novel for a film. In film there is basically one point of view – that of the camera lens – the objective stance is virtually immutable and all subjective variation succumbs to the power of photography. As viewers we are always on the outside looking in. In the novel there is a price to pay, however. If the author chooses the omniscient mode, then withholding vital information from the reader has to be a sort of sleight of hand. In the novel you can identify the traitor simply by analysing where the omniscience goes and where it doesn't. The author chooses not to tell us what one particular character is thinking – significant. P Philby. Harold Adrian Russell Philby – known to his friends as "Kim". Kim Philby is the great traitor in the post-war secret world – the superspy, 30 years a Soviet double agent. Le Carré has written eloquently and passionately about Philby in an introduction to a 1968 book, Philby: The Spy Who Betrayed a Generation. He described him as "an aggressive, upper-class enemy … of our blood and [who] hunted with our pack". The shockwaves of Philby's decades of betrayal still reverberate and, I believe, inform much of Le Carré's fiction. Philby – charming, stammering, a drinker, womaniser, Westminster School and Trinity, Cambridge, adored by his colleagues. The very fact that he was so effortlessly part of the complacent ruling elite was his best cover. No one could believe that an Englishman of his type could ever choose Russia over Britain. Kim, a traitor? Impossible, old chap. The double agent in Tinker, Tailor is a portrait of Philby (Le Carré uses Philby's Moscow code name, "Gerald" for his own traitor), even though the events of the novel are taking place 10 years after Philby's 1963 defection to the Soviet Union. Philby and the reasons for his highly successful and damaging betrayal of his country remain deeply mysterious and timelessly fascinating. Q Questions remain in literary circles about Le Carré (not that he cares a jot). Is he an excellent writer of genre fiction or a novelist of the first rank? The latter is the only answer. The fact that much of his output has to do with the world of espionage is irrelevant. No one would categorise Conrad as a writer of seafaring yarns just because many of his novels are to do with ships and sailors. Or should we reclassify John Updike 's work because his world is largely confined to middle-class sexual imbroglios in New England? Novelists choose the arena they want to inhabit: it's their imagination and expertise that make them significant. R Russia is the great enemy in Le Carré's fictional world. It's a sign of time's relentless obliterating surge that the cold war, communism, the USSR, the Berlin wall and the threat of Russian hegemony seem historical curiosities. It's hard, today, to conjure them up as aspects of the "evil empire", as Ronald Reagan described the Soviet Union in 1983. It was a time and a world when bad guys and good guys could be easily identified, in theory. One of the great strengths of Le Carré's fiction is to show how blurred the moral line was between east and west. S The Secret Service has changed since Philby's day – or so we hope. We assume the old-boys'-club era has gone. The historian Hugh Trevor-Roper , who was recruited in the second world war, had this to say about the service and his colleagues as he found them at the time. The people he worked with possessed, he thought, "Very limited intelligence … By and large pretty stupid, some of them very stupid." Trevor-Roper knew Philby well and liked him enormously: he was profoundly traumatised by the revelation that he had been a Soviet double agent for decades. T Treason is at the centre of Le Carré's two masterworks of what we may call his middle period – Tinker, Tailor (1974) and A Perfect Spy (1986). Both, I feel, are inspired by the Philby case, and both seek to come up with an answer to the fundamental question – why betray, why choose to be a traitor? I'm not sure, finally, that Le Carré has the answer. In Tinker, Tailor he has the traitor say, "It's an aesthetic judgment as much as anything". The film script adds: "The west has become so ugly." I don't buy that (the Soviet Union is a model of grace and beauty?). There has to be something deeper. U Understanding, analysing and relishing the twists, turns and doublings-back of a Le Carré plot is an aesthetic pleasure, however, and one that the author deliberately foments. Complexity of plotting is a hugely underestimated literary art – it's not easy. Try to construct, over a three- or four-hundred page novel, a convoluted narrative that surprises and tests the reader and that ultimately joins all the dots, and see how you get on. One of the great achievements of the new film is that it manages to replicate the frisson of Le Carré's sinuously difficult and elliptical methodology. In the novel, the reveal of the traitor comes as a genuine surprise – so too in the film. V Vanity or venality? Paranoia or fatigue? What is it that undoes the double agent? It's hard to imagine the massive, near-intolerable pressures of living such a lie over years and decades, so what is the payback? The answer, I feel, is a form of glee. The successful double agent, exploiting the pretence, fooling everyone, enjoying the loyalty and credulity of peers and colleagues, can hardly stop laughing – inside. W "Witchcraft" is the name given in the novel to the double-bluff operation that the KGB ran, penetrating the highest level of the British secret service, leeching their secrets when the British thought they were being given gold dust by the Soviets. For the British, the great benefit of access to this "source" meant they could curry favour with their American counterparts. Nothing much has changed. X X-certificate is hardly a designation that could be applied to Le Carré's novels. The sex and violence count is very low and happens off stage, as it were – all is implication, not depiction. George Smiley and James Bond are without doubt the two most famous fictional spies in our spy literature but their worlds are miles apart. Y Yesterday's Men, one might say, looking at the glum world of Tinker, Tailor, with its tawdry portrait of 70s Britain (beautifully replicated in the film). Did we have those hairstyles, wear those clothes, enjoy that low-rent lifestyle? Yes, I'm afraid so – but that's irrelevant to the achievement of the novel and this new film. I believe Tinker, Tailor is Le Carré's chef d'oeuvre – its understanding of human nature is so acute and its masterful construction – its elaborate nuts and bolts – has never been bettered in his work. It's a superb novel by any standard and can sustain – a measure of its stature – many fulfilling re-readings. Z Zoltan Falosny, the structuralist and cultural critic, offers this explanation as to why people become traitors: there are basically three overriding reasons, he claims – money, blackmail and revenge. But I think there may be another – hate. Philby alluded obliquely to this when he was interviewed by a British newspaper after his defection to Moscow in 1963. He said he regarded himself as "wholly and irreversibly English and England as having been perhaps the most fertile patch of earth in the whole history of human ideas". Asked why he had betrayed this wonderful country, he said that he held a "humane contempt" for "certain temporary phenomena that prevented England from being herself". This is the disingenuous but crucial admission explaining Philby's treason. Moreover, the casual use of "England" and "English" is very revealing – the unreflecting language of the establishment. Here, I think, is the clue to the swagger and aplomb of Philby's sustained and astonishingly successful betrayal. He calls it "humane contempt" but I think "contempt" will do nicely. This has nothing really to do with Russia and communism – this is more an overriding desire to foul your own nest. Philby looked at the "English" world he'd been born into and found he had nothing but contempt for it. In such circumstances sometimes it is as easy to hate your country as it is to love it.	i don't know
The Isle of Man lies in which body of water?	Isle of Man travel guide - Wikitravel Time Zone UTC The Isle of Man [1] ( Manx : Ellan Vannin) is an island in the British Isles , located in the Irish Sea between the islands of Great Britain and Ireland . It is a British Crown dependency (and therefore not part of the United Kingdom itself); the UK is responsible for defence and foreign affairs. The island has its own government (headed by a Chief Minister) and parliament - "Tynwald" (consisting of the democratically-elected "House of Keys" and the nominated "Legislative Council".) The Isle of Man is not a full member of the European Union, but an associate member. Cities[ edit ] Douglas - the capital city. A Victorian seaside resort, the business centre and ferry port. Peel - small Cathedral city on the west coast with a medieval castle and fishing port. Home to the "House of Manannan" museum. Other destinations[ edit ] Laxey - delightful village on the electric railway between Douglas and Ramsey. Noted for its water wheel (claimed to be the world's largest in operation). Its mines railway and an electric railway to the top of Snaefell. Calf of Man - Small island bird sanctuary, accessible by boat from Port Erin/Port St. Mary Port Erin - Victorian beach resort with a sheltered bay. Port St Mary - picturesque fishing port Ramsey - faded Victorian resort with a (closed) pier and niche shopping. Castletown - small town and port centred around a well-preserved medieval castle Climate[ edit ] Temperate; cool summers and mild winters; overcast about one-third of the time. The Island typically enjoys 'British' weather tempered by the effects of the Gulf Stream that runs through the surrounding Irish Sea. Exposure to sea breezes keeps average summer temperatures in the early to mid twenties centigrade, while winters tend to hover around 9 degrees and snow sometimes strikes in late February/ early March. The thick sea fog that occasionally smothers the island's lowland areas is known locally as Manannan's Cloak, a reference to the Island's ancient Sea God swathing his kingdom in mist to protect it from unwanted visitors. Terrain[ edit ] A plain in the far north, with hills in north and south bisected by central valley. One small islet, the Calf of Man, lies to the southwest, and is a bird sanctuary. The highest point is Snaefell, at 621 meters above sea level. History[ edit ] The Isle of Man was part of the Norwegian Kingdom of the Hebrides until the 13th century when it was ceded to Scotland. After a period of alternating rule by the kings of Scotland and England, the island came under the feudal lordship of the English Crown in 1399. The Duke of Atholl sold the sovereignty of the isle to the British crown in 1765, henceforth the British monarch has also held the title "Lord of Mann". The island never became part of the United Kingdom, retaining its status as an internally self-governing Crown Dependency. After 1866, when the Isle of Man obtained a nominal measure of Home Rule, the Manx people have made remarkable progress, and currently form a prosperous community, with a thriving offshore financial centre, a tourist industry (albeit smaller than in the past) and a variety of other industries. Current concerns include reviving the almost extinct Manx Gaelic language. The 1990s and early 21st century have seen a greater recognition of indigenous Manx culture, including the opening of the first Manx language primary school, as well as a general re-evaluation of the island's economy. Get in[ edit ] The Isle of Man is not a full member of the European Union or the Schengen Area, however it is part of the Common Travel Area and maintains a full customs union with the United Kingdom. No passport control checks are in place for travellers from the UK, Ireland and the Channel Islands, however the plane and ferry companies usually request some form of photo ID. By plane[ edit ] The Isle of Man Airport (IATA: IOM) is located at Ronaldsway, near Castletown, in the south of the island. There are regular bus - and during the summer season, steam train - services from the airport to Castletown and Douglas. A number of airlines, including Aer Lingus Regional, British Airways, Citywing, easyJet and FlyBe, operate regular services to the Isle of Man from regional airports throughout the British Isles such as Edinburgh , Glasgow , Manchester , Liverpool , Dublin , Belfast , London (Gatwick, Luton, London City), Newcastle , Birmingham , Bristol , Gloucestershire and Jersey , with seasonal services operating from Geneva . Ferries operated by the Steam Packet Company [2] to Douglas from: Liverpool , England - 2h 30m (Fast craft) / 4h (conventional ferry) Go Card[ edit ] Visitors to the Isle of Man can purchase a Go Explore smartcard, which enables unlimited travel on all scheduled bus, rail and horse tram services on the Isle of Man for 1, 3, 5 or 7 consecutive days. The card can be either purchased online or in person from the Welcome Centre at the Douglas Sea Terminal, the airport information desk, main bus and rail stations and the House of Manannan in Peel. Go cards cost £2 plus the amount of travel days required. One day Go Explore paper tickets for adults and children can also be purchased on boarding buses, trains and trams with no card fee. Half fare is payable on the premium Hullad Oie/ Night Owl bus services. By train[ edit ] The island has two main historic narrow-gauge railways, both starting from (separate) stations in Douglas. In the south of the island, the Isle of Man Railway is a historic narrow-gauge steam railway operating between Douglas, Castletown and Port Erin. In the north of the island, the Manx Electric Railway runs between Douglas and Ramsey, using the original historic tramcars from the 1890s. Additionally, the Snaefell Mountain Railway (to the summit of Snaefell) starts from Laxey, where connections with the Manx Electric Railway are available. All three lines operate between the months of March and October. There are also three short-distance tourist lines - the Groudle Glen Railway, Great Laxey Mine Railway and The Orchid Line. The former two can be accessed by the Manx Electric Railway at the Groudle Glen and Laxey stops, and the latter is located within the Curraghs Wildlife Park. By bus[ edit ] Bus Vannin is the government-owned-and-operated bus company, which operates bus routes to all the major towns and villages on the island. Bus Vannin operates a fleet of Mercedes Benz Citaro and Wrightbus StreetLite single-deckers, Volvo B9TL and Dennis Trident double deckers plus a trio of Mercedes Benz Sprinter City 45 minibuses. The company also operates a small Heritage fleet of AEC and Leyland double-decker buses from 1948 and 1949, which are available for private hire. With the exception of the Heritage Fleet, all buses are wheelchair-accessible. Single and return tickets, and 1-day Go Explore tickets are available on the bus from the driver. The company operates the Hullad Oie/ Night Owl late-night service, which operates on most Fridays and Saturdays. Services depart Douglas at 00:15 and serve all the major towns on the island. By horse tram[ edit ] During the summer, Douglas has iconic horse-drawn trams operating along the Promenade from the Sea Terminal to the terminus of the Manx Electric Railway at Derby Castle. It is also of particular use for travelling to the numerous hotels on the Promenade, however it is often seen as a novelty rather than a serious way of getting anywhere in particular. Until 2016, the trams were operated by the Douglas Borough Council, however it was announced that they had closed the line as it was not financially viable. The service is now provided by the Isle of Man Heritage Railways. Single journey horse tram tickets are £3 for adults and £2 per child, or £10 for a family of two adults and up to three children. Day tickets are £6 for adults and £3 per child, or £15 for a family of two adults and up to three children. Additionally, Go Explore tickets are valid on the horse trams. By car[ edit ] Cars can be hired from various locations on the island, including the airport and Douglas Sea Terminal. Local agents operate on behalf of major international rental firms. The Isle of Man has a very extensive road network, all of which is paved and passably well maintained. Congestion is low (outside Douglas at rush hour). Rules of the road closely mirror those of the United Kingdom, with the notable exception that there is no overall speed limit for private vehicles (in other words, in a derestricted zone there is no blanket 70 or 60 mph limit like there is in the UK). Careless and dangerous driving laws still apply, so one may not drive at absolutely any speed, and there are local speed limits on many roads. Unlike the United Kingdom, the legal driving age is 16. However, regardless of age, drivers are limited to 50 miles per hour (80 km/h) in the first two years after passing their driving test, so take extra care. Like the UK, the Isle of Man drives on the left and road signs are based on those used in the UK. It is illegal to use a hand held mobile phone whilst driving. Petrol is expensive, even by UK standards. Many of the country roads are narrow with substantial stone walls on each side, making evasive driving potentially tricky. Despite the absence of speed limits outside urban areas, caution is advised. Caravans (camper trailers) may not be brought to the island. Talk[ edit ] English is the first language of all but around 150 native speakers of Manx - a language descended from Old Irish and closely related to Irish and Scottish Gaelic . All children on the Isle of Man have the option to study Manx at school, and there have been great efforts in recent times to revive the language. It is estimated that around 2% of the Manx population - 1800 people - are Manx speakers. One of the most striking elements of the language is many consonant mutations can occur, e.g., Doolish (the Manx name for Douglas ), can easily become Ghoolish. Bilingual road, street, village and town boundary signs are common throughout the Isle of Man. All other road signs are in English only. Like the United Kingdom, proficiency in any language other than English is rare. Do[ edit ][ add listing ] Hike - There are many hiking/walking trails and footpaths on the Isle of Man, the most significant being the Raad ny Foillan (The Way of the Gull) which is a 95-mile(=150 Km) footpath around the Island. Other trails cross the Island in various locations. The Raad ny Foillan follows the coast for much of its route and is really quite a spectacular hike, well worth the time and effort while visiting the Island. Obstacle Race - There is now an annual obstacle race taking place in the summer of each year with information available at GFoGE IOM Mud Runner & Obstacle Race Team Currency[ edit ] The official currency is the Manx pound (£), which is divided into 100 pence, or pennies. It comes in the same denominations and sizes as the pound sterling, and both currencies are pegged at a rate of 1:1. UK notes and coins (whether from banks in England, Scotland, or Northern Ireland) are universally accepted on the Isle of Man, but Manx notes and coins are not generally accepted in the UK. To assist those travelling, the ATMs at the Sea Terminal in Douglas and the Isle of Man Airport both issue Bank of England notes only. A number of businesses accept euros, however this should not be relied upon and the exchange rate will usually be poor. The Manx banknotes have some unique features: The 5-pound note is the only known banknote to picture a pub on it. In the bottom left-hand corner of the reverse, the Castle Arms (known as the Glue Pot) is shown opposite Castle Rushen, Castletown. The 20-pound note features a likeness of fictional character Fonzie, or "The Fonz", from the American sitcom 'Happy Days'. The subject of the illustration is the Laxey Wheel, while the character is hidden within a group of bystanders. Shops[ edit ] Many UK chain stores are represented in the Island (mainly in the capital, Douglas); for example, Boots, WH Smith, Waterstones, Marks and Spencer, Next and B&Q all have a presence on the island. The island has its own supermarket chain, Shoprite, with 12 branches across the island in Peel, Douglas, Onchan, Ramsey, Castletown and Port Erin. The UK-based supermarket Tesco has a branch in Douglas, and the Co-op has 10 stores across the island. There is a small 'lifestyle' shopping centre at Tynwald Mills near St John's, with a number of outlets selling upmarket clothing, furnishings and gifts. Uniquely Manx products include Smoked Kippers and Manx Tartan. Eat[ edit ][ add listing ] Manx food is often very good and continues to improve. Some good restaurants and bistros can be found. Fish and chips are also popular. Crab baps are available from a kiosk on Peel Quay. There are several varieties of Manx cheese. Boxes of Manx kippers can be ordered for delivery by post. A local speciality worth trying is chips, cheese and gravy, similar to the Canadian dish poutine. Another favourite available as a takeaway is a baked potato with a topping such as chili. Also try the "Peel flapjack" from Michael Street bakers in Peel. Drink[ edit ][ add listing ] The minimum age to purchase alcohol is 18. Unlike the United Kingdom, it is not permitted for 16 year-olds to consume alcohol on licenced premises with a purchased meal. The Isle of Man has two breweries, Okells and Bushy's. The Isle of Man has a beer purity law that permits no ingredients in beer other than water, yeast, hops and malt. Accordingly, a well-kept pint of Manx beer is worth seeking out. Wine is quite reasonably priced and readily available in food stores. The majority of hotels are located in Douglas, including the traditional seafront hotels on the Douglas Promenade. Standards can be variable - some are rather dated and in need of refurbishment. More luxurious hotels (up to four stars) are also available. Couchsurfing is available. Learn[ edit ] There is no university on the island, although the University of Liverpool runs some courses. There is an Isle of Man College, and an International Business School [3] . Work[ edit ] The Isle of Man has very low unemployment, largely because of the financial sector. Seasonal work in the tourism industry is available, but note that a Work Permit is required to work on the island (including persons from the UK) obtainable from the Isle of Man Government. [4] Stay safe[ edit ] The Isle of Man is generally a very safe place, more so than much of the United Kingdom. In an emergency contact the Isle of Man Constabulary (the island's police service) on 999. Town centres have real glass in bus shelters and graffiti is not prevalent. Alcohol is commonly a cause of anti-social behaviour, though levels of violent crime are relatively low. Stay healthy[ edit ] Health conditions are very similar to the UK. The island has its own National Health Service (NHS), meaning that universal healthcare is free at the point of delivery. The island has a well-equipped modern hospital (Noble's Hospital, near Douglas) but some complicated medical conditions, i.e. severe burns, may require removal to the UK. Respect[ edit ] The Isle of Man's small size and small population means it can be a socially conservative place, although some major social reforms have been legislated for by Tynwald, the Manx parliament. Homosexuality is legal, although attitudes to homosexuality can be conservative, particularly among the older generations. Despite more than half of the island's population being born elsewhere, there is a low level of racial diversity, though racism is not usually an issue of concern. Capital punishment was not officially abolished until 1993, although no execution had taken place on the island for over 100 years. Corporal punishment has also been abolished - it was used for young male offenders until the mid 1970s. People from the Isle of Man are known as Manx. The Manx are very proud of their identity; the Manx flag will be frequently seen. You should be conscious of using terms such as "the mainland" for the UK, as the island is semi-independent - the locals simply refer to it as "across", from "across the water". The geographic isolation and harsh winters makes the Manx resourceful and self-sufficient - complaining about the lack of trivial things is likely to earn the reminder "there's a boat in the morning!" - i.e. "if you can't survive an hour without organic quinoa, get back on the ferry". In the past there have been accusations that the Isle of Man is a "tax haven". The finance industry is the major employer and considerable efforts have been made by the Manx authorities to improve the regulation and propriety of this industry. Some Manx regard the finance industry as a mixed blessing - although it has brought valuable jobs and financial stability when traditional employments such as farming and fishing have decreased because of EU competition, it has also led to significant immigration and cultural change, and the Manx have become a minority in their own country. The Isle of Man's financial industry now works to a more rigorous standard than the UK. Nevertheless, taxes are considerably lower than in the UK - although Valued Added Tax is the same by agreement between the Manx and UK Governments. Contact[ edit ] The international dial code for the Isle of Man is 44, the same as the United Kingdom , and has the dial code 01624 (07624 for mobiles). The island has two telephone operators, Manx Telecom and Sure (Cable and Wireless). There are no UK-based operators in the island, so roaming charges may apply to foreign SIM cards. Prepaid SIM cards are readily available in telephone shops and general stores. The island has 3G and 4G mobile internet, and broadband internet is readily available. Wireless internet access is readily available from a number of hotspots in pubs, cafes, hotels, attractions and businesses.	Irish Sea
Singer David Bowie teamed up with UK band Queen on which 1981 hit single?	Isle of Man \| history - geography - island, crown possession, British Isles \| Britannica.com island, crown possession, British Isles Written By: Alternative Titles: Ellan Mannin, Ellan Vannin, Isle of Mann, Mona, Monapia Isle of Man Island, crown possession, British Isles Flag of Isle of Man Official name crown dependency (United Kingdom) with two legislative houses2 (Legislative Council [113]; House of Keys [24]) Head of state British Monarch: Queen Elizabeth II , represented by Lieutenant Governor: Adam Wood Head of government Chief Minister: Allan Bell, assisted by the Council of Ministers Capital Literacy: percentage of population age 15 and over literate Male: not available 1Ellan Vannin in Manx Gaelic. 2Collective name is Tynwald. 3Includes 3 ex officio seats. 4Manx Gaelic has limited official recognition. 5Equivalent in value to pound sterling (£); the Isle of Man government issues both paper money and coins. Country Data Overview (PDF) Isle of Man, also spelled Mann, Manx-Gaelic Ellan Vannin, or Mannin, Latin Mona, or Monapia, one of the British Isles , located in the Irish Sea off the northwest coast of England. The island lies roughly equidistant between England, Ireland , Scotland , and Wales . The Isle of Man is not part of the United Kingdom but rather is a crown possession (since 1828) that is self-governing in its internal affairs under the supervision of the British Home Office. The Isle of Man is about 30 miles (48 km) long by 10 miles (16 km) wide, its main axis being southwest to northeast. It has an area of 221 square miles (572 square km). The island consists of a central mountain mass culminating in Snaefell (2,036 feet [621 m]) and extending north and south in low-lying agricultural land. Man’s coastline is rocky and has fine cliff scenery. The grass-covered slate peaks of the central massif are smooth and rounded as a result of action during various glacial periods. The island’s landscape is treeless except in sheltered places. To the southwest lies an islet, the Calf of Man, with precipitous cliffs, which is administered by the Manx National Heritage as a bird sanctuary. The climate is maritime temperate, with cool summers and mild winters. The average mean temperature in February is 41° F (4.9° C) and is 58° F (14.3° C) in August . The average annual rainfall is 45 inches (1,140 mm). The native flora and fauna are of little interest, but the domestic Manx cat, a distinctive tailless breed (see photograph ), is traditionally believed to have originated on the island. Connect with Britannica Facebook Twitter YouTube Instagram Pinterest The Isle of Man has been inhabited by humans since the Mesolithic Period . It became the home of many Irish missionaries in the centuries following the teaching of St. Patrick (5th century ad). Among its earliest inhabitants were Celts, and their language, Manx , which is closely related to Gaelic, remained the everyday speech of the people until the first half of the 19th century. The number of Manx speakers is now negligible, however. Norse (Viking) invasions began about ad 800, and the isle was a dependency of Norway until 1266. During this period Man came under a Scandinavian system of government that has remained practically unchanged ever since. In 1266 the king of Norway sold his suzerainty over Man to Scotland, and the island came under the control of England in 1341. From this time on, the island’s successive feudal lords, who styled themselves “kings of Mann,” were all English. In 1406 the English crown granted the island to Sir John Stanley, and his family ruled it almost uninterruptedly until 1736. (The Stanleys refused to be called “kings” and instead adopted the title “lord of Mann,” which still holds.) The lordship of Man passed to the dukes of Atholl in 1736, but in the decades that followed, the island became a major centre for the contraband trade, thus depriving the British government of valuable customs revenues. In response, the British Parliament purchased sovereignty over the island in 1765 and acquired the Atholl family’s remaining prerogatives on the island in 1828. ABCs of English The government consists of an elected president; a Legislative Council, or upper house; and a popularly elected House of Keys, or lower house. The two houses function as separate legislative bodies but come together to form what is known as the Tynwald Court to transact legislative business. The House of Keys constitutes one of the most ancient legislative assemblies in the world. The Isle of Man levies its own taxes. Related Topics	i don't know
How many mythical creatures represent years in the Chinese Zodiac?	Chinese Zodiac Story: Tales and Legends about 12 Animal Signs Home / Chinese Culture / Zodiac / Stories Chinese Zodiac Stories There are many legends and mythology related to Chinese zodiac and there are various versions and stories popular in different regions. Why were there twelve animals in the zodiac calendar and how did the scheme order come from? Here are the most well-know stories, as an important part of Chinese zodiacal culture. Order of the Animals This is the most widespread legend about Chinese zodiac. The Jade Emperor (The Emperor in Heaven in Chinese folklore) ordered that animals would be designated as calendar signs and the twelve that arrived first would be selected. At that time, the cat and the rat were good friends and neighbors. When they heard of this news, the cat said to the rat: 'We should arrive early to sign up, but I usually get up late.' The rat then promised to awaken his friend and go together. However, on the morning when he got up, he was too excited to recall his promise, and went directly to the gathering place. On the way, he encountered the tiger, ox, horse, and other animals that ran much faster. In order not to fall behind them, he thought up a good idea. He made the straightforward ox carry him on condition that he sang for the ox. At last, the ox and him arrived first. The ox was happy thinking that he would be the first sign of the years, but the rat had already slid in front, and became the first lucky animal of the Chinese zodiac. Meanwhile his neighbor the cat was too late so when it finally arrived, the selection was over. That's why other animals appear behind the little rat and why the cat hates the rat so much that every time they meet, the cat will chase and kill it. About this simple story, there are different editions. Some say it was the Yellow Emperor who intended to select twelve guards. It is also said that cat hope rat could get there early and sign up on behalf, but rat completely forgot it or do that intentionally. Some say the animals were request to have a swimming race, or a simple race. Elephant was said to participate in the race too, but run away finally because rat got into it trunk. Number of Zodiac Animals’ Toes Many famous scholars in history had their own interpretations about this interesting topic. There was a scholar in the Song Dynasty (960 - 1279) called Hong Xun explained his thought based on Yin Yang Theory. Among the twelve animals - rat, ox, tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake, horse, sheep, monkey, rooster, dog and pig - rat, tiger, dragon, monkey and dog have five toes. Five is an odd number which is thought to be in yang side (or positive). Horse has one toe, also an odd number. Others animals have toes of even numbers which are thought to be yin, negative. Snake has no toe but its tongue has two tips in even number. Ying and yang animal signs were interlaced. There were scholars of the Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1644) followed and developed this idea. Why Did Rat Come in the First Place? Beside the tricks that rat played in the first story, there are other legends about its priority in those animals. In Chinese mythology about the origin of world, the universe was in dark without form like an egg before the earth and heaven was separated. It was the rat that bit a crack and let the air in. He was the hero to start the world. That was to say the importance of him. Another saying goes along with the toes story mentioned above. His forepaws have four toes and hindpaws have five toes, with both odd and even numbers. For such a special creature among the twelve animals, rat won the first place. Legends seem to be strained interpretations because the original intention had been lost over such a long history. Chinese zodiac was related to the Yin Yang, Five Elements theories and other traditional life concepts. Thus it promoted the development of Chinese zodiacal culture. After having fun of reading these stories, we still have to know some facts: it is reliable to believe the zodiac animals started for worship of animals in old times and twelve most important animals in ancient people’s life in was selected to vividly represent the Twelve Earthly Branches (the duodecimal cycle in Chinese calendar ). Cat was absent in the name list because there was no cat in China very long time ago. Now, use the zodiac calculator to search for your animal sign. Further Reading:	one
The asteroid belt lies roughly between which two planets in our solar system?	NEXT: Astrology and Myth Astronomy and Astrology Historically, the development of astronomy and astrology have been closely related throughout the world. In China however, the two have always retained links far stronger than in Europe where they have largely been regarded as completely separate disciplines since the eighteenth century. Today, astronomy is recognised as a scientific discipline based on the observation of objects and events beyond the earth’s atmosphere. Astrology, by contrast, is a practice more typically defined as a form of ‘divination’ and has largely to do with making predictions about life on earth by studying the position of celestial bodies in the sky. This assumes that there is a link between events on earth and in the sky and as such is a discipline which is taken very seriously by some, and derided by others. According to Chinese astrological thought, a person's destiny can be determined a number of complex factors including the position of the major planets, sun, moon and comets in the sky at the exact hour of a person's birth and the year in which they were born. In China each year is associated with one of twelve animals and one of the five elements, making a sixty-year cycle. An accurate astrological prediction is a complex process, although it is by no means scientific, and is regarded very seriously by some people. By contrast, the knowledge of one’s year sign is something known well by most Chinese, and is commonly referred to especially in relation to compatibility with others, but it is no longer used seriously in important decision making. The Chinese Almanac A Chinese almanac dating from c.956 by Zhai Fengda Or.8210/s.95 . © British Library Many Chinese households will regularly consult an almanac (or calendar) based on the lunar year that provides a set of guidelines to promote or advise against certain tasks or events being undertaken on certain days. Claims for the origins of this book go back over 4200 years to 2256 BC, from which date it is said to have been in constant publication. Originally produced solely by the imperial palace whose supposed link to the Heavens offered the ultimate authority on all matters celestial, the almanac is now freely published, but a certain ritual still surrounds its use. In its handling, clean hands and a degree of reverence are required. Old almanacs must be disposed of by burning, either at a temple or with care by each family, in order to release their powers back to Heaven and the almanac must always be stored with respect and never placed on the floor or beneath a table. Despite the lighthearted treatment of astrological suppositions surrounding the zodiac, the respect afforded to the almanac reveals the ongoing belief afforded to the more complex arts of astronomy and divination and their importance in Chinese society. The Chinese Years & The Zodiac Detail of almanac showing the zodiac animals Or.8210/P.6 . © British Library Some of the more popular and better-known elements of Chinese astrology are the superstitions relating to the Chinese year signs. The Chinese zodiac animals make up a twelve-year cycle used for dating the years based on a lunar system. In the lunar calendar the beginning of the year falls somewhere between late January and early February of the solar calendar. The Chinese have adopted the solar calendar since 1911, but the lunar calendar is still used for festive occasions such as the Chinese New Year and many Chinese calendars will print both the solar and the lunar dates. The twelve animals that appear on the Chinese zodiac calendar — a rat, ox, tiger, rabbit (or hare), dragon, snake, horse, sheep (or goat), monkey, rooster, dog and pig — are the topic of countless legends embedded in Chinese mythology. The same zodiac animals are also used in many neighbouring cultures to China. You can read more about the mythology surrounding the zodiac animals by visiting our Astrology and Myths page . In Chinese folklore horoscopes have developed around the animal signs, much like monthly horoscopes have been developed for the different moon signs (Pisces, Aries, Capricorn etc.). The signs are all allocated different qualities and attributes and horoscopes derived from these are largely regarded as light-hearted fun. However, the year signs are also each connected to one of the different five elements - water, earth, wood, fire or metal – each year in a sixty year cycle - and also with varying amounts of yin 阴 or yang 阳 (the forces of life – male and female, positive and negative). The combination of these elements is said reveal a person’s character, and this kind of information was traditionally a contributing factor in decisions about employment and marriage; for while some signs are seen to be naturally compatible, the combination of others is believed to signal disaster. The simple characteristics of the animals themselves and the relationships they suggest are enduringly popular and well known and are commonly displayed in a wheel, representing the cyclical nature of the calendar. The cycle always begins with the rat and ends with the pig and should be read in a clockwise direction: Do you know which year you were born in the Chinese zodiac calendar? Find your birth year in the chart below to discover your Chinese zodiac animal and read on to see if you have the typical characteristics of your sign: Rat Fire Earth Those born under the sign of the Pig are good companions, with great inner strength. Pigs are often studious or intellectual individuals who enjoy setting themselves difficult goals. Pigs are kind, sincere, tolerant, and honest but by expecting the same from others, can sometimes be naive. Which signs are compatible in the Chinese zodiac? Looking at the Zodiac wheel, the three animals which are most evenly spaced from one another are generally considered to be the best matches: Rat, Dragon and Monkey; Ox, Snake and Rooster; Tiger and Horse and Dog; Rabbit, Sheep and Pig. The signs that are opposite each other in the Zodiac Circle chart are thought to be poor matches. Generally it is believed that a Rat and Horse; Ox and Goat; Tiger and Monkey; Rabbit and Rooster; Dragon and Dog; Snake and Pig will not get along with each other either in love, in the family or in business. But, each person is a combination of the sign of the year in which they were born as well as of the sign which influences the time of day and month in which they were born. So, while you may find that a person was born in a year that would seem to make you and they a poor match, the other influences that you share may balance the ill effects of incompatible signs and make for a very good relationship. Likewise, these influences can also cause problems in a match of even the most compatible signs. The animal signs above, assigned by the year of your birth, represent what others perceive you as being or how you present yourself. The month of your birth assigns your ‘inner animal’. This affects your motivations, love life and inner personality and it is vital to the understanding of your compatibility with other signs. Tiger	i don't know
During which month in 1666 did the Great Fire of London rage for four days?	The Great Fire of London of 1666 - History Learning Site Home » Stuart England » The Great Fire of London of 1666 The Great Fire of London of 1666 Citation: C N Trueman "The Great Fire of London of 1666" historylearningsite.co.uk. The History Learning Site, 17 Mar 2015. 16 Aug 2016. The Great Fire of London of September 1666 was one of the most famous incidents in Stuart England. It was the second tragedy to hit the city in the space of 12 months. Just as the city was recovering from the Great Plague, the inhabitants had to flee the city once again – this time not as a result of a disease, but the result of as human accident. The Great Fire of London, arguably, left a far greater mark on the city when compared to the plague. The facts about the fire are simple: The fire started in Pudding Lane The fire started in a baker’s shop owned by Thomas Farriner – who was the king’s baker His maid failed to put out the ovens at the end of the night. The heat created by the ovens caused sparks to ignite the wooden home of Farriner. In her panic, the maid tried to climb out of the building but failed. She was one of the few victims of the fire. Once it started, the fire spread quickly. The city was basically made out of wood and with September following on from the summer, the city was very dry. Strong winds fanned the flames Despite the evidence to the contrary, the Lord Mayor was not too concerned by what he was told. “A woman could piss it out” was his apparent comment when he was told that the fire was a cause for concern. Those who could get out of the city did so. Many gathered on nearby heaths such as Hampstead. Here they were safe but they also got a good view of the destruction of the fire. In 1665, during the plague, the king, Charles II, had fled London. Many would have liked to have done the same and few criticised the king when he did leave for the countryside. However, in September 1666, he stayed in London and took charge of the operation to save the city. His plan was to create fire- breaks. This required knocking down perfectly good buildings but starving the fire of the wood it needed to burn. Charles also ordered that navy rations stored in the docks in the East End should be given to those who had fled the city. The heat created by the fire was so great that the lead roof on the old St Paul’s Cathedral melted. Many saw the lead flowing down the streets. It is said that many pigeons lost their lives as they refused to leave their nests and their wing feathers got burned and they plummeted into the fire. But the actual human casualty rate was remarkably small with possibly only 5 people dying in this fire. The greatest fear the authorities had was that the flames might cross the River Thames and set fire to the south side of the city. If it could be kept north of the river, then the authorities could claim a victory. In this they were successful as the weather gave them help. The wind that had helped the fire spread, turned on itself and drove the flames back into what had already been burned. Therefore, the fire had nothing to ignite and the fire died out. The Great Fire had burned down 84 churches and the old St Paul’s. However, it had also destroyed the filthy streets associated the Great Plague. The Fleet, a ‘tributary’ that flowed into the Thames, was nothing more than an open sewer associated with disease and poverty. The fire effectively boiled the Fleet and sterilised it. Slums were simply burned away. In this sense, the fire did London a favour and it was now up to the city’s authority’s to re-build and re-plan the city. This task was given to Sir Christopher Wren. As with the Great Plague of 1665, a great deal of information we have about the Great Fire comes from Samuel Pepys who kept a diary of the event. For the September 2nd entry, he wrote: “September 2nd: Jane (his maid) comes and tells us that she hears that above 300 houses have been burned down by the fire…..poor people staying in their houses as long as till the very fire touched them, and then running into boats or clambering from one pair of stairs by the waterside, to another… I saw a fire as one entire arch of fire above a mile long: it made me weep to see it. The churches, houses are all on fire and flaming at once, and a horrid noise the flames made and the cracking of the houses.”	September
Who was billed as ‘Undefeated’ in a boxing match in December 2007 against Floyd Mayweather Jr?	Great Fire of London for children \| 1666 homework help \| Great Fire of London KS1 \| TheSchoolRun Nicholas Barbon sets up the first fire insurance company, the Fire Office Did you know? The huge fire began early in the morning in a tiny bakery on Pudding Lane owned by a man called Thomas Farriner. He’d forgotten to put out the fire in his oven the night before. Samuel Pepys was worried that the fire was becoming too large, and asked King Charles II for help. Lots of people went to St. Paul’s Cathedral to escape from the fire because it was made from stone – stone does not burn. But, some of the roof was made from wood, so this didn’t turn out to be a very good plan. The fire burnt down a lot of buildings – over 13,000 houses, 87 churches and even St. Paul’s Cathedral! Around 70,000 people lost their homes in the fire. These people had to set up tends in the fields around London so they had a place to stay. Houses burned so easily because they were made from wood and straw. Plus, they were built close together along narrow streets, so the fire was able to move around easily and quickly. In March 1667, Samuel Pepys wrote that he could still see some cellars that were smoking from the fire – six months after it was put out! Look through the gallery below and see if you can spot all these pictures: A painting of the great fire of London by an unknown artist – the Tower of London is shown on the right A painting of the Great Fire of London by an unknown artist around 1670 – it shows Ludgate, the westernmost gate of the London wall A drawing of St. Paul’s Cathedral on fire A map of central London in 1666 A map showing the area of London that was burned in the fire A picture of firehooks, which were used in the 17th century to pull down burning buildings in an effort to contain fires An eyewitness account of the Great Fire of London John Evelyn What wooden houses in the 1660s looked like A typical baker’s oven from the 1660s Gallery gallery About Thomas Farriner’s family was trapped upstairs in their house when the fire broke out, and they had to escape through a window into the house next door. Their maid was too scared to jump, and died in the fire. People didn’t have large fire hoses in the 1660s – they would have carried water in leather buckets, squirted water through a big syringe (like a squirt gun), and pulled down burning buildings with long metal hooks. There was a big argument about how to fight the Great Fire. The fire fighters wanted to tear down houses that might get burned so the fire wouldn’t spread so quickly, but the Lord Mayor of London disagreed. In the end, King Charles II had to ask for the houses to be pulled down, but by then the fire had already grown very big. Because the fire destroyed so much, some people thought that someone meant to start it – not that it was an accident in a bakery. It is recorded that only six people died in the fire, but this may not be true – sometimes when poor people died their deaths weren’t recorded. The houses that were rebuilt were made from bricks instead of wood, which doesn’t burn. The new streets were also designed to be wider, and sewers were installed so the city was more sanitary. When the houses and shops that had been destroyed in the fire were being rebuilt, people thought it would also be a good idea to build a monument to remember the Great Fire of London. It was designed by Sir Christopher Wren and took six years to build – it is 61 metres high, which also the same distance between where it stands and site in Pudding Lane where the fire began. It has a bronze sculpture on the top to look like flames. The first proper London Fire Brigade was created in 1866, which is 200 years after the Great Fire. Names to know: Sir Christopher Wren (1632-1723) – Christopher Wren was a famous architect who designed St. Paul’s Cathedral. He had some ideas for how London could be rebuilt after the Great Fire, but the plans were rejected. Instead, he designed a monument to the Great Fire near where it began on Pudding Lane. Samuel Pepys (1633-1703) – Samuel Pepys is most famous for keeping a diary for most of the 1660s, so he wrote a lot about the Great Fire in 1666. He also played an important part in helping to fight the fire by warning King Charles II that more needed to be done on the day the fire broke out – so, the King himself and the Duke of York took charge. King Charles I I (1630-1685) – King Charles II ruled from 1660-1685, and was king during the Great Fire of London. He helped the fire fighters, gave rewards to people who tried to stop the fire, and helped people who were hungry and homeless after the fire was over. James, Duke of York (1633-1701) – The Lord High Admiral of England. Along with King Charles II, James took charge of the fire fighting efforts and helped to end the Great Fire. James’ guards acted as policemen to keep people and shops safe during the fire. John Evelyn (1620-1706) – John Evelyn warned King Charles II in 1661 that the way houses in London were built would mean that a fire would be a disaster. When the Great Fire happened in 1666, he wrote about it in his diary – he walked around the city on 7 September and wrote about how people who had lost their homes were camping in the fields, and that the ground and charred wood was still so hot that holes burned in his shoes. Thomas Farriner (1616-1670) – Thomas Farriner was a baker and owned the shop were the first fire broke out on 2 September 1666 that eventually led to most of London burning down. He was a baker to King Charles II. Related Videos Just for fun... An interactive story from the Museum of London mixes facts about the fire with multiple-choice questions to answer along the way. Great Fire 1666: A Minecraft Experience – explore Minecraft maps to find hidden objects, burn London, fight the fire and rebuild the city! A trivia quiz about the Great Fire of London.	i don't know
In the final Harry Potter novel, who becomes headmaster of Hogwarts School?	Headmaster \| Harry Potter Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia ↑ LEGO Harry Potter: Years 1-4 ↑ 8.0 8.1 In Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban , Chapter 18 (Moony, Wormtail, Padfoot and Prongs), Remus Lupin says "I was a very small boy when I received the bite...But then Dumbledore became Headmaster, and he was sympathetic." Lupin was attacked shortly before his fifth birthday and visited by Headmaster Dumbledore shortly before his eleventh birthday. This makes the date Dippet left and Dumbledore became Headmaster between March 1965 - March 1971 ↑ 2007 Accio Quote! Bloomsbury Chat : Laura Trego: Was the absence of snapes portrait in the headmasters office in the last scene innocent or deliberate J.K. Rowling: It was deliberate. Snape had effectively abandoned his post before dying, so he had not merited inclusion in these august circles.. ↑ J.K. Rowling at Carnegie Hall Q: Is Severus Snape’s portrait in the headmaster’s office? JKR: Some have been asking why hasn’t the portrait appeared immediately. It doesn’t. The reason is that the perception in the castle itself and everyone who was in the castle, because Snape kept his secret so well was that he abandoned his post. So all the portraits you see in the headmaster’s study are all headmasters and mistresses who died, it’s like British royals. You only get good press if you die in office. Abdication is not acceptable, particularly if you marry and [sic] American. I’m kidding! [laughter] I digress. I know, because I thought this one through, because it was very important to me, I know Harry would have insisted that Snape’s portrait was on that wall, right beside Dumbledore’s. [Applause.]	Severus Snape
What is the surname of Sam in the US television series ‘Cheers’?	Chronology of the Harry Potter series - The Full Wiki The Full Wiki More info on Chronology of the Harry Potter series Wikis Chronology of the Harry Potter series: Wikis Advertisements Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles . Related top topics Encyclopedia From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The chronology of the Harry Potter series is the timeline of the fictional events in the Harry Potter novels written by J. K. Rowling , along with additional materials posted on her web site and published in various interviews. The timeline covers events referred to and occurring within the novels. It appears in other media, such as the DVD copies of the films produced by Warner Bros. She has now finished her seventh book, which is called Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . The focus of the stories is the magical society which exists alongside the mundane world of the Muggles . These parallel societies share the same geography and chronology, [1] but the events of the mundane world are only presented insofar as they deviate from real-world history. The timeline contains flaws, which Rowling has on occasion acknowledged, and sometimes contradicts itself or does not agree with real calendar days and dates for events being described. [2] [3] Nonetheless, it has become a generally accepted timeline for the events within the novels. [3] The dates provided in the timeline are derived from bits of information provided by Rowling, either directly in her books, on her website, during published interviews, or from other published materials. For example the Black Family Tree , first mentioned in the fifth book of the series The Order of the Phoenix was extended and donated for a charity auction. [4] That extended version included birthdates and death years for several key characters. [3] Warner Bros. is the producer of the Harry Potter films, and holds the associated copyrights and trademarks related to Harry Potter media. DVD editions of the Harry Potter films Chamber of Secrets, Prisoner of Azkaban and Goblet of Fire, contain the timeline of events, which take place over the course of the films and in the narrative of the novels. Warner Bros. originally developed the timeline as part of the special features package for the Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002) DVD. Rowling reviewed the timelines and made several changes before approving them as "official". [3] The timeline followed in the novels is not enforced in the films. In the film series, London and the suburbs of Surrey reflect an early 21st century setting. This is demonstrated by the inclusion of modern British cars and modern electronic equipment in the Dursley home. In addition, the use of Westminster Station in the fifth film is inconsistent, since it was completely changed for the Jubilee Line extension, which opened in 1999, four years after the event. Contents 5 External links Timeline basis The official timeline is rooted in a date cited in Rowling’s second book, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , set in Harry’s second year at Hogwarts. During the Halloween celebrations at the school, a long dead ghost called Nearly Headless Nick celebrates the anniversary of his death, which took place on a long ago 31 October, with a "five hundredth deathday" party. A central feature of this party is an "enormous grey cake in the shape of a tombstone", stating "Sir Nicholas de Mimsy-Porpington (the real name of Nearly Headless Nick) died 31st October 1492". Thus, Rowling sets the date on which the event takes place in the book as 31 October 1992. [5] This means that Harry became a student at Hogwarts in 1991, [6] and so must have been born in 1980, since his 11th birthday occurs at the beginning of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone the summer before he becomes a Hogwarts student. [7] [8] In using the life and death of Nearly Headless Nick to express the chronology of her novels, Rowling initially contradicted herself. In the original printing of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone , Nearly-Headless Nick claimed to Harry that "I haven't eaten for nearly four hundred years". [9] Had Rowling left this statement unchanged, it would have created an inconsistency in her timeline. However, she corrected the statement in later editions to read, "I haven't eaten for nearly five hundred years"—making it consistent with what she had disclosed in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. [3] Rowling later gave further confirmation of this original timeline anchor when in early 2006, she donated a hand-drawn copy of the Black family tree to a charity auction for Book Aid International . [4] In that document, she included the birth year of one of Harry's classmates, Draco Malfoy , as 1980. [10] She had previously, in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, revealed Draco's birthday to be (like that of Harry) late in the school year and past January. [11] By means of these two devices, she thus also clearly sets the birthdate of her main character as 31 July 1980, and thus, by extension, reinforced the original implication that the Sorting Ceremony that takes place on 1 September in her first book was envisioned by her as taking place in the chronological year 1991. [3] Harry's 1980 birth-year is confirmed in Rowling's Wizard of the Month entry for Harry at her web site. [12] Rowling's manuscript depiction of The Black Family Tree was shown as being similar to that which she had described in the form of a tapestry, appearing in Order of the Phoenix on the wall of the Black family home . In her manuscript copy, Rowling drew several lacunae (which had been explained by her in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix as burns in the Tapestry Tree featuring in the novel), which she noted as obscuring the names and birthdates of a number of disowned members of the Black family, including a major character of the novels, Sirius Black . [13] [10] Black, Harry's parents, Severus Snape , Remus Lupin , and Peter Pettigrew were all in the same Hogwarts school year (i.e. between September of one year and August of the next). [14] Prior to the publication of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, fans were able to use chronological references in the text to estimate that these characters were born between 1957 and 1960. Rowling reveals the exact birthdates of the Potters in Chapter 16 of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, "Godric's Hollow", when Harry visits his parents' grave. The marble headstone lists James Potter 's date of birth as 27 March 1960, and Lily Potter's as 30 January 1960. They and the other students in their year at school attended Hogwarts from 1971 to 1978, and their classmates must have been born between September 1959 and August 1960. The Harry Potter films have included dates extrapolated from this dating system, such as the years on the gravestone seen in the fourth film . Contradictions There are several minor contradictions in the timeline, both internal and compared with the real-world timeline. For example, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone opens on Tuesday 1 November, despite 1 November 1981 having been a Sunday. [15] [2] Rowling herself has admitted having difficulty with managing mathematics in the FAQ section of her website. [16] Also in Philosopher's Stone Hermione states that Nicolas Flamel "celebrated his six hundred and sixty-fifth birthday last year." The historic Flamel was born in 1330, placing the events of Philosopher's Stone during 1995/1996, while on the other hand, Nearly Headless Nick's Deathday Anniversary was celebrated in 1992 during Harry's second year, implying that his first year was in 1991. Nearly Headless Nick also said in the first book that he hadn't eaten for "nearly four hundred years", but in the next book he has been dead for 500 years. Later editions of Philosopher's Stone correct this to "nearly five hundred years". The birthdates of Harry's parents are also somewhat inconsistent with other chronological references in the text. James Potter in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is referred to as being fifteen years old in the summer of his fifth year at Hogwarts. Yet, his birthdate in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows is shown to be March. Unless one literally translates "summer of his fifth year" as applying to the opening months of his first term, rather than the summer after the fifth year concluded, the Hogwarts admission cutoff date of 31 August for eleven year olds implies James would have turned sixteen before the summer of his fifth year. At the beginning of the sixth book (set in 1996, but temporarily flashbacking to 1990/1991 to see the first 5–6 books from the "Muggle Prime Minister's" point of view), the Muggle prime minister is visited by Cornelius Fudge. During their first conversation, Fudge says of the previous prime minister, "He tried to throw me out of the window." In 1996, the prime minister was John Major , and his predecessor was a woman, Margaret Thatcher . The sixth book has Dumbledore becoming Headmaster around 1956, but in the third book Remus Lupin (born 1960) says that he was bitten by a werewolf when he was a very small boy and that "It seemed impossible that I would be able to come to Hogwarts. [...] Other parents weren't likely to want their children exposed to me. But then Dumbledore became Headmaster, and he was sympathetic." This implies that Dumbledore became Headmaster much later, around 1970. At the beginning of the fourth book, Harry writes to Sirius claiming that his cousin Dudley has thrown his PlayStation out of the window. However, Harry writes his letter during August, while the PlayStation was not released anywhere until December 1994 and not until September 1995 in Europe. In book one to six (presumably book seven as well), 2 September (the first day of school) is a Monday, though this has only occurred in 1985, 1991, 1996 and 2002 in recent years. Timeline of the Harry Potter series Advertisements Events 382 BC According to the entrance sign described in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone , Ollivander's – a family of magic wand producers – has been in business since this date. [17] AD 962 Rowling dated the first use of broomsticks for transport very precisely, dating it "as early as AD 962". [18] 9th/10th century Although the precise date is unknown to those within the novels, Rowling envisioned (in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , set in 1992–1993) Hogwarts , the magical centrepiece of her novels, as having been built "over a thousand years ago" by the four 'Founders', two witches and two wizards (named Godric Gryffindor , Helga Hufflepuff , Rowena Ravenclaw , and Salazar Slytherin ) whom she portrays as revered figures through the novels. According to Rowling, the education of magical children began at the school at the same time; although, following the standard pattern of creation myths, she depicts this endeavour as becoming lessened due to internal dissent: two of the founders, Slytherin and Gryffindor, quarrel over their creation (Slytherin demanding that they not teach magical students whose families are not magical), resulting in Slytherin rebelling and abandoning the endeavour. At the same time, before leaving, he builds the Chamber of Secrets , a hidden chamber containing a deadly basilisk. [19] The Chamber can only be opened, and the basilisk controlled, by the 'heir' of Slytherin . 1163 Puddlemere United, a Quidditch Team, is founded. [20] 1203 The all-female Quidditch team the Holyhead Harpies is organized. 1296 A Manticore savages a human and gets away with it, as everyone is too scared to approach the dangerous monster. c. 1300 The Triwizard Tournament , a competition Rowling uses as a major feature in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , is dated by her in that book (taking place in the year 1994–1995) as having been established "some seven hundred years ago". Rowling writes that, although a friendly competition, it was ended at an unknown point due to the mounting death toll. She noted, however, that there were several intervening centuries between the cancellation and the novel in which it becomes relevant, since "there have been several attempts over the centuries to reinstate the tournament." [21] 1362 The Wizarding Council bans playing Quidditch within 50 miles of Muggle towns. 1368 The ban is extended to 100 miles. 1422 Lisette de Lapin is sentenced to death for witchcraft in Paris. She escapes by transforming into a rabbit and fleeing to England, where she becomes an advisor to Henry VI . [22] 15th century Beedle the Bard writes his highly popular children's stories. 1473 Rowling considered this a particularly important date in the history of the major sport of her novels, Quidditch : not only does she envision it as the year of the first Quidditch World Cup (a major sporting event in her novels, as seen in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ), but she also humorously stated in Quidditch Through the Ages that, of the 700 fouls she writes of as existing in the game, "all of them are known to have occurred during the final of the first ever World Cup" in this year. [23] 1492 Nearly Headless Nick dies on October 31st 1689 The International Statute of Secrecy is signed. This was a year after the Glorious Revolution in Britain. 1692 The International Confederation of Wizards meets in this year, and makes a number of important decisions, including establishing the right for wizards to carry wands at all times and deciding to begin hiding magical creatures from Muggles. This year, as confirmed in the seventh book, was the year when the wizarding world entirely split from the Muggle world. This is also the same year that the Salem witch trials took place. 1717 The Ministry of Magic decrees that Avada Kedavra, Cruciatus and Imperius are Unforgivable Curses, and attaches the strictest penalties to their use. [24] 1709 Dragon Breeding is outlawed by the Warlock's Convention of 1709 [SRC] 1749 The Statute of Secrecy is breached. [25] 1762 The very dangerous, often fatal, game of Creaothceann is banned by the Wizarding Council. 1792 A Hippogriff is executed for attacking a human. A rampaging Cockatrice injures the heads of the schools Hogwarts , Beauxbatons and Durmstrang , during yet another failed attempt to reinstate the Triwizard Tournament . 1881 Albus Percival Wulfric Brian Dumbledore is born. 1918 Rowling cites this year as that in which Newt Scamander (who, within the context of her novels, is the "real" author of her book Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them) is asked to write a compendium of magical beasts – which, she explains, eventually became the book she herself wrote for Comic Relief . [26] 1925 Morfin Gaunt attacks Tom Riddle Sr. (Voldemort's eventual father) leading to him and his father Marvolo being arrested and imprisoned. Merope reacts to her family's imprisonment by enchanting Riddle (with whom she has fallen in love) into loving her, and the two are married roughly a year before the birth of their child. [27] 1927 The fictional publication year of Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them – which, in reality, was written and published by Rowling herself in 2001. [26] Also the year when Tom Riddle (also known as Lord Voldemort) was born. 1935 Jocunda Sykes flies over the Atlantic Ocean on her broom, the first such transoceanic crossing by magical means. September 1937 Minerva McGonagall begins studying at Hogwarts. Summer 1938 Albus Dumbledore visits Tom Riddle in a London orphanage and tells him he is a wizard. September 1938 Tom Riddle begins studying at Hogwarts. [27] [28] September 1940 Rubeus Hagrid begins studying at Hogwarts. [29] [30] July 1942 Tom Riddle visits his estranged uncle Morfin who has returned from Azkaban and now lives alone following the deaths of his sister and father. Riddle seeks out and murders his father and paternal grandparents, then frames his uncle Morfin Gaunt for the crimes by implanting false memories into his mind. [31] September 1942 Tom Riddle learns about Horcruxes from Horace Slughorn . 1943 As Rowling relates in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , precisely 50 years before the events of that book, Riddle secretly opens the Chamber of Secrets (introduced by Rowling in this book, a legendary hidden chamber under the castle, built by the rebellious founder Slytherin), and releases the monstrous serpent (a basilisk ) hidden within. As a result, a young student, Myrtle , was killed. Riddle – who, like Harry, is depicted as hating his home in the mundane world, and enjoying life in the school – being shown by Rowling to fear that the school will be closed because of his actions, is then shown to frame Rubeus Hagrid for the crime. As a result, Hagrid is expelled, and Riddle – whose culpability in the matter is unknown – is rewarded; however, Rowling also ensures that the matter is reversed by the end of the same novel. [29] [30] [32] 1944 Minerva McGonagall finishes her studies at Hogwarts. 1945 Albus Dumbledore defeats the notorious Dark Wizard Grindelwald in this year, at the age of 64 and takes the Elder Wand from him. [33] Historically, it was the year in which the Second World War ended, with the defeat of Nazi Germany in May, and the dropping of the atomic bombs on Japan in August. These two facts, according to Rowling, are not a coincidence. [34] The same year has also been shown by Rowling as being Tom Riddle's final year at Hogwarts. As she revealed in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince , he requests of the headmaster, Armando Dippet , that he be employed by the school as a teacher; significantly to the plot of the novels, this request is refused on the basis that Tom was too young to teach yet. Then Rowling notes that Riddle instead found work in Borgin and Burkes , shown in the novels to be a purveyor of cursed and Dark objects. [35] [36] 1946 Rowling notes in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince , Tom Riddle, having discovered in the course of his work at Borgin and Burkes two treasures, formerly the property of Salazar Slytherin and Helga Hufflepuff (that of Slytherin, Rowling is careful to note, was a hereditary possession of Riddle's maternal family), facilitates the murder of the objects' legal owner Hepzibah Smith and disappears. This marks the final chronological stage in the novels when he appears as Tom Riddle; when he next appears, he has become in appearance and nature "Lord Voldemort". [35] 1948 Harry Potter's used copy of Advanced Potion-Making, marked with This Book is the Property of the Half-Blood Prince, is dated as published in this time frame – being "nearly fifty years old" during Harry's sixth year at Hogwarts . [37] The textbook previously belonged to Severus Snape , and his mother Eileen Prince before him. [38] 1953 The Holyhead Harpies, led by Gwendolyn Morgan, defeat the Heidelberg Harriers, led by Rudolf Brand, in a seven-day epic Quidditch match. Rudolf proposes marriage to Gwendolyn. She gives him a concussion with her broom. [39] 1956 Rowling revealed in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix that Minerva McGonagall , the firm but fair Deputy Headmistress who plays a major role in the novels, had in the autumn term of that novel (and thus the chronological year of 1995) been teaching "Thirty-nine years this December": thus, since the December of 1956. [40] She probably replaces Dumbledore as the school's Transfiguration professor. The year in which Albus Dumbledore became Headmaster is not certain. However, Rowling's plot exposition in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince made it clear that he became Headmaster around 10 years after Rowling implies Riddle disappeared – and thus, somewhere between 1955 and 1957. [35] [41] But this appears to be contradicting Remus Lupin's statements in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban which imply Dumbledore didn't become Headmaster until much later, around 1970 (see " Contradictions " above). It is also implied in the same novel that, shortly after Dumbledore became Headmaster, Riddle returned to Britain – fully in the name and disguise now of "Lord Voldemort" – and requested the Defence Against the Dark Arts teaching position. When refused this by Dumbledore, Rowling explains, Voldemort – who had already recruited followers, including Rosier, Nott, Mulciber, and Dolohov , 'jinxed' the post he had requested – an explanation given by Rowling for the regular change on the school staff to that position each year in the novels. [35] It is also said in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows that Voldemort hid the Diadem of Rowena Ravenclaw in the Room of Requirement on the night that he asked for the position, before meeting Dumbledore. 1966 As noted by Rowling, through a comment of the 'Minister for Magic' in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (in the chronological year 1996), Voldemort, becoming more powerful, is supposed to have begun his campaign of fear against the Wizarding World around this time. [42] 1967 The Nimbus Racing Broom Company is formed. [43] c. 1970 Albus Dumbledore becomes Headmaster of Hogwarts (based on a statement given by Remus Lupin in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ; see " Contradictions " above). c. 1968–1970 Arthur Weasley and Molly Prewett , the parents of Ron Weasley (the best friend of Harry Potter), who are known to have eloped, are presumed to have done so around this period. [44] 1970 Beginning of the first war against Lord Voldemort and his followers. As stated by Albus Dumbledore in the first chapter of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone – "We have had precious little to celebrate for eleven years." Fall, 1971 As noted above, the six notable characters ( James Potter , Lily Evans , Sirius Black , Remus Lupin , Peter Pettigrew , and Severus Snape ) of the generation prior to that of the children who feature in Rowling's novels begin school at Hogwarts at this time. (See above). [45] [46] June, 1976 Severus Snape is tormented and humiliated by James Potter and Sirius Black , and Lily Evans saves Snape (both currently best friends), but this infuriates Snape once everyone starts taunting him about Lily saving him. Snape says he does not need help from a Mudblood. This ends Lily and Snape's friendship, and it devastates Snape. Snape looks at this moment as one of the worst in his life. [14] 1978 Universal Brooms goes out of business. [47] c. 1978–1979 Rowling has not made clear when James Potter and Lily Evans – the parents of the main character – were married. Accordingly, no firm date exists; since it is known, through various pieces of information given by Rowling, that they were married by the time Harry was conceived, the range of marriage possibilities is thus from around 1978 to Autumn 1979, when Rowling has made clear Harry was conceived. [48] 1979 The year in which Regulus Black , the brother of Sirius Black, is shown as having died on the Black Family Tree . In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , it is discovered that he was, in fact, surrendering himself to the Inferi guarding Slytherin's locket. Before he dies, however, he entrusts the locket to his house-elf, Kreacher. He gives final orders to the elf to destroy the locket by any means and not to tell his family how he died. 1980 Rowling explained in first Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix and then Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince that Sybill Trelawney , the semi-competent Seer of the novels, makes her first real Prophecy at some point in the year before the birth of Neville Longbottom and Harry in late July 1980 (the 30th and 31st, respectively). Both Potter and Longbottom are referenced by the Prophecy in relating a substantial issue of the novels, the issue of who is 'destined' to destroy Lord Voldemort. This successful prophecy earns Trelawney a position at Hogwarts, teaching Divination , which allows Rowling to use her in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban to make another real Prophecy. [49] [50] [51] . July 1980 Harry James Potter is born on July 31, 1980. Severus Snape comes to Dumbledore and warns him that Voldemort is hunting Lily Potter and her son in order to make sure the prophecy does not come to pass. Snape vows to Dumbledore that he will do anything he asks if he would take measures to protect her. 1981 In Rowling's novels, the period from September–November 1981 is very important. That September sees Severus Snape – Harry's classroom enemy – hired as Potions teacher at Hogwarts. [40] Shortly after this, on 31 October 1981, comes the beginning of the first novel, and a seminal moment in Rowling's work: Voldemort, the enemy of Harry Potter, kills Lily and James Potter, but when attempting to kill the young Harry, is prevented from doing so by Lily, whose sacrifice to save Harry instills an inborn protection in her son. Voldemort's curse therefore backfires onto him and he is reduced to a terrible state of existence. However the general public considers him dead. Harry, left with the scar he is distinctive for throughout the novels, is then sent to live with his maternal relatives, the Dursleys . [15] [52] Rowling allocates to the next day, 1 November, the back story of Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban : Sirius Black , the misjudged villain of that novel, is arrested for the murder of Peter Pettigrew ; Pettigrew, in fact, is not dead, but has fled into hiding, while framing Sirius for various murders, as will prove significant in Prisoner of Azkaban. [53] [54] Snape vows to Dumbledore to always protect Harry and swears his loyalty to Dumbledore, both almost solely because that is what Lily died for. 1990 Cornelius Fudge becomes Minister of Magic , replacing Millicent Bagnold . 1991 The chronological year in which most of the first novel, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone , takes place. Rowling writes July as being the month in which Harry Potter receives his invitation to attend Hogwarts . He, and the two characters whom Rowling places constantly at his side throughout the novels ( Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger ), begin attending the school in what Rowling demonstrates to be the September of that year. [8] [33] 1992 In the course of the first novel, June of this year sees Harry defeat Lord Voldemort for a second time (although the first time shown to the readers by Rowling). [8] [55] The same chronological year, although the second novel, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , is also set up by Rowling as seeing the beginning of the main plot of the second novel, when the Chamber of Secrets is reopened. [5] 1993 The ending of the second novel and the beginning of the third: Rowling places the climax of Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets – in which Harry destroys an incarnate memory of Tom Riddle (a.k.a. Lord Voldemort), rescues Ginny Weasley (who, it emerges, was indirectly responsible for the previous events) and, crucially to the plot of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince , destroys a Horcrux of Lord Voldemort – in May of 1993. The event which begins the next novel, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban , comes shortly after, when the major character of that novel – Sirius Black – escapes from Azkaban. [32] [56] 1994 6 June Between 2.40pm and 3pm – Professor Trelawney gives her second prophecy to Harry Potter, regarding the return of the Dark Lord to power. [51] 6 June – Harry learns of Sirius' innocence regarding the betrayal of his parents. Peter Pettigrew, guilt now established, flees and rejoins Voldemort. [57] Voldemort murders Frank Bryce . [58] Spring or Summer. Gorodok Gargoyles, Lithuanian Quidditch team, defeats Toyohashi Tengu, Japanese Quidditch team. [59] Summer – Ireland wins the 422nd Quidditch World Cup (but Viktor Krum, the Bulgarian Seeker, gets the Snitch). [60] Autumn – Hogwarts hosts the Triwizard Tournament for the first time in over a century [21] Saturday 31 October – The names of the champions for the Triwizard Tournament are revealed to the students. (This is controversial because 31 October is on a Monday in 1994) [61] 24 November – The first task of the Triwizard Tournament – Viktor Krum and Harry Potter tie for the lead with 40 points each. [62] 1995 24 February – The second task of the Triwizard Tournament is held – Harry and Cedric Diggory end up tied for the lead with 85 points each. [63] 24 June – The third task of the Triwizard Tournament is held. [64] 24 June – Peter Pettigrew murders Cedric Diggory in Harry's presence, on Lord Voldemort 's orders, and using the Dark Lord's wand. Voldemort is restored to full power. [65] 24 June – The Order of the Phoenix is re-established by Albus Dumbledore. [66] [67] 2 August – Harry saves his cousin Dudley from two Dementors sent by Dolores Umbridge in Little Whinging. [68] [69] (Dudley was aware that Harry had saved him, but this fact is only revealed much later). 12 August – Harry is put on trial for breaching the "Decree for Reasonable Restriction of Underage Sorcery" and the "International Statue of Secrecy," but, following effective testimony from Albus Dumbledore , he is cleared of all charges by the Wizengamot and allowed to go back to study at Hogwarts. 5 October – In Hogsmeade , at the Hog's Head, Dumbledore's Army is created by Hermione Granger and Harry Potter . [70] 1996 There is a mass breakout of ten Death Eaters from Azkaban. Ministry officials continue denying Voldemort's return and instead pin the blame on Sirius Black, claiming he helped the prisoners escape. Voldemort does not recover the Prophecy from the Department of Mysteries , due to the efforts of Harry and company. Harry learns of Professor Trelawney's first prediction and the wizarding world is finally alerted to Voldemort's return. Sirius Black dies in The Death Chamber of the Department of Mysteries. Lucius Malfoy and other Death Eaters are arrested and taken to Azkaban . [71] [49] [72] Rufus Scrimgeour replaces Cornelius Fudge as Minister for Magic. [42] Albus Dumbledore destroys another of Voldemort's Horcruxes, formerly encased in Marvolo Gaunt's ring. [75] Albus Dumbledore is cursed in the process. With the help of Severus Snape, this curse is trapped in his right hand. He is told by Snape he has around a year to live. It is also at this time he asks Snape to kill him within the year before Draco Malfoy or any Death Eaters get the opportunity. Albus wishes for Draco's soul to remain whole and for Draco to be spared from torture under the Death Eaters. [76] Harry, Ron, and Hermione start their sixth year at Hogwarts. Draco Malfoy sneaks off to Knockturn Alley to go to Borgin and Burkes to reserve a vanishing cabinet to get the Death Eaters into Hogwarts. [74] [77] 1997 June – Albus Dumbledore is killed by Severus Snape . Harry Potter decides upon his quest to destroy the remaining four (actually five) Horcruxes in which Lord Voldemort has sealed fragments of his soul. [78] [38] 27 July – Harry Potter leaves Privet Drive for the last time, accompanied by six fake Harry Potters and a crew of Order of the Phoenix members; group narrowly escapes the Death Eaters. Alastor Moody and Harry's pet owl Hedwig are killed during this flight. [79] [80] George Weasley has his ear cursed by Snape; this, however, turns out to be an accident following the revelations of the seventh book. 31 July – Harry turns 17 and becomes of age in the wizarding world. 1 August – The wedding of Bill Weasley and Fleur Delacour . [81] [82] 1 August – Voldemort seizes power in the ministry, kills Rufus Scrimgeour and places a henchman as New Minister for Magic(Pius Thicknesse), starting a regime of masked terror. [82] 2 September – Hermione Granger obtains Slytherin's locket, a Horcrux, from Dolores Umbridge . [84] 24 December – Harry Potter and Hermione Granger visit James and Lily Potter's grave at Godric's Hollow. There, they meet Bathilda Bagshot, who is in fact possessed by Voldemort's snake. Hermione accidentally breaks Harry's wand as they are escaping. [85] 26/27 Night, Morning December – Ron Weasley destroys Slytherin's locket with Gryffindor's sword. [86] 28 December – Harry Potter, Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger visit Xenophilius Lovegood and learn about the Deathly Hallows . 1998 March – Harry, Ron, and Hermione are captured and taken to Malfoy Manor, but they are saved by Dobby who dies in the fray via Bellatrix Lestrange 's knife. 1 May – Harry, Ron, Hermione and Griphook (a goblin) break into Gringotts Wizarding Bank and steal Hufflepuff's cup, then escape with the aid of the dragon that guarded some of the vaults. 2 May – the Battle of Hogwarts, at which the four remaining Horcruxes (Ravenclaw's diadem, Hufflepuff's cup, the snake Nagini and Harry Potter) are destroyed. Professor Minerva McGonagall ousts Severus Snape and leads Hogwarts and Order of the Phoenix forces against Voldemort and the Death Eaters; however, Harry discovers Snape's true allegiance shortly after Snape's death, with the help of his memories. Many people on both sides die in this battle, including Lupin, Tonks, Colin Creevey, Fred Weasley, and Bellatrix Lestrange. After the Horcrux inside him is destroyed, Harry returns to the living world through his own free will after being presented with a choice by Dumbledore, who appears before him. Voldemort is finally killed by a backfiring curse cast with the Elder wand, which refuses to kill Harry because Harry is its true master. Kingsley Shacklebolt is appointed temporary Minister of Magic. Sometime before his eighteenth birthday, Harry joins the Auror Department. 2007 29 May – The Basilisk, slain with the sword of Godric Gryffindor , wielded by Harry Potter . 1994 Summer – Bertha Jorkins , murdered by Voldemort after he extracted information on the approaching Triwizard Tournament from her. [58] August – Frank Bryce , Muggle, murdered by Voldemort for overhearing Voldemort and Pettigrew's plot to kill Harry Potter. [58] 1995 May – Barty Crouch Senior , by his son posing as Mad-Eye Moody after his attempt to inform Dumbledore of his son's escape. [64] 24 June – Cedric Diggory , murdered by Peter Pettigrew on Voldemort's orders. [65] 1996 January – Broderick Bode , strangled by Devil's Snare in St Mungo's Hospital of Magical Maladies and Injuries. June – Sirius Black , falls through the veil in the Death Chamber in the Department of Mysteries . [121] Summer – Amelia Bones , murdered in the first days of the Second War, probably by Lord Voldemort himself. [42] Summer – Emmeline Vance , murdered by Death Eaters in the first days of the war, on information from Snape, in the vicinity of 10 Downing Street . [42] Summer – Igor Karkaroff , murdered by Death Eaters because he abandoned them. [74] Summer – Florean Fortescue , captured from his shop by Death Eaters and killed. After Summer – Hannah Abbott 's mother, found dead in her home after being killed by Death Eaters. [102] 1997 19 April – Montgomery boy, killed by Fenrir Greyback when his mother refused to help the Death Eaters. 20 April – Aragog , due to old age after Hagrid makes a valiant attempt to preserve his life. [11] 9 June – Gibbon , hit accidentally with an Avada Kedavra curse by one of his own allies, in the corridor leading up to the astronomy tower. [122] 9 June – Albus Dumbledore , killed by Snape's Killing Curse on top of the Astronomy Tower after being previously weakened in an attempt to seize a Horcrux. [78] 26 July – Charity Burbage , Professor of Muggle Studies at Hogwarts, killed by Voldemort at Malfoy Manor, after which her body is fed to Nagini. [123] 27 July – Hedwig , hit by a stray Killing Curse as Harry and Hagrid escape Privet Drive. [79] 27 July – Alastor 'Mad-Eye' Moody , killed by Voldemort himself, after Mundungus Fletcher disapparates away. [80] 1 August – Rufus Scrimgeour , killed to complete the fall of the Ministry into Voldemort's hands, possibly after being tortured to where Harry was, which he did not reveal. [82] 1 September – German family, killed by Voldemort for not knowing where Gregorovitch was. 2 September – Gregorovitch the wandmaker, killed by Voldemort in his quest to locate the Elder Wand. [83] 21 December – Bathilda Bagshot , murdered (presumably by Voldemort ). 1998 5 March – Dirk Cresswell , captured on the run from the ministry and killed by Death Eaters. [124] 5 March – Ted Tonks , killed by Death Eaters on the run from the ministry. [124] 5 March – Gornuk , captured and killed by Death Eaters. 7 March – Peter Pettigrew , strangled to death by the silver hand Voldemort had given him, after showing Harry a brief second of remorse. [125] 7 March – Gellert Grindelwald , murdered by Voldemort in his quest to locate the Elder Wand. [83] 7 March – Dobby , killed by a knife thrown by Bellatrix Lestrange. [125] 1 May – Bogrod , killed by Voldemort after learning that Harry is searching for his Horcruxes. 2 May – Vincent Crabbe , consumed by the fiendfyre he conjured in the Room of Requirement, while in its "hidden objects" state. [126] 2 May – Fred Weasley , killed during the battle of Hogwarts. 2 May – Nymphadora Tonks , killed during the battle by Bellatrix Lestrange . [128] [76] 2 May – Colin Creevey , killed during the battle, unknown cause. [76] 2 May – Severus Snape , bitten by the snake Nagini in the Shrieking Shack at the command of Voldemort, in the belief that it would transfer the power of the Elder Wand to him. [129] 2 May – Fifty unnamed dead out of those who fought for Harry. 2 May – Several unnamed Death Eaters who fought in the battle of Hogwarts.	i don't know
How many stations are on the Glasgow subway rail system?	Maps & Stations - SPT SPT Subway: Maps & Stations The fifteen stations of the Subway are distributed over a 10 km circuit of the West End and City Centre of Glasgow, with eight stations to the North of the River Clyde and seven to the South. There are two lines: an outer circle running clockwise and an inner circle running anticlockwise. Subway map Long description of Glasgow Subway Map Glasgow Subway Map consists of 15 stations in a circle – Buchanan Street, St. Enoch, Bridge Street, West Street, Shields Road, Kinning Park, Cessnock, Ibrox, Govan, Partick, Kelvinhall, Hillhead, Kelvinbridge, St. George’s Cross, and Cowcaddens. Click on map for larger version or read a description of all Glasgow Subway stations . Google map Opening hours The Subway is open 06:30 to 23:45 Monday to Saturday and 10:00 to 18:12 on Sundays. View timetable for more information. Accessibility Wheelchairs are permitted in the Subway if folded. This is due to the small size of our trains. Guide dogs and hearing dogs are welcome. Ticket offices have induction loops to assist customers with hearing difficulties. All Subway stations have tactile paving on platforms and tactile maps at key stations to assist those with visual impairment. All station stairways have 30-point colour contrast stair nosings to assist passengers with visual impairment, additionally there are corduroy tactile strips at top and bottom of each staircase to assist visually impaired passengers locate stairs. Double height handrails are also in place which are non-reflective and not “cold to touch” to assist passengers with mobility impairment and also for children. Pushchairs must be folded in the Subway. Unfortunately, because of space restrictions, it is not possible to accommodate large prams and pushchairs. In the event of an evacuation alarms are both audible and visual which will assist passengers who are visually impaired or have hearing difficulties. People with mobility issues can read information about the number of stairs and escalators at each station. Parking Parking is available at Bridge Street, Kelvinbridge and Shields Road stations. Regular users can buy a money saving car park season ticket. Car parking is available during Subway opening hours . View parking information Lost property If you have lost something on the Subway, please get in touch or phone 0141 333 3653. All items lost/found (with the exclusion of perishable items) are sent to the Custodiers Department (Police Scotland): Address: 173 Pitt Street Glasgow G2 4JS Telephone: 0141 532 2667 / 0141 532 2468 / 0141 532 2609 Opening Hours: 09:00 to 17:00 Monday to Friday (Closed on Public Holidays). Stations (in alphabetical order)	15
Stermutation is the medical term for which involuntary action in humans?	StumbleUpon Glasgow Subway Lines and Stations There are two divisions of the line, inner circle and outer circle. Every train reaches 15 stations in a circular route from north to south of the river Clyde. The stations that cover in clockwise order are given: ● Partick – Partick station is one of the main transport hubs in Glasgow located near to the bus stations and it serves Riverside Museum and Hamilton Crescent Cricket Ground. ● Kelvinhall – Kelvinhall is underground station that serves Kelvin Hall, Art gallery and Museum, Kelvingrove park and University of Glasgow and the Western Infirmary. ● Hillhead – Hillhead is the next station that serves the University of Glasgow, Glasgow botanic gardens, Byres road and Ashton lane. ● Kelvinbridge – The station serves the Great Western Road, Kelvingrove park, University of Glasgow, St Mary’s Cathedral and the Glasgow Academy. ● St George Cross – The next station after Kelvinbridge, it serves the Great Western Road and Firhill stadium. ● Cowcaddens – The station, Cowcaddens serves the Willow Tearooms, Glasgow School of Art, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow Sculptor Studios Gallery and Glasgow Kelvin College. ● Buchanan Street – The station serves Buchanan Street, Buchanan Galleries, Glasgow City Chambers, George square, Cineworld and Glasgow Royal Concert Hall. ● St Enoch – This station serves St Enoch Center, St Andrews Cathedral and River Clyde. ● Bridge street – The station serves O2 Academy Glasgow and the Glasgow Sheriff Court. ● West Street – The station serves Tradeston area of Glasgow. ● Shield road – The station serves the Scotland Street School Museum. ● Kinning Park – The station serves Kinning park area of Glasgow. ● Cessnock – The station serves Glasgow Science Center, BBC Scotland and STV. ● Ibrox – The station serves the Ibrox stadium. ● Govan – The last station serves Govan Old Parish Church. Glasgow Subway Timings, Frequency and Schedule The timings of the metro slightly differ according to the day. From Monday-Saturday, it functions between 06:30-23:45 pm. On Sundays, the metro begins operations slightly later at around 10:00 am in the morning and runs till just 18:12 pm in the evenings. Like all other metro system, the headway of trains differ according to the time of the day. During peak-hours, the time interval between two trains is just 4 minutes. However, at other times of the day, the trains have a headway of about 6-8 minutes. For information regarding the schedules of the trains, you can visit the official website at: http://www.spt.co.uk/subway/timetable/ Glasgow Subway Fares, Tickets and Cards Riders can purchase a Single Ticket from any station on the Subway system. With a Single Ticket, one can travel to any station. The ticket costs £ 1.40 for an adult and £ 0.70 for a child.. Riders can also purchase a day ticket known as Daily cap ticket which allows for unlimited travel for an entire day. The ticket costs £ 2.70 for adult and £ 1.35 for child. There is a provision for a 7 day Ticket that costs £ 13.00 for an adult and £ 6.50 for a child. Riders can also purchase a 28 day ticket for £ 50.00 for adult, and £ 25.00 for a child. A half yearly ticket or 6 month ticket costs £ 250 for an adult and £ 125 for child. An annual ticket or 12 month ticket costs £ 450 for an adult and £ 225 for a child. Tourists can purchase All Day ticket, which is valid for unlimited travel any time of the day. The ticket costs £ 4.00 and can be purchased from any subway station. Another option is a Daytripper ticket that provides unlimited travel in a day on subway and other modes of public transportation as well, like most buses and ferries, and rail. The price is £ 11.20 for one adult and up to two children and £ 19.80 for two adults and up to four children. Frequent travelers can purchase Travel cards as per the needs. The Subway Smart card is an electronic card that holds ticket information. These are disposable as well as re-usable. Disposable cards can be used by infrequent travelers. The Travel cards can be loaded with 7 day and 28 day season tickets and can be re-loaded many times. Riders can also buy ZoneCards. A ZoneCard travel card provides unlimited travel on subway, rail, some buses and ferries. A 2 zone card for 1 week, costs £ 17.90 for adult, for 4 weeks costs £ 64.30, for 10 weeks costs £ 152.00, and for 1 year costs £ 696.00. A 3 zone card for 1 week costs £ 23.70, for 4 weeks costs £ 85.10, for 10 weeks costs, £ 201.00 and for 1 year costs £ 921.00. For pricing on other zones, please visit the link at bottom. Note: The prices for children are subject to those children between the ages of 5-16. Children under the age of 5 can travel for free, provided they are accompanied by a fare paying adult. A maximum of 2 children can travel this way. For more information with regard to the fares, tickets and cards available, you can visit the official website at: http://www.spt.co.uk/subway/tickets/ Glasgow Subway Parking The Glasgow Subway offers its passengers park and ride facilities along with various types of options. For a single day, including the return journey as well, it costs £ 5.00. For just 30 minutes, it costs £0.50. Similarly, one can use the facilities for an hour or two as well costing, £1.00 and £2.50 respectively. A half-yearly park and ride ticket costs £500 and an annual ticket costs £900. For more information on the different fares and types of park and ride tickets available, you can visit the official website at: http://www.spt.co.uk/subway/tickets/ Glasgow Subway Pictures	i don't know
A roughy is what type of creature?	And I Think to Myself...What A Wonderful World.: "They Actually Eat That:" Orange Roughy. Source. The fish above is an orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus). It is a deep-sea fish, much like the anglerfish and other glowing creatures. The red-orange color comes from eating crustaceans, just like with pink flamingoes. It is also called a "slimehead" or "deepsea perch." "Slimehead"- what a lovely name. It makes "roughy" sound appealing by comparison. Here's the kicker: every single orange roughy is wild-caught. Certain restaurants might even market this fact. There are no orange roughy farms, yet tilapia and salmon pile themselves upon grocery shelves. It seems to be a fairly popular fish, so why hasn't anybody tried to farm them? Here's a little-known facet of what makes an animal good for domestication: the reproductive age must be equal to or less than that of a human. Humans start becoming reproductively-capable in their teens; most pet and farm animals take two years, if that, until they are ready to reproduce. The orange roughy takes anywhere from thirty-three years to fifty. Yes, this popular food fish takes fifty years to become sexually mature. Anyone who wanted to breed orange roughy would be in for a very long wait. Even if someone possessed that amazing level of dedication, they would not be able to keep up with the demand for this fish. The orange roughy on one's plate could be around 150 years old - most humans do not live that long. No wonder the stocks around Australia and New Zealand are depleted - they're trying to feed creatures that multiply like rodents. Never mind the mercury; orange roughy is on that "avoid" list for a very good reason. Personal preference time:I have tried orange roughy, unsustainable though it may be. I absolutely love this fish. It ranks up there with halibut and certain forms of salmon as one of my favorite food fish. Aside from sweets, this fish is among my guiltiest of guilty pleasures. Now I'm going to feel even guiltier about ordering it at a certain Greek restaurant. Posted by	Fish
In 1921, Edith Cowan was the first woman elected to any Parliament in which country?	The Deep Sea Conservation Coalition - The Deep Sea - Amazing Facts The Deep Sea Amazing Facts The life forms living hear hydrothermal vents, unlike any other life forms on earth, do not rely on photosynthesis and the sun for their energy but on chemicals coming from beneath the surface of the earth. Of the estimated 500,000 to 10 million species living in the deep sea, the majority are yet to be discovered. Approximately 98 percent of the oceans' species live in, on or just above the floor of the sea. The estimated number of seamounts ranges from 30,000 to 100,000. Seamounts are home to a breathtaking array of species (for example, over 850 species were recently found on seamounts in the Tasman and Coral Seas). 15 percent or more of the breathtaking array of species being found on seamounts may be endemic, meaning that they are unique to that area. Because of this, each unsampled seamount is a potential source of numerous undiscovered species. The Coral and Tasman Sea seamounts have endemism rates of about 30 percent Two-thirds of all known coral species live in waters that are deep, dark, and cold — some live three miles deep and are able to survive in -2°C. Some cold-water corals are 5,000-8,500 years old or more, and some grow into beautiful structures that rise up to 35 meters high. Deep-sea corals, sponges and other habitat-forming organisms provide protection from currents and predators, nurseries for young fish, and feeding, breeding, and spawning areas for hundreds of thousands of species. Commercially important deep-water fish and crustacean populations found in the high seas include crabs, shrimp, cod, Pacific cod, orange roughy, armorhead, grenadier, Patagonian toothfish (aka Chilean sea bass), jacks, snappers, porgies, sharks, groupers, rockfish, Atka mackerel, and sablefish. Deep-sea species tend to be slow growing, late maturing and low in reproductive capacity. Many deep-water fish species live 30 years or more. Some, such as orange roughy, can live up to 150 years. Because deep-sea species live in rarely disturbed environments and tend to be slow growing, late maturing and endemic, they are exceptionally vulnerable to extinction. Deep-sea coral and sponge communities are largely untapped sources of natural products with enormous potential as pharmaceuticals, enzymes, pesticides, cosmetics, and other commercial products, for example: Gorgonian corals produce antibiotics; compounds found in certain deep-sea sponges are potent immunosuppressive and anti-cancer agents; some coral species contain the pain-killing compounds known as pseudopterosians; seafans contain high concentrations of prostaglandins (compounds used to treat asthma and heart disease). Ancient deep-sea corals provide valuable records of climate conditions that may assist our understanding of global climate change. More information: 24 Sep 2004 - Mysteries and Mountains of the Deep Sea - Conserving Deep-Sea Biodiversity and Habitats, pdf; 4 pages; 607 KB ( English \| English US standard \| Spanish )	i don't know
Mount Monaslu is in which South Asian country?	Where is Nepal? Location of Nepal in South Asia, Asia and World Map You are here: Home » Travel Info » Nepal Information » Where is Nepal? Where is Nepal? - Location of Nepal in World Map Nepal is a landlocked and sovereign Independent country. Nepal is a South Asian country lying on the coordinate between 80 degree 12' east longitude and 26 degree 22' and 30 degree 27' north latitude. Nepal is bordered by India and China in Asia. The country is surrounded by Sikkim and West Bengal estate of India in East, Uttar Pradesh in West, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh in South and by Autonomous Region of republic of China in the North. Nepal covers a total area of 147,181 sq km with the total length of 885 km from east to west and breath varying from 145 to 241 km from north to south. Nepal is geographically divided into three Regions namely Terai Region, Hilly Region and Himalayan Region. The Himalayan region of Nepal ranges between the altitude 4,877 meters and 8,848 meters above the sea level. The Himalayan region of Nepal is home to 8 world highest peak among the 14 above 8000 meters including Mt. Everest itself. The Hilly Region of Nepal lies between the Churia at 610 meter in south up to Mahabharat range at 4877 meter in north. The Terai Region of Nepal lies in between 70 meter towards border of the Indian to 305 meter up to the foothill of Siwalik. Nepal lies in the temperate region with its altitude ranging from 70 meter in the Terai to 8848 meter above the sea level in the great Himalayas. Hinduism is the major religion practiced in Nepal and Buddhism is the second major religion practiced in the country. However Nepal is a multi lingual and multi religion country where peoples of all religion stay in harmony and show great religious tolerance. Nepal Information	Nepal
Hyperemesis Gravidarum is severe what in females?	Regional Information 189 97 Sources: (1) Population Reference Bureau, 2007 World Population Data Sheet. (2) Estimated based on data and information from Population Reference Bureau, 2007 World Population Data Sheet and Banskota, m. 2004. The Hindu Kush Himalayas: Searching for Viable Socioeconomic and Environmental Options, pp. 57-105, In: Banskota et al. (eds.) Growth, Poverty Alleviation and Sustainable Resource Management in the Mountain Areas of South Asia, ICIMOD, Nepal. (3) Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2004. (4) China Population Information and Research Centre (CPIRC): (accessed on 5 June, 2008). (5) Census of India, Population Projection, 2007. [HKH region and adjacent mountain areas include: Afghanistan – all provinces except Kandahar, Helmand, Nimroz, Farah, and Herat; Bangladesh – Chittagong Hill Tracts; Bhutan – whole country; China – parts of Yunnan (Diqing, Nujiang, Dali prefectures), Sichuan (Ganzi, Aba, Liangshan prefectures), Gansu (Gannan, Wuwei, Zhangye prefectures), Xinjiang (Kashigar, Kezilesu, Hetian, Altai prefectures), whole of Tibet Autonomous Region and Qinghai; India – the 11 mountain states (Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand; Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, and Tripura) and Darjeeling district of West Bengal; Myanmar – the states of Kachin, Chin, Shan and Rakkhain; Nepal – whole country; Pakistan – North Western Frontier Province (NWFP), Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), Northern Areas, Ajad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK), and 12 districts of Baluchistan] Major mountain ranges and peaks Ten highest mountain peaks in the region Name	i don't know
Which character does Antonio Banderos provide the voice for in the 2010 film ‘Shrek Forever’?	Banderas back as voice of Puss in 'Shrek 4' - The San Diego Union-Tribune Banderas back as voice of Puss in 'Shrek 4' Actor Antonio Banderas arrives to the premiere of "Shrek Forever After" on Sunday, May 16, 2010 in Universal City, Calif. (AP Photos/Vince Bucci) / AP Actor Antonio Banderas arrives to the premiere of "Shrek Forever After" on Sunday, May 16, 2010 in Universal City, Calif. (AP Photos/Vince Bucci) Actor Antonio Banderas arrives to the premiere of "Shrek Forever After" on Sunday, May 16, 2010 in Universal City, Calif. (AP Photos/Vince Bucci) (/ AP) SIGAL RATNER-ARIAS, AP Entertainment Writer A small cat is giving Antonio Banderas as much satisfaction as the very Zorro. The Spanish-born star returns to the screen this weekend in "Shrek Forever After" as the voice of Puss in Boots, a Zorro-like feline that the actor says is the antithesis of the big heroes he usually plays. The popularity of the little cat, which debuted in the second movie of the "Shrek" franchise, has landed Puss the title role in a separate movie for DreamWorks that could be released in 2012. Banderas has already begun working on the film with Mexican actress Salma Hayek . Just prior to the world premiere of "Shrek Forever After" at the recent Tribeca Film Festival, Banderas spoke with The Associated Press about the movie, animation in Spain, wife Melanie Griffith and his next projects, including his recent work with Woody Allen on "You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger." ---- AP: This is the fourth installment in the "Shrek" franchise - nearly 10 years of successes. How does the series stay fresh and what attracts people to watch it? BANDERAS: I believe it's fundamentally the possibility that the movie has to be liked by kids and parents alike, but most specially by the parents ... There's also something very important ... We are absolutely not conditioned to say the lines in a specific way but they allow us to improvise a lot ... and I know that is not a method used in all animated movies." AP: What do you see of yourself in Puss in Boots? BANDERAS: Not of me. (But) Puss has given me the opportunity to laugh at myself and to laugh most of all about the great characters that I've played who are bigger than life, such as "El Zorro," such as "Desperado," such as "The 13th Warrior." Heroic stories where I have depicted major characters. AP: So this would be like their antithesis? BANDERAS: Exactly! Suddenly all of it gets reduced to a little cat. It becomes an alter ego of some of the things that I've done, but not so much about me. I wish! I like the cat a lot, I would like to be as ironic as he is and have that certain mystery that he has. AP: It won't be Zorro, but the cat's had so much success that they're making a movie about him. What do you think of the fact that the "Shrek" film series began without Puss in Boots...? BANDERAS: ...And now Puss in Boots has his own world! (Laughs) AP: What can you tell us about the movie? BANDERAS: What I can tell you, without giving away too much, is that it's a film that is a bit separate of "Shrek" in terms of style, that it doesn't go toward the counterculture so much and doesn't laugh as much about pop but is more akin to an epic. AP: Will any other character from "Shrek" make an appearance? BANDERAS: No, he's the only one. All the characters that surround him are new because it's about the beginning of his life ... He's in an orphanage and there's a bit of "Oliver Twist" to the story. It's sweet and almost moving in some moments. AP: You're working on and producing animated films in Spain (including the short film "La Dama y la Muerte," which was nominated for an Oscar). What's the next such project? BANDERAS: We're producing our second feature film, titled "Goleon." We're even developing our own software, working with innovative companies in Spain, with the University of Granada, and our own 3D stereoscope software, which is spectacular. AP: What have you learned from "Shrek" that has helped you with your own work in animation? BANDERAS: A lot. Above all else the method of working with actors who are going to be in the movie and that's exactly what I'm going to do with "Goleon," direct voices and produce. AP: Speaking of directing, what more can we expect from you after "Crazy in Alabama" (starring Griffith) and "El Camino de los Ingleses"? BANDERAS: I just completed a merger of my company, which has been operating for five years at a very humble level, and we're going to make a qualitative and quantitative leap... We're going to go for a movie probably with Melanie, whom I would love to direct again. AP: How is Melanie? (She was in a rehab facility last August.) BANDERAS: Very good. And also very eager to go to work again, like I've never seen her before in these 15 years. This movie is going to be stronger (than "Crazy in Alabama"). I can't reveal many details but it's going to surprise a lot of people and most of all women. AP: How was it working with Woody Allen? BANDERAS: Fantastic! And I went with some trepidation, because they have told me he was cold with actors, that he didn't tell them much. But for me he was a source of information. What I would do is go and ask him and the very moment I pressed that button, he would give me all the information I asked for. He created a fantastic atmosphere in the set. I liked his logic a lot. One has to realize that in 1985 I was wearing a T shirt with Woody Allen's face, with a little cap and his glasses. When I arrived at the set and saw him exactly the same way, I couldn't believe it. It was like working with a legend!	Puss in Boots
Which gas is used to make the bubbles in fizzy drinks?	Mike Myers, Cameron Diaz, Eddie Murphy, Antonio Banderas, Jon Hamm, Walt Dohrn, Craig Robinson and Ryan Seacrest Interview SHREK FOREVER AFTER - Read or Listen Here \| Collider SHARE TWEET 0 Last weekend, DreamWorks Animation held a press day for Shrek Forever After (also known as Shrek the Final Chapter). While some press days feature roundtable interviews with some of the cast, DreamWorks pulled out the big guns as they got the entire voice cast to talk to the press – including Eddie Murphy. For those that don’t know, Murphy rarely does any press. In fact, I’ve worked for five years at Collider and this was the first time I’ve ever seen him do any. Anyway, if you’d like to hear what Mike Myers, Cameron Diaz, Eddie Murphy, Antonio Banderas, Jon Hamm, Walt Dohrn, Craig Robinson and Ryan Seacrest had to say about Shrek Forever After…hit the jump. I’ve included a transcript of the press conference as well as the audio. This is one of those interviews that’s much better to listen to. Finally, if you’d like to watch some clips from Shrek Forever After, click here . And click here to listen to the audio of the press conference. The fourth Shrek film gets released this weekend. Note Ryan Seacrest was the moderator of the press conference, but after a little while it opened up to journalists. Ryan Seacrest: Mike, looking back on all the years you’ve been involved with the Shrek films, what’s been one of your favorite moments? Mike Myers: When Jeffrey [Katzenberg] said, “Would you like to be in an animated movie?,” I said, “Yes,” and he said, “It’s called Shrek.” I said, “That’s the worst title I’ve ever heard in my life.” I didn’t know what it was going to be. In the process, the first time I saw it with an audience and the line, “But you are beautiful to me,” got a gasp because people were so into the whole romance and the heart of it, that I was just blown away that an animated movie could move people and was something that people could be invested in, emotionally. I think that’s been the most satisfying thing for me. Ryan Seacrest: Eddie, what’s been the secret to success for the Shrek franchise? Eddie Murphy: I think it’s funny and very well made. Mike Myers: Hold on – I just went on for 15 minutes. I wish I’d done that. Eddie Murphy: I really do think it’s that simple. It’s really well made. It’s very funny. It’s smart and those things add up to a hit sometimes. Ryan Seacrest: Cameron, the emotion of this one goes back to the roots of the first one a little bit doesn’t it? Cameron Diaz: Yeah. I think you get to see true love happen all over again for the first time between Shrek and Fiona because they get to find one another. It’s the moment that you’re talking about – your favorite moment from the first movie that you get to experience all over again. Because we get to take that journey with them of finding that love again. You open up on them sort of the routine of a life that they’ve taken for granted…Shrek has for sure and then you get to see him journey back through trying to regain finding his true love. Ryan Seacrest: Walt, how long did it take you to come up with the devious voice of Rumplestiltskin? Walt Dohrn: I feel like he’s been inside me my whole life. As I was walking in here, I thought security was going to grab me and throw me out. We worked on the voice for a year not knowing that I would be cast. Once I got cast, we really started trying to push it as best we could. Ryan Seacrest: Antonio, how much fun have you had making these movies? Antonio Banderas: A lot, actually. And unexpected, because I came to this country without speaking the language, then I found they called me to use my voice very surprising. Fun every time at recording sessions. And still do. I have a lot of fun. And also you asked before about memories. I remember when we opened in the Cannes Film Festival, it is happening right now, actually, and the you see the whole entire representation of Europe in the movie theatre, and interrupting the movie with applause twelve times. It was a kind of outstanding to me, you know, a beautiful moment we have. Ryan Seacrest: John how did you get the role of Brogan? John Hamm: Wow. I don’t know. I don’t know why the character I play on TV would necessarily lend itself to be the first choice to be an animated character, but I don’t know, I honestly can’t believe I’m sitting up here. But when it came my way and they were still trying to figure out what it was going to be, was it going to be a love interest or a rival or something, they weren’t sure. I was like, “I don’t care, I just want to be a part of it.” I’ve loved the last three versions of this and went and saw all of them in theaters like I was a 13-year-old. So the pure fan of me was like, “I’ll go play somebody who talks backwards, on top of his head, turned around, I don’t even care.” The fact that they were able to work with me, and my personality, and create this person who is sort of this cheerleader of sorts was fun to do. Cameron and Mike, your characters are starting all over again from scratch. I’m wondering how challenging that was? Mike Myers: The writing is just so great and all the filmmakers were so committed to having it be so excellent that you’re just kind of… Cameron Diaz: Following the script. Mike Myers: It’s kind of like this lamaze birth back into the thing every time. Cameron Diaz: I agree. It’s well structured and it’s clear as to what the two are going through. But you made it so fresh and I’m wondering how you did that? Mike Myers: Mike Mitchell is a great director. Jeffrey is a great producer. Cameron Diaz: The animators are great and they’re really the great actors. They are the ones who put the looks in our eyes and the chemistry between us. Antonio, how do you feel about Shrek ending and does the fact that there will be a Puss in Boots film make it any better? Antonio Banderas: Well, it’s sad, on one side, but very satisfying. Shrek has become pop culture itself. I was in New York this year, watching the Thanksgiving Day parade from my house, and there was a big balloon of Shrek and behind him was Mickey Mouse. It was beautiful to see what this 10 years of work has done. So, it’s sad, on one side, but on the other side, we’re going to hopefully continue now, if it goes well. But, it’s totally different. What we’re doing so far is not the same narrative process as Shrek. It goes the different direction, takes more from Sergio Leone’s kind of ’60s movies, divided screens, stuff like that, it is a lot of fun but it is different context. Would you like to do another Shrek film, at some point? Cameron Diaz: I’m in! Mike Myers: The final chapter reunion movie? Yeah, sure. I just play the voice. I don’t really know what goes on. Cameron Diaz: It’s easy. People ask me if I’d do Charlie’s Angels 10 years from now, and I’m like, “What!” It’s a little bit different fitting in those pants, 10 years from now. But, with Shrek, we get to go back to wherever they will be, 10 years from now. Hopefully, we won’t have to wait that long. Cameron, Fiona gets to be very empowered, as a leader and a warrior. Did you ever think she may have had a better life, if she went down that path instead? Cameron Diaz: For me, Fiona always been a warrior. I’ve always seen her as a warrior of love, through all of these films. What she’s worked for and what she’s fought for is the love that she has for herself, and the love that she has for Shrek, her family and friends. So, she’s always been a warrior. It’s just in a different tone for this film. Her responsibilities are a little bit more obvious, as far as the resistance, but she’s always been a warrior to me. That is part of her nature, and it has given her all the things in her life that she loves. Are there any fairy tales you’d want to rewrite? John Hamm: Any fairy tales, I’d like to rewrite? I think the great thing about this franchise is that it kind of takes the plots of fairy tales and puts them on their heads. So this is a perfect example. And when the original book came out, and maybe my timeline is wrong, there were quite a few books that were coming out and were sort of reworked and sort of twisted fairy tales that were taking the classic damsel in distress and handsome prince and putting them on their head or swapping roles. So I think, not only this franchise, but there have been several that have done quite well. And then when you add in the unbelievable talent on this stage and the animators, it makes this incredible thing come to life. So I don’t think I could certainly do any better than this. Craig Robinson: I would rewrite “The Lion King”! I would not let Mufasa die. With the 3D, you can see features in the characters that you never noticed before. Was there anything new about your characters that you discovered? Cameron Diaz: Antonio has quite a lot of features that he didn’t know he had, with the abundance of the weight that Puss in Boots carries in the movie. Mike Myers: Even as a fat cat, he still manages to be sexy. Mike, in this movie, Shrek doesn’t want the attention anymore and he just wants to be able to do what he enjoys without people watching. Is there a parallel to your own life, in that regard? Mike Myers: I like my privacy. I love being a part of [films], but when I’m not doing stuff, I like to go away. I enjoy being a person, a great deal. Do you think being Canadian gives you a different sensibility? Mike Myers: It’s hard to be super full of yourself in Canada. If there was a motto of Canada, it would be, “Who do you think you are, eh?” Very good training to just be a person is growing up in Canada. People say a lot of things about Canada, like that it’s boring, but if you look around the world, you can praise boring. It’s a very civilized place to grow up. I’m very proud of it. Jon, how did you find the transition of going from television to voice actor? John Hamm: It was easier, a lot easier. Certainly a lot less demanding on me. My role in the film isn’t nearly as large as my role in the television show, so that was a lot easier as well. But a whole different kind of acting and being in a scene, when you’re reading opposite people who have other constructed performances that you haven’t necessarily heard. And that again speaks to the incredible competence of the people who put this together, to make that all seem seamless. And I was learning as I went along, as who the character was, find the character, it was changing, as it was changing we would go back in and re-do it and tweak it, and the art involved with who this character was because it was a new character was constantly being shifted and there was notes about this and that, and that was a really fun process to be part of. Because it’s not happening live, it’s sort of deferred until they get it exactly right. And you’re in the hands of people who want it to be excellent, that’s a very comfortable and welcoming feeling. So I tremendously enjoyed it, and it was a really interesting thing to learn on the fly. For everyone in the cast, this movie makes you love life and happiness. Can you each talk about what you love about your life and whatever makes you happy at this point in your life? And what do you think young audiences will learn about love from watching this movie? Ryan Seacrest: I love all the free time that I have! And my body of work in film just continues to grow. This is a giant leap from my cameo in Knocked Up. Walt Dohrn: That’s exactly what I was going to say. I have a seven-year-old daughter that means everything to me. Mike Myers: New York City. I love New York City. I love that I get to live there and I love everything about it. Cameron Diaz: I am in love with life. I think it’s pretty awesome when you are engaged in it. I love my family and my friends, and that to me is the biggest…that’s the love of my life are my friends and family and the experience that I get to share with them. It puts a smile on my face and in my heart. Eddie Murphy: I just love everything and I love everyone. And I love love. Love is a mother fucker! How do you feel about love? Does anybody not love love? Antonio Banderas: When it comes to love, I will tell you that today, especially, I love the fact that I’ve been married for 14 years. Eddie Murphy: What Cameron said is true, I think everybody loves being with their family and loves being around people who make you feel good. All those things you [Cameron] said hit it right on for me. You pretty much nailed it. John Hamm: I think that we live in a moment in time right now where people have a lot of information about a lot of people kind of instantly, but it’s all sort of surface information and it doesn’t really mean anything. And the things that people were talking about, about what they love and what they hold dear and what they feel strongly about, are things that are kind of unquantifiable, and aren’t on your twitter feed or your Facebook page or your instant message thing or gossip columns or paparazzi photos or things like that. It’s truly getting to know people and understand them and have a relationship with them and trusting them and being vulnerable and all that stuff. I think that’s the journey that Shrek makes, is sort of taking his existence for granted. We’re all incredibly fortunate people up here, and I love having the opportunity to do what I do, and what I love to do. The idea of taking that for granted and not taking the time out and not appreciating the ability to do that is similar to not appreciating the people that you share your life with or that you love. And that’s what Shrek and Fiona go through and rediscover and this is all very boring and academic, but that’s what I think about it. And I think that’s what really resonates with kids and why it appeals to not just little kids, but the kid in every one of us. Craig Robinson: Moments. What I love about life and everything about this, I flew to Chicago to surprise my mother on Mother’s Day and it was a nice moment, like being here right now, this time was an amazing moment. Eddie, in this film, Donkey has many singing sequences. Do you have a different approach to the dialogue than you do with the singing? Eddie Murphy: It’s really all the same. Whether you’re singing or doing a voice-over, it’s pretty much using the same muscle. There’s not really much of a difference. Do you think the message of this film is geared more towards adults, this time around? Mike Myers: I think that Shrek is a little bit like Flinstones vitamins. You don’t know that it’s good for you, but it has built in vitamins and the delivery system is very enjoyable. Cameron Diaz: I think it’s for both adults and children. You’re never too young or too old to learn these lessons, and that’s been the case with all of the Shrek films, and it’s why they’re so successful. They’re not just speaking to one audience, they’re speaking to everyone. Anyone who watches it can understand exactly what Shrek and Fiona are going through, relevant to their own lives. Antonio Banderas: There are always references in the movie to things that have to do with adults. I watched the first Shrek before I was a part of it, and I loved it. At the same time, the first time that I saw it, I was with my baby and she took the whole entire story in an entirely different way. She just loved the adventure and the plot of the story. And, we kept going in that direction for all four of the movies. Do you kids come up to you and ask you to do these voices a lot? Antonio Banderas: It’s very weird. A woman came to me once, in a supermarket, with her kid who was about five years old and she said to him, “Look, it’s Puss in Boots! Can you do the voice?” And, the kid looked up at me, and then looked at his mom and said, “That’s not Puss in Boots, mom. That’s Zorro.” In those circumstances, you don’t know what to do. It’s weird. Eddie Murphy: I’ve had people come up and do lines from the movie to me. They don’t really ask me to do the voice. The only time I really do the voice of Donkey is when I do a shadow puppet of Donkey. When I’m watching movies at home on the screen and the movie’s not good, I have the Donkey come up and make comments like, “This movie ain’t shit!” Sometimes I take the Shrek ears – the little green ones – and have the shadows of Donkey and Shrek talk. We have some wild times in the house. Cameron Diaz: I’ve had similar experiences as Antonio. Nobody comes up and does Fiona’s voice for me. But, I’ve had parents come up and go, “Do you know who this is? This is Princess Fiona!” And, kids are literally in tears. I always try to stop people before they tell their kids because, as a kid, you believe that the characters that you’re watching and that you fall in love with are real. You don’t want to believe that there’s a human being behind them, in the same way that you want to believe in Santa Claus and the Easter Bunny. You don’t want that myth to be ruined and dispelled. I always tell parents, “Please don’t tell your kids. Let it be. Let Fiona exist as Fiona.” Mike Myers: I’ve called kids that are sick and I’m always shocked by how incredibly accepting they are that Shrek is calling them. They’re like, “Oh, Shrek, good,” and I’m like, “Isn’t this a little extraordinary?” That’s the part that always kills me. They’ll be like, “Can you put the Tooth Fairy on now?” Eddie, how similar are you to Donkey? Was it easy for you to find the character when you started voicing him? Eddie Murphy: I just do it. Whenever I am on camera or doing anything on mic, I don’t have any process at all. I just do it and, when I’m finished, it goes away. There is no process. I wish there were some techniques to it. I just turn it on and off, and then I go home. Is that with all of your characters? Eddie Murphy: That’s with everything. Have you seen the foreign versions of the Shrek films, with your character speaking foreign languages? Cameron Diaz: Yes, I have. I’ve seen bits. I have seen the first three minutes of the Taiwanese, Japanese, Chinese and German versions. You go in for the premiere and you stay for the first three minutes, and then you leave because you have to go to the next country to promote it. Antonio, do you get to do the Spanish version of yourself? Antonio Banderas: Yes. I do two different Spanish versions. I do the Castilian version for Spain and Latin America, and then I do the Italian version too. Mike Myers: I do the Canadian version, and it’s remarkably like the American version. Related Content	i don't know
Juan Evo Morales Ayma became President of which South American country in 2006?	Evo Morales - 必应 Sign in Evo Morales Juan Evo Morales Ayma (born October 26, 1959), popularly known as Evo (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈeβo]), is a Bolivian politician and cocalero activist who has served as President of Bolivia since 2006. Widely regarded as the country's first president to come from the indigenous population,[a] his administration has focused on the implementation of leftist policies, poverty reduction, and combating the influence of the United States and multinational corporations in Bolivia. A democratic socialist, he is the head of the Movement for Socialism ( ... (展开) MAS) party. Born to an Aymara family of subsistence farmers in Isallawi, Orinoca Canton, Morales undertook a basic education before mandatory military service, in 1978 moving to Chapare Province. Growing coca and becoming a trade unionist, he rose to prominence in the campesino ("rural laborers") union, campaigning against U.S. and Bolivian attempts to eradicate coca as a part of the War on Drugs, which he denounced as an imperialist violation of indigenous Andean culture. He repeatedly engaged in anti-government direct action protests, resulting in multiple arrests. Entering electoral politics in 1995, he became the leader of the MAS and was elected to Congress. His campaign focused on issues affecting indigenous and poor communities, advocating land reform and the redistribution of gas wealth. Gaining increasing visibility through the Cochabamba protests and gas conflict, in 2002 he was expelled from Congress for encouraging protesters, although he came second in that year's presidential election. Elected president in 2005, Morales increased taxation on the hydrocarbons industry to bolster social spending, emphasising projects to combat illiteracy, poverty, racism, and sexism. Vocally criticizing neoliberalism and reducing dependence on the World Bank and International Monetary Fund, his administration oversaw strong economic growth while following a policy termed "Evonomics" which sought to move from a liberal economic approach to a mixed economy. Scaling back U.S. influence in the country, he built relationships with leftist governments in the Latin American pink tide and signed Bolivia to the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas. Attempting to moderate the left-indigenous activist community, his administration also opposed the right-wing autonomist demands of Bolivia's eastern provinces. Winning a recall referendum in 2008, he instituted a new constitution that established Bolivia as a plurinational state before being re-elected in 2009. His second term witnessed the continuation of leftist policies and Bolivia's joining of the Bank of the South and Community of Latin American and Caribbean States. After becoming the world's oldest professional footballer by signing to a Bolivian team, he was again reelected in the 2014 general election. Morales is a controversial world figure, lauded by his supporters as a champion of indigenous rights, anti-imperialism, and environmentalism. Praised for seriously reducing poverty and illiteracy in Bolivia, he has been internationally decorated with various awards. He has been criticised from many perspectives on the political spectrum: right-wing opponents have labelled his administration as authoritarian and radical, while leftist, indigenous, and environmentalist critics have accused him of failing to live up to many of his espoused values. Childhood, education and military service: 1959–78 Morales was born in the small rural village of Isallawi in Orinoca Canton, part of western Bolivia's Oruro Department, on 26 October 1959. One of seven children born to Dionisio Morales Choque and Maria Ayma, only he and two siblings, Esther and Hugo, survived past childhood. His mother almost died from a postpartum haemorrhage following his birth. Ethnically identifying as a member of the indigenous Aymara people, in keeping with Aymara custom, his father buried the placenta produced after his birth in a place specially chosen for the occasion. His childhood home was a traditional adobe house, and he grew up speaking the Aymara language, although later commentators would remark that by the time he had become president he was no longer an entirely fluent speaker. Morales's family were farmers; from an early age, he aided them in planting and harvesting crops and guarding their herd of llamas and sheep, taking a homemade soccer ball to amuse himself. As a toddler, he briefly attended Orinoca's preparatory school, and aged 5 began schooling at the single-room primary school in Isallawi. Aged 6, he spent six months in northern Argentina with his sister and father. There, Dionisio harvested sugar cane while Evo sold ice cream and briefly attended a Spanish-language school. As a child, he regularly traveled by foot to Arani province in Cochabamba with his father and their llamas, a journey lasting up to two weeks, in order to exchange their salt and potatoes for maize and coca. A big fan of soccer, aged 13 he organised a community soccer team with himself as team captain. Within two years, he had been elected training coach for the whole region, gaining early experience with leadership. After finishing primary education, Morales attended the Agrarian Humanistic Technical Institute of Orinoca (ITAHO), completing all but the final year. His parents then sent him to study for a degree in Oruro; although he did poorly academically, he finished all of his courses and exams by 1977, earning money on the side as a brick-maker, day labourer, baker and a trumpet player for the Royal Imperial Band, the latter of which allowed him to travel across Bolivia. At the end of his higher education he failed to collect his degree certificate. Although interested in studying journalism at university, he did not pursue it as a profession. Morales served mandatory conscription in the army from 1977 to 1978. Initially signed up at the Centre for Instruction of Special Troops (CITE) in Cochabamba, he was sent into the Fourth Ingavi Cavalry Regiment and stationed at the army headquarters in the Bolivian capital La Paz. These two years were one of Bolivia's politically most unstable periods, with five presidents and two military coups, led by General Juan Pereda and General David Padilla respectively; under the latter's regime, Morales was stationed as a guard at the Palacio Quemado (Presidential Palace). Early cocalero activism: 1978–83 Following his military service, Evo returned to his family, who had escaped the agricultural devastation of 1980's El Niño storm cycle by relocating to the Tropics of Cochabamba in the eastern lowlands. Setting up home in the town of Villa 14 de Septiembre, El Chapare, using a loan from Evo's maternal uncle, the family cleared a plot of land in the forest to grow rice, oranges, grapefruit, papaya, bananas and later on coca. It was here that Morales learned to speak Quechua, the indigenous local language. The arrival of the Morales family was a part of a much wider migration to the region; in 1981 El Chapare's population was 40,000 but by 1988 it had risen to 215,000. Many Bolivians hoped to set up farms where they could earn a living growing coca, which was experiencing a steady rise in price and which could be cultivated up to four times a year; a traditional medicinal and ritual substance in Andean culture, it was also sold abroad as the key ingredient in cocaine. Evo joined the local soccer team, before founding his own team, New Horizon, which proved victorious at the August 2nd Central Tournament. The El Chapare region remained special to Morales for many years to come; during his presidency he often talked of it in speeches and regularly visited. In El Chapare, Morales joined a trade union of cocaleros (coca growers), being appointed local Secretary of Sports. Organizing soccer tournaments, among union members he earned the nickname of "the young ball player" because of his tendency to organize matches during meeting recesses. Influenced in joining the union by wider events, in 1980 the far-right General Luis García Meza had seized power in a military coup, banning other political parties and declaring himself president; for Morales, a "foundational event in his relationship with politics" occurred in 1981, when a campesino (coca grower) was accused of cocaine trafficking by soldiers, beat up and burned to death. In 1982 the leftist Hernán Siles Zuazo and the Democratic and Popular Union (Unidad Democrática y Popular – UDP) took power in representative democratic elections, before implementing neoliberal capitalist reforms and privatizing much of the state sector with US support; hyperinflation came under control, but unemployment rose to 25%. Becoming increasingly active in the union, from 1982 to 1983, Morales served as the General Secretary of his local San Francisco syndicate. However, in 1983, Morales's father Dionisio died, and although he missed the funeral he temporarily retreated from his union work to organize his father's affairs. Fighting their War on Drugs, the U.S. government hoped to stem the cocaine trade by preventing the production of coca; they pressured the Bolivian government to eradicate it, sending troops to Bolivia to aid the operation. Bolivian troops would burn coca crops and in many cases beat up coca growers who challenged them. Angered by this, Evo returned to cocalero campaigning; like many comrades, he refused the US$2,500 compensation offered by the government for each acre of coca he eradicated. Deeply embedded in Bolivian culture, the campesinos had an ancestral relationship with coca and did not want to lose their most profitable means of subsistence. For them, it was an issue of national sovereignty, with the U.S. viewed as imperalists; activists regularly proclaimed "Long live coca! Death to the Yankees!" ("Causachun coca! Wañuchun yanquis!"). General Secretary of the Cocalero Union: 1984–94 From 1984 to 1985 Morales served as Secretary of Records for the movement, and in 1985 he became General Secretary of the August Second Headquarters. From 1984 to 1991 the sindicatos embarked on a series of protests against the forced eradication of coca by occupying local government offices, setting up roadblocks, going on hunger strike, and organizing mass marches and demonstrations. Morales was personally involved in this direct activism and in 1984 was present at a roadblock where 3 campesinos were killed. In 1988, Morales was elected to the position of Executive Secretary of the Federation of the Tropics. In 1989 he spoke at a one-year commemoratory event of the Villa Tunari massacre in which 11 coca farmers had been killed by agents of the Rural Area Mobile Patrol Unit (Unidad Móvil Policial para Áreas Rurales – UMOPAR). The following day, UMOPAR agents beat Morales up, leaving him in the mountains to die, but he was rescued by other union members. To combat this violence, Morales concluded that an armed cocalero militia could launch a guerrilla war against the government, but he was soon persuaded on an electoral path to change instead. In 1992, he made various international trips to champion the cocalero cause, speaking at a conference in Cuba, and also traveling to Canada, during which he learned of his mother's death. In his speeches, Morales presented the coca leaf as a symbol of Andean culture that was under threat from the imperialist oppression of the U.S. In his view, the U.S. should deal with their domestic cocaine abuse problems without interfering in Bolivia, arguing that they had no right trying to eliminate coca, a legitimate product with many uses which played a rich role in Andean culture. In a speech on this issue, Morales told reporters "I am not a drug trafficker. I am a coca grower. I cultivate coca leaf, which is a natural product. I do not refine (it into) cocaine, and neither cocaine nor drugs have ever been part of the Andean culture." On another, he asserted that "We produce our coca, we bring it to the main markets, we sell it and that's where our responsibility ends." Morales presented the coca growers as victims of a wealthy, urban social elite who had bowed to U.S. pressure by implementing neoliberal economic reforms. He argued that these reforms were to the detriment of Bolivia's majority, and thus the country's representative democratic system of governance failed to reflect the true democratic will of the majority. This situation was exacerbated following the 1993 general election when the centrist Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario – MNR) won the election and Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada became President. He adopted a policy of "shock therapy", implementing economic liberalization and widescale privatization of state-owned assets. Sánchez also agreed with the U.S. DEA to relaunch its offensive against the Bolivian coca growers, committing Bolivia to eradicating 12,500 acres (5,100 ha) of coca by March 1994 in exchange for $20 million worth of US aid, something Morales claimed would be opposed by the cocalero movement. In August 1994 Morales was arrested; reporters present at the scene witnessed him being beaten and accosted with racial slurs by civil agents. Accused of sedition, in jail he began a dry hunger strike to protest his arrest. The following day, 3000 campesinos began a 360-mile (580 km) march from Villa Tunari to La Paz. Morales would be freed on September 7, and soon joined the march, which arrived at its destination on 19 September, where they covered the city with political graffiti. He was again arrested in April 1995 during a sting operation that rounded up those at a meeting of the Andean Council of Coca Producers that he was chairing on the shores of Lake Titicaca. Accusing the group of plotting a coup with the aid of Colombia's FARC and Peru's Shining Path, a number of his comrades were tortured, although no evidence of a coup was brought forth and he was freed within a week. He proceeded to Argentina to attend a seminar on liberation struggles. The ASP, IPSP and MAS: 1995–99 Members of the sindicato social movement first suggested a move into the political arena in 1986. This was controversial, with many fearing that politicians would co-opt the movement for personal gain. Morales began supporting the formation of a political wing in 1989, although a consensus in favor of its formation only emerged in 1993. On March 27, 1995, at the 7th Congress of the Unique Confederation of Rural Laborers of Bolivia (Confederación Sindical Única de Trabajadores Campesinos de Bolivia – CSUTCB), a "political instrument" (a term employed over "political party") was formed, named the Assembly for the Sovereignty of the Peoples (Asamblea por la Sobernía de los Pueblos – ASP). At the ASP's 1st Congress, the CSUTCB participated alongside three other Bolivian unions, representing miners, peasants and indigenous peoples. In 1996, Morales was appointed chairman of the Committee of the Six Federations of the Tropics of Cochabamba, a position that he retained until 2006. Bolivia's National Electoral Court (Corte Nacional Electoral – CNE) refused to recognize the ASP, citing minor procedural infringements. The coca activists circumvented this problem by running under the banner of the United Left (IU), a coalition of leftist parties headed by the Communist Party of Bolivia (Partido Comunista Boliviano – PCB). They won landslide victories in those areas which were local strongholds of the movement, producing 11 mayors and 49 municipal councilors. Morales was elected to the National Congress as a representative for El Chapare, having secured 70.1% of the local vote. In the national elections of 1997, the IU/ASP gained four seats in Congress, obtaining 3.7% of the national vote, with this rising to 17.5% in the department of Cochabamba. The election resulted in the establishment of a coalition government led by the right-wing Nationalist Democratic Action (Acción Democrática Nacionalista – ADN), with Hugo Banzer as President; Morales lambasted him as "the worst politician in Bolivian history". Rising electoral success was accompanied by factional in-fighting, with a leadership contest emerging in the ASP between the incumbent Alejo Véliz and Morales, who had the electoral backing of the social movement's bases. The conflict led to a schism, with Morales and his supporters splitting to form their own party, the Political Instrument for the Sovereignty of the Peoples (Instrumento Político por la Soberanía de los Pueblos – IPSP). The movement's bases defected en masse to the IPSP, leaving the ASP to crumble and Véliz to join the centre-right New Republican Force (Nueva Fuerza Republicana – NFR), for which Morales denounced him as a traitor to the cocalero cause. Continuing his activism, in 1998 Morales led another cocalero march from El Chapare to la Paz, and came under increasing criticism from the government, who repeatedly accused him of being involved in the cocaine trade and mocked him for how he spoke and his lack of education. Morales came to an agreement with David Añez Pedraza, the leader of a defunct yet still registered party named the Movement for Socialism (MAS); under this agreement, Morales and the Six Federaciónes could take over the party name, with Pendraza stipulating the condition that they must maintain its own acronym, name and colors. Thus the defunct right wing MAS became the flourishing left wing vehicle for the coca activist movement known as the Movement for Socialism – Political Instrument for the Sovereignty of the Peoples. The MAS would come to be described as "an indigenous-based political party that calls for the nationalization of industry, legalization of the coca leaf ... and fairer distribution of national resources." The party lacked the finance available to the mainstream parties, and so relied largely on the work of volunteers in order to operate. It was not structured like other political parties, instead operating as the political wing of the social movement, with all tiers in the movement involved in decision making; this form of organisation would continue until 2004. In the December 1999 municipal elections, the MAS secured 79 municipal council seats and 10 mayoral positions, gaining 3.27% of the national vote, although 70% of the vote in Cochabamba. Cochabamba protests: 2000–02 In 2000, the Tunari Waters corporation doubled the price at which they sold water to Bolivian consumers, resulting in a backlash from leftist activist groups, including the cocaleros. Activists clashed with police and armed forces, in what was dubbed "the Water War", resulting in 6 dead and 175 wounded. Responding to the violence, the government removed the contract from Tunari and placed the utility under cooperative control. In ensuing years further violent protests broke out over a range of issues, resulting in more deaths both among activists and law enforcement. Much of this unrest was connected with the widespread opposition to economic liberalization across Bolivian society, with a common perception that it only benefited a small minority. In the Andean High Plateau, a cocalero group launched a guerrilla uprising under the leadership of Felipe Quispe; an ethnic separatist, he and Morales disliked each other, with Quispe considering Morales to be a traitor and an opportunist for his willingness to cooperate with White Bolivians. Morales had not taken a leading role in these protests, but did use them to get across his message that the MAS was not a single-issue party, and that rather than simply fighting for the rights of the cocalero it was arguing for structural change to the political system and a redefinition of citizenship in Bolivia. In August 2001, Banzer resigned due to terminal illness, and Jorge Quiroga took over as President. Under U.S. pressure, Quiroga sought to have Morales expelled from Congress. To do so, he claimed that Morales' inflammatory language had caused the deaths of two police officers in Sacaba near Cochabamba, however was unable to provide any evidence of Morales' culpability. 140 deputies voted for Morales' expulsion, which came about in 2002. Morales asserted that "This was a trial against Aymara and Quechas", while MAS activists interpreted it as evidence of the pseudo-democratic credentials of the political class. The MAS gained increasing popularity as a protest party, relying largely on widespread dissatisfaction with the existing mainstream political parties among Bolivians living in rural and poor urban areas. Morales recognized this, and much of his discourse focused on differentiating the MAS from the traditional political class. Their campaign was successful, and in the 2002 presidential election the MAS gained 20.94% of the national vote, becoming Bolivia's second largest party, being only 1.5% behind the victorious MNR, whose candidate, Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada, became President. They won 8 seats in the Senate and 27 in the Chamber of Deputies. Now the leader of the political opposition, Morales focused on criticising government policies rather than outlining alternatives. He had several unconstructive meetings with Lozada, but also met with Venezuela's democratic socialist President Hugo Chávez for the first time. Bolivia's U.S. embassy had become publicly highly critical of Morales; just prior to the election, the U.S. ambassador to Bolivia Manuel Rocha issued a statement declaring that U.S. aid to Bolivia would be cut if MAS won the election. However, exit polls revealed that Rocha's comments had served to increase support for Morales. Following the election, the U.S. embassy maintained this critical stance, characterising Morales as a criminal and encouraging Bolivia's traditional parties to sign a broad agreement to oppose the MAS; Morales himself began alleging that the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency was plotting to assassinate him. Rise to power: 2003–05 In 2003, the Bolivian gas conflict broke out as activists – including coca growers – protested against the privatization of the country's natural gas supply and its sale to U.S. companies below the market value. Activists blocked off the road into La Paz, resulting in clashes with police. 80 were killed and 411 injured, among them officers, activists, and civilians, including children. Morales did not take an active role in the conflict, instead traveling to Libya and Switzerland, there describing the uprising as a "peaceful revolution in progress." The government accused Morales and the MAS of using the protests to overthrow Bolivia's parliamentary democracy with the aid of organised crime, FARC, and the far left governments of Venezuela, Cuba and Libya. Morales led calls for President Sánchez de Lozada to step down over the death toll, gaining widespread support from the MAS, other activist groups, and the middle classes; with pressure building, Sánchez resigned and fled to Miami, Florida. He was replaced by Carlos Mesa, who tried to strike a balance between U.S. and cocalero demands, but whom Morales mistrusted. In November, Morales spent 24 hours with Cuban President Fidel Castro in Havana, and then met Argentinian President Nestor Kirchner. In the 2004 municipal election, the MAS became the country's largest national party, with 28.6% of all councilors in Bolivia. However, they had failed to win the mayoralty in any big cities, reflecting their inability to gain widespread support among the urban middle-classes. In Bolivia's wealthy Santa Cruz region, a strong movement for autonomy had developed under the leadership of the Pro Santa Cruz Committee (Comite Pro Santa Cruz). Favorable to neoliberal economics and strongly critical of the cocaleros, they considered armed insurrection to secede from Bolivia should MAS take power. In March 2005, Mesa resigned, citing the pressure of Morales and the cocalero road blocks and riots. Amid fears of civil war, Eduardo Rodríguez became President of a transitional government, preparing Bolivia for a general election in December 2005. Hiring the Peruvian Walter Chávez as its campaign manager, the MAS electoral campaign was based on Salvador Allende's successful campaign in the Chilean presidential election, 1970. Measures were implemented to institutionalize the party structure, giving it greater independence from the social movement; this was done to allow Morales and other MAS leaders to respond quickly to new developments without the lengthy process of consulting the bases, and to present a more moderate image away from the bases' radicalism. Although he had initially hoped for a female running mate, Morales eventually chose Marxist intellectual Álvaro García Linera as his Vice Presidential candidate, with some Bolivian press speculating as to a romantic relationship between the two. MAS' primary opponent was Jorge Quiroga and his center-right Social and Democratic Power, whose campaign was centered in Santa Cruz and which advocated continued neo-liberal reform; Quiroga accused Morales of promoting the legalization of cocaine and being a puppet for Venezuela. With a turnout of 84.5%, the election saw Morales gain 53.7% of the vote, while Quiroga came second with 28.6%; Morales' was the first victory with an absolute majority in Bolivia for 40 years. Given that he was the sixth self-described leftist president to be elected in Latin America since 1998, his victory was identified as part of the broader regional pink tide. Becoming president elect, Morales was widely described as Bolivia's first indigenous leader, at a time when around 62% of the population identified as indigenous; political analysts therefore drew comparisons with the election of Nelson Mandela to the South African Presidency in 1994. This resulted in widespread excitement among the approximately 40 million indigenous people in the Americas, particularly those of Bolivia. However, his election caused concern among the country's wealthy and landowning classes, who feared state expropriation and nationalisation of their property, as well as far-right groups, who claimed it would spark a race war. He traveled to Cuba to spend time with Castro, before going to Venezuela, and then on tour to Europe, China and South Africa; he significantly avoided the U.S. In January 2006, Morales attended an indigenous spiritual ceremony at Tiwanaku where he was crowned Apu Mallku (Supreme Leader) of the Aymara, receiving gifts from indigenous peoples across Latin America. He thanked the goddess Pachamama for his victory and proclaimed that "With the unity of the people, we're going to end the colonial state and the neo-liberal model." In the world there are large and small countries, rich countries and poor countries, but we are equal in one thing, which is our right to dignity and sovereignty. — Evo Morales, Inaugural Speech, 22 January 2006. Morales' inauguration took place on January 22 in La Paz. It was attended by various heads of state, including Kirchner, Chávez, Brazil's Lula da Silva, and Chile's Ricardo Lagos. Morales wore an Andeanized suit designed by fashion designer Beatriz Canedo Patiño, and gave a speech that included a minute silence in memory of cocaleros and indigenous activists killed in the struggle. He condemned Bolivia's former "colonial" regimes, likening them to South Africa under apartheid and stating that the MAS' election would lead to a "refoundation" of the country, a term that the MAS consistently used over "revolution". Morales repeated these views in his convocation of the Constituent Assembly. In taking office, Morales emphasized nationalism, anti-imperialism, and anti-neoliberalism, although did not initially refer to his administration as socialist. In what was widely termed a populist act, he immediately reduced both his own presidential wage and that of his ministers by 57% to $1,875 a month, also urging members of Congress to do the same. Morales gathered together a largely inexperienced cabinet made up of indigenous activists and leftist intellectuals, although over the first three years of government there was a rapid turnover in the cabinet as Morales replaced many of the indigenous members with trained middle-class leftist politicians. This process would increase to the point in 2012 when only 3 of the 20 cabinet members identified as indigenous. Economic program[edit] Upon his election to the presidency, Bolivia was South America's poorest nation. Morales' government did not initiate any fundamental change in Bolivia's economic structure, and in their National Development Plan (PDN) for 2006–10, they adhered largely to the country's previous liberal economic model. Bolivia's economy was based largely on the extraction of natural resources, with the nation having South America's second largest reserves of natural gas. As per his election pledge, Morales took increasing state control of this hydrocarbon industry with Supreme Decree 2870; previously, corporations paid 18% of their profits to the state, but Morales symbolically reversed this, so that 82% of profits went to the state and 18% to the companies. The oil companies threatened to take the case to the international courts or cease operating in Bolivia, but ultimately relented. Thus, where Bolivia had received $173 million from hydrocarbon extraction in 2002, by 2006 they received $1.3 billion. Although not technically a form of nationalization, Morales and his government referred to it as such, resulting in criticism from sectors of the Bolivian left. However, in June 2006, Morales announced his desire to nationalize mining, electricity, telephones, and railroads, and in February 2007 nationalized the Vinto metallurgy plant, refusing to compensate Glencore, whom the government asserted had obtained the contract illegally. Although the FSTMB miners' federation called for the government to nationalise the mines, the government did not do so, instead stating that any transnational corporations operating in Bolivia legally would not be expropriated. Under Morales, Bolivia experienced unprecedented macroeconomic strength, resulting in the increase in value of its currency, the boliviano. His first year in office ended with no fiscal deficit; the first time this had happened in Bolivia for 30 years, while during the global financial crisis of 2007–08 it maintained some of the world's highest levels of economic growth. Such economic stength led to a nationwide boom in construction, and allowed the state to both build up strong financial reserves. Although the levels of social spending were increased, they remained relatively conservative, with a major priority being placed on constructing paved roads, as well as community spaces such as soccer fields and union buildings. In particular, the government focused on rural infrastructure improvement, to bring roads, running water, and electricity to areas that lacked them. Their stated intention was to reduce Bolivia's most acute poverty levels from 35% to 27% of the population, and moderate poverty levels from 58.9% to 49% over five years. Welfare provision was expanded, as characterized by the introduction of non-contributory old-age pensions and payments to mothers provided their babies are taken for health checks and that their children attend school. Hundreds of free tractors were also handed out. The prices of gas and many foodstuffs were controlled, and local food producers were made to sell in the local market rather than export. A new state-owned body was also set up to distribute food at subsidized prices. All these measures helped to curb inflation, while the economy (partly because of rising public spending) grew strongly, accompanied by stronger public finances which brought economic stability. During Morales' first term, Bolivia broke free of the domination of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) which had characterised previous regimes by refusing their financial aid and connected regulations. In May 2007, it became the world's first country to withdraw from the International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes, with Morales asserting that the institution had consistently favored multinational corporations in its judgments; Bolivia's lead was followed by other Latin American nations. Despite being encouraged to do so by the U.S., Bolivia refused to join the Free Trade Area of the Americas, deeming it a form of U.S. imperialism. A major dilemma faced by Morales' administration was between the desire to expand extractive industries in order to fund social programs and provide employment, and to protect the country's environment from the pollution caused by those industries. Although his government professed an environmentalist ethos, expanding environmental monitoring and becoming a leader in the voluntary Forest Stewardship Council, Bolivia continued to witness rapid deforestation for agriculture and illegal logging. Economists on both the left and right expressed concern over the government's lack of economic diversification. Many Bolivians opined that Morales' government had failed to bring about sufficient job creation. ALBA and international appearances[edit] Morales' administration sought to build strong links with the hard left governments of Cuba and Venezuela. In April 2005 Morales traveled to Havana for knee surgery, there meeting with the two nations' presidents, Castro and Chávez. In April 2006, Bolivia agreed to join Cuba and Venezuela in founding the Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas (ALBA), with Morales attending ALBA's conference in May, at which they initiated with a Peoples' Trade Agreement (PTA). Meanwhile, his administration became "the least US-friendly government in Bolivian history". In September Morales visited the U.S. for the first time to attend the UN General Assembly, where he gave a speech condemning U.S. President George W. Bush as a terrorist for launching the War in Afghanistan and Iraq War, and called for the UN Headquarters to be moved out of the country. In the U.S., he met with former presidents Bill Clinton and Jimmy Carter and with Native American groups. Relations were further strained between the two nations when in December Morales issued a Supreme Decree requiring all U.S. citizens visiting Bolivia to have a compulsory visa. His government also refused to grant legal immunity to U.S. soldiers in Bolivia; hence the U.S. cut back their military support to the country by 96%. In December 2006, he attended the first South-South conference in Abuja, Nigeria, there meeting Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, whose government had recently awarded Morales the Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights. Morales proceeded straight to Havana for a conference celebrating Castro's life, where he gave a speech arguing for stronger links between Latin America and the Middle East to combat U.S. imperialism. Under his administration, diplomatic relations were established with Iran, with Morales praising Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad as a revolutionary comrade. In April 2007 he attended the first South American Energy Summit in Venezuela, arguing with many allies over the issue of biofuel, which he opposed. He had a particularly fierce argument with Brazilian President Lula over Morales' desire to bring Bolivia's refineries – which were largely owned by Brazil's Petrobrás – under state control. In May, Bolivia purchased the refineries and transferred them to the Bolivian State Petroleum Company (YPFB). Social reform[edit] Morales' government sought to encourage a model of development based upon the premise of vivir bien, or "living well". This entailed seeking social harmony, consensus, the elimination of discrimination, and wealth redistribution; in doing so, it was rooted in communal rather than individual values and owed more to indigenous Andean forms of social organization than Western ones. Upon Morales' election, Bolivia's illiteracy rate was at 16%, the highest in South America. Attempting to rectify this with the aid of far left allies, Bolivia launched a literacy campaign with Cuban assistance, while Venezuela invited 5000 Bolivian high school graduates to study in Venezuela for free. By 2009, UNESCO declared Bolivia free from illiteracy, although the World Bank claimed that it had only declined by 5%. Cuba also aided Bolivia in the development of its medical care, opening ophthalmological centres in the country to treat 100,000 Bolivians for free per year, and offering 5000 free scholarships for Bolivian students to study medicine in Cuba. The government sought to expand state medical facilities, opening twenty hospitals by 2014, and increasing basic medical coverage up to the age of 25. Their approach sought to utilise and harmonise both mainstream Western medicine and Bolivia's traditional medicine. The 2006 Bono Juancito Pinto program provided US$29 per month to poor families for every young child that they had, while 2008's Renta Dignidad initiative provided around $344 per month to low-income citizens over 60. 2009's Bono Juana Azurduy program offered cash transfers to uninsured mothers to improve their likelihood of seeking medical care. Conservative critics of Morales' regime claimed that these measures were simply designed to buy off the poor and ensure continued support for the government. Morales announced that one of the top priorities of his government was to eliminate racism against the country's indigenous population. To do this, he announced that all civil servants were required to learn one of Bolivia's three indigenous languages, Quechua, Aymara, or Guaraní, within two years. His government encouraged the development of indigenous cultural projects, and sought to encourage more indigenous people to attend university; by 2008, it was estimated that half of the students enrolled in Bolivia's 11 public universities were indigenous, while three indigenous-specific universities had been established, offering subsidized education. In 2009, a Vice Ministry for Decolonization was established, which proceeded to pass the 2010 Law against Racism and Discrimination banning the espousal of racist views in private or public institutions. Various commentators noted that there was a renewed sense of pride among the country's indigenous population following Morales' election. Conversely, the opposition accused Morales' administration of aggravating racial tensions between indigenous, white, and mestizo populations, with some non-indigenous Bolivians feeling that they were now experiencing racism. On International Workers' Day 2006, Morales issued a presidential decree undoing aspects of the informalization of labor which had been implemented by previous neoliberal governments; this was seen as a highly symbolic act for labor rights in Bolivia. In 2009 his government put forward suggested reforms to the 1939 labor laws, although lengthy discussions with trade unions hampered the reforms' progress. Morales' government increased the legal minimum wage by 50%, and reduced the pension age from 65 to 60, and then in 2010 reduced it again to 58. While policies were brought in to improve the living conditions of the working classes, conversely many middle-class Bolivians felt that they had seen their social standing decline, with Morales personally mistrusting the middle-classes, deeming them fickle. A 2006 law reallocated state-owned lands, with this agrarian reform entailing distributing land to traditional communities rather than individuals. In 2010, a law was introduced permitting the formation of recognised indigenous territories, although the implementation of this was hampered by bureaucracy and contesting claims over ownership. Morales' regime also sought to improve women's rights in Bolivia. In 2010, it founded a Unit of Depatriarchalization to oversee this provess. Further seeking to provide legal recognition and support to LGBT rights, it declared June 28 to be Sexual Minority Rights Day in the country, and encouraged the establishment of a gay-themed television show on the state channel. Adopting a policy known as "Coca Yes, Cocaine No", Morales' administration ensured the legality of coca growing, but also introduced measures to regulate the production and trade of the crop. In 2007, they announced that they would permit the growing of 50,000 acres of coca in the country, primarily for the purposes of domestic consumption, with each family being restricted to the growing of one cato (1600 metres squared) of coca. A social control program was implemented whereby local unions took on responsibility for ensuring that this quota was not exceeded; in doing so, they hoped to remove the need for military and police intervention, and thus stem the violence of previous decades. Measures were implemented to ensure the industrialization of coca production, with Morales inaugurating the first coca industrialization plant in Chulumani, which produced and packaged coca and trimate tea; the project was primarily funded through a $125,000 donation from Venezuela under the PTA scheme. However, these industrialization measures proved largely unsuccessful given that coca remained illegal in most nations outside Bolivia, thus depriving the growers of an international market. Campaigning against this, in 2012 Bolivia withdrew from the UN 1961 Convention which had called for global criminalisation of coca, and in 2013 successfully convinced the UN Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs to declassify coca as a narcotic. The U.S. State Department criticised Bolivia, asserting that it was regressing in its counter-narcotics efforts, and dramatically reduced aid to Bolivia to $34 million to fight the narcotics trade in 2007. Nevertheless, the number of cocaine seizures in Bolivia increased under Morales' government, as they sought to encourage coca growers to report and oppose cocaine producers and traffickers. However, high levels of police corruption surrounding the illicit trade in cocaine remained a continuing problem for Bolivia. Morales' government also introduced measures to tackle Bolivia's endemic corruption; in 2007, he used a presidential decree to create the Ministry of Institutional Transparency and Fight Against Corruption. However, critics highlighted that MAS members were rarely prosecuted for the crime, the main exception being YPFB head Santos Ramírez, who was sentenced to twelve years imprisonment for corruption in 2008. Conversely, a 2009 law that permitted the retroactive prosecution for corruption led to legal cases being brought against a number of opposition politicians for alleged corruption in the pre-Morales period; many fled abroad to avoid standing trial. Domestic unrest and the new constitution[edit] During his presidential campaign, Morales had supported calls for regional autonomy for Bolivia's departments. As president, he changed his position, viewing the calls for autonomy – which came from Bolivia's four eastern departments of Santa Cruz, Beni, Pando, and Tarija – as an attempt by the wealthy bourgeoisie living in these regions to preserve their economic position. He nevertheless agreed to a referendum on regional autonomy, held in July 2006; the four eastern departments voted in favor of autonomy, but Bolivia as a whole voted against it by 57.6%. In September, autonomy activists launched strikes and blockades across eastern Bolivia, resulting in violent clashes with MAS activists. In January 2007, clashes in Cochabamba between activist groups led to fatalities, with Morales' government sending in troops to maintain the peace. The left-indigenous activists formed a Revolutionary Departmental Government, but Morales denounced it as illegal and continued to recognise the legitimacy of right-wing departmental head Manfred Reyes Villa. In July 2006, an election to form a Constitutional Assembly was held, which saw the highest ever electoral turnout in the nation's history. MAS won 137 of its 255 seats, after which the Assembly was inaugurated in August. In November, the Assembly approved a new constitution, which converted the Republic of Bolivia into the Plurinational State of Bolivia, describing it as a "plurinational communal and social unified state". The constitution emphasized Bolivian sovereignty of natural resources, separated church and state, forbade foreign military bases in the country, implemented a two-term limit for the presidency, and permitted limited regional autonomy. It also enshrined every Bolivians' right to water, food, free health care, education, and housing. In enshrining the concept of plurinationalism, one commentator noted that it suggested "a profound reconfiguration of the state itself" by recognising the rights to self-determination of various nations within a single state. In May 2008, the eastern departments pushed for greater autonomy, but Morales' government rejected the legitimacy of their position. They called for a referendum on recalling Morales, which saw an 83% turnout and in which Morales was ratified with 67.4% of the vote. Unified as the National Council for Democracy (CONALDE), these groups – financed by the wealthy agro-industrialist, petroleum, and financial elite – embarked on a series of destabalisation campaigns to unseat Morales' government. Unrest then broke out across eastern Bolivia, as radicalized autonomist activists established blockades, occupied airports, clashing with pro-government demonstrations, police, and armed forces. Some formed paramilitaries, bombing state companies, indigenous NGOs, and human rights organisations, also launching armed racist attacks on indigenous communities, culminating in the Pando Massacre of MAS activists. The autonomists gained support from some high-ranking politicians; Santa Cruz Governor Rubén Costas lambasted Morales and his supporters with racist epithets, accusing the president of being an Aymara fundamentalist and a totalitarian dictator responsible for state terrorism. Amid the unrest, foreign commentators began speculating on the possibility of civil war. After it was revealed that USAID's Office of Transition Initiatives had supplied $4.5 million to the pro-autonomist departmental governments of the eastern provinces, in September 2008 Morales accused the U.S. ambassador to Bolivia, Philip Goldberg, of "conspiring against democracy" and encouraging the civil unrest, ordering him to leave the country. The U.S. government responded by expelling Bolivian ambassador to the U.S., Gustavo Guzman. Bolivia subsequently expelled the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) from the country, while the U.S. responded by withdrawing their Peace Corps. Chávez stood in solidarity with Bolivia by ordering the U.S. ambassador Patrick Duddy out of his country and withdrawing the Venezuelan ambassador to the U.S. The Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) convened a special meeting to discuss the Bolivian situation, expressing full support for Morales' government. Although unable to quell the autonomist violence, Morales' government refused to declare a state of emergency, believing that the autonomists were attempting to provoke them into doing so. Instead, they decided to compromise, entering into talks with the parliamentary opposition. As a result, 100 of the 411 elements of the Constitution were changed, with both sides compromising on certain issues. Nevertheless, the governors of the eastern provinces rejected the changes, believing it gave them insufficient autonomy, while various Indianist and leftist members of MAS felt that the amendments conceded too much to the political right. The constitution was put to a referendum in January 2009, in which it was approved by 61.4% of voters. Following the approval of the new Constitution, the 2009 general election was called. The opposition sought to delay the election by demanding a new biometric registry system, hoping that it would give them time to form a united front against MAS. Many MAS activists reacted violently against the demands, and attempting to prevent this, Morales went on a five-day hunger strike in April 2009 to push the opposition to rescind their demands. He also agreed to allow for the introduction of a new voter registry, but insisted that it was rushed through so as not to delay the election. Morales and the MAS won with a landslide majority, polling 64.2%, while voter participation had reached an all-time high of 90%. His primary opponent, Reyes Villa, gained 27% of the vote. The MAS won a two-thirds majority in both the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. Morales notably increased his support in the east of the country, with MAS gaining a majority in Tarija. In response to his victory, Morales proclaimed that he was "obligated to accelerate the pace of change and deepen socialism" in Bolivia, seeing his re-election as a mandate to further his reforms. Second presidential term: 2009–14 During his second term, Morales began to speak openly of "communitarian socialism" as the ideology that he desired for Bolivia's future. He assembled a new cabinet which was 50% female, a first for Bolivia, although by 2012, that had dropped to a third. In April 2010, the departmental elections saw further gains for MAS. In 2013, the government passed a law to combat domestic violence against women. In December 2009, Morales attended the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, Denmark, where he blamed climate change on capitalism and called for a financial transactions tax to fund climate change mitigation. Ultimately deeming the conference to have been a failure, he oversaw the World's People Conference on Climate Change and the Rights of Mother Earth outside of Cochabamba in April 2010. Following the victory of Barack Obama and the Democratic Party in the 2008 U.S. presidential election, relations between Bolivia and the U.S. improved slightly, and in November 2009 the countries entered negotiations to restore diplomatic relations. After the U.S. backed the 2011 military intervention in Libya by NATO forces, Morales condemned Obama, calling for his Nobel Peace Prize to be revoked. The two nations restored diplomatic relations in November 2011, although Morales refused to allow the DEA back into the country. In October 2012, the government passed a Law of Mother Earth that banned genetically modified organisms (GMOs) being grown in Bolivia; although praised by environmentalists, it was criticised by the nation's soya growers, who claimed that it would make them less competitive on the global market. On 2 July 2013, Bolivia's foreign minister said that the diversion of Morales's presidential plane (FAB-001, a Dassault Falcon 900EX), when Portuguese, French, Spanish and Italian authorities denied access to their airspace due to suspicions that Edward Snowden was on board the aircraft, had put the president's life at risk. Latin American leaders describe the incident as a "stunning violation of national sovereignty and disrespect for the region". Morales himself described the incident as a "hostage" situation. France apologized for the incident the next day. The presidents of Argentina, Ecuador, Suriname, Uruguay and Venezuela, Morales's political allies in the region, gathered to demand an explanation of the incident. In 2014, Morales became the oldest active professional soccer player in the world after signing a contract for 200 dollars a month with Sport Boys Warnes. Domestic protests[edit] Morales' second term was heavily affected by infighting and dissent from within his own support base, as indigenous and leftist activists came to oppose a number of the governments' reforms. In May 2010, Morales' government announced a 5% rise in the minimum wage. The Bolivian Workers' Central (COB) felt this insufficient given the rise in the cost of living, and called a general strike. Protesters clashed with police, although the government refused to increase the rise, accusing protesters of being pawns of the right. In August 2010, violent protests then broke out in southern Potosí over widespread unemployment and a lack of investment in infrastructure. In December 2010, the government then decreed that it would cut government subsidies for gasoline and diesel fuels, which had proved to be a major area of social spending; this resulted in a hike in prices of fuel and transport costs. Protests broke out across the country, and Morales soon agreed to nullify the decree, stating that he "ruled by obeying". The following year, the government announced plans to construct a highway connecting Beni to Cochabamba, in order to better integrate the isolated departments of Beni and Pando with the rest of the country and to facilitate hydrocarbons exploration. The highway however would go straight through the Isiboro Sécure National Park and Indigenous Territory (TIPNIS), and thus came under staunch criticism from environmentalists and members of the indigenous communities living in the park, who believed that it would encourage illegal settlement and deforestation and that it further violated both the constitution and United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. In August 2011, 800 protesters embarked on a protest march from Trinidad to La Paz, on the way facing violent conflict from police and those who supported the road, with many being injured. The controversy caused two government officials and various other high-ranking officials to resign in protest, while Morales begged forgiveness but blamed the U.S. and Bolivia's right-wing for stirring up the unrest. In October 2011, he passed Law 180, prohibiting further road construction, although the government proceeded with a consultation, eventually gaining the consent of 55 of the 65 communities in TIPNIS to allow the highway to be built, albeit with a variety of concessions; construction was scheduled to take place after the 2014 general election. In May 2013, the government then announced that it would permit hydrocarbon exploration in the nation's 22 national parks, to widespread condemnation from environmentalists. Further protests broke out in June 2012, this time from the Bolivian police, who objected to government reforms designed to combat widespread corruption in the force. Police broke into their own offices to burn all disciplinary case records, and demanded salary increases. Morales' government relented, cancelling many of the proposed reforms and agreeing to the salary increase. Evo Morales Political ideology The worst enemy of humanity is capitalism. That is what provokes uprisings like our own, a rebellion against a system, against a neo-liberal model, which is the representation of a savage capitalism. If the entire world doesn't acknowledge this reality, that the national states are not providing even minimally for health, education and nourishment, then each day the most fundamental human rights are being violated. – Evo Morales Figures in the Morales government have described the President's approach to politics as "Evoism" or "Evismo". From 2009, Morales has advocated "communitarian socialism", while political scientist Sven Harten characterized Morales's ideology as "eclectic", drawing ideas from "various ideological currents". Harten noted that whilst Morales uses fierce anti-imperialist and leftist rhetoric, he is neither "a hardcore anti-globalist nor a Marxist," not having argued for the violent and absolute overthrow of capitalism or U.S. involvement in Latin America. Economically, Morales' policies have sometimes been termed "Evonomics" and have focused on creating a mixed economy. Morales' presidential discourse has revolved around distinguishing between "the people", of whom he sees himself as a representative, and the oppressive socio-economic elite and the old political class, whom he believes have mistreated "the people" for centuries. Morales sought to make Bolivia's representative democracy more direct and communitarian, through the introduction of referendums and a citizen-led legislative initiative. George Philip and Francisco Panizza claimed that like his allies Correa and Chávez, Morales should be categorized as a populist, because he appealed "directly to the people against their countries' political and economic order, divided the social field into antagonistic camps and promised redistribution and recognition in a newly founded political order." Various far left commentators have argued against categorizing the Morales administration as socialist. Bolivia's Marxist Vice President Álvaro García Linera asserts that Bolivia lacks the sufficiently large industrialized working class, or proletariat, to enable it to convert into a socialist society in the Marxist understanding of the word. Instead, he terms the government's approach "Andean and Amazonian capitalism". Marxist American sociologist James Petras has argued that Morales' government is neither socialist nor anti-imperialist, instead describing Morales as a "radical conservative" for utilizing socialist rhetoric while continuing to support foreign investment and the economic status of Bolivia's capitalist class, while British Trotskyite academic Jeffery R. Webber asserted that Morales was no socialist but that his regime was "reconstituting neoliberalism", thereby rejecting "neoliberal orthdoxy" but retaining a "core faith in the capitalist market as the principal engine of growth and industrialization." Similarly, Aymara activist Felipe Quispe characterised Morales' government as "neoliberalism with an Indian [i.e. indigenous] face". Evo Morales Personal life Morales identifies as ethnically Aymara, and has been widely described as Bolivia's first democratically-elected President from the indigenous majority. Although Morales has sometimes been described as the first indigenous president to be democratically elected in Latin America, this description in fact goes to Benito Juárez, a Mexican of the Zapotec ethnic group, who was elected President of Mexico in 1858. Biographer Martín Sivak described Morales as "incorruptible, charismatic, and combative", also noting that he had a "friendly style" and could develop a good rapport with journalists and photographers, in part because he could "articulate his opinions with simplicity". He places a great emphasis on trust, and relies on his intuition, sometimes acting on what he considers omens in his dreams. Harten noted that Morales "can be a forceful leader, one who instills great respect and, sometimes, a reluctance in others to contradict him, but he has also learnt to listen and learn from other people." Farthing and Kohl characterised Morales as a "charismatic populist" of a kind common in Latin American history, who prioritized "a direct relationship" between the population and the leader. Morales is not married and upon becoming president selected his older sister, Esther Morales Ayma, to adopt the role of First Lady. He has two children from different mothers, Eva Liz Morales Alvarado and Álvaro Morales Paredes; politician Juan del Granado is Eva Liz's godfather. He has commented that he is only a Roman Catholic in order "to go to weddings", and when asked if he believed in God, responded that "I believe in the land. In my father and my mother. And in Cuchi-Cuchi." He lives an ascetic life, with little interest in material possessions. Morales is also an association football enthusiast and plays the game frequently, often with local teams. Morales's unorthodox behavior contrasts with the usual manners of dignitaries and other political leaders in Latin America. During speeches he made use of personal stories and anecdotes, and used coca as "a potent political symbol", wearing a coca leaf garland around his neck and a hat with coca leaves in it when speaking to crowds of supporters. Following his election, he wore striped jumpers rather than the suits typically worn by politicians. It became a symbol of Morales, with copies of it selling widely in Bolivia. Unlike Chávez, Evo's Venezuelan ally, the MAS does not revolve around his personality. Evo Morales Influence and legacy Morales has been described as "the most famous Bolivian ever", whose personality has become "fixed in the global imagination". Morales' government has been seen as part of the pink tide of left-leaning Latin American governments, becoming particularly associated with the hard left current of Venezuela and Cuba. It has been widely praised for its pro-socialist stance among the international left, who have taken an interest in Bolivia under his leadership as a "political laboratory" or "a living workshop" for the development of an alternative to capitalism. Domestically, Morales' support base has been among Bolivia's poor and indigenous communities. For these communities, who have widely felt marginalized in Bolivian politics for decades, Morales "invokes a sense of dignity and destiny" in a way that no other contemporary politician has done. He has received the support of many democratic socialists and social democrats, as well as sectors of Bolivia's liberal movement, who have been critical of Morales but favoured him over the right-wing opposition. Opposition to Morales' governance has centered in the wealthy eastern lowland province of Santa Cruz. His policies often antagonized middle-class Bolivians, who deemed them too radical and argued that they threatened private property. Morales' discourse of "the people" against the socio-economic elites has brought a spotlight on the deep social polarization in Bolivia. His most vociferous critics have been from Bolivia's conservative movement, although he has also received criticism from the country's far left, who believe his reformist policies have been insufficiently radical or socialist. Critics, particularly in the U.S. government, have varyingly termed him "a left-wing radical, a partner of narco-traffickers and a terrorist". His regime has also faced many of the same complaints directed at previous Bolivian administrations, revolving around such issues as "concentration of power, corruption, incompetent bureaucracies, and disrespect for civil liberties". However, poverty and inequality have been greatly reduced since Mr Morales was first elected. Notes ^ Morales is described as the first indigenous president of Bolivia in academic studies of his presidency, such as those of Muñoz-Pogossian, Webber, Philip and Panizza, and Farthing and Kohl, as well as in press reports, such as those of BBC News. However, there have been challenges to this claim by critics who have asserted that Morales probably has some European ancestry, and thus on genetic grounds is technically mestizo rather than solely indigenous. Harten asserted that this argument was "misguided[,] wrong[... and] above all irrelevant" because regardless of his genetic makeup, the majority of Bolivians perceive Morales as being the first indigenous president. In Bolivian society, indigeneity is a fluid concept rooted in cultural identity; for instance, many indigenous individuals that have settled in urban areas and abandoned their traditional rural customs have come to identify as mestizo. ^ Philip & Panizza 2011, p.57. ^ a b Farthing & Kohl 2014, p.1. ^ a b c d e f "Profile: Bolivia's President Evo Morales". BBC News. 13 October 2014. ^ a b c d Harten 2011, p.7. ^ Farthing & Kohl 2014, p.22. ^ a b c Harten 2011, p.35. ^ Harten 2011, p.35; Webber 2011, p.62. ^ Gutsch 2006; Sivak 2010, p.32; Harten 2011, p.35. ^ Sivak 2010, p.33. ^ Sivak 2010, p.33; Harten 2011, p.7; Webber 2011, p.63. ^ Sivak 2010, p.32; Harten 2011, p.35. ^ Sivak 2010, pp.33–34; Harten 2011, p.36. ^ Sivak 2010, p.34; Harten 2011, p.36; Webber 2011, pp.62–63. ^ Sivak 2010, p.33; Harten 2011, pp.36–37. ^ Sivak 2010, p.34; Harten 2011, p.40. ^ a b Harten 2011, p.37. ^ Sivak 2010, pp.34–35; Harten 2011, p.37; Webber 2011, p.63. ^ Sivak 2010, p.35; Harten 2011, p.37. ^ Blackwell 2002; Sivak 2010, p.35; Harten 2011, p.37. ^ Harten 2011, pp.37–38. ^ Sivak 2010, p.36; Harten 2011, p.39. ^ Webber 2011, p.63. ^ a b c Sivak 2010, p.39. ^ Harten 2011, p.39. ^ Sivak 2010, pp.40–41; Philip & Panizza 2011, pp.76–77. ^ a b c d e Sivak 2010, p.42. ^ Sivak 2010, pp.40–41, 57–58. ^ Sivak 2010, p.41. ^ Sivak 2010, p.42; Harten 2011, p.109. ^ a b Sivak 2010, p.43. ^ Sivak 2010, pp.43, 65. ^ Sivak 2010, pp.43–44, 49. ^ Sivak 2010, p.52. ^ a b c Harten 2011, pp.74–77. ^ Sivak 2010, p.44. ^ a b c d Harten 2011, p.84. ^ Harten 2011, p.84; Webber 2011, p.60. ^ a b Sivak 2010, p.79. ^ Muñoz-Pogossian 2008, p.24; Sivak 2010, p.79; Harten 2011, p.84; Webber 2011, p.60. ^ a b Harten 2011, p.85. ^ Sivak 2010, pp.79–80. ^ Harten 2011, p.85; Webber 2011, p.60. ^ Harten 2011, p.86. ^ Sivak 2010, pp.81–82. ^ a b Harten 2011, p.86; Webber 2011, p.60. ^ America Vera-Zavala (December 18, 2005). "Evo Morales Has Plans for Bolivia". In These Times. Archived from the original on March 3, 2015. Retrieved February 7, 2007. ^ Sivak 2010, pp.89–90; Harten 2011, p.87. ^ Harten 2011, pp.89–90. ^ Sivak 2010, p.82–83; Harten 2011, pp.112–118; Farthing & Kohl 2014, p.11. ^ a b Harten 2011, p.117. ^ Harten 2011, p.107. ^ Sivak 2010, p.86–87; Sivak 2011, p.158; Harten 2011, p.87. ^ Sivak 2010, pp.95, 98; Sivak 2011, p.159. ^ Muñoz-Pogossian 2008, pp.164–167; Sivak 2010, pp.99–103; Harten 2011, pp.118–124. ^ Sivak 2010, p.100. ^ Muñoz-Pogossian 2008, p.167; Sivak 2010, pp.101–103; Harten 2011, pp.122–124. ^ Muñoz-Pogossian 2008, p.167; Sivak 2010, pp.137–139; Webber 2011, p.80. ^ Sivak 2010, pp.103–104. ^ Sivak 2010, p.142; Harten 2011, p.88. ^ Sivak 2010, pp.141–142. ^ Muñoz-Pogossian 2008, p.175; Sivak 2010, pp.142–145; Farthing & Kohl 2014, p.14. ^ Sivak 2010, p.146. ^ Muñoz-Pogossian 2008, p.175; Sivak 2010, p.147. ^ Sivak 2010, pp.148–149. ^ Harten 2011, pp.140, 151; Webber 2011, p.68. ^ Muñoz-Pogossian 2008, pp.179–180; Sivak 2010, pp.150–151; Harten 2011, p.88; Webber 2011, p.64. ^ Harten 2011, p.139. ^ Muñoz-Pogossian 2008, p.177; Sivak 2010, p.152. ^ Muñoz-Pogossian 2008, p.178; Sivak 2010, pp.155–158; Harten 2011, p.88; Webber 2011, p.50. ^ Muñoz-Pogossian 2008, p.1; Farthing & Kohl 2014, p.2; Pearce 2011, p.xv. ^ Harten 2011, pp.88–89; Webber 2011, p.1, 70. ^ a b Farthing & Kohl 2014, pp.1–2. ^ Sivak 2010, pp.156–157; Farthing & Kohl 2014, p.1. ^ Kozloff 2008, pp.117–118; Sivak 2010, p.159; Farthing & Kohl 2014, p.35. ^ Dunkerley 2007, p.133; Sivak 2011, p.161. ^ a b Sivak 2010, p.160. ^ Gutsch 2006; Sivak 2010, p.158. ^ Dunkerley 2007, p.146. ^ Sivak 2010, p.195; Harten 2011, p.179; Farthing & Kohl 2014, pp.35–36. ^ Gutsch 2006. ^ "Bolivian president slashes salary for public schools". USA Today. January 28, 2006. Archived from the original on December 28, 2013. Retrieved January 5, 2016. ^ Dunkerley 2007, p.134; Sivak 2010, p.195; Harten 2011, pp.179–180. ^ a b Farthing & Kohl 2014, p.58. ^ Farthing & Kohl 2014, p.65. ^ a b c Farthing & Kohl 2014, p.99. ^ a b Farthing & Kohl 2014, p.79. ^ Webber 2011, p.192. ^ Webber 2011, pp.77–78; Farthing & Kohl 2014, p.81. ^ Sivak 2010, pp.199–203; Harten 2011, pp.180–181; Webber 2011, pp.80–81. ^ Farthing & Kohl 2014, p.39. ^ Sivak 2010, pp.203–204; Farthing & Kohl 2014, pp.74–75. ^ Webber 2011, p.107. ^ a b c Farthing & Kohl 2014, p.85. ^ Sivak 2010, p.107. ^ a b Farthing & Kohl 2014, p.87. ^ Webber 2011, p.198; Farthing & Kohl 2014, pp.85, 87. ^ Farthing & Kohl 2014, p.98. ^ Dunkerley 2007, pp.133–134; Sivak 2010, pp.205–206. ^ "The explosive apex of Evo's power". The Economist. December 10, 2009. Archived from the original on April 6, 2015. Retrieved January 5, 2016. ^ Sivak 2011, p.145; Farthing & Kohl 2014, p.73. ^ Farthing & Kohl 2014, p.73. ^ a b Sivak 2011, p.162. ^ Farthing & Kohl 2014, p.91. ^ Farthing & Kohl 2014, pp.91–92. ^ Sivak 2011, p.63; Webber 2011, p.40; Farthing & Kohl 2014, p.75. ^ Sivak 2010, p.70. ^ Sivak 2010, p.70; Webber 2011, p.41; Farthing & Kohl 2014, p.75. ^ Sivak 2011, p.160. ^ Sivak 2010, pp.180–181, 187–189. ^ Sivak 2011, p.165. ^ a b Farthing & Kohl 2014, p.44. ^ Sivak 2010, p.210. ^ Sivak 2010, p.210; Webber 2011, p.87; Farthing & Kohl 2014, p.47. ^ Sivak 2010, p.212; Webber 2011, p.96. ^ Webber 2011, pp.111–124. ^ Muñoz-Pogossian 2008, pp.182–183; Sivak 2010, pp.210, 212; Harten 2011, p.181; Farthing & Kohl 2014, pp.39–40. ^ Sivak 2010, pp.213, 219; Harten 2011, pp.182, 218–219; Farthing & Kohl 2014, pp.41–42. ^ Assies 2011, p.93. ^ Sivak 2010, pp.220–221; Webber 2011, p.125; Farthing & Kohl 2014, p.48. ^ Webber 2011, pp.132–133. ^ Sivak 2010, pp.221–222; Harten 2011, pp.182–183; Webber 2011, pp.133–140; Farthing & Kohl 2014, pp.47–49. ^ Sivak 2010, p.221; Webber 2011, pp.127–128. ^ Sivak 2010, p.222; Sivak 2011, p.169; Webber 2011, p.96. ^ Sivak 2010, p.222; Webber 2011, p.132; Farthing & Kohl 2014, p.49. ^ BBC News 2008a. ^ BBC 2008b; Sivak 2011, p.169; Webber 2011, p.139; Farthing & Kohl 2014, p.49. ^ Sivak 2010, p.222; Sivak 2011, p.169; Webber 2011, p.141. ^ Webber 2011, pp.134, 139. ^ Sivak 2010, p.223; Harten 2011, p.183; Farthing & Kohl 2014, p.41. ^ Sivak 2010, p.223. ^ Sivak 2010, p.223; Harten 2011, p.183; Assies 2011, p.112; Webber 2011, p.153; Farthing & Kohl 2014, p.41. ^ Harten 2011, p.184. ^ Sivak 2010, p.226; Harten 2011, p.185; Webber 2011, p.153; Farthing & Kohl 2014, pp.50–51. ^ Sivak 2010, p.226; Webber 2011, p.153; Farthing & Kohl 2014, pp.50–51. ^ Sivak 2010, p.226; Harten 2011, p.185; Webber 2011, p.153. ^ Friedman-Rudovsky 2009; Webber 2011, p.155. ^ a b Webber 2011, p.155. ^ Sivak 2010, p.228. ^ a b Webber 2011, p.154. ^ a b Farthing & Kohl 2014, p.51. ^ Webber 2011, p.156; Farthing & Kohl 2014, pp.75–76. ^ Friedman-Rudovsky 2009; Farthing & Kohl 2014, p.73. ^ Lovell 2011. ^ BBC News 2011b. ^ a b Farthing & Kohl 2014, p.93. ^ Catherine E. Shoichet (July 3, 2013). "Bolivia: Presidential plane forced to land after false rumors of Snowden onboard". CNN. Archived from the original on March 24, 2015. Retrieved January 5, 2016. ^ Michael Weissenstein; Angels Charlton (July 3, 2013). "Evo Morales, Bolivia President, Leaves Europe After Flight Delayed Over Snowden Suspicions". Huffington Post. ^ "Bolivia's Morales says plane held 'hostage' because of Snowden rumors". United Press International. July 3, 2013. ^ "France apologises to Bolivia over jet row". Al Jazeera. July 4, 2013. ^ Nathan Gill (July 5, 2013). "Bolivia Threatens U.S. Embassy Closing After Snowden Search". Bloomberg Business. ^ "Bolivian President Evo Morales signed by football club". BBC News. Retrieved 24 May 2014. ^ Farthing & Kohl 2014, p.55. ^ Farthing & Kohl 2014, pp.51–52. ^ Farthing & Kohl 2014, pp.52–54. ^ "Indigenous Bolivians march against Amazon road". BBC News. 15 August 2011.; "Bolivia's Long March Against Evo Morales: An Indigenous Protest". Time. October 17, 2011. ^ Farthing & Kohl 2014, pp.54–55. ^ Philip & Panizza 2011, p.119. ^ "Bolivia elects Evo Morales as president for third term". The Guardian. 13 October 2014.; "Evo Morales Dedicates Electoral Victory to Fidel Castro and Hugo Chavez". CubaNews. 13 October 2014.; "Morales wins third term in Bolivian presidential election". Deutsche Welle. 13 October 2014. ^ Andres Schipani (13 October 2014). "Bolivia's Evo Morales secures redistributionist mandate". Financial Times. ^ Bolivia elects Evo Morales as president for third term "Bolivia elects Evo Morales as president for third term" Check \|url= value (help). The Guardian. 13 October 2014. ^ Ellie Mae O'Hagan (14 October 2014). Evo Morales has proved that socialism doesn’t damage economies. The Guardian. Retrieved 18 October 2014. ^ Kozloff 2008, p.12. ^ Sivak 2010, p.210; Webber 2011, p.65. ^ Harten 2011, p.40. ^ Sivak 2010, p.215; Harten 2011, p.167. ^ a b Harten 2011, p.147. ^ Farthing & Kohl 2014, p.16. ^ "Hermana de Evo Morales sera primera dama". Es Más (in Spanish). February 5, 2007. ^ Sivak 2010, p.66. ^ Sivak 2010, p.218; Harten 2011, p.179. ^ "Footballing president breaks nose". BBC News. July 31, 2006. Retrieved 2006-07-31. ^ "La fiesta de gala de los 15 años de Eva Liz Morales". El Día (in Spanish). 2009-11-27. Retrieved 2010-09-25. ^ Sivak 2010, p.111. ^ Kozloff 2008, p.119. ^ Harten 2011, p.169. ^ "'Evo Fashion' arrives in Bolivia". BBC News. 20 January 2006. Archived from the original on March 15, 2008. Retrieved on February 1, 2007. ^ Pearce 2011, p.xv. ^ Pearce 2011, p.xv; Webber 2011, p.1. ^ Muñoz-Pogossian 2008, p.1. Bibliography Assies, William (2011). "Bolivia's New Constitution and its Implications". Evo Morales and the Movimiento Al Socialismo in Bolivia: The First Term in Context, 2005–2009. Adrian J. Pearce (ed.). London: Institute for the Study of the Americas. pp.93–116. ISBN978-1-900039-99-4. Blackwell, Benjamin (11 November 2002). "From Coca To Congress". The Ecologist. Archived from the original on January 5, 2016. Retrieved January 5, 2016. Carroll, Rory (7 December 2009). "Evo Morales wins landslide victory in Bolivian presidential elections". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 20 August 2011. Dunkerley, James (2007). "Evo Morales, the 'Two Bolivias' and the Third Bolivian Revolution". Journal of Latin American Studies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) 39: 133–166. doi:10.1017/s0022216x06002069. Farthing, Linda C.; Kohl, Benjamin H. (2014). Evo's Bolivia: Continuity and Change. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN978-0292758681. Friedman-Rudovsky, Jean (7 December 2009). "Morales' Big Win: Voters Ratify His Remaking of Bolivia". Time (New York City). Retrieved October 2011. Gutsch, Jochen-Martin (5 February 2006). "Indian, Coca Farmer, Bolivian President". Der Spiegel (Germany: SPIEGEL-Verlag). Retrieved November 2011. Harten, Sven (2011). The Rise of Evo Morales and the MAS. London and New York: Zed Books. ISBN978-1-84813-523-9. Kozloff, Nicholas (2008). Revolution!: South America and the Rise of the New Left. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN978-0-230-61754-4. Lerager, James (2006). "Report on Bolivia's Elections". Latin American Perspectives (Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications) 33 (2): 141–144. Lovell, Joseph E. (21 March 2011). "Nobel Committee asked to strip Obama of Peace Prize". Digital Journal (Digital Journal, Inc.). Retrieved November 2011. Muñoz-Pogossian, Betilde (2008). Electoral Rules and the Transformation of Bolivian Politics: The Rise of Evo Morales. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN978-0-230-60819-1. Pearce, Adrian J. (2011). "Introduction". Evo Morales and the Movimiento Al Socialismo in Bolivia: The First Term in Context, 2005–2009. Adrian J. Pearce (ed.). London: Institute for the Study of the Americas. pp.xv–xxv. ISBN978-1-900039-99-4. Petras, James (9–15 June 2007). "Evo Morales' Pursuit of 'Normal Capitalism'". Economic and Political Weekly (Mumbai: Sameeksha Trust) 42 (23): 2155–2158. Petras, James (December 31, 2013). "The Most Radical Conservative Regime: Bolivia under Evo Morales". Global Research. Archived from the original on March 10, 2015. Philip, George; Panizza, Francisco (2011). The Triumph of Politics: The Return of the Left in Venezuela, Bolivia and Ecuador. Cambridge: Polity Press. ISBN978-0745647494. Rochlin, James (2007). "Latin America's Left Turn and the New Strategic Landscape: The Case of Bolivia". Third World Quarterly (London: Routledge) 28 (7): 1327–1342. doi:10.1080/01436590701591838. Sivak, Martín (2010). Evo Morales: The Extraordinary Rise of the First Indigenous President of Bolivia. 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"Bolivia's Morales insists no return for US drug agency". London: BBC News. 9 November 2011. Retrieved November 2011.	Bolivia
The Ngultrum is the basic currency of which Asian country?	Breaking news on Evo Morales - breakingnews.com Juan Evo Morales Ayma (born October 26, 1959), popularly known as Evo ( Spanish pronunciation: [ˈeβo]), is a Bolivian politician and cocalero activist who has served as President of Bolivia since 2006. Widely regarded as the country's first president to come from the indigenous population, his administration has focused on the implementation of leftist policies, poverty reduction, and combating the influence of the United States and multinational corporations in Bolivia. A democratic socialist, he is the head of the Movement for Socialism (MAS) party. Born to an Aymara family of subsistence farmers in Isallawi, Orinoca Canton, Morales undertook a basic education before mandatory military service, in 1978 moving to Chapare Province. Growing coca and becoming a trade unionist, he rose to prominence in the campesino ("rural laborers") union, campaigning against U.S. and Bolivian attempts to eradicate coca as a part of the War on Drugs, which he denounced as an imperialist violation of indigenous Andean culture. He repeatedly engaged in anti-government direct action protests, resulting in multiple arrests. Morales entered electoral politics in 1995, became the leader of the MAS and was elected to Congress. His campaign focused on issues affecting indigenous and poor communities. He advocates land reform and redistribution of gas wealth and gained increased visibility through the Cochabamba protests and gas conflict. In 2002 he was expelled from Congress for encouraging protesters, although he came second in that year's presidential election. Once elected in 2005, Morales increased taxation on the hydrocarbon industry to bolster social spending, emphasising projects to combat illiteracy, poverty, racism, and sexism. Vocally criticizing neoliberalism and reducing dependence on the World Bank and International Monetary Fund, his administration oversaw strong economic growth while following a policy termed "Evonomics" which sought to move from a liberal economic approach to a mixed economy. Scaling back U.S. influence in the country, he built relationships with leftist governments in the Latin American pink tide and signed Bolivia into the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas. Attempting to moderate the left-indigenous activist community, his administration also opposed the right-wing autonomist demands of Bolivia's eastern provinces. Winning a recall referendum in 2008, he instituted a new constitution that established Bolivia as a plurinational state and was re-elected in 2009. His second term witnessed the continuation of leftist policies and Bolivia's joining of the Bank of the South and Community of Latin American and Caribbean States. After becoming the world's oldest professional footballer by signing to a Bolivian team, he was again reelected in the 2014 general election. Morales is a controversial world figure, lauded by his supporters as a champion of indigenous rights, anti-imperialism, and environmentalism. Praised for seriously reducing poverty and illiteracy in Bolivia, he has been internationally decorated with various awards. He has been criticised from many perspectives on the political spectrum: right-wing opponents have labelled his administration as authoritarian and radical, while leftist, indigenous, and environmentalist critics have accused him of failing to live up to many of his espoused values. Links	i don't know
‘Ida May’ was the original title of which hit single by Chuck Berry?	10 Greatest Chuck Berry Songs \| MOJO 10 Greatest Chuck Berry Songs How the latest Polar Music Prize laureate invented rock, duckwalk by duckwalk. By Danny Eccleston May 9, 2014 WITH THE NEWS THAT 87-year-old rock’n’roll progenitor Chuck Berry is to be awarded this year’s Polar Music Prize – the so-called Nobel of Music annually presented to a 24-carat pioneer by the King Of Sweden – MOJO responds with an exploration of Berry’s 10 Greatest Songs, the founding pillars of rock. Berry was already 29 when his first single on Chicago’s Chess label emerged in 1955 and something of his already-colourful life reflected in his witty, knowing songs. Meanwhile, his rip-and-run guitar style – mashing jumpin’ country and blues in an innovative, roughshod manner – was to blow through a new generation of musical thrill-seekers like a divine wind. “His already-colourful life reflected in his witty, knowing songs.” In fact, it was Berry’s version of a country song – Bob Wills’ Ida Red – that convinced label boss Leonard Chess to sign him, and it was that, rejigged as Maybellene, which hit Billboard Number 5 and laid down Berry’s marker. His run of classic Chess singles – generously represented below – were to inspire the second wave of rockers, notably The Rolling Stones, who covered Berry’s Come On (for their first single) and Carol to notable effect. A racy personal life didn’t always help his career or reputation, however. Three years imprisonment for armed robbery in his teens, then a further 18 months between 1962-63 over a Mann Act violation when he should have been making hay, slowed his progress and appear to have hardened a Chuck Berry Vs The World mindset. In the ’70s and ’80s, Berry’s reputation suffered, as perfunctory, phoned-in shows appeared to take for granted the reverence in which he was held, and a ’90s conviction – for marijuana possession following rumours that he was filming users of the ladies’ restrooms in his Wentsville, Missouri restaurant – added further tarnish. The Polar Music prize will be presented to Berry and also to provocative US opera director Peter Sellars, in Stockholm on August 26. Previous recipients of the 1m kroner ($154,000) prize have included Paul McCartney, Bob Dylan, Keith Jarrett, Robert Moog and Mstislav Rostropovich. Enjoy our celebration of Berry’s most important songs, and complain about the absence of Little Queenie, Rock And Roll Music, Carol, Back In The USA in the usual places. It’s a Top 10, so someone has to miss out! 10. Sweet Little Sixteen (Chess single, 1958) She gets around, this gal: Pittsburgh, New Orleans, San Francisco. How exactly she finds her way back to her school desk every Monday morning is a mystery, but that’s no concern of Chuck’s. He’s too busy making like Tex Avery’s wolf , just like all those other nogoodnik rock’n’rollers on bandstands nationwide. The swaggering model for The Beach Boys’ Surfin’ USA. 9. Come On (Chess single, 1961) A pile-up of bad vibes – terrible car, departed sweetheart, multiple wrong numbers – that swings like a bastard, due in no small way to Ebby Harding’s syncopated drums and Martha Berry’s earthy backup vox. The Stones have much to be grateful for, and here’s Keith paying back some of the interest in Taylor Hackford’s 1987 doc, Hail! Hail! Rock’n’Roll. 8. Promised Land (Chess single, 1964) Berry’s ability to create instant myth with a few words and an elegant sufficiency of chords is typified by this odyssey across America by wheels and wings. Silk suit, T-bone steak and Los Angeles is his reward. 7. You Can’t Catch Me (Chess single, 1956) Relentless rocker with an elastic beat, notoriously borrowed by John Lennon in the lyric for Come Together ("Here come old flat top..." etc) that was later to cause him so much aggro . Not much song, but lots and lots of rock’n’roll. 6. Brown Eyed Handsome Man (Chess b-side, 1956) “Arrested on charges of unemployment...” Try armed robbery, Mann Act infractions and misdemeanour possession of marijuana, Chuck! Again, a game Robert Cray does the hard yards on Berry’s behalf in Hail! Hail! Rock’n’Roll. 5. Memphis, Tennessee (Chess b-side, 1959) Wistful, almost ghostly b-side to Back In The U.S.A., whose vocal must have had some impact on the Dylan of Highway 61 Revisited, and later, this . The guitar tuning goes a bit south in the middle, but that’s all part of Chuck’s devil-may-care charm. Spoiler alert! It’s his daughter. 4. No Particular Place To Go (Chess single, 1964) Chuck is nonchalance incarnate during a typically risqué attempt to remove a young lady friend’s safety belt – while driving! – to better facilitate his nefarious plans. On the original 45, Chuck is actually outplayed by the unknown bassist, until the concluding solo, which is as persistent as his previous fumblings. 3. Maybellene (Chess single, 1955) Berry’s hillbilly jazz DNA shows in his high-energy debut single for Chess. Cars and girls figure (he’s chasing his cheatin’ woman in his “Cadillac doing about 95”), pointing the way forward for rock themes generally. Maracas-player Jerome Green adds a soupçon of Bo Diddley. 2. Roll Over Beethoven (Chess single, 1956) Berry’s King Of Rock’n’Roll status (the Queen of course was Little Richard) rests partly on his ownership of the rock’n’roll manifesto song (see also, Rock And Roll Music, Let It Rock...) and this is his best. Don’t forget to tell “Chikoski” the news. 1. Johnny B Goode (Chess single, 1958) The most memorable guitar intro in the entire history of music encapsulates everything rock’n’roll about rock’n’roll. Just ask Marty McFly . PHOTO: Getty Images	Maybellene
In November 1966, which team defeated the New York Giants 72-41 in the highest-scoring game in NFL history?	Chuck Berry records “Maybellene” - May 21, 1955 - HISTORY.com Chuck Berry records “Maybellene” Publisher A+E Networks John Lennon once famously said that “if you tried to give rock and roll another name, you might call it ‘Chuck Berry.'” That’s how foundational Berry’s contributions were to the music that changed America and the world beginning in the mid-1950s. Even more than Elvis Presley, who was an incomparable performer, but of other people’s songs, Chuck Berry created the do-it-yourself template that most rock-and-rollers still seek to follow. If there can be said to be a single day on which his profound influence on the sound and style of rock and roll began, it was this day in 1955, when an unknown Chuck Berry paid his first visit to a recording studio and cut the record that would make him famous: “Maybellene.” Berry was a part-time professional musician in his native St. Louis and primarily a performer of the blues, but an avid experimenter with other sounds. On a visit to Chicago in May 1955, Berry approached his idol, the great bluesman Muddy Waters, to ask for career advice. Waters pointed him in the direction of his record label, Chess Records, where Berry managed a face-to-face meeting with Leonard Chess and an invitation to return for an audition later that week. When Berry returned, he hoped that Chess would sign him on the strength of one of his blues numbers, but it was a strange rhythm-and-blues/country-western hybrid called “Ida Red” that caught Chess’s ear. Before it was recorded, “Ida Red’ got new lyrics to go with a new title—”Maybellene”—but it retained the totally original sound that Berry had given it. Berry returned to St. Louis unsure of what would come of his Chicago recording session. In the meantime, Leonard Chess made a business deal that was commonplace at the time, trading co-songwriting credit and a third of royalties to the prominent DJ Alan Freed in exchange for his help in promoting “Maybellene.” While audiences legitimately went wild over the backbeat-meets-hillbilly sound of “Maybellene,” it surely did not hurt the record’s chances of success to have Freed play the single for two hours straight during his WINS radio show in the early summer of 1955. Chuck Berry had returned to his part-time job in construction and begun training to be a hairdresser when “Maybellene” hit the airwaves. After “Maybellene” became a #1 R&B hit and a #5 pop hit—the first hit rock-and-roll single by a black performer—Berry set down his hammer and scissors in favor of his Gibson ES-350T and major place in American cultural history. Related Videos	i don't know
Which British band released an 1993 album entitled ‘Walthamstow’?	East 17 \| New Music And Songs \| East 17 About East 17 With the notable exception of Take That, East 17 were the most successful teen-oriented dance-pop band in Britain of the early '90s. Led by songwriter Tony Mortimer, the group initially tried to emulate American rap and hip-hop, before settling down into a commercial fusion of new jack R&B, hip-hop beats, rap, and pop melodies. The stylish, accessible blend of dance music, plus the group's boyish good looks, made East 17 into a teen pop sensation. Occasionally, the band achieved some credibility from dance circles when they convinced remixers to reshape their infectious singles, but for the most part, East 17 was a decidedly adolescent -- and decidedly British -- phenomenon, scoring a number of hit singles during the early and mid-'90s, before Brit-pop captured the attention of the majority of British teens. Comprised of four vocalists/rappers -- Tony Mortimer (born Anthony Michael Mortimer, October 21, 1970), Brian Harvey (born Brian Lee Harvey, August 8, 1974), Terry Coldwell (born Terence Mark Colwell, July 21, 1974), and John Hendy (born Jonathan Darren Hendy, March 26, 1971) -- East 17 were formed in London in 1991. Taking their name from their local London postal code in Walthamstow, the group began their musical career by imitating American rap outfits, eventually finding inspiration from urban soul and dance music as well. By 1992, their demo tapes had made their way to London Records, where Tom Watkins -- an A&R instrumental in launching the careers of the Pet Shop Boys and Bros -- signed the band in April of 1992. In August of that year, the group's debut single, "House of Love," was released and it shot into the British Top Ten, selling over 600,000 copies by the end of the year. It was quickly followed in 1993 by their debut album, Walthamstow, which became a hit, despite being panned by critics. For the next two years, East 17 was very popular throughout Britain, and managed to gain a following in Europe, as well. Steam, the band's second album, was a hit upon its release in 1995, but it wasn't quite as popular as their debut, largely due to the shifting musical tastes of the U.K. As the country gravitated toward guitar rock and electronic music, East 17's dance-pop began to lose ground on the charts. In 1996, the band released the singles compilation Around the World: The Journey So Far. In January of 1997, Brian Harvey was kicked out of East 17 following an interview in which he endorsed the drug ecstasy. ~ Stephen Thomas Erlewine, Rovi Hear more of	East 17
In 1897, Theodor Herzl became the first President of the political form of which movement?	East 17 — Listen for free on Spotify East 17 Play on Spotify With the notable exception of Take That , East 17 were the most successful teen-oriented dance-pop band in Britain of the early '90s. Led by songwriter Tony Mortimer , the group initially tried to emulate American rap and hip-hop, before settling down into a commercial fusion of new jack R&B, hip-hop beats, rap, and pop melodies. The stylish, accessible blend of dance music, plus the group's boyish good looks, made East 17 into a teen pop sensation. Occasionally, the band achieved some credibility from dance circles when they convinced remixers to reshape their infectious singles, but for the most part, East 17 was a decidedly adolescent -- and decidedly British -- phenomenon, scoring a number of hit singles during the early and mid-'90s, before Brit-pop captured the attention of the majority of British teens. Comprised of four vocalists/rappers -- Tony Mortimer (born Anthony Michael Mortimer, October 21, 1970), Brian Harvey (born Brian Lee Harvey, August 8, 1974), Terry Coldwell (born Terence Mark Colwell, July 21, 1974), and John Hendy (born Jonathan Darren Hendy, March 26, 1971) -- East 17 were formed in London in 1991. Taking their name from their local London postal code in Walthamstow, the group began their musical career by imitating American rap outfits, eventually finding inspiration from urban soul and dance music as well. By 1992, their demo tapes had made their way to London Records, where Tom Watkins -- an A&R instrumental in launching the careers of the Pet Shop Boys and Bros -- signed the band in April of 1992. In August of that year, the group's debut single, "House of Love," was released and it shot into the British Top Ten, selling over 600,000 copies by the end of the year. It was quickly followed in 1993 by their debut album, Walthamstow, which became a hit, despite being panned by critics. For the next two years, East 17 was very popular throughout Britain, and managed to gain a following in Europe, as well. Steam, the band's second album, was a hit upon its release in 1995, but it wasn't quite as popular as their debut, largely due to the shifting musical tastes of the U.K. As the country gravitated toward guitar rock and electronic music, East 17's dance-pop began to lose ground on the charts. In 1996, the band released the singles compilation Around the World: The Journey So Far. In January of 1997, Brian Harvey was kicked out of East 17 following an interview in which he endorsed the drug ecstasy. ~ Stephen Thomas Erlewine, Rovi Read More Show less	i don't know

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