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Which is the only US state to begin with the letter ‘D’?	Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961–1963, Volume VI, Kennedy-Khrushchev Exchanges - Office of the Historian Foreign Relations of the United States Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961–1963, Volume VI, Kennedy-Khrushchev Exchanges 65. Telegram From the Embassy in the Soviet Union to the Department of State 0 Moscow, October 26, 1962, 7 p.m. 1101. Policy. Embassy translation follows of letter from Khrushchev to President delivered to Embassy by messenger 4:43 p.m. Moscow time October 26, under cover of letter from Gromyko to me. Begin Text. Dear Mr. President: I have received your letter of October 25. 1 From your letter, I got the feeling that you have some understanding of the situation which has developed and (some) sense of responsibility. I value this. Now we have already publicly exchanged our evaluations of the events around Cuba and each of us has set forth his explanation and his understanding of these events. Consequently, I would judge that, apparently, a continuation of an exchange of opinions at such a distance, even in the form of secret letters, will hardly add anything to that which one side has already said to the other. I think you will understand me correctly if you are really concerned about the welfare of the world. Everyone needs peace: both capitalists, if they have not lost their reason, and, still more, Communists, people who know how to value not only their own lives but, more than anything, the lives of the peoples. We, Communists, are against all wars between states in general and have been defending the cause of peace since we came into the world. We have always regarded war as a calamity, and not as a game nor as a means for the attainment of definite goals, nor, all the more, as a goal in itself. Our goals are clear, and the means to attain them is labor. War is our enemy and a calamity for all the peoples. It is thus that we, Soviet people, and, together with US, other peoples as well, understand the questions of war and peace. I can, in any case, firmly say this for the peoples of the Socialist countries, as well as for all progressive people who want peace, happiness, and friendship among peoples. I see, Mr. President, that you too are not devoid of a sense of anxiety for the fate of the world 2 understanding, and of what war entails. What [Page 173] would a war give you? You are threatening us with war. But you well know that the very least which you would receive in reply would be that you would experience the same consequences as those which you sent us. And that must be clear to us, people invested with authority, trust, and responsibility. We must not succumb to intoxication and petty passions, regardless of whether elections are impending in this or that country, or not impending. These are all transient things, but if indeed war should break out, then it would not be in our power to stop it, for such is the logic of war. I have participated in two wars and know that war ends when it has rolled through cities and villages, everywhere sowing death and destruction. In the name of the Soviet Government and the Soviet people, I assure you that your conclusions regarding offensive weapons on Cuba are groundless. It is apparent from what you have written me that our conceptions are different on this score, or rather, we have different estimates of these or those military means. Indeed, in reality, the same forms of weapons can have different interpretations. You are a military man and, I hope, will understand me. Let us take for example a simple cannon. What sort of means is this: offensive or defensive? A cannon is a defensive means if it is set up to defend boundaries or a fortified area. But if one concentrates artillery, and adds to it the necessary number of troops, then the same cannons do become an offensive means, because they prepare and clear the way for infantry to attack. The same happens with missile-nuclear weapons as well, with any type of this weapon. You are mistaken if you think that any of our means on Cuba are offensive. However, let us not quarrel now. It is apparent that I will not be able to convince you of this. But I say to you: You, Mr. President, are a military man and should understand: Can one attack, if one has on one’s territory even an enormous quantity of missiles of various effective radiuses and various power, but using only these means. These missiles are a means of extermination and destruction. But one cannot attack with these missiles, even nuclear missiles of a power of 100 megatons because only people, troops, can attack. Without people, any means however powerful cannot be offensive. How can one, consequently, give such a completely incorrect interpretation as you are now giving, to the effect that some sort of means on Cuba are offensive. All the means located there, and I assure you of this, have a defensive character, are on Cuba solely for the purposes of defense, and we have sent them to Cuba at the request of the Cuban Government. You, however, say that these are offensive means. But, Mr. President, do you really seriously think that Cuba can attack the United States and that even we together with Cuba can attack you from the territory of Cuba? Can you really think that way? How is it [Page 174] possible? We do not understand this. Has something so new appeared in military strategy that one can think that it is possible to attack thus. I say precisely attack, and not destroy, since barbarians, people who have lost their sense, destroy. I believe that you have no basis to think this way. You can regard us with distrust, but, in any case, you can be calm in this regard, that we are of sound mind and understand perfectly well that if we attack you, you will respond the same way. But you too will receive the same that you hurl against us. And I think that you also understand this. My conversation with you in Vienna gives me the right to talk to you this way. This indicates that we are normal people, that we correctly understand and correctly evaluate the situation. Consequently, how can we permit the incorrect actions which you ascribe to us? Only lunatics or suicides, who themselves want to perish and to destroy the whole world before they die, could do this. We, however, want to live and do not at all want to destroy your country. We want something quite different: To compete with your country on a peaceful basis. We quarrel with you, we have differences on ideological questions. But our view of the world consists in this, that ideological questions, as well as economic problems, should be solved not by military means, they must be solved on the basis of peaceful competition, i.e., as this is understood in capitalist society, on the basis of competition. We have proceeded and are proceeding from the fact that the peaceful co-existence of the two different social-political systems, now existing in the world, is necessary, that it is necessary to assure a stable peace. That is the sort of principle we hold. You have now proclaimed piratical measures, which were employed in the Middle Ages, when ships proceeding in international waters were attacked, and you have called this “a quarantine” around Cuba. Our vessels, apparently, will soon enter the zone which your Navy is patrolling. I assure you that these vessels, now bound for Cuba, are carrying the most innocent peaceful cargoes. Do you really think that we only occupy ourselves with the carriage of so-called offensive weapons, atomic and hydrogen bombs? Although perhaps your military people imagine that these (cargoes) are some sort of special type of weapon, I assure you that they are the most ordinary peaceful products. Consequently, Mr. President, let us show good sense. I assure you that on those ships, which are bound for Cuba, there are no weapons at all. The weapons which were necessary for the defense of Cuba are already there. I do not want to say that there were not any shipments of weapons at all. No, there were such shipments. But now Cuba has already received the necessary means of defense. I don’t know whether you can understand me and believe me. But I should like to have you believe in yourself and to agree that one cannot give way to passions; it is necessary to control them. And in what direction [Page 175] are events now developing? If you stop the vessels, then, as you yourself know, that would be piracy. If we started to do that with regard to your ships, then you would also be as indignant as we and the whole world now are. One cannot give another interpretation to such actions, because one cannot legalize lawlessness. If this were permitted, then there would be no peace, there would also be no peaceful coexistence. We should then be forced to put into effect the necessary measures of a defensive character to protect our interests in accordance with international law. Why should this be done? To what would all this lead? Let us normalize relations. We have received an appeal from the Acting Secretary General of the UN,U Thant, with his proposals. I have already answered him. His proposals come to this, that our side should not transport armaments of any kind to Cuba during a certain period of time, while negotiations are being conducted—and we are ready to enter such negotiations—and the other side should not undertake any sort of piratical actions against vessels engaged in navigation on the high seas. I consider these proposals reasonable. This would be a way out of the situation which has been created, which would give the peoples the possibility of breathing calmly. You have asked what happened, what evoked the delivery of weapons to Cuba? You have spoken about this to our Minister of Foreign Affairs. I will tell you frankly, Mr. President, what evoked it. We were very grieved by the fact—I spoke about it in Vienna—that a landing took place, that an attack on Cuba was committed, as a result of which many Cubans perished. You yourself told me then that this had been a mistake. I respected that explanation. You repeated it to me several times, pointing out that not everybody occupying a high position would acknowledge his mistakes as you had done. I value such frankness. For my part, I told you that we too possess no less courage; we also acknowledged those mistakes which had been committed during the history of our state, and not only acknowledged, but sharply condemned them. If you are really concerned about the peace and welfare of your people, and this is your responsibility as President, then I, as the Chairman of the Council of Ministers, am concerned for my people. Moreover, the preservation of world peace should be our joint concern, since if, under contemporary conditions, war should break out, it would be a war not only between the reciprocal claims, but a world wide cruel and destructive war. Why have we proceeded to assist Cuba with military and economic aid? The answer is: We have proceeded to do so only for reasons of humanitarianism. At one time, our people itself had a revolution, when Russia was still a backward country. We were attacked then. We were the target of attack by many countries. The USA participated in that adventure. [Page 176] This has been recorded by participants in the aggression against our country. A whole book has been written about this by General Graves, who, at that time, commanded the US Expeditionary Corps. Graves called it “The American Adventure in Siberia.” We know how difficult it is to accomplish a revolution and how difficult it is to reconstruct a country on new foundations. We sincerely sympathize with Cuba and the Cuban people, but we are not interfering in questions of domestic structure, we are not interfering in their affairs. The Soviet Union desires to help the Cubans build their life as they themselves wish and that others should not hinder them. You once said that the United States was not preparing an invasion. But you also declared that you sympathized with the Cuban counter-revolutionary emigrants, that you support them and would help them to realize their plans against the present Government of Cuba. It is also not a secret to anyone that the threat of armed attack, aggression, has constantly hung, and continues to hang over Cuba. It was only this which impelled us to respond to the request of the Cuban Government to furnish it aid for the strengthening of the defensive capacity of this country. If assurances were given by the President and the Government of the United States that the USA itself would not participate in an attack on Cuba and would restrain others from actions of this sort, if you would recall your fleet, this would immediately change everything. I am not speaking for Fidel Castro, but I think that he and the Government of Cuba, evidently, would declare demobilization and would appeal to the people to get down to peaceful labor. Then, too, the question of armaments would disappear, since, if there is no threat, then armaments are a burden for every people. Then too, the question of the destruction, not only of the armaments which you call offensive, but of all other armaments as well, would look different. I spoke in the name of the Soviet Government in the United Nations and introduced a proposal for the disbandment of all armies and for the destruction of all armaments. How then can I now count on those armaments? Armaments bring only disasters. When one accumulates them, this damages the economy, and if one puts them to use, then they destroy people on both sides. Consequently, only a madman can believe that armaments are the principal means in the life of society. No, they are an enforced loss of human energy, and what is more are for the destruction of man himself. If people do not show wisdom, then in the final analysis they will come to a clash, like blind moles, and then reciprocal extermination will begin. Let us therefore show statesmanlike wisdom. I propose: We, for our part, will declare that our ships, bound for Cuba, will not carry any kind [Page 177] of armaments. You would declare that the United States will not invade Cuba with its forces and will not support any sort of forces which might intend to carry out an invasion of Cuba. Then the necessity for the presence of our military specialists in Cuba would disappear. Mr. President, I appeal to you to weigh well what the aggressive, piratical actions, which you have declared the USA intends to carry out in international waters, would lead to. You yourself know that any sensible man simply cannot agree with this, cannot recognize your right to such actions. If you did this as the first step towards the unleashing of war, well then, it is evident that nothing else is left to us but to accept this challenge of yours. If, however, you have not lost your self-control and sensibly conceive what this might lead to, then, Mr. President, we and you ought not now to pull on the ends of the rope in which you have tied the knot of war, because the more the two of us pull, the tighter that knot will be tied. And a moment may come when that knot will be tied so tight that even he who tied it will not have the strength to untie it, and then it will be necessary to cut that knot, and what that would mean is not for me to explain to you, because you yourself understand perfectly of what terrible forces our countries dispose. Consequently, if there is no intention to tighten that knot and thereby to doom the world to the catastrophe of thermonuclear war, then let us not only relax the forces pulling on the ends of the rope, let us take measures to untie that knot. We are ready for this. We welcome all forces which stand on positions of peace. Consequently, I expressed gratitude to Mr. Bertrand Russell, too, who manifests alarm and concern for the fate of the world, and I readily responded to the appeal of the Acting Secretary General of the UN,U Thant. There, Mr. President, are my thoughts, which, if you agreed with them, could put an end to that tense situation which is disturbing all peoples. These thoughts are dictated by a sincere desire to relieve the situation, to remove the threat of war. Respectfully yours, October 26, 1962. End Text. Original of letter being air pouched today under transmittal slip to Executive Secretariat. Kohler Source:Kennedy Library, National Security Files, Countries Series, USSR, Khrushchev Correspondence. Secret; Eyes Only; Niact; Verbatim Text. Passed to the White House at 9:15 p.m. October 26. Other copies of this message are in Department of State, Presidential Correspondence: Lot 66 D 204, and ibid.: Lot 77 D 163. A copy of the Russian-language text is in the former. This “informal translation” and an “official translation” prepared by the Department of State are printed in Department of State Bulletin, November 19, 1973, pp. 640-645. ↩	Delaware
Which Shakespeare character said ‘A horse, a horse, my kingdom for a horse’?	The United States Mint We're sorry. The page you requested cannot be found. It may have been moved or deleted. To find the information you are looking for, please try any of the following: Use our Site Map to find the main sections and sub-sections of the site.	i don't know
What is the name of a ghost or other supernatural being which is supposedly responsible for physical disturbances, such as creating disorder and noises?	poltergeist - Memidex dictionary/thesaurus poltergeist a ghost that announces its presence with rapping and the creation of disorder Class: German Poltergeist, literally "noisy ghost", from poltern "make noise, rattle"... (Source: Online Etymology) [more] Wikipedia: Poltergeist phenomenon alludes to the apparent yet unexplained manifestation of multiple force reactions caused by a seemingly invisible entity. Most accounts of poltergeist manifestations involve such force being triggered at objects, usually household, although ... en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poltergeist Poltergeist (disambiguation) may refer to: Poltergeist, a troublesome spirit or ghost that manifests itself by moving and influencing objects \| Poltergeist (album), release by Death metal band Deathchain \| Poltergeist (band), a Swiss thrash metal band that played from the late... (37 of 180 words, 11 definitions) Collins Dictionary: poltergeist a spirit believed to manifest its presence by rappings and other noises and also by acts of mischief, such as throwing furniture about (23 of 382 words, 9 usage examples, pronunciation) poltergeist [occultism] in occultism, a disembodied spirit or supernatural force credited with certain malicious or disturbing phenomena, such as inexplicable noises, sudden ... (20 of 138 words) a noisy usually mischievous ghost held to be responsible for unexplained noises (as rappings) (14 of 135 words, 1 usage example, pronunciation) Oxford Dictionary: poltergeist a ghost or other supernatural being supposedly responsible for physical disturbances such as making loud noises and throwing objects about (20 of 68 words, pronunciation) Columbia Encyclopedia: poltergeist in spiritism, certain phenomena, such as rapping, movement of furniture, and breaking of crockery, for which there is no apparent scientific ... (21 of 44 words, pronunciation)	Poltergeist
Ben Macdui is part of which European mountain range?	Poltergeists - Part 1 - Paranormal Parazone Blog Borrowed from Tumblr Whenever we hear the word "poltergeist", our minds are usually automatically drawn to the eponymous movie and the horrifying events surrounding Carol Ann. However, the reality is often nowhere near as fanciful as the Hollywoodesque creative licenses portray. According to The Free Dictionary , a poltergeist is "a ghost that manifests itself by noises, rappings, and the creation of disorder; a spirit believed to be responsible for noises and acts of mischief, such as throwing objects". Indeed, the word itself originates from the German poltern (to be noisy) and Geist (ghost), so it’s a "noisy ghost" – aptly named. Common Poltergeist Signs The common signs associated with poltergeist disturbances start out as harmless-seeming, often entertaining, anomalies. As time goes by, however, if the cause is still unresolved, the activity becomes increasingly more severe. It usually reaches the point where the targets’ lives are in danger and some kind of physical injury or mental trauma can occur. The commonest signs attributed to poltergeist activity are: Unexplained noises – knocks, bangs and footsteps. Moving objects – furniture sliding across the floor, objects flying through the air, and objects disappearing and reappearing. Disembodied voices – spoken or whispered words and one or more people speaking in different languages. Levitation – objects, beds and people raising into the air, and beds shaking violently. Electrical disturbances – lights turning on and off, failing power, electrical appliances failing, and, in some cases, electrocution. Other reported signs include unexplained dripping water, electrical appliances still functioning after being unplugged, hallucinations, mysterious figures appearing, extreme mood swings, random fires igniting, epileptic seizures, the appearance of blood, putrid smells, and anomalous writing on walls or mirrors. Poltergeist Most Memorable Onscreen Ghosts Since poltergeist activity is often experienced by groups of people, not just individuals, it’s often considered to be an angry spirit haunting the location and creating havoc. Poltergeist phenomena has been studied for decades and most parapsychologists now agree that poltergeists are psychokinetic manifestations. Whereas an actual haunting usually occurs either as an "intelligent haunting" (spirits remain after death and interact with their surroundings) or a "residual haunting" (spirits relive traumatic events that occurred when they were alive), a poltergeist haunting normally revolves around a single person – usually a pubescent girl – who acts as a catalyst (or agent). Personal Poltergeist Studies In my own studies, for the most part I’ve found the latter to be true. Over the years, I’ve conducted a fair amount of research into the subject, including visiting homes supposedly haunted by poltergeists. Based on my own findings alone, not necessarily those of "mainstream" parapsychology, around 90% of all these cases involved a poltergeist agent, i.e. the person around whom poltergeist activity seems to revolve. I’ve heard many stories where families move into a new home and the poltergeist activity begins and heightens, forcing them to move out of their home. But even then it seems to follow them and the family experiences the same kinds of phenomena as before, suggesting that one or more family members act as psychokinetic conduits. With the remaining 10%, the disturbances continued inside the home even after the "agent" had left the house, suggesting something else may be present. These types of haunting are not usually associated with a person, but rather with the location itself, arising from residual energies from past events and traumas, discarnate entities (ghosts and the like), and even in some cases "time phasing". Poltergeists are often considered to be "evil spirits" or "demons", but in all of the research I’ve done over the years, I’ve yet to find one that is truly evil (by definition of the word), to wit, if you subscribe to the notions of demons and evil. There may be some spirits that come close to being evil, but their base emotion is nearly always a deep-seated anger, jealousy and other similar emotions, which has been carried over from life to beyond life. Doing research into the location itself can often yield the results of people who lived and died in the house or surrounding area. More specifically, this is referred to by parapsychologists as "recurrant spontaneous psychokinesis" (or RSPK). In Conclusion In my mind, I’ve no doubt that poltergeists exist in one form or another. During my investigations and research, I’ve come to my own conclusion that almost all poltergeist activity revolves around a single person or a group of people. However, there is still a small percentage that can’t be as easily dismissed as such. We still don’t know enough about the "Other Side" to concretely conclude whether or not poltergeists are real, imagined or somewhere in between. We can, however, say for certain that something happens that cannot be explained normally. Share This:	i don't know
Sherborne Castle is in which English county?	Home - Sherborne Castle and Gardens Home Contact Welcome to Sherborne Castle, Dorset which has been our family home since 1617. 2017 celebrates 400 years of the Digby Family owning the Castle. Built by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1594, this historic house reflects a glorious variety of decorative styles from over 400 years of English History. Capability Brown created here a nationally important English Landscape Garden, an exhibition drawn from the archives tells of his impact and legacy on the garden. You will find here a typical country home where each succeeding generation has left its imprint. Come and visit the Castle’s rich interiors with its nationally important collections of art, furniture and porcelain, together with Raleigh’s original kitchen, family artefacts and archaeological ‘finds’ from the old medieval castle on view in the castle cellars. Please explore our 42 acres of beautiful gardens and grounds and soak up the beauty, peace and tranquility of this natural setting. Capability Brown in 1753 created the 50 acre lake and gave us the very latest in landscape gardening, with magnificent specimen trees, herbaceous borders and sweeping lawns. We host wedding and civil ceremonies, receptions, a country fair, a firework extravaganza, classic car rallies, film crews and a variety of other corporate and private events. The gardens are appreciated by many visitors and groups who return throughout the year to enjoy their beauty through the seasons. Our Tea Room serves delicious light lunches and afternoon teas and the Gift Shop has a selection of gifts, souvenirs and our very own Sherborne Castle Wines. We hope you will come and visit us and we look forward to welcoming you. The Wingfield Digby Family	Dorset
Johnny Depp plays John Wilmot, Second Earl of Rochester, in which 2004 film?	Pictures of Sherborne Pictures of Sherborne Pictures Accommodation Towns Attractions Reviews Facts Map Upload This delightful small north Dorset town is blest with an array of fine medieval buildings. These range from beautiful domestic Tudor properties to its fine Abbey, and two historic castles. The Abbey was begun by Roger de Caen, Bishop of Old Sarum, in the 12th century, and during the next three hundred years many additions and alterations were made until the building was finally completed in the 15th century. Sherborne castle was originally purchased from the church by Queen Elizabeth I for her favourite, Sir Walter Raleigh. He was the originator of Sherborne Lodge, which was granted to the Digby family after Raleigh's execution in 1616. It is the Digby family, later to become Earls of Bristol, who added the splendid wings to the Lodge, thus the status of castle became more fitting. It was from Sherborne castle that William of Orange issued his proclamation in 1688. The ruins of "old" Sherborne castle can be seen outside the town. Within Sherborne's picturesque winding streets there are many other noted buildings, and you can easily identify some of the earlier Monastic buildings, these form part of Sherborne school which was founded in 1550. There are Almshouses, and two museums offer fascinating displays and information on the history of Sherborne and its people. There are pleasant relaxing gardens, and noted inns can be found both in and outside the town. Guided walks can be arranged through the local tourist information centre. There are some lovely shops and a market is held each Thursday and Saturday. The softly glowing Ham stone of which most of the town properties are built, lends warmth and atmosphere to what is already a unique and attractive place. Planning a visit to Sherborne? Please support the Pictures of England website by booking your Sherborne hotels & accommodation through this site. in the county of Dorset (6.8 miles, 11.0 km, direction SW of Sherborne) A long, winding lane, flanked by grassy banks covered in fern and wild flowers, leads to the picture postcard village of Melbury Osmond.. in the county of Dorset (7.8 miles, 12.6 km, direction S of Sherborne) .. a Historic Market Town in the county of Dorset (9.3 miles, 15.0 km, direction E of Sherborne) A small attractive Market Town in Dorset... a Picturesque Village in the county of Dorset (9.9 miles, 15.9 km, direction S of Sherborne) Famous for its huge chalk 'rude' giant, Cerne Abbas is a lovely ancient village in Dorset... in the county of Dorset (10.9 miles, 17.5 km, direction S of Sherborne) This is a particularly scenic village lying deep in a chalk-stream valley between open downs. Every approach to it is beautiful, whether crossing the hills from Cerne Abbas or Maiden Newton, or coming up the waters of the River Cerne between meadows flooded with spring lambs and ponies... Sherborne Castle (80 Pictures) (0.5 miles, 0.8 km) Many fascinating tales remain from the time when Sherborne Castle was lived in by Sir Walter Raleigh, a favourite of Elizabeth I...... Sherborne Abbey (6 Pictures) (0.7 miles, 1.2 km) Without doubt this magnificent Abbey built centuries ago of creamy Ham stone ranks amongst the finest Abbey churches anywhere in..... Fleet Air Arm Museum (3 Pictures) (7.0 miles, 11.3 km, direction NW) The Fleet Air Arm Museum houses Europe's largest Naval aviation collection. Go on-board Concorde and be transported by a..... Montacute House (67 Pictures) (8.6 miles, 13.9 km, direction W) This is one of the most glittering of all the great Elizabethan mansions in England. It is built of glowing honey-coloured Ham..... Lytes Cary Manor (42 Pictures) (9.2 miles, 14.8 km, direction NW) Intimate manor house with Arts & Crafts-style garden. Tudor great hall and 14th-century chapel, this was home to medieval..... The Cerne Giant (2 Pictures) (9.4 miles, 15.2 km, direction S) This magnificent figure cut into the turf of a chalk hillside is best viewed from the north of the village. He is known as "The..... Stourhead (72 Pictures) (13.8 miles, 22.3 km, direction NE) Designed by Henry Hoare II, Stourhead is one of England's most picturesque landscape gardens with classic temples and palladian.....	i don't know
Who was the first foreign coach of the England football squad?	My Football Facts & Stats \| England National Football Team Statistics 1872-2016 Statistics detailing the results achieved against of all England's 86 different international opponents played so far with chronological table The England National football team is the joint oldest in the world, formed at the same time as Scotland's National Team . England played their first international match against Scotland at Scotland's invitation, at Hamilton Crescent in Scotland on 30th November 1872. Over the next forty years, England played exclusively with the other three "Home Nations" - Scotland, Wales and Ireland (later, Northern Ireland). The games were made competitive with the advent of the British Home Championship, sometimes called "Home Internations", from 1883 to 1984. Before Wembley was opened in 1923, England had no permanent home ground. England joined FIFA in 1906, playing its first ever game outside the British Isles in 1908. However, the relationship between the two was strained mainly due to the status and definition of amateurs, resulting in the British nations' departure from FIFA in 1928, before rejoining in 1946. As a result, England did not compete in a FIFA World Cup until 1950, in which they were beaten in a 1-0 defeat against the United States, failing to get past the first round. England's first ever defeat on home soil to a non-UK team was a 0-2 loss to Ireland on September 21, 1949 at Goodison Park, Liverpool. A 6-3 loss in 1953 to Hungary was England's first ever defeat to a non-UK team at Wembley. England are one of the more successful footballing teams, being one of only seven countries to ever win the FIFA World Cup, which they did in 1966 when they hosted the finals. They defeated West Germany 4-2 in extra time in the Final. Since then, however, they have only reached the semi-finals once, losing to West Germany on penalties. Nevertheless, they remain a prominent team on the global stage, usually just inside or close to the top ten rankings of both FIFA and ELO. Although Walter Winterbottom was appointed as the first ever full time manager in 1946, the team was still picked by an FA committee until Alf Ramsey took over in 1963. Under Ramsey, England experienced its greatest ever success, winning the 1966 FIFA World Cup Final against West Germany 4-2 after extra time. Geoff Hurst famously scored a hat-trick in the final. The 1966 World Cup was also held in England. England qualified for the 1970 FIFA World Cup in Mexico as reigning cup holders. They reached the Quarter-finals but were knocked out by West Germany. England failed to qualify for both the 1974 and 1978 World Cups. In 1982, England under Ron Greenwood qualified for FIFA World Cup in Spain after a 12-year absence and were eliminated from the second round without losing a match. The team under Bobby Robson fared better as England reached the quarter finals of the 1986 FIFA World Cup and finished fourth in the tournament four years later, which was the best performance in the World Cup since 1966. Graham Taylor's short reign as Robson's successor ended after his England failed to qualify for the 1994 FIFA World Cup, but then the 1996 European Championships were held in England, and under new coach Terry Venables the team had its best ever performance at a European Championship, reaching the semi-final. The England team of the 1990s and 2000s hasn't progressed beyond the quarter finals of any international tournament apart from Italia 90 and Euro 96. Sven-Göran Eriksson took charge of the team between 2001 and 2006 and was the first non-English manager of England. Steve McClaren was appointed as the head coach following the 2006 World Cup. The reign was marked with little success, with England failing to qualify for the 2008 European Championships. McClaren left on 22 November 2007, after only 16 months in charge and making him the shortest tenured full time England manager ever since the inauguration of the post in 1946. He was replaced by the former Real Madrid and AC Milan manager Fabio Capello. The Italian was the second foreign manager to coach England, after Eriksson, and took charge of his first game on 6 February 2008 against Switzerland. England won 2-1. England played Brazil in a friendly in Qatar in November as part of their World Cup Finals preparations. The match in Qatar was the 23rd meeting between England and Brazil since 1956 and resulted in a 1-0 win for Brazil. A friendly against Egypt in March 2010 was won 3-1. England's provisional squad of 30 players for the 2010 World Cup Finals was announced on 11th May 2010 and from this the final 23 players for South Africa will be selected. The first match for Capello's World Cup squad, who have been training in Austria, was against Mexico at Wembley Stadium on 24th May 2010 and resulted in a rather flattering 3-1 win with Ledley King, Peter Crouch and Glen Johnson providing the goals. A further friendly against Japan was played in Graz, Austria on 30th May with England again fortunate to win 2-1. England got off to a slow start in the 2010 World Cup Finals with draws against the USA & Algeria but beat Slovenia to progress to the knock-out stages, where they met Germany. The Second Round match saw England completely outclassed and humiliated by a young German side who ran-out worthy 4-1 winners. Fabio Capello was retained for the 2012 European Championship qualifiers and England's first match was against Bulgaria at Wembley on Friday 3rd September 2010. England qualified for the Finals on 7th October 2011 as unbeaten group champions. England have been drawn to play Montenegro, Ukraine, Poland, Moldova & San Marino in Group H for the Qualification Competition for the 2014 FIFA World Cup Finals to be held in Brazil. Capello resigned as England's manager in February 2012 and Stuart Pearce was appointed caretaker manager for the friendly against the Netherlands at Wembley, which the Dutch won 3-2. Roy Hodgson was appointed in May 2012 for the Euro 2012 Finals, where England reached the Quarter Finals unbeaten before going-out to Italy on penalties. England's unbeaten run under Hodgson continued into the World Cup qualification for Brazil 2014. England International Football Team Stats 1872-2016	Sven-Göran Eriksson
Jack Nicholson plays the role of private detective Jake Gittes in which 1974 film?	England's Managers - Index England's Managers P 4 W 2 D 2 L 0 F 7: A 2 The Coaches/Managers BME Players Not until 1946 did the England national team have a manager or coach. From 1870, when England played their first match, a friendly not recognised as official, until the Second World War, the team was selected by International Select Committee functionaries, at first the F.A. Secretary and later the F.A.'s International Committee. Although most of the national teams of Continental Europe and South America had coaches from their beginnings, England's footballing establishment viewed coaching with suspicion in general and as unnecessary at this level in particular. The selected players simply showed up, took the pitch and played their own game. Match preparation, if there was time for it, was limited to training runs, conditioning exercises and perhaps a kickabout or two. The International Federation of Football History & Statistics (IFFHS), a scholarly enterprise based in Wiesbaden, Germany, claims in its book on England's matches before the Second World War that Herbert Chapman was the team "trainer"--a term it uses in the Continental European sense of manager or coach--for the 1-1 draw with Italy in Rome on 13 May 1933 and that Thomas Whittaker was the "trainer" for six matches, the 5-2 win against Scotland at Wembley Stadium on 5 April 1930, the 2-1 loss to Austria in Vienna on 6 May 1936, the 3-2 loss to Belgium in Brussels on 9 May 1936, and the last three pre-war matches in 1939, the 2-2 draw with Italy in Milan on 13 May, the 2-1 loss to Yugoslavia in Belgrade on 18 May, and the 2-0 victory over Romania in Bucharest on 24 May. IFFHS, England (1872 - 1940), Eire (1924 - 1940), England/Amateurs (1906 - 1940): Full Internationals, pp. 116, 126, 134-35, 147-49 (IFFHS, Wiesbaden, Germany, 2000). Chapman, the famed Huddersfield Town and Arsenal manager of the 1920's and 1930's, did indeed play an advisory role in England's two-match Continental European tour of 1933, which also included the 4-0 win against Switzerland in Berne on 20 May as well as the draw with Italy a week earlier, but he never received an official appointment with the England team and acted in an entirely informal capacity. Another historian has the proper perspective: "in 1933, despite objections from selectors, he acted as unofficial manager to the England team in Italy and Switzerland with considerable success. His tactical pre-match team talks helped effect a 4-0 victory over a strong Swiss team, and a 1-1 draw against Italy, in Rome." Tony Say, "Herbert Chapman: Football Revolutionary?", The Sports Historian, vol 16, pp. 81-98 (May, 1996). Whittaker, too, accompanied the England team on occasion. But at the time he was the physical trainer for Arsenal, under Chapman at first and, following Chapman's death in early 1934, George Allison. It was almost certainly that role he filled with England; he certainly never received an appointment making him coach or manager of the England team. Whittaker did not become a manager himself until 1947, when he succeeded Allison at Arsenal. The IFFHS itself seems uncertain about Whittaker's role. While its book names him as trainer in the summaries of six matches taking place in 1930, 1936 and 1939, it inconsistently has him as trainer for only the three 1939 matches in the tabular record that follows the match summaries. The role Chapman or Whittaker filled with the England team was purely on an ad hoc basis. The F.A. did not give either of them official appointments putting them in charge of the team, and neither ever had anything resembling the authority of a manager or coach over the England team. For these reasons, it would be inaccurate to include them in the list of England managers/coaches. When international play resumed in 1946 following World War II's seven-year disruption, Walter Winterbottom was named England's first coach and manager. For the first few months of his tenure, he had responsibility for the national team as national director of coaching, but in May, 1947, immediately after England's 1-0 loss to Switzerland in Zurich, he was appointed England team manager. Under neither title did Winterbottom have the final authority to select the England team, which still rested with the International Committee. While Winterbottom played an advisory role in team selection, he had to negotiate for the inclusion of players he wanted and he usually ended up accepting players who were not his first choice as part of the bargaining process. The International Committee yielded the selection power only in 1963, after Winterbottom's successor, Alf Ramsey, accepted the manager's post on the condition that he alone would hold authority over team selection. The ISC disbanded in mid-63, only to be reorganised for Ramsey's first three matches in charge, whilst he still took care of his club, Ipswich Town FC. Since his fourth match, that power has remained with England's manager or head coach ever since. Over the 45 years from Winterbottom's appointment in 1946 to the World Cup finals of 1990, England had only five permanent managers, which works out to an average tenure of nine years. Another 22 years on, England have had another eight permanent managers or coaches. Terry Venables, Sven-Göran Eriksson, Steve McClaren, Fabio Capello and Roy Hodgson were given the title national team coach rather than manager when they were retained. The diminution in title came in Venables' case because the F.A. wished to minimise his managerial role in view of his business and legal disputes. In Eriksson's case, it presumably was the result of his foreign origins. McClaren, Capello and Hodgson continued on the position. Four managers/coaches--Joe Mercer, Howard Wilkinson, Peter Taylor and Stuart Pearce--were appointed as caretakers. Mercer served for seven matches in May and June, 1974 after the F.A. sacked England's second and most successful manager, Alf Ramsey. Wilkinson twice served for single matches, the first following Glenn Hoddle's brokered resignation in February, 1999 and the second after Kevin Keegan's resignation in October, 2000. Peter Taylor, while continuing as manager of Leicester City in the English Premiership, succeeded Wilkinson under an appointment encompassing only the friendly match against Italy on 15 November 2000. He was reappointed to take charge of the friendly match against Spain on 28 February 2001, but that reappointment became moot with Eriksson's early assumption of the coaching reigns. Eriksson retained Taylor as a member of his coaching staff, but club pressure forced Taylor to relinquish his England role after the season ended. Stuart Pearce, the under-21 and Olympic team manager, stepped in after Capello resigned, and was even prepared to take England in the European Championship 2012 finals, before Roy Hodgson was appointed. _________________	i don't know
In Greek mythology, who was given asses ears by Apollo for preferring, in a contest, the music of Pan to that of Apollo?	Ancient Greek Myth for Kids: King Midas and the Donkey Ears - Ancient Greek Myth for Kids You would think after his bout with the golden touch that perhaps King Midas would have acquired a little common sense. But .. as the story goes ... Once upon a time, a long time ago, Pan, the god of shepherds, challenged Apollo to a musical duel. Pan insisted his flute of reeds could produce a more beautiful melody than Apollo's silly harp. The two agreed on a contest with judges. One of the judges was King Midas. After hearing the two melodies, all but one of the judges chose Apollo as the winner. But one judge, King Midas, preferred Pan's tune. Furious that anyone could prefer a reedy pipe to his musical lyre, Apollo cooed, "I see the problem. It's your ears. They are too small to hear properly. Let me fix that for you." King Midas felt his ears quiver. His ears sprang out, and out, and turned into the large furry ears of an ass. King Midas was horrified. He grabbed his ears. "Pan, help me!" he cried. But Pan, with a quick nervous glance at Apollo, turned his back. King Midas tried to hide his ears from his subjects by wearing a variety of huge hats, heavy helmets, and bulky scarves. The only person who saw his ears was his barber. King Midas made his barber promise he would never tell a soul. His barber kept his word. But keeping such a huge secret to himself was driving him crazy. Finally, the barber went up a mountain and almost to the edge of a cliff. He dug a hole in the midst of some reeds. He looked about, to make sure no one was near. Then, he whispered into the hole, "King Midas has the ears of an ass. King's aaaass ears! King's aaaass ears!" Having gotten his secret off his chest, he felt much better. He returned home, sure that he had kept his word. Unfortunately for King Midas, the barber had dug right into a piece of Echo . You've heard of Echo, right? Pieces of Echo were scattered all over the mountainous kingdom. In fact, pieces of Echo were scattered all over the world. Although I suppose some people might think it was only the sound of the wind in the reeds, it was really a piece of Echo, whispering over and over, "King's aaaass ears, king's aaaass ears". Sound travels well in the mountains, even whispers. It was not long before the entire kingdom knew the king's secret.	Midas
Which plant has the Latin name Ribes Rubrum?	Mythology - Part Six. The Less Important Myths - Midas and Others Summary & Analysis Mythology - Part Six. The Less Important Myths - Midas and Others Summary & Analysis This section contains 420 words (approx. 2 pages at 400 words per page) View a FREE sample Part Six. The Less Important Myths - Midas and Others Summary and Analysis Midas was a king rewarded by Bacchus with any gift he chose. He asked for whatever he touched to turn to gold, but soon regretted it when he tried to pick up food. Later, he was given asses' ears by Apollo for siding with Pan instead of Apollo in a music contest. Aesculapius was the son of Apollo and a mortal woman whom Apollo killed for being unfaithful. He saved his son, however, who grew to be a great healer. One day he even brought a man back from the dead, for which Zeus struck him dead with a thunderbolt. Aesculapius was worshipped afterwards by the Greeks and the Romans as a god of healing. The Danaïds were fifty women who killed...	i don't know
Which business directory had the ‘Walking Fingers’ logo?	Yellow Pages Invoice Scams: An FTC Pamphlet Yellow Pages Invoice Scams Federal Trade Commission - August 1992 Beware of ad solicitations that look like invoices. Do not assume you are dealing with your local Yellow Pages publisher simply because the familiar "walking fingers" logo and the name "Yellow Pages" appear on the solicitation. The "walking fingers" logo and name "Yellow Pages" are not protected by federal trademark registration or copyright. Contact your Postmaster or local Postal Inspector if you believe you have been the victim of a misrepresentation regarding a Yellow Pages ad solicitation. Check with consumer protection officials or the Yellow Pages publisher(s) in your local area if you have questions about a Yellow Pages directory ad solicitation. Bureau of Consumer Protection Office of Consumer & Business Education (202) 326-3650 Produced in cooperation with the Yellow Pages Publishers Association and the United States Postal Inspection Service Businesses across the country are receiving what appear to be invoices for ad space in the familiar, locally distributed, Yellow Pages directories. But, in fact, some of these "invoices" are solicitations for listings in alternative business directories that differ from the well-known Yellow Pages. These alternative directories often are not widely distributed, or may not be published at all. Businesses are being deceived into paying for what they erroneously believe to be their usual Yellow Pages ad. What Causes the Confusion? The familiar "walking fingers" logo and the name "Yellow Pages" are not protected by any federal trademark registration or copyright. Therefore, you may be led to believe that anyone who uses the logo and the name is affiliated with the publisher that distributes the telephone books and Yellow Pages directories to all households and businesses in a particular geographic area. There is no connection between publishers of alternative directories and those of the well-known Yellow Pages. Alternative directories differ significantly from the traditional Yellow Pages directories primarily because of distribution. Alternative business directories generally are not available or distributed to the public. Therefore, they provide little, if any, benefit to businesses who pay to advertise in them. Characteristics of a Phony Yellow Pages Invoice The solicitation from an alternative business directory may have the appearance of an invoice. It may bear the "walking fingers" logo and feature the name "Yellow Pages." It also may falsely suggest that the publisher is affiliated with your local telephone company or with another bona fide Yellow Pages publisher you recognize. Further, the solicitation may lead you to believe that your business already has been listed in the telephone directory and you are now being billed when, in fact, you are only being solicited for placing an ad. Typical language used on the ad solicitations, such as "present listing information;" "prompt payment is necessary to guarantee ad placement in the directory;" "renewal payment stub;" and "directory listing renewal invoice" also may appear on Yellow Pages invoices. This adds to the confusion. How To Protect Yourself Examine the piece of mail you have received and determine whether it is a solicitation or an invoice. If it is a solicitation, you should see a disclaimer required by the U.S. Postal Service. It states, THIS IS NOT A BILL. THIS IS A SOLICITATION. YOU ARE UNDER NO OBLIGATION TO PAY THE AMOUNT STATED ABOVE UNLESS YOU ACCEPT THIS OFFER. But whether you see this solicitation disclaimer or not, be wary. Consider taking the following additional precautions: Investigate the company and its product before responding. Ask for a copy of a previous directory edition. Ask the publisher for written information about its directories. Ask for distribution figures, the method of distribution, and the directory's life span. Ask where the directories are distributed and whether they go to all local telephone customers. Ask if directories are available free. If there is a fee, ask for the cost. Call your local Yellow Pages publisher to learn if it is associated with the company soliciting your business. If more than one Yellow Pages publisher distributes directories in your area, call the publishers whose books you are considering for your ad; ask if they are associated with the company that sent you the solicitation. Check with consumer protection officials in your state and in the state where the company is located to learn if they have received any complaints about the publisher. Keep in mind, however, that suspect companies often leave before complaints are registered or before local authorities have a chance to act. Just because your local consumer protection agency has no complaints on file against a company, that does not mean the business is legitimate. What To Do if You Are a Victim If you believe you have been the victim of this misrepresentation scheme, contact your Postmaster or local Postal Inspector. Look in your telephone directory under "U.S. Government, Postal Service U.S." for local listings. If there is no listing, write: Chief Postal Inspector, United States Postal Service, Washington, D.C. 20260-2100, or call (202) 268-4267. You also may direct questions about Yellow Pages directory publishers to the Yellow Pages Publishers Association (YPPA), a private trade association representing Yellow Pages publishers throughout the United States. Write: Yellow Pages Integrated Media Association 820 Kirts Blvd., Suite 100 Troy, MI 48084-4836 http://www.ypima.org For More Information To learn how to protect yourself from other fraudulent sales practices that may affect your business, send for the free brochure, Buying by Phone. Write: Public Reference, Federal Trade Commission, Washington, D.C. 20580. You also may write to this address for a free copy of Best Sellers, which lists all the FTC's consumer and business publications. Advertising Law-Related Articles	Yellow pages
Which British rock band’s original line-up was Syd Barrett, Nick Mason, Roger Waters and Richard Wright?	Identify Yellow Pages Fraud and Learn How to Avoid It How can scammers trick you? Yellow Pages scams are a tricky breed because they are barely legal. The name “Yellow Pages” and its associated “walking fingers” logo were never trademarked, so scammers may legally replicate the name or logo on fake invoices. Often times, the scammer will use the logo and a slightly different alias to pose as the well-known company. Variations include Yellow Page B.V., Yellow Publishing Ltd and Yellow Data Services Ltd., which the FTC sued in 2011 for making false representations to businesses in the U.S, but the problem still persists. What are Yellow Pages scams? Yellow Pages fraud may come in the form of mailed, faxed, or emailed documents. They contain specific information about the organization receiving the invoice, a Yellow Page ID number and usually a request to renew an advertisement or verify correct information. Scammers hope organizations will assume that by signing the document, they are updating a current listing. In reality, the documents are soliciting for new business and a signature may enter the organization into a binding payment agreement for new registration in a bogus directory. If organizations fall for the scam, it is often very difficult to cancel the agreement and avoid late fees if payment is refused. Scammers often succeed at harassing the organization until it buckles and provides payment simply to evade further trouble. How do scammers get away with it? Scammers must be careful, because there is a fine line between what is legal when producing these types of documents. Although there is no law that says companies cannot replicate the Yellow Pages name and logo, the U.S. Postal Service requires that solicitations provide disclaimers somewhere on the document in at least 30-point type. One of the following disclaimers must be used: “THIS IS A SOLICITATION FOR THE ORDER OF GOODS OR SERVICES, OR BOTH, AND NOT A BILL, INVOICE, OR STATEMENT OF ACCOUNT DUE. YOU ARE UNDER NO OBLIGATION TO MAKE ANY PAYMENTS ON ACCOUNT OF THIS OFFER UNLESS YOU ACCEPT THIS OFFER,” or “THIS IS NOT A BILL. THIS IS A SOLICITATION. YOU ARE UNDER NO OBLIGATION TO PAY UNLESS YOU ACCEPT THIS OFFER.” The FTC can come down on the scammers for falsely representing that organizations have a preexisting relationship with their company and for too closely identifying their company as an affiliate of a local yellow pages directory. How do you report a scam? You can contact the U.S. Postal Service or your local Better Business Bureau to file a complaint. Please see information provided by The ‘Lectric Law Library on how to prepare a notarized affidavit. How do you avoid falling prey to Yellow Pages fraud? When in doubt, turn to research. Before signing any document, consult with the individual responsible for purchasing services on your organization’s behalf and ask about the alleged advertisement or listing pending renewal. Reference any files you may have that indicate a previous business relationship with the company in question. Contact the FTC for information on pending lawsuits, the Better Business Bureau to ask about filed complaints, or you may also call your local Yellow Pages directory and ask if they have any affiliation.	i don't know
What is the name of a surface weather condition in a snow-covered area in which no object casts a shadow, and only dark objects can be seen?	Whiteout \| Definition of Whiteout by Merriam-Webster Definition of whiteout : a surface weather condition in a snow-covered area (as a polar region) in which no object casts a shadow, the horizon cannot be seen, and only dark objects are discernible; also : a blizzard that severely reduces visibility Examples of whiteout in a sentence We got caught in a whiteout. Origin and Etymology of whiteout white + blackout	Whiteout
Which 2010 film stars Mila Kunis as Lily and Natalie Portman as Nina Sayers?	FM 34-81-1: Battlefield Weather Effects - GLOSSARY FM 34-81-1: Battlefield Weather Effects GLOSSARY AMSS automated meteorological sensor system AO area of operations ATACMS Army tactical missile systems ASAS All-Source Analysis System ATCCS Army Tactical Command and Control System ATGM antitank guided missile system ATW antitank weapon AVLB armored vehicle launched bridge avn aviation AWS Air Weather Service (USAF) BMCT beginning of morning civil twilight BMNT beginning of morning nautical twilight bn battalion DTSS Digital Topographic Support System DZ drop zone ECB echelons corps and below EECT end of evening civil twilight EENT end of evening nautical twilight effect effective FALIIP forward area limited observation program fc footcandle FLOT forward line of own troops FO forward observer HAHO high altitude, high opening HALO high altitude, low opening HC hexachloroethane IEW intelligence and electronic warfare IFV infantry fighting vehicle IPB intelligence preparation of the battlefield IR Information requirement METT-T mission, enemy, terrain, troops, and time available MFF military free fall NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NBC nuclear, biological, and chemical nmi nautical mile (distance) R&S reconnaissance and surveillance RC Reserve Component REMBASS Remotely Monitored Battlefield Sensor System rqmts requirements SLAR side looking airborne radar SOF special operations forces SOWT special operations weather team SP self-propelled TOW tube-launched, optically tracked, wire-guided TRADOC US Army Training and Doctrine Command TTP tactics, techniques, and procedures TV television UGDF uniformed gridded data field USAF United States Air Force USAR United States Army Reserve WET weather, enemy, and terrain WETM weather team WTDA weather tactical decision aid WW weather warning Y an unknown amount of time PART 2 - DEFINITIONS absolute humidity A ratio of the quantity of water vapor present per unit volume of air, usually expressed as grams per cubic meter or grains per cubic foot. Air Weather Service An Air Force field operating agency reporting directly to the Air Staff. AWS operates centralized weather support and provides technical advice and assistance to USAF weather units in support of USAF and Army missions worldwide. altitude The height measured from MSL. altostratus Clouds that are relatively uniform gray to blue sheets that cover the entire sky. When thin, the sun or moon may be visible as a "bright spot. " Cloud bases range from 6,500 to 20,000 feet AGL. atmospheric pressure The pressure exerted by the atmosphere as a consequence of gravitational attraction exerted upon the column of air laying directly above any point. barometric pressure The measure of atmospheric pressure by a mercurial or aneroid barometer. Changes in pressure are significant in weather forecasting. The normal pressure at sea level is 29.92 inches of mercury or 1013.3 millibars. Rising pressures usually indicated improving weather conditions; falling pressures may reflect impending inclement weather. Barometric pressure is used in aircraft altimeter settings to tell pilots how far above ground level the aircraft is. This is critical for landing during obscured conditions and NOE flying. battlefield environment A phrase used to describe the combination of weather, terrain, BIC, illumination, and background signatures that occur on a battlefield. belt Weather kit A small kit with simple equipment, used originally by the US Forest Service, and now employed by S2 personnel at maneuver brigades. The BWK equipment measures temperature, dewpoint, pressure, and wind speed and direction. It is slow and does not meet the accuracy standards necessary to support the Army's battlefield weapon systems. The BWK will be replaced by an automated meteorological sensor system (AMSS) blizzard A violent, intensely cold wind of 30 kn or greater with considerable falling or blowing snow causing visibility to drop to .5 miles or less. ceiling (cloud) The height above the earth's surface of the lowest layer of clouds. This layer is reported as broken, overcast, or obscured and not classified as thin or partial. See cloud cover for details. Celsius A temperature scale (formerly called centigrade). The temperature interval between waters ice and steam points is divided into 100 parts (or degrees) with 0o Celsius at the freezing or ice point and 100o at the boiling or steam point. Used commonly worldwide. cirrocumulus Clouds that are high and thin which appear as small white flakes or patches of cotton. Cirrocumulus clouds are sometimes called a mackerel sky. The bases of cirrocumulus clouds are above 16,000 feet AGL. cirrostratus Clouds that are thin and whitish layers appearing like a sheet or veil. The ice crystals composing these clouds may produce a halo effect around the sun or moon. The bases of cirrostratus clouds are above 16,000 feet AGL. cirrus Clouds that are thin, feather-like ice crystal clouds in patches or narrow bands. Cirrus clouds are sometimes called mares tails. The bases of cirrus clouds are above 16,000 feet AGL, climatology The historical records of weather conditions measured or observed at a specific location is knows as climatology. Some data go back over 100 but generally a 10- to 25-year history is more common. Climatology is useful in planning operations beyond 5 to 7 days. It usually describes the average (or mean) conditions such as high and low temperatures and extremes. clouds A visible aggregate of minute water and ice or just ice particles in the atmosphere above the surface of the earth. Clouds differ from fog only by definition--fog is in contact with the surface of the earth. cloudburst A sudden and extremely heavy downpour of rain. cloud cover The amount of clouds over, or at, a given location. Cloud conditions are expressed as cloud bases or ceiling, the amount of cover stated in eighths--1/8 to 4/8 described as scattered; 5/8 to 7/8, broken; and 8/8, overcast), and cloud tops. Several layers of scattered clouds added together may result in a broken or overcast condition Low clouds impact many battlefield operations, especially the use of smart weapons. cumulonimbus Clouds that are large, dense, and towering with cauliflower-like tops. The top portion of the cloud is often flattened into an anvil shape. Cumulonimbus clouds are also known as thunderstorms. cumulus Billowy, individual cloud masses that often have flat bases. Bases range from near the surface to 6,500 feet AGL. density altitude The height above MSL at which the existing density of the atmosphere would be duplicated in the standard atmosphere; atmospheric density expressed as height according to a standard scale. Extremely important in flight operations. dew Water condensed onto grass and other objects near the ground. Occurs when the temperature has fallen below the dewpoint of the surface air (due to radiational cooling during the night) but is still above freezing. If the temperature falls below freezing after dew has formed, the frozen dew is known as white dew. dewpoint The temperature to which a given weight of air must be cooled at constant pressure and constant water-vapor content in order for saturation to occur. When this temperature is below 0o C, (32o F) it is sometimes called the frost point. diurnally Having a daily cycle. drizzle Fairly uniform precipitation composed exclusively of fine drops of water falling very close to one another. dry-bulb temperature The temperature measured by the dry bulb of a psychrometer; ambient air temperature. effective illumination The level of light available for night operations. effective wind speed The combined effect of actual (meteorological) wind and other motion caused by the moving of an object or a person through air. Also caused by moving equipment such as aircraft propellers or rotors. elevation; station elevation The measure of height with respect to another point on the earth's surface; usually MSL. Fahrenheit A thermometer scale on which the boiling point of water is at 212o and the freezing point is at 32o above zero point. Used primarily in the US. FALOP A program implemented in the 1970's to supplement battlefield observations taken by USAF AWS WETMS. FALOP is employed by S2 personnel at maneuver brigades and battalions. The BWK is used by the S2 to make limited measurements of weather conditions. Additionally, the S2 provides estimates of other weather and environmental conditions he observes. His report is encoded and forwarded to the closest WETM. fallout The precipitation to earth of particulate matter from a nuclear cloud; also applied to the matter itself, which may or may not be radioactive. fog A cloud with its base at or very near the earth's surface. footcandle (fc) A unit of illumination equal to 1 lumen ft-2. Full sunlight with zenith sun produces an illuminance of the order of 10,000 fc on a horizontal surface. Full moonlight provides an illuminance of about 0.02 fc. Adequate illumination for steady reading is about 10 fc. Close machine work is required about 30 to 40 fc. forecast units USAF WETMs and centers at higher Army echelons that produce support forecasts for planning and operations. frost A feathery deposit of minute ice crystals or grains upon a surface or object, formed directly from vapor in the air; the process by which such ice crystals are formed; any temperature at which frost forms. Frost often forms when the close-lying air is above 0o C (32oF), especially in calm, clear air when radiation or evaporation reduces a surface temperature to or below the freezing point. frostbite The freezing or partial freezing of some part of the human body. frost heaves Also frost thrusting; frost lifting. The upward or sideways movement of surface-soils, rocks, and vegetation through expansion caused by freezing subsurface moisture, soil, and gravel. gust Rapid fluctuations in wind speed with a variation of 10 knots or more between peaks and lulls. hail Hail is observed precipitation in the form of small balls or pieces of ice (hialstones), falling either separately or agglomerated into irregular lumps. Hail falls during heavy thunderstorms. high In meteorology it is synonymous with "area of high pressure" and refers to a maximum of atmospheric pressure in two dimensions--closed isobars in the synoptic surface chart; or a maximum of height (closed contours) in the constant-pressure chart. Since a high is, on the synoptic chart, always associated with anticyclonic circulation, the term is used interchangeably with anticyclone. humidity A measure of the water vapor content of air. hypothermia Excessive lowering of body temperature generally caused by prolonged exposure to cold or when the body has become wet. Hypothermia can occur at temperatures well above freezing as easily as at temperatures below freezing. icing In general, any deposit or coating of ice on an object; a mass or sheet of ice formed on the ground surface during the winter by successive freezing of sheets of water that may seep from the ground, a river, or a spring. instrument flight rules An aircraft operational term indicating that the weather conditions have deteriorated to the point that navigational instruments on board the plane must be used in flying from one place to another. inversion (stable) condition An increase in air temperature with an increase in height. The condition is called stable because there is usually little vertical movement of air. knot The unit of speed or distance in the nautical system. One nautical mile per hour. See conversion factors in Appendix P. lapse (unstable) condition A decrease in air temperature with an increase in height. The condition is called unstable because it is accompanied by vertical air movement. light and illumination data Battle planning requires accurate timing based on available light. Light tables have been computed for any location that tell sunrise, sunset, moonrise, moonset, and moon phase. Illumination is a measure of sunlight, moonlight, starlight, and air glow. Illumination is a critical factor in the considered of NVD, cloud cover, and terrain masking. low An area of low pressure referring to a minimum of atmospheric pressure in two dimensions. Since a IOW is, on a weather chart, always associated with cyclonic circulation, the term is used interchangeably with cyclone. mesoscale Smaller scale weather features that exist for minutes or hours. Examples of mesoscale atmospheric phenomena are thunderstorms, tornadoes, and land-sea breezes. meteorological products Processed information derived from basic meteorological data which is collectively referred to as meteorological products. Such information can be in the form of forecasts, specific data, or WTDAs. WTDAs may correlate one or more data elements impacting a system with critical values, timing, system limitations, and other modifying factors. moderate weather impact A subjective measure of weather conditions impacting a system or operations that require alternative actions to be considered. Moderate impacts limit the effectiveness of the system or operations from 25 to 75 percent. nimbostratus A gray or dark massive cloud layer accompanied by continuous rain or snow. precipitation rates The measured, or estimated, rate of rainfall or snowfall during a given period. Precipitation rates are essential to predict ground moisture, flooding, river crossings, and other trafficabiiity factors. Precipitation rates also affect visibility. refractive index A measure of the amount of "refraction," or bending, of an energy wave (visual light, infrared, radio and others) passing from one density to another in a medium such as air or water. The apparent bending of a stick when placed in a pool of water is an example. relative humidity Ratio, usually expressed as a percentage of air's water vapor content, to its water vapor capacity at a given temperature and pressure. sea state Also state-of-the-sea. Describes wind-generated waves on the surface of the sea. seeability Distance at which a sensor is able to see, to recognize, or to lock onto a target. Seeability is dependent on the condition of the atmosphere, the contrast between the target and the background, the direction and type of illumination, and the characteristics of the sensor. semidiurnally A cycle occurring approximately every half day. sky conditions The amount of sky covered by clouds or the amount obscured by surface-based phenomena. This information is derived from standard charts. slant-range visibility The distance a pilot can distinguish objects that are both forward and beneath his aircraft. For example, looking down at an angle as he approaches a target or a runway. sleet A term sometimes used for ice pellets, a mixture of precipitating rain and snow, or glaze. snow Precipitation composed of white or translucent ice crystals, chiefly in complex branched hexagonal form and often agglomerated into snowflakes. soil trafficability The capacity of a soil to withstand traffic, especially the traffic of military vehicles. specific humidity The ratio of the mass of water vapor to the total mass of air (including water vapor). state-of-the-ground A standardized surface observation that describes the condition of the ground surface. Basically, state-of-the-ground is characterized as dry, moist, wet, frozen, and ice or snow covered. Staff weather officer A USAF AWS officer, qualified in forecasting, that usually commands a WETM. tie may be a lieutenant or a colonel depending on the Army unit he is attached to. Some SWOs, assigned to Army commands, serve without a WETM. The SWO, a member of the Army commanders special staff, works under the direction of the G2 or S2. steering wind Winds that are winds measured at 50 feet (16 m), although they may extend as high as 2,500 feet. They are used in smoke operations where the moving air is measured far enough above the ground to be free of disturbances caused by local terrain variations. They establish the speed and direction of a smoke cloud. Steering winds also play a role in the direction that weather systems move. stratocumulus Clouds having large globular masses or rolls which look like balls of dirty cotton. Stratocumulus form from the breaking up of a stratus layer or from the spreading out of cumulus clouds. Bases range from near the surface to 6,500 feet AGL. surface observations Weather and environmental observations measured or estimated on the land or water surface, and usually reflecting surface conditions. Cloud cover is an exception. surface winds Wind speed, direction, and gust speeds measured over the land or water. Technically measured at 10 meters above the surface. synoptic scale Large-scale atmospheric features that exist for days or weeks. An example of synoptic scale is the analysis of weather fronts, highs, and lows over the continental us. temperature A measure of the hotness or coldness of the air near the surface (surface ambient temperature), the ground (surface or ground temperature), or the upper atmosphere (air temperature). Measured by a thermometer or other instrument. temperature gradient The change in temperature per unit of distance between one point and another. temperature-humidity index An indicator of the effect of temperature and humidity upon individuals. Sometimes called the misery index by television weatherpersons. An example is the WBGT index. temperature inversion See inversion condition. thaws A weather condition occurring when the temperature rises above the freezing point and ice and snow melt. tidal current The alternating horizontal movement of water associated with the rise and fall of the tide. In relatively open locations, the direction of tidal currents rotates continuously through 360 degrees diurnally or semidiurnally. In coastal regions, the nature of tidal currents is determined by local topography as well. tide The periodic rising and falling of the oceans, large lakes, and the atmosphere. [t results from the tide-producing forces of the moon and sun acting upon the rotating earth. This disturbance actually propagates as a wave through the atmosphere and through the surface layer of the oceans. turbulence A condition of The atmosphere in which air currents vary greatly over short distances. Turbulence may occur at any altitude, and the intensity may vary rapidly over short distances. See wind shear. twilight The periods of incomplete darkness following sunset (evening twilight) or preceding sunrise (morning twilight). Twilight is designated as civil, nautical, or astronomical, as the center of the sun travels 6, 12, or 18 degrees below the celestial horizon, respectively. In general, civil twilight precedes nautical twilight by 2 hours. visual flight rules In aviation a set of regulations that must be adhered to when piloting in calm, clear weather where the pilot can move from one point to another using ground features for navigational aids. USAF tactical weather support As directed by AR 115-10/AFR 105-3, the USAF AWS provides part of the Army's tactical weather support. This includes the collection of surface weather data up to the division command elements and the production of forecasts and climatic data, The Army has the greater role in its own weather support. The Army collects surface weather forward of the division command elements, and all upper air weather data needed to support its tactical operations. Additionally, the Army provides the USAF WETM the communications paths and equipment to pass weather information to the Army users. visibility The greatest distance that prominent objects can be seen and identified by the unaided, normal eye. When NVG or other infrared devices are used to increase visual distance, "seeability" is used instead of visibility. weather advisory (WA) A special WETM notice when an established weather condition that could affect operations is occurring or is expected to occur. weather briefing Information concerning the current and forecast weather conditions impacting an AO. The SWO, or a member of the WETM or the G2 or S2 may provide weather briefings. Suggested formats are included in Chapter 4. weather effects The impacts, favorable or unfavorable, weather conditions have on tactical systems, operations, personnel, and logistics. Weather effects become highly significant information when they can be cross-checked with specific critical values, reaction leadtimes, and other operational considerations. There are always weather effects that will have an impact on systems or operations. There is no such thing as an all-weather system. weather elements Weather elements (such as wind speed and temperature) are generally benign. Only when they fall below or exceed certain pre-established thresholds do they have an adverse impact on operations, systems, and personnel. These pre-established thresholds are known as critical values. Critical values change by type of operations, sensitive (or complexity) of systems, and the amount of exposure of personnel to the elements. S2s must know the critical weather values for their unit's operations, systems and personnel and advise the commander and staff when these values are (or will be) reached or exceeded. weather forecast A prediction made by USAF WETMS for periods as short as 3 hours to as long as 96 hours for specific Aos and Ais. Forecasts are correlated with WTDAS to provide tailored products for the supported command's planning, The accuracy of a weather forecasts depends on the timeliness, accuracy, and resolution of the data it is taken from. The longer the period of time a forecast covers the less accurate it becomes. Forty-eight to 96-hour forecasts are considered "outlooks"--or very general forecasts. Beyond 96 hours, climatology is used. weather forecaster A USAF AWS officer or NCO trained in meteorology and forecasting. He uses general area forecasts produced by USAF AWS weather centers, and fine tunes them for his own AO. The forecaster need timely, accurate data from the supported unit's AO and AI to do this fine tuning. weather observer A USAF AWS officer or NCO trained in meteorology and weather observing. Many AWS NCOS are dual qualified as observers and forecasters and are called weather technicians. The training of an AWS weather observer is technical, S2s are instructed by AWS observers on how to take weather observations. But the observations may fall short of the AWS standard and are, therefore, characterized as "limited." weather tactical decision aids These refer to the manual lookup tables and matrices in this manual, or are computer-driven algorithms by which such a product is generated. These tables provide the critical thresholds that effect operations, systems, and personnel adversely. The tables, together with a current forecast, are used to brief the commander and staff. weather warning (WW) A special notice from the supporting WETM when an established weather condition of such intensity as to pose a hazard to property or life is occurring or is expected to occur. Protective action must be taken. weather watch A special WETM notice alerting the command of the potential for tornadoes, severe thunderstorms, or a winter snow with heavy snow, freezing precipitation, or blizzard conditions. wet bulb globe temperature index A measure of heat stress potential. It is calculated by using a formula which considers relative humidity, radiant heat, air temperature, and air movement. whiteout Also known as milky weather. A condition in the polar regions in which no object casts a shadow, the horizon becomes indistinguishable, and light-colored objects are very difficult to see. A whiteout occurs when there is complete snow cover, and the clouds are so thick and uniform that light reflected by the snow is about the same intensity as that from the sky. windchill factors These factors are revised temperature values based on the effect of wind and temperature combined on exposed skin. This windchill temperature is the effective temperature for troops. The effect of windchill differs individually because of body chemistry, but is an acceptable operating standard. winds aloft The flow of air, measured in speed and direction above the surface. There is no distinct demarcation between winds aloft and surface winds, although winds above 100 meters are usually referred to as winds aloft. wind shear The rate of change of wind velocity (speed or direction)with distance. Eddies and gusts form in areas of wind shear, thus producing turbulent flying conditions. Wind shear may occur in either the vertical or horizontal plane. wind speed The rate of movement of air flow. Wind speed is normally reported in nautical miles per hour, or knots. Wind speed is affected by terrain and obstacles such as buildings and trees. NEWSLETTER	i don't know
Which US bus company was founded in Minnesota in 1914?	100 Years on a Dirty Dog: The History of Greyhound \| Mental Floss 100 Years on a Dirty Dog: The History of Greyhound Getty Images Like us on Facebook Greyhound has been busing Americans around for a century. It's hard to believe that after all these years, the company is still riding high. As careers go, Carl Eric Wickman’s stint in the car business was less than auspicious. In 1913, the immigrant drill operator paid $3,000 to open a Goodyear Tire/ Hupmobile car franchise in Hibbing, Minn., not far from the world’s largest open-pit iron mine . Unfortunately, Wickman was even worse at selling cars than he was at picking car makers—so the enterprising young Swede abandoned his dealership dreams soon after making his one and only sale … to himself. Realizing that most iron miners were too poor to afford their own vehicle, Wickman decided to start transporting workers between Hibbing and Alice, a mining town two miles away. Cramming 15 passengers into his eight-seat “touring car,” the 27-year-old charged 15 cents a ride. On his first trip, in 1914, Wickman collected a grand total of $2.25. But 100 years later, that modest sum has grown into nearly a billion dollars in annual revenue. Wickman, it turns out, pretty much invented intercity bus travel—which for most Americans equals Greyhound, the company that emerged from that long-ago Hupmobile ride. “Greyhound has become generic for bus travel,” says Robert Gabrick, author of Going The Greyhound Way. “Like Kleenex for tissues.” Indeed, this classic American business icon—which, as it happens, is now owned by a British conglomerate—today has more than 7,300 employees, with estimated yearly sales of $820 million and 2,000 buses serving 3,800 destinations in 48 U.S. states and nine Canadian provinces. “I’m amazed at Greyhound’s brand recognition,” says DePaul University professor Joseph Schwieterman, an authority on intercity bus travel. “It’s an American success story.” But Greyhound’s journey to bus-industry dominance was far from smooth, not least because U.S. roads were god-awful bumpy when Wickman started out. Indeed, Uncle Sam’s first serious stab at building a quality national road system was the Federal Highway Act of 1921, which by coincidence was the same year that the first intercity buses rolled off assembly lines. Yes, Wickman invented the bus business before the bus was invented. But that wasn’t his only challenge. Wickman’s “Snoose Line”—“snoose” was Swedish for snuff, which local miners snorted to stay alert—also faced competition from other car owners who saw money-making possibilities in hauling people to work. So in1916, Wickman and his two partners merged their company with a rival outfit operated by a 19-year-old mechanic and Studebaker-owner named Ralph Bogan. They called their new company Mesaba Transportation Co., and the deal became a template for the future, as Wickman expanded his bus empire across America by acquiring hundreds of competitors over the years. In fact, Greyhound was for decades really just a collection of regional bus lines united under a single brand—Great Lakes Greyhound, Florida Greyhound—connected by sophisticated timetables and transfers. Even Greyhound’s corporate history reflects a slick transfer. The company officially traces its lineage to Wickman’s Hupmobile, but he actually sold his stake in Mesaba in 1922 and invested in another Minnesota operator soon after. In 1925, that company merged with a Wisconsin bus line operator to form Northland Transportation, which was Wickman’s first stab at interstate bus travel. It was also—for anyone still trying to keep score—the official birth (following a couple of name changes) of the modern Greyhound Corporation. But first, a railroad big shot had to see something hiding in plain sight. Early in the 20th century, Americans generally took trains when they needed to travel between cities. But after World War I ended in 1918, train ticket sales started to decline, a development that prompted railroad executives to attack bus companies—whose fares were cheaper—by accusing them of ruining America’s roads and failing to pay their share of repair costs. Then, in 1925, Great Northern Railroad president Ralph Budd decided to actually study the matter. Surprisingly, Budd’s investigation showed that passenger traffic on trains declined even when there was no route competition from buses. The real culprit, his research showed, was Henry Ford, whose introduction of the assembly line into car-making in 1913 resulted in drastically lower car prices: The railroads were losing business to Model T’s, which many former train riders could now suddenly afford. Those unlucky folks who couldn’t—or those who didn’t know how to drive—still traveled by train, unless they were too poor to afford a ticket, in which case they took a bus. Budd quickly understood that train and bus operators should be allies, not enemies. Bus routes could replace money-losing rail runs, while also feeding passengers to trains when it made sense. And so, in 1925, Great Northern Railroad bought 80% of Northland, transforming Wickman’s company from a cash-strapped regional operator into a well-financed national company. This deal, as much as anything, allowed Wickman and his colleagues to expand, not to mention survive the Great Depression and emerge with a national brand: Greyhound, the name of a small bus line Northland Transportation bought and decided to use for the whole shebang. Columbia Pictures Good thing, too, since it’s tough to imagine people writing crowd-pleasing lyrics about “Northland Transportation.” Greyhound, on the other hand, has turned up in songs ranging from Robert Johnson’s “Me and the Devil” to Chuck Berry’s “Promised Land” to the Allman Brothers’ “Ramblin’ Man.” But the free product placement that truly turned Greyhound into a cultural icon was the 1934 movie It Happened One Night. A huge hit, the Columbia Pictures comedy starred Claudette Colbert as a spoiled heiress on the run and Clark Gable as a reporter chasing her, but third billing should have gone to the Greyhound bus featured prominently in the action. Company officials credited the film for spurring interest in bus travel, and 12 years later Greyhound was still inspiring silver screen romance: The 1946 musical No Leave, No Love, featured the hit “Love On A Greyhound Bus” (a song that won’t be confused with the less romantic 2003 Sara Evans country hit, “Backseat of a Greyhound Bus). Eleven years later, Greyhound launched another improbable cultural touchstone: Lady Greyhound, whose 13-year career as company “spokesdog” began on The Steve Allen Show in 1957 and included chairing the “pet division” of the National Multiple Sclerosis Society, not to mention her own canine fashion show at the New York World’s Fair and dozens of fans clubs around the U.S. It was during these decades—from the 1930s through the 1950s—when Greyhound was among a small group of U.S. firms that helped America reimagine itself. Mostly movie studios, automakers and large consumer product companies, these firms painted a picture through their ads and products of a country whose future was only exceeded by the gumption of its citizens and the bounty of its natural resources. Greyhound’s self-selected role was as unofficial tour guide. “Greyhound invested time and financial resources in advertising its ability to transport passengers all over the U.S.,” says Margaret Wash, an intercity bus historian. “They suggested it was fashionable to take bus trips.” Image courtesy of eCrater Starting in the 1930s, Greyhound’s national ad campaigns emphasized (or exaggerated) bus travel’s excitement (“Now I Know How Columbus Felt!”), low cost (“Spend less … and have the best vacation ever!) and killer app: someone else at the wheel (“Leave the Driving to Us”). But the real stars of these ads were America (“Roaring Cities, Calm Countryside”) and family (“Rolling Home”). “These campaigns made bus travel into a business of aspirations,” says Robert Gabrick, author of Going The Greyhound Way. “They idealized their passengers and the country they lived in.” Greyhound was especially enmeshed in the fabric of American life during a crucial period in the nation’s history: World War II. From 1941 to 1945, the company aggressively adopted a patriotic mission, even going so far as to outline its priorities in its 1942 annual report to shareholders. Through its ads, meanwhile, Greyhound told consumers what it saw as its primary wartime function: transporting troops and other crucial personnel around the country (“This Army Moves By Greyhound”); after that came educating the public about efficient travel (“Serve America Now So You Can See America Later”), which mattered a lot now that fuel and rubber were being rationed. Image courtesy of the Library of Congress Before and after the war, though, Greyhound spent much time, money and effort on forward progress. In 1930, company headquarters relocated from sleepy Duluth, Minn., to wide-awake Chicago. Ten years later, Greyhound became the first bus line to launch a national chain of depot restaurants— Post House —aimed at riders who didn’t like greasy roadside diners. (Ask your grandparents.) The next year, Greyhound bought 10% of the Canadian bus builder Motor Coach Industries (it later acquired the rest). And, of course, Greyhound was for years at the cutting edge of bus design, with models that still enthrall a large community of collectors : 1939’s Super Coach (first bus with an all-metal body and rear-mounted engine), 1953’s Highway Traveler (picture windows, power steering, air shocks) and 1954’s Scenic Cruiser, which debuted the year Wickman died and gave the world a gift for the ages: on-board bathrooms. Greyhound was the official bus line at both the Chicago (1933-34) and New York (1964-65) World’s Fairs. But nothing at either of those fantastical expos matched the company’s 1943 application to the Civil Aeronautics Board, which outlined a plan for “the integration of air service and bus service”—a.k.a., a helicopter-bus! Sadly, this crazy-genius idea was not to be. Just four years later Greyhound told annual report readers that “it will be some years before the development of a helicopter with sufficient capacity for economical capacity” to make the idea a reality. But if Greyhound failed to lift bus travel to new altitudes, the company did manage to usher America into other strata of uncharted territory. During WWII, for example, Greyhound replaced many of its drafted bus drivers with women, which was arguably the first time America confronted such a wholesale substitution of traditionally male authority figures. Birmingham News/Landov Two decades later, Greyhound found itself in the middle of another cultural shift, when civil rights activists known as “ Freedom Riders ” rode Greyhound (and then-rival Trailways) buses into the Deep South to protest segregation. Until then, intercity bus drivers followed a common practice when crossing the Mason-Dixon line , asking black passengers to sit separate from whites in the back of the bus. But within a few months of the Freedom Riders campaign, Uncle Sam outlawed segregation in any facilities or vehicles involved in interstate commerce. Greyhound's overall record on race-relations was mixed. On the one hand, Greyhound had a history of hiring blacks; on the other hand, most of those jobs were menial. The good jobs—drivers, managers, mechanics—generally went to white men. This was especially galling to many because African-Americans always accounted for a disproportionately large percentage of intercity bus passengers. Throughout this country’s two “ Great Migrations ”—during and after each World War—millions of southern blacks moved north and west in search of better lives. More often than not, they rode Greyhound for their big move and also for trips back home to visit friends and family. So it was no coincidence that in 1962, as the Civil Rights movement heated up, Greyhound strengthened its ties to black Americans. Joe Black , a former Brooklyn Dodger who was the first African-American pitcher to win a World Series game, was hired as full time director of Greyhound’s outreach program. “The intercourse between Greyhound and blacks is one of the happier aspects of the company’s history,” writes Carlton Jackson in Hounds of the Road, a corporate history. Still, by the time Black was hired, there were other trends bubbling that had greater consequences for bus travel. In 1956, Congress passed the Interstate Highway Act, which created the Dwight D. Eisenhower System of Interstate and Defense Highways . Eisenhower was president at the time, but that’s not why his name is on America’s largest public works project to date. In an earlier career, while saving the world from Adolf Hitler as Supreme Commander of Allied Forces in Europe during World War II, Ike noticed that Germany had a superb highway network, which was helpful when moving trucks and tanks around. He came back to the U.S. pretty well convinced that his home country needed its own system of high-quality roads. But as much as drivers today love cruising I-4 through I-99 , America’s expanding highways were a mixed blessing for Greyhound. Better roads meant quicker travel and fewer repairs, but they also encouraged the growing ranks of car owners to drive themselves on business trips and vacations. As any farsighted executive could see, this development, coupled with the increasing affordability of air travel in the 1950s and 1960s, spelled trouble for the bus industry. So Greyhound started buying all sorts of companies in all sorts of non-bus industries. That’s how Greyhound’s stable of businesses came to include such diverse businesses as Burger King, Dial Soap, Purex bleach, a package delivery service, and even a skin bank for burn victims. Depending on whom you ask, this strategy was either the beginning of a decades-long loss of focus that ate away at Greyhound’s soul or a smart strategy for diversifying profits and protecting shareholders. “Greyhound was generating massive amounts of cash that probably wasn’t best invested in a slow-growth business like bus travel,” says Craig Lentzsch, Greyhound’s CEO many years later (1994-2003). “Shareholders did very well during those years.” On the flip side, it was during this time that Greyhound’s core business started to weaken: Buses started deteriorating, terminals became seedy and dangerous, and workers grew unhappy. “There were economic and cultural forces at work but Greyhound also lost sight of what made bus travel successful,” says Gabrick, the author. “It became a business of low aspirations.” Getty Images Whatever the verdict, where once the giant company was known, at least somewhat affectionately, as “The Hound,” consumers soon enough started calling it “The Dirty Dog,” with absolutely no affection at all. “It was pretty bleak,” says James Inman, a comedian whose book about a 1995 cross-country trip, Greyhound Diary, captures the zeitgeist of the Dirty Dog from the late 1970s until the mid 2000s. “It was a lesson in America’s class divide: broke people, unpleasant buses, rude drivers, horrible terminals. There was no romance of the road at all.” There certainly wasn’t much at Greyhound HQ, which moved from Chicago to Phoenix in 1971. Sixteen years later, like Abraham casting Ishmael into the desert, the Greyhound Corporation spun off its U.S. bus operations. Newly liberated and headquartered in Dallas, Greyhound Lines returned to its roots, acquiring Trailways, its largest rival, that same year. Federal anti-trust lawyers, who take a dim view of mergers that create monopolies, might have blocked the deal in different times. But Trailways in 1987 was in financial trouble, and the government decided that saving jobs and retaining bus routes trumped other concerns. Plus, the bus business was struggling enough that few informed observers worried too much that Greyhound would try to price-gouge in the face of less competition. How right they were. Three years later, in 1990, Greyhound faced its own financial cliff when its unionized workers went on strike. This labor stoppage, one of the longest and nastiest in American history, forced the company to drastically curtail operations, which resulted in big losses. So big, in fact, that soon after its union started picketing, Greyhound execs filed for bankruptcy protection, a move that allowed their company to keep operating during a whopping three-year strike. But that labor strife, which often turned violent, had a silver lining. In what might be called a reverse Eisenhower, this overwhelmingly awful turn of events sowed the seeds of Greyhound’s later revival. Since 1972 Greyhound had been marketing directly to the Hispanic community, with great success, but the strike caused the company to cut many of the routes that catered to Spanish speakers. Not surprisingly, newer, smaller bus companies popped up to serve these passengers. They did very well, largely because many owners, managers and drivers spoke Spanish, which was not often the case on Greyhound. “Bus travel is a service industry,” says Lentzsch, the former president. “When you have Spanish-speaking drivers serving Spanish-speaking passengers in an English-speaking country, the experience will likely be a positive one.” For Greyhound, though, the experience was negative, as the company struggled to get Hispanic customers back on its buses after settling its labor differences. Things got even worse as the ethnic-bus model was copied in various other ethnic communities around the U.S., resulting in the curbside buses that started popping up 10 to 15 years ago in major cities with large Asian populations like Chicago, New York and Washington, D.C. These competitors also cut into Greyhound’s business, not only among Asian consumers but also students and other cash-conscious riders, as well as travelers who simply wanted to avoid airport security and bus terminals. Getty Images But Greyhound, which had merged with the Canadian bus company Laidlaw Inc. in 1999, was finally getting on its feet again. The company began to revamp its fleet, part of an “Elevate Everything” program that included new looks for buses, terminals and uniforms. Then, in 2008—one year after FirstGroup of England bought Laidlaw—Greyhound finally started exploiting the enormous opportunity in the discount and curbside bus business. The company launched (on its own and with partners) three different services: NeOn, BoltBus and Yo! Bus. Amenities like free WiFi, power outlets, leather seating and extra legroom began to appear on more and more of its buses. “I think it’s fair to say that Greyhound is once again proud of its product,” says Schwieterman. Today, the company is getting more money from more trips from more passengers than ever. The average Greyhound passenger pays $52 to travel 355 miles, and last year the Dirty Dog’s buses covered 5.6 billion passenger miles—about 2.8 billion times the distance between Hibbing and Alice, Minn. Carl Wickman would be proud.	Greyhound Lines
Adam Levine is the lead singer of which US pop rock band?	Greyhound Bus Museum GREYHOUND BUS MUSEUM Hibbing is recognized as the birthplace of the bus industry in the United States. Visitors can now see and hear the story at Hibbing's newest attraction which includes thirteen historical buses. To start the tour, visitors pass through a tunnel that comes alive with auto sounds of 1914 and the Hupmobile that could not be sold. The story continues with the men and machines that created Greyhound Bus Lines using pictorial displays, hundreds of artifacts and memorabilia, audio-visual presentations, and the video "The Greyhound Story" from Hibbing to everywhere. A diorama of WW II illustrates how Greyhound contributed to the war effort. Other exhibits help the visitor understand how, with a Hupmobile car they could not sell and a two mile route, Greyhound grew to be the largest bus company in the world.	i don't know
Which baby pram company, founded in 1877, provided the baby carriage to King George VI for Princess Elizabeth?	1000+ images about BABY BUGGY'S on Pinterest \| Prams, Vintage pram and Princess charlotte Forward KING'S LYNN, ENGLAND - JULY 05: Princess Charlotte of Cambridge is pushed in her silver cross pram as she leavesthe Church of St Mary Magdalene on the Sandringham Estate for the Christening of Princess Charlotte of Cambridge on July 5, 2015 in King's Lynn, England. (Photo by Chris Jackson/Getty Images) See More	Silver Cross
What was the maiden name of Jemima, ex-wife of cricketer Imran Khan?	UPCOMING AUCTION \| Stephan Welz & Co. (Johannesburg) - The South African Art Times The South African Art Times UPCOMING AUCTION \| Stephan Welz & Co. (Johannesburg) July 30, 2015 Fine Art and Collectables Auction: 4 & 5 August at Stephan Welz and Co., Sandton, Johannesburg Image: Ephraim Ngatane’s Our Gang was painted just a year before his death in 1972, valued at R150 000 – R200 000 Homegrown Artworks Set to Soar at Johannesburg Auction With South African artwork attracting bidders worldwide, stand-out political works by contemporary artist Wayne Barker of Walter Sisulu and Steve Biko, a colourful township scene by Ephraim Ngatane, and paintings by Pierneef, Stern and more are sure to make for an exciting auction at the upcoming Stephan Welz & Co. Fine Art and Collectables Auction in Johannesburg, on Tuesday 4 and Wednesday 5 August 2015. “Each year, we are seeing more and more international interest in South African art” says Imre Lamprecht, Head of the Art Department at Stephan Welz & Co. “We are thrilled to be the conduit through which so many collectors are discovering the diversity and merits of our great artists, from best known masters like Pierneef to the artists of the turbulent 1960s and 1970s who are now becoming hot commodities, to 21st century talent, such as Wayne Barker.” Barker’s works largely deal with the subject of South Africa’s colonial and apartheid past, and the two works for sale are part of the artist’s Legends series. CBS News – 1990: Walter Sisulu, 2010 and Fighting Field: Steve Biko, 2010 are both mixed media and neon tubing on canvas, and are accompanied by small sculptures commissioned from his friend Richard Chauke. Each is valued at R120 000 – R160 000. “Known for his depictions of South African townships , which are also doing well on the international auction scene, Ephraim Ngatane is one of those painters from the late 20th century whose works are finally receiving their due,” said Lamprecht. Valued at R150 000 – R200 000, Ngatane’s Our Gang was painted just a year before his death in 1972, after a life-long battle with tuberculosis. “It is a significant example of Ngatane’s technical proficiency and important because it was painted in the last year of his life,” said Lamprecht. “His late work displays a development of his style into rhythmically balanced, almost abstract compositions.” In 2008, Ngatane’s Township Children Dancing in the Snow, Soweto sold at a Stephan Welz & Co. auction for R560 000, at well over its estimate. Pierneef and Stern: South African Legends Hot on the heels of the recent opening of the first major Pierneef exhibition in many years, A Space for Landscape: The work of JH Pierneef at Standard Bank Johannesburg, Stephan Welz & Co. will be auctioning a rare Pierneef bushveld painting. Acacia Trees in the Bushveld, which has an estimated value of R180 000 – R240 000, was painted with the age-old but much forgotten medium of casein paint. “In this work, most probably painted plein-air, the artist has rapidly rendered, with painterly brushstrokes, his impression of beautiful dense acacia trees in the bushveld; creating an inimitable atmosphere. Although a theme that he painted often, the visible mark making in this piece creates an electric energy and dynamism,” said Lamprecht. Other traditional auction highlights include Irma Stern’s Coast Scene, Probably Zanzibar, which has an estimated value of R600 000 – R900 000 and Maggie Laubser’s Trees at Lake with Boat, which has been valued at R300 000 – R400 000. Contemporary collectors will have plenty of other interesting and collectable works to choose from, including Lyttleton, a work painted by Pretoria-born Anton Karstel, which is valued at R80 000 – R120 000. Karstel is an intense and prolific painter who deals with serious political issues of the pre- and post-apartheid years. The four drawings of baskets by South African sculptor Walter Oltmann, each valued at R8 000 – R12 000, is also one to watch. Oltmann is most renowned for his giant insect woven wire sculptures such as Silverfish, 1997, which is housed at the Johannesburg Art Gallery. Earlier this year, one of Oltmann’s pencil drawings sold at auction for R62, 524, at double its estimated value. The Stephan Welz & Co. Fine Arts and Collectables auction will take place on 4 and 5 August at Stephan Welz & Co. on the 4th floor, South Tower, Nelson Mandela Square, Sandton, Johannesburg. For more information visit www.stephanwelzandco.co.za or contact Imre Lamprecht on (011 880 3125) or email [email protected] . Follow Stephan Welz & Co. on Twitter @StephanWelzCo or ‘Like’ facebook.com/Stephan-Welz-and-Company-Fine-and-Decorative-Arts-Auctioneers for regular updates Shop Vintage Fashion Auctions to Dress like Princess Di Anyone can buy something off a retail rack, but for a stand-out street look, fashionistas turn to vintage fashion auctions for one-of-a-kind pieces from designers such as Pucci, Celine and Hermès: either to wear on their own, or complete a contemporary outfit with flair. Stephen Welz & Co. is offering a vast and outstanding selection of vintage designer clothing atits Fine Arts and Collectables auction in Johannesburg on 4 and 5 August. “The most interesting styles you see on fashion blogs these days incorporate a vintage piece with a contemporary blouse or trousers, for example; a way of dressing that really sets the wearer apart from the rest,” said Tanya Demby, Fashion and Design Consultant for Stephan Welz & Co. “Vintage fashion auctions are amazing places to source rare or unusual items – names like Fendi, Thierry Mugler, Chaneland Guy Laroche.” Auction highlights include anevening gown by Belville Sassoon, which was the most prolific of Princess Diana’s early designers.Belville Sassoon dresses are unusual to come across, and the designer counts numerous British socialites and the Royal Family amongst its clientele. Also up for grabs is a Celine tweed suit valued at R4000 – R6000. Founded in 1945, Celine is a French luxury house known for its beautiful clean lines and styles, and has a history of classical designs that withstand time. If that’s not your bag, perhaps two psychedelic Pucci dresses from the 60’s might be. Valued at R5000 – R7000individually they come from the designer who Demby says “provided the antidote to 1940s monochromes and a preview of 1960s technicolour pop. Yet in spite of this, you could easily see someone walking down the street today in a Pucci!” Three Escada couture ballgowns each valued at R8 000 – R15 000 will be available at the sale, as well a number of Chanel and Hermès silk scarves, valued at R2 000 – R6 000. “Hermès scarves are highly covetable and rare to come across,” says Demby. “Hermès issues two collections each year, with 12 new designs in each season: six new designs and six reissues in new colours. It is said that since 1937,Hermès has produced more than 1200 designs! Every carréhas a name and design title; many are commemorative and have an overall theme including equestrian, military, nautical, fantasy, floral and mythology, to name a few. Hermès artists are often known for a particular style of design: American artist Kermit Oliver is famous for his dramatic Texas flora, fauna and Native American Indian designs, while Leigh Cooke has created exquisite floral pieces. No wonder they are so collectable,” said Demby. More than a pretty dress: vintage as investment Then, there’s also the investment side of vintage fashion: take the impressive sales of items at Christies’ auctions, for example. In 2012, Christies sold an Alexander McQueen sculptural metallic mini dress for £79250, and a Schiaparelli black velvet evening jacket from 1939 for £73250. Earlier this year, a diamond encrusted Hermès Birkin bag sold for £144019 at a Christies Hong Kong auction. “Vintage collectors collect for various reasons,” says Demby. “Some see it as another form of shopping, to add panache and individuality to their wardrobe. Others buy vintage pieces they love to frame and display, which become talking points in their home. Collecting vintage internationally is on the rise, with the big auction houses entering the field, as well as online shopping sites like 1stdibs.com, from which you can buy vintage pieces. Of course, there’s nothing better than seeing a piece in person, or better yet, being able to see how it looks on yourself!” “Whether they are from the 60s or from today’s designers, vintage designs can be had for a fraction of the cost of retail,” said Demby.”This is not ‘thrift-shop’ fashion we’re talking about, but curated vintage that, on the high end, includes one-of-a-kind designer pieces. When you wear one of these pieces, you know that no one else will be wearing the same dress.” For more information visit www.stephanwelzandco.co.za or contact TanyaDemby [email protected] call (011) 880 3125. Iconic Mercedes and Jaguar On The Auction Starting Line Two icons of the automobile age — one among the most stately cars ever built, the other guaranteed to set the heart racing – go on auction at Stephan Welz & Co. in Johannesburg 4 August. The cars are collectively valued at over R2 million. Up for bidding will be a 1958 Mercedes Benz W189 300d Series Adenauer, once used by the Aga Khan and his family on an African tour, and a Jaguar E-Type, famously described by Enzo Ferrari as “the most beautiful car ever made” and rated by the New York Museum of Modern Art as its most prized car on permanent exhibition. The auctioneers estimate the Mercedes will fetch between R1.3 million and R1.8 million and the E-Type between R1 million and R1.2 million. However, Stephan Welz &Co. consultant and classic car specialist Jack Rosewitz points out that a similar E-Type was recently sold on auction in the United Kingdom for R2.2 million. With its regal pedigree, the pillarless silver Mercedes Benz 300d with light grey leather interior is clearly a much loved limousine. Powered by a 3-litre, 6-cylinder engine with automatic transmission and fuel injection, the car was Imported into Tanzania where the Aga Khan used it for a family tour in 1958. It was subsequently sold to the current owner’s father, and has been in the family ever since. The owner exported the car to South Africa in 1965 and placed it in storage until the family settled in the country in 1976. Mercedes Benz manufactured a mere 3 077 of the 300d series cars between 1957 and 1962. Their commanding presence made them particularly perfect for official use, with Germany’s post-war Chancellor Konrad Adenaur using six of them, leading to his name being closely associated with the car. Pope John XX111 and King Gustaf Adolph of Sweden used the car but it appealed equally to movie stars Errol Flynn, Gary Cooper, Yul Brunner and Anthony Quinn. “The car has been fully restored to concourse condition and has won numerous accolades from Mercedes Benz clubs in South Africa,” says Rosewitz. “It is in pristine concourse condition from its Yugoslavian Beech solid wood finishes down to its white wall tyres.” The car will be sold with an owner’s manual in English, two white wall spare tyres and numerous small spares. The Jaguar E-Type on auction is a 1970 Series 11 Fixed Head Coupe. When the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York drew up a wish list of 10 cars to place on permanent exhibition, the E-Type was number one, relates the chief curator of architecture and design on MoMA’s website. A 1963 opalescent dark blue E-Type Roadster became only the third automobile to enter MoMa’s collection. “The sleek, bullet-like shape of the Jaguar E-type continues to be one of the most influential and imitated styling forms in sports car design,” notes MoMA. “The car is noted for its beauty, its profile, its speed, and, at the time it was introduced, its affordability. It was conceived by Jaguar to be the synthesis of a competition racer and an everyday-use car. While it included luxury appointments it was priced for a large consumer market.” The 1970 Jaguar E-Type Series 11 Fixed Head Coupe on auction is red with black leather interior. “The car is in outstanding concourse condition with its original 4.2 litre double overhead camshaft, 6-cylinder engine, 4-speed manual gearbox, and chrome wire wheels,” says Rosewitz. Bid online Anyone can bid for pieces online via www.the-saleroom.com , a leading portal for live art and antiques auctions. Users of the website can search catalogues and place their bids over the internet in real-time, with live audio and video from the auction room. The vehicles will go under the hammer at the Stephan Welz & Co. Fine Art and Design Auction, taking place Tuesday 4 August and Wednesday 5 August 2015 on the 4th floor, South Tower, Nelson Mandela Square, Sandton, Johannesburg. Pre-auction viewing is open to the public daily from Wednesday 29 July – Monday 3 August 10am – 5pm. Catalogues are available from both the Cape Town and Johannesburg offices as well as on the website www.stephanwelzandco.co.za . For more information, visit www.stephanwelzandco.co.za or contact (011) 880-3125 or e-mail [email protected] Local auction house wheels in Silver Cross pram A pram resembling the one used by Prince William and Kate Middleton at the recent christening of Princess Charlotte goes on auction in South Africa soon. Often described as the Rolls Royce of prams, the coach-built Silver Cross baby carriage being auctioned by Stephan Welz & Co in Johannesburg on 5 August dates back to the mid-1900s. The estimate for the pram is between R5 000 – R8 000. According to local parenting blogger Tanya Kovarsky, images of Princess Charlotte in a similar carriage – in this case, a Millson Prince – have led to a surge in interest in vintage perambulators, prompting Harrods to launch a range of bespoke coach-built prams and the British media to coin the phrase “the Princess Charlotte Effect” to describe how royals and celebrities influence what parents buy for their children. “During her christening, Princess Charlotte was pushed in a silver wheeled Millson Prince which Queen Elizabeth used for two of her children in the early 1960s. In the UK, there has been a spike in the demand for 60’s style prams, and one company, Prams With Pizazz, which restores custom-built prams, has new orders for the next few months, according to Mail Online,” says Kovarsky. Prams made by the renowned Silver Cross company founded in the UK in 1877 and built under Royal Warrant in the early 1900s have been used by King George V1 and Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother; Queen Elizabeth 11, who used a Silver Cross for Prince Charles; and Princess Grace of Monaco. “Given the revival of vintage fashion, furniture and culture in South Africa, the Silver Cross pram going on auction is very much on trend and it will be interesting to see what happens at the sale,” says Stephan Welz & Co. furniture specialist Danielle Orkin. This Silver Cross pram will go under the hammer on Wednesday 5 August 2015 at 10:30am in the morning, as part of the Stephan Welz & Co. Fine Art and Design Auction taking place on the 4th floor, South Tower, Nelson Mandela Square, Sandton, Johannesburg. Full cataloguing: Lot 753. An English Silver Cross Pram, mid 20th century. Est R5 000 – R8 000 Pre-auction viewing is open to the public daily from Wednesday 29 July – Monday 3 August from 10am – 5pm. Catalogues are available from both the Cape Town and Johannesburg offices as well as on the website www.stephanwelzandco.co.za . Anyone can bid for pieces online via www.the-saleroom.com , a leading portal for live art and antiques auctions. Users of the website can search catalogues and place their bids over the internet in real-time, with live audio and video from the auction room. For more information, visit www.stephanwelzandco.co.za , contact (011) 880-3125 or e-mail [email protected]	i don't know
Which plant, used as a herb, is also known as barbed-wire grass?	Lemon Grass: From the Old World, with Love - All About Lawns Lemon Grass: From the Old World, with Love by Kelly Richardson, All About Lawns Columnist Stumbleupon January 12, 2008 Also known as barbed wire grass, silky heads, citronella grass, or fever grass, this versatile herb is the perfect ingredient for teas, beverages, herbal medicines, and Eastern-inspired cuisines. And the best part is -- you can grow it right in your own backyard. How would you like to improve your lawn? Make it greener Do you own your home? Yes Lemon Grass 101 Cymbopogon. Tough to pronounce, but a pleasure to grow. Lemon grass describes about 55 species of tall perennial grasses found in the warm temperate and tropical regions of Asia and India. Lemon grass plants grow in dense clumps, reaching 6 feet in height and about 4 feet in width, with strapping leaves about 1 inch wide and 3 feet long. The uses of lemon grass are well documented. It releases aromatic oil that is a common additive in perfumes, flavorings, and herbal medicines. In the kitchen, lemon grass is suitable for teas, soups, curries, poultry, fish, and seafood. While the stalk itself is too hard to eat (outside of drying and powdering), the soft inner portion gives the plant its unique properties. How Does Your Lemon Grass Grow? With respect to landscaping, lemon grass makes the perfect bed or garden border grass. Contact with the leaves produces a calming scent that can be easily identified. Lemon grass grows best in fertile loam, but will tolerate most types of soils with proper care. Warm sunshine and frequent moisture are the ideal conditions. Spread lemon grass by dividing clumps and planting in spring or summer. Lemon grass leaves have sharp edges that can cause razor cuts -- similar to those caused by corn stalks. As a precaution, do not plant lemon grass along walkways where the leaves can reach and slice exposed skin. About the Author Kelly Richardson has obsessive compulsive lawn disorder and is afflicted with the need to share his knowledge with the world. Kelly writes lawn columns for a variety of home and garden magazines and e-zines. Related Searches	Cymbopogon
What is the title of the 1984 film starring singer Prince as The Kid?	Lemongrass - The Medicinal Uses and Health Benefits of Lemongrass - Healthers - Health R Us Vegetables Lemongrass Lemongrass is a plant that is commonly used in Asian cuisine but which may provide therapeutic and medical benefits. Easily available from any ethnic store, health food store, online merchant or in the seasoning aisle of the supermarket, its anti-bacterial, anti-microbial, antioxidant and therapeutic properties make lemongrass a useful alternative or complementary remedy for a wide spectrum of common ailments. Whether using the dried leaves steeped to make tea or the extracted essential oil, lemongrass produces considerable benefits. What is lemongrass? Lemongrass is a perennial plant with thin, long leaves and is indigenous to India and other areas of the Asian continent including Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam. It is also common in Ceylon, Central America, China, Guatemala, India, Java, Madagascar, Sri Lanka, the West Indian islands and Zambia. There are more than fifty varieties of lemongrass but not all are suitable for consumption or medical use. The lemongrass plant usually reaches heights of three feet or one meter and is found mainly in the wild. Lemongrass has long being used as a flavoring in Asian style cooking. When added to recipes, the citrus-like flavor of the lemongrass herb powder or dried leaf adds a unique element to the meal. Though lemongrass is more widely known for its use as tea, it may be added to curries, beef, fish, poultry, seafood and soups. Alternative names The name of the lemongrass plant is purported to be due to its lemony scent and taste. There are over fifty species of lemongrass but the scientific names for the ones more commonly used for cooking and healing are cymbopogon citratrus and cymbopagon flexuosus. In India it is more popularly referred to as choomana poolu. There are many other common names by which lemongrass is known. These include andropogon citratus, barbed wire grass, British Indian lemongrass, Ceylon citronella grass, citronella, citronella grass, citronnelle de Java, East Indian lemongrass, Guatemala lemongrass, hierba Luisa, Hierba de Limón, Indian Melissa, Indian Verbena, Madagascar Lemongrass, silky heads, tanglad, te-de-limon, Verveine Indienne and West Indian lemongrass. Some of these names are culturally specific. In the Caribbean it is known widely as fever grass, attesting to its traditional use to relieve the symptoms of fever. Properties The main chemical component found in lemongrass is citral, an aromatic compound, also known as lemonal. Citral is used in perfumes because of its lemon odor. It is the presence of citral which accounts for lemongrass’ lemon scent. It is an antimicrobial and therefore effective in destroying or inhibiting microorganisms. Citral also contains antifungal properties. This chemical has pheromonal qualities, which explains its industrial use as an insect repellant. It also has a positive effective on the body’s ability to use Vitamin A. The compounds myrcene, citronellal, geranyl acetate, nerol and geraniol are found in varying quantities in Citral. Myrcene, geraniol and nerol contribute to lemongrass’ strong fragrance, citronella acts as an insecticide and geranyl acetate is another flavoring agent. Lemongrass has rubefacient properties, meaning that it may be able to improve blood circulation. Production Lemongrass grows year-round in tropical climates with warm temperatures. Mature plants can be as short as two feet and may reach as high as four feet tall. The plant usually grows wild and is easily promulgated. Lemon grass does not usually produce seeds. It is reproduced with portions of the root. Lemongrass can survive in outdoor or indoor environments, provided that there is adequate sunlight, the soil is adequately nourished and it is given plenty water. Lemongrass has a citrus-like (lemon) smell. Preparation The most common preparation of lemongrass for tea consumption involves picking and leaving the leaves to dry. The dried leaves are brewed in hot water for a few minutes. After straining the leaf residue, any desired sweetener may be added. For flavoring recipes the crushed or pulverized dried leaves are added during meal preparation. It can add a unique citrus flavor to culinary concoctions. Medicinal uses Lemongrass has been reported to have innumerable therapeutic and other health benefits. Widely used to alleviate certain respiratory conditions including laryngitis and sore throats, lemongrass has earned a reputation for its anti-pyretic property which reduces high fevers. Called fevergrass in some cultures the vapor is inhaled, leading to increased perspiration and eventually the complete removal of fever. Lemongrass has powerful pain relieving properties. It helps to alleviate muscle spasms by relaxing the muscles thereby leading to the reduction of pain-related symptoms. It is thus useful for all types of pain including abdominal pain, headaches, joint pains, muscle pains, digestive tract spasms, muscle cramps, stomachache and others. This remedy has also been linked to increasing the body’s ability to repair damaged connective tissue such as cartilage, ligaments and tendons and is thus recommended for these types of injuries. Another related benefit is for improvements in blood circulation. As an antifungal and antibacterial, lemongrass inhibits bacteria and yeast growth. For this it is useful for gastrointestinal infections and may also be applied externally to wounds as it fights germs. As an antioxidant lemongrass, contributes to liver and pancreatic health by helping the body to more quickly remove toxins. It has also being linked to lowered or normalized cholesterol levels. It also treat digestive issues including gastro-enteritis and may be helpful in relieving constipation. Some sources suggest that lemongrass has antidepressant properties and is thus beneficial for nervous and stress-related conditions. It is said to be helpful in alleviating anxiety and depressive symptoms. It helps to strengthen the nervous system and may thus be useful for conditions such as Parkinson’s disease. The presence of Vitamin A in lemongrass makes it helpful for skin issues such as acne pimples. It helps to brighten the skin and eyes and clear up oily skin thus improving acne. Its antibacterial property is also valuable for skin infections. Lemongrass may improve poor body odor by controlling excessive sweating. One research conducted at the Ben Gurion University in Israel has found possible benefits of the citral found in lemongrass on cancer. It reveals that this compound may contribute to the death of cancer cells with no noted negative effect on normal cells. Search for: Many people suffer from constipation from time to time. There are a number of natural remedies one can use in place of expensive pharmacological solutions. What can cause constipation? There are a... Turmeric is quickly becoming one of the most popular spices due to its range of health benefits. The spice has been common in mustard and curry. It has also been... For many people, the nutrition that they are getting from their everyday meals is simply not enough to satisfy the body’s needs. As a result, many have turned to multivitamins,... If you are reading this, there is a good chance that you have tried all different kinds of vitamins, multivitamins, and other oil-type treatments. Maybe you feel like you’ve been... Many people enjoy a small salad before their dinner, stating that they are “getting in their greens for the day.” Lettuce is certainly good for a person, but the ultimate... The word chia is actually pronounced phonetically as “ky-uh”, meaning that a chia seed is not in the same family as the freakishly odd chia pets, plants, etc. that have... Argan oil is an oil which is extracted from the seeds of the fruit from the Argan trees. Argan oil is widely used in beauty products to alleviate certain skin conditions,... Latest Posts..	i don't know
The original motto of which organisation was ‘Amidst War, Charity’?	Daughters in My Kingdom: The History and Work of Relief Society “Charity Never Faileth” Moroni 7:45 When Sister Emmeline B. Wells was called in 1910 to serve as the fifth Relief Society general president, she was prepared for the responsibility. As a participant in the migration to the Salt Lake Valley, she had worked side by side with sisters who had abiding testimonies of the gospel of Jesus Christ and who understood the foundational principles of Relief Society. She had served as secretary to two general Relief Society presidents, Zina D. H. Young and Bathsheba W. Smith, from 1888 to 1910. With a testimony that the Relief Society had been organized by revelation, Sister Wells and her counselors, Clarissa S. Williams and Julina L. Smith, were committed to preserving the principles upon which the society had been founded. In October 1913 they said: “We do declare it our purpose to keep intact the original name and initial spirit and purpose of this great organization, holding fast to the inspired teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith when he revealed the plan by which women were to be empowered through the calling of the priesthood to be grouped into suitable organizations for the purpose of ministering to the sick, assisting the needy, comforting the aged, warning the unwary, and succoring the orphans.” 1 A few months earlier, this sense of purpose had led Sister Wells and her counselors to establish a motto that would become a constant reminder of the organization’s founding principles and inspired origins. They chose a scriptural declaration: “Charity never faileth.” 2 These three words embraced the charge that the Prophet Joseph Smith had given the Relief Society sisters: to “relieve the poor” and to “save souls.” 3 In the past, pioneer women had practiced charity for close neighbors. Now Relief Society sisters would organize themselves to extend charity, “the pure love of Christ,” 4 to worldwide neighbors as well. Sister Wells and her counselors established this motto in a time of relative peace and prosperity. Little did they know how events in the coming years would put their motto to the test. Emmeline B. Wells Fifth Relief Society General President “It is [my] strongest desire that our young women of today be made to comprehend the work of the early members who, without the facilities of the present time, comforted the sad and distressed, visited the widow and fatherless, and were like ministering angels.” Relief Society Bulletin, May 1914, 3 Detail from Emmeline B. Wells, by Lee Greene Richards. Courtesy Church History Museum. Living Peaceably in a Time of War “Our feelings toward the world of mankind, generally, ought to be the same as Jesus manifested to them. He sought to promote their welfare, and our motto ought ever to be the same as His was—‘peace on earth and good will to men.’” John Taylor Teachings of Presidents of the Church: John Taylor (2001), 27; referring to Luke 2:14 War broke out in Europe in 1914. By the time the war ended in November 1918, many nations had joined the conflict, which came to be known as World War I. During this period, when bitterness and intolerance could have threatened the charitable feelings expected from Relief Society sisters, Sister Emmeline B. Wells and her counselors issued the following message to all women in the Church: “Administer in the spirit of love and patience to your husbands and to your children; guard the little ones; do not permit them to imbibe the spirit of intolerance or hatred to any nation or to any people; keep firearms out of their hands; do not allow them to play at war nor to find amusement in imitating death in battle; inculcate the spirit of loyalty to country and flag, but help them to feel that they are soldiers of the Cross and that if they must needs take up arms in the defense of liberty, of country and homes they shall do so without rancor or bitterness. … Teach the peaceable things of the kingdom [and] look after the needy more diligently than ever.” 5 In sending this message, Sister Wells urged sisters to put charity into action, just as the Prophet Joseph Smith had taught over 70 years earlier. She encouraged them to be patient with loved ones and kind toward neighbors—including enemies—and to give service to those in need. Relief Society sisters followed this counsel. They sought to receive and share the pure love of Christ, which they knew would never fail them. 6 This love would sustain them through seasons of war and peace. Relief Society sisters preparing layettes (sets of baby clothes) for families in need During World War I, the Relief Society in the United States cooperated wholeheartedly with community organizations such as the National Council of Defense and the American Red Cross. The sisters participated in food production and conservation, fund drives, sanitation, child welfare work, and other service. They were effective and energetic in cooperating with these community efforts. However, their prophet reminded them that they must never lose sight of the divine origins of Relief Society. Joseph F. Smith Detail from Joseph F. Smith, by Albert E. Salzbrenner. President Joseph F. Smith, the sixth President of the Church, said that while worldly organizations “are men-made, or women-made,” the Relief Society “is divinely made, divinely authorized, divinely instituted, divinely ordained of God to minister for the salvation of the souls of women and of men.” He did not want “to see the time when our Relief Societies will follow, or commingle and lose their own identity by mixing up with these woman-made organizations that are coming to pass. … It is for you,” he told Relief Society sisters, “to lead the world and to lead especially the women of the world, in everything that is praise-worthy, everything that is God-like, everything that is uplifting and that is purifying to the children of men. You are the head, not the tail.” 7 Sister Emmeline B. Wells shared this vision. She guided the Relief Society in cooperating with other organizations, but she also helped maintain the society’s distinctive purpose and divine nature. In addition to working with other organizations, Relief Society sisters did a variety of things on their own and with their wards to provide goods and raise money for those in need. Some sisters made and sold dresses, aprons, children’s clothing, quilts, and handwoven hats and rugs. Some raised and sold cattle and sheep. A sister in Tooele, Utah, learned that a quilt she made had offered relief to a British family during the war. This Relief Society sister had made the quilt in 1906, tucked a note inside it, and sent it to San Francisco, California, to help victims of a terrible earthquake. Eleven years later, the quilt was given to the Red Cross and sent to Great Britain. When the British recipient found the note, she sent a personal thank-you letter, saying that the quilt “came in very useful, as I lost my husband at the front.” Left with eight children and no possibility of working, this widow admitted, “It is as much as I can do to keep going.” 8 Many British sisters volunteered to sew and knit for the soldiers, but they had no money to buy the materials they needed. American and Canadian Relief Societies eagerly contributed to an emergency fund to help. They sent money to each branch in Great Britain so the British sisters could buy material for making sheets, pillowcases, and clothing. When the Relief Society sold its remaining wheat to the United States government in 1918 (see chapter 4), Sister Wells observed, “In all these years we have not had much need to use the grain stored away for the purpose it was designed, but with the dark cloud hovering over the world as it now does, we can see the prophetic wisdom of President Young in calling upon the sisters to save grain against a time of need.” 9 The wheat sale did more than provide food for people who were hungry. Sister Clarissa S. Williams, who served as one of Sister Wells’s counselors in the presidency, recommended that the Relief Society preserve the funds from the sale in a central account and that they use the interest to finance efforts to improve the health of women and children. Later, when Sister Williams served as the sixth Relief Society general president, she oversaw the use of those funds for such purposes. Strengthening Individuals and Families Relief Society sisters in Kidderminster, England At the end of World War I, many families and individuals were in need—financially, physically, emotionally, and spiritually. To meet these needs, the Relief Society established the Relief Society Social Service Department in 1919, with the full support of President Heber J. Grant, the seventh President of the Church. Sister Amy Brown Lyman, who later became the eighth Relief Society general president, served as the director of the department. Through the Social Service Department, the Relief Society cooperated with wards and stakes in efforts such as helping needy women and girls find employment and placing children for adoption. Its primary purpose, however, was to provide practical training for families. Sister Lyman said that the Relief Society Social Service Department was not a “relief-giving agency” but a “service department,” emphasizing “the study of family situations, the making of plans and budgets, the organizing of relief where LDS families [are] concerned, and the training of workers.” 10 With this goal in mind, the Social Service Department created a six-week training program in family welfare. Stake workers took this class and then went back to their wards and communities and taught it. Over 4,000 women were trained. Nurses and children enjoying music at LDS Hospital in Salt Lake City, Utah, 1934 Beginning in 1902, the Relief Society general presidency had sponsored a program for training nurses. By 1920, professional training for nurses had become more extensive, so the Relief Society established a training program for nurses’ aides. This one-year course, which began at LDS Hospital in Salt Lake City, Utah, did not charge tuition. Instead, the students were required to give 30 days of free nursing service in their communities. After 4 years, in which 46 aides were trained, the Relief Society discontinued the program and transferred their support to Red Cross home-nursing courses. As with some other programs, the Relief Society used this program to meet a specific temporal need of the time and then turned the work over to other agencies. Relief Society leaders encouraged sisters to continue serving one another in charitable ways, as they had done from the beginning days in Nauvoo. Sisters cared for the sick, sewed for those who needed clothing, and gave relief in other ways to those in need. For example, in 1921 a group of Armenian Latter-day Saints living in Turkey had to evacuate their homes. Joseph W. Booth, the president of the Palestine-Syrian Mission, helped them move to Aleppo, Syria, where he organized a branch with a Relief Society of about 30 sisters. Most of these women were very poor, and yet they felt it was their privilege and duty as Relief Society women to serve those who were less fortunate than they. So they gathered together and sewed clothing from 100 yards of cloth that President Booth had purchased. They also prepared a meal for undernourished fellow refugees. Joseph W. Booth and Relief Society sisters from Armenia in the early 1920s In April 1921, Sister Clarissa S. Williams succeeded Sister Emmeline B. Wells as Relief Society general president. Having served in the presidency with Sister Wells, she was ready for the challenges that would come. She was known for her organizational skills and her love and friendship to all. Sister Williams was concerned about the high mortality rate of mothers and infants. She was also concerned about the lack of opportunities for the disabled and the low standard of living for many women. Under her wise and able leadership, Relief Societies continued their efforts to alleviate these problems. In 1924, with support and encouragement from general and local priesthood leaders and Sister Williams, the Cottonwood Stake Relief Society established a maternity hospital. This hospital later became part of a network of Church hospitals. Sister Williams saw a great need for advancement in “health, opportunity, and a decent standard of living for all those with whom we come in contact.” She said, “Such an undertaking for general betterment comprehends careful preparation, training, educational work, and actual service.” 11 These efforts helped meet present demands, giving bishops an avenue for providing assistance for needy families. They also prepared the Church to respond to difficulties that would come a few years later. Cultivating Self-Reliance “We … urge, earnestly and always upon the people, the paramount necessity of living righteously; of avoiding extravagance; of cultivating habits of thrift, economy, and industry; of living strictly within their incomes; and of laying aside something, however small the amount may be, for the times of greater stress that may come to us.” First Presidency (Heber J. Grant, Anthony W. Ivins, J. Reuben Clark Jr.) Deseret News, Sept. 2, 1933, Church section, 7; punctuation standardized Louise Y. Robison Seventh Relief Society General President “If we only half do our work we will have no pleasure, if we do it from a sense of duty we will have no joy, but if we feel we are a branch of this vine, and that our Father in Heaven has felt us to be worthy to be a member of that branch, and that we can carry this work when it is here to do, then we will have joy.” Relief Society Magazine, Nov. 1933, 649 Detail from Louise Y. Robison, by John Willard Clawson. Courtesy Church History Museum. For more than a decade after World War I, the Relief Society worked to improve the standard of living for women and families, focusing on health, jobs, and education. The Relief Society also continued to encourage personal righteousness and acts of charity. Then, with little warning, the world plunged into a great economic depression at the end of 1929. Once again the qualities taught and learned in Relief Society strengthened individuals and families in a time of crisis. Latter-day Saint women found strength in their faith in Heavenly Father and Jesus Christ, drew on their skills of self-reliance, and worked to express the charity in their hearts. With these principles to guide them, they were able to take care of themselves and their families while reaching out to others. Heber J. Grant Detail from Heber J. Grant, by C. J. Fox. © IRI. In 1928, President Heber J. Grant called Sister Louise Y. Robison to serve as the seventh Relief Society general president. Economic challenges were not new to Sister Robison. She had grown up in a humble log home in rural Scipio, Utah, where she had learned to farm, garden, sew, work hard, live on little, and be of good cheer. Seven years before calling Sister Robison to be Relief Society general president, President Grant had set her apart to serve as second counselor in the general Relief Society presidency. She had felt her inadequacies keenly, as her daughter recounted: “When Mother went to President Grant’s office to be set apart, she felt sure he had been misinformed about her abilities, so she told him she’d be happy to do her best in whatever he asked her to do, but she wanted him to know that she had a limited education, and very little money and social position, and she was afraid she wouldn’t be the example that the women of the Relief Society would expect in a leader. She finished by saying ‘I’m just a humble woman!’ President Grant answered, ‘Sister Louizy, 85% of the women of our Church are humble women. We are calling you to be the leader of them.’” 12 Encouraged by President Grant’s words, Sister Robison shared her unique gifts and served wholeheartedly, first as a counselor and then as president. She was wise, compassionate, and hardworking. Her lack of formal education and material wealth enabled her to understand and help those in similar circumstances. Her advice to homemakers and mothers was practical and empathetic. She understood the struggle to live on a meager budget, and yet she knew the importance of a mother’s influence in the home. So she encouraged mothers to do all they could to stay at home with their children rather than leave them for the workplace. The United States government established many relief programs to try to turn the tide on the economic crisis. For a time, the Relief Society Social Service Department worked with these community agencies to serve needy families, but needs grew beyond the capacity of the department to handle. One worker in the department saw her caseload grow from 78 families in 1929 to more than 700 in 1934. 13 The Church appreciated the efforts of government agencies. Sister Robison said that the United States government was “doing a wonderful thing” in helping people in need. However, she joined with priesthood leaders in saying that Church members needed to continue to foster fundamental values of self-sufficiency. She said: “For ninety-three years Relief Society has been saying that we take care of our needy ones. I wonder if we are leaving it too much to the Government now.” 14 Relief Society sisters in California preserving food for their stake’s welfare program, about 1940 In April 1936, the First Presidency introduced a Churchwide welfare program. This put the Church in a better position to help needy members. In the October 1936 general conference, President Heber J. Grant explained the purpose of the program. “Our primary purpose,” he said, “was to set up, in so far as it might be possible, a system under which the curse of idleness would be done away with, the evils of a dole abolished, and independence, industry, thrift and self respect be once more established amongst our people. The aim of the Church is to help the people to help themselves. Work is to be re-enthroned as the ruling principle of the lives of our Church membership.” 15 Years later, President Thomas S. Monson, the sixteenth President of the Church, echoed this teaching. “Remember,” he said, “Church assistance is designed to help people help themselves. The rehabilitation of members is the responsibility of the individual and the family, aided by the priesthood quorum and Relief Society. We are attempting to develop independence, not dependence. The bishop seeks to build integrity, self-respect, dignity, and soundness of character in each person assisted, leading to complete self-sufficiency.” 16 One of the guiding principles of the welfare program was that Relief Society sisters and priesthood brethren should work in harmony. President Harold B. Lee, the eleventh President of the Church, helped establish the welfare program when he was serving as a stake president. He said: “The most important object that is to be achieved by [the Church welfare program] is the promoting of a spirit of cooperation and unity throughout the entire Church. … “To the extent that Relief Society Organizations in Wards are operating in cooperation with Priesthood Quorums and Bishoprics, just to that extent is there a [welfare] program in that ward.” 17 The role of the ward Relief Society president was especially important, said Bishop Joseph L. Wirthlin, then the Presiding Bishop of the Church: “To my way of thinking, there is only one individual who can go into a home, analyze its needs, and supply them wisely. That individual is one we may choose to call a home manager, a Relief Society president. … After all, these splendid women have homes of their own, have gone through the experiences related to motherhood and the management of homes.” 18 A gathering of Relief Society sisters in Del Rio, Texas, about 1950 Relief Societies were well positioned to take a prominent role in ward welfare efforts. Under the direction of bishops, they appraised the needs of families and then provided dried and preserved fruits and vegetables, clothing, and bedding as needed. For a time, sisters who bottled fruit were asked to give up every tenth jar to the welfare program. Sister Belle S. Spafford, the ninth Relief Society general president, remembered gathering fruit that the wind had blown to the ground, preserving it in bottles, and giving it to sisters in need. Through this opportunity for service, she gained a greater appreciation for the purpose of Relief Society. Relief Society leaders were an integral part of the Church welfare system. On the general, stake, and ward levels, they participated in welfare committee meetings, and they influenced decisions and coordinated efforts. This coordination was essential as the Church’s welfare system of farms, factories, distribution centers, and other physical facilities grew. The Relief Society Social Service Department was incorporated into Church Welfare and Social Services in 1969. Strengthening the Bonds of Charity From 1939 to 1945, World War II engulfed much of the world. Most of the Church’s programs were affected by this global conflict. In March 1940, President J. Reuben Clark Jr., First Counselor to President Heber J. Grant, met with auxiliary presidents to reexamine all programs and activities. They outlined four basic aims for each arm of the Church: “to curtail the ‘evermounting burden’ on members of sustaining church activities, to lessen the bishops’ burdens, to cut programs that required large, expensive meetinghouses, and to keep the Church within its income.” The Relief Society and other organizations were asked to “consolidate, cooperate, eliminate, simplify, and adjust their work so as to cooperate with the [First] Presidency in reaching the aims above indicated.” 19 Clarissa S. Williams Sixth Relief Society General President “Through our organization the gospel has been preached, the needy have been looked after, the sick have been comforted, the downhearted have been cheered, a message of love and of blessing has ever emanated from Relief Society workers. … The greatest thing in the world is love. And if we keep that always in our hearts, and give it as a message to those about us, we will be blessed and will be instruments in blessing those with whom we associate.” Relief Society Magazine, June 1922, 312 Detail from Clarissa S. Williams, by Lee Greene Richards. © 1924 IRI. Courtesy Church History Museum. Safeguarding the Family Church leaders’ primary purpose for simplifying their programs was to safeguard the family. Priesthood and auxiliary leaders were concerned that World War II was fragmenting homes and families. As men went to war, women had to sustain their families without immediate help from their husbands and older sons. Church leaders again encouraged mothers with children at home to find ways, if possible, to provide for the children without working outside the home full-time. These leaders encouraged Relief Society sisters to develop foundational skills of self-reliance: quilting, sewing clothing, growing gardens, and preserving and storing fruits and vegetables. They also emphasized the mother’s spiritual role in the home. Nations torn by war needed good young citizens who learned lessons of morality and uprightness from their mothers. Collaborating with Community Organizations and Priesthood Brethren As in the previous world war, Relief Society members in the United States answered a call to volunteer and to support the efforts of other worthy organizations. In 1942, more than 10,000 Relief Society sisters completed Red Cross courses in home nursing, first aid, and nutrition. Also, the Church advocated anti-tobacco and anti-liquor campaigns to protect the health of Latter-day Saints serving in the military. Through their support of these programs and through their compassionate, charitable service, Relief Society sisters promoted good health and goodwill. This was a time of much collaboration for Relief Society sisters, both in the community and with priesthood leaders. Sister Amy Brown Lyman, who served as the eighth Relief Society general president during most of World War II, said: “I think that one of the things that I have appreciated as much as anything … is the support that the Relief Society women have always received from the priesthood—from the General Authorities of the Church and also from the local priesthood as well, especially from the ward bishops. “The General Authorities have given the Mormon women leaders of the auxiliary organizations not only exceptional opportunities within the Church, but they have encouraged them in their cooperative work with other humanitarian agencies.” 20 One example of this cooperation was the Indian student placement program, which began in 1947 with the support of Elder Spencer W. Kimball, then of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Through this program, American Indian youth from small communities accepted invitations to live for a time with Latter-day Saint families in places where formal education was readily available and where the Church was well established. The program encouraged these youth to expand their experiences, and it also promoted understanding between different cultures. Relief Society leaders, especially Sister Belle S. Spafford, the ninth Relief Society general president, helped administer the program under the direction of Elder Kimball. Many sisters served the youth directly by nurturing them as if they were their own children. The program continued until 1996. President Boyd K. Packer of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles later observed: “The Indian Placement program filled its purpose, and it has been disbanded. And that happens. … We take the scaffolding down when construction is complete.” 21 “The Pure Love of Christ”: Charity in Action “Our eternal happiness will be in proportion to the way that we devote ourselves to helping others.” George Albert Smith In Conference Report, Oct. 1936, 71 Relief Society sisters in Europe experienced great devastation from World War II. They also demonstrated praiseworthy courage in serving one another in spite of harrowing conditions. They continued faithful and relied on their testimonies and the Atonement of Jesus Christ. Their lives and testimonies from this period are truly inspiring. After the war, Maria Speidel, who served as the president of the Germany Stuttgart District Relief Society, wrote: “The past five years have been difficult ones and we have become very humble. Our trust in the Lord and our testimony of his Church have been our pillar of strength. He has kept us mercifully, and although there was much to suffer, he has given to us a measure of his strength. Some of us have lost all our earthly possessions, every tangible thing ever dear to us, and when we say ‘It is better to walk with God in the darkness than without him in the light,’ we know whereof we speak. … “… With joy we sing the songs of Zion and put our trust in the Lord. He maketh all things well.” 22 Gertrude Zippro, another district Relief Society president, walked with God in the darkness many nights to love and serve her sisters. She lived in Holland at a time when the country was under military occupation. Because guards often stopped and searched travelers, she carried identification with her so she could visit branch Relief Societies in the district. Gertrude Zippro, center, with her sisters and children Sister Zippro’s son John said that it “became increasingly dangerous to be out at night as the occupation continued for five years.” Remembering his mother’s dedication, he said, “Can you imagine my mother braving those circumstances and going out at night on her bike many times, to visit another branch?” He recalled: “No matter how she felt or what the circumstances, she would take care of her obligation. What a great woman and leader she was! There is no doubt in my mind now that she was hand-picked by the Lord to be the Relief Society President at that time.” Sister Zippro’s son observed, “She must have had complete trust in the Lord to go time after time under those conditions, not knowing what problems she would encounter.” 23 In Denmark, the Saints’ situation was more tolerable than in many other countries. Food was available to them, so they shared it with their less-fortunate neighbors. Eva M. Gregersen, president of the Danish Mission Relief Society, said: “We have during the war taken up the work of helping our starving brother-land, Norway. Together with the mission office, we have been giving money to this purpose and every month many nice packages with food have been sent to our brothers and sisters in Norway, who have been thankful beyond words.” 24 President Hugh B. Brown was a firsthand witness of such charity. He served as president of the British Mission from 1937 to 1939, as coordinator for Latter-day Saint servicemen in Europe from 1939 to 1945, and again as president of the British Mission from 1945 to 1946. He later served as a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles and the First Presidency. He reported on the service he saw among Relief Society sisters during World War II: “There are hundreds of Relief Society women in the war zone who have been exposed to dangers, trials and hardships, comparable to that which our men undergo in the battle field. These brave women have carried on in the face of almost insuperable difficulties. … “To kneel in prayer with these women and to hear them thank God for their simple blessings, for the preservation of their lives and the lives of their loved ones, and for their scanty provisions and their windowless homes is at once an inspiration and a reproof to many of us whose material blessings far exceed any enjoyed here, but who frequently complain at being deprived of a few luxuries.” 25 Amy Brown Lyman Eighth Relief Society General President “Little did the original members of the organization realize … how great their beloved Society would become.” Relief Society Magazine, Mar. 1944, 139 Detail from Amy Brown Lyman, by Lee Greene Richards. Courtesy Church History Museum. Hedwig Biereichel, a sister in East Germany, provided food for starving Russian prisoners of war, even though she and her family could have been imprisoned or shot for such an act of charity. 26 Years later, she was interviewed about her experiences, as were several others who had endured similar trials during World War II. At the end of each interview, the interviewer asked, “How did you keep a testimony during all these trials?” The interviewer summarized all the responses she received with this statement: “I didn’t keep a testimony through those times—the testimony kept me.” 27 When World War II ended in 1945, Relief Society sisters worldwide had suffered much sorrow and deprivation. Through it all, however, they had continued to serve one another, strengthen families, and bolster testimonies. As a witness of so much suffering and so much selfless service, Sister Amy Brown Lyman declared: “[My] testimony has been my anchor and my stay, my satisfaction in times of joy and gladness, my comfort in times of sorrow and discouragement. … “I am grateful for the opportunity I have had of serving … in the Relief Society where during most of my mature life I have worked so happily and contentedly with its thousands of members. I have visited in their homes, slept in their beds, and eaten at their tables, and have thus learned of their beauty of character, their unselfishness, their understanding hearts, their faithfulness, and their sacrifices. I honor beyond my power of expression this great sisterhood of service.” 28 “Charity is the pure love of Christ, and it endureth forever” ( Moroni 7:47 ). Detail from Christ Healing a Blind Man, by Del Parson. © 1983 IRI. In times of trial and uncertainty, Relief Society sisters worldwide have followed Mormon’s admonition to “cleave unto charity, which is the greatest of all.” They have demonstrated their sure understanding that while “all things must fail … charity is the pure love of Christ, and it endureth forever.” 29 Time and time again, they have been true to their motto: “Charity never faileth.”	International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
Which chemical element has the symbol Pt?	Daughters in My Kingdom: The History and Work of Relief Society “Charity Never Faileth” Moroni 7:45 When Sister Emmeline B. Wells was called in 1910 to serve as the fifth Relief Society general president, she was prepared for the responsibility. As a participant in the migration to the Salt Lake Valley, she had worked side by side with sisters who had abiding testimonies of the gospel of Jesus Christ and who understood the foundational principles of Relief Society. She had served as secretary to two general Relief Society presidents, Zina D. H. Young and Bathsheba W. Smith, from 1888 to 1910. With a testimony that the Relief Society had been organized by revelation, Sister Wells and her counselors, Clarissa S. Williams and Julina L. Smith, were committed to preserving the principles upon which the society had been founded. In October 1913 they said: “We do declare it our purpose to keep intact the original name and initial spirit and purpose of this great organization, holding fast to the inspired teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith when he revealed the plan by which women were to be empowered through the calling of the priesthood to be grouped into suitable organizations for the purpose of ministering to the sick, assisting the needy, comforting the aged, warning the unwary, and succoring the orphans.” 1 A few months earlier, this sense of purpose had led Sister Wells and her counselors to establish a motto that would become a constant reminder of the organization’s founding principles and inspired origins. They chose a scriptural declaration: “Charity never faileth.” 2 These three words embraced the charge that the Prophet Joseph Smith had given the Relief Society sisters: to “relieve the poor” and to “save souls.” 3 In the past, pioneer women had practiced charity for close neighbors. Now Relief Society sisters would organize themselves to extend charity, “the pure love of Christ,” 4 to worldwide neighbors as well. Sister Wells and her counselors established this motto in a time of relative peace and prosperity. Little did they know how events in the coming years would put their motto to the test. Emmeline B. Wells Fifth Relief Society General President “It is [my] strongest desire that our young women of today be made to comprehend the work of the early members who, without the facilities of the present time, comforted the sad and distressed, visited the widow and fatherless, and were like ministering angels.” Relief Society Bulletin, May 1914, 3 Detail from Emmeline B. Wells, by Lee Greene Richards. Courtesy Church History Museum. Living Peaceably in a Time of War “Our feelings toward the world of mankind, generally, ought to be the same as Jesus manifested to them. He sought to promote their welfare, and our motto ought ever to be the same as His was—‘peace on earth and good will to men.’” John Taylor Teachings of Presidents of the Church: John Taylor (2001), 27; referring to Luke 2:14 War broke out in Europe in 1914. By the time the war ended in November 1918, many nations had joined the conflict, which came to be known as World War I. During this period, when bitterness and intolerance could have threatened the charitable feelings expected from Relief Society sisters, Sister Emmeline B. Wells and her counselors issued the following message to all women in the Church: “Administer in the spirit of love and patience to your husbands and to your children; guard the little ones; do not permit them to imbibe the spirit of intolerance or hatred to any nation or to any people; keep firearms out of their hands; do not allow them to play at war nor to find amusement in imitating death in battle; inculcate the spirit of loyalty to country and flag, but help them to feel that they are soldiers of the Cross and that if they must needs take up arms in the defense of liberty, of country and homes they shall do so without rancor or bitterness. … Teach the peaceable things of the kingdom [and] look after the needy more diligently than ever.” 5 In sending this message, Sister Wells urged sisters to put charity into action, just as the Prophet Joseph Smith had taught over 70 years earlier. She encouraged them to be patient with loved ones and kind toward neighbors—including enemies—and to give service to those in need. Relief Society sisters followed this counsel. They sought to receive and share the pure love of Christ, which they knew would never fail them. 6 This love would sustain them through seasons of war and peace. Relief Society sisters preparing layettes (sets of baby clothes) for families in need During World War I, the Relief Society in the United States cooperated wholeheartedly with community organizations such as the National Council of Defense and the American Red Cross. The sisters participated in food production and conservation, fund drives, sanitation, child welfare work, and other service. They were effective and energetic in cooperating with these community efforts. However, their prophet reminded them that they must never lose sight of the divine origins of Relief Society. Joseph F. Smith Detail from Joseph F. Smith, by Albert E. Salzbrenner. President Joseph F. Smith, the sixth President of the Church, said that while worldly organizations “are men-made, or women-made,” the Relief Society “is divinely made, divinely authorized, divinely instituted, divinely ordained of God to minister for the salvation of the souls of women and of men.” He did not want “to see the time when our Relief Societies will follow, or commingle and lose their own identity by mixing up with these woman-made organizations that are coming to pass. … It is for you,” he told Relief Society sisters, “to lead the world and to lead especially the women of the world, in everything that is praise-worthy, everything that is God-like, everything that is uplifting and that is purifying to the children of men. You are the head, not the tail.” 7 Sister Emmeline B. Wells shared this vision. She guided the Relief Society in cooperating with other organizations, but she also helped maintain the society’s distinctive purpose and divine nature. In addition to working with other organizations, Relief Society sisters did a variety of things on their own and with their wards to provide goods and raise money for those in need. Some sisters made and sold dresses, aprons, children’s clothing, quilts, and handwoven hats and rugs. Some raised and sold cattle and sheep. A sister in Tooele, Utah, learned that a quilt she made had offered relief to a British family during the war. This Relief Society sister had made the quilt in 1906, tucked a note inside it, and sent it to San Francisco, California, to help victims of a terrible earthquake. Eleven years later, the quilt was given to the Red Cross and sent to Great Britain. When the British recipient found the note, she sent a personal thank-you letter, saying that the quilt “came in very useful, as I lost my husband at the front.” Left with eight children and no possibility of working, this widow admitted, “It is as much as I can do to keep going.” 8 Many British sisters volunteered to sew and knit for the soldiers, but they had no money to buy the materials they needed. American and Canadian Relief Societies eagerly contributed to an emergency fund to help. They sent money to each branch in Great Britain so the British sisters could buy material for making sheets, pillowcases, and clothing. When the Relief Society sold its remaining wheat to the United States government in 1918 (see chapter 4), Sister Wells observed, “In all these years we have not had much need to use the grain stored away for the purpose it was designed, but with the dark cloud hovering over the world as it now does, we can see the prophetic wisdom of President Young in calling upon the sisters to save grain against a time of need.” 9 The wheat sale did more than provide food for people who were hungry. Sister Clarissa S. Williams, who served as one of Sister Wells’s counselors in the presidency, recommended that the Relief Society preserve the funds from the sale in a central account and that they use the interest to finance efforts to improve the health of women and children. Later, when Sister Williams served as the sixth Relief Society general president, she oversaw the use of those funds for such purposes. Strengthening Individuals and Families Relief Society sisters in Kidderminster, England At the end of World War I, many families and individuals were in need—financially, physically, emotionally, and spiritually. To meet these needs, the Relief Society established the Relief Society Social Service Department in 1919, with the full support of President Heber J. Grant, the seventh President of the Church. Sister Amy Brown Lyman, who later became the eighth Relief Society general president, served as the director of the department. Through the Social Service Department, the Relief Society cooperated with wards and stakes in efforts such as helping needy women and girls find employment and placing children for adoption. Its primary purpose, however, was to provide practical training for families. Sister Lyman said that the Relief Society Social Service Department was not a “relief-giving agency” but a “service department,” emphasizing “the study of family situations, the making of plans and budgets, the organizing of relief where LDS families [are] concerned, and the training of workers.” 10 With this goal in mind, the Social Service Department created a six-week training program in family welfare. Stake workers took this class and then went back to their wards and communities and taught it. Over 4,000 women were trained. Nurses and children enjoying music at LDS Hospital in Salt Lake City, Utah, 1934 Beginning in 1902, the Relief Society general presidency had sponsored a program for training nurses. By 1920, professional training for nurses had become more extensive, so the Relief Society established a training program for nurses’ aides. This one-year course, which began at LDS Hospital in Salt Lake City, Utah, did not charge tuition. Instead, the students were required to give 30 days of free nursing service in their communities. After 4 years, in which 46 aides were trained, the Relief Society discontinued the program and transferred their support to Red Cross home-nursing courses. As with some other programs, the Relief Society used this program to meet a specific temporal need of the time and then turned the work over to other agencies. Relief Society leaders encouraged sisters to continue serving one another in charitable ways, as they had done from the beginning days in Nauvoo. Sisters cared for the sick, sewed for those who needed clothing, and gave relief in other ways to those in need. For example, in 1921 a group of Armenian Latter-day Saints living in Turkey had to evacuate their homes. Joseph W. Booth, the president of the Palestine-Syrian Mission, helped them move to Aleppo, Syria, where he organized a branch with a Relief Society of about 30 sisters. Most of these women were very poor, and yet they felt it was their privilege and duty as Relief Society women to serve those who were less fortunate than they. So they gathered together and sewed clothing from 100 yards of cloth that President Booth had purchased. They also prepared a meal for undernourished fellow refugees. Joseph W. Booth and Relief Society sisters from Armenia in the early 1920s In April 1921, Sister Clarissa S. Williams succeeded Sister Emmeline B. Wells as Relief Society general president. Having served in the presidency with Sister Wells, she was ready for the challenges that would come. She was known for her organizational skills and her love and friendship to all. Sister Williams was concerned about the high mortality rate of mothers and infants. She was also concerned about the lack of opportunities for the disabled and the low standard of living for many women. Under her wise and able leadership, Relief Societies continued their efforts to alleviate these problems. In 1924, with support and encouragement from general and local priesthood leaders and Sister Williams, the Cottonwood Stake Relief Society established a maternity hospital. This hospital later became part of a network of Church hospitals. Sister Williams saw a great need for advancement in “health, opportunity, and a decent standard of living for all those with whom we come in contact.” She said, “Such an undertaking for general betterment comprehends careful preparation, training, educational work, and actual service.” 11 These efforts helped meet present demands, giving bishops an avenue for providing assistance for needy families. They also prepared the Church to respond to difficulties that would come a few years later. Cultivating Self-Reliance “We … urge, earnestly and always upon the people, the paramount necessity of living righteously; of avoiding extravagance; of cultivating habits of thrift, economy, and industry; of living strictly within their incomes; and of laying aside something, however small the amount may be, for the times of greater stress that may come to us.” First Presidency (Heber J. Grant, Anthony W. Ivins, J. Reuben Clark Jr.) Deseret News, Sept. 2, 1933, Church section, 7; punctuation standardized Louise Y. Robison Seventh Relief Society General President “If we only half do our work we will have no pleasure, if we do it from a sense of duty we will have no joy, but if we feel we are a branch of this vine, and that our Father in Heaven has felt us to be worthy to be a member of that branch, and that we can carry this work when it is here to do, then we will have joy.” Relief Society Magazine, Nov. 1933, 649 Detail from Louise Y. Robison, by John Willard Clawson. Courtesy Church History Museum. For more than a decade after World War I, the Relief Society worked to improve the standard of living for women and families, focusing on health, jobs, and education. The Relief Society also continued to encourage personal righteousness and acts of charity. Then, with little warning, the world plunged into a great economic depression at the end of 1929. Once again the qualities taught and learned in Relief Society strengthened individuals and families in a time of crisis. Latter-day Saint women found strength in their faith in Heavenly Father and Jesus Christ, drew on their skills of self-reliance, and worked to express the charity in their hearts. With these principles to guide them, they were able to take care of themselves and their families while reaching out to others. Heber J. Grant Detail from Heber J. Grant, by C. J. Fox. © IRI. In 1928, President Heber J. Grant called Sister Louise Y. Robison to serve as the seventh Relief Society general president. Economic challenges were not new to Sister Robison. She had grown up in a humble log home in rural Scipio, Utah, where she had learned to farm, garden, sew, work hard, live on little, and be of good cheer. Seven years before calling Sister Robison to be Relief Society general president, President Grant had set her apart to serve as second counselor in the general Relief Society presidency. She had felt her inadequacies keenly, as her daughter recounted: “When Mother went to President Grant’s office to be set apart, she felt sure he had been misinformed about her abilities, so she told him she’d be happy to do her best in whatever he asked her to do, but she wanted him to know that she had a limited education, and very little money and social position, and she was afraid she wouldn’t be the example that the women of the Relief Society would expect in a leader. She finished by saying ‘I’m just a humble woman!’ President Grant answered, ‘Sister Louizy, 85% of the women of our Church are humble women. We are calling you to be the leader of them.’” 12 Encouraged by President Grant’s words, Sister Robison shared her unique gifts and served wholeheartedly, first as a counselor and then as president. She was wise, compassionate, and hardworking. Her lack of formal education and material wealth enabled her to understand and help those in similar circumstances. Her advice to homemakers and mothers was practical and empathetic. She understood the struggle to live on a meager budget, and yet she knew the importance of a mother’s influence in the home. So she encouraged mothers to do all they could to stay at home with their children rather than leave them for the workplace. The United States government established many relief programs to try to turn the tide on the economic crisis. For a time, the Relief Society Social Service Department worked with these community agencies to serve needy families, but needs grew beyond the capacity of the department to handle. One worker in the department saw her caseload grow from 78 families in 1929 to more than 700 in 1934. 13 The Church appreciated the efforts of government agencies. Sister Robison said that the United States government was “doing a wonderful thing” in helping people in need. However, she joined with priesthood leaders in saying that Church members needed to continue to foster fundamental values of self-sufficiency. She said: “For ninety-three years Relief Society has been saying that we take care of our needy ones. I wonder if we are leaving it too much to the Government now.” 14 Relief Society sisters in California preserving food for their stake’s welfare program, about 1940 In April 1936, the First Presidency introduced a Churchwide welfare program. This put the Church in a better position to help needy members. In the October 1936 general conference, President Heber J. Grant explained the purpose of the program. “Our primary purpose,” he said, “was to set up, in so far as it might be possible, a system under which the curse of idleness would be done away with, the evils of a dole abolished, and independence, industry, thrift and self respect be once more established amongst our people. The aim of the Church is to help the people to help themselves. Work is to be re-enthroned as the ruling principle of the lives of our Church membership.” 15 Years later, President Thomas S. Monson, the sixteenth President of the Church, echoed this teaching. “Remember,” he said, “Church assistance is designed to help people help themselves. The rehabilitation of members is the responsibility of the individual and the family, aided by the priesthood quorum and Relief Society. We are attempting to develop independence, not dependence. The bishop seeks to build integrity, self-respect, dignity, and soundness of character in each person assisted, leading to complete self-sufficiency.” 16 One of the guiding principles of the welfare program was that Relief Society sisters and priesthood brethren should work in harmony. President Harold B. Lee, the eleventh President of the Church, helped establish the welfare program when he was serving as a stake president. He said: “The most important object that is to be achieved by [the Church welfare program] is the promoting of a spirit of cooperation and unity throughout the entire Church. … “To the extent that Relief Society Organizations in Wards are operating in cooperation with Priesthood Quorums and Bishoprics, just to that extent is there a [welfare] program in that ward.” 17 The role of the ward Relief Society president was especially important, said Bishop Joseph L. Wirthlin, then the Presiding Bishop of the Church: “To my way of thinking, there is only one individual who can go into a home, analyze its needs, and supply them wisely. That individual is one we may choose to call a home manager, a Relief Society president. … After all, these splendid women have homes of their own, have gone through the experiences related to motherhood and the management of homes.” 18 A gathering of Relief Society sisters in Del Rio, Texas, about 1950 Relief Societies were well positioned to take a prominent role in ward welfare efforts. Under the direction of bishops, they appraised the needs of families and then provided dried and preserved fruits and vegetables, clothing, and bedding as needed. For a time, sisters who bottled fruit were asked to give up every tenth jar to the welfare program. Sister Belle S. Spafford, the ninth Relief Society general president, remembered gathering fruit that the wind had blown to the ground, preserving it in bottles, and giving it to sisters in need. Through this opportunity for service, she gained a greater appreciation for the purpose of Relief Society. Relief Society leaders were an integral part of the Church welfare system. On the general, stake, and ward levels, they participated in welfare committee meetings, and they influenced decisions and coordinated efforts. This coordination was essential as the Church’s welfare system of farms, factories, distribution centers, and other physical facilities grew. The Relief Society Social Service Department was incorporated into Church Welfare and Social Services in 1969. Strengthening the Bonds of Charity From 1939 to 1945, World War II engulfed much of the world. Most of the Church’s programs were affected by this global conflict. In March 1940, President J. Reuben Clark Jr., First Counselor to President Heber J. Grant, met with auxiliary presidents to reexamine all programs and activities. They outlined four basic aims for each arm of the Church: “to curtail the ‘evermounting burden’ on members of sustaining church activities, to lessen the bishops’ burdens, to cut programs that required large, expensive meetinghouses, and to keep the Church within its income.” The Relief Society and other organizations were asked to “consolidate, cooperate, eliminate, simplify, and adjust their work so as to cooperate with the [First] Presidency in reaching the aims above indicated.” 19 Clarissa S. Williams Sixth Relief Society General President “Through our organization the gospel has been preached, the needy have been looked after, the sick have been comforted, the downhearted have been cheered, a message of love and of blessing has ever emanated from Relief Society workers. … The greatest thing in the world is love. And if we keep that always in our hearts, and give it as a message to those about us, we will be blessed and will be instruments in blessing those with whom we associate.” Relief Society Magazine, June 1922, 312 Detail from Clarissa S. Williams, by Lee Greene Richards. © 1924 IRI. Courtesy Church History Museum. Safeguarding the Family Church leaders’ primary purpose for simplifying their programs was to safeguard the family. Priesthood and auxiliary leaders were concerned that World War II was fragmenting homes and families. As men went to war, women had to sustain their families without immediate help from their husbands and older sons. Church leaders again encouraged mothers with children at home to find ways, if possible, to provide for the children without working outside the home full-time. These leaders encouraged Relief Society sisters to develop foundational skills of self-reliance: quilting, sewing clothing, growing gardens, and preserving and storing fruits and vegetables. They also emphasized the mother’s spiritual role in the home. Nations torn by war needed good young citizens who learned lessons of morality and uprightness from their mothers. Collaborating with Community Organizations and Priesthood Brethren As in the previous world war, Relief Society members in the United States answered a call to volunteer and to support the efforts of other worthy organizations. In 1942, more than 10,000 Relief Society sisters completed Red Cross courses in home nursing, first aid, and nutrition. Also, the Church advocated anti-tobacco and anti-liquor campaigns to protect the health of Latter-day Saints serving in the military. Through their support of these programs and through their compassionate, charitable service, Relief Society sisters promoted good health and goodwill. This was a time of much collaboration for Relief Society sisters, both in the community and with priesthood leaders. Sister Amy Brown Lyman, who served as the eighth Relief Society general president during most of World War II, said: “I think that one of the things that I have appreciated as much as anything … is the support that the Relief Society women have always received from the priesthood—from the General Authorities of the Church and also from the local priesthood as well, especially from the ward bishops. “The General Authorities have given the Mormon women leaders of the auxiliary organizations not only exceptional opportunities within the Church, but they have encouraged them in their cooperative work with other humanitarian agencies.” 20 One example of this cooperation was the Indian student placement program, which began in 1947 with the support of Elder Spencer W. Kimball, then of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Through this program, American Indian youth from small communities accepted invitations to live for a time with Latter-day Saint families in places where formal education was readily available and where the Church was well established. The program encouraged these youth to expand their experiences, and it also promoted understanding between different cultures. Relief Society leaders, especially Sister Belle S. Spafford, the ninth Relief Society general president, helped administer the program under the direction of Elder Kimball. Many sisters served the youth directly by nurturing them as if they were their own children. The program continued until 1996. President Boyd K. Packer of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles later observed: “The Indian Placement program filled its purpose, and it has been disbanded. And that happens. … We take the scaffolding down when construction is complete.” 21 “The Pure Love of Christ”: Charity in Action “Our eternal happiness will be in proportion to the way that we devote ourselves to helping others.” George Albert Smith In Conference Report, Oct. 1936, 71 Relief Society sisters in Europe experienced great devastation from World War II. They also demonstrated praiseworthy courage in serving one another in spite of harrowing conditions. They continued faithful and relied on their testimonies and the Atonement of Jesus Christ. Their lives and testimonies from this period are truly inspiring. After the war, Maria Speidel, who served as the president of the Germany Stuttgart District Relief Society, wrote: “The past five years have been difficult ones and we have become very humble. Our trust in the Lord and our testimony of his Church have been our pillar of strength. He has kept us mercifully, and although there was much to suffer, he has given to us a measure of his strength. Some of us have lost all our earthly possessions, every tangible thing ever dear to us, and when we say ‘It is better to walk with God in the darkness than without him in the light,’ we know whereof we speak. … “… With joy we sing the songs of Zion and put our trust in the Lord. He maketh all things well.” 22 Gertrude Zippro, another district Relief Society president, walked with God in the darkness many nights to love and serve her sisters. She lived in Holland at a time when the country was under military occupation. Because guards often stopped and searched travelers, she carried identification with her so she could visit branch Relief Societies in the district. Gertrude Zippro, center, with her sisters and children Sister Zippro’s son John said that it “became increasingly dangerous to be out at night as the occupation continued for five years.” Remembering his mother’s dedication, he said, “Can you imagine my mother braving those circumstances and going out at night on her bike many times, to visit another branch?” He recalled: “No matter how she felt or what the circumstances, she would take care of her obligation. What a great woman and leader she was! There is no doubt in my mind now that she was hand-picked by the Lord to be the Relief Society President at that time.” Sister Zippro’s son observed, “She must have had complete trust in the Lord to go time after time under those conditions, not knowing what problems she would encounter.” 23 In Denmark, the Saints’ situation was more tolerable than in many other countries. Food was available to them, so they shared it with their less-fortunate neighbors. Eva M. Gregersen, president of the Danish Mission Relief Society, said: “We have during the war taken up the work of helping our starving brother-land, Norway. Together with the mission office, we have been giving money to this purpose and every month many nice packages with food have been sent to our brothers and sisters in Norway, who have been thankful beyond words.” 24 President Hugh B. Brown was a firsthand witness of such charity. He served as president of the British Mission from 1937 to 1939, as coordinator for Latter-day Saint servicemen in Europe from 1939 to 1945, and again as president of the British Mission from 1945 to 1946. He later served as a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles and the First Presidency. He reported on the service he saw among Relief Society sisters during World War II: “There are hundreds of Relief Society women in the war zone who have been exposed to dangers, trials and hardships, comparable to that which our men undergo in the battle field. These brave women have carried on in the face of almost insuperable difficulties. … “To kneel in prayer with these women and to hear them thank God for their simple blessings, for the preservation of their lives and the lives of their loved ones, and for their scanty provisions and their windowless homes is at once an inspiration and a reproof to many of us whose material blessings far exceed any enjoyed here, but who frequently complain at being deprived of a few luxuries.” 25 Amy Brown Lyman Eighth Relief Society General President “Little did the original members of the organization realize … how great their beloved Society would become.” Relief Society Magazine, Mar. 1944, 139 Detail from Amy Brown Lyman, by Lee Greene Richards. Courtesy Church History Museum. Hedwig Biereichel, a sister in East Germany, provided food for starving Russian prisoners of war, even though she and her family could have been imprisoned or shot for such an act of charity. 26 Years later, she was interviewed about her experiences, as were several others who had endured similar trials during World War II. At the end of each interview, the interviewer asked, “How did you keep a testimony during all these trials?” The interviewer summarized all the responses she received with this statement: “I didn’t keep a testimony through those times—the testimony kept me.” 27 When World War II ended in 1945, Relief Society sisters worldwide had suffered much sorrow and deprivation. Through it all, however, they had continued to serve one another, strengthen families, and bolster testimonies. As a witness of so much suffering and so much selfless service, Sister Amy Brown Lyman declared: “[My] testimony has been my anchor and my stay, my satisfaction in times of joy and gladness, my comfort in times of sorrow and discouragement. … “I am grateful for the opportunity I have had of serving … in the Relief Society where during most of my mature life I have worked so happily and contentedly with its thousands of members. I have visited in their homes, slept in their beds, and eaten at their tables, and have thus learned of their beauty of character, their unselfishness, their understanding hearts, their faithfulness, and their sacrifices. I honor beyond my power of expression this great sisterhood of service.” 28 “Charity is the pure love of Christ, and it endureth forever” ( Moroni 7:47 ). Detail from Christ Healing a Blind Man, by Del Parson. © 1983 IRI. In times of trial and uncertainty, Relief Society sisters worldwide have followed Mormon’s admonition to “cleave unto charity, which is the greatest of all.” They have demonstrated their sure understanding that while “all things must fail … charity is the pure love of Christ, and it endureth forever.” 29 Time and time again, they have been true to their motto: “Charity never faileth.”	i don't know
Which ancient European period came before the Iron Age?	Iron Age - Ancient History, Civilizations World Map / World Ancient History / Iron Age Iron Age Iron Age is the period marked by the use of iron implements, tools, and weapons. Archeologists consider the Iron Age the period that immediately follows the Bronze Age. The Iron Age is the third era in archeologist Christian Anderson's three-age system. The advent of the Iron Age in Mesopotamia is dated around 1300 BC. As the use of iron spread to other parts of the world, the Iron Age started to dawn in other parts of the world. In India and Europe, for example, the start of the Iron Age is dated around 1200 BC while in parts of China it is believed to have started in 600 BC and in Japan as late as 100 BC. Iron Age Civilizations: The civilizations of the Near East were the earliest to reap the benefits of Iron Age. The development of Archaic Greece with the fall of the Bronze Age Mycenaean Civilization was an era of renewal in Greece. The Greek city-states, the polis were rebuilt and Athens, Sparta, Thebes, Corinth, and Halicarnassus were among the mightiest polis. Urbanization took on new dimensions with the construction of these cities. The Phoenician alphabet was adopted and the Mycenaean history was transformed into myths and legends for the generations to come. In Iran Zoroastrianism took roots during the Iron Ages. Zarathustra preached the influential doctrine amidst much political chaos. In India Iron Age lasted from about 1200 BC till around 26 BC. The earliest kingdoms of the subcontinent, the Mahajanapadas were culturally advanced societies. Then developed the Maurya and the Satavahana Empires in northern and central India and the Chola and Pandya Empires in the south. A high sense of cultural refinement marked the era. Art, architecture and literature flourished. In China the Chou Dynasty lost its power and might in the Iron Age. The smaller, fragmented kingdoms formed as a consequence entered an era of internal conflict and strife till the emergence of the mighty Ch'in Dynasty. The emperors of the Ch'in Dynasty took up territorial expansion and promotion of Chinese culture including philosophy and literature. Iron and Metal Works: The discovery of iron dates back to about 2000 BC. Iron artifacts dating back to the fifth millennium BC have been found in Iran by the archeologists. The earliest iron artifacts of Asia are those dating back to the third millennium BC. These were found in China. By the Middle Ages the use of wrought iron in manufacture of armors and armaments was a common practice. Its versatility and ease of procurement made iron a revolutionary metal. The easy availability of coal for the manufacture of iron and the strength of the metal itself made it very popular. By the time steel was manufactured, the use of iron was already a common feature of most world civilizations. Iron Age Literature: Language and literature saw a great deal of evolution in the Iron Age. The Bronze Age had seen the development of the earliest alphabets such as the Cuneiform and the Hieroglyphic scripts, the end of the Bronze Age and the early Iron Age saw texts such as the Vedas being written. The Iron Age saw a spurt in the growth of Chinese and Indian literature. Vedic literature such as the Vedanta and Upanishads were written; the Hebrew Bible is also a product of this age. Language grew ore complex and poetry grew in clout. Historic records started to be maintained. Language reflected the growing complexity of the cultural dimensions of the Iron Age civilizations.	Bronze Age
What is the name of a person who forges and shapes iron with an anvil and hammer?	The Classic Ages: Stone, Bronze, Iron TheShorterWord.com History and English for Christian schools and homeschools from author Laurie J. White THE CLASSIC AGES: STONE, BRONZE, and IRON The terms stone age, bronze age, and iron age are three classic divisions of history based on the chief material used for tools and weapons at different stages in the history of man. These ages were first used as classifications for dating artifacts found in Europe. They are not referred to quite as often as they used to be because, as it turned out, dates varied drastically for the uses of these metals around the world and even among the various parts of Europe more than was first thought. Some civilizations skipped a period – Sub-Saharan Africa went straight from stone to iron skipping Bronze Age altogether. American natives never got out of stone age – until the era of European exploration. I. Stone Age All tools and weapons were made of stone during this period. Axes, spear points, hide scrapers, etc. During the later years of the Stone Age (sometimes called the Neolithic Period), copper was smelted (“melted” out of ore by heating it in a fire) Copper, along with silver and gold, was used mostly for ornamental purposes. Copper is a softer metal compared to stone tools and not as suitable for tools and weapons. Sometimes a separate Copper Age (or Chalcolithic Age) is referred to as separate from the Stone Age. But basically, the use of copper was a good supplement to stone tools and also acted in some civilizations as a transition to the Bronze Age. However, copper tools and ornaments were use d in the Americas without the people ever discovering how to produce bronze. Bronze tools and weapons were used during this “age” (alongside still-useful stone and copper). Bronze is “one of the most innovative alloys of man.” Bronze is produced by the combining of copper + tin (an earlier bronze was actually copper+arsenic which was not quite as strong) Bronze is much stronger than pure copper. Bronze Swords Though the Bronze Age came before the Iron Age, bronze is actually superior to iron in many ways: Bronze is — has a lower casting temperature it resists corrosion and rust is stronger However, other factors came into play: 1. A few groups of people learned how to add carbon to iron and make steel. Steel is superior to everything. The Hittites are an example of an early steel-wielding tribe whose early conquests were due largely to their superior weapons. 2. Iron implements can be sharpened–a huge advantage! Bronze weapons had to be melted and re-molded. Just think of what an asset that one factor would be. 3. The tin that was needed to make the bronze became hard to find and often unavailable to some cultures. Both copper and tin are relatively common, but they are rarely found in the same area. The production of bronze therefore depended on the ability to trade for the part you were lacking. Most historians think that the Bronze Age gave way to the Iron Age chiefly due to trade problems and the inability to obtain whichever component one was lacking. III. Iron Age Iron, like copper and tin, must be extracted through a process called smelting to get it out of the rock or ore. Iron is never found in its pure elemental state. However, it is one of the most common elements on earth and therefore cheap and available. One of iron’s great advantages was that it could be sharpened. A bronze knife, for instance, had to be melted and re-cast. Also, iron, unlike bronze, did not have to be alloyed (combined) with another metal. However, until it was discovered that iron could be alloyed with carbon to make steel, iron remained only equivalent to bronze, if not inferior. It is believed that the Hittites were one of the earliest people to first discover how to make steel by combining iron with carbon. This discovery gave the Hittites superior weapons and shields and is regarded as the key factor in their success as conquerors during the 14th-13th century BC . A Little About Smelting— There is continuous debate to understand how the ancient people learned how to smelt. Probably the first smelting was done by accident by making a campfire on top of tin or lead ores. That may accidentally have produced metallic tin and lead at the bottom of the campfire because the temperatures to smelt tin and lead are easily achieved in a campfire. These metals can then be re-melted and cast into the form of ornaments, tools or weapons. Copper created some impact on the ancient world, as it produces good blunt weapons and reasonable armor, but it is still too soft to produce useful blade weapons. Therefore, the smelting of copper did not replace the manufacture of stone weapons, which still produced superior blades. Bronze is made from either copper+arsenic or copper+tin. The presence of arsenic and tin dramatically increased the hardness of copper, producing war-winning weapons and armor. A noble wearing bronze armor was basically impervious to the stone tools of the times, and his bronze sword kept its edge and shattered the older stone-based weapons. The knowledge of how to produce bronze allowed kings to overcome their enemies, and caused such a revolution that it marked the end of the Stone Age and the beginning of the Bronze Age. It would be millennia, though, before bronze could be plentiful enough to be used by common townsfolk and for a long time bronze utensils were luxury items used only by the nobility.	i don't know
What is the name of the unofficial accolade given to passenger liners crossing the Atlantic Ocean in regular service with the record highest speed?	What does blue riband mean? This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word blue riband Wiktionary(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Blue Riband(ProperNoun) A trophy for the fastest sea crossing of the Atlantic by a liner. Freebase(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Blue Riband The Blue Riband is an unofficial accolade given to the passenger liner crossing the Atlantic Ocean in regular service with the record highest speed. The term was borrowed from horse racing and was not widely used until after 1910. Under the unwritten rules, the record is based on average speed rather than passage time because ships follow different routes. Traditionally, a ship is considered a “record breaker” if it wins the eastbound speed record, but is not credited with the Blue Riband unless it wins the more difficult westbound record against the Gulf Stream. Of the 35 Atlantic liners to hold the Blue Riband, 25 were British, followed by five German, three American, as well as one each from Italy and France. 13 were Cunarders, 5 by White Star, with 4 owned by Norddeutscher Lloyd, 2 by Collins, 2 by Inman and 2 by Guion, and one each by British American, Great Western, Hamburg-America, the Italian Line, Compagnie Générale Transatlantique and finally the United States Lines. Many of these ships were built with substantial government subsidies and were designed with military considerations in mind. Winston Churchill estimated that the two Cunard Queens helped shorten the Second World War by a year. The last Atlantic liner to hold the Blue Riband, the United States was designed for her potential use as a troopship as well as her service as a commercial passenger liner. Numerology The numerical value of blue riband in Chaldean Numerology is: 4 Pythagorean Numerology	Blue Riband (disambiguation)
Richard Attenborough played which gang member in the 1947 film ‘Brighton Rock’?	Three Queens Liverpool 2015: The Blue Riband - Liverpool Echo Three Queens Liverpool 2015: The Blue Riband Cunard's fastest ships dubbed the greyhounds of the sea Share The Mauretania leaves the River Tyne for her first trials at sea in 1907 Share Get What's On updates directly to your inbox + Subscribe Thank you for subscribing! Could not subscribe, try again laterInvalid Email While the Queen Mary 2 – due to sail up the Mersey in May with her sister ‘Queens’ – is the only British ship to still undertake a transatlantic service, a century ago the sea was the only way to make the crossing to the New World. Shipping lines vied for customers and used the boast that they were either the most luxurious, or the fastest, way to make the westbound crossing of the Atlantic. The officially fastest steamers could also make another boast – that they held the ‘Blue Riband’, an unofficial but prestigious accolade given to the passenger liner crossing the Atlantic Ocean in regular service with the record highest speed. Of the 35 Atlantic liners to hold the Blue Riband, 25 were British. And of those, 13 were Cunarders, along with the Queen Mary , flagship of the Cunard White Star line, although while basking in the glory the accolade brought, the company always maintained that safety was the most important consideration in every voyage. Such was the prestige of holding the Blue Riband that countries like Italy and Germany had ships built specifically to snatch it from Britain and France. Five German ships would end up holding the accolade, and one Italian. The last Atlantic liner to hold the Blue Riband was the United States, who was designed for her potential use as a troopship as well as her service as a commercial passenger liner. Cunard's the Lucania at sea (Photo: Cunard Archive, University of Liverpool) The legendary four-funnelled Mauretania has the distinction of breaking the record eight times –more than any other ship. Meanwhile the first Cunard ship to hold the award was the Columbia, which in June 1841 made the journey between Liverpool and Halifax in 10 days and 19 hours. She was followed by the Cambria in 1845, the America and Europa in 1848, and the Asia in 1850 when the record had reduced to 8 days, 14 hours and 50 minutes. A picture of the Lusitania, taken mid-Atlantic by Turner from the Mauretania. On the same route, they frequently passed each other mid-ocean The Persia, Scotia, Etruria, Umbria, Etruria, Campania, Lucania and Lusitania and Mauretania all followed in Columbia’s record-breaking wake – the Mauretania during her 1909 inaugural season when she made the crossing in four days, 10 hours, and 51 minutes. And the final Blue Riband holder was the Queen Mary in 1938 when she steamed from Bishop Rock at the Scillies to Ambrose Light at New York in an amazing 3 days, 21 hours and 48 minutes. The QM2 re-creates Cunard’s first transatlantic voyage from Liverpool to mark its 175th anniversary in July. Three Queens, One Magnificent City runs from May 23-26. Like us on Facebook	i don't know
Who won their first Formula 1 race at the 2012 Chinese Grand Prix?	Formula 1 - BBC Sport BBC Sport Bernie Ecclestone unsure of F1 future, Sergio Perez "stunned", Kevin Magnussen "disappointed", plus more. 20 Jan Lewis Hamilton backs Mercedes' choice of Valtteri Bottas as a replacement for Nico Rosberg, team boss Toto Wolff has said. 18 Jan	Nico Rosberg
How old was playwright William Shakespeare when he died?	Formula 1 - Rosberg wins in Shanghai, Vettel hits team-mate Raikkonen in mad start - Yahoo Sport More Sports Formula 1 - Rosberg wins in Shanghai, Vettel hits team-mate Raikkonen in mad start Nico Rosberg drove a flawless race to win the Chinese Grand Prix in Shanghai, while Lewis Hamilton finished seventh after starting from the back. By Toby Keel 17 April 2016 08:44 Eurosport View photo Nico Rosberg during the Chinese Grand Prix Rosberg started on pole and while he briefly lost the lead at the start he never really looked in danger, thanks in part to Ferrari 's Sebastian Vettel colliding with team-mate Kimi Raikkonen at the start of the race that saw both cars slip right back. The German's victory by a 38-second margin was his third of the season, and sixth in a row after his dominant finish to the 2015 campaign. Vettel finished a distant second, with Daniel Kvyat third, Daniel Ricciardo fourth and Raikkonen fifth. Rosberg now leads Hamilton by 36 points in the standings and is firmly in control of the championship with 18 rounds of a record 21-race season remaining. He certainly has history on his side with the winner of the first three races of the season having gone on to win the title each time. "Well, it's too early to make any summaries," Rosberg said after the race. "It's three races now and they've gone really well for me but it's the longest season in F1 history with 21 races. "Of course I'm happy with the way it's gone and I'm feeling good and the car's there but I don't want to say more than that." Vettel was clearly mortified about the incident which hit Ferrari's hopes. "Massive apologies to the team," Vettel said on the pit radio at the end of the race, blaming the incident on Kyvat and suggesting that he'd been forced into his own team-mate. View gallery . GP China Ferrari crash Vettel had a go at Red Bull's Kvyat as the pair waited to go onto the podium. "You came at me like a torpedo," said the four-times world champion. "That's racing," shrugged Kvyat. Tweet Sunday's win was the 17th of Rosberg's career and extends his streak of race victories to six, dating back to last November's Mexican Grand Prix. The German now leads Hamilton at the top of the standings by 36 points with 18 rounds of a record 21-race season to run. Hamilton, who had started from dead last after failing to set a time in Saturday's qualifying session due to an engine problem, finished seventh, running into further trouble at the start when he lost his front wing in a first-corner collision. The Briton used some good-old fashioned racing nous and clever strategy from Mercedes to work his way up to third, but his challenge faded in the later stages of the race. View gallery . Lewis Hamilton (Mercedes) - GP of China 2016 Red Bull's Daniel Ricciardo finished fourth. The Australian rocketed off the line from second on the grid and shot past Rosberg into an early lead, but was pushed onto the back foot after being forced into an early stop by a tyre failure. Raikkonen, who came off worse in the first-corner collision with team mate Vettel, was sixth ahead of Felipe Massa of Williams . Max Verstappen was eighth ahead of Toro Rosso team mate Carlos Sainz, while Valtteri Bottas rounded out the top ten for Williams. The race was interrupted by an early safety car after a series of incidents at the very first corner left debris across the track. The safety car led to a chopping and changing of the order with some drivers choosing to pit even as others stayed out, putting a mix of tyre strategies into play. View gallery Nico Rosberg (Mercedes) - GP of China 2016 STANDINGS 1. Nico Rosberg ( Germany ) Mercedes 75	i don't know
The ‘Heliocentric Model’ is a theory that places which object as the centre of the Universe?	What Is The Heliocentric Model Of The Universe? - Universe Today Universe Today What Is The Heliocentric Model Of The Universe? Article Updated: 7 Nov , 2016 by Matt Williams The Scientific Revolution, which took place in the 16th and 17th centuries, was a time of unprecedented learning and discovery. During this period, the foundations of modern science were laid, thanks to breakthroughs in the fields of physics, mathematics, chemistry, biology, and astronomy. And when it comes to astronomy, the most influential scholar was definitely Nicolaus Copernicus , the man credited with the creation of the Heliocentric model of the Universe. Based on ongoing observations of the motions of the planets, as well as previous theories from classical antiquity and the Islamic World, Copernicus’ proposed a model of the Universe where the Earth, the planets and the stars all revolved around the Sun. In so doing, he resolved the mathematical problems and inconsistencies arising out of the classic geocentric model and laid the foundations for modern astronomy. While Copernicus was not the first to propose a model of the Solar System in which the Earth and planets revolved around the Sun, his model of a heliocentric universe was both novel and timely. For one, it came at a time when European astronomers were struggling to resolve the mathematical and observational problems that arose out of the then-accepted Ptolemaic model of the Universe, a geocentric model proposed in the 2nd century CE. In addition, Copernicus’ model was the first astronomical system that offered a complete and detailed account of how the Universe worked. Not only did his model resolves issues arising out of the Ptolemaic system, it offered a simplified view of the universe that did away with complicated mathematical devices that were needed for the geocentric model to work. And with time, the model gained influential proponents who contributed to it becoming the accepted convention of astronomy. An illustration of the Ptolemaic geocentric system by Portuguese cosmographer and cartographer Bartolomeu Velho, 1568. Credit: Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris The Ptolemaic (Geocentric) Model: The geocentric model, in which planet Earth is the center of the Universe and is circled by the Sun and all the planets, had been the accepted cosmological model since ancient times. By late antiquity, this model had come to be formalized by ancient Greek and Roman astronomers, such as Aristotle (384 – 322 BCE) – who’s theories on physics became the basis for the motion of the planets – and Ptolemy (ca. 100 – ca.?170 CE), who proposed the mathematical solutions. The geocentric model essentially came down to two common observations. First of all, to ancient astronomers, the stars, the Sun, and the planets appeared to revolve around the Earth on daily basis. Second, from the perspective of the Earth-bound observer, the Earth did not appear to move, making it a fixed point in space. The belief that the Earth was spherical, which became an accepted fact by the 3rd century BCE, was incorporated into this system. As such, by the time of Aristotle, the geocentric model of the universe became one where the Earth, Sun and all the planets were spheres, and where the Sun, planets and stars all moved in perfect circular motions. However, it was not until Egyptian-Greek astronomer Claudius Ptolemaeus (aka. Ptolemy) released his treatise Almagest in the 2nd century BCE that the details became standardized. Drawing on centuries of astronomical traditions, ranging from Babylonian to modern times, Ptolemy argued that the Earth was in the center of the universe and the stars were all at a modest distance from the center of the universe. The planet Mars, undergoing “retrograde motion” – a phenomena where it appears to be moving backwards in the sky – in late 2009 and early 2010. Credit: NASA Each planet in this system is also moved by a system of two spheres – a deferent and an epicycle . The deferent is a circle whose center point is removed from the Earth, which was used to account for the differences in the lengths of the seasons. The epicycle is embedded in the deferent sphere, acting as a sort of “wheel within a wheel”. The purpose of he epicycle was to account for retrograde motion , where planets in the sky appear to be slowing down, moving backwards, and then moving forward again. Unfortunately, these explanations did not account for all the observed behaviors of the planets. Most noticeably, the size of a planet’s retrograde loop (especially Mars) were sometimes smaller, and larger, than expected. To alleviate the problem, Ptolemy developed the equant – a geometrical tool located near the center of a planet’s orbit that causes it to move at a uniform angular speed. To an observer standing at this point, a planet’s epicycle would always appear to move at uniform speed, whereas it would appear to be moving at non-uniform speed from all other locations.While this system remained the accepted cosmological model within the Roman, Medieval European and Islamic worlds for over a thousand years, it was unwieldy by modern standards. However, it did manage to predict planetary motions with a fair degree of accuracy, and was used to prepare astrological and astronomical charts for the next 1500 years. By the 16th century, this model was gradually superseded by the heliocentric model of the universe, as espoused by Copernicus, and then Galileo and Kepler. Picture of George Trebizond’s Latin translation of Almagest. Credit: Public Domain The Copernican (Heliocentric) Model: In the 16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus began devising his version of the heliocentric model. Like others before him, Copernicus built on the work of Greek astronomer Atistarchus, as well as paying homage to the Maragha school and several notable philosophers from the Islamic world (see below). By the early 16th century, Copernicus summarized his ideas in a short treatise titled Commentariolus (“Little Commentary”). By 1514, Copernicus began circulating copies amongst his friends, many of whom were fellow astronomers and scholars. This forty-page manuscript described his ideas about the heliocentric hypothesis, which was based on seven general principles. These principles stated that: Celestial bodies do not all revolve around a single point The center of Earth is the center of the lunar sphere—the orbit of the moon around Earth All the spheres rotate around the Sun, which is near the center of the Universe The distance between Earth and the Sun is an insignificant fraction of the distance from Earth and Sun to the stars, so parallax is not observed in the stars The stars are immovable – their apparent daily motion is caused by the daily rotation of Earth Earth is moved in a sphere around the Sun, causing the apparent annual migration of the Sun. Earth has more than one motion Earth’s orbital motion around the Sun causes the seeming reverse in direction of the motions of the planets Thereafter he continued gathering data for a more detailed work, and by 1532, he had come close to completing the manuscript of his magnum opus – De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres). In it, he advanced his seven major arguments, but in more detailed form and with detailed computations to back them up. A comparison of the geocentric and heliocentric models of the universe. Credit: history.ucsb.edu By placing the orbits of Mercury and Venus between the Earth and the Sun, Copernicus was able to account for changes in their appearances. In short, when they are on the far side of the Sun, relative to Earth, they appear smaller but full. When they are on the same side of the Sun as the Earth, they appear larger and “horned” (crescent-shaped). It also explained the retrograde motion of planets like Mars and Jupiter by showing that Earth astronomers do not have a fixed frame of reference but a moving one. This further explained how Mars and Jupiter could appear significantly larger at certain times than at others. In essence, they are significantly closer to Earth when at opposition than when they are at conjunction. However, due to fears that the publication of his theories would lead to condemnation from the church (as well as, perhaps, worries that his theory presented some scientific flaws) he withheld his research until a year before he died. It was only in 1542, when he was near death, that he sent his treatise to Nuremberg to be published. Historical Antecedents: As already noted, Copernicus was not the first to advocate a heliocentric view of the Universe, and his model was based on the work of several previous astronomers. The first recorded examples of this are traced to classical antiquity, when Aristarchus of Samos (ca. 310 – 230 BCE) published writings that contained references which were cited by his contemporaries (such as Archimedes). Aristarchus’s 3rd century BC calculations on the relative sizes of, from left, the Sun, Earth and Moon. Credit: Wikipedia Commons In his treatise The Sand Reckoner , Archimedes described another work by Aristarchus in which he advanced an alternative hypothesis of the heliocentric model. As he explained: Now you are aware that ‘universe’ is the name given by most astronomers to the sphere whose center is the center of the earth and whose radius is equal to the straight line between the center of the sun and the center of the earth. This is the common account… as you have heard from astronomers. But Aristarchus of Samos brought out a book consisting of some hypotheses, in which the premises lead to the result that the universe is many times greater than that now so called. His hypotheses are that the fixed stars and the sun remain unmoved, that the earth revolves about the sun in the circumference of a circle, the sun lying in the middle of the orbit, and that the sphere of the fixed stars, situated about the same center as the sun, is so great that the circle in which he supposes the earth to revolve bears such a proportion to the distance of the fixed stars as the center of the sphere bears to its surface. This gave rise to the notion that there should be an observable parallax with the “fixed stars” (i.e an observed movement of the stars relative to each other as the Earth moved around the Sun). According to Archimedes, Aristarchus claimed that the stars were much farther away than commonly believed, and this was the reason for no discernible parallax. The only other philosopher from antiquity who’s writings on heliocentrism have survived is Seleucis of Seleucia (ca. 190 – 150 BCE). A Hellenistic astronomer who lived in the Near-Eastern Seleucid empire, Seleucus was a proponent of the heliocentric system of Aristarchus, and is said to have proved the heliocentric theory. According to contemporary sources, Seleucus may have done this by determining the constants of the geocentric model and applying them to a heliocentric theory, as well as computing planetary positions (possibly using trigonometric methods). Alternatively, his explanation may have involved the phenomenon of tides, which he supposedly theorized to be related to the influence of the Moon and the revolution of the Earth around the Earth-Moon ‘center of mass’. In the 5th century CE, Roman philosopher Martianus Capella of Carthage expressed an opinion that the planets Venus and Mercury revolved around the Sun, as a way of explaining the discrepancies in their appearances. Capella’s model was discussed in the Early Middle Ages by various anonymous 9th-century commentators, and Copernicus mentions him as an influence on his own work. During the Late Middle Ages, Bishop Nicole Oresme (ca. 1320-1325 to 1382 CE) discussed the possibility that the Earth rotated on its axis. In his 1440 treatise De Docta Ignorantia (On Learned Ignorance) Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa (1401 – 1464 CE) asked whether there was any reason to assert that the Sun (or any other point) was the center of the universe. Indian astronomers and cosmologists also hinted at the possibility of a heliocentric universe during late antiquity and the Middle Ages. In 499 CE, Indian astronomer Aaryabhata published his magnum opus Aryabhatiya , in which he proposed a model where the Earth was spinning on its axis and the periods of the planets were given with respect to the Sun. He also accurately calculated the periods of the planets, times of the solar and lunar eclipses, and the motion of the Moon. Ibn al-Shatir’s model for the appearances of Mercury, showing the multiplication of epicycles using the Tusi couple, thus eliminating the Ptolemaic eccentrics and equant. Credit: Wikipedia Commons In the 15th century, Nilakantha Somayaji published the Aryabhatiyabhasya, which was a commentary on Aryabhata’s Aryabhatiya. In it, he developed a computational system for a partially heliocentric planetary model, in which the planets orbit the Sun, which in turn orbits the Earth. In the Tantrasangraha (1500), he revised the mathematics of his planetary system further and incorporated the Earth’s rotation on its axis. Also, the heliocentric model of the universe had proponents in the medieval Islamic world, many of whom would go on to inspire Copernicus. Prior to the 10th century, the Ptolemaic model of the universe was the accepted standard to astronomers in the West and Central Asia. However, in time, manuscripts began to appear that questioned several of its precepts. For instance, the 10th-century Iranian astronomer Abu Sa’id al-Sijzi contradicted the Ptolemaic model by asserting that the Earth revolved on its axis, thus explaining the apparent diurnal cycle and the rotation of the stars relative to Earth. In the early 11th century, Egyptian-Arab astronomer Alhazen wrote a critique entitled Doubts on Ptolemy (ca. 1028) in which he criticized many aspects of his model. Entrance to the observatory of Ulug’Beg in Samarkand (Uzbekistan). Credit: Wikipedia Commons/Sigismund von Dobschütz Around the same time, Iranian philosopher Abu Rayhan Biruni 973 – 1048) discussed the possibility of Earth rotating about its own axis and around the Sun – though he considered this a philosophical issue and not a mathematical one. At the Maragha and the Ulugh Beg (aka. Samarkand) Observatory, the Earth’s rotation was discussed by several generations of astronomers between the 13th and 15th centuries, and many of the arguments and evidence put forward resembled those used by Copernicus. Impact of the Heliocentric Model: Despite his fears about his arguments producing scorn and controversy, the publication of Copernicu’s theories resulted in only mild condemnation from religious authorities. Over time, many religious scholars tried to argue against his model. But within a few generation’s time, Copernicus’ theory became more widespread and accepted, and gained many influential defenders in the meantime. These included Galileo Galilei (1564-1642), who’s investigations of the heavens using the telescope allowed him to resolve what were seen as flaws in the heliocentric model, as well as discovering aspects about the heavens that supported heliocentrism. For example, Galileo discovered moons orbiting Jupiter , Sunspots , and the imperfections on the Moon’s surface – all of which helped to undermine the notion that the planets were perfect orbs, rather than planets similar to Earth. While Galileo’s advocacy of Copernicus’ theories resulted in his house arrest, others soon followed. German mathematician and astronomer Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) also helped to refine the heliocentric model with his introduction of elliptical orbits . Prior to this, the heliocentric model still made use of circular orbits, which did not explain why planets orbited the Sun at different speeds at different times. By showing how the planet’s sped up while at certain points in their orbits, and slowed down in others, Kepler resolved this. In addition, Copernicus’ theory about the Earth being capable of motion would go on to inspire a rethinking of the entire field of physics. Whereas previous ideas of motion depended on an outside force to instigate and maintain it (i.e. wind pushing a sail) Copernicus’ theories helped to inspire the concepts of gravity and inertia. These ideas would be articulated by Sir Isaac Newton , who’s Principia formed the basis of modern physics and astronomy. Although its progress was slow, the heliocentric model eventually replaced the geocentric model. In the end, the impact of its introduction was nothing short of a revolutionary. Henceforth, humanity’s understanding of the universe and our place in it would be forever changed. We have written many interesting articles on the heliocentric model here at Universe Today. For starters, here’s Galileo Returns to the Vatican and The Earth Goes Around the Sun , Who Was Nicolaus Copernicus? and What is the Difference Between the Geocentric and Heliocentric Models? For more information on heliocentrism, take a look at these articles from NASA on Copernicus or the center of the galaxy .	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What is the most traded commodity in the World?	Difference Between Heliocentric and Geocentric: Heliocentric vs Geocentric Home / Science & Nature / Nature / Universe / Difference Between Heliocentric and Geocentric Difference Between Heliocentric and Geocentric Posted on by admin Last updated on: December 10, 2012 Heliocentric vs Geocentric The night sky has been a subject of human curiosity from the earliest civilizations on earth. From Babylonians, Egyptians, Greeks, and Indus all had a fascination for the celestial objects and the elite of the intellectuals built theories to explain the miracles of the heavens. Earlier they were ascribed to the deities, and later the explanation took more logical and scientific form. However, it was not until the Greeks development that proper theories about the earth and the rotation of the planets emerged. Heliocentric and geocentric are two explanations of the configuration of the universe, including the solar system. The geocentric model says that the earth is at the center of the cosmos, and the planets, the sun and the moon, and the stars circles around it. The early heliocentric models consider the sun as the center, and the planets revolve around the sun. More about Geocentric The most predominant theory of the structure of the universe in the ancient world was the geocentric model. It says that the earth is at the center of the universe, and every other celestial body rotates around the earth. The origin of this theory is obvious; it is the elementary naked eye observation of the movement of the objects in the sky. The path of an object in the sky always seems to be in the same vicinity and repeatedly it rises from east and sets from west approximately at the same points on the horizon. Also, the earth always seems to be stationary. Therefore, the closest conclusion is that these objects move in circles around the earth. Greeks were strong advocates of this theory, especially the great philosophers Aristotle and Ptolemy. After the death of Ptolemy, the theory lasted for more than 2000 years unchallenged. More about Heliocentric The concept that the sun is at the center of the universe, also first emerged in Ancient Greece. It was the Greek philosopher Aristarchus of Samos who proposed the theory in 3rd century BC, but was not taken much into account because of the dominance of the Aristotelian view of the universe and lack of proof of the theory at that time. It was during the Renaissance era that mathematician and catholic cleric Nicholaus Copernicus developed a mathematical model to explain the motion of the heavenly bodies. In his model, the sun was at the center of the solar system and the planet moved around the sun, including the earth. And the moon was considered to move around the earth. This revolutionized the way of thinking about the universe and conflicted with the religious beliefs at that time. The major feature of the Copernican theory can be summarized as follows: 1. The motion of the celestial bodies is uniform, eternal, and circular or compounded of several circles. 2. The center of the cosmos is the Sun. 3. Around the Sun, in the order of Mercury, Venus, Earth and Moon, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn moves in their own orbits and the stars are fixed in the sky. 4. The earth has three motions; daily rotation, annual revolution, and annual tilting off its axis. 5. The retrograde motion of the planets is as explained by the Earth’s motion. 6. The distance from the Earth to the Sun is small compared to the distance to the stars. Heliocentric vs Geocentric: what is the difference between the two models? • In the geocentric model, the earth is considered as the center of the universe, and all celestial bodies move around the earth (planets, moon, sun and the stars). • In the heliocentric model, the sun is considered as the center of the universe, and the celestial bodies move around the sun. (During the course of development of astronomy, many theories of geocentric universe and heliocentric universe were developed, and they have significant differences, especially regarding the orbits, but the core principles are as described above) Related posts:	i don't know
Carl Fredricksen, Russell and Dug are all characters in which 2009 Disney film?	Carl Fredricksen \| Disney Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Carl Fredricksen (born 1931 ) is the protagonist of Disney / Pixar 's 2009 feature film Up . He is an old and cranky retired balloon salesman. He is voiced by Ed Asner . Contents [ show ] Role in the film In the late 1930s, young Carl Fredricksen was a shy, quiet boy who idolized renowned explorer Charles F. Muntz . One day, Carl befriended a tomboy named Ellie , who was also a Muntz fan. She confided to Carl her desire to move her "clubhouse" — an abandoned house in the neighborhood — to a cliff overlooking Paradise Falls and made him promise to help her. Carl and Ellie eventually got married and grew old together in the restored house, working in a zoo as a balloon vendor and a zookeeper, respectively. Unable to have any children, they repeatedly pooled their savings for a trip to Paradise Falls, but always ended up spending it on more pressing needs. Just as Carl and Ellie, who were both senior citizens, finally seemed able to take their trip, Ellie contracted an illness and died of old age, leaving Carl by himself, becoming bitter and cranky and missing his wife terribly. As the years passed, the city grew around Carl's old house with construction as he refused to move. After a fight with a construction worker over his broken mailbox, the court orders Carl to move into the Shady Oaks Retirement Home. Carl comes up with a scheme to keep his promise to Ellie: he uses his old professional supplies to create a makeshift airship, using 10,000 helium balloons, which lifts his house off its foundations. Russell , a young Wilderness Explorer (a fictional scouting organization), becomes an accidental passenger in an effort to earn his final merit badge for assisting the elderly. After surviving a thunderstorm, the house lands near a ravine facing Paradise Falls. Carl and Russell harness themselves to the still-buoyant house and begin to walk it around the ravine, hoping to reach the falls before the balloons deflate. They later befriend a tall, colorful flightless bird whom Russell names " Kevin " who is trying to reach her chicks and a dog named Dug , who wears a special collar that allows him to speak. Carl and Russell encounter a pack of dogs led by Alpha and are taken to Dug's master, who turns out to be an elderly Charles Muntz. Muntz invites Carl and Russell aboard his dirigible, where he explains that he has spent the years since his disgrace searching Paradise Falls for the giant bird. When Russell innocuously notes the bird's similarity to Kevin, Muntz becomes hostile, prompting the pair to flee with Kevin and Dug. Muntz eventually catches up with them and starts a fire beneath Carl's house, forcing Carl to choose between saving it or Kevin. Carl rushes to put out the fire, allowing Muntz to take the bird. Carl and Russell eventually reach the falls, but Russell is angry with Carl over his decision to save his house instead of Kevin. Settling into his home, Carl looks through Ellie's childhood scrapbook, seeing that it actually has many more photos of their lives in it than he thought, and finds a note from Ellie thanking him for the "adventure" and encouraging him to go on a new one. Reinvigorated, he goes to find Russell, only to see him sailing off on some balloons to save Kevin. Carl empties the house of furniture and possessions and pursues him. Russell is captured by Muntz, but Carl manages to board the dirigible in flight and free both Russell and Kevin, having a fight with Muntz. Muntz pursues them around the airship, finally cornering Dug, Kevin, and Russell inside Carl's tethered house. Carl lures Kevin out through a window and back onto the airship with Dug and Russell clinging to her back, just as Muntz is about to close in. Muntz leaps after them, only to snag his foot on some balloon lines and fall to his death. Snapped from its tether, the house descends out of sight through the clouds, which Carl accepts as being for the best. Carl and Russell reunite Kevin with her chicks, then fly the dirigible back to the city. When Russell's father misses his son's Senior Explorer ceremony, Carl presents Russell with his final badge: the grape soda cap that Ellie gave to Carl when they first met, to the applause of who appears to be Russell's mother in the audience. The two then enjoy some ice cream together, sitting on the curb outside the shop as Russell and his father used to do, with the dirigible parked nearby. Meanwhile, Carl's house is shown to have landed on the cliff beside Paradise Falls, as promised to Ellie. Disney Parks Carl appears at the Walt Disney Studios Park as a walkaround character. Gallery The Disney Wiki has a collection of images and media related to Carl Fredricksen . Trivia If Carl is 78 years old in 2009 , and if he was 9 in 1939 , he was either born in 1930 or 1929 . Carl's personality may be a reference to Shel Silverstein's The Giving Tree. To lift a house such as Carl's (and rip it loose from the utility pipes/cables anchoring it) would, in reality, require vastly more balloons than are shown. An unpowered airship (such as Carl's house) would not be steerable; it would go wherever the wind goes. Both these last two points were Pixar deciding to go for believable rather than realistic. Although Carl doesn't have his own musical theme, Ellie's theme plays whenever he thinks about her, and also plays against Muntz's theme during the climax. Carl is the second oldest protagonist of a Pixar film, the oldest being WALL-E , as he has been "alive" for more than 700 years (the movie WALL-E takes place in 2805, and Up takes place in 2009 the year it was released). Carl is also the second Pixar protagonist to lose his love interest after Marlin from Finding Nemo . In an interview with the director of Up, Pete Docter, he has stated that the letter, the letter Andy has addressed from Carl and Ellie in Toy Story 3, was signed to person by the name of Emma Jean who is Carl's previous love interest before Ellie but are now close friends who frequently go out together. [1] References	Up
Southern Indian Lake is in which country?	Dug \| Pixar Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia For other uses, see Dug (disambiguation) Dug is a character in Up . He also appears in Dug's Special Mission as the protagonist, and in George & A.J. as a minor character. Contents Up Dug is a golden retriever who belongs to Charles Muntz . He is a fun-loving dog who speaks English via a special collar that translates his thoughts into speech, invented by his former master, Charles Muntz. Early in the film, Dug, one of Alpha 's canine minions, is searching for a large bird that Muntz has been trying to capture for decades. He runs into Carl Fredricksen , Russell , and Kevin (the bird he is searching for). However, immediately after meeting Carl, Dug begins to idolize him and sees him as his master. He winds up switching sides, assisting Carl, Russell and Kevin. He is every ounce a puppy in behavior and quickly becomes attached to Carl, who is at first hesitant to accept Dug. When he does, Dug expresses his joy in a manner that leaves no doubt that he prefers his new master. During the end credits of the film, it is revealed that Dug had mated with another golden retriever (with similarities to himself), and they had many puppies (probably much to Carl's grief); at least twenty of them were caught on photo. Dug's Special Mission Dug appears in his very own short as the main character, as well as being the narrator. The short takes place before Dug comes across Carl Fredricksen and Russel, on Dug's birthday. Alpha , Beta and Gamma can be seen in the beginning chasing after Kevin only to have Dug let her get away. They then procceed to continue in the search for Kevin while trying to keep Dug distracted by doing various tasks, such as watching a rock and sitting still in a certain spot, but all their plots end up backfiring on Alpha, Beta and Gamma. However, towards the end, Dug decides to run away and ends up finding Russell and Carl, where the story blends into the rest of the film, Up. George & A.J. Dug appears in this animated short as a minor character where he appears at the end and scares George and A.J. Personality Dug is a playful and friendly dog who is always kind. He likes almost everybody he comes across. He is also very good at following rules and can be somewhat of an airhead at times. Trivia Dug is seen in the fourth panel In the Monsters, Inc. comic book mini-series, Laugh Factory, when Sid breaks into Boo 's room , Dug can be seen as a plush next to the Pixar ball . Dug's shadow in Ratatouille. In Ratatouille , as Remy runs through an apartment building, Dug's shadow can be seen on a wall. Ratatouille was released two years before Up, but Up was in production. Dug has the same yelp as Scud . Dug was awarded the Palm Dog Award by the British film critics as the best canine performance at Cannes Film Festival, beating out the fox from Antichrist and the black poodle from Inglourious B******s. [1] As seen in the credits, Dug has a mate and several puppies, possibly a spoof of Disney's One Hundred and One Dalmatians. The fact that Dug's nose, eyes, and tail are perfectly aligned with each other could be a reference to Pluto. Dug is the only dog owned by Charles Muntz that is not named after a Greek letter. Interestingly enough, there isn't a dog named Delta seen in the film, so it's possible that Dug is Delta. Quotes "My name is Dug. I have just met you, and I love you!" "I was hiding under your porch, because I love you. Can I stay?" "I am a great tracker. My pack sent me on a SPECIAL MISSION all by myself! Have you seen a bird? I want to find one and I've been on the scent. I'm a great tracker. Did I mention that?" "Oh please oh please be my prisoner!" (This is to Kevin , who he had been sent to catch). "I do not like the Cone of Shame." "Oh boy! Oh boy! A ball! I will go get it, and then bring it back!" "May I take your bird back to camp, as my prisoner?" "Squirrel!" "I was hiding under your porch because I love you." "I can smell you!" "Did you know today is my birthday? And I made a wish." "Alpha! The rock moved! "I will stay in the hole. I will stay in the hole. I will stay... in the- now I am going down the hole. It is very dark in the hole." Dug: "I have the bird! And it is my prisoner!" (Later) Alpha: "Where is the bird? You said you have the bird." Dug: "Ah, yes. I see how you would think that because I said that!" —Dug and Alpha "Alpha? I am not Alpha, he is... ohhhh." —Dug, after trapping Alpha in The Spirit of Adventure steering wheel with the cone of shame	i don't know
In which year did colour television begin broadcasting across Australia?	40 years of colour TV » Television.AU 40 years of colour TV 7 October 2014 It was 40 years today that Australian TV (finally…!) began to colour our world. The wait for colour was a long one for Australia. The United States and Canada made the transition to colour from the mid-1960s, and the United Kingdom started the conversion to colour TV from 1967. Many European countries followed in 1968. Even New Zealand viewers were able to see Queen Elizabeth II open the Sydney Opera House in colour in October 1973. But for much of the 1960s and early 1970s, Australians were left with just speculation as to when colour TV might finally arrive. Some tentative steps were made in 1964 when ATV0, the channel that had just launched in Melbourne, had conducted some experimental colour transmissions prior to receiving permission from the broadcasting authorities. The tests consisted of a colour test pattern for durations of between five and fifteen minutes in the early hours of the morning on an almost daily basis for about three months. The channel was keen to experiment with colour, in particular because films and many imported shows from the US had started to be made in colour. The Australian Broadcasting Control Board (ABCB) then ruled that no further transmissions were to take place pending the formation of standards for colour television in Australia. ATV0 and the ABCB did eventually agree on a trial of colour television. In June 1967 the station covered a country horse racing event in colour — making it the first “live” colour program on Australian TV. The colour broadcast was not transmitted to the public but was able to be viewed on closed circuit monitors located at the ATV0 studios in Nunawading. Station executives, government representatives and members of the press were invited to view the colour pictures. TV Times reporter Fred Robertson was impressed: “It did not take long to realise the impact that colour television is going to have on Australia when it is introduced. People will return to the old routine of watching everything and anything that the channels put on the screen.” Some TV executives were making bold predictions that Australian TV would be in colour by 1 January 1970. Even the technically conservative ABC was weighing into the debate. “Whether the Government is aware of it or not — the great colour race is on,” one ABC representative told TV Week in April 1967. “You can forget predictions that colour TV is many years away.” Bruce Gyngell, manager of TCN9, responded that, with colour equipment on order that would enable them to broadcast colour film, “It would be possible for TCN9 to make colour test transmissions in 18 months.” TV stations across the country also went ahead with their colour tests and demonstrations, including HSV7‘s closed circuit demonstration at the Royal Melbourne Show in 1968: YouTube: aussiebeachut0 Canberra station CTC7 also displayed colour television in a shopping centre demonstration over ten days in September 1969. ABC had already started filming major sporting events and some documentaries in colour for archival purposes and potential export. The Government, however, was maintaining its slow and steady approach — with Postmaster-General Alan Hulme insisting that the transition to colour was not going to be a rush job, taking into account the long term investment by government, industry and viewers on new equipment. ATV0 then embarked on what was the largest colour TV project to date — covering the Australian tour of the Billy Graham Crusade. ATV0, in association with Glen Warren Productions of North America, produced four one-hour programs from Graham’s Melbourne appearances which would be syndicated to 600 stations, covering approximately 50 million viewers, across the United States. More than $1 million of equipment was freighted to Australia for the production, including cameras on loan from a Canadian TV station, CFTO9. In February 1969, the Federal Government announced that after years of consideration — and fierce lobbying by equipment manufacturers from all sides — Australia would adopt the German PAL colour TV standard as opposed to the American NTSC and French SECAM systems. PAL was found to provide a better quality and definition of picture and was compatible with both VHF and UHF bands — although at that time television in Australia was exclusively VHF. Engineers also found that PAL was better suited to rugged terrain areas like those in many Australian cities and country areas. PAL had also been adopted in the United Kingdom and various other European countries. Although the PAL system had been chosen, government and industry still had another 18 months or so ahead of them for testing and to settle on specific Australian standards — and with the Government’s commitment that manufacturers would get at least 18 months between the announcement of a conversion date and the date itself, Australians looked set to get colour TV possibly by around 1973. But even though Australia was still waiting on a conversion date, independent production companies had already taken steps towards ongoing colour production. Programs like Skippy, Barrier Reef and The Rovers (pictured) in the 1960s and Homicide, Ryan, Boney and Spyforce from the early 1970s, all produced on film, were being made in colour in advance of the colour TV conversion, with a view to potential sales to countries where colour was already in place. Three years after the government decided on adopting the PAL standard, Prime Minister William McMahon finally announced on 15 February 1972 that Australian TV would be switching to full-time colour transmission from Saturday 1 March 1975 — “C-Day”. The announcement came with predictions that colour TV sets would likely retail for around $700 (in 1972 dollars). The conversion was predicted to cost ABC around $46 million over six years with the commercial sector expected to spend around $70 million to upgrade studios and transmitters — although some stations had already invested in colour-based equipment. A spokesperson for Sydney’s ATN7 said in 1972 that the station already had a colour-ready transmitter plus videotape machines that were colour compatible. ATN had expected its overall conversion bill to be no more than $700,000. Melbourne’s HSV7 had already converted its transmitter for colour by 1972 and was ready to commence the phase-in of colour production. In March 1972, GTV9 produced a special series, International Opportunity Knocks, a talent quest to find an Australian contestant to compete in the long-running UK series, Opportunity Knocks. The contest final was produced at the GTV9 studios in colour and broadcast in the UK a few days later. Len Mauger (pictured), formerly of ATV0 but by this stage the manager of Australian Consolidated Press which controlled TCN9 Sydney and GTV9 Melbourne, said that despite the channels being well advanced in conversion he expected the full three-year advance period would be necessary. “Even now in Sydney there are areas where good reception is impossible on all four channels. Good reception is vital to good colour,” he told TV Times. “The three-year period will allow us to experiment and perfect our transmission equipment, and manufacturers to improve their aerials to ensure the kind of colour reception that will justify the expense.” With over 130 transmitters scattered across the country, ABC in 1972 expected that it would have capital city studios and equipment such as videotape machines, microwave links and transmitters all converted for colour by 1 March 1975. The roll-out of colour conversion to regional sites was then expected to take a further three years. By 1974 colour conversion was in full swing with capital city stations making the final conversions to studio equipment and commencing regular colour TV production. The Federation of Australian Commercial Television Stations (FACTS) had proposed that the Government bring forward the conversion date to 1 July 1974 but this was denied — with the Broadcasting Control Board maintaining that test transmissions in colour would be allowed to commence in October 1974 with C-Day still to be on 1 March 1975. Monday, 7 October 1974 , saw the commencement of regular colour test pattern transmission (such as TCN9’s, pictured). This was at first limited to only a maximum of a couple of hours a day, to enable broadcasters the opportunity to fine tune or test their equipment and for TV retailers to put colour TV sets on display. Two weeks later, 19 October 1974 , saw the colour tests expanded to allow sports coverage — but still limited to only a couple of hours a day to a maximum of four hours a week. Hence, viewers could be watching a tennis match or golf or the afternoon horse racing but only be able to see a portion of it in colour. TV Week, 14 December 1974 The tests were later expanded to allow full sports coverage plus other program material in colour such as news bulletins, special events, movies and selected episodes of general programming. ABC’s new pop music show, Countdown, made its debut in November as a half-hour show on a Friday night — produced and broadcast in colour. ATV0’s annual telethon for the Nerve Deafness foundation was renamed Colorthon, with six of its scheduled 26-and-a-half hours broadcast in colour. Viewers were treated to colour broadcasts of the Showcase talent quest finals and the Miss Australia Quest. Christmas saw Carols By Candlelight and Bobby Limb’s Sound Of Christmas broadcast in colour, as well as the ABC’s via satellite coverage of the opening ceremony of the Holy Year, followed by midnight mass from the Vatican. The changeover period also saw networks ramp up their promotional efforts. ABC had ‘tweaked’ its logo to be bolder and to incorporate colour designs, and also unveiled some cheeky new station idents . The Seven Network also unveiled a modernised logo featuring the rainbow colours, while Nine added colour to its existing logo. Meanwhile, new slogans started appearing around the networks — including “First In Color”, “Living Color”, “Color Your World” and “Come Home To Colour”. (Australian commercial networks insisted on the American spelling of “color”, while ABC maintained its spelling as “colour”) Finally, after months of test transmission, C-Day finally arrived on 1 March 1975. The week leading up to the final changeover saw networks imposed a restriction that no prime time programming was to be in colour until C-Day, but daytime tests were still allowed. At 12.00am, 1 March 1975 , Australian television finally burst into full, unrestricted colour. Because networks, as they are now, didn’t exist in the Seventies it was up to individual stations to determine how they would mark the event. Some channels stayed on the air all night for the occasion with a range of colour specials and movies. For some channels, particularly regionals, it was “business as usual” with transmission ceased overnight and in some cases not resuming until late afternoon. ABC probably made the most significant effort in the launch of C-Day, starting with a five minute sketch featuring the cast of comedy series Aunty Jack — with Aunty Jack (Graeme Bond) armed with a tin of “colour remover” to fruitlessly resist the incoming flood of colour: YouTube: National Archives of Australia The sketch was then followed by a one-hour edition of Countdown, introduced by Johnny Farnham (pictured) and featuring an all-Australian line-up of performances. ABC’s special overnight transmission continued with an episode of the British series Monty Python’s Flying Circus followed by a replay of a world championship tennis match from 1973. ABC’s C-Day daytime line-up included special children’s programs and seven hours of sports coverage. Prime time was highlighted by the variety special Colour It Music from the Sydney Opera House and including performances by Cleo Laine and John Dankworth, the Australian Ballet, Claire Poole Singers, Judy Stone, Darryl Braithwaite, Sydney Symphony Orchestra and Melbourne Symphony Orchestra. Later in the evening the half-hour special The ABC Of It looked at 24 hours in the life of the ABC, encompassing radio and television operations as well as crosses to international bureaus in London, Tokyo, Jakarta and New York. Even though the ABC had proposed a three-year schedule to roll-out colour transmission to all regional sites, it had managed to complete the transition by 1976. Only three commercial stations were reported to have missed the C-Day deadline — the most significant being NTD8 , Darwin, which was off the air for ten months following Cyclone Tracy destroying much of the city at Christmas, 1974. Earlier predictions that Australians would be slow in adopting colour TV, as had been the experience in the UK and US, were found to be way off the mark. Approximately 2.5 per cent of homes were reported to have converted to colour TV in time for “C-Day”, but by July 1976 an estimated 17 per cent of households had made the switch. This number would shoot up to 60 per cent by the end of 1977. Australia went on to complete one of the fastest changeovers to colour TV anywhere in the world. But early adopters of colour TV were warned about buying a set that may not allow for future requirements — in particular the advent of UHF television in Australia which was due to occur anytime from the late 1970s. Early colour sets had either VHF-only (Channels 0 to 11) controls or dual VHF-UHF tuners. The policy was that after 1976 all colour TV tuners sold in Australia were required to have both VHF and UHF capability, or at least the capacity to have a UHF tuner added. The advent of colour also marked a shift in the scheduling of re-runs. Black-and-white programs that had been circulating in re-runs were suddenly being frowned upon, and as a result short-sighted TV networks (around the world, not just in Australia) discarded swathes of black-and-white programs from their archives as they were deemed to not be of any further use or market value. Very few predicted the future potential for re-runs or merchandising — and nobody was to predict the development and growth of new technologies such as home video, pay TV and the internet that would breed an appetite for such classic material. Source: TV Times, 13 January 1965. TV Times, 28 June 1967. Sydney Morning Herald, 19 May 1968. The Age, 28 February 1969. TV Times, 12 March 1969. Canberra Times, 3 September 1969. TV Times, 26 February 1972. TV Times, 18 March 1972. The Australian Women’s Weekly, 23 October 1974. TV Week, 14 December 1974. Choice, January 1975. TV Times, 22 February 1975. TV Week, 1 March 1975. Sydney Morning Herald, 19 July 1976. Canberra Times, 28 October 1977. Classic Australian TV .	1975
Great Train robber Ronald Biggs spent over 20 years in which country before returning to Britain?	The Introduction Of Colour TV \| Gizmodo Australia The Introduction Of Colour TV Share Tweet Colour TV broadcasts began in Australia in March 1975, a mere 34 years ago. But the first demonstrated colour transmission in the world happened way back in July 1928, by a gentleman by the name of John Logie Baird . As you would expect, Baird's first colour TV transmission was of the mechanical variety, using a trio of Nipkow discs with each a different primary colour. 10 years later, Baird was at it again with the world's first colour broadcast. But it wasn't until the 1940s that colour TV became a real focus for the medium. In 1940, US TV network CBS began experimenting with colour-enabled electro-mechanical systems. Because these displays weren't viewable on the black and white TVs in American's homes, the demonstrations were restricted to employees and limited press. In 1944, John Logie Baird continued to place his mark on the development of TV by giving the first demonstration of a fully electronic picture tube, and in 1947 RCA showed off the first fully electronic colour TV. But as with any new technology, you need to have the content to back up the hardware. It wasn't until 1950 that CBS started showing regular colour broadcasts, with an hour of programming every Saturday. But it was a case of not enough hardware, with a lack of compatible TV sets meaning that CBS decided to stop broadcasting colour in 1951. In 1954, RCA released the CT-100 colour television, which was the turning point for colour, despite limited sales, average performance and a high price. By 1959, NBC - which was owned by RCA - had increased its colour broadcast offering so dramatically that in 1965 almost all their primetime schedule was broadcast in colour. History of TV is Giz AU’s month-long look back at the development of the world-changing medium and its influence on our daily lives.	i don't know
The Battle of the Little Bighorn was fought in which US state?	Battle of the Little Bighorn - Native American History - HISTORY.com Battle of the Little Bighorn Battle of the Little Bighorn Author Battle of the Little Bighorn URL A+E Networks Introduction The Battle of the Little Bighorn, fought on June 25, 1876, near the Little Bighorn River in Montana Territory, pitted federal troops led by Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer (1839-76) against a band of Lakota Sioux and Cheyenne warriors. Tensions between the two groups had been rising since the discovery of gold on Native American lands. When a number of tribes missed a federal deadline to move to reservations, the U.S. Army, including Custer and his 7th Calvary, was dispatched to confront them. Custer was unaware of the number of Indians fighting under the command of Sitting Bull (c.1831-90) at Little Bighorn, and his forces were outnumbered and quickly overwhelmed in what became known as Custer’s Last Stand. Google Battle of the Little Bighorn: Mounting Tensions Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse (c.1840-77), leaders of the Sioux on the Great Plains, strongly resisted the mid-19th-century efforts of the U.S. government to confine their people to reservations. In 1875, after gold was discovered in South Dakota’s Black Hills, the U.S. Army ignored previous treaty agreements and invaded the region. This betrayal led many Sioux and Cheyenne tribesmen to leave their reservations and join Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse in Montana . By the late spring of 1876, more than 10,000 Native Americans had gathered in a camp along the Little Bighorn River–which they called the Greasy Grass–in defiance of a U.S. War Department order to return to their reservations or risk being attacked. Did You Know? Several members ofGeorge Armstrong Custer's family were alsokilled at the Battle of the Little Bighorn, including two of his brothers, his brother-in-law and a nephew. In mid-June, three columns of U.S. soldiers lined up against the camp and prepared to march. A force of 1,200 Native Americans turned back the first column on June 17. Five days later, General Alfred Terry ordered George Custer’s 7th Cavalry to scout ahead for enemy troops. On the morning of June 25, Custer drew near the camp and decided to press on ahead rather than wait for reinforcements. Battle of the Little Bighorn: Custer’s Last Stand At mid-day on June 25, Custer’s 600 men entered the Little Bighorn Valley. Among the Native Americans, word quickly spread of the impending attack. The older Sitting Bull rallied the warriors and saw to the safety of the women and children, while Crazy Horse set off with a large force to meet the attackers head on. Despite Custer’s desperate attempts to regroup his men, they were quickly overwhelmed. Custer and some 200 men in his battalion were attacked by as many as 3,000 Native Americans; within an hour, Custer and all of his soldiers were dead. The Battle of the Little Bighorn, also called Custer’s Last Stand, marked the most decisive Native American victory and the worst U.S. Army defeat in the long Plains Indian War. The demise of Custer and his men outraged many white Americans and confirmed their image of the Indians as wild and bloodthirsty. Meanwhile, the U.S. government increased its efforts to subdue the tribes. Within five years, almost all of the Sioux and Cheyenne would be confined to reservations. Tags	Montana
Which 1968 film starring Marianne Faithful was also known as ‘Naked Under Leather’?	The Battle of Little Bighorn George Armstrong Custer's Camp prior to the Battle of Little Bighorn .This image available for photographic prints HERE! By the time he arrived, Reno had already been driven back by the Indians , who soon discovered Custer and his men coming towards the other end of the village. The Cheyenne and Sioux crossed the river and pushed into the advancing soldiers , forcing them back to a long high ridge to the north. Meanwhile, another force of Sioux under Crazy Horse's command swiftly moved downstream and then doubled back in a sweeping arc, enveloping Custer and his men. As the Indians closed in on Custer , some 3.5 miles north of Reno and Benteen, Custer ordered his men to shoot their horses and stack the carcasses to form a wall. However, the horses provided little protection against the onslaught of bullets and arrows raining upon Custer and his 210 men. In less than an hour, Custer and his men were killed in the worst American military disaster ever. While exact numbers are difficult to determine, it is clear that the Northern Cheyenne and Lakota outnumbered the U.S. forces approximately three to one. After the Indians had annihilated Custer's troops, the Lakota and Cheyenne advanced on the remaining U.S. troops under Benteen and Reno, who had finally ventured toward the audible firing of the Custer troops. For the next 24 hours the Indians and soldiers fought a hard battle until the U.S. lines were finally secured when additional troops under General Terry began to approach from the north. As the troops were fortified, the Indians began a retreat to the south. By the time Terry arrived, the Indians had removed their own dead and wounded from the field. However, the bodies of the soldiers remained lying where they died, many having been stripped of their clothing and mutilated. For some, identification of the bodies was impossible. Though the wounded were given treatment, six more would later die of their injuries. Custer was found near the top of the hill, where today stands a memorial inscribed with the names of the U.S. soldiers who fought in the battle. He had been shot in the temple and in the left chest, but his body was left un-mutilated, some believe because he was dressed in buckskins rather than a uniform. 210 men died with Custer while another 52 died serving under Reno. All were given hasty burials. Only an estimated 60 Indian warriors died in the battle. The massacre, having occurred right before the nation's centennial birthday, substantially changed the mood against the Indians. The U.S. Army responded by increasing the number of soldiers in the area in an effort to "crush the Indians " and take revenge for those who died in the Battle of Little Bighorn. It was to be three years later before the battle became the subject of an army court inquiry in 1879. During the investigation, Reno's, Benteen's, Terry's and Custer's actions were all carefully scrutinized. Testimony suggested that Reno was a drunk and a coward, while Benteen was criticized for disobeying Custer's orders. Another contributing factor was General Terry's late arrival on the scene. However, the primary contribution to the U.S. defeat is blamed on faulty intelligence and poor communication. Both Reno's and Benteenï¿½s subsequent military careers were cut short. In the same year as the military investigation, the Little Bighorn Battlefield was designated a national cemetery administered by the War Department. Two years later, in 1881, a memorial was erected over the mass grave of the Seventh Cavalry soldiers , U.S. Indian Scouts, and other personnel killed in battle. In 1940, jurisdiction of the battlefield was transferred to the National Park Service. Over the years, the American Public's sentiment towards Custer's image and the Battle of Little Bighorn has changed as the recognition of the general mistreatment of Native Americans during America's westward expansion has increased. In 1991, the U. S. Congress changed the name of the battlefield from Custer Battlefield National Monument to Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument and ordered the construction of an Indian Memorial. Today, additional red granite memorials have been erected that celebrate the Indians who fought there, including Cheyenne warriors, Lame White Man and Noisy Walking, and Lakota warriors, Long Road and Dog's Back Bone. The Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument is located in southeastern Montana near Crow Agency, Montana and administered by the National Park Service.	i don't know
‘It’s the real thing’ was a 1970’s advertising slogan for which product?	‘The Real Thing’? The language of advertising slogans \| OxfordWords blog Home > ‘The Real Thing’? The language of advertising slogans ‘The Real Thing’? The language of advertising slogans ‘The Antidote to Civilization’ – so stated the famous Club Med advertising slogan. The highly educated always claim to be immune to the blandishments of advertising slogans. At best they are clever word and image manipulations for the masses; at worst, they are a torture rack for grammar and language. Great literature they are not. (The sloganeering mode is very addictive!) Love them or hate them, stand aloof from them or engage with them, claim immunity from their persuasions or celebrate their memorability, there is no denying that the language of advertising slogans is pervasive, influential, and ubiquitous . It is estimated that the average western consumer is subject to 5,000 daily advertising messages across all forms of media. This makes it the most universal of creative literary forms. What’s it for? What is the purpose of the advertising slogan? A clue lies in the etymology of the word advertise itself – which has its root in the Latin verb ‘advertere’ – to turn towards. Slogans are a way of capturing the attention and taking the attention onwards to a predetermined destination. It was not always so. Advertising’s early words and images were simply to convey information: to describe products, how they worked, what they did, and their availability. Its modern role as an instrument of persuasion, as a literary form to convey meaning and significance, came later in the 20th century. Remember remember… To keep the consumer ‘turning towards’ the desired destination, the advertising slogan has to first of all grab attention. Then it must embed itself in the memory. To state the obvious, advertising words must be memorable. To be memorable, the words, phrases, and slogans must be repeated. (Even the word used for the basic text of an advertising message – copy – connotes replication and reproduction). To be recalled and repeated, to be passed along to others, to be used and reused, is the ultimate destination – the golden journey of an advertising slogan passing from the advertisers’ creative notebook to the nirvana of becoming a popular expression. Take ‘the customer is always right’ for a neat example of something that began life as an advertising slogan for Selfridges Store in 1910 and now is ingrained in the shopper’s lexicon . All success in advertising is predicated in being alive and retained in the memory. The human memory, however, can only store and recall finite numbers of slogans. A sure-fire route to success is to make the slogan a reductionist art form. ‘Think Small’, the Classic Volkswagen slogan in the USA in the 1960s, did precisely this, in encapsulating the essence of the message, its meaning and its relevance. It is essential in a noisy and crowded world that a slogan stands out. Take the Apple slogan of the 1990s ‘Think Different’ – which used the adjective different rather than the expected (and more grammatically correct) adverb differently. To be memorable the phrase and the image that goes with it must be differentiated. The word form of the slogan enables memorability. All ads direct towards some form of understanding and tangible action, mostly the purchasing of a product or service, or, in the area of public information, changing behaviour, changing a way of acting, or attempting to make people well-disposed to a cause or an idea. Do as I say In the early days of advertising, slogans tended to feature a call to action, taking the imperative tone, which was often emphasized by ungrammatical capitalization: ‘Go To Work On An Egg’ – Campaign by the Egg Marketing Board of the UK in the 1960s ‘Put a Tiger in Your Tank’ – Esso marketing campaign from the 1960s ‘Say it with Flowers’ – used by Interflora from the 1920s onwards ‘Don’t Leave Home Without it’ – used by American Express in the 1980s ‘Dig for Victory’ – the ubiquitous World War 2 public slogan which encouraged self-sufficiency in food production in the UK. If the intention is to have people buy a product or service, it seems a given that slogans project an air of self-confidence and have a ring of absolute truth, unfettered by the need to be empirically true or beyond contestation: ‘Diamonds are Forever’ – used in the legendary DeBeers campaign, beginning in the 1940s ‘It’s Good To Talk’ – used in a British Telecom advert in the 1980s to encourage people to talk on the phone for longer ‘It’s the Real Thing’ – arguably Coca-Cola’s most enduring slogan of the many it has used ‘Guinness is Good For You’– interestingly, this 1930s phrase had to be retracted at a later date when the advertising agency said there was no medical evidence of Guinness being of any health benefit and it was therefore making a false claim. A call to arms Slogans can also be declarative , setting up a call to action: ‘I’d like to buy the world a Coke’ – another famous Coca Cola slogan, which was immortalized in song. ‘You press the button, we’ll do the rest’ – this was the earliest advertising slogan for Kodak cameras: instructive as well as declarative. ‘A Mars a Day helps you Work, Rest and Play’ – slogan used to advertise Mars Bars in the UK, from the 1970s onwards. Everybody loves a pun Of course, as the world has become more sophisticated, and, by extension, more difficult to convince, slogans have had to rely more on capturing the attention with puns, alliteration, nouns, adjectives, and invented words, often foreign: ‘Be Cointreauversial’ – a campaign for the liqueur Cointreau ‘Don’t Just Book it, Thomas Cook it’ – used by Thomas Cook Travel Agency ‘Beanz Meanz Heinz’ – a slogan used to advertise Heinz Baked Beans ‘Don’t be Vague, Ask for Haig’ – from a Haig Whiskey advert from the 1930s onwards ‘Any time, any place, anywhere’ – this phrase, used in the Martini adverts of the 1970s onwards, conjured up a world of carefree glamour and became used in many different ways, often with bawdy connotations unrelated to the original message. You have to know the rules before you can break them Advertising slogans, in order to be memorable, occasionally misuse grammar as well as invent words. ‘Winston tastes good, like a cigarette should.’ Although this is a grammatically incorrect statement, as ‘like’ is not a conjunction (it should be ‘as’), advertising copy writers would probably argue that it is more memorable. ‘To boldly go where no man has gone before’ has the distinction of being the world’s most famous split infinitive and has reached an audience of millions as the opening of the legendary TV series Star Trek. From Gutenberg to Google For a century the advertising slogan has become an alternative literary form. Some would argue that some advertising has become an art form for the masses. However, just as this level of esteem has been reached, the whole nature of advertising words has changed again. The future of slogans may be determined by how we phrase key words (now known appropriately as ‘ad words’) in the copy of online documents to maximize their ability to be searched. Now that Google is the world’s dominant advertising medium, traditional advertising will have to find a new lexicon. The opinions and other information contained in OxfordWords blog posts and comments do not necessarily reflect the opinions or positions of Oxford University Press. Author Charles Doyle is Chief Marketing Officer and Head of Research at Jones Lang LaSalle in London. Published	Coca-Cola
In the UK television quiz show ‘The Chase’ which chaser is is known as ‘The Beast’?	The following is an excerpt from Jeff Chang’s Who We Be: The Colorization of America . From the turgid summer of 1971 through the terrible autumn of 1972, TV newscasts must have seemed unrelenting: millions marching to stop the war, prisoners attacked at Attica, the Watergate scandal and the Pentagon Papers, the Manson and Serpico and My Lai trials, guns in Munich, bombs in D.C., and troops in Derry. Pain and hatred and misery. Where was the harmony, sweet harmony? It was in the ad-break, in a commercial for Coca-Cola. The spot begins with a blonde woman, eyes clear blue, lip-syncing a strange lyric, “I’d like to buy the world a home, and furnish it with love.” There is an even weirder second line, about growing apple trees and honeybees and snow-white turtledoves. Advertisement The camera pans across rows of young singers smiling with the rising sun—Spanish, Swedish, Nigerian, Nepalese, dressed in a dashiki, a kimono, a dirndl, a Nehru, a turtleneck. Together they lip-sync, “I’d like to teach the world to sing in perfect harmony.” Each holds a green glass hobble skirt bottle in their right hand, one branded in English script, the next in Arabic, another in Thai. “I’d like to buy the world a Coke,” they sing, “and keep it company.” The camera pulls up to an aerial view, revealing 200 singers aligned on a green hillside like an open fan, a youth chorus of the world. Get Slate in your inbox. Imagine, in a season of racial division, imperialist deception, and capitalist malaise, the whole world gathered upon a hill sharing a fizzy brown drink. “It’s the real thing—Coke is,” they sing in unison, “what the world wants today.” The commercial, first aired on July 8, 1971, had been conceptualized and co-written by Bill Backer, a McCann-Erickson executive who had been searching for a way to rebrand Coke. Backer wanted “a big basic idea—one that would involve the entire United States market for Coca-Cola,” everyone regardless of race, color, class, or creed. The jingle he and his team wrote would come to be known as “I’d Like to Teach the World to Sing.” The campaign’s code name was “Buy the World,” the budget for this commercial alone was nearly $1.3 million in 2013 dollars, and through it Coke might have a shot at more than just glass-bottle redemption. Imagine, in a season of racial division, imperialist deception, capitalist malaise, and national despair the whole world gathered upon a hill sharing a fizzy brown drink. It might look like a picture of renewed American faith. Buying a Coke was like buying the world shelter and peace. Advertisement The hilltop commercial was among the first that Coca-Cola shot in full color. More important, it was perhaps the nation’s first colorized one—an unusual advertisement that admitted a possible multicultural future beyond whiteness. Conceived during the fall of 1968, the Real Thing commercials would incept the drink into a new dream of America, in which divisions between young and old, counterculture and mainstream, Black and white, poor and rich, liberal and conservative had been resolved. In this era of fragmentation and unrest, it was time for the universal drink, like Brand U.S. itself, to reassert some alpha swag. McCann-Erickson went to an earlier grand dream of one America, the social realist vision of the cultural front, which had found expression through Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s Depression-era jobs programs for artists. From Dorothea Lange’s Migrant Mother to Zora Neale Hurston’s collections of Black folklore, Social Realism advanced the themes of inclusion, struggle, and triumph that would come to be associated with the “American Century.” Now at the start of the 1970s, McCann-Erickson was sending teams of photographers and art directors again into the great land. Their mission was to capture—or to stage—slices of American life far from the cultural battlefronts. The earliest Real Thing spots, which began airing in 1969, were montages of these images. Advertisement One Real Thing spot was called “Friendly Feelings,” a subtle turnabout of that fog-of-war phrase “friendly fire.” The images included teenagers taking a break from fixing a roof, a boy and a girl dancing in a wheat field, a young woman cutting her husband’s long hippie hair. It included two close-ups of a black family, a mother and daughter and a father and son, both parents enjoying a bottle of the brown sugary stuff. The jingle concluded, “Coca-Cola, it’s the real thing, like friendly feelings.” In the closing voice-over of “Friendly Feelings,” a narrator declared, “A bottle of Coke has brought more people together than any other soft drink in the world.” Bill Backer and the young staff at McCann-Erickson finally were ready to meet BBDO’s challenge. But they also seemed to want to address something deeper: what it meant to be an innocent American bumbling through a suddenly very big and dangerous world. It was Backer who first saw the outlines of racial harmony and world peace in a green bottle of brown bubbly sugar water. His epiphany came out of a disrupted airline flight. Two weeks before the debut of “Friendly Feelings,” Backer was on his way to meet his songwriting collaborators in London. But he found himself grounded by Heathrow fog at the tiny Shannon Airport outside Limerick, Ireland. Passengers, mostly high-maintenance business travelers, were forced to double up overnight at an overcrowded motel, a situation accepted mostly with reluctance and not a little petulant acting out. Advertisement The next morning Backer took a seat in the airport restaurant and looked at the crowd. The night before they had been at each other’s throats. Now they were all conversing in English, laughing together. And they seemed to be drinking bottles of Coke. Backer was struck by the notion that Coke was “a tiny bit of commonality between all peoples, a universally liked formula that would help to keep them company for a few minutes.” He started scribbling ideas on a napkin. When Backer finally met with his colleague Billy Davis—a songwriter from Motown who had been in the Four Tops—and the rest of his team, he said he wanted “a song that treated the whole world as if it were a person—a person the singer would like to help and get to know.” He read to them what he had written on the napkin: “I’d like to buy the world a Coke and keep it company.” Working quickly, they got British folksingers the New Seekers to record the song and brought it to radio. Coca-Cola’s bottlers hated it, company president Paul Austin thought it was too sentimental, and listeners were unmoved. But somehow the agency prevailed in getting more money to turn the jingle into a television commercial. A young McCann-Erickson employee named Harvey Gabor suggested an idea for the “First United World Chorus” singing the song. Medium Cool director Haskell Wexler signed on to direct. They returned to England to shoot, a globalized production assembling the diversity of the Old World to comfort the anxious masses of the New. London brought bad weather so they moved to Rome. This first shoot was a disaster, a telling one. Advertisement An Italian production company brought in 1,200 young extras from local orphanages. As the sun grew hotter, the orphans were kept locked in steaming buses. By noon the bored, parched teens were rocking the buses off their axles and wolfishly eyeing the big truck full of Cokes parked at the bottom of the hill. At the top, Davis stood on a conductor’s ladder, struggling to teach the united world chorus how to mouth lyrics in a language many did not speak. For the final scene—an aerial shot of the orphans cheering alongside the united world chorus—the teens were released from their buses. They raged loud and broad across the field. A beleaguered team of marshals finally corralled and herded them into place near the chorus. There the orphans took the glass bottles they had been handed and with an angry roar began flinging them at the director’s helicopter overhead. Then they stormed down the hill toward the Coke truck and tried to overturn it. Where was the harmony? It had been interrupted by a teenage riot worthy of Black Friday. Perhaps this, too, was what American exceptionalism looked like. The next day Wexler, still angry he had nearly been toppled from the sky to certain death over a stupid Coke commercial, fled the set, never to return. With a different crew and production company, a much smaller cast, and a different Italian location, the spot was finally completed. The “Buy the World” commercial was released in Europe, mostly to indifference. Advertisement But in the United States the TV spot found huge success. Coca-Cola was suddenly flooded with letters of gratitude and requests for lyrics and sheet music. As Tom Clay’s “What the World Needs Now Is Love” fell off the Billboard charts, two different versions of “I’d Like to Teach the World to Sing (In Perfect Harmony)” took its place. In the end both topped the charts not just in the United States, but around the world, including Europe. America was still losing the war in Southeast Asia, but it was back to winning hearts and minds at home and abroad. In 1939, near the end of the Great Depression, Coke had run print ads titled “The drink everybody knows ...” that collected illustrations of Americans at work and at play. There were airline pilots and stewardesses, young female shoppers, baseball-playing kids, courting teens, a homemaker, a snow-shoveler. Except for a smiling Pochontas-type Indian sharing a drink with a young little rosy-cheeked cowboy, all of the subjects were white. Each illustration represented a frontier closed and a market opened. Together they pointed forward toward the affluent society and Kennedy’s suburban New Frontier. At the start of the 1970s, at the end of the long postwar economic boom, Buy the World pictured the last frontier. Each smiling young person on the Italian hill—marked by their race, nation, and culture—held a market in their hand. It was a primitive picture, to be sure, a couple hundred smiling stereotypes, a stock sheet of misrepresentations. But it was not dishonest. In the eyes of capital, nonwhites and non-Americans represented the last to be brought inside, organized, harmonized. As the American Century roared to a close, capitalism’s destiny would belong to identity. Buy the World had stumbled upon a key to unlocking not just for Coca-Cola, but all of American business, the young world of the coming Global Century. From capital’s dream of one America, a New World Order might be born. But it would be decades before many realized that such a world was even possible.	i don't know
Who plays architect Doug Roberts in the 1974 film ‘Towering Inferno’?	The Towering Inferno (1974) Only feature film to co-star father and son Paul Newman and Scott Newman . See more » Goofs: Continuity: When they were fighting the fire on 81, before the explosion, we see the exterior of the building and parts of it were scorched but no fire was present See more » Quotes: Chief O'Hallorhan :All right. It's your building, but it's our fire. Now, let's get these people the hell out of here. James Duncan :Now, I don't think you're listening, Chief. There's no way for a fire on 81 to reach up here, not in this building. Chief O'Hallorhan :OK. I'll do it. [He prepares to announce an evacuation] James Duncan :[stops him] Hold it, hold it. The Mayor's out there. Do you want me to pull rank on you? Chief O'Hallorhan :When there's a fire, I outrank everybody here. Now, one thing we don't want is a panic. Now, I could tell them, but you ought to do it. Just make a nice cool announcement to all your guests and tell them the party's being moved down below the fire floor. Right now. See more » Movie Connections: Author: templer_doom ([email protected]) With the likes of INDEPENDENCE DAY and DIE HARD, which were both influenced by THE TOWERING INFERNO, a new awareness of the potential of the disaster film emerged, culminating in the likes of DEEP IMPACT, ARMAGEDDON and the more recent THE CORE. The definition of 'all-star cast' and 'star-studded' has changed substantially in the last few years and in fact, the true star of THE TOWERING INFERNO wasn't any actor or star, but the late Irwin Allen, whose career in this type of film ended with the poorly-received WHEN TIME RAN OUT. The film, which was adapted from two source novels, THE GLASS INFERNO and THE TOWER (both of which were bought by rival studios Fox and Warner to compete at the box-office - and then decided at the last minute to pool their resources into creating a single script) is impressive in scope and design. For the uninitiated, one of the books deals with a disgrunted ex-employee who decides to cause an accident which starts a fire and in some ways that would have made a more intriguing storyline, but the plot of the actual film which involves cost-cutting to electrical circuits which causes the fire int the first place works as it is. At a running time of 158 minutes some may think the film too long. In this day and age there would have possibly been test screenings and some cutting of the film, but since the success of TITANIC at the box-office longer films have become the norm. Indeed, the more recent HARRY POTTER and LORD OF THE RINGS movies are in this bracket (although the upcoming KILL BILL story that the three-hour film will be split in two may pave the way for shorter lengths!!) Mind you, THE GREAT ESCAPE is of similar length and that film moves at a cracking pace. Steve McQueen is on screen less than some of the other stars in the film, but his performance is the best and complements others on show. Was the above review useful to you?	Paul Newman
How many digits do frogs have on their back feet?	Movie Review - - 'The Towering Inferno' First-Rate Visual Spectacle - NYTimes.com 'The Towering Inferno' First-Rate Visual Spectacle By VINCENT CANBY Published: December 20, 1974 "The Towering Inferno" is a nearly three-hour suspense film for arsonists, firemen, movie-technology buffs, building inspectors, worry warts. The film, which opened yesterday at the National and Trans-Lux East Theaters, is a gigantic cautionary tale for people who want the worst to happen. It's this year's best end-of-the-world movie—the world in this case being represented by a 138-story, glass-and-steel San Francisco skyscraper that, on the night of its dedication, becomes history's biggest Roman candle. It doesn't burn down, just up. It's not a movie that bothers too much about the specifics of how it happened (something about cheap wiring). It's mainly concerned with what happens during the holocaust, that is with an almost interminable succession of rescue episodes involving lovers, frauds, villains, a little girl, a small cat, a mayor and his wife and other assorted characters whose life spans conform roughly to their billing: actors at the head of the cast live longest. Granting that end-of-the-world movies are not designed to test the intellect but, rather, to provide second-hand thrills of a visceral sort, "The Towering Inferno" must be everything its producer (Irwin Allen) and its two distribution companies (20th Century-Fox and Warner Bros., paired in a one-shot marriage-of-convenience to finance the film) could have possibly desired. The special effects are smashing, better than those in "Earthquake" even without the brain-bending Sen-surround effect of "Earthquake." The technological work is old-fashioned Hollywood make-believe at its painstaking best. I have absolutely no idea which scenes of crematory horror were filmed in life-size studio mockups, in real locations or in miniatures — and I don't particularly want to know. The fun in a movie like this is in being fooled by the talents of the stuntmen, the production designers and especially by the editors, the men who fit all the pieces together without the seams showing. "The Towering Inferno" has an advantage over most movies of this sort in that it has a really classy cast. Though the actors are not required to do much except behave well according to type, their presence upgrades a secondary form of movie melodrama. They include Paul Newman (the architect), Faye Dunaway (the editor of a woman's magazine who goes through the entire fire in a dress so sheer but indestructible that it becomes an engineering feat in itself), Steve McQueen (the heroic fire chief), William Holden (the building's developer-builder), Richard Chamberlain (the man responsible for the faulty wiring who is also a cad to his wife, which may or may not be something to think about), Robert Vaughn (a United States Senator) and Robert Wagner (the building's public-relations man who gets somewhat more coverage than he dared hope for). Fred Astaire also shows up, benignly, as an old con artist out to bilk a rich, middle-aged woman played by Jennifer Jones, and O.J. Simpson is on hand as the building's security chief. Sterling Silliphant's screenplay, based on two different but similar novels ("The Tower" and "The Glass Inferno"), probably reads like a traffic control report, but it succeeds in presenting dozens of incidents without noticeable overlaps or collisions. The dialogue, especially at the beginning, is full of those portentous hints of things to come that make the audience giggle in nervous anticipation. "You forget," someone says early on, "the many modern safety devices we have today." John Guillermin directed the film, but it's difficult to know exactly what he might have done aside from suggesting a few line readings, perhaps. Movies like "The Towering Inferno" appear to have been less directed than physically constructed. This one is overwrought and silly in its personal drama, but the visual spectacle is first rate. You may not come out of the theater with any important ideas about American architecture or enterprise, but you will have had a vivid, completely safe nightmare. THE TOWERING INFERNO, directed by John Guillermin; screenplay by Sterling Silliphant, based on the novels "The Tower" by Richard Martin Stern and "The Glass Inferno" by Thomas N. Scortia and Frank M. Robinson; produced by Irwin Allen; action sequences directed by Mr. Allen; director of photography, Fred Koanekamp; director of action-sequence photography, Joseph Biroc; editors, Harold F. Kress and Carl Kress; music, John Williams; distributed by 20th Century-Fox (domestic) and Warner Bros. (foreign). Running time: 160 minutes. At the National Theater, Broadway at 44th Street, and Trans-Lux East Theatre, Third Avenue at 58th Street. This film has been rated PG. Michael O'Hallorhan . . . . . Steve McQueen	i don't know
During which month of the year is the Crufts Dog Show held in the UK?	Crufts dog show begins: facts and figures - Chronicle Live News Crufts dog show begins: facts and figures As Crufts begins this week, we give you the key facts that you need to know about the most famous dog show on earth. Share Get daily updates directly to your inbox + Subscribe Thank you for subscribing! Could not subscribe, try again laterInvalid Email Five dog finalists in Green Park, London at a photocall for the Crufts 2014. As this year's finalists line-up to do their owners proud, they'll be hoping to emulate some of their doggy ancestors at the show. The Cocker Spaniel has won the most Best in Show titles, with seven wins, followed by the Irish Setter and Welsh Terrier which have both won on four occasions. (Photo: Sean Dempsey/PA Wire) As this year's finalists line-up to do their owners proud, they will be hoping to emulate some of their doggy ancestors at the show. The Cocker Spaniel has won the most Best in Show titles, with seven wins, followed by the Irish Setter and Welsh Terrier which have both won on four occasions. The first ever Best in Show was won by a greyhound in 1928. Greyhound Primley Sceptre took home the top prize and was owned and bred by Herbert Whitley, a brewery millionaire who also founded Paignton Zoo. Theo, a four-a-half-year-old Pomeranian dog and Meme, a 10-month-old Afghan Hound, had to wait to compete at Crufts in 2001, after the show was postponed during the foot-and-mouth disease outbreak. Crufts ran in May rather than March that year. Crufts covers more than 25 acres of the NEC in Birmingham over five halls, the Pavilion and the Crufts Best in Show Arena. The show moved from Earls Court in London to Britain's second city in 1991 - the first time it was ever staged outside the capital. Crufts lost its apostrophe in 1974, the year it was also mentioned in a murder trial. A jury at the Old Bailey was told how a man who had started an affair with a woman he met at Crufts was then stabbed to death by his wife, with the knife he had used to cut up their dog's food. Dog entries topped 15,000 for the first time in 1961 and kept rising - there were 20,566 canine competitors in 2013. Queen Elizabeth II became the first reigning monarch to visit the Crufts. Her Majesty is royal patron of The Kennel Club, which organises the show. The BBC dropped live Crufts coverage from its schedule in 2009 following a dispute with The Kennel Club about the inclusion of certain breeds of pedigree dog in the competition. Crufts was first televised on the BBC in 1950. The Best in Show prize has been awarded for the past 86 years. A total of 43 different breeds have won the prestigious title over the years. The 1988 Best in Show winner, English setter Starlite Express of Valsett, was already a canine celebrity, having featured in a nationwide poster campaign for Pedigree Chum. In 1954 an electricians' strike action resulted in the show being cancelled. It was the only time, apart from during the two world wars, that Crufts has been cancelled. Like us on Facebook	March
In which year did Italy join the Six Nations (then Five Nations) Rugby Union Championship?	· January 16 at 7:22am · Cheer on your favourite crossbreed dog! More than 1,500 dogs have taken part in the Scruffts heats, sponsored by James Wellbeloved, this year raising more than £2,000 for the Kennel Club Charitable Trust and each event’s chosen charity. Now 6 finalists have made it to the final at the world’s greatest dog show Crufts! Support your favourite by watching the final on Saturday 11th March at the NEC Birmingham. Tickets are available to buy now at http://bit.ly/1zVdmQu . You can find our finalists by visiting www.scruffts.org.uk If you think your crossbreed has what it takes to become the next Scruffts champion then register your interest in the 2017 heats here www.scruffts.org.uk #Scruffts #Crufts · January 12 at 3:11am · Cheer on your favourite crossbreed dog! More than 1,500 dogs have taken part in the Scruffts heats, sponsored by James Wellbeloved, this year raising more than £2,000 for the Kennel Club Charitable Trust and each event’s chosen charity. Now 6 finalists have made it to the final at the world’s greatest dog show Crufts! Support your favourite by watching the final on Saturday 11th March at the NEC Birmingham. Tickets are available to buy now at http://bit.ly/1zVdmQu . You can find our finalists by visiting www.scruffts.org.uk If you think your crossbreed has what it takes to become the next Scruffts champion then register your interest in the 2017 heats here www.scruffts.org.uk #Scruffts #Crufts · January 11 at 12:45am · Just over 8 weeks to go until Crufts in March and we are so excited. Make sure to follow us on Instagram to see all the behind the scenes action in the build up to the world’s greatest dog show! We will be posting your qualifying images over the next few weeks, so If you think your dog deserves a moment in the @KCLOVESDOGS spotlight then use ‘ #crufts2017 ’ and ‘ #wequalifiedforcrufts ’ when posting your pics. Follow us now - https://www.instagram.com/kclovesdogs/ · January 10 at 7:30am · Throughout the year, heats of the popular crossbreed competition, Scruffts, sponsored by James Wellbeloved, have taken place at events around the country in search of crossbreeds that have that extra special something. Now 6 finalists have made it to the final at the world’s greatest dog show Crufts! Support your favourite by watching the final on Saturday 11th March at the NEC Birmingham. Tickets are available to buy now at http://bit.ly/1zVdmQu If you think your crossbreed has what it takes to become the next Scruffts champion then register your interest in the 2017 heats here http://svy.mk/1lxLNJp #Scruffts #Crufts · January 9 at 4:23am · Are you new to breeding from your dog? Did you know that breeders have access to FREE educational films on the practical considerations and science behind breeding healthy dogs, via the Kennel Club Academy? We have just added a NEW resource including a film on Canine Pregnancy which provides information and advice to breeders on how to best support their dog during pregnancy – essential learning for new breeders! Check this resource out, along with many others at www.kcacademy.org.uk. All breeder education resources are free to access! #KennelClubAcademy · January 9 at 2:20am · Do you love competing with your dog and want to take part in more competitions? Or have you never done it before and would like to experience your first show? Maybe you would just like to go along and watch. Our new Kennel Club Find a Dog Show service enables you to find competitions across the UK to take part in or spectate! From agility to heelwork to music, canicross to flyball and many more. Search now at www.findadogshow.org.uk	i don't know
In Britain, who does the Best Man traditionally sit next to at a wedding reception?	Wedding Etiquette and Traditions Wedding Etiquette and Traditions Confused about wedding etiquette? Wondering which traditions to keep and which to ignore? Don’t worry – we’ve got you covered! From meaningful traditions to strange superstitions, here’s absolutely everything you need to know before your big day. Walking down the aisle – who goes first? According to tradition and etiquette, the bride and groom should lead on the way up to the aisle after the ceremony. They should then be followed by bridesmaids and pageboys, the best man with the maid of honour, the bride’s mother with the groom’s father and then the groom’s mother with the bride’s father. How do we start the first dance? In a traditional wedding, the bride and groom should start off dancing together, then the groom should dance with his new mother-in-law, then his own mother. At the same time, the bride should dance with her new father-in-law and then with her father. The best man should join the dancing, with the maid of honour or chief bridesmaid when the newlyweds first break apart to dance with their in-laws.The rest of the ushers and bridesmaids are also invited to the dance floor at this time. Once the song has finished, all the guests are invited to join the party on the dance floor. Want to follow tradition? There are many traditions associated with marriage, and in the past a wedding was seen as a time when people were very open to bad luck and evil spirits. These superstitions began many years ago, and lots are now ignored, but lots of brides choose to honour some traditions that are supposed to bring them good luck. For example, some brides choose to wear something old, something new, something borrowed and something blue on their big day! Another tradition that is supposed to bring good luck is the bride and groom not seeing each other before the ceremony. However, many couples choose to ignore this tradition so they can do a private ‘first look’ before the official ceremony. Who gives the speeches? Wedding etiquette dictates that speeches should be made by the father of the bride, the groom and the best man, in that order. They should try to remember to thank everyone for coming to the wedding, and toast to the bride and groom. Nowadays, it’s very common for the bride to make a speech as well. What lucky signs should I look out for on my big day? According to tradition, it is supposed to be good luck for the bride to meet a lamb, dove, spider or black cat on her way to the church. But if she sees a pig or a funeral on her way, these are seen to be bad omens. It is also considered fortunate for the bride to see a policeman, clergyman, doctor, or blind man on the way to the church. When should I throw the bouquet? The custom of the bride throwing her bouquet shoulder was originally performed by her throwing one of her shoes over her shoulder. After the reception the bride throws her bouquet back over her shoulder where the unmarried female guest group together. Tradition states that the one who catches the bouquet will be the next one of those present to marry. Did you know about these strange superstitions? There is a tradition which says that if a bride wishes to be the dominating influence in her married life, she must be the first to buy something after the wedding. The best way to ensure this is to buy a pin from the chief bridesmaid when changing into her travelling costume. Although most weddings now take place on Saturdays, it was once considered an unlucky day to get married. Fridays were also considered unlucky, partially because of Friday 13th. A famous old rhyme advises that a wedding should take place during the first half of the week, saying that Monday brings “wealth”, Tuesday brings “health” and Wednesday is the “best day of all”. Sharing this article? Simply copy and paste this link Related posts	groom s mother
The Banoffee Pie was invented at the Hungry Monk restaurant in which English county?	Wedding Etiquette and Traditions Wedding Etiquette and Traditions Confused about wedding etiquette? Wondering which traditions to keep and which to ignore? Don’t worry – we’ve got you covered! From meaningful traditions to strange superstitions, here’s absolutely everything you need to know before your big day. Walking down the aisle – who goes first? According to tradition and etiquette, the bride and groom should lead on the way up to the aisle after the ceremony. They should then be followed by bridesmaids and pageboys, the best man with the maid of honour, the bride’s mother with the groom’s father and then the groom’s mother with the bride’s father. How do we start the first dance? In a traditional wedding, the bride and groom should start off dancing together, then the groom should dance with his new mother-in-law, then his own mother. At the same time, the bride should dance with her new father-in-law and then with her father. The best man should join the dancing, with the maid of honour or chief bridesmaid when the newlyweds first break apart to dance with their in-laws.The rest of the ushers and bridesmaids are also invited to the dance floor at this time. Once the song has finished, all the guests are invited to join the party on the dance floor. Want to follow tradition? There are many traditions associated with marriage, and in the past a wedding was seen as a time when people were very open to bad luck and evil spirits. These superstitions began many years ago, and lots are now ignored, but lots of brides choose to honour some traditions that are supposed to bring them good luck. For example, some brides choose to wear something old, something new, something borrowed and something blue on their big day! Another tradition that is supposed to bring good luck is the bride and groom not seeing each other before the ceremony. However, many couples choose to ignore this tradition so they can do a private ‘first look’ before the official ceremony. Who gives the speeches? Wedding etiquette dictates that speeches should be made by the father of the bride, the groom and the best man, in that order. They should try to remember to thank everyone for coming to the wedding, and toast to the bride and groom. Nowadays, it’s very common for the bride to make a speech as well. What lucky signs should I look out for on my big day? According to tradition, it is supposed to be good luck for the bride to meet a lamb, dove, spider or black cat on her way to the church. But if she sees a pig or a funeral on her way, these are seen to be bad omens. It is also considered fortunate for the bride to see a policeman, clergyman, doctor, or blind man on the way to the church. When should I throw the bouquet? The custom of the bride throwing her bouquet shoulder was originally performed by her throwing one of her shoes over her shoulder. After the reception the bride throws her bouquet back over her shoulder where the unmarried female guest group together. Tradition states that the one who catches the bouquet will be the next one of those present to marry. Did you know about these strange superstitions? There is a tradition which says that if a bride wishes to be the dominating influence in her married life, she must be the first to buy something after the wedding. The best way to ensure this is to buy a pin from the chief bridesmaid when changing into her travelling costume. Although most weddings now take place on Saturdays, it was once considered an unlucky day to get married. Fridays were also considered unlucky, partially because of Friday 13th. A famous old rhyme advises that a wedding should take place during the first half of the week, saying that Monday brings “wealth”, Tuesday brings “health” and Wednesday is the “best day of all”. Sharing this article? Simply copy and paste this link Related posts	i don't know
Who played British fictional television detective Freddie Spender?	Big River “Spender” – 20th Anniversary Tribute On January 8th, 2011 it will be twenty years since Jimmy Nail’s “Spender” was first aired on BBC Television. To celebrate this milestone, this is a little tribute to what became my favourite television programme and the reason I became a fan of Jimmy Nail. Concerned about being typecast after becoming famous for his character Oz in “Auf Wiedersehen, Pet”, Jimmy wanted a change of direction and also more control over the types of roles he played. Encouraged by his friend and fellow Geordie Ian La Frenais, (who along with Dick Clement wrote” Auf Wiedersehen, Pet” and other classics such as “Porridge” and “The Likely Lads”), Jimmy came up with the idea of a maverick detective series set in his native Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Coincidently, Ian had also been keen to write a cop-show for years and so the two men created a series together with Jimmy spending time at Ian’s home in Los Angeles during 1989. The series would simply be called “Spender”. Jimmy would play the lead role of Detective Sergeant Freddie Spender and the show would make a star of Sammy Johnson who played Spender’s criminal buddy Stick with great comedic aplomb and also Denise Welch of “Loose Women” fame who played Frances, Spender’s ex-wife. The theme tune and incidental music had been written by long-time friend Tony McAnaney who was also given the role of Spender’s musician friend Keith Moreland. The series combined a great deal of background for the main characters and the episodes dealt with Spender’s home life and circumstances as well as his professional life which made for good continuity throughout. It also helped Ford promote the Sierra Sapphire RS Cosworth as a flint grey example was used as Spender’s car, with a new one being featured each season. The series was the first to be filmed entirely on location in the North East and Jimmy himself had also changed his appearance greatly since his Oz days. Having lost a quarter of his body weight and now with long hair, Jimmy wondered if the public would accept the new character as readily. He needn’t have worried as the show became an instant hit and ran for three seasons during 1991 to 1993 with consistently high ratings. The first season featured eight episodes, the second and third ran for six episodes with Jimmy having penned nine episodes out of the twenty and there was also a spin-off “Spender” novel in 1992. Sadly for the fans, the series came to an end on December 29th 1993 in an excellent 90-minute feature-length episode, “The French Collection”, which was filmed on location in Marseille and Newcastle and also penned by Jimmy. By the end of the series, Jimmy was not only a successful television actor, but also a writer, creator and producer and would pave the way for future successes such as “Crocodile Shoes” and the return of” Auf Wiedersehen, Pet”. For an in-depth description of each “Spender” episode, it is worth checking out Neil Potter and Eamon Rooney’s episode guide at www. epguides.com	Jimmy Nail
Who wrote the novel ‘One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest’?	North East police drama Spender was first shown on television 25 years ago - Chronicle Live North East police drama Spender was first shown on television 25 years ago Spender, starring former Auf Wiedersehen Pet star Jimmy Nail, ran for three series between 1991 and 1993 Share Jimmy Nail as Spender and Sammy Johnson as Stick in the early-1990s TV series, Spender Share Get daily updates directly to your inbox + Subscribe Could not subscribe, try again laterInvalid Email The popular detective series Spender was first shown on BBC TV 25 years ago. Starring Geordie superstar Jimmy Nail, the show told of the exploits of Detective Sgt Freddie Spender and his sometimes unorthodox policing methods. Filmed in and around Tyneside, across three series between 1991 and 1993, Spender was a product of Longbenton-born Nail’s determination to pay homage to his native Newcastle. With the show regularly pulling in 14 million viewers, and with each episode costing upwards of £350,000 to produce, it was a quality production with Nail, not only in the starring role - but occasionally writing and directing too. Jimmy came to Spender on the back of the huge success of the brilliant Auf Wiedersehen, Pet where he starred as the hard-drinking, loudmouthed, battling Geordie bricklayer, Oz. In 1992, at the height of his success with Spender, he recalled his early years to a Chronicle reporter. Jimmy Nail and Denise Welch filming the TV drama Spender on Newcastle Quayside, circa 1991 Nail, real name Jimmy Bradford, first gained attention in Newcastle blues band , the King Crabs, where he wore a dress on stage. “It was quite a rarity to see a guy in an R&B band in a frock,” he joked. Then looking back at his 1982 audition for Auf Wiedersehen, Pet, Jimmy added: “I went in and said ‘look guys, this is the situation. I don’t want to be here. I have nothing in common with you. I don’t even like television, so let’s get his over and let me get out of here’.” In the event, Nail’s raw natural acting talent made him ideal to play one of the Geordie bricklayers - alongside Tim Healy and Kevin Whatley - who would work hard and play hard on a building site in Germany. By 1992, Jimmy revealed he had been off the drink for years and was down to a trim 12 stone. “People do change,” the then 38-year-old said. “Oz was a heavy reflection of my life at the time. Spender is more where I am now.” By then, Nail had lived in London for many years, but still held on to his Geordie heritage. Jimmy Nail in the TV Programme Spender “You can’t shake off your roots, and I don’t want to,” he said. “I can’t stand people who leave and then never mention the North East again.” Spender not only further boosted the star’s popularity, but gave us an early glimpse of future Benidorm star and Loose Woman Denise Welch, and Sammy Johnson who played Nail’s criminal sidekick, Stick. Johnson would die aged just 49 in 1998 while out jogging, and lend his name to the two-yearly Sunday For Sammy all-star charity concerts at Newcastle City Hall. Perhaps the only big problem to beset Spender was the fact the tough-guy cop’s trademark black Ford Sierra Cosworth had already once been nicked on location, and was a big target for car thieves at a time when Tyneside was dubbed “the car crime capital of Britain”. We reported the £21,000 motor had its very own £100-a-day minder. But far from depicting the region in a bad light, Spender used a host of North East locations as a vibrant backdrop to the often gritty action. Jimmy Nail in Television programme "Spender" The detective’s flat overlooked the Tyne Bridge and the Quayside , while his estranged wife and family lived in leafy Jesmond; Gateshead’s Central Bar made an appearance, as did the Beehive Inn in Earsdon; the Kielder Reservoir is a stunning backdrop in one episode, while by way of contrast the car park of the Metrocentre’s Asda car park as another. But perhaps one of the most memorable scenes saw DS Spender chasing along Newcastle’s underground track after a villain who’d jumped aboard a Metro train. The Spender sprint from Jesmond Dene to the Monument, via St James - about two miles in real life - took a mere 75 seconds. Some going! As a Metro spokesman said of the feat: “It would be extremely dangerous, and I wouldn’t even like to say it was possible.” Like us on Facebook	i don't know
Visage is French for which part of the body?	French Lesson 40 - Learn French Body Parts Vocabulary - Head and Face - partes del cuerpo frances - YouTube French Lesson 40 - Learn French Body Parts Vocabulary - Head and Face - partes del cuerpo frances Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Nov 3, 2012 French Lesson - Learn French Body Parts Vocabulary in French. Learn how to say eye, nose, ear, eyebrow, eyelash and much more in French. To make it easier for you to take body parts vocabulary in, I have split the lesson into three videos: - Body Parts (head) - Body Parts (main parts) - http://youtu.be/aqmpby_xiGE - Body Parts (limbs) - http://youtu.be/qc2c1sOXDuY For more French vocabulary lessons please visit: http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=... You will also find French grammar, pronunciation and cultural lessons on my channel: http://www.youtube.com/Frencheezee Follow me on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/pages/Learn-F... Follow me on Twitter: https://twitter.com/Frencheezee Category When autoplay is enabled, a suggested video will automatically play next. Up next Body Vocabulary in French Part 1 (basic French vocabulary from Learn French With Alexa) - Duration: 9:08. Learn French With Alexa 138,785 views 9:08 French Lesson 33 BODY PARTS French Vocabulary Parties du corps English subtitles Partes del cuerpo - Duration: 3:02. YouLearnFrench 214,883 views 3:02 French Lesson 42 - Learn French Body Parts Vocabulary - Las partes del cuerpo en francés - Duration: 2:09. Frencheezee 23,272 views 2:09 Parts of the body in French \| Beginner French Lessons for Children - Duration: 2:03. French games 23,648 views 2:03 Learn - Human Body Part - External - Kids Educational Videos - Duration: 23:24. Kidz Mania 376,901 views 23:24 French Lesson 30 - FACE BODY VOCABULARY - Le visage (Parts of the head) Partes del cuerpo en francés - Duration: 4:11. YouLearnFrench 185,181 views 4:11 French Lesson 24 - MEALS OF THE DAY Food Vocabulary - LES REPAS de la journée Comidas del día - Duration: 4:51. YouLearnFrench 292,330 views 4:51 Les chiffres et les nombres de 1 a 20 - alain le lait (French numbers from 1 to 20) - Duration: 1:53. tialela99 7,012,731 views 1:53	Face
‘The Stolen Generations’ were children of which country who were taken from their families to be adopted or brought up by the state?	parts of the body Bookmark this page French Phrases: parts of the body This page gives French words for the main parts of the body. Note that parts of the body in French are usually used with the definite article (le, la or les), even though in English, you'd often use a possessive (my, his etc). Face and neck	i don't know
‘The Entertainer’ by Scott Joplin is the theme tune for which 1973 film?	The Sting Theme (Joplin - The Entertainer) - YouTube The Sting Theme (Joplin - The Entertainer) Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Sep 30, 2010 Great theme to a great film! Category	The Sting
Late actress Greta Garbo was born in which country?	The Entertainer (rag) \| Pop Culture Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia "The Entertainer" is sub-titled "A Rag Time Two Step", which was a form of dance popular until about 1911, and a style which was common among rags written at the time. Its structure is: Intro AA BB A CC Intro2 DD.[2] It is primarily set in the key of C Major; however, for the C section (commonly referred to as the 'Trio'), it modulates to the subdominant, F Major, then through a transitional passage modulates back to C Major for the D section. The "B" section contains an indication that the melody is to be played an octave higher on the repeat. In the June 7, 1903 St. Louis Globe-Democrat, contemporary composer Monroe H. Rosenfeld described "The Entertainer" as "the best and most euphonious" of Joplin's compositions to that point. "It is a jingling work of a very original character, embracing various strains of a retentive character which set the foot in spontaneous action and leave an indelible imprint on the tympanum."[2] Suggested by the rag's dedication to "James Brown and his Mandolin Club", author Rudi Blesh wrote that "some of the melodies recall the pluckings and the fast tremolos of the little steel-stringed plectrum instruments..."[3] In fact, Stark issued an arrangement of the piece for two mandolins and a guitar.[2] Publication history[edit] Edit The copyright on "The Entertainer" was registered December 29, 1902, along with two other Joplin rags, "A Breeze from Alabama" and "Elite Syncopations", all three of which were published by John Stark & Son ofSt. Louis, Missouri.[2] The centerpiece of the original cover art featured a minstrel show caricature of a black man in formal attire on a theater stage. "The Entertainer" also appeared in orchestration as part of "The Red Back Book" of "Standard High Class Rags" popular with ragtime bands. Popularity and legacy[edit] Edit In November 1970, Joshua Rifkin released a recording called Scott Joplin: Piano Rags[4] on the classical label Nonesuch, which featured as its second track "The Entertainer". It sold 100,000 copies in its first year and eventually became Nonesuch's first million-selling record.[5] The Billboard "Best-Selling Classical LPs" chart for September 28, 1974 has the record at #5, with the follow-up "Volume 2" at #4, and a combined set of both volumes at #3. Separately both volumes had been on the chart for 64 weeks.[6] The album was nominated in 1971 for two Grammy Award categories, Best Album Notes and Best Instrumental Soloist Performance (without orchestra), but at the ceremony on March 14, 1972, Rifkin did not win in any category.[7] In 1979 Alan Rich in the New York Magazine wrote that by giving artists like Rifkin the opportunity to put Joplin's music on disk, Nonesuch Records "created, almost alone, the Scott Joplin revival."[8] Marvin Hamlisch lightly adapted and orchestrated Joplin's music for the 1973 film The Sting, for which he won an Academy Award for Best Original Song Score and Adaptation on April 2, 1974.[9] His version of "The Entertainer" reached #3 on the Billboard Hot 100 and the American Top 40 music chart on May 18, 1974,[10][11] prompting the New York Times to write, "the whole nation has begun to take notice."[12] Thanks to the film and its score, Joplin's work became appreciated in both the popular and classical music worlds, becoming (in the words of music magazine Record World), the "classical phenomenon of the decade."[13] In the United States, "The Entertainer" is one of many songs commonly played by ice cream trucks, in order to attract attention.	i don't know
‘The Long March’ took place in which country in 1934-35?	The Long March of the Communist Party of China 1934-35 The Long March of the Communist Party of China 1934-35 This is the story of the Long March of the Communist Party leadership and the Red Army from South China to Northwest China. The source is mainly Harrison Salisbury's book The Long March. Salisbury's book is a very good book that well conveys the drama of the Long March and its three struggles: 1. the Red Army with the Nationalist Army of Chiang Kai-shek 2. the Red Army with the elements and terrain of western China 3. the factions within the Red Army with each other. The latter struggle was primarily between the Mao Zedong faction and the Communist International (Comintern) faction led by the man Joseph Stalin imposed as a condition for aiding the communists, Otto Braun. There was also a power struggles between the First Army led by Mao Zedong and the Fourth Army led by Zhang Guotao. Salisbury is sympathetic to Mao but his book is objective and well worth reading. There is however another book, Mao: The Unknown Story by Jung Chang and her husband Jon Halliday that tells the story behind the story of the Long March. Background Both the Communist Party and the Guomindang (Nationalist) Party were created around 1920 and had a socialist orientation. The Guomindang although it had a socialist orientation was primarily concerned with establishing a nation state. This meant suppressing the numerous warlords and uniting China. The Guomindang needed financial aid to achieve this and it was not going to get such aid from the imperialist powers. The founder and leader of the Guomindang, Sun Yatsen, sought and received aid from the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union not only sent material aid, it also sent advisors, Michael Borodin and Otto Braun. The latter was a German Communist representing the Communist International, the Comintern. The Soviet Union also required that the Guomindang admit to its membership the members of the Communist Party of China. The Communists worked within the Guomindang during the early and middle 1920's. The arrangement appeared to work well. Chiang Kai-shek directed the Whampoa Military Academy and Zhou Enlai served as the political officer for that academy. Chiang Kai-shek went to Moscow for training and later his son, Chiang Ching-guo, went to Moscow. The trouble came when Sun Yat-sen died of cancer in 1925. It was uncertain who would succeed him as leader of the Guomindang. After a short period of political maneuvering Chiang Kai-shek emerged as the leader. The Guomindang actually split at this time into two factions, a left faction headed by Chiang Kai-shek who accepted continued cooperation with the Communists and a right faction which opposed such cooperation. After consolidating his hold on the Guomindang Chiang Kai-shek organized a northern expedition to defeat the many warlords who controlled local areas of northern China. Chiang's Northern Expedition of 1926-27 was a great success. Thirty nine war lords were defeated. The Northern Expedition then moved to Shanghai. The Communist-dominated labor unions staged an uprising prior to the entry of Chiang's army into the city. This uprising established a city government without Chiang's approval. This and other actions by the Communists within the Guomindang led Chiang to fear the Communists were following their own agenda and were striving for control. Chiang's followers turned upon the Communists in Shanghai and massacred them. A similar slaughter and purge of the Communists within the Guomindang throughout other parts of China took place shortly afterwards. Those that could escaped and joined the rural communist centers in South China. The major rural Communist strongholds were in the rural areas of Jiangxi and Hunan Provinces. There were also strongholds in the more remote provinces of Sichuan and Shaanxi. In the Jiangxi Soviet, as it was called, Mao Zedong was a major leader. Mao Zedong Mao Zedong came from the clan village of Shaoshan in Hunan Province. He was born at the end 1893 and was notably older than the other Communist leaders. His family was moderately well-to-do, land-owning peasants. Mao's grandfather had lost the family farm to money lenders but Mao's father had got it back and had moved upward into trade and money lending. Mao's father wanted his son Zedong educated in order to be better able to handle the family businesses. In the village school Mao learned basic literacy and the Chinese classics from age seven to twelve. At age 13 Mao's father felt he had an adequate education and ended his schooling to have him work fulltime on the family farm. Mao's mother, a kind, hard-working woman who was a devout Buddhist, was a stronger influence on Mao Zedong than his hard-driving father. Mao rebelled against his father and left the family to study at a higher primary school in a nearby county. He later then went on to Changsha Normal School in the provincial capital of Changsha at about age eighteen. At Changsha Normal he became acquainted with the writings of political revolutionaries, Western as well as Chinese. He was particularly impressed by the writings of Sun Yat-sen. Incidentally Mao first heard of America when reading a short biography of George Washington. The revolution against the Qing Empire was finally successful in 1911, after four failed attempts. Mao joined the army of revolution and was a soldier for six months. But the success of the revolution brought a demobilization of the army and Mao drifted from one pursuit to another uncertain of the what career he should prepare for. He graduated from Changsha Normal School and went to Beijing. He worked as an assistant librarian at Beijing University where he read and participated in some student organizations that gave him his first experience in political organizing. Sun Yat-sen and his political organization was not as successful in gaining control of China as they had been in overthrowing the Qing Dynasty. The period from 1912 to 1919 saw China falling under the control of local warlords. Sun Yat-sen relinquished the presidency of the Chinese Republic to a man who had been a Qing Empire official but who secured the abdication of the Emperor. Sun Yat-sen felt this man would be best able to unify China. Instead that man sought to make himself the new emperor and also sought to exterminate Sun Yat-sen and his party. The year 1919 saw a renewal of Sun Yat-sen's political organization. In that year the Allies of World War I chose to grant the German Concession in China to Japan rather than returning it to Chinese control. This sparked violent protests. Sun Yat-sen organized a political party called Guomindang (Nationalist Party). The ideological roots of the Guomindang are a bit uncertain but there was an emphasis on nationalism and socialism. Mao was in Beijing at the time of the protests, the May Fourth (1919) Movement. In July of 1919 Mao wrote an editorial which said, Mao Zedong If we do not act, Who will act? In the summer of 1919 Mao left Beijing to organize opposition to Japan among students, workers and merchants in Jiangxi Province in southern China. The fact that peasants were not at this time considered to have revolutionary potential reflected the influence of Marxism. Mao talked and wrote about the Soviet experience but he did not commit himself to Marxism until 1921. Mao differed from the other Communist leaders in that he did not travel to Western Europe or Moscow for study. He moved toward a focus on the Chinese countryside and the peasants. However much this focus on the peasants was at variance with orthodox Marxism, Mao instincts still directed him unerringly to greatest reservoir of revolutionary potential in China. The Jiangxi Soviet After the massacre of communists in Shanghai and elsewhere in 1927 at the instigation of Chiang Kai-shek the communists attempted rebellions in several cities and towns. The Jiangxi Soviet emerged as a result of attempted insurrections in two cities, an unsuccessful one organized by Mao Zedong and a successful one organized by Zhou En-lai. In July of 1927 Zhou En-lai journeyed to the city of Nanchang to carry out his assignment by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, which was to capture contol. Nanchang was chosen because the Guomindang commander of public safety, Zhu De, was secretly a member of the Communist Party. The insurrectionists had about twenty thousand troops and the troops which remained loyal to Chiang Kai-shek numbered only ten thousand. The Comintern representative ordered Zhou En-lai not to carryout the insurrection. Zhou En-lai defied that order even though it might mean a loss of the material support for the Chinese communists by the Soviet Union. The insurrection was successful. However it was recognized that once the government moved substanial numbers of troops to the area the insurrectionists would not be able to hold the city. The insurrections left Nanchang and headed south. Mao Zedong had been assigned to organize an Autumn Harvest Uprising in September of 1927 which would capture the city of Changsa. The revolution in Changsa failed and at the end of September Mao was leading a small army of about one thousand toward a mountain in Jiangxi Province called Jinggangshan. It was in an isolated area on the the border between Hunan and Jiangxi Provinces. Jinggangshan was not just a mountain; it was more of a massif being sixty miles long and twenty miles wide.. Jinggangshan had an elevation of about five thousand feet and was under the control of two bandit gangs. Mao believed that he would be able to bring the anti-government bandits over to the communist side. This he did partly with personal persuasion and partly with a gift of rifles. By the end of October of 1927 Mao had established headquarters in the town of Maoping on Jinggangshan and had one of the two bandit groups cooperating with his organization. In February of 1928 Mao used his troops to capture a enemy of the other bandit chief. That brought the second bandit chief into alliance with Mao. In May of 1928 Zhu De brought the reminant 1000 of his force to Mao's area. Mao and Zhu forged a solid alliance that was to continue long into the future. By the next year Mao was able to recruit enough soldiers to bring the troop strength to four thousand. This was too many soldiers to be supported by the local economy of Jinggangshan. Mao and Zhu decided to move their army. They left Peng Dehuai to defend the enclave in Jinggangshan as long as he could. When Chiang Kai-shek sent in a large force to destroy the Red Bandits Peng evacutaed the mountain and moved to join Mao and Zhu. The Guomindang forces executed about a thousand people in the former communist enclave on the mountain. The Mao and Zhu army established a new enclave in southeastern Jiangxi Province and made the town of Rujin the headquarters. The enclave came to be called the Jiangxi Soviet. After Mao had successfully operated the enclave for a number of years there were Communist Party officials who were not happy with Mao. Mao's emphasis on peasant support was at variance with doctrinaire Marxism. According to Marxist theory, revolution were supposed to arise among the proletariat of advanced industrial nations, not among peasants in backward, unindustrialized countries. The Soviet Union was providing support but required its representative to have a strong voice in the decisions of Communist Party organizations. The decision-making power in the Jiangxi Soviet was taken away from Mao and vested in a three-member committee. One member of that committee was the Comintern representative, Otto Braun. Braun used the Chinese name Li De. Zhou En-lai was another member and the third member was Bo Gu, a man who gave complete support to Braun. Thus Zhou En-lai aways faced two votes for Otto Braun's position on any issue. Backgrounds of the Other Communist Leaders Involved in the Long March Zhou Enlai As most who observed him must have suspected, Zhou Enlai came from an upper class, gentry background. He was born in 1898 in Huaian in Jinagsu Province which is north of Shanghai. He was raised by his uncle in Shaoxin in Zhejiang Province which is south of Shanghai. Zhou graduated from a secondary school in Tianjin and then went to Japan for further study in 1917. He returned from Japan in 1919, just in time to be involved in the May Fourth Movement. He was arrested in 1920 and upon his release he left China to go to France for study. While in France he participated in the founding, along with Ho Chi Minh, of the Communist Party of France. Later, when the Communist Party of China was formed in 1921 in Shanghai Zhou joined it. Zhou returned to China in 1924. Sun Yat-sen had asked for aid from the Soviet Union and received it on the condition that the members of the Chinese Communist Party could join the Guomindang (Nationalist Party). So Zhou returned to China during the era of cooperation between the Guomindang and the Communist Party. Zhou became the political officer at the Whampoa Military Academy, which was under Chiang Kai-shek command. Chang Kai-shek led a Northern Expedition to subdue the warlords of North China. Chiang was able to defeat thirty some war lords. Chiang then led his armies to Shanghai. Zhou had gone to Shanghai in advance of the Northern Expedition and organized an insurrection in Shanghai. Chiang at that time decided that his Communist Allies were pursuing their own agenda and could not be trusted. Chiang turned against the Communists and had them slaughtered in Shanghai and in the cities around China. Zhou barely escaped. He went to Wuhan where he was elected to the Politburo (Political Bureau) of the Chinese Communist Party. Zhou helped organize Communist insurrections in the cities but the Nationalist Army soon put them down. Zhou escaped and traveled to Moscow in 1928. He returned to Shanghai from Moscow but in 1931 had to flee. He traveled to Jiangxi Province where Mao Zedong, along with Zhu De, had organized a rural enclave called a Soviet. In 1932 the rest of the Communist organization in Shanghai followed Zhou to Jiangxi. Zhou became the political commissar of the Red Army which had been created in the Jiangxi Soviet by Mao Zedong and Zhu De. Moscow had sent a representative of the Comintern (Communist International) to the Jiangxi Soviet. He was a German Communist named Otto Braun. He took the Chinese name of Li De. Otto Braun was supposed to have had some military experience as a street fighter in Europe, but his skill as a military is very doubtful. Li De, though political maneuvering came into control of the Red Army in the Jiangxi Soviet. The control of the Red Army was vested in a three member committee, a troika. The three members of the committee were Otto Braun, Zhou Enlai and a Chinese Communist named Bo Gu who had been trained in Moscow. Bo Gu always supported Otto Braun giving him a two-to-one majority over Zhou Enlai so Otto Braun effectively controlled the Red Army. So Mao, who was a genius in political and military strategy, was pushed aside in favor of Otto Braun, someone without any abilities at all to speak of, because of the slavish support of the Chinese Communists who had been to Moscow. Harrison Salisbury speaks disparagingly of the Chinese Bolsheviks who had gone to Moscow and had been stuffed full of "Marxist gibberish" like "Peking ducks." Although Zhou had gone to Moscow he was not one of the slavish Chinese Bolsheviks that supported Otto Braun. Mao did monstrous things to the Chinese people with his Great Leap Forward and his Cultural Revolution but there is no doubt that he was extraordinarily skilled in political and military strategy. Mao may have been incompetent at choosing economic policies once in power but it is no hyperbole to say that Mao was a genius at guerilla warfare. In the Long March it was the heighth of stupidity to take control away from Mao who was unsurpassed at guerilla warfare and give it to Otto Braum who was a complete dunce in the matter. Sensibly the leadership was returned to Mao by the top officers. Liu Shaoqi Liu Shaoqi came from the same region and more or less the same social background as Mao Zedong. Liu was born in Hunan Province in 1898, the youngest son of a rich peasant landowner. Although Mao was also the son of a moderately well-to-do landowner there seemed to be a definite class difference between Liu and Mao in terms of demeanor and style. Liu seemed to be from a wealthier class than Mao. Liu attended middle school in Ch'angsha, the capital of Hunan, but he journeyed to North China to study French. In 1920 he joined a socialist youth group and subsequently went to Moscow for further study. In Moscow he joined the Chinese Communist Party. In 1922 Liu returned to China and became active in labor organizing for the Communist Party. He served for period as an aide to Mao. As well as organizing strikes Liu was also active in Communist Party organizational structure, receiving appointments a number of positions in the Party hierarchy. This was the period of cooperation between the Goumindang (Nationalist Party) and the Communist Party. The cooperation ended abruptly in April of 1927 when Chiang Kai-shek struck against the Party, attempting to exterminate the Communist Party. Liu survived and moved up further in the Party hierarchy. After assignments in Manchuria and elsewhere he moved to Shanghai, where Party activity continue despite Guomindang persecution. The persecution of the Communist Party in Shanghai and other cities finally drove the Party to the rural soviets such as the one organized by Mao in Jiangxi Province. In 1934 Liu was made a member of the Politburo for the Jiangxi Soviet. Soon afterwards the Party decided to evacuate the area in what became known as the Long March. Liu did not join the Long March but instead journeyed to Beijing to carry on Party activities for North China. In 1939 Liu joined the survivors of the Long March in Yenan. Deng Xiaoping Deng Xiaoping was born in Sichuan Province in 1904 and hence about a half a generation younger than Mao Zedong. Deng's family was of Hakka background, the ethnic minority that migrated from North China to South China in the seventeenth century and were known as the guest people. The Hakka tended to be involved more in migration, business and radical politics than the rest of the Han people. Deng himself traveled to France at the early age of sixteen. He went there to study but spent most of his time working to support himself. Among other things, he worked as a machinist. He also joined the communist movement. After 1924 he traveled to the Soviet Union. He was in the Soviet Union until 1926 when he returned to China to work in the Jiangxi Soviet under Mao. Deng served as a political and military officer in the Communist Party organization in the Jiangxi Soviet, but he had more than his share of political problems. Before the Long March he was dismissed from his Party offices and publicly denounced. He was placed under armed guard. His wife divorced him. What was behind these troubles and persecution of Deng was the anti-Mao element in the Communist Party. Mao had too much support to be attacked directly so the anti-Mao conspiracy attacked someone who was known to be a strong supporter of Mao. There may have been an additional factor involved. In 1926 some Chinese nationalists formed a pro-Guomindang organization in Nanchang. It was called the AB and now one knew what those initials stood for. This was the error of Nationalist-Commuist Party cooperation. Many communists joined the AB on the basis of its nationalism. When Chinese communist students returned from their training in Moscow they were asked by the Communist Party officials to list which organizations they had joined. A good many listed AB. Some paranoid Communist Party official decided that AB stood for Anti-Bolshevik. Those Communist Party officials then came to believe that the Goumindang had a program to infiltrate agents into the Communist Party. On the basis of this complete phantasy about four thousand of the members of the Communist Party were arrested and interrogated. Under torture many confessed and implicated others. Many were executed. In 1931 Deng was made Secretary of the Communist Party in Rujin. He ended the witch-hunt to consternation of the witch-hunters. They may have retaliated against him in later years. Deng commenced the Long March without much official status, but he was a strong supporters of Mao and when Mao rose in power during the Long March Deng returned to power along with Mao. In later years Deng rose and fell out of favor with Mao. Mao had a great respect for Deng's abilities but was perplexed that Deng would stick to his beliefs even they were at odds with those of Mao. Mao said of Deng His mind is round but his actions are square. However Mao also claimed that Deng, who was hard-of-hearing, sat in the back of meetings so that he would not have to listen to what Mao had to say. Definitely Deng was not the sycophant of Mao that Lin Biao was. One of the endearing stories of Deng Xiaoping was that when he was sent to be the representative of the People's Republic of China at the United Nations in New York he was given a spending allowance of about sixteen dollars. Deng decided to spend it all aon croissants in Paris to take back with him to China. Peng Dehuai Peng Dehuai came to prominence within the Communist hierarchy by way of a different route than most of the other leaders. Peng was born in Hunan Province in 1898. He did not join the Communist movement at an early age nor did he go to France. Instead Peng pursued a military career in the Nationalist Army of Chiang Kai-shek. He was a general in that army when Chiang decided to exterminate the Communist elements. Peng left the Nationalist Army and became a Communist in 1928. He led guerilla movements and Mao made him one of his senior military officers. Peng was one of the top generals in the Long March. Peng was one of top commanders in the war against the Japanese and the Civil War that followed World War II. Peng commanded the Chinese troops in the Korean War. Peng was the Minister of National Defense of China from 1954 to 1959. When the Great Leap Forward was launched Peng recognized that it was not working. At a Communist Party Congress at Lushan in 1959 Peng submitted a letter raising questions about the wisdom of the Great Leap Forward . Mao Zedong treated Peng's constructive criticism of the Great Leap Forward as treason and had Peng denounced as a counter-revolutionary. Peng was removed from office and retired from public life. During the Cultural Revolution Peng was arrested and interrogated. He was beaten to make him confess to crimes imagined by the radicals but he never broke, even when he was close to death. Lin Biao Lin Biao was not among the top leaders during the March, but he was a rising star noted for the effectiveness of his command. Lin was the son of a factory owner in Hebei province. His father was bankrupted by the tax policies of the government and Lin opted for a military career. His abilities were noted by Chiang Kai-shek when he was the commander of the Whampoa Military Academy in Canton (Guangdong). There Lin became acquainted with Zhou Enlai. When Chiang Kai-shek engineered the slaughter of the Communists in Shanghai Lin chose to join Zhou Enlai and the Communists. He rose to be the commander of the First Army in 1932. During the March Lin made a formal proposal that Mao relinquish his command of the Red Army to Peng Dehuai and limit himself to political leadership. The proposal was not accepted. Lin Biao survived the March and went on to be a power in the Chinese Peoples' Republic. As the commander of the Peoples' Liberation Army he became the founder of the Cult of Mao when he created the Little Red Book of Quotations of Chairman Mao. He was notorious as sycophant, but his effort paid off in that Mao designated Lin as his successor as ruler of China. Lin Biao apparently conspire to take Mao captive and rule in his name. When the conspiracy was uncovered Lin tried to escape to the Soviet Union but his plane crashed in Mongolia killing all aboard. Otto Braun (a.k.a. Li De) Otto Braun was an Austrian communist of rather sleazy character that Joseph Stalin chose as his representative among the Chinese Communists in the southern China enclase that came to be known as the Soviet Republic of China. Strictly speaking Braun was an agent of the Communist International (Cominern) who was to serve as an advisor to the Chinese communists. Braun was singularly unsuited for the assignment. He had little knowledge of Chinese culture and politics. He did not speak Chinese and apparently was not interested in learning. As blond, blue-eyed Nordic over six feet tall he stood out like a sore thumb among the black-haired people. The only thing that mattered to Stalin was that Braun would follow scrupulously orders from Moscow. Braun had the power to open or close the conduit of aid from the Soviet Union. He was therefore a power to be reckoned with. The Chinese communist gave him a role in their decisions by making him one of three members of the committee which made decisions for the Red Army. The other two members were Zhou Enlai and Bo Gu. The intention was to have the Chinese communists constitute a majority on the committee and thus could outvote Braun, the outsider. However Bo Gu was so in awe of Braun that he always supported Braun's position. Thus Braun, who had little or no experience with guerilla warfare and whose knowledge of military tactics was strictly academic, became effectively the commander of the Red Army. Braun was a notorious womanizer and he did not intend to lead a celibate life among the Chinese communists. Braun started giving presents to the beautiful wife of a young officer in the Red Army. Other top leaders recognized what Braun was up to and its explosive potential. They sent word among the women that they needed a volunteer to be Braun's concubine. A sturdy peasant woman agreed to fill the role. She stayed with Braun the whole march and ultimately bore him a child. The child looked far more Chinese than Germanic and Mao joked about this showing that Germans were not a superior race. Braun ultimately returned to Europe and settled to live in East Berlin. A street there was named after him as a good soldier of communism. The Guomindang Campaigns Against the Jiangxi Soviet Chiang Kai-shek sent four expeditions to wipe out the Jiangxi Soviet. The Red Army under the direction of Mao used the time-honored guerilla tactic of falling back from direct engagement and drawing the enemy force into familiar territory. The enemy force then was wiped out itself in ambushes. After Adolph Hitler came to power in Germany Chiang Kai-shek had an episode of interest in ideological fascism. There was a blue-shirt movement created in China in analogy with the black-shirt movement of Benito Mussolini in Italy and the brown-shirt movement of Adolph Hitler in Germany. Hitler sent one of his generals, Hans von Seeckt, to help Chiang in his campaign against the communists. Von Seeckt's strategy was to build rings of block houses encircling the enclave. One the circle was closed then succesively smaller rings would trap the Red Army and force them into a pitched battle. Von Seeckt's scheme was working. The Red Army was suffering defeat after defeat. The leadership decided that the Red Army must leave the enclave and find a place of operation that was beyond the reach of Chiang Kai-shek's forces. Months were spent in preparing for the move. The Long March The Operation of the Soviet By the time of the Long March the area under Communist Party control in south China was known as The Soviet Republic of China. It was not an insignificant area. At its maximum extent it was comprised of 26 counties in three provinces having a population of about three million. The area was about the same as that of the State of Maine, 31 thousand square kilometers. It had an operating government and a tax collection system. It had a treasury of about one million silver dollars. It had propaganda teams that performed plays. It was a quite notable accomplishment, largely due to Mao Zedong. It had an army of over 100,000. Many of them however were new recruits without battle experience. The average age was about 18. Often the oldest soldiers in the units were only in their mid-twenties. Some ten to fifteen thousand of older, experienced were wounded. The rules of conduct for the soldiers, formulated by Mao Zedong and Zhu De, were Rules of Discipline: Obey orders in all your actions. Do not take even a needle or a piece of thread from the people. Turn in everything you capture. Points of Attention Do not take liberties with women. Do not mistreat captives. These were enforced. Soldiers accused of rape were given a trial and, if convicted, were shot. These standards were far higher than those of armies of Chiang Kai-shek and the war lords. Note that these rules of conduct applied only to the treatment of the poor and middle peasants and towns people. Because of the behavior of the Red Army in comparison to that of the other armies the Communists were able to gain local support among the peasants and the poor of the towns. For those very reasons Chiang Kai-shek could not tolerate its existence. His first four campaigns despite having an enormous advantage in numbers and resources failed when confronted by the guerilla tactics of Mao. The fifth campaign made use of a strategy of the encirclement of the Soviet area with rings of blockhouses. This strategy came from a German general lent to Chiang by Adolph Hitler. The strategy was working in 1933-34. The Soviet area was reduced by almost 60 percent. Another development contributed to the fifth campaign's success. This was a change in political control in the Soviet. Control was taken away from Mao Zedong. There was a group of Communists who had been sent to study in Moscow. Upon their return to China about the time of the 1927 massacre of Communists in Shanghai they journeyed to the Jiangxi area. They were known as the Bolsheviks and they were disdainful of Mao's ideology which was not consistent with Marxism. At that time a Comintern agent, Otto Braun, made his way to the south China Soviet. He was only suppose to be a military advisor, but because he controlled the matter of aid to the movement from the Soviet Union he was given high status and a role in the decision-making of the Soviet. The decisions were to be made by a committee of three that consisted of Otto Braun, Zhou Enali and Bo Gu. Mao, who was suffering from a bout of malaria at the time, was left out of the decision-making process for the Soviet he had created. Bo Gu always sided with Otto Braun so the decisions were effectively those of Otto Braun, a man who knew virtually nothing about the Chinese situation. Braun wanted to counter Chiang Kai-shek's blockhouse strategy by building blockhouses. The Communists did not have the resources to compete with Chiang in terms of blockhouses. The air force of Chiang Kai-shek made short work of the blockhouses that the Red Army did build. So, under Otto Braun's direction the Red Army suffered defeat after defeat until in 1934 Braun decided that the Red Army should attempt an escape. of the Central Soviet Area Under the command of Mao Zedong the Red Army defeated four campaigns sent by Chiang Kai-shek to eradicate the communist movement. The fifth campaign involved the stategy of confining the Red Army within successively smaller rings of blockhouses. Due to this strategy, which was proposed by General von Seeckt, a Germany military advisor of Chiang Kai-shek, the area under communist control had shrunk nearly 60 percent. There was the additional factor that during the fifth campaign the Red Army was effectively under the control of another German, Otto Braun. The communists' German advisor, Otto Braun, was less competent militarily than the Chiang's military advisor, von Seeckt. Braun tried to oppose von Seeckt's blockhouses with communist blockhouses, but without the resources of the Nationalist forces. The end result was a string of military defeats for the Red Army. When the end result was clearly foreseeable Braun decided the Soviet Republic of China must be evacuated. However, most of the top leaders were not informed of his plan until shortly before the evacuation was to take place. In particular, Mao Zedong was not informed of the evacuation plan. Some of the Chinese Bolsheviks wanted to leave Mao behind. For them Mao seemed to be an ignorant peasant-type who did not understand Marx. As Salisbury characterized these Chinese Bolsheviks: The [Chinese] Bolsheviks, most of them still in their twenties, had been stuffed in Moscow like Peking ducks with Marxist gibberish…. The Chinese Bolsheviks were perfectly right that Mao's ideology was not Marxism. Basically it was tribalism and he never gave up trying to make the people of China into a billion people tribe. However Mao was right about where the revolutionary potential in China was located and the Bolsheviks, Russian as well as Chinese, were wrong. In addition to Mao's Marxist shortcomings he was suffering from attacks of malaria and was not physically able to walk the distances that would be involved in the march. Furthermore, from the perspective of the Chinese Bolsheviks Mao, who was forty years of age, was an old man. He had never traveled out of China and that was heavily counted against him by the Chinese Bolsheviks. Thus the Long March was not Mao's idea. He later publically asserted that it was a bad idea and was poorly planned. Mao's strategy for dealing with the Nationalist fifth campaign was to use a large part of the Red Army to break out of the rings of blockhouse encirclement to get behind the lines of the Nationalist army. The troop strength of the Nationalist Army in the fifth campaign was about two hundred thousand soldiers. This was about twice the troop strength of the Red Army, but the Red Army had the advantage of familiarity with the territory and fighting, at least in part, from defensive positions. The rule of thumb is that a defensive force can hold off an offensive force up to about three times its size. The best estimates of the size of the Red Army and its components before the start of the Long March are: Unit Commission Column 9,853 Braun's evacuation plan put the Red Army at a disadvantage and made it vulnerable to bombing by the Nationalist air force. Braun's plan also inevitably involved large numbers of the Red Army being left behind to perish at the hands of the Nationalist army. Braun foolishly asserted that his plan would draw Nationalist troops away from the Soviet area. Obviously the Nationalist army leaders were going to gain control of the Soviet area first and only then pursue the fleeeing Red Army. Thus, Mao had very good reasons for disagreeing with Braun's plan. However, ultimately it was Mao who ultimately saved Braun's evacuation plan from total defeat. Braun's plan called for the evacuation of a great amount of equipment as well as military and political personnel. There were printing presses and devices for minting coins that had to be disassembled for transport. There were files of documents. These were to be transported through areas which had only foot paths where people could not walk two abreast. Large numbers of porters were hired at a cost of a silver dollar per day. These porters would stay with the Red Army only for a limited distance. The plan called for about 86 thousand of the Red Army to evacuate and about 25 to 30 thousand to be left behind. However of the 25 to 30 thousand to be left behind only about 15 thousand were in fighting condition, the rest were wounded or ill. The Early Stages of the Evacuation When the evacuation commenced in October of 1934 it stretched out over a distance of sixty miles. The Yudu River was passed without incident. They managed to keep the operation secret from the Nationalist forces until they broke through the ring of blockhouses on the southwest sector. The blockhouses were taken out by soldiers sneaking up to them and tossing grenades into them. The River Xiang was then crossed. Its crossing proved to be difficult because some units crossed without difficulty before Nationalist forces attacked. The situation was then perilous for the Red Army because it was divided. The remainder that needed to cross was then weakened and under attack. The Red Army did make it across the Xiang but there were severe losses of troops and much of the material that had been carried at great effort, such as the library of political and military literature, had to be jettisoned. The battle of the crossing of the Xiang River had taken a week. Zhou Enlai managed to negotiate an agreement with the warlord of the adjacent territory that the Red Army could pass through their territory unimpeded. The warlord was nominally the governor of the province under the Guomindang government, but he did not want the Nationalist army exerting too much power in his territory. He did not want either the Nationalist or Red Army to defeat the other. It served his purposes to have the two struggling against each other and letting him run his own domains. The warlord cleared a corridor thirty miles wide for the Red Army to pass through. Mao Zedong during this period was recovering from a bout of malaria. The malaria had been quelled with quinine but Mao was only slowly recovering his physical strength. Mao therefore had to travel in a litter made up of woven fiber stretched between two bamboo poles. Two soldiers carried the litter. At this point Mao was not part of the strategy setting command. Later when he was part of the strategy-setting committee his being carried by litter was justified on the basis that he and the other top leaders had to stay up together late into the night, perhaps even all night, discussing options and therefore had to sleep during the day. As a result, all of them became addicted to sleeping pills. While the people being carried in litters were not sleeping they carried on some discussions. One prominent topic was how to bring Mao back into power. Guizhou Province The area the Red Army was traveling through was a mountainous part of the province of Guizhou. It was said of this area of Guizhou that there was no three li (unit of distance about equal to a mile) without a mountain, no three days without rain and no one who possessed three silver dollars. It was the land of the ethnic minority called the Miao. The Miao were so poor that the women had to remain in their houses because they had no clothes. Teenage children worked naked in the fields. Miao families often had only one pair of trousers to be shared when needed by three or four adult males. It was also the land of the opium poppy. At that time the infant mortality rate was about fifty percent. Often families sold some of their young children to survive. The people of Miao lived on maize because they were too poor to afford rice. By this time the troop strength of the Red Army was down from 80,000 to 30,000. At the town of Tongdao an emergency meeting of the Military Commission was convened. Mao Zedong had been removed from this governing body two years before. He was invited to attend this meeting. He immediately began to dominate the meeting. The question being consider was whether the Red Army should continue on its course to the west or head north to join up with an army group under the command of He Long which had left the Soviet Republic area before the evacuation. Chiang Kai-shek was positioning a large force, as many as 250,000 soldiers, to cutoff any attempt to unite the two groups of the Red Army. Mao proposed that they abandon any attempt to join He Long's forces. Instead he said the Red Army should journey into Guizhou and move west to get beyond the reach of Chiang Kai-shek's forces. The Commission members agreed with Mao, including Otto Braun. Two days later at the city of Liping a formal meeting of the political bureau (politburo) of the Communist Party convened to accept the proposals Mao had made in Tongdao. Zhou Enlai voiced criticisms of Otto Braun's leadership. Mao expanded his proposal to include occupying the largest city in Guizhou, Zunyi, and spending some time resting and reorganizing. In effect, the meeting Liping returned Mao to the leadership of Communist Party and the command of the Red Army. This, however, was not made official until the Red Army occupied Zunyi. Zunyi The Red Army had to cover about 200 miles from Liping to Zenyi, but the terrain was relatively level and the only river to be crossed, the Wu River, was relatively small. On New Year's Eve the Army was about 30 miles from the Wu stopping at a small town of Houchang (monkey town). Mao's four servants prepared a New Year's Day feast for him but Mao insisted that the army move out as soon as possible. (Salisbury calls the servants bodyguards, which they had to be as well, but they spent most of their time functioning a servants. Mao's wife, He Zizhen, had two servants to serve her.) An advanced unit reached the banks of the Wu on New Year's Day. The local militia guarding the crossing did not surrender and it took three days to secure a crossing. A bamboo bridge had to built and launched across the Wu. After the crossing of the Wu Mao decreed that the army unit procede to Zunyi as soon as possible and take the city by surprise. One unit was able to do this. That unit encountered a squad of the local militia about ten miles from Zunyi and captured all of them. The Red Army unit was able to convince the militia soldiers help them capture Zunyi. This they did by taking the Red Army unit to the city gates and convincing the gate keeper to let them in. The Red Army soon had the city under control. Two days later Mao and the other top leaders arrived. The top leadership occupied the best houses in Zunyi, but Otto Braun and Bo Gu were assigned lesser housing away from Mao and the top leaders. It was symbolic of the change in control of the Red Army. For the following week the leadership investigated the Zunyi and the surrounding area. They considered the possibility of setting up a new soviet state. There was however more crucial issues to be decided; i.e., the control of the Communist Party and the Red Army. On January 15, 1935 the Political Bureau (Politburo) convened an official meeting in Zunyi to assess the recent political and military events. Twenty members attended the evening meeting. Only ten were official members of the politburo. Deng Xiao attended as an observer and as editor of The Red Star, the newspaper of the the Red Army. In the center of the room sat Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and Bo Gu. Otto Braun was given a seat by the door and he was heavily dependent upon his tranlator for following the presentations and discussions. Bo Gu who was officially the head of the Communist Party of China spoke first. He tried to explain away the failures of the strategy that had been pursued in the Soviet area and on the march. He acknowledged mistakes but tried to make excuses. Zhou Enlai spoke second. He took the blame for failed strategies that the Military Committee had undertaken. The audience knew that those strategies were the choices of Otto Braum and Bo Gu and were chosen over his opposition. Mao then made a long speech in which he cited specific mistakes and placed the fault on Otto Braun and Bo Gu. Mao received an ovation after he finished his speech. He said what the military commanders believed but had been reluctant to say. A supporter of Mao then gave a speech in which he called for Mao to be again placed in command of the Red Army and that Otto Braun and Bo Gu denied any further official authority over the Red Army. Other speakers, including Peng Duhuai, called the return of Mao to command and the removal of Otto Braun and Bo Gu. Only one speaker, He Kequan, spoke in defense of Braun and Bo. He Kequan had studied in Moscow and he told Mao disparagingly, "You know nothing about Marxism-Leninism. All you have read is Sun Wu Zi's Art of War." Braun apparently tried to defend himself, saying that he had been sent to by the Comintern only as an advisor. Lin Biao was at the meeting but apparently did not speak. Zhou Enlai spoke again, criticizing Braun and Bo and calling for Mao to be given command. Finally the Politburo made Mao a member of the Standing Committtee of the Politburo. Military leadership was left to Zhou Enlai and Zhu De. The leadership also decided that Zunyi and its region was not suitable for a new base area of the Communist Party. It produced opium but not enough food to support the Red Army. It was decided to cross the Chang Jiang (Yantse River) and move north. Zhang Guotao and the Fourth Front Army Already north of the Changjiang was the Fourth Front Army under the leadership of Zhang Guotao. Zhang had come from a landlord family but he joined with radicals such as Mao when they were at the university in Beijing. Zhang along with Mao was one of the twelve founders of the Communist Party of China in 1921. Zhang was involved in the Nanjing Uprising which Zhou Enlai had organized in the summer of 1927. Later Zhang went to Moscow for three years. Back from Moscow in 1931 Zhang, member of the Politburo, was sent by the Party organization in Shanghai to administer a soviet enclave in region of Hubei, Henan and Anhui. This enclave had been given the name Eyuwan, a combination of the three provinces name. The Eyuwan Soviet had been initiated in 1927. Between 1927 and 1931 it had grown enough to justifyleadership by a top leader of the Chinese Communist Party. Chiang tried to destroy the Eyuwan Soviet but failed. However the pressure was great enought that Zhang moved the Soviet to the border region between Sichuan and Shaanxi. From there Zhang moved it further into northwest Sichuan. At first Zhang declined to set up a Soviet enclave and carry out land redistribution. He was uncertain that he would be able to stay in the area. But finally he did and by 1935 when Mao and the Long March was coming into his region he had about seventy thousand troops and an equal number of noncombatants. His troops were well fed and armed. In contrast Mao had about ten thousand combat troops and little food and only rifles and hand guns for weapons. The Long March had been very destructive to the Jiangxi Soviet's resources. In defense of Mao it should be noted that the Long March was never his idea. Had he remained in south China he would have had troops and resources comparable to what Zhang had in his Soviet in northwest Sichuan. The Predicament of Mao At this point Mao was once again the commander of the Red Army. He chose to ride a white horse at the front of the Red Army. Mao had previously sent Lin Biao and his Second Division to find a good crossing point of the Red River, which had to be crossed before the Changjiang (Yangtze) could be reached. The target for Lin Biao was the city of Chishui. To the surprise of Lin Biao the approach to Chishui was protected by two strong fortifications. Lin Biao's troops were not able to get past these fortifications. Meanwhile the main force under the leadership of Mao was being troubled by attacks from behind. Mao thought this was a small force of about two to three thousand troops under the command of Guizhou warlords. Near the town of Tucheng on the Red River Mao decided to to pause and wipe out the troublesome force trailing the Red Army. Peng Duhaui with a force of about ten thousand was to turn upon what was thought to be two thousand or so troublesome marauders. The expectation was that shortly after Peng Duhuai's forces attacked the marauders would flee the battlefield. This expectation was not fulfilled. Instead of amateurish marauders the trailing force was well-trained and well-commanded Sichuan troops and they numbered four thousand. Furthermore they were soon joined by reenforcements bringing the total up to about eight thousand troops. The top leadership, Mao Zedong, Zhu De and Zhou Enlai took personal command of the battle. Lin Biao was ordered to bring his troops into the battle immediately. Despite this reenforcement the battle was still about even. Giving up hope for a victory Mao ordered the Red Army to withdraw from the battle and head immediately for a crossing of the Red River. Lin Biao had previously captured a floating bridge. This was used for the crossing. Mao chose a route that took the Red Army into Yunnan. Since the Red Army appeared not to to be invading Sichuan province the Sichuan Army did not pursue it. The expectation among the troops of the Red Army was that the Red Army would go west in Yunnan and then head north into Sichuan. Mao chose instead to make a surprise maneuver. Instead of pursuing a path that would take the Red Army to a point where it could cross the Changjiang (Yangtze) he chose to backtrack into Guizhou, the area that had just been escaped from. Mao suggested the Red Army again take control of Zunyi. The leadership council of the Red Army approved Mao's proposal. Mao justified this maneuver on the basis of reports that the Nationalist Army was sending units west into the area in Sichuan the Red Army was expected to enter. This was in February of 1935. At Zunyi the Red Army would be not too far from the Changjiang (Yangtze River) and Zhang's Soviet on the other side. Mao chose not to attempt a march to the river and its crossing. Probably the Red Army would have been too vulnerable to an attack by Chiang's forces at such a crossing. Instead Mao took the Red Army south and led the Nationalist Army on such a chase that its leaders decided finally to stop until they could determine what Mao was trying to do. At that point Mao took the Army on a dash for the Jinshajiang (River of Golden Sands) to make a crossing before the Chiang and the Nationalist Army commanders knew what the Red Army was doing. This is cited as evidence of the brilliance of Mao as guerilla army leader. Jung Chang and her husband give a different explanation for Mao's maneuvers. They feel that Mao was very reluctant to merge with Zhang's forces which were ten times larger than those of Mao. According to them Mao was afraid he would be over-shadowed by Zhang Guotao and his Fourth Frong Army. Lin Biao, who was an exemplary commander of a major portion of the Red Army, also had his doubts about the wisdom of Mao's action. Lin Biao, after leading his troops on the meandering path Mao was taking them on, introduced a motion at a major meeting that Mao relinquish the military command of the Red Army to Peng Dehuai. The Capture of Luding Bridge Over the Dadu River One of the enduring legends of the Long March was of the super-heroic capture of the the suspension bridge across the Dadu River at Luding. Mao Zedong found that ferrying the Red Army across the Dadu River might takes months and keep it vulnerable to attacks by air and on the ground by Nationalist forces. He ordered the capture of the Luding Bridge. The Luding Bridge is a unique structure. It is a suspension bridge held up by thirteen iron link chains. It was built aroung 1700 by the Qing Empire on the border of Tibet. Potentially the capture of this bridge could be very difficult. The chains were covered by cross planks of wood and these could be easily removed or burnt leaving only the chains. Mao Zedong gave the assignment for the capture of the bridge to Lin Biao's unit. Lin in turn gave the assignment to one of his commanders. That commander had to quick march his troops 24 hours in hopes of reaching the bridge before Nationalist troop reenforced its defenses. The bridge was held by the forces of a local warlord. The relationship between the warlord and Chiang Kaishek was very fragile. Nominally the warlords of the region were allied with Chiang and Chiang was supposed to supply them with weapons and munitions but otherwise let them govern their territories. Chiang was a greater danger to them than the Red Army. The Red Army was just passing through, but if Chiang's forces came into their territory on the pretext of fighting the Communists they were unlikely to leave. For the warlords the best resolution of the situation was for the Red Army to pass through their territories. To engage in a pitched battle was likely to bring Chiang's troops in ostensibly to help them in the battle but more likely to take direct control of the territory. The warlord's soldiers at Luding were armed only with bolt-action rifles and the ammunition they had would carry only about 100 feet. In contrast the Red Army had superior weapons which they had captured from the Nationalish Army soldiers. Chang had acquired German weapons as a result of his new relationship with National Socialist Germany. When Lin Biao's troops arrived at the bridge there were about twenty who were willing to carryout the attack across the bridge. There are differences of opinion as to how much of the bridge was without cross planking. Harrison Salisbury says that most of the planking had been removed except for a small section at the west end of the bridge. Jung Chang and Halliday say that most of the planking was intact except for a small section at the west end. There was a guard house at the west end manned by warlord troops armed with antiquated rifles. In contrast the Red Army soldiers were armed with submachine guns. At some point the Red Army soldiers apparently did have to crawl upsidedown under the chains while the defending soldiers did or could have shot at them. However the Red Army soldiers were apparently able to maintain such a density of fire that the defending soldiers spent most of their time huddled down. In any case, apparently none of the Red Army soldiers were killed in the bridge crossing. There were three or four killed after they made the crossing and went on to capture the town. The warlord soldiers abandoned the guard house soon after the Red Army soldiers started tossing hand grenades in their direction. They may have been advised by the warlord not to try to fight a pitched battle. What was the truth of the matter? Fortunately we have the authoritative accessment of situation by Deng Xiaoping as told to Zbigniew Brzezinski, the former National Security Advisor to President Jimmy Carter. On March 9, 2005 Brzezinski gave the Michael Oksenberg Lecture for the Asia-Pacific Research Center of the Stanford Institute for International Studies. The speech was entitled America and the New Asia. In it Brzezinski related the following anecdote: After I left office, I was invited by Chairman Deng to take my family to China and to be his guest, and when the Chinese ambassador came to see me with the invitation, he asked me what it is that I would like to do while I was there. My children were very young teenagers, three of them, as well as my wife, and I invited Mike [Armacost] to join us. David and Debbie Oksenberg came along also. I told the Chinese ambassador that after reflection I didn�t think I wanted to see Shanghai and Beijing. I�d been to both in any case. I wanted to visit Xian, where I hadn�t yet been. I wanted to do something there that no American, no Westerner, had done�namely, retrace the more remote portions of the Long March, to go to the Himalayan Plateau and to retrace the Long March for about two weeks. The Chinese ambassador was startled. He said, �I�ll look into it and report back to you.� Then he came back some days later and said, �Of course, the Chinese government is delighted by your interest and your request of course would be honored, but, alas, it is not possible because those portions of China are closed to foreigners.� Knowing a little bit from Mike about the importance of face in interacting with the Chinese, I adopted the tactic of looking at him with obvious disbelief, and then slightly laughing, and saying, �Ho, ho, this must be a misunderstanding. Chairman Deng invites me and my family to China and now you�re coming back and telling me that I�m forbidden to go to that part of China I want to go to. It�s clearly a misunderstanding!� He readily agreed that it was a misunderstanding and that he would review the facts. He went away, came back a few days later and said, �Oh course, you have permission to go to those remote parts of China where no Westerners have been; you can retrace the Long March, but, alas, it�s not possible, because one, there are no facilities in the area at all. You have to sleep on cots in party offices, in small towns or villages. Second, in some areas there are really no roads, and you will have to ride horseback and you will also have to literally walk up mountains, and third, this is not a good time to go into that part of China, because there are a lot of mosquitoes.� So I said to him, �Well, as far as sleeping on the cots is concerned, my family and I are quite sportive and we like camping, so that�s absolutely a wonderful prospect. We�d love to camp on cots in party cells. As far as riding horses is concerned, we live in Virginia, and we happen to have horses; we love riding horses, so that�s wonderful. We�d love to do it, and we also like climbing hills. And as far as the mosquitoes are concerned, we�ll bring with us something, Mr. Ambassador, that�s called Raid, and we�ll spray them and that will kill them, and therefore there will be no problem with mosquitoes.� So he said, a day later, �Please come to China and retrace the Long March.� So we did, and after that trip I went to Beijing. I had one of a number of visits that I had in subsequent years with Deng. By this time he didn�t want to talk about anything involving American-Chinese relations. He just wanted to talk about the Long March, and he asked me, �Did you go there? In Zunyi?� �Yes,� I replied, �I was in Zunyi. When I was in Zunyi I slept in the same bed as Mao Zedong.� I even told them we went to Luding Bridge, which was the site of a special, important heroic battle in which the Red Forces were able to cross the river under very difficult and treacherous conditions. If they hadn�t they would have been wiped out. It was a great feat of arms to have crossed that bridge. At that point, Chairman Deng smiled and said, �Well, that�s the way it�s presented in our propaganda. We needed that to express the fighting spirit of our forces. In fact, it was a very easy military operation. There wasn�t really much to it. The other side were just some troops of the warlord who were armed with old muskets and it really wasn�t that much of a feat, but we felt we had to dramatize it.� Page 3 of the transcript of the speech. That pretty much tells the story of the capture of the Luding Bridge. The Crossing of the Great Snowy Mountains The rest of the Red Army joined the assault force at Luding after a few days. They rested there only a day and, as the warlord anticipated, moved on. The Communist Fourth Front Army, under the command of Zhang Guotao, was in northwest Sichuan at the time. Mao made no effort to join up with Zhang. Harrison Salisbury says this was because the two armies were not in contact with each other and did not know where the other was. Jung Chang says that it was because Mao did not want to join the larger, stronger force and be relegated to second place in command. Mao had the official Communist Party command structure with him, but there would be, if nothing else, a loss of face in meeting up with Zhang. Mao faced a small range of high mountains, called the Snowy Mountains. He could have taken a route to the west of this range which would have followed a caravan route, but it would have been through a region well populated with potentially hostile Tibetans. He could have chosen a route to the east of the range but that might have exposed the Red Army to attack by Chiang's forces. Instead he chose to take a route through the Snowy Mountains that involved traversing a pass with an altitude of fourteen thousand feet. This was the Jiajinshan. The time was early June but the weather at fourteen thousand feet is that of winter and people have trouble just walking unburdened at that altitude. The typical load carried by the soldiers was on the order of twenty five pounds. Some, such as the cooks, tried to carry loads as heavy as eighty pounds. Frostbite and snow-blindness were a constant threat. The soldiers were advised not to pause at all during the climb up. For the descent on the other side they were advised to try to slide as much as they could. It was a heroic passage. But the Jiajinshan was not the only snowy mountain. The Red Army had to traverse many snow mountains. On the farside of the Snowy Mountains Mao's First Army was met by a contingent of Zhang's Fourth Army. The Great Joining Mao and Zhang had never been close. They had last seen each other in 1923 and at that time had taken opposing positions on some policy issue in a Communist Party conference. In a village on the northside of the Snowy Mountains Mao arrangements for his meeting with Zhang to place with great fanfare. Zhang came to meet Mao, a move that acknowledged Mao's superior status within the Communist Party hierarchy but he and the dozen subordinates that he brought with him rode in on horses. Zhang rode a white horse. It was raining heavily. Mao and his group leaders were waiting under an oilcloth shelter. They left the shelter to meet Zhang and his group where they dismounted. Mao and Zhang embraced. Back at the shelter Mao gave a speech to the assembled throng waiting in rhe rain. Zhang also gave a speech. The niceties of proper protocol had been observed. Zhang had demonstrated that he could accept Mao's superior status within the Party and Mao demonstrated that he could treat Zhang as a near-equal. Both Mao and Zhang had been, along with ten others, founders of the Communist Party of China in 1921. Not everyone conceded that proper protocol was observed. Some felt that Zhang and his party had not halted their horses soon enough as they approached Mao who was on foot. They felt Zhang and his men came close to spattering mud on Mao and his group. But all in all Zhang's behavior toward Mao was an amazing concession. Zhang had close to eighty thousand combat troops, well fed and well armed. He had an equal number of noncombatants under his command. He had control over a large territory with a population of several hundred thousand. Mao on the other hand had less than ten thousand starving and bedraggled soldiers with little ammunition. However, despite Mao and Zhang observing proper protocol, they probably were suspicious and wary of each other. After the festivities of the coming together of the First and Fourth Red Armies there was a political meeting concerning the very serious business of the future strategy of the Communist forces. At the meeting Mao proposed that the Communist movement move north to where it could be supplied by the Soviet Union through Outer Mongolia. The meeting did not settle upon a definite directive for all who were involved. Outside of the meeting there were attempts to arrange a merging of the First and Fourth Army commands. Zhang promised to transfer two thousand soldiers to the First Army but only one thousand were actually transferred. Later the combined armies were combined into two columns, denoted Left and Right. Mao and Zhang's troops were equally divided between the two columns. Mao traveled with the Right Column and Zhang with the Left. So Mao took the group north. Zhang joined in physically but spiritually was following a different course. The Crossing of the Morass of the Great Grasslands The points of divide between the watersheds of two river system are necessarily places of zero slope. The water in those places is not impelled to go either way. These places at the borders of watersheds can be narrow, such as a mountain ridge, or they can be a broad plateau. In this latter case the plateau is a swamp, a place of mud and water without separation. This is the case of the region which is the divide between the watersheds of the Huang-he (Yellow River) and the Changjiang (Yangtze River) in northwest China. It is inaccurately called the Great Grasslands. More accurately it is the Great Morass. It was a territory without roads, without towns and without people. The crossing was made more difficult by the altitude of ten thousand feet. The time was late August of 1935. At its northern location and altitude the summer has ended and freezing storms can occur in late August. Furthermore there was very little that was edible and almost no firewood. Thus the only food available for the Red Army was what they brought with them and even that often could not be properly cooked. At ten thousand foot altitude water boils at a lower temperature than at sea level and the boiling of food takes an inordinately long time. The soldiers resorted to parching the grains such as wheat and millet rather than trying to boil them. When soldiers sunk into the morass they could not get out and sometimes those attempting to rescue them were lost as well. Hundreds of people died of cold and exhaustion in the week it took to traverse the Great Grasslands. Those that survived called the crossing the most difficult of all the episodes of the Long March. Ironically the Great Grasslands were beautiful to view, a giant carpet of flowers of multiple colors. Near Disaster of the Dismerging of the Two Armies As part of the attempt to merge the armies of Mao and Zhang, the subcommanders from Zhang's army had been put in command of the Right Column, the column Mao traveled with and Mao's subcommanders had the command of the Left Column, the one Zhang traveled with. Most of the soldiers in both columns were from Zhang's forces. The two columns traveled separately. When Zhang and the Left Column reached the White River (known by the Tibetan name Gequ) they found it in flood and could not cross it. Zhang then proposed that the plan to take the armies north be abandoned and insteand they should go south. Mao and the Central Commission which he dominated rejected Zhang's proposal. Zhang then sent a coded message to one of his subcommanders who was with the Right Column. The subcommander was too busy to decode it himself and instead one of his subordinates decoded the message instead. That subordinate happened to be loyal to Mao. The message essentially called for the subcommander to take control of Mao and the members of the Politburo. Mao recognized that armed conflict between the forces loyal to him and those loyal to Zhang could break out at any time. Mao extricated his forces and headed north. The subcommander loyal to Zhang chose not to attack the fleeing forces of Mao. The Zhang forces then moved south. The Battle for Lazikou Pass In order to reach Gansu Province the Red Army of Mao would have to capture Lazikou Pass. This pass at some points was as narrow as twelve feet, making it relatively easy to defend. The Nationalist army had built blockhouses equiped with machine guns to defend the pass. Several hundred Nationalist soldiers were defending the pass. The first assaults on the pass by the troops of the Red Army accomplished nothing. There were rumors that additional Nationalist troops were on their way to the pass. After midnight Mao assembled about fifty soliers with mountaineering skills. They were sent to climb up the cliff to a point where they were above the blockhouse and could lobb grenades down upon the Nationalist soldiers in the blockhouse. It took the the mountaineers until dawn to make their ascent but when they started drop grenades on the blockhouse the Nationalist soldiers there abandoned it. The Red Army was then able to pass through into Gansu Province. On September 21st of 1935 Mao and his army arrived at the city of Hadapu in Gansu. In Hadapu they found newspapers and the information that a Communist enclave existed in northern Shaanxi Province. It was controlled by someone that Mao knew and trusted, Liu Zhidan. Mao decided to take the bedraggled remnant of his First Front Army to that area. The Long March had not quite ended.	China
What is the title of the only published novel by J D Salinger?	long march Encyclopedia > History > Asia and Africa > Chinese, Taiwanese, and Mongolian History long march long march, Chin., Changzheng, the journey of c.6,000 mi (9,660 km) undertaken by the Red Army of China in 1934–35. When their Jiangxi prov. Soviet base was encircled by the Nationalist army of Chiang Kai-shek, some 90,000 men and women broke through the siege (Oct., 1934) and marched westward to Guizhou prov. There, at the Zunyi Conference (Jan., 1935), Mao Zedong won leadership of the Communist party and decided to join the remote Shaanxi prov. Soviet base. Overcoming numerous natural obstacles (such as towering mountain ranges and turbulent rivers) and despite constant harassment by Nationalist troops and the armies of provincial warlords, the Red Army arrived at its new home in the north in Oct., 1935. However, more than half of the original marchers were lost in this almost incredible trek. Those who survived settled around the city of Yan'an . See E. Snow, Red Star over China (rev. ed. 1968) and R. G. Wilson, The Long March, 1935 (1971). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.	i don't know
The River Danube empties into which body of water?	Through what countries does the Danube River flow? \| Reference.com Through what countries does the Danube River flow? A: Quick Answer The Danube River flows through Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania and Ukraine. Its headwaters begin with the confluence of the Brigach and Breg rivers in the town of Donaueschingen in western Germany's mountainous Black Forest region and empties into the Black Sea at the Danube Delta in western Ukraine. Full Answer The Danube River flows for a total of 1,770 miles, making it the European Union's longest river and the European continent's second longest river after the Volga. This river passes through many important cities, including four national capitals: Vienna, Austria; Bratislava, Slovakia; Budapest, Hungary; and Belgrade, Serbia. The Danube's drainage basin covers an area of 315,000 square miles and extends into several more countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Czech Republic, Slovenia, Montenegro, Switzerland, Italy, Poland, the Republic of Macedonia and Albania. The Danube was home to some of the earliest human cultures in Europe, and its long navigable length has made it an important highway for trade and war for thousands of years. It was a prize for which the Ottoman, Hungarian and Austrian Empires contended for hundreds of years. Today, it is still a major thoroughfare for trade, and it also provides drinking water for around 20 million people. People also use the Danube for fishing and for tours of the historical riches along its length.	Black Sea
Which number is the title of singer Beyonce’s 2011 album?	How deep is the Danube River? \| Reference.com How deep is the Danube River? A: Quick Answer At its deepest point, the Danube River is about 26.25 feet deep, while at its shallowest, it reaches a depth of approximately 2 feet. At its widest point, the river has about 4,921 feet between each bank. Full Answer After the Volga River, the Danube River is the second-longest river in Europe, measuring a length of about 1,775 miles. The entire Danube River Basin has an area of 498,006 square miles. The river begins in Germany and ends in Bratislava in Slovakia, where it meets the Black Sea. The river current flows at a rate between 5 and 5.5 miles per hour.	i don't know
In which year was the Cannes Film Festival founded?	Sept. 20, 1946: Cannes Film Festival is founded Sept. 20, 1946: Cannes Film Festival is founded Christy Karras Pin it Share The International Cannes Film Festival is not only one of the world’s most groundbreaking cinema showcases, it’s undoubtedly the most glamorous. Every year, the festival brings hundreds of the world’s most famous people to this luxurious spot on the French Riviera. Known for its stately 19th-century villas, palm-lined promenades and warm weather tempered by sea breezes, Cannes has drawn beautiful people for hundreds of years. But it wasn’t until after World War II that its long-held film festival idea came to fruition. Originally held in the fall, the festival was moved earlier in the year to avoid clashing with the Venice Film Festival. In its early years, Cannes didn’t look exactly as it does today: It had to skip a couple years early on because of budget problems, and its then-new venue’s roof blew off in 1949. Although the festival’s mission is to show films based solely on artistic merit, many commercial films have had their premieres at the festival (“Madagascar 3” screened there in 2012). Cannes draws A-list celebrities who come as much to spend time in the south of France as to see new films. While tourists can visit Cannes any time, the festival screenings are not open to the public – another reason celebs love it. Reblog	1946
The first Wendy’s restaurant was opened in 1969 in which US state?	First Cannes Film Festival - Sep 20, 1946 - HISTORY.com First Cannes Film Festival Publisher A+E Networks The first annual Cannes Film Festival opens at the resort city of Cannes on the French Riviera. The festival had intended to make its debut in September 1939, but the outbreak of World War II forced the cancellation of the inaugural Cannes. The world’s first annual international film festival was inaugurated at Venice in 1932. By 1938, the Venice Film Festival had become a vehicle for Fascist and Nazi propaganda, with Benito Mussolini’s Italy and Adolf Hitler’s Germany dictating the choices of films and sharing the prizes among themselves. Outraged, France decided to organize an alternative film festival. In June 1939, the establishment of a film festival at Cannes, to be held from September 1 to 20, was announced in Paris. Cannes, an elegant beach city, lies southeast of Nice on the Mediterranean coast. One of the resort town’s casinos agreed to host the event. Films were selected and the filmmakers and stars began arriving in mid-August. Among the American selections was The Wizard of Oz. France offered The Nigerian, and Poland The Black Diamond. The USSR brought the aptly titled Tomorrow, It’s War. On the morning of September 1, the day the festival was to begin, Hitler invaded Poland. In Paris, the French government ordered a general mobilization, and the Cannes festival was called off after the screening of just one film: German American director William Dieterle’s The Hunchback of Notre Dame. Two days later, France and Britain declared war on Germany. World War II lasted six long years. In 1946, France’s provincial government approved a revival of the Festival de Cannes as a means of luring tourists back to the French Riviera. The festival began on September 20, 1946, and 18 nations were represented. The festival schedule included Austrian American director Billy Wilder’s The Lost Weekend, Italian director Roberto Rossellini’s Open City, French director René Clement’s The Battle of the Rails, and British director David Lean’s Brief Encounter. At the first Cannes, organizers placed more emphasis on creative stimulation between national productions than on competition. Nine films were honored with the top award: Grand Prix du Festival. The Cannes Film Festival stumbled through its early years; the 1948 and 1950 festivals were canceled for economic reasons. In 1952, the Palais des Festivals was dedicated as a permanent home for the festival, and in 1955, the Palme d’Or (Golden Palm) award for best film of the festival was introduced, an allusion to the palm-planted Promenade de la Croisette that parallels Cannes’ celebrated beach. In the 1950s, the Festival International du Film de Cannes came to be regarded as the most prestigious film festival in the world. It still holds that allure today, though many have criticized it as overly commercial. More than 30,000 people come to Cannes each May to attend the festival, about 100 times the number of film devotees who showed up for the first Cannes in 1946. Related Videos	i don't know
Who won the 2003 BBC Sports Personality of the Year award?	BBC SPORT \| Wilkinson scoops BBC award Wilkinson scoops BBC award Profile: Jonny Wilkinson England rugby hero Jonny Wilkinson has won the 2003 BBC Sports Personality of the Year award. The triumph capped a remarkable year for the fly-half, who scored the late drop goal which clinched the Rugby World Cup. On a star-studded night which celebrated the 50th birthday of the annual awards, Sir Steven Redgrave was voted the 'Golden Personality'. The five-time Olympic rowing gold medallist secured more than half the votes against fellow contenders David Beckham, Ian Botham, Bobby Moore and Torvill and Dean. Wilkinson finished ahead of his England captain Martin Johnson, and athlete Paula Radcliffe. The other finalists were three-day eventer Pippa Funnell and motorcyclist Neil Hodgson. All the awards Watched by his proud parents, Wilkinson received the famous trophy from the Princess Royal. He said: "It's difficult to explain how this feels, you can probably tell by the shakiness in my voice. "It's a privilege to be here amongst so many people I've grown up admiring and still watch it on the telly. I've been sat there staring at Boris Becker, one of my heroes, for half the evening. "I've been massively honoured to be part of a wonderful England team. To play under and be led by Martin Johnson is also such a humbling experience. "I want to thank everyone who voted and I'd like to thank my family and friends for sticking by me and helping me through." Wilkinson began 2003 by scoring a tournament-best 77 points as England scooped the Grand Slam for the first time in eight years. And the 24-year-old captained his country for the first time against Italy. WILKINSON FACTFILE Wilkinson stunned by honour Wilkinson was again in supreme form on England's tour down under, as they established themselves as World Cup favourites with historic wins over New Zealand and Australia. With a reputation as one of the world's best players, Wilkinson headed to the World Cup but , along with many of his team-mates, initially struggled. It looked like the pressure was beginning to tell but the doubts proved entirely unfounded. Wilkinson came into his own in the semi-final against France, scoring all of England's 24 points. And the 100th-minute drop goal against Australia merely confirmed what England fans already knew - that Wilkinson was worth his weight in gold. His rugby colleagues shared in the glory, with the England squad named team of the year. And team boss Clive Woodward won the coach of the year award, which was presented by England football manager Sven-Goran Eriksson. Wilkinson also presented the young personality of the year trophy to swimmer Kate Haywood. Five-time Tour de France winner Lance Armstrong was named overseas personality, ahead of racing driver Michael Schumacher. Veteran tennis star Martina Navratilova won the lifetime achievement award.	Jonny Wilkinson
In 1497, John ‘who’ was said to have been the first European to have landed on mainland North America?	Wilkinson wins BBC Sports Personality of the Year award - ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) Wilkinson wins BBC Sports Personality of the Year award Updated December 15, 2003 12:46:00 Map: United Kingdom England flyhalf Jonny Wilkinson was named BBC Sports Personality of the Year on Sunday after his drop goal against Australia won the rugby World Cup for England. Wilkinson's kick clinched a 20-17 extra time victory in the final in Sydney last month as England beacame the first northern hemisphere side to win the World Cup. The 24-year-old, who last month was named the International Rugby Board's (IRB) player of the year, was chosen ahead of England captain and team mate Martin Johnson and world marathon record holder Paula Radcliffe, who won the award last year. Asked how he felt immediately after his winning drop kick Wilkinson recalled: "I was just saying World Cup, World Cup". England's rugby team were named as Team of the Year after that World Cup success and victory in the Six Nations championships and Clive Woodward won Coach of the Year. Cyclist Lance Armstrong, who won a fifth consecutive Tour de France this year, was Overseas Sports Personality of the Year. On the 50th anniversary of the awards five-times Olympic rowing champion Steve Redgrave got a Golden Sports Personality award chosen from the winners over the last 49 years, while England's 1966 world soccer champions were Team of the Decades. First posted December 15, 2003 11:25:00 Top Stories	i don't know
With which song did Swedish pop group Abba win the 1974 Eurovision Song Contest?	Abba and that momentous 1974 Eurovision Song Contest victory \| South China Morning Post South China Morning Post Abba and that momentous 1974 Eurovision Song Contest victory LIFE Abba and that momentous 1974 Eurovision Song Contest victory Next Sunday marks the 40th anniversary of Abba's victory in the 1974 Eurovision Song Contest that kick-started their astounding success. Charlie Carter looks back at the Swedish super-group's story PUBLISHED : Sunday, 30 March, 2014, 4:21pm UPDATED : Sunday, 30 March, 2014, 4:21pm How 1823 app has made complaining to Hong Kong government easier 29 Jan 2016 Four decades ago next Sunday, the first chapter of pop's least likely success story was written on a stage in Brighton as the British seaside town hosted the 1974 Eurovision Song Contest. Clad in tight satin outfits and platform boots that would have made even David Bowie blush, four suburban Swedish musicians known as Abba blew away the fusty traditions of the otherwise folksy contest with a song that would set them on the road to superstardom. To this day, the Beatles are the only band to have outsold Abba and [they] remain one of the top-10 artists of all time Waterloo was a barrelling glam-pop song that broke all the Eurovision rules. It was raunchy. It was fun. And when it was sung in English that night on April 6, 1974, it launched a career that over the next eight years would defy all odds to make Abba the only non-English language pop band to take on the world and win. To this day, the Beatles are the only band to have outsold them and the Swedish group remain one of the top-10 artists of all time, with their irresistibly catchy numbers remaining radio favourites and karaoke-bar staples in Hong Kong and throughout Asia. In an era when rock stars were debauched, aloof and indulging themselves in 10-minute guitar solos, Agnetha, Benny, Björn and Anni-Frid's ordinariness and their fairy-tale love stories struck a chord with pop lovers, inspiring the biggest pan-generational fan cult since Beatlemania. "They were family friendly and their image was wholesome, but they took that simple pop song, that simple direct communication that the Beatles had left behind, and put it into a 1970s pop song," says Carl Magnus Palm, Abba biographer, fanatic and friend. "There was no one else doing that at the time. There were singer-songwriters who were too busy taking cocaine to make good music, but Abba said: 'We're not going to do that. We're going to make strong pop songs with strong melodies and strong production values.'" Abba had all the hallmarks of winners even before they took to the Brighton Dome stage. Blond singer Agnetha Faltskog was already a pop star and sex symbol in her native country (a fact not missed by Eurovision TV presenter Terry Wogan who, calling them "the Abba band", intoned: "If the judges were men I'm sure this group would get a lot of votes"). Her brunette foil, Anni-Frid Lyngstad, had chalked up a Swedish No1 hit, penned by boyfriend Benny Andersson, the band's songwriter and keyboard player who'd also won acclaim with his longstanding writing partner, the band's guitarist, Björn Ulvaeus. They first came together in 1972 as their individual careers collided and Bjorn married Agnetha, while Benny and Frida became an item. After struggling with different names, manager Stig Anderson decided to shorten the latest one, Björn & Benny, Agnetha & Anni-Frid, to the acronym Abba. It was a risk, as Abba was also the name of a canned fish brand in Sweden, but Anderson - gambling on international success - believed that wouldn't be an issue outside of the band's home country. Waterloo's signature glam pop, garnished with Benny's complex piano flourishes and Agnetha and Frida's high-register harmonies, and their outlandish costumes, was the wider world's first glimpse of what would become the Abba sound and look. "Who would have thought that this music and these costumes would be so world famous?" says Owe Sandstrom, who designed all of the band's stage and video outfits (but who also held down a day job as a professor of zoology). Guided by svengali Anderson, Abba swiftly capitalised on their Eurovision success with singles such as Honey Honey, Mamma Mia and SOS. Eight studio albums, countless greatest-hits releases, and a seemingly endless string of No 1s from Britain to New Zealand came in their wake. "I don't know exactly what made them so appealing, but part of it certainly is their timeless music - the special voices and the look of the whole group together," says Helga van de Kar, who runs the only official International Abba Fan Club. "I felt like I grew up with them." While the Abba sound would change - their final albums were overlaid with the synthesisers that were filling pop charts worldwide - and as the relationships within the band changed, Benny and Björn never lost their ear for a cracking tune. "They were all about songcraft," says Palm. "They were a group that existed in the studio. The work they did there had the most impact." He recounts tales of Benny and Björn's perfectionism, driving the studio technicians crazy with their demands. "The songs sound very easy and direct and accessible, but it took a lot of work to sound that easy and accessible," says the biographer, who traced the evolution of the band's catalogue in his first book, The Complete Recording Sessions. "They would spend weeks on one song and then decide, 'This doesn't feel right - let's go back and build it from the ground up again'. Or they would just discard it. When you listen to some of those outtakes today they sound pretty good. But to them it was something that just didn't gel." By 1977, as punk was supposedly ripping up the blueprint for rock and pop, Abba reached the height of their powers. The album Arrival was their biggest-selling yet and spawned the disco hit Dancing Queen. At the same time they were selling out huge tours of Europe, Australia (immortalised in Abba the Movie) and, later, the US. Such was the demand that 3.5 million people sought tickets for just two gigs at London's Royal Albert Hall. Behind the songs, the success and the satin, however, were four down-to-earth people (Sandstrom confirmed speculation that the band had asked for outrageous costumes because they could get tax breaks if their stage outfits could not work in the street). That and the universally human story of the blossoming and then wilting of the two marriages within the band are key to Abba's appeal. At the time of Waterloo, Benny and Anni-Frid had been dating for a short time, but Björn and Agnetha had been married for three years and had a baby son. Theirs seemed to be the perfect marriage-work-life relationship: two great friends making music together with their beautiful and talented wives in the world's most successful band. But the reality was different. Agnetha was wary of success because it kept her from her son and that put a strain on her relationship with the workaholic Björn. The fairy-tale double couple was also a lie: the marriages only overlapped by a few months as Benny and Frida married shortly before their friends divorced. "What made them good? That's the US$10,000 question," says Ingmarie Halling, Abba's tour wardrobe manager and now curator of the Abba Museum in Stockholm. "It was the combination of the chemistry between the four, and their voices and musical talents." That the rot had set into the fairy tale was apparent in tracks from the late 1970s, including the moving hit Knowing Me, Knowing You and Agnetha's heart-rending The Winner Takes It All, a public "Dear John" letter written by her soon-to-be ex. The emotional seesaw only bolstered the band's appeal: while other stars were suffering at the hands of drink and drugs, Abba's difficulties were tangible to ordinary people, more relatable. That ultimately benefited the band and their fans, says Palm. "If you asked them, they would say Abba kept the relationships together for longer than they would have been if they hadn't been in Abba - they stayed in the relationships for Abba rather than the other way around," says Palm, who charted the splits in his book Bright Lights, Dark Shadows: The Real Story of Abba. "Abba gave their marriages a sense of purpose that they wouldn't have had otherwise. After the divorces, they said that it got easier to work together. They could have a more straightforward working relationship." The band never officially split; the members simply went his or her own way after 1981's album The Visitors. For better or for worse, though, Abba remain Sweden's most potent icon and the band's popularity seems only to grow with time. Few articles on Swedish music of any era or style can resist mentioning Agnetha, Benny, Björn and Anni-Frid, and countless movies soundtracked by their music and the juggernaut success of the Abba stage musical Mamma Mia! has kept them in the music-buying public's mind since they stopped making music together. ( Mamma Mia!, first staged in Hong Kong in 2004, returns for another run in September.) Cover bands occupy their own niche in the tribute-band pantheon, with the best-known, Björn Again, so popular they have franchised the name to meet demand. The Abba Museum, opened last year, offers fans an exhaustive insight into the lives of the band members, from mock-ups of studios and homes to displays of their satin stage outfits, and van de Kar's fan club, based in the Netherlands, draws members from all over the world to Abba weekends and festivals. "Back when the whole thing started, people were actually laughing at the costumes and saying they'd never seen anything like it before. Today those costumes are kept under the supervision of the Swedish National Museum and guarded as a part of Swedish national culture," says Sandstrom. For most Swedes, Palm says, Abba are a source of national pride. "All four of them are probably more down to earth than most other stars at their level," he says. "It's a very Swedish thing. Their story is so different from any other band story. They don't have those plot points of drugs, psychedelia and all that - it makes them so intriguing." This article appeared in the South China Morning Post print edition as: Super troupers	Waterloo
In the game of English billiards, how many points does a cannon score?	ABBA – Waterloo Lyrics \| Genius Album Bio 1 Contributor ? What is this? The Genius annotation is the work of the Genius Editorial project. Our editors and contributors collaborate to create the most interesting and informative explanation of any line of text. It’s also a work in progress, so leave a suggestion if this or any annotation is missing something. To learn more about participating in the Genius Editorial project, check out the contributor guidelines . Loading... Waterloo is the second studio album by the Swedish pop group ABBA , and the first released internationally. It was originally released in Sweden on 4 March 1974 through Polar Music. The album’s title track won ABBA the 1974 Eurovision Song Contest and became a worldwide smash-hit, launching the group’s career. Recording sessions for Waterloo began on 24 September 1973 with the track Dance (While the Music Still Goes On) . This song was unusual in that it is the only ABBA track not to feature member Benny Andersson on keyboards, but instead featured American pianist John Rabbit Bundrick who was in Sweden at the time. Bundrick, however, was not credited on the album. Three weeks later the next two songs ( Suzy-Hang-Around and My Mama Said ) went into the studio. A recording sheet from the day credits the artist as “ABBA”, the first time the name was ever used, the group until now being called “Björn & Benny, Agnetha & Anni-Frid”. The former of these songs marks the only time Benny Andersson sang lead on a track. 17 October saw the recording of two more tracks; What About Livingstone and Honey Honey – the latter being the second single released from the album in most countries. King Kong Song was recorded on 14 November, a song which members Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus today single out as one of their weakest tracks. This was also the date in which it was announced that ABBA were to appear at the Swedish selection for the 1974 Eurovision Song Contest. From that point, recording sessions speeded up and the rest of the tracks were recorded. Two songs were up for consideration for their Eurovision entry; Waterloo and Hasta Mañana . The group preferred the former but felt the latter was a more safe bet. Ultimately they chose Waterloo as it was more the direction they wished to take the group. Waterloo and Watch Out were recorded on the same day – the songs that made up the lead single and its B-side. Waterloo swept to victory at the Swedish heats and the group represented Sweden in Brighton for the 1974 Eurovision Song Contest. ABBA won the contest and Waterloo became not only a massive hit in Europe but all over the world (peaking at No.6 in the US for example). In Sweden, the album had already been released as topped the Swedish album charts for 12 weeks, becoming one of the biggest-selling Swedish albums ever to that point. In the UK the album made No.28 – the first time a foreign Eurovision act had charted an album and it performed well in the rest of Europe. Reviews of the album were positive with Phonograph Record’s Greg Shaw stating that it “might just turn out to be one of the classic début LPs of the ‘70s”. Rolling Stone also gave the album a favourable review. In a 3-star review, AllMusic said that it was “a beautiful album”. Waterloo was first released on CD in Sweden in 1988; a West German CD release followed in 1990 (later released internationally). The album has been reissued in digitally remastered form three times; first in 1997, then in 2001 and again in 2005 as part of The Complete Studio Recordings box set. It was also released as a special 30th Anniversary edition in 2004, celebrating 30 years of the group’s victory in the Eurovision Song Contest. The album was released yet again in 2014 as 40th anniversary edition with bonus tracks and bonus DVD. This version of the album re-entered the UK album charts. The original 1974 Polar Music edition of the album opens with the Swedish version of the title track and closes with the English-language version. The American version of the album, released through Atlantic Records, closes with a 1974 remix of Ring Ring . In the United Kingdom/Ireland and several other European markets, the original 1973 version of Ring Ring was added as track 6 on side 2. The cover features the sub-title “Björn, Benny, Agnetha & Frida” although some editions replaced ‘Agnetha’ with ‘Anna’ – by which Agnetha Fältskog was known in some countries. This video is processing – it'll appear automatically when it's done. Waterloo is the second studio album by the Swedish pop group [ABBA](http://genius.com/artists/Abba), and the first released internationally. It was originally released in Sweden on 4 March 1974 through Polar Music. The album's title track won ABBA the 1974 Eurovision Song Contest and became a worldwide smash-hit, launching the group's career. <hr> Recording sessions for Waterloo began on 24 September 1973 with the track [Dance (While the Music Still Goes On)](http://genius.com/Abba-dance-while-the-music-still-goes-on-lyrics). This song was unusual in that it is the only ABBA track not to feature member Benny Andersson on keyboards, but instead featured American pianist John Rabbit Bundrick who was in Sweden at the time. Bundrick, however, was not credited on the album. Three weeks later the next two songs ([Suzy-Hang-Around](http://genius.com/Abba-suzy-hang-around-lyrics) and [My Mama Said](http://genius.com/Abba-my-mama-said-lyrics)) went into the studio. A recording sheet from the day credits the artist as "ABBA", the first time the name was ever used, the group until now being called "Björn & Benny, Agnetha & Anni-Frid". The former of these songs marks the only time Benny Andersson sang lead on a track. 17 October saw the recording of two more tracks; [What About Livingstone](http://genius.com/Abba-what-about-livingstone-lyrics) and [Honey Honey](http://genius.com/Abba-honey-honey-lyrics) - the latter being the second single released from the album in most countries. [King Kong Song](http://genius.com/Abba-king-kong-song-lyrics) was recorded on 14 November, a song which members Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus today single out as one of their weakest tracks. This was also the date in which it was announced that ABBA were to appear at the Swedish selection for the 1974 Eurovision Song Contest. From that point, recording sessions speeded up and the rest of the tracks were recorded. Two songs were up for consideration for their Eurovision entry; [Waterloo](http://genius.com/Abba-waterloo-english-version-lyrics) and [Hasta Mañana](http://genius.com/Abba-hasta-manana-lyrics). The group preferred the former but felt the latter was a more safe bet. Ultimately they chose Waterloo as it was more the direction they wished to take the group. [Waterloo](http://genius.com/Abba-waterloo-english-version-lyrics) and [Watch Out](http://genius.com/Abba-watch-out-lyrics) were recorded on the same day - the songs that made up the lead single and its B-side. <hr> [Waterloo](http://genius.com/Abba-waterloo-english-version-lyrics) swept to victory at the Swedish heats and the group represented Sweden in Brighton for the 1974 Eurovision Song Contest. ABBA won the contest and [Waterloo](http://genius.com/Abba-waterloo-english-version-lyrics) became not only a massive hit in Europe but all over the world (peaking at No.6 in the US for example). In Sweden, the album had already been released as topped the Swedish album charts for 12 weeks, becoming one of the biggest-selling Swedish albums ever to that point. In the UK the album made No.28 - the first time a foreign Eurovision act had charted an album and it performed well in the rest of Europe. Reviews of the album were positive with Phonograph Record's Greg Shaw stating that it "might just turn out to be one of the classic début LPs of the '70s". Rolling Stone also gave the album a favourable review. In a 3-star review, AllMusic said that it was "a beautiful album". Waterloo was first released on CD in Sweden in 1988; a West German CD release followed in 1990 (later released internationally). The album has been reissued in digitally remastered form three times; first in 1997, then in 2001 and again in 2005 as part of The Complete Studio Recordings box set. It was also released as a special 30th Anniversary edition in 2004, celebrating 30 years of the group's victory in the Eurovision Song Contest. The album was released yet again in 2014 as 40th anniversary edition with bonus tracks and bonus DVD. This version of the album re-entered the UK album charts. <hr> The original 1974 Polar Music edition of the album opens with the Swedish version of the title track and closes with the English-language version. The American version of the album, released through Atlantic Records, closes with a 1974 [remix of Ring Ring](http://genius.com/Abba-ring-ring-1974-remix-single-version-lyrics). In the United Kingdom/Ireland and several other European markets, the original 1973 version of Ring Ring was added as track 6 on side 2. The cover features the sub-title "Björn, Benny, Agnetha & Frida" although some editions replaced 'Agnetha' with 'Anna' – by which Agnetha Fältskog was known in some countries.	i don't know
In which part of an animal is the cannon bone?	Image FR : Chevaux ES : Caballos The horse is a hoofed mammal, one of eight living species of the family Equidae. The horse has evolved over the past 45 to 55 million years from a small multi-toed creature into the large, single-toed herbivore of today. Humans began to domesticate horses around 4500 BC, and their domestication is believed to have been widespread by 3000 BC; by 2000 BC the use of domesticated horses had spread throughout the Eurasian continent. Although most horses today are domesticated, there are still endangered populations of the Przewalski's Horse, the only remaining true wild horse, as well as more common feral horses which live in the wild but are descended from domesticated ancestors. There is an extensive, specialized vocabulary used to describe equine-related concepts, covering everything from anatomy to life stages, size, colors, markings, breeds, locomotion, and behavior. Horses are anatomically designed to use speed to escape predators, and have a well-developed sense of balance and a strong fight-or-flight instinct. Related to this need to flee from predators in the wild is an unusual trait: horses are able to sleep both standing up and laying down. Female horses, called mares, carry their young for approximately 11 months, and a young horse, called a foal, can stand and run shortly following birth. Most horses begin training under saddle or in harness between the ages of two and four. They reach full adult development by age five, and have an average lifespan of between 25 and 30 years. Horses and humans interact in many ways, not only in a wide variety of sport competitions and non-competitive recreational pursuits, but also in working activities including police work, agriculture, entertainment, assisted learning and therapy. Horses were historically used in warfare. A wide variety of riding and driving techniques have been developed, using many different styles of equipment and methods of control. Many products are derived from horses, including meat, milk, hide, hair, bone, and pharmaceuticals extracted from the urine of pregnant mares. Humans provide domesticated horses with food, water and shelter, as well as attention from specialists such as veterinarians and farriers. Horse breeds are loosely divided into three categories based on general temperament: spirited "hot bloods" with speed and endurance; "cold bloods," such as draft horses and some ponies, suitable for slow, heavy work; and "warmbloods," developed from crosses between hot bloods and cold bloods, often focusing on creating breeds for specific riding purposes, particularly in Europe. There are over 300 breeds of horses in the world today, developed for many different uses. The English-speaking world measures the height of horses in hands, abbreviated "h" or "hh," for "hands high," measured at the highest point of an animal's withers, where the neck meets the back, chosen as a stable point of the anatomy, unlike the head or neck, which move up and down. One hand is 4 inches (10 cm). Intermediate heights are defined by hands and inches, rounding to the lower measurement in hands, followed by a decimal point and the number of additional inches between 1 and 3. Thus a horse described as "15.2 h," is 15 hands, 2 inches, or 62 inches (160 cm) in height. The size of horses varies by breed, but can also be influenced by nutrition. The general rule for cutoff in height between what is considered a horse and a pony at maturity is 14.2 hands (58 inches (150 cm)). An animal 14.2h or over is usually considered a horse and one less than 14.2h as a pony. However, there are exceptions to the general rule. Some breeds which typically produce individuals both under and over 14.2h are considered "horses" regardless of height. Conversely, some pony breeds may have features in common with horses, and individual animals may occasionally mature at over 14.2h, but are still considered to be ponies. The difference between a horse and pony is not simply a height difference, but includes other aspects of phenotype or appearance. There are noticeable differences in conformation and temperament. Ponies often exhibit thicker manes, tails and overall coat. They also have proportionally shorter legs, wider barrels, heavier bone, shorter and thicker necks, and short heads with broad foreheads. They often have calmer temperaments than horses and also a high level of equine intelligence that may or may not be used to cooperate with human handlers. In fact, small size, by itself, is sometimes not a factor at all. While the Shetland pony stands on average 10 hands high (40 inches (100 cm)), the Falabella and other miniature horses, which can be no taller than 30 inches (76 cm), the size of a medium-sized dog, are classified by their respective registries as very small horses rather than as ponies. Horses exhibit a diverse array of coat colors and distinctive markings, described with a specialized vocabulary. Often, a horse is classified first by its coat color, before breed or sex. Flashy or unusual colors are sometimes very popular, as are horses with particularly attractive markings. Horses of the same color may be distinguished from one another by their markings. The genetics that create many horse coat colors have been identified, although research continues on specific genes and mutations that result in specific color traits. Essentially, all horse colors begin with a genetic base of "red" (chestnut) or "black," with the addition of alleles for spotting, graying, suppression or dilution of color, or other effects acting upon the base colors to create the dozens of possible coat colors found in horses. Horses which are light in color are often misnamed as being "white" horses. A horse that looks pure white is, in most cases, actually a middle-aged or older gray. Grays have black skin underneath their white hair coat (with the exception of small amounts of pink skin under white markings). The only horses properly called white are those with pink skin under a white hair coat, a fairly rare occurrence. There are no truly albino horses, with pink skin and red eyes, as albinism is a lethal condition in horses. Pregnancy lasts for approximately 335340 days and usually results in one foal. Twins are very rare. Colts are carried on average about 4 days longer than fillies. Horses are a precocial species, and foals are capable of standing and running within a short time following birth. Horses, particularly colts, may sometimes be physically capable of reproduction at about 18 months. In practice, individuals are rarely allowed to breed before the age of three, especially females. Horses four years old are considered mature, although the skeleton normally continues to develop until the age of six; the precise time of completion of development also depends on the horse's size, breed, gender, and the quality of care provided by its owner. Also, if the horse is larger, its bones are larger; therefore, not only do the bones take longer to actually form bone tissue, but the epiphyseal plates are also larger and take longer to convert from cartilage to bone. These plates convert after the other parts of the bones, but are crucial to development. Depending on maturity, breed, and the tasks expected, young horses are usually put under saddle and trained to be ridden between the ages of two and four. Although Thoroughbred race horses are put on the track at as young as two years old in some countries, horses specifically bred for sports such as dressage are generally not entered into top-level competition until they are a minimum of four years old, because their bones and muscles are not solidly developed, nor is their advanced training complete. For endurance riding competition, horses are not deemed mature enough to compete until they are a full 60 calendar months (5 years) old	Leg
In medicine, a spirograph is an instrument used for recording what?	When the Bone Breaks \| TheHorse.com When the Bone Breaks Newsletters They shoot horses, don't they? We all know about the rather depressing traditional "cure" for a horse with a broken leg. But there's good news--they "shoot" them a lot less often these days. The reason is that remarkable advances in equine fracture repair now mean that many horses which in years past could not have been saved, are not only recovering from their injuries, but are going on to successful performance careers, even on the racetrack. Alicia Bertone, DVM, PhD, Diplomate ACVS, an equine orthopedic surgeon at The Ohio State University, attributes the change in prognosis for fracture patients to a combination of factors. "Certainly," she says, "the equipment we're using has improved, and we have more accredited surgeons now who are better trained in the techniques needed for fracture repair. But we also have better anesthesia techniques and recovery facilities. It's the assembly of the team for managing these injuries that has improved so much. "As owners become more aware that many fractures are now repairable, they're requiring their veterinarians to become more educated as to how to manage a fracture injury and get the horse to a surgical center in better condition. The cleaner and more immobile the fracture site when the horse arrives, the easier it is to repair the damage." Most racetracks now have equine ambulances and trained emergency technicians equipped with sedatives and commercially available splints like the Kimzey leg saver (designed specifically for catastrophic injuries of the fetlock) and the Farley boot (which resembles a ski boot). Equipment like this can be a tremendous boon in immobilizing a fractured limb before the horse does further damage to the ends of the bone, the skin, and the surrounding blood vessels, and can vastly improve his chances for recovery. "A fracture is a catastrophic injury," Bertone affirms, "and nine out of 10 cases should have some surgical intervention to assure correct healing. But bone is one of the fastest-healing tissues in the body--it heals faster than tendons or ligaments, and study after study has demonstrated that it heals to 100% of its previous strength. With correct care, most fractures heal within four months, and horses are often back up to their previous athletic potential within a year." Bertone, who has been doing orthopedic surgeries for more than 15 years, notes that Ohio State has one of the longest histories in the country for dealing with equine fractures. Albert Gabel, DVM, now retired from OSU, was a pioneer in fracture repair, and Larry Bramlage, DVM, Diplomate ACVS, now considered one of the pre-eminent equine orthopedists in the United States, trained under Gabel and was based for many years at the university, where he was instrumental in making fracture repair a viable alternative. "I consider myself part of the next generation of orthopedists here," she says. "For us, fracture repair is now mainstream; OSU even hosts the annual international fracture fixation course for both large and small animals." Fracture Hows And Whys A fracture might be the result of a single, violent event--such as being kicked by another horse--or it might be the end result of repeated wear and tear that outstrip the body's attempts at repair. "Microfractures" in the bone structure are a common response to exercise stress, and if the horse is allowed sufficient recovery time between high-stress efforts, his system will repair these tiny fissures in the bone, reinforcing and remodeling the matrix so it can better cope with repeated stresses. (This process can go on for years--studies examining cross-sections of cannon bones taken from British steeplechase horses have indicated that bone thickening and remodeling can continue until the horse is 10 or more years of age.) If the bone is subjected to enough force before the body has had time to mend these microfractures, they can multiply, until finally the bone cracks or shatters. (In addition to stress fractures and those that are the result of sudden trauma, horses can suffer "chip" fractures of the knee, fetlock, or hock joint. Chips sometimes are the result of subchondral bone cysts stemming from developmental orthopedic disease, and often are easily dealt with by arthroscopic surgery.) Diagnosis of fractures is remarkably similar in the vast majority of cases. Most people report hearing a loud popping or cracking noise when the injury occurs. Soon after, swelling and significant pain occur at the site, along with the inability of the horse to bear weight on the limb. These factors, in addition to radiographic confirmation, all point to a fracture. Among major fractures, Bertone names several types as being common in racehorses (generally considered the most highly stressed equine athletes). Racing Injuries "Breakdown fractures are the classic racehorse fractures," says Bertone. "A breakdown occurs when the support structures of the fetlock give way, tearing the suspensories and fracturing the sesamoid bones on the back of the ankle as they hit the ground surface." Typically occurring in Thoroughbreds, breakdown fractures are repairable if the joint is immobilized before the horse does more damage to it. Often, the problem is that the horse continues to gallop on it for a few strides before his rider can pull him up, each stride grinding together bone fragments and damaging the blood supply and the surrounding skin, essentially making hamburger of the area and causing too much injury for the surgeon to repair. Temporary splints like the Kimzey leg saver, however, have improved the chances of saving horses with this type of injury. Bertone says that through the use of a technique called fetlock arthrodesis, plates and screws can be attached to the bone to help stabilize the joint and eventually fuse it. The result is usually a horse which is sound only for breeding, not performance, but which will be comfortable on the limb. Condylar Fracture Another typical injury for Thoroughbred racehorses is the condylar fracture of the cannon bone. Typically seen in the left front leg, a condylar fracture shows up on radiographs as a crack that goes laterally up the cannon from the fetlock joint and out the side of the bone, essentially "knocking a corner" off the cannon bone--a piece sometimes up to six inches long. Condylar fractures also are seen in Standardbreds, typically as a left front lateral injury, or on the right hind cannon in a medial position. "The hind cannon fractures tend to spiral and go higher up the cannon bone," Bertone notes, "which is unique to harness racing athletes." Most condylar fractures are the direct result of repeated racing stress. "Condylar fractures can be incomplete and non-displaced, meaning that the bone fragment hasn't broken away from the cannon and is still in its original position," says Bertone, "or they can be complete and displaced, which is the worst-case scenario. If the fracture is complete and displaced, it's often visible under the skin as a painful bump--and when we incise the area for repair, there will be bleeding and hemorrhage." Repair for a condylar fracture involves using multiple stainless steel screws inserted in a lag fashion, which compresses the bone fragment up against the parent bone as snugly as possible. "The goal is to stabilize the fetlock joint for fast healing," says Bertone, "and to align the fetlock correctly so that there are no protruding bits of bone which could later contribute to arthritis." Even if the fracture is incomplete, Bertone recommends the use of screws as the best method of repair. Depending on the degree of displacement and the amount of damage to the surrounding blood vessels (which are crucial points to healing), condylar fractures usually resolve fairly well, and the prognosis is often good for a return to performance the following year. Sagittal Fracture Sagittal fractures of the P1 (long pastern bone) are another serious fracture common to Thoroughbreds and Standardbreds. "This is a fracture straight down the front of the P1 bone," Bertone says. "Just like the condylar fracture, this injury can be either incomplete and non-displaced, or complete and displaced." A sagittal fracture can also be "comminuted" or in many pieces. A comminuted fracture usually is the result of the bone's shattering during a burst of peak speed. Repairing a sagittal fracture also is done by inserting screws lag fashion, squeezing the bone fragment up tightly against the parent bone to leave little or no gap, and aligning the joint as smoothly as possible. "If a fragment is displaced," explains Bertone, "we have to do what's called 'reducing' the fracture, which means we try to replace the fragment exactly where it belongs so that the joint can work correctly when it's healed." With a badly comminuted fracture, she continues, "you can't always put all the fragments back where they belong, but you do the best you can." Some fragments might have to be removed. Then the injury is usually fitted with a cast to stabilize it. Bertone estimates that 85% of horses with sagittal P1 fractures can return to their racing careers--an encouraging prognosis. Cortical Fractures Dorsal cortical fractures are stress fractures of the front of the cannon bone--bucked shins taken to their injurious extreme. On X rays, a crack on the cannon bone usually will be clearly visible, most often in the middle or the upper third of the bone. "That area of the bone takes a lot of stress," Bertone says, "and the bone tries to respond by becoming stronger and thicker." But if the stresses are greater than the time available for healing, something has to give. Dorsal cortical fractures are one of the few types of equine fractures in which the horse might be willing to bear some weight on the injured leg, but the bump on the front of the bone usually is easy to feel with the fingers. One or more screws generally are used to repair this type of fracture, and the prognosis generally is very good for a full return to athletic performance. Splint Fractures Splint bone fractures are another common injury associated with the cannons; they can occur on either the distal (lower) or proximal (upper) portions of the splint bone, with the former being far more common. Although many distal fractures will resolve on their own with four to six months of stall rest, the large bump that results prompts many owners to opt for removal of the fractured portion of the bone instead. This is an uncomplicated surgery with a good prognosis for a full return to work. Cannon Fractures Much more catastrophic are cannon bone fractures that shatter the bone across the middle. "In these cases, you see a loose, dangling leg," says Bertone. But she assures us that some of these injuries, despite their shocking looks, are repairable. "It depends on how much damage has been done to the arteries and the skin of the leg. If the horse keeps galloping on it, the blood supply will be damaged and the leg will be left open to infection, making for a poor prognosis. But some of these injuries are repairable with plates and screws, and sometimes the horse even returns to full soundness if the injury doesn't involve any joints. The best results occur when this sort of injury happens to a foal, because the limb has to bear less weight while it heals." Performance Horse Injuries In addition to all of these fracture types which occur in racehorses, there are several others that are more likely to show up in performance horses. One is a fracture of the P2 (short pastern bone), which tends to occur in working Quarter Horses which are asked to perform sliding stops. The hind pasterns are most often involved. In the case of a P2 fracture, arthrodesis is the treatment of choice. "We do that because if you just fix the fracture, you always get significant arthritis in the pastern joint later," says Bertone. "Instead, we use plates and screws to help fuse the joint. The pastern is a low-motion joint, so you can fuse it and not change the gait of the horse; in fact, this surgery is about 80% successful. "What limits it is whether the coffin joint is involved. It's difficult to work with coffin joint fractures because access is limited--you have to work from above, and it's difficult to get the alignment of the joint just right or get a screw exactly where you want it to be." Coffin Fractures Fractures of the coffin bone (P3) itself are tackled slightly differently. Bertone says she has seen this injury in virtually every type of horse, from jumpers to draft horses, and that the cause is often unclear. She conjectures, however, that extremely sharp turns, or chance circumstances like landing on a rock, could be to blame for at least some coffin bone fractures. There actually are two types of coffin bone fractures: the sagittal type, which Bertone describes as "straight down the middle" (most often seen in jumpers and event horses), and "wing" fractures, in which a section from the inside or outside "wing" of the bone cracks or snaps off. "This is more commonly seen as a racing injury," she says, "as a result of galloping on turns. They're trickier because they often involve the joint." Most coffin bone fractures are treated not with plates or screws, but by immobilizing the foot initially with a cast, then replacing the cast in one to two weeks with a heavy support shoe and thick leather sole pads. Multiple clips, or a metal rim that goes all the way around the wall of the hoof, help the shoe restrict the natural expansion and elasticity of the hoof, essentially acting as a cast. A horse shod in this fashion and rested for about five months, then shod with a lighter shoe that often includes bar support for the sole, has a good prognosis, but coffin bone injuries are slow to heal, and sometimes never resolve entirely. "Some of these horses have to wear bar shoes all their lives," says Bertone. "I've had better outcomes for (coffin bone fractures) in young animals--from weanlings up to about 2-year-olds. When I see it in a 15-year-old jumper, I have to say the prognosis isn't quite as good." Some sagittal coffin bone fractures can be repaired with screws. A hole is drilled laterally in the hoof wall to gain access to the bone, and the screw is placed behind the hoof wall--almost as you would countersink a screw in wood. "The coffin bone is about an inch into the middle of the hoof," Bertone explains, "so you don't see anything once the screw is in place. Pink granulation tissue will quickly fill the hole in the hoof wall, and, as the hoof grows down, you lose the hole and the screw is buried in the center of the hoof. It's tricky, though, because there is a risk of fluid buildup." Immediate attention to immobilizing the hoof is critical with a coffin bone fracture. Unfortunately, because there is no swelling or obvious fracture site, this injury often is mistaken for any of a number of other types of lamenesses. A bounding digital pulse, an inability to bear weight on the foot, and a sore reaction to hoof-testers usually tell the tale. Olecranon Fracture A break common to foals and weanlings is a fracture of the olecranon (the point of the elbow), often the result of a kick during rambunctious play, or of falling over backwards, something to which foals are more prone than adult horses. "Many people don't even see it happen," says Bertone. "They just discover the result--a foal who has a classic 'dropped elbow' stance, and won't bear weight on the limb. It's repairable with plates and screws, and the prognosis is good in young horses," with many going on to exhibit no signs of the injury as adults. Using screws and plates on the bones of a young growing horse can be a tricky procedure because placement across the growth plates can contribute to abnormalities as the horse matures. "We try not to place the plates so that they interfere with the growth plates if at all possible," says Bertone, who notes that if this is accomplished correctly, the plates need not be removed as the horse grows. Other Common Fractures Two more common injuries of pleasure and performance horses include fractures of the long bones of the upper limbs (the humerus in the forelegs, and the femur behind), and fractures of the tuber coxae, often called a "knockdown hip" or "dropped hip." Fractures of the long bones, usually caused by some catastrophic event such as being hit by a car, a trailer accident, or a violent kick by a pasture-mate, generally demonstrate what Bertone describes as "massive swelling," and unfortunately have a poor prognosis in adult horses, since these bones are crucial to weight-bearing. (Bertone noted that horses suffering from this sort of injury often suffer laminitis in the opposite, supporting limb.) In foals, the outlook is a bit more promising, although the risk of problems with the "good" leg remains along with the risk of long-term growth deformities. A knockdown hip, on the other hand, often heals on its own. Usually the result of the horse's banging a hip on a doorframe and fracturing the ilium of the pelvis, a knockdown hip is easy to spot, since the bone fragment tends to sink in and down in the flesh. The injury is non-weight-bearing at first, but since it doesn't affect the hip joint itself, the prognosis is generally good for a return to light athletic work. (Because the major gluteal muscles do originate at the ilium, however, Bertone suspects that a horse affected by this injury would be unlikely to have enough power in his hindquarters for a successful return to racing.) The hip might take as much as six months to heal, however, and the area will never look normal--the depression is permanent. Naturally, there are a number of other potential sites for fractures, with varying prognoses for recovery. But the techniques for repairing these injuries are, for the most part, very similar--although there is something of an art to placing screws in living bone at exactly the right angles to best encourage correct healing of a fracture. Methods Of Repair Bertone says that the fracture repair team at OSU works almost exclusively with specially designed stainless steel screws. "They're well-designed for the purpose," she says, "and we have had good success with them." In some cases, the screws are placed permanently, while in other instances, the screws are removed once the fracture is resolved. "In condylar fractures," she says, "the screws are sometimes removed--depending on the severity of the original injury and how well it has healed. I rarely remove them for sagittal P1 fractures. And in dorsal cortical fractures--which are sometimes treated with a combination of screws and a technique called osteostyxsis, in which small holes are drilled into the bone's marrow cavity to encourage the development of new blood vessels and healing cells--I usually remove the screws eventually." When plates are involved in a fracture repair, their removal depends on the horse's eventual use. "I might remove a plate for a top athlete, because extreme exercise might cause pain at the site. But for a pleasure horse who's only being used lightly, I'd probably leave it in there," says Bertone. Removal of screws or plates might require a second full surgery, but the OSU team has found that many screws can be removed with the horse standing, with the help of sedatives--a far less stressful procedure. Screws are most often removed if an infection has developed, or when they have worked themselves loose and cause irritation and pain. As long as they remain tightly in place, they should cause no problems within the bone, despite the fact that they are considerably stronger and more rigid than the bone tissue surrounding them. Two new products offering promise for certain types of fracture repair are the lactic acid bioabsorbable screws detailed in last month's issue, and titanium screws, which have the potential to be less corrosive, and more flexible, than their stainless steel counterparts--in short, more compatible with the natural properties of bone. "I haven't used them (titanium screws) myself," says Bertone, "but they are supposed to interface better with the bone. They are still rather experimental, though, and they're pricey ($300 or more per screw, as compared to about $25 per screw for stainless steel)." A horse which has undergone surgery for fracture repair might or might not receive a cast to help immobilize the injury. "We sometimes put a cast on just for recovery (from the anesthesia), sometimes for a bit longer, and some surgeries are fine with just a light support bandage over the sutures," Bertone explains. "We cast only if necessary to establish weight-bearing on the limb, which needs to happen as soon as possible so that the horse doesn't develop laminitis in the opposite leg." The casting material of choice for horses is a light fiberglass resin, which is waterproof and fast-drying. A new development is a casting foam that molds to the horse's leg and stays soft and malleable. Used under the fiberglass cast, it improves the comfort of the apparatus and helps immobilize the injury site at the same time. Fracture repair is a field that has grown by leaps and bounds in the last 20 years, and new research is improving the prognosis for horses every day. The best part is that these injuries, which once were death sentences for a horse, now are routinely repaired, saving careers and lives. About the Author	i don't know
What is the title of singer Celine Dion’s first UK number one hit single?	Happy birthday, Celine Dion! Read today's horoscopes for every starsign... Happy birthday, Celine Dion! Read today's horoscopes for every starsign... March 30, 2014 by hellomagazine.com Happy birthday, Celine Dion! As the Canadian singer turns 46, take look into today's stars and find out what's in store International singer-songwriter Celine Dion turns 46 today, and to help her celebrate HELLO! Online are taking a look at the Ariens horoscope… In your emotional life now, it is getting harder to attain a sense of perspective. You can sense that something significant is starting to change, but you are not yet sure what this is or what it really means. Don't be anxious just because there is something you don't yet understand, and resist the temptation to make yourself feel better by pretending that you have all the answers. Just relax, live in the moment and trust. The change you seek is occurring naturally. Therefore you can lower your guard a little. Find out what your horoscope is saying for you today. CELINE DION Born in Canada in 1968, Celine rose to fame singing the title track to the 1991 Disney film Beauty and the Beast, which won a Grammy Award and the Academy Award for Best Song. In the mid '90s Celine's powerful ballads which focused heavily on love and romance would help her to reach number one across the globe, including the US, the UK and Canada. Her single “Think Twice", which remained at number-one in the UK for seven weeks, eventually became the fourth single by a female artist to sell in excess of one million copies in the UK. In 1997 Celine sang the title track for the Oscar-winning phenomenon Titanic, which would garner the singer her second Oscar award for Best Song as well as a Golden Globe, and three Grammys, including the coveted Record of the Year. By the late '90s Celine hit a career high, with her third album becoming her most commercially and critically successful album, and by 2004 the artist Dion had sales of more than 175 million albums worldwide, allowing her to receive the rare Chopard Diamond Award from the World Music Awards for her achievements. Throughout 2003 and 2007 Celine became one of the first artists to perform a residency in Las Vegas, with over 3 million fans watching the show. In 2011 Celine announced her return to the Nevada desert with another three year residency. Celine is married to Rene Angelil and the couple have three children .	Think Twice
‘Dog and Bone’ is Cockney rhyming slang for what?	SocialEngine YouNet - Music Artist Detail Page - Celine Dion Life and career 1968–1989: Early life and career beginnings Dion was born in Charlemagne, Québec, Canada, the youngest of 14 children of Thérèse (née Tanguay), a homemaker, and Adhémar Dion, a butcher, both of French-Canadian descent.[29][30] Dion was raised a Roman Catholic in a poverty-stricken, but, by her own account, happy home in Charlemagne.[12][31] Music had always been a part of the family (Dion was named after the song Céline, recorded by French singer Hugues Aufray two years before her birth [32]). On 13 August 1973, (at the age of five) the young Céline made her first public appearance at her brother Michel's wedding, where she performed Christine Charbonneau's song [33] Du fil des aiguilles et du coton.[34] Thereafter, she continued to perform with her siblings in her parents' small piano bar called Le Vieux Baril. From an early age Dion had dreamed of being a performer.[17] In a 1994 interview with People magazine, she recalled, "I missed my family and my home, but I don't regret having lost my adolescence. I had one dream: I wanted to be a singer."[35] Dion at the age of 18 At age 12, Dion collaborated with her mother and her brother Jacques to compose her first song, "Ce n'était qu'un rêve" ("It Was Only a Dream").[31] Her brother Michel Dondalinger Dion sent the recording to music manager René Angélil, whose name he discovered on the back of a Ginette Reno album.[7]Angélil was moved to tears by Dion's voice, and decided to make her a star.[31] In 1981, he mortgaged his home to fund her first record, La voix du bon Dieu("The Voice of the Good God"), which later became a local number-one hit and made Dion an instant star in Quebec. Her popularity spread to other parts of the world when she competed in the 1982 Yamaha World Popular Song Festival in Tokyo, Japan, and won the musician's award for "Top Performer" as well as the gold medal for "Best Song" with "Tellement j'ai d'amour pour toi" ("I Have So Much Love for You").[7] By 1983, in addition to becoming the first Canadian artist to receive a gold record in France for the single "D'amour ou d'amitié" ("Of Love or of Friendship"), Dion had also won several Félix Awards, including "Best Female performer" and "Discovery of the Year".[7][36] Further success in Europe, Asia, and Australia came when Dion represented Switzerland in the 1988 Eurovision Song Contest with the song Ne partez pas sans moi (Don't Leave Without Me) and won the contest by a close margin in Dublin, Ireland.[37] However, American success was yet to come as she was at that point exclusively a Francophone artist.[38] At eighteen, after seeing a Michael Jackson performance, Dion told Angélil that she wanted to be a star like Jackson.[39] Though confident in her talent, Angélil realized that her image needed to be changed in order for her to be marketed worldwide.[31] Dion receded from the spotlight for a number of months, during which she underwent dental surgery to improve her appearance, and was sent to the École Berlitz in 1989 to polish her English.[8] In 1989, during a concert on the Incognito Tour, Dion injured her voice. She consulted the otorhinolaryngologist William Gould,[40][41] who gave her an ultimatum: have immediate surgery on her vocal cords, or do not utilize them at all for three weeks.[40] Dion chose the latter and underwent vocal training with William Riley.[40][40][41][41] 1990–92: Unison, Dion chante Plamondon and Celine Dion Dion's earlier English releases "Where Does My Heart Beat Now" (1990) MENU 0:00 "Where Does My Heart Beat Now", Dion's first North American hit, was 1980s soft rock. (Note the prominence of the electric guitar). It contrasts with the style of subsequent efforts. Problems playing this file? See media help. Two years after she learned English, Dion made her debut into the Anglophone market with Unison (1990), the lead single having originally been recorded by Laura Branigan.[7] She incorporated the help of many established musicians, including Vito Luprano and Canadian producer David Foster.[17] The album was largely influenced by 1980s soft rock music that quickly found a niche within the adult contemporary radio format. Unison also hit the right notes with critics: Jim Faber ofEntertainment Weekly wrote that Dion's vocals were "tastefully unadorned", and that she never attempted to "bring off styles that are beyond her".[42] Stephen Erlewine of AllMusic declared it as, "a fine, sophisticated American debut."[43] Singles from the album included "(If There Was) Any Other Way", "The Last to Know", "Unison", and "Where Does My Heart Beat Now", a mid-tempo soft-rock ballad which made prominent use of the electric guitar. The latter became her first single to reach the top-ten on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number-four. The album established Dion as a rising singer in the United States, and across Continental Europe and Asia.[citation needed] In 1991, Dion was a featured soloist in Voices That Care, a tribute to American troops fighting in Operation Desert Storm. Dion's real international breakthrough came when she duetted with Peabo Bryson on the title track to Disney's animated film Beauty and the Beast (1991).[44] The song captured a musical style that Dion would utilize in the future: sweeping, classically influenced ballads with soft instrumentation. Both a critical and commercial hit, the song became her second U.S. top-ten single, and won the Academy Award for Best Song, and the Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal.[17]"Beauty and the Beast" was featured on Dion's 1992 self-titled album, which, like her debut, had a strong pop rock influence combined with elements of soul and classical music. Owing to the success of the lead-off single and her collaborations with David Foster and Diane Warren, the album was even more well-received commercially than Unison. Other singles that achieved moderate success included "If You Asked Me To" (a cover of Patti LaBelle's song from the 1989 movie Licence to Kill) which peaked at number-four on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, the gospel-tinged "Love Can Move Mountains", and "Nothing Broken but My Heart". Also during this time, Dion released the Francophone album Dion chante Plamondon. The album consisted mostly of covers, but featured 4 new songs: "Des mots qui sonnent", "Je danse dans ma tête", "Quelqu'un que j'aime, quelqu'un qui m'aime" and "L'amour existe encore". It was originally released in Canada and France during the 1991–1992 period, then later received an international release in 1994, the first French Celine Dion album to do so. "Un garçon pas comme les autres (Ziggy)" became a smash hit in France, reaching number-two and being certified gold. In Quebec, the album was certified Gold the day it was released.[citation needed] By 1992, Unison, Céline Dion, and numerous high-profile media appearances had propelled Dion to superstardom in North America. She had achieved one of her main objectives: wedging her way into the Anglophone market and achieving fame.[38] However, while she was experiencing rising success in the U.S., her French fans in Canada criticized her for neglecting them.[17][45] She would later rebuff these criticisms at the 1991 Félix Awards show, where, after winning "English Artist of the Year", she openly refused to accept the award. She asserted that she was—and would always be—a French, not an English, artist.[8][46] Apart from her commercial success, there were also changes in Dion's personal life, as Angélil, who was twenty-six years her senior, transitioned from manager to lover. However, the relationship was kept a secret as they both feared that the public would find their relations inappropriate.[47] 1993–95: The Colour of My Love and D'eux In 1993, Dion announced her feelings for her manager by declaring him "the colour of [her] love" in the dedication section of her third English-language album The Colour of My Love. However, instead of criticizing their relationship as Dion had feared, fans embraced the couple.[17] Eventually, Angélil and Dion married in an extravagant wedding ceremony in December 1994, which was broadcast live on Canadian television. As with most of her catalog, The Colour of my Love had overriding themes of love and romance.[48] It became her most successful record up to that point, selling more than six million copies in the U.S., two million in Canada, and peaking at number-one in many countries. The album also spawned Dion's first U.S., Canadian, and Australian number-one single "The Power of Love" (a remake of Jennifer Rush's 1985 hit), which would become her signature hit until she reached new career heights in the late 1990s.[38] The single "When I Fall in Love", a duet with Clive Griffin, achieved moderate success on the U.S. and Canadian charts, and was nominated for two Grammy Awards, winning one. The Colour of My Love also became Dion's first major hit in Europe, particularly in the United Kingdom. Both the album and the single "Think Twice" simultaneously occupied the top of the British charts for five consecutive weeks. "Think Twice", which remained at number-one for seven weeks, eventually became the fourth single by a female artist to sell in excess of one million copies in the UK,[49] while the album was eventually certified five-times platinum for two-million copies sold.[50] Dion kept to her French roots and continued to release many Francophone recordings between each English record.[51] Generally, they achieved more credibility than her English-language works.[45] She released À l'Olympia, a live album that was recorded during one of Dion's concerts at the Paris Olympia in 1994. It had one promotional single, a live version of "Calling You", which peaked at seventy-five on the French Singles Chart. She also recorded a bilingual version of Petit Papa Noël with Alvin and the Chipmunks for the 1994 holiday album A Very Merry Chipmunk. D'eux (also known as The French Album in the United States), was released in 1995, and it would go on to become the best-selling French-language album of all time.[51] The album was mostly written and produced by Jean-Jacques Goldman, and amassed huge success with the singles "Pour que tu m'aimes encore" and "Je sais pas". "Pour que tu m'aimes encore" reached number 1 in France and stayed at the top position for twelve weeks. It was later certified Platinum in France.[52] The single also reached the top ten in the UK and Ireland, a rare accomplishment for a French song. The second single off the album, "Je sais pas", reached number-one on the French Singles Chart as well and was certified Silver there.[53] These songs would later become "If That's What It Takes" and "I Don't Know" on Dion's next English album, Falling into You. During the mid-1990s and onward, Dion's albums were generally constructed on the basis of melodramatic soft rock ballads, with sprinklings of up-tempo pop and rare forays into other genres.[54] She collaborated with many renowned writers and producers such as Jim Steinman and David Foster, who helped her to develop a signature sound.[17][55]While critical reviews fluctuated, Dion's releases performed increasingly well on the international charts, and in 1996 she won the World Music Award for "World's Best-selling Female Recording Artist of the Year" for the third time. By the mid-1990s, she had established herself as one of the best-selling artists in the world.[56] 1996–99: Falling into You, Let's Talk About Love and S'il suffisait d'aimer Musical diversity of Falling into You "Falling into You" (1996) Falling into You contained outlandish musical effects, as epitomized by the single "I Don't Know." Problems playing these files? See media help. From the On ne change pas album "On ne change pas" ("We don't change") (1998) MENU 0:00 This song's theme is centred on childhood memories (esp. from Céline's childhood in Charlemagne, Canada) and how people's "inner child" remains. Problems playing this file? See media help. Falling into You (1996), Dion's fourth English-language album, presented the singer at the height of her popularity, and showed a further progression of her music.[47] In an attempt to reach a wider audience, the album combined many elements, such as complex orchestral sounds, Africanchanting and elaborate musical effects. Additionally, instruments like the violin, Spanish guitar, trombone, the cavaquinho and saxophone created a new sound.[57] The singles encompassed a variety of musical styles. The title track "Falling into You" and "River Deep – Mountain High" (a Tina Turner cover) made prominent use of percussion instruments; "It's All Coming Back to Me Now" (produced by its writer Jim Steinman) and a remake of Eric Carmen's "All by Myself" maintained a soft-rock atmosphere, combined with the classical sound of the piano; and the number-one single "Because You Loved Me", which was written by Diane Warren, was a pop ballad that served as the theme to the 1996 film Up Close & Personal.[56] Falling into You garnered career-best reviews for Dion. While Dan Leroy wrote that it was not very different from her previous work,[58] and Stephen Holden of The New York Times and Natalie Nichols of the Los Angeles Times wrote that the album was formulaic,[59][60] other critics, such as Chuck Eddy of Entertainment Weekly, Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AMG and Daniel Durchholz, lavished the album as "compelling", "passionate", "stylish", "elegant" and "remarkably well-crafted".[57][61] Falling Into You became Dion's most critically and commercially successful album: it topped the charts in many countries and became one of the best-selling albums of all time.[62] In 2013, CBC Music ranked Falling into you 33rd in their list of the 100 greatest Canadian albums ever.[63] In the United States, the album reached number-one,[64] and was later certified 11x Platinum for over 11 million copies shipped.[65] In Canada, the album was certified diamond for over one million copies shipped.[66] The IFPI certified Falling into You 9x Platinum, an accolade that has been given to only two other albums in history, with one of the two being Dion's own album, Let's Talk About Love.[67] The album also won Grammy Awards for Best Pop Album, and the academy's highest honor Album of the Year.[68]Dion's status on the world stage was further solidified when she was asked to perform "The Power of the Dream" at the opening ceremonies of the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games.[69] In March 1996, Dion launched the Falling into You Tour in support of her new album, giving concerts around the world for over a year. Céline Dion on stage with her dancers performing "River Deep – Mountain High" on the Taking Chances World Tour in September 2008. Dion followed Falling into You with Let's Talk About Love (1997), which was publicized as its sequel.[70] The recording process took place in London, New York City, and Los Angeles, and featured a host of special guests, such as Barbra Streisand on "Tell Him"; the Bee Geeson "Immortality"; and world-renowned tenor Luciano Pavarotti on "I Hate You Then I Love You".[47][71] Other musicians included Carole King, Sir George Martin, Bryan Adams and Jamaican singer Diana King, who added a reggae tinge to "Treat Her Like a Lady".[72] As withFalling into You, Let's Talk About Love was a major success for Dion, reaching number-one all over the world, attaining platinum status in twenty-four sales territories, and becoming the fastest selling album of her career.[73] In the United States, the album topped the chart in its seventh week of release,[74] and was later certified 10x Platinum in the U.S. for over 10 million copies shipped.[75] In Canada, the album sold 230,212 copies in its first week of release, which became, and still is, a record.[76] It was eventually certified diamond in Canada for over 1 million copies shipped.[77][78] The most successful single from the album was the classically influenced ballad "My Heart Will Go On", which was written and composed by James Horner and Will Jennings, and produced by Horner and Walter Afanasieff.[68] Serving as the love theme for the 1997 blockbuster film Titanic, the song topped the charts across the world, and became Dion's signature song;[79] as well as winning the Academy Award and Golden Globe for Best Original Song.[80] The song also garnered Dion two Grammy Awards for "Best Female Pop Vocal Performance" and the most coveted "Record of the Year", (the song itself won four awards, but two were presented to the songwriters).[81] "My Heart Will Go On" and "Think Twice" made her the only female artist in the UK to have two singles to sell more than a million copies.[82] In support of her album, Dion embarked on the Let's Talk About Love Tour between 1998 and 1999.[83] Dion ended the 1990s with three more extremely successful albums: the Christmas album These Are Special Times (1998), the French-language album, S'il suffisait d'aimer, and the compilation album All the Way... A Decade of Song (1999).[84] On These Are Special Times, Dion co-wrote the song "Don't Save It All For Christmas Day" along with Ric Wake and Peter Zizzo.[85] The album was her most classically influenced yet, with orchestral arrangements found on virtually every track.[86] The album featured the single "I'm Your Angel", a duet with R. Kelly, which became Dion's fourth U.S. number one single, and a smash hit across the world. All the Way... A Decade of Song drew together her most successful hits coupled with seven new songs, including the lead off single "That's the Way It Is", a cover of Roberta Flack's "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face", and "All the Way", a duet with Frank Sinatra.[84] All the way became one of the best-selling compilation albums of all time, reaching number-one in the United States for three weeks.[64] The album was later certified 7x Platinum in the U.S. for 7 million copies shipped.[87] It also topped the charts in the UK,[88] Canada,[89] and Australia.[90] Her last French-language studio album of the 1990s, S'il suffisait d'aimer, was very successful as well, topping the charts in every major French-speaking country, including France,[91]Switzerland,[92] Belgium Wallonia,[93] and Canada.[89] In France, the album was certified diamond, selling 1.5 million copies.[94] By the end of the 1990s, Celine Dion had sold more than 100 million albums worldwide, and had won a slew of industry awards.[95] Her status as one of the music industry's biggest pop divas was further solidified when she was asked to perform on VH1's Divas Live special in 1998, with superstars Aretha Franklin, Gloria Estefan, Shania Twain and Mariah Carey.[96] That year she also received two of the highest honours from her home country: "Officer of the Order of Canada for Outstanding Contribution to the World of Contemporary Music"[97][98] and "Officer of theNational Order of Quebec".[99] A year later she was inducted into the Canadian Broadcast Hall of Fame, and was honoured with a star on Canada's Walk of Fame.[100] Starting from the mid-nineties, the pop rock influence that was more noticeable in her earlier releases, was replaced by a more mature feel.[70] Additionally, the recurring theme of "love" dominated most of her releases, which led to some critics dismissing her music as banal.[101] Other critics, like Elysa Gardner and Jose F. Promis, praised her voice during this period, describing it as a "technical marvel".[102][103] Steve Dollar, in his review of These Are Special Times, opined that Dion was a "vocal Olympian for whom there ain't no mountain—or scale—high enough."[104] 2000–03: Hiatus, A New Day Has Come, One Heart and 1 fille & 4 types After releasing and promoting thirteen albums during the 1990s, Dion stated that she needed to settle down, and announced on her latest album All the Way... A Decade of Song, that she needed to take a step back from the spotlight and enjoy life.[12][105] Angélil's diagnosis with throat cancer also prompted her to hiatus.[106] While on break, Dion was unable to escape the spotlight. In 2000, the National Enquirer published a false story about the singer. Brandishing a picture of Dion and her husband, the magazine misquoted Dion, printing the headline, "Celine — 'I'm Pregnant With Twins!'"[107] Dion later sued the magazine for more than twenty million dollars.[108] The editors of theEnquirer printed an apology and a full retraction to Dion in the next issue, and donated money to the American Cancer Society in honor of Dion and her husband. A year after the incident, after undergoing fertility treatments, Dion gave birth to a son, René-Charles Dion Angélil, on 25 January 2001, in Florida.[109][110] Following the September 11 attacks, Dion returned to the music scene, and in a televised performance sang "God Bless America" at the benefit concert America: A Tribute to Heroes. Chuck Taylor ofBillboard wrote, "the performance... brings to mind what has made her one of the celebrated vocalists of our time: the ability to render emotion that shakes the soul. Affecting, meaningful, and filled with grace, this is a musical reflection to share with all of us still searching for ways to cope."[111] Dion would perform it again in 2003 during pregame festivities for Super Bowl XXXVII in San Diego.[112] In December 2001, Dion published her autobiography, My Story, My Dream which chronicled her rags to riches story.[113] Dion ended her three-year sabbatical from the music industry with the aptly titled album A New Day Has Come, released in March 2002. The album was Dion's most personal yet, with songs focusing on her motherhood and maturation as a woman such as "A New Day Has Come", and "Goodbye's (The Saddest Word)". She stated: "becoming a mother makes you a grown-up."[105] She stated, "A New Day Has Come, for Rene, for me, is the baby. It has everything to do with the baby...That song "A New Day Has Come" represents very well the mood I'm feeling right now. It represents the whole album."[114] A New Day Has Come debuted at number one in over 17 countries, including the United Kingdom and Canada.[115][116][117] In the United States, the album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, with first week sales of 527,000 copies; marking her first number one debut on the chart, as well as the highest debut sales week of her career in the US.[118] It was eventually certified 3x Platinum in the United States,[119] and 6x Platinum in Canada.[120] Dion performing "God Bless America" with members of the Band of the U.S. Air Force Reserve, 2002. While the album was commercially successful, critical reviews suggested that it was "forgettable" and the lyrics were "lifeless".[121] Both Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone magazine, and Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly, stated that Dion's music had not developed much during her break, and classed her material as trite and mediocre.[122][123] Sal Cinquemani of Slant magazine called the album "a lengthy collection of drippy, gooey pop fluffer-nutter."[124] The first single off the album, A New Day Has Come peaked at No.22 on the BillboardHot 100 charts, being an airplay-only release. On the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks, however the song spent 21 consecutive weeks at number 1, breaking the record for the longest span at the top.[125] The previous record holders were Phil Collins' You'll Be in My Heartand Dion's own Because You Loved Me, both of which lasted nineteen weeks at number 1. During 2002, she performed for many benefit concerts, including her second appearance on VH1 Divas Live, a concert to benefit the VH1 Save The Music Foundation, alongside Cher,Anastacia, Dixie Chicks, Mary J. Blige, W	i don't know
Who wrote the trilogy of plays ‘The Norman Conquests’?	The Norman Conquests: A Trilogy of Plays - Alan Ayckbourn - Google Books The Norman Conquests: A Trilogy of Plays 0 Reviews https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Norman_Conquests.html?id=ljuQSbBUCL4C This brilliant comic trilogy details the amorous exploits of Norman, assistant librarian, whose one aim is to make the women of his life happy--these women being, as it happens, three sisters, one of them his wife, who can’t wear contact lenses because "life with Norman is full of unexpected eye movements.” Each play stands uproariously on its own yet interlocks with the others to form an ingenious Chinese puzzle of successive relations. What people are saying - Write a review We haven't found any reviews in the usual places. All Book Search results » About the author (1988) Many American tourists who flock to the annual Ayckbourn offering in London's West End, think of Alan Ayckbourn as Great Britain's Neil Simon. The analogy holds true to the extent that the relationship between Ayckbourn's and Simon's plays illustrates the difference between British and American theater and audiences. Both writers capture the social machinations of middle-class characters in daily situations that are made compelling simply by the addition of clever but conventional plots, dramatic intrigues, twists, and discoveries. However, where Simon's plays tend to evolve into a condition of broad pathos or comedy, luxuriating in bittersweet melodrama, Ayckbourn's offerings revel in ever increasing intricacy, sharply incisive verbal dueling, and a dark social resonance that sounds much greater depths than in Simon's drama. Ayckbourn's scripts embody boggling challenges for directors and actors as well as audiences. Intimate Exchanges (1985), for example, a sequence of plays for ten characters played by only two actors, involves numerous moments when an actor chooses to send the script off on one of two alternative directions. The Norman Conquests (1975) typifies Ayckbourn's determination to squeeze as much as possible out of a dramatic construct. The trilogy's first play, Table Manners, offers a typical Ayckbourn scenario with family traumas played against each other in the constrained setting of a dining room. In the second and third plays, Living Together and Round and Round the Garden, the audience is exposed to simultaneous layers of action that occur in two other venues, the living room and garden, when characters are not onstage in the dining room. Each play makes sense on its own, but the trilogy taken as a whole embodies a vision of this family that is larger than the sum of the individual parts. Aychbourn has also been known for rather experimental staging. The Way Upstream (1982), for example, is set on and around a boat and requires flooding the stage. Ayckbourn's later plays reflect a bleak vision of society. In Woman in Mind (1985) and Henceforward (1987), Aychbourn's characters have become increasingly complex, and he reveals himself as an intense social commentator. Other recent plays include It Could Be Any One of Us (1983), Man of the Moment (1990), and Body Language (1991). Since the 1970s, Ayckbourn has written at least one play a season; the premieres are always at a small local theater that he runs in the resort town of Scarborough. 020	Alan Ayckbourn
Heteropoda davidbowie is the name given to which rare yellow creature in 2009?	The Norman Conquests – EW.com 57518 We gave it an A To see or not to see the entire trilogy…that is the question. You won’t offend Alan Ayckbourn if you don’t see every part (Table Manners, Living Together, and Round and Round the Garden); he constructed each 1973 comedy as a stand-alone evening: ”Any suggestion that it was essential to see all three plays to appreciate any one of them would probably result in no audience at all,” he says in the preface to Conquests‘ published edition. Will you want to see all of them? Given this smashing revival imported from London’s Kevin Spacey-run Old Vic Theatre, the answer is an unqualified yes. The perfection of Conquests‘ construction isn’t evident until you view all three — each a slice of a single weekend-in-the-country life cut from three spots (a dining room, lounge, and garden). For proof of the trilogy’s expert craftsmanship, read them in sequence, as Ayckbourn wrote them: Begin with scene 1 of Round and Round the Garden, then scene 1 of Table Manners, then scene 1 of Living Together, and so on. You’ll find yourself flipping between the scripts mid-scene when actions occur simultaneously. It’s masterful — an impenetrable dramaturgical fortress. Not a crack to be found. (The British author’s easy way with a laugh, not to mention his sheer productivity — the 70-year-old has penned 72 full-length plays — often belies his skill.) Similarly, only upon the completion of the trilogy is the depth of these six characters revealed. First off, there’s the cad Norman (British TV star Stephen Mangan, delightfully cheeky and wonderfully self-effacing, particularly when wearing perilously short white tennis shorts). He’s married to the strikingly attractive but nearly blind Ruth (Amelia Bullmore); he has planned a weekend getaway with her frumpier but still alluring sibling Annie (Jessica Hynes, of Spaced fame); and he has somehow lit a fire inside her ice-queen sister-in-law Sarah (Amanda Root). Meanwhile, Sarah’s henpecked husband, Reg (Paul Ritter), mucks about, amused; Annie’s socially inept suitor Tom (Ben Miles, star of the U.K.’s Coupling) putters around, mostly unaware of who’s sleeping with whom. (Of course, this is a veterinarian who can’t seem to catch the family’s unnamed cat. The poor man keeps calling out for ”pussy.”) The top-drawer cast was assembled by Matthew Warchus, who also helmed this season’s expertly orchestrated God of Carnage. All of these antics are made infinitely more amusing by the fact that Norman is not exactly the ”Greek god” he fancies himself. Shaggy-haired, bug-eyed, beard badly in need of trimming, perpetually disheveled, he’s more, as Annie says in Round and Round the Garden, ”a badly built haystack.” Or ”an old English sheepdog.” (Actually, that’s only one of many canine comparisons Norman conjures. He’s frequently found splayed out on the floor, or scuttling about on all fours, or generally begging to be petted/scratched/cuddled. ”He really only jumps up at people who encourage him,” Ruth says later to an indignant Sarah. ”It’s a general rule, if you don’t want him licking your face, don’t offer him little tidbits.”) Each play sheds light on one of Norman’s conquests: Garden shows Norman’s genuine affection for Annie — dismissed, scoffed at, and trampled on by Sarah in Table Manners. The depth of Ruth and Norman’s connection is displayed — on the floor, on a brown faux-fur rug — in Living Together. Manners binds Norman and Sarah together — figuratively and literally (it’s breakfast, there’s jam, you get the picture…). As a result, which play you see first will greatly affect your opinion of all the characters — but especially Norman, and how much sympathy you have for this very flawed character. If you’re seeing all three, I recommend starting off with Garden. It gives you the beginning and the ending, then sketches a design of the rest; the order of the remaining two plays, which fill in the blanks with equal skill, doesn’t really matter. On Saturdays, you can see the trilogy straight through: Manners at 11:30, Living at 3:30, Garden at 8. (A fine option, though by the time Norman arrives — even more obnoxious than his pajamas — the deck is stacked rather highly against him.) Avoid, however, seeing Living first; the final scene needs a bit of plot from either of the other plays. We realize that not everyone has upwards of $300 and seven and a half hours to spare — so if you’re seeing only one show, make it Garden. It may not be the most knee-slapping, uproariously funny of the bunch — personally, I adored the claws-out abandonment of Living — but it’s the sharpest snapshot. And, given its outdoor setting, Garden is the most Ayckbournesque. But, honestly, any of the three entries gives you a generous glimpse into a gleefully torrid little world. Three plays, six characters…infinite possibilities. A (Tickets: Telecharge.com or 212-239-6200)	i don't know
The 2008 film ‘Valkyrie’ depicts the 1944 plot to assassinate which political figure?	Valkyrie Rankings & Opinions 31 lists Valkyrie Valkyrie is a 2008 American-German historical thriller film set in Nazi Germany during World War II. The film depicts the 20 July plot in 1944 by German army officers to assassinate Adolf Hitler and to use the Operation Valkyrie national emergency plan to take control of the country. Valkyrie was directed by Bryan Singer for the American studio United Artists, and the film stars Tom Cruise as Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg, one of the key plotters. The cast included...	Adolf Hitler
Tansu Ciller was the first woman Prime Minister of which European country?	1000+ images about VALKYRIE- Conspiração contra Hitler on Pinterest \| On august, Tom cruise and Wolf's lair Forward Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist was the last surviving member of the failed plot to kill Hitler. As a german army lieutenant, he was asked by the leader of the 07.20.44 assassination attempt, to carry a briefcase packed w/ explosives to the meeting w/Hitler. Von Stauffenberg placed the bomb but Hitler survived the explosion. Von Kleist was arrested & questioned for several weeks by Gestapo before being unexpectedly released while the others were executed, including his father. He died on 03.03.13. See More	i don't know
Which London Underground station has the longest escalator?	London Underground: 150 fascinating Tube facts - Telegraph Telegraph 150 London Underground facts (including the birth of Jerry Springer in East Finchley station) It's closed today, but it's still interesting Credit: John Stillwell Jolyon Attwooll , Travel writer 9 January 2017 • 11:00am You can't ride it today, thanks to industrial action. But you can learn a few things about the Tube instead. 1. There is only one Tube station which does not have any letters of the word 'mackerel' in it: St John's Wood. 2. The average speed on the Underground is 20.5 miles per hour including station stops. 3. The busiest Tube station is Waterloo, which was used by around 95 million passengers in 2015. In 2014 Oxford Circus took top spot, in 2009 it was Victoria, and in 2005 it was King's Cross, 4. On the Metropolitan line, trains can reach over 60mph. The Night Tube service started on August 19, 2016 Credit: AFP or licensors/DANIEL LEAL-OLIVAS 5. The shortest distance between two adjacent stations on the underground network is only 260 metres. The tube journey between Leicester Square and Covent Garden on the Piccadilly Line takes only about 20 seconds, but costs £4.90 (cash fare). Yet it still remains one of the most popular journeys with tourists. 6. Many tube stations were used as air-raid shelters during the Second World War, but the Central Line was even converted into a fighter aircraft factory that stretched for over two miles, with its own railway system. Its existence remained an official secret until the 1980s. 7. Angel has the Underground's longest escalator at 60m/197ft, with a vertical rise of 27.5m. 8. The shortest escalator is Stratford, with a vertical rise of 4.1m. 9. Only 45 per cent of the Underground is actually in tunnels. 10. The longest distance between stations is on the Metropolitan line from Chesham to Chalfont & Latimer: a total of only 3.89 miles. The history of the Tube in pictures 11. The longest continuous tunnel is on the Northern line and runs from East Finchley to Morden (via Bank), a total of 17.3 miles. 12. Aldgate Station, on the Circle and Metropolitan Lines, is built on a massive plague pit, where more than 1,000 bodies are buried. 13. The longest journey without change is on the Central line from West Ruislip to Epping, and is a total of 34.1 miles. 14. The deepest station is Hampstead on the Northern line, which runs down to 58.5 metres. 15. In Central London the deepest station below street level is also the Northern line. It is the DLR concourse at Bank, which is 41.4 metres below. Only 45 per cent of the Underground is actually in tunnels 16. The TARDIS, (Dr Who’s transport) can be found outside Earl’s Court station. Or at least an old police call box can. 17. The London Underground manages about 10 per cent of all green spaces in London. 18. Wildlife observed on the Tube network includes woodpeckers, deer, sparrowhawk, bats, grass snakes, great crested newts, slow worms. 19. Over 47 million litres water are pumped from the Tube each day, enough to fill a standard leisure centre swimming pool (25 metres x 10 metres) every quarter of an hour. 20. The London Underground trains were originally steam powered. 21. The station with the most platforms is Baker Street with 10 (Moorgate also has 10 platforms but only six are used by Tube trains - others are used by overground trains). 22.The District Line has the most stations: 60. There are 270 stations on the network Credit: Dominic Lipinski 23. The Waterloo and City Line has the fewest stations (no intermediate stations) 24. The Underground name first appeared on stations in 1908. 25. London Underground has been known as the Tube since 1890 due to the shape of the tunnels. 26. The first deep-level electric railway line also opened in 1890. 27. The Tube's logo is known as “the roundel” (a red circle crossed by a horizontal blue bar) 28. The station with the most escalators is Waterloo with 23. 29. The total number of passengers carried during 2013/14 was 1.265 billion – making it the world's 11th busiest metro. 30. The highest station above sea level is Amersham, at 147 metres. What we love about the London Underground 31. Tube trains travelled 76.4 million kilometres last year. 32. The Northern line has the highest maximum number of trains required for scheduled peak period service: 91. The Tube's logo is known as “the roundel” Credit: Reuters Photographer 33. The Waterloo & City line has the fewest scheduled for peak period service at just five. 34. The total length of the London Underground network is 250 miles. 35. In 1926, suicide pits were installed beneath tracks due to a rise in the numbers of passengers throwing themselves in front of trains. 36. The eastern extension of the Jubilee line is the only Underground line to feature glass screens to deter "jumpers". 37. The earliest trains run from Osterley to Heathrow on the Piccadilly line, starting at 4.45am. 38. The greatest elevation above the ground level is on the Northern line at Dollis Brook viaduct over Dollis road, Mill Hill: it rises a total of 18 metres (60ft). 39. One of the early names proposed for the Victoria Line was the Viking line. 40. In 1924, the first baby was born on the Underground, on a train at Elephant & Castle on the Bakerloo line. The Tube's prettiest stations 41. The American talk show host Jerry Springer was born at East Finchley during the Second World War: his mother had taken shelter in the station from an air raid. 42. Builders working on the Bakerloo Line are reported to have suffered from the bends while tunnelling under the Thames. 43. The inaugural journey of the first Central line train in 1900 had the Prince of Wales and Mark Twain on board. The total length of the London Underground network is 250 miles Credit: PA 44. The tunnels beneath the City curve significantly because they follow its medieval street plan. 45. The Central line introduced the first flat fare when it opened at the turn of the 20th century. The tuppence fare lasted until the end of June 1907 when a threepenny fare was introduced for longer journeys. 46. Charles Pearson, MP and Solicitor to the City of London, is credited with successfully campaigning for the introduction of the Underground. He died in 1862 shortly before the first train ran. 47. The first escalator on the Underground was installed at Earl's Court in 1911. 48. The first crash on the Tube occurred in 1938 when two trains collided between Waterloo and Charing Cross, injuring 12 passengers. 49. Harry Beck produced the well known Tube map diagram while working as an engineering draughtsman at the London Underground Signals Office. He was reportedly paid 10 guineas (£10.50) for his efforts. 50. Harry Beck’s map was considered too big a departure from the norm, but the public liked it and it became official in 1933. 51. Busking has been licensed on the Tube since 2003. 52. Sting and Paul McCartney are both rumoured to have busked on the Underground in disguise. 53. The phrase "Mind the gap" dates back to 1968. The recording that is broadcast on stations was first done by Peter Lodge, who had a recording company in Bayswater. A photo posted by bologna\|2001\|galvani (@_f_r_e_0_1_) on Aug 18, 2016 at 4:53am PDT 54. The Peter Lodge recording of “Mind the Gap” is still in use, but some lines use recordings by a Manchester voice artist Emma Clarke. On the Piccadilly line the recording is notable for being the voice of Tim Bentinck, who plays David Archer in The Archers. 55. The Jubilee Line was the only Underground Line to connect with all the others until the East London line ceased to be part of the Underground in 2007 (now the Central Line does too). 56. Approximately 50 passengers a year kill themselves on the Underground. 57. Fewer than 10 per cent of Tube stations lie south of the Thames. 58. The total number of lifts on the Underground, including four stair lifts, is 167. Ye Olde London Underground Credit: Getty 59. Smoking was banned on the Underground as a result of the King's Cross fire in November 1987 which killed 31 people. A discarded match was thought to be the cause of that inferno. 60. An estimated half a million mice live in the Underground system. London's lost Tube stations: in pictures 61. 1961 marked the end of steam and electric haulage of passenger trains on the London Underground. 62. One of the levels in Tomb Raider 3 is set in the disused Aldwych tube station, featuring scenes of Lara Croft killing rats. 63. In the film Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone, the Hogwarts headmaster has a scar that resembles a map of the London Underground on his knee. 64.There are only two tube station names that contain all five vowels: Mansion House, and South Ealing. 65. Edward Johnston designed the font for the London Underground in 1916. The font he came up with is still in use today. 66. Amersham is also the most westerly tube station, as well as the highest (see above). 67. A macabre statistic is that the most popular tube suicide time is around 11am. 68. In January 2005, in an attempt to alleviate a problem with loitering young people, the London Underground announced it would play classical music at problem stations. Which buildings survived the Great Fire of London? 69. The Underground has the oldest section of underground railway in the world, which opened in 1863. 70. The first section of the Underground ran between Paddington (Bishop's Road) and Farringdon Street. The same section now forms part of the Circle, Hammersmith & City, and Metropolitan lines. London Underground: 10 of the funniest videos 71.The Underground was first used for air raid shelters in September 1940. 72. During the Second World War, part of the Piccadilly line (Holborn - Aldwych branch), was closed and British Museum treasures were stored in the empty spaces. 73. The London Passenger Transport Board was nationalised and became the London Transport Executive in 1948. 74. The first Tube tunnel was opened in 1880, running from the Tower of London to Bermondsey. 75. The Central Line used to be nicknamed as the 'Twopenny Tube' for its flat fare. 76. Dot matrix train destination indicators were introduced onto London Underground platforms in 1983. 77. The single worst accident in terms of fatalities on the Underground occurred on February 28, 1975 at Moorgate, when 42 people died. 78. The Piccadilly line extended to serve Heathrow Terminal 4 in 1986. 79. Penalty fares were only introduced in 1994. 80. The Tube carried one billion passengers in a year for the first time in 2007. London Underground quiz 81.The last manually operated doors on Tube trains (replaced by air-operated doors) were phased out in 1929. 82.The Jubilee Line was named to mark Queen Elizabeth II’s Silver Jubilee in 1977 – but the line did not open until 1979. A photo posted by Merve (@lknmerve) on Aug 1, 2016 at 12:25pm PDT 83. A census carried out on September 27, 1940, found that 177,500 Londoners were sleeping in Tube stations. 84. During the war, special supply trains ran, providing seven tonnes of food and 2,400 gallons of tea and cocoa every night to people staying in the Tube. 85. Covent Garden is believed to be haunted by the ghost of William Terris who met an untimely death near the station in 1897. 86. Another station that is believed to be haunted is Farringdon. The so-called Screaming Spectre is believed to have been a milliner. 87. The Seven Sisters Underground station is believed to have been named after a line of elm trees which stood nearby until the 1830s. 88. The fictitious station of Walford East, which features in the long-running soap opera Eastenders, is supposed to be on the District Line. 89. Every week, Underground escalators travel the equivalent distance of going twice around the world. 90. According to TFL, London Underground trains travel a total of 1,735 times around the world (or 90 trips to the moon and back) each year. 91. A spiral escalator was installed in 1907 at Holloway Road station, but linear escalators were favoured for the rest of the network. A small section of the spiral escalator is in the Acton depot. 92. A small section of the old London Wall survives in the trackside walls of Tower Hill station at platform level. One of the largest pieces of the wall also stands just outside this station. 93. Finsbury Park station has murals that show a pair of duelling pistols, harking back to a time when men would visit the park after hours to defend their honour. The Jubilee line receives the most complaints Credit: © Pixel Youth movement / Alamy Stock Photo/Pixel Youth movement / Alamy Stock Photo 94. In 2012, the most complained about line was the Jubilee. 95. The London Underground is thought to be the third largest metro system in the world, in terms of miles, after the Beijing Subway and the Shanghai Metro. 96. The London Underground is the third busiest metro system in Europe, after Moscow and Paris. 97. The coffin of Dr. Thomas Barnardo was carried in funeral cortege on an underground train in 1905, one of only two occasions this is known to have happened. 98. The Underground helped over 200,000 children escape to the countryside during the Second World War. 99. During the war, some stations (now mostly disused) were converted into government offices: a station called Down Street was used for meetings of the Railway Executive Committee, as well as for the War Cabinet before the Cabinet War Rooms were built. 100. Brompton Road (now disused) on the Piccadilly, Line was apparently used as a control room for anti-aircraft guns. 101. Only five London Underground stations lie outside the M25 motorway The Night Tube is finally here Credit: AFP or licensors/DANIEL LEAL-OLIVAS 102. The Underground runs 24 hours a day at New Year, during special events (such as for the opening and closing ceremonies of the London Olympics), and on selected lines at the weekend. 103. According to a 2002 study air quality on the Underground was 73 times worse than at street level, with 20 minutes on the Northern Line having "the same effect as smoking a cigarette". 104. The former poet laureate John Betjeman created 'Metroland' series, a homage to the people and places served by the Metropolitan line in 1973. Ride the Emirates Air Line cable car with this 360° video 105. The Oyster card was introduced in 2003. 106. The worst civilian death toll on the Underground occurred at Bethnal Green Tube tragedy in 1943, when 173 people died. It is the largest loss of life in a single incident on the London Underground network. 107. The largest number of people killed by a single wartime bomb was 68 at Balham Station. 108. The 100th anniversary of the roundel (the Tube Logo) was celebrated in 2008 by TfL commissioning 100 artists to produce works that celebrate the design. 109. The largest Tube car park is at Epping and has 599 parking spots. 110. The Central Line has the most tube stations with no surface building (Bank, Bethnal Green, Chancery Lane, Gants Hill, Notting Hill Gate) 111. Of the stations that have stairs, Hampstead Station has the most steps (320 in total). 112. There are 14 journeys between stations that take less than a minute on average. 113. King's Cross St Pancras tube station is served by more Underground lines than any other station on the network. 114. Seven London Boroughs are not served by the underground system, six of them being situated south of the River Thames. 115. The total number of carriages in London Underground's fleet, as of January 2013, was 4,134. 116. The total number of stations served on the network is 270. 117. London Underground transferred from the control of the Government to Transport for London (TfL) on July 15, 2003. 118. Scenes from the film Sliding Doors were shot at Waterloo station on the Waterloo & City Line and at Fulham Broadway tube station on the District Line. 119. Filming on location in the Underground costs £500 per hour (plus VAT) unless you have a crew of less than five. 120. You can now no longer go around the Circle Line in a full circle. From 2009, the Circle Line terminated at Edgware Road. 121. Greenford on the Central Line was the last Tube station to use wooden escalators. They were replaced in 2014. 122. Arsenal (originally Gillespie Road) on Piccadilly line is the only station named after a football team. 123. There are three tube stations on the Monopoly board: Liverpool Street Station, King’s Cross and Marylebone. Watch \| How to land at Britain's trickiest airport 03:57 124. The number of stations that only use escalators is 12 125. Nineteen stations just use lifts. 126. The River Westbourne was funnelled above a platform on Sloane Square in a large iron pipe suspended from girders. It remains in place today. 127. The first tube station to be demolished was Westbourne Park on the Metropolitan Line. It was re-sited in 1871. 128. There is a mosquito named after the Tube – the London Underground mosquito, which was found in the London Underground. It was notable for its assault of Londoners sleeping in the Underground during the Blitz. 129.The London Underground Film Office handles over 200 requests a month. 130. In Alfred Hitchcock’s first feature film The Lodger (1926) featured the director making a cameo on the Tube. 131. The record for visiting all the stations on the London Underground network – known as the Tube Challenge – is currently held by Ronan McDonald and Clive Burgess of the United Kingdom, who completed the challenge in 16 hours, 14 minutes and 10 seconds on February 19, 2015 132. The Tube Challenge record did not appear in the Guinness book of records until its eighth edition in 1960, when it stood at 18 hours, 35 minutes. 133. An interactive novel has been published, set on the London Underground. You can read it here . 134. In cockney rhyming slang, the London Underground is known as the Oxo (Cube/Tube). 135. Around 30,000 passengers went on The Metropolitan Line on its first day of public business – January 10, 1863. 136. There were claims the first baby born on the Underground was called Thelma Ursula Beatrice Eleanor (so that her initials would have read TUBE) but this story later proved false – her actual name was Marie Cordery. London brunch 137. On August 3 2012, during the Olympic Games, the London Underground had its most hectic day ever, carrying 4.4 million passengers – but that record was beaten on Friday December 4 2015, when 4.82 million people used it. 138. St James is the only Underground Station to have Grade-I protected status. It includes 55 Broadway, the administrative headquarters of London’s Underground since the 1930s. 139. The most recent Tube birth – a boy – was in 2009. 140. The most common location for filming is Aldwych, a disused station. 141. As Princess Elizabeth, the Queen travelled on the Underground for the first time in May 1939, when she was 13 years old, with her governess Marion Crawford and Princess Margaret. Apr 30, 2016 at 3:30pm PDT 142. Poems on the Underground was launched in 1986, the idea of American writer Judith Chernaik. 143. A series of animal shapes have also been highlighted in the London Underground map, first discovered by Paul Middlewick in 1988. They're created using the tube lines, stations and junctions of the London Underground map. 144. A fragrance known as Madeleine was trialled at St. James Park, Euston, and Piccadilly stations in 2001, intended to make the Tube more pleasant. It was stopped within days after complaints from people saying they felt ill. 145. There were eight deep-level shelters built under the London Underground in the Second World War. One of them in Stockwell is decorated as a war memorial. 146. After the war, the deep level shelter at Clapham South housed immigrants from the West Indies. 147. A 2011 study suggested 30 per cent of passengers take longer routes due to the out-of-scale distances on the Tube map. 148. The first ever air-conditioned, walk-through Underground train ran on the Metropolitan line in 2010. 149. The average distance travelled by each Tube train annually stands at around 114,500 miles. 150. Alcohol was banned on the Tube – and all London Transport – from June 2008. Editor's note: Note that one or two facts have changed since this article was first published in 2014 and this has been updated to reflect those changes. The Best Hotels In London	Angel
Elizabeth Anne Everest was the childhood nanny of which British Prime Minister?	Guys Skis Down Tube Escalator - YouTube Guys Skis Down Tube Escalator Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Jan 5, 2007 Nutter skiing down Angel Tube Station escalator in London. Logest one in Europe apparently. Risky business, but good way to save time! See more at x-tremevideo.com	i don't know
In which country was the 2010 golf Ryder Cup competition held?	Why the Ryder Cup Is the Most Underrated Sports Competition in the World \| Bleacher Report Why the Ryder Cup Is the Most Underrated Sports Competition in the World Use your ← → (arrow) keys to browse more stories Jamie Squire/Getty Images European fans bring plenty of color to the Ryder Cup matches. 1.1K 1 Comment It’s hard to imagine an event that has the potential to be attended by over 200,000 fans over the course of six days, watched on television by untold millions of television viewers and be as fiercely contested as any other sports competition would not be considered among the world’s most elite events. But believe it or not, the Ryder Cup , golf’s ultimate team competition, suffers that fate every two years. Despite featuring a field of elite professional golfers who play for pride of country and no financial compensation, this biennial battle of golf and nerves is some of the most riveting athletic competition ever. The patriotic passion that is stirred by these matches is nearly unparalleled in the universe of great sporting events, with perhaps only soccer’s World Cup surpassing it. The Ryder Cup wasn’t always that way, however, as the United States team regularly thumped Great Britain & Ireland all but three times from the event’s inception until 1985. But when the decision was made to include all of Europe on the team, the pendulum swung with the addition of players like Seve Ballesteros and Bernhard Langer made the matches much more competitive. That increased the passion level among the players and then the fans. That led to bitterness, accusations of cheating at one point, acts of supreme sportsmanship and gamesmanship and great acrimony. Then came 1991 and the War by the Shore, the Ryder Cup that was infused with even more patriotic feelings as a result of what was going on in the Middle East. It has everything a sports fan could want: long-standing bitterness over past incidents, the greatest players in the game (of the 24 players at Medinah Country Club this week, the lowest-ranked player in the World Golf Rankings is 35th) and the highest level of pressure any athlete could be place under. And where does that pressure come from? Well, unlike every other major sporting event except the World Cup, players in the Ryder Cup are representing their country. They’re not playing for a team based in a specific city, this is for a country. Players from all eras are quick to admit that playing for a major championship is one sort of pressure, but playing for your country is a much different and more intense sort of pressure. The players love the event. In the back of their minds for two years leading up to the event, they work hard to qualify for the Ryder Cup team. When they finally make it, they count down the days until it starts. Stepping on the first tee of the first day matches, they all feel nerves like they’ve never felt before. Fervent golf fans, as well as the casual fans, tune in more to these three days of golf than any other. But despite all that, the Ryder Cup still doesn’t receive the kind of respect that events like the Super Bowl, the NCAA basketball tournament and, in other countries, the World Cup. Why is that? Well, I can’t really think of many. One possibility that Ryder Cup is underrated is the time of year it’s held. It’s always at the end of golf season, in early fall. And really, it’s not so much that it’s held in the fall, it’s more that it’s held early in football season. High school, college and professional teams have begun their seasons and for sports fans sometimes golf fades off their radar. Maybe it has something to do with the fact that the Ryder Cup is held every other year instead of every year like the Super Bowl or Stanley Cup playoffs or World Series. But it’s set up that way to help create the incredible interest that builds between events. And while it’s true that while the Ryder Cup won’t have the economic impact of a Super Bowl, estimates are that the greater Chicago area will see a multi-million dollar boost as a result of the Ryder Cup. Via chicagobusiness.com , “As much as we overestimated (the economic impact of) NATO, I think we've underestimated the Ryder Cup,” said Laurence Geller, CEO of Chicago-based Strategic Hotels & Resorts, Inc. Tournament organizers are calling the Ryder Cup the biggest sporting event in Illinois history with the possibility of seeing as much as $130 million in economic boost. A year ago, the Ryder Cup was held at Celtic Manor in Wales, and despite inclement weather playing havoc with the schedule and forcing the event into Monday, the Ryder Cup took the golf resort from being the United Kingdom’s leading golf and business hotel into a major global brand. For the life of me, I really can’t get a firm grip on why the word “underrated” is used as a prefix to Ryder Cup. The cheers and jeers—yes, it’s louder than any other golf tournament you’ve been to—create an atmosphere that is very close to crossing over into other atmospheres of other big events. If you are a sports fan and have by design not watched any of the Ryder Cup to this point, this would be a great year to start. This 39th edition could well be the best ever. Give it a look and tell me if you don’t agree that it’s puzzling why this thing is underrated.	Wales
In 1999, who became the first female President of Switzerland?	The Celtic Manor Resort -The Ryder Cup The Ryder Cup More than ten years in the making, The Ryder Cup proved worth the wait when it was played in Wales for the first time at The Celtic Manor Resort in 2010. The 2010 Ryder Cup was even described as the “greatest ever” after the sun shone on a dramatic final day at The Celtic Manor Resort. Wales Open champion Graeme McDowell enjoyed his second winning moment in the space of four months on the spectacular Twenty Ten Course when it fell upon him to secure the winning point for Europe in the very last match. McDowell beat American Hunter Mahan in front of the Twenty Ten members pavilion above the 17th hole after holing a thrilling birdie putt on the 16th green. Europe had held a commanding three-point lead going into the final day of singles which had been extended into Monday for the first time following torrential rain on Friday and Sunday. The Americans fought back on the closing day with their long list of winners including Tiger Woods and Phil Mickelson, the best two players in the world. When the entire four days of competition boiled down to the 28th and final game, McDowell was up to the challenge. “This is the greatest Ryder Cup ever witnessed on either side of the Atlantic,” said Phil Weaver, Chairman of the Professional Golfers Association, at the closing ceremony. “The stunning atmosphere of The Twenty Ten Course has been challenged by the conditions but thanks to the good people of Wales we have overcome.” Jim Remy, President of the PGA of America, added: “I’d like to thank everyone, especially (Celtic Manor Chairman) Sir Terry Matthews for all their hard work, but most of all their friendship. It’s clear there’s nothing like Welsh hospitality.” During his victory speech, Europe Captain Colin Montgomerie said: “I congratulate Sir Terry Matthews and his fantastic staff at the Celtic Manor Resort and, in particular, a superb vote of thanks goes to Jim McKenzie and his team of 110 greenkeepers who made playing here possible. The world was watching and Wales delivered.” For bookings and information contact The Reservations Team on +44 (0)1633 410263	i don't know
Who wrote the 1902 autobiography ‘The Story of My Life’?	Helen Keller—In Her Own Words Helen Keller—In Her Own Words The 100th Anniversary of The Story of My Life Helen Keller began writing The Story of My Life in 1902, when she was 22 years old and still a student at Radcliffe College, the sister school of Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Helen Keller, on her graduation from Radcliffe College, circa 1904 The Story of My Life contains three parts. The first is Helen Keller's autobiographical account of her life from childhood to the beginning of her studies at Radcliffe. This chronicle describes the transformation of Helen's life brought about by the arrival of Anne Sullivan, her teacher and mentor, when she succeeded in conveying to Helen the "mystery of language." Part II contains Helen's letters to family and friends, arranged in chronological sequence, and documents her growth in thought and expression through her writing. The introduction and editorial comments in this section were contributed by John Macy, an editor of the Youth's Companion magazine and an instructor at Harvard who became the literary agent for Ms. Keller and editor of many of her works. The third part, a supplementary section, contains an account of Helen Keller's life and education written by John Macy, based for the most part on the records and observations of Anne Sullivan. The Story of My Life first appeared as a serial of several installments in the Ladies Home Journal in 1902 and was met with universal acclaim. In 1903 it was published in book form by Doubleday, Page & Co. and became a critical and commercial success. The Story of My Life has become an enduring classic of American literature. It was always to be the most popular of Helen Keller's works, with numerous editions published throughout the years. Today, the book is available in more than 50 languages, including most European languages, Swedish, Russian, and Japanese, as well as Marathi, Pushtu, Tagalog, and Vedu. The American Foundation for the Blind—the organization to which Helen Keller devoted more than 40 years of her life—is presenting this special online edition of The Story of My Life to commemorate the centennial of the book's publication. Throughout this edition, spelling and punctuation are rendered as they were in the original. The photographs, taken from the Helen Keller Archives of the American Foundation for the Blind, are for the most part those printed in the original. When an original photograph was unavailable, the closest possible facsimile was used. AFB was founded in 1921 and for decades guided by Helen Keller—an inspiring, courageous woman who fervently believed that blind people, with just a little help, can lead independent lives and give much more to society than they will ever take. Today, there are many more people, from newborns to the growing elder population, in need of a helping hand than Helen Keller ever imagined. With your support, the American Foundation for the Blind can reach out to those who need help . Thank you for your support.	Helen Keller
The Andaman Sea is known by what other name?	Helen Keller Biography for Kids « Remove Ads Helen Keller Biography for Kids Helen Adams Keller was born in Tuscumbia, Alabama, in 1880. Her father owned a cotton plantation, and he was an officer in the Confederate Army during the Civil War. She started speaking when she was six months old, and she was able to communicate with her parents. When she was 19 months old, a very high fever left Helen blind and deaf. When she was an adult, both her eyes were replaced with glass eyes for medical and cosmetic reasons. Martha Washington, the daughter of their family cook, was her friend while she was young. They developed a sort of sign language so they could talk to each other. Helen was bright, but unfortunately, she was also an unruly, spoiled child who disrupted family life with her temper tantrums. In 1886, Helen’s mother read a story by Charles Dickens that described how another deafblind child named Laura Bridgman had been educated. Alexander Graham Bell taught speech to deaf students using a manual alphabet called “Visible Speech” that was invented by his father. He referred Helen and her parents to the Perkins Institute for the Blind for help. This is where Helen met Anne Sullivan. They were together for 49 years. Anne had an infection of the eyes called trachoma when she was 7. She was legally blind until she had an operation at age 15 which restored some of her sight. Anne learned the manual alphabet at the Perkins School. Words were signed into the palm of the hand where a deafblind person could feel the movement of the fingers. This skill was critical for her success in working with Helen. Anne was loving, patient and determined. First she taught Helen to behave, then how to spell things with her hands, and to speak. Helen learned speech by feeling the throats and mouths of others as they spoke. Anne was able to teach Helen to understand finger spelling after she had Helen feel water coming from a pump. Helen described it like this: “I stood still, my whole attention fixed upon the motions of her fingers. Suddenly I felt a misty consciousness as of something forgotten – a thrill of returning thought; and somehow the mystery of language was revealed to me. I knew then that “w-a-t-e-r” meant the wonderful cool something that was flowing over my hand. That living word awakened my soul, gave it light, hope, joy, set it free!” Helen demanded to know the names of other things. That first day she learned 30 words. After six months, she knew 625. By age 10, she knew the manual alphabet, Braille (an alphabet of raised dots that people can feel), and how to use the typewriter. In 1904, Helen graduated with honors from Radcliffe College. Anne interpreted lessons and spelled out textbooks for her. Helen learned to read French, German, Greek, and Latin in Braille. Because of her accomplishments, Helen became famous. Alexander Graham Bell gave a picture of Helen and one of her letters to a newspaper. People became eager to meet Helen and Anne. Mark Twain called Anne a “miracle-worker.” Twain and Keller became friends. Twain introduced her to Henry H. Rogers, an oil executive, who agreed to pay Helen’s expenses at Radcliffe College. Helen was the first deafblind person to earn a Bachelor of Arts degree. Helen was an advocate for women and people with disabilities. She was in favor of women’s right to vote, and trade unions; she was against war, child labor and capital punishment. Helen wrote 12 books including her autobiography, The Story of My Life. She traveled to over 40 countries to lecture on the problems of the blind and the need to prevent the causes of blindness. When she visited Akita Prefecture in Japan, she mentioned that she would like to have an Akita dog. One was presented to her as a gift from the Japanese government. This is how the Akita breed became known to people in the United States. In 1920, she helped found the American Civil Liberties Union. She was presented with the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1964 and elected to the Women’s Hall of Fame in 1965. Helen devoted her life to helping others. She was a symbol of courage in the face of overwhelming odds. Helen died June 1, 1968.	i don't know
The John Bunn Lifetime Achievement is an annual prize given in which sport?	A comprehensive list of Pat Summitt's career achievements \| Nashville Post A comprehensive list of Pat Summitt's career achievements Along with 1,098 career victories, legendary Lady Vols coach collected numerous awards, honors authors Staff Reports Getty Images Pat Summitt won more games than any other NCAA basketball coach (men’s or women’s), was inducted into six Halls of Fame and collected a vast assortment of annual and career coaching honors. A rundown of her achievements, as compiled by the University of Tennessee Athletics Department: MAJOR CAREER ACHIEVEMENTS In 38 seasons as head coach at Tennessee (1974-2012), she coached 161 student-athletes and produced a 1,098-208 record (.840). Her program maintained a 100-percent graduation rate for players who completed their eligibility at Tennessee. In August of 2012, the 122nd player under her watch graduated and entered graduate school for her final playing season as a Lady Vol. Summitt's career victory total was the most of any coach in the history of NCAA men's or women's basketball at the time of her retirement. She guided her teams to eight NCAA National Championships (1987, 1989, 1991, 1996, 1997, 1998, 2007, 2008). Tennessee made an unprecedented 31-consecutive appearances in the NCAA Tournament and advanced to a record 18 NCAA Final Fours, winning eight times and finishing second on five occasions. Her squads won a combined 32 SEC regular season and tournament championships (16 regular season/16 tournament). Tennessee's record during 33 years of play in the SEC under her watch was 317-44 (.878) in the regular season and 69-17 (.802) during the postseason tournament. She produced 21 WBCA/Kodak/State Farm All-Americans who earned 36 honors. A total of 39 of her players earned All-SEC distinction, combining to garner 82 honors. Fourteen of her players went on to compete in the Olympic Games. Sent 34 of her players on to the WNBA, including 15 drafted in the first round and three picked No. 1 overall. At the time of her retirement in 2012, 78 who were mentored by Summitt in the UT program worked in basketball coaching or administrative positions. Coached U.S. Olympic Women's Basketball Team to gold medal at 1984 Los Angeles Olympiad. Also selected as assistant on 1980 U.S. Olympic Team and for various other international competitions. Was co-captain player on silver-medal-winning 1976 U.S. Olympic squad while employed as coach at Tennessee. MAJOR COACHING AWARDS Summitt was named as the Naismith Coach of the Century in April 2000. In July 2009, The Sporting News named the "50 Greatest Coaches of All-Time." Summitt was voted 11th and was the only woman on the list. She became the first female recipient of the Legends of Coaching Award, which was adopted by the John R. Wooden Award Committee in 1999. The award recognizes the lifetime achievement of coaches who exemplify the late Coach Wooden's high standards of coaching success and personal achievement. After winning her eighth NCAA title, Summitt received the prestigious John R. Wooden Legends of Coaching lifetime achievement award in Los Angeles, Calif., on April 12, 2008. In 1990, Summitt received the most prestigious award given by the Basketball Hall of Fame, the John Bunn Award. Summitt was the first female to receive the award in the Hall's history. Named 2011 Sports Illustrated Sportswoman of the Year (along with Sportsman of the Year, Duke men's coach Mike Krzyzewski on Dec. 6, 2011). Summitt was named 1987, 1989, 1994, 1998 and 2004 Naismith College Coach of the Year and 1998 AP Coach of the Year. She was chosen WBCA/Converse Coach of the Year in 1983 and 1995 and the IKON/WBCA Coach of the Year in 1998. She was named SEC Coach of the Year eight times (1993, 1995, 1998, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2011). HALL OF FAME MEMBERSHIPS Summitt was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in Springfield, Mass., on Oct. 13, 2000, the first time she was eligible for the Hall's ballot. A little more than a year earlier, Summitt was inducted into the Women's Basketball Hall of Fame in the 1999 inaugural class. In October 1990, Summitt was enshrined in the Women's Sports Foundation Hall of Fame at a gala event in New York City. In April 1996, she was inducted into the National Association for Sport and Physical Education's Hall of Fame. She was inducted into the Tennessee Women's Hall of Fame on June 17, 2011. Summitt was a 2003 inductee into the Tennessee Sports Hall of Fame	Basketball
Dunlop cheese comes from which country?	Bucks hire Rod Thorn as a special consultant Bucks hire Rod Thorn as a special consultant Highly regarded executive brings more than 50 years of NBA experience to organization The Milwaukee Bucks have hired long-time NBA executive Rod Thorn as a special consultant, the team announced Monday morning in advance of its annual Media Day. Thorn most recently served as the NBA’s president of basketball operations, where he oversaw the league’s daily operations under commissioner Adam Silver. “Rod Thorn is an extremely respected and accomplished NBA executive at both the league and team levels,” Bucks owner Wes Edens said. “He will serve as a terrific resource to our ownership group, as well as John and Jason, as we build our organization into a championship contender. We’re thrilled to add a person of his caliber, with his basketball knowledge and expertise, to the Bucks family.” Thorn had three stops as an NBA general manager – with the Chicago Bulls, New Jersey Nets and Philadelphia 76ers. He is responsible for drafting Michael Jordan to the Chicago Bulls with the third overall pick in the 1984 NBA draft. He also traded for Jason Kidd and was the NBA’s Executive of the Year in 2001-02 for orchestrating the Nets’ dramatic turnaround that led to consecutive trips to the NBA Finals (2002, 2003). “The Bucks have a young, talented team with huge potential and are in the process of building a world-class organization,” said Thorn. “I’m very pleased to work with a visionary ownership group, a terrific young coach in Jason Kidd and an outstanding and well-respected general manager in John Hammond. This is a great time to join the Bucks family, and I’m very excited to be part of it.” Prior to joining the Nets in 2000, Thorn had run the league’s basketball operations under former commissioner David Stern for 14 years. “Rod’s knowledge of the NBA is unparalleled,” NBA Commissioner Adam Silver said. “He's done it all throughout his more than 50 years in the league, and I’m thrilled for both him and the Bucks that he will be joining their organization.” The Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame honored Thorn with its John Bunn Lifetime Achievement Award this year. Given to an international or national figure who has contributed greatly to the game of basketball, it’s the Hall’s most prestigious award outside of induction. “I’ve had the pleasure to know and work with Rod throughout my entire NBA career,” General Manager John Hammond said. “Rod is one of the best in our business, and I’m looking forward to working with him as we continue to build toward a championship.” Thorn was an All-American at West Virginia, and the No. 2 overall pick in the 1963 NBA Draft by the Baltimore Bullets. He enjoyed an eight-year playing career with Baltimore, the Detroit Pistons, the St. Louis Hawks and Seattle SuperSonics. He had two head coaching stints with the ABA’s St. Louis Spirit and the Chicago Bulls before moving full time into basketball administration.	i don't know
US investigative reporter and author Clifford Irving is best known for his 1971 hoax autobiography of which reclusive businessman?	Clifford irving Clifford Irving Publications back to playlist Thirty-seven years ago this week, the nation was enthralled with the scandal that Clifford Irving 's biography of Howard Hughes may be a fraud. published: 21 Jan 2009 views: 33865 Howard Hughes Biography author, Clifford Irving , and his lawyer, Martin Ackerman, speak to press You can license this story through AP Archive : http ://www.aparchive.com/metadata/youtube/9ad5596dbdf8c40e2485625aebfff0cc Find out more about AP Archive: http://www.aparchive.com/HowWeWork published: 23 Jul 2015 views: 1021 Interview with Edith Irving , wife of Clifford Irving , currently serving 2 months in prison for her part in the the forgery of the Howard Hughes Biography You can license this story through AP Archive : http ://www.aparchive.com/metadata/youtube/6ee74b9af3597a5e8ece3af5757fb74b Find out more about AP Archive: http://www.aparchive.com/HowWeWork published: 23 Jul 2015 views: 1071 a short film by Lisa Russell about the Clifford Irving - Howard Hughes biography case, one of Alan Hruska 's most famous cases as a litigator published: 18 Apr 2014 views: 438 Clifford Irving , found guilty of faking Howard Hughe's autobiography, begins serving a prison sentence. You can license this story through AP Archive : http ://www.aparchive.com/metadata/youtube/d84f6aed77632b3b13e7ab2f7ceba072 Find out more about AP Archive: http://www.aparchive.com/HowWeWork published: 21 Jul 2015 views: 356 Clifford Irving , writer of false "autobiography" of Howard Hughes , is released in New York and speaks to reporters. You can license this story through AP Archive : http ://www.aparchive.com/metadata/youtube/e9013a0437aee529467c0c5650645f9c Find out more about AP Archive: http://www.aparchive.com/HowWeWork published: 23 Jul 2015 views: 219 Lasciatevi trasportare dalla voce di Carlo Lucarelli del radiodramma di Radio DeeJay ! In questa puntata ci viene raccontata la storia dello scrittore che ha ingannato il mondo, Clifford Irving . published: 25 Sep 2014 views: 9680 Actor Richard Gere discusses Clifford Irving , whom Gere plays in the movie " The Hoax ". SUBSCRIBE to get the latest from Charlie Rose : http ://bit.ly/CharlieRoseSUBSCRIBE Connect with Charlie Rose Online : Visit the Charlie Rose WEBSITE: http://bit.ly/CharlieRoseDotCom Like Charlie Rose on FACEBOOK : http://bit.ly/CharlieRoseFacebook Follow Charlie Rose on TWITTER : http://bit.ly/CharlieRoseTwitter Follow Charlie Rose on INSTAGRAM : http://bit.ly/CharlieRoseInstagram About Charlie Rose: Emmy award winning journalist Charlie Rose has been praised as "one of America 's premier interviewers." He is the host of Charlie Rose, the nightly PBS program that engages America's best thinkers, writers, politicians, athletes, entertainers, business leaders, scientists and other newsmakers. USA Today calls Charlie Rose, "TV's most addictive talk show." New York Newsday says, " Charlie 's show is the place to get engaging, literate conversation ... Bluntly, he is the best interviewer around today." Richard Gere Talks With Charlie Rose \| Charlie Rose http://www.youtube.com/user/CharlieRose published: 13 Apr 2007 views: 19231 Featuring an interview with Clifford Irving - and the work of Joseph , Sofia , Sophie , Veronica , Nathan , Boris and (a posthumous) Orson Welles . With footage from " F for Fake ," ( 1975 ). published: 11 Mar 2010 views: 752 Martin Ackerman, Lawyer for Clifford Irving , charged with fraud over Howard Hughees diaries gives statement to the press You can license this story through AP Archive : http ://www.aparchive.com/metadata/youtube/f41e6f339fcb9ad34a66790ead9b9e17 Find out more about AP Archive: http://www.aparchive.com/HowWeWork published: 21 Jul 2015 views: 57 Clifford Irving Clifford Michael Irving (born November 5, 1930) is an American investigative reporter and novelist. Although he has written and published twenty books under his own name, he is best known for a fictional " autobiography " of Howard Hughes in the early 1970s. After Hughes denounced him and sued the publisher, McGraw-Hill , Irving confessed to the hoax and was sentenced to two and a half years in prison, of which he served 17 months. Irving's 1981 book titled The Hoax is the author's version of events surrounding the fake autobiography. The book was made into a 2006 biopic of the same name starring Richard Gere as Clifford Irving. He is most active now as an author of electronic books available via Kindle and Nook . Early life and writing career Irving grew up in New York City , the son of Jay Irving , a Collier's cover artist and the creator of the syndicated comic strip Pottsy, and Dorothy. After graduating in 1947 from Manhattan's High School of Music and Art , Irving attended Cornell University , graduated with honors in English, and worked on his first novel, On a Darkling Plain ( Putnam , 1956), while he was a copy boy at The New York Times . This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Clifford_Irving This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License , which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license. Charlie Rose Charles Peete "Charlie" Rose, Jr. (born January 5, 1942) is an American television talk show host and journalist. Since 1991, he has hosted Charlie Rose , an interview show distributed nationally by PBS since 1993. He has also co-anchored CBS This Morning since 2012. Rose also substitutes for the CBS Evening News with Scott Pelley when Pelley is off or on assignment. Rose, along with Lara Logan , has hosted the revived CBS classic Person to Person , a news program during which celebrities are interviewed in their homes, originally hosted from 1953 to 1961 by Edward R. Murrow . Early life Rose was born in Henderson, North Carolina , the only child of Margaret (née Frazier) and Charles Peete Rose, Sr., tobacco farmers who owned a country store. As a child, Rose lived above his parents' store in Henderson and helped out with the family business from age seven. Rose admitted in a Fresh Dialogues interview that as a child his insatiable curiosity was constantly getting him in trouble. A high school basketball star, Rose entered Duke University intending to pursue a degree with a pre-med track, but an internship in the office of Democratic North Carolina Senator B. Everett Jordan got him interested in politics. Rose graduated in 1964 with a bachelor's degree in history. At Duke, he was a member of the Kappa Alpha Order fraternity. He earned a Juris Doctor from the Duke University School of Law in 1968. He met his wife, Mary (King), while attending Duke. This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Charlie_Rose This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License , which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license. Howard Hughes Howard Robard Hughes, Jr. (December 24, 1905 – April 5, 1976) was an American business tycoon, entrepreneur , investor, aviator , aerospace engineer , inventor, filmmaker and philanthropist. During his lifetime, he was known as the wealthiest self-made man in the world, despite the fact that he had inherited 75% of the family business upon the death of his father. As a maverick film tycoon, Hughes gained prominence in Hollywood from the late 1920s, making big-budget and often controversial films like The Racket (1928), Hell's Angels (1930), Scarface (1932), and The Outlaw (1943). Hughes formed the Hughes Aircraft Company in 1932, hiring numerous engineers and designers. He spent the rest of the 1930s setting multiple world air speed records and building the Hughes H-1 Racer and H-4 Hercules (now better known as the "Spruce Goose"). He also acquired and expanded Trans World Airlines (TWA, subsequently acquired by and merged with American Airlines ) and acquired Air West , renaming it Hughes Airwest . Hughes Airwest was eventually acquired by and merged into Republic Airlines . This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Howard_Hughes This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License , which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license. Richard Gere Richard Tiffany Gere (/ˈɡɪər/ GEER; born August 31, 1949) is an American actor and activist. He began acting in the 1970s, playing a supporting role in Looking for Mr. Goodbar and a starring role in Days of Heaven . He came to prominence in 1980 for his role in the film American Gigolo , which established him as a leading man and a sex symbol . He went on to star in several hit films, including An Officer and a Gentleman , Pretty Woman , Primal Fear , Runaway Bride , Arbitrage and Chicago , for which he won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor and a Screen Actors Guild Award for part of the Best Cast. Early life and education Gere was born in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . His mother, Doris Ann ( née Tiffany, born 1924), was a housewife . His father, Homer George Gere (born 1922), was an insurance agent for the Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company , and had originally intended to become a minister . Gere is their eldest son and second child. His paternal great-grandfather had changed the spelling of the surname from "Geer". Both of his parents were Mayflower descendants; Gere's ancestors include Pilgrims Francis Eaton , John Billington , George Soule , Richard Warren , Degory Priest , Francis Cooke and William Brewster . This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - https://wn.com/Richard_Gere This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License , which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license. Loading... Will the Real Howard Hughes... Will the Real Howard Hughes... Will the Real Howard Hughes... Thirty-seven years ago this week, the nation was enthralled with the scandal that Clifford Irving 's biography of Howard Hughes may be a fraud. 1:41 SYND 27-1-72 HOWARD HUGHES BIOGRAPHY AUTHOR, CLIFFORD IRVING, PRESS CONFERENCE SYND 27-1-72 HOWARD HUGHES BIOGRAPHY AUTHOR, CLIFFORD IRVING, PRESS CONFERENCE SYND 27-1-72 HOWARD HUGHES BIOGRAPHY AUTHOR, CLIFFORD IRVING, PRESS CONFERENCE Howard Hughes Biography author, Clifford Irving , and his lawyer, Martin Ackerman, speak to press You can license this story through AP Archive : http ://www.aparchive.com/metadata/youtube/9ad5596dbdf8c40e2485625aebfff0cc Find out more about AP Archive: http://www.aparchive.com/HowWeWork 1:42 SYND 18-8-72 INTERVIEW WITH EDITH IRVING, WIFE OF CLIFFORD IRVING SYND 18-8-72 INTERVIEW WITH EDITH IRVING, WIFE OF CLIFFORD IRVING SYND 18-8-72 INTERVIEW WITH EDITH IRVING, WIFE OF CLIFFORD IRVING Interview with Edith Irving , wife of Clifford Irving , currently serving 2 months in prison for her part in the the forgery of the Howard Hughes Biography You can license this story through AP Archive : http ://www.aparchive.com/metadata/youtube/6ee74b9af3597a5e8ece3af5757fb74b Find out more about AP Archive: http://www.aparchive.com/HowWeWork 3:57 "A History of Our Rights" "A History of Our Rights" "A History of Our Rights" a short film by Lisa Russell about the Clifford Irving - Howard Hughes biography case, one of Alan Hruska 's most famous cases as a litigator 1:05 SYND 29-8-72 HOAX AUTHOR, CLIFFORD IRVING, BEGINS JAIL SENTENCE SYND 29-8-72 HOAX AUTHOR, CLIFFORD IRVING, BEGINS JAIL SENTENCE SYND 29-8-72 HOAX AUTHOR, CLIFFORD IRVING, BEGINS JAIL SENTENCE Clifford Irving , found guilty of faking Howard Hughe's autobiography, begins serving a prison sentence. You can license this story through AP Archive : http ://www.aparchive.com/metadata/youtube/d84f6aed77632b3b13e7ab2f7ceba072 Find out more about AP Archive: http://www.aparchive.com/HowWeWork 0:41 SYND 15-2-74 CLIFFORD IRVING RELEASED IN NEW YORK AND SPEAKS TO PRESS SYND 15-2-74 CLIFFORD IRVING RELEASED IN NEW YORK AND SPEAKS TO PRESS SYND 15-2-74 CLIFFORD IRVING RELEASED IN NEW YORK AND SPEAKS TO PRESS Clifford Irving , writer of false "autobiography" of Howard Hughes , is released in New York and speaks to reporters. You can license this story through AP Archive : http ://www.aparchive.com/metadata/youtube/e9013a0437aee529467c0c5650645f9c Find out more about AP Archive: http://www.aparchive.com/HowWeWork 11:25 Dee Giallo (Carlo Lucarelli): Clifford Irving Dee Giallo (Carlo Lucarelli): Clifford Irving Dee Giallo (Carlo Lucarelli): Clifford Irving Lasciatevi trasportare dalla voce di Carlo Lucarelli del radiodramma di Radio DeeJay ! In questa puntata ci viene raccontata la storia dello scrittore che ha ingannato il mondo, Clifford Irving . 1:50 Richard Gere Talks With Charlie Rose \| Charlie Rose Richard Gere Talks With Charlie Rose \| Charlie Rose Richard Gere Talks With Charlie Rose \| Charlie Rose Actor Richard Gere discusses Clifford Irving , whom Gere plays in the movie " The Hoax ". SUBSCRIBE to get the latest from Charlie Rose : http ://bit.ly/CharlieRoseSUBSCRIBE Connect with Charlie Rose Online : Visit the Charlie Rose WEBSITE: http://bit.ly/CharlieRoseDotCom Like Charlie Rose on FACEBOOK : http://bit.ly/CharlieRoseFacebook Follow Charlie Rose on TWITTER : http://bit.ly/CharlieRoseTwitter Follow Charlie Rose on INSTAGRAM : http://bit.ly/CharlieRoseInstagram About Charlie Rose: Emmy award winning journalist Charlie Rose has been praised as "one of America 's premier interviewers." He is the host of Charlie Rose, the nightly PBS program that engages America's best thinkers, writers, politicians, athletes, entertainers, business leaders, scientists and other newsmakers. USA Today calls Charlie Rose, "TV's most addictive talk show." New York Newsday says, " Charlie 's show is the place to get engaging, literate conversation ... Bluntly, he is the best interviewer around today." Richard Gere Talks With Charlie Rose \| Charlie Rose http://www.youtube.com/user/CharlieRose 1:30 Untitled Modiglianis - featuring Clifford Irving from "F for Fake" Untitled Modiglianis - featuring Clifford Irving from "F for Fake" Untitled Modiglianis - featuring Clifford Irving from "F for Fake" Featuring an interview with Clifford Irving - and the work of Joseph , Sofia , Sophie , Veronica , Nathan , Boris and (a posthumous) Orson Welles . With footage from " F for Fake ," ( 1975 ). 1:54 SYND 29-1-72 CLIFFORD IRVING'S LAWER, MARTIN ACKERMAN ANSWERS QUESTIONS FROM PRESS SYND 29-1-72 CLIFFORD IRVING'S LAWER, MARTIN ACKERMAN ANSWERS QUESTIONS FROM PRESS SYND 29-1-72 CLIFFORD IRVING'S LAWER, MARTIN ACKERMAN ANSWERS QUESTIONS FROM PRESS Martin Ackerman, Lawyer for Clifford Irving , charged with fraud over Howard Hughees diaries gives statement to the press You can license this story through AP Archive : http ://www.aparchive.com/metadata/youtube/f41e6f339fcb9ad34a66790ead9b9e17 Find out more about AP Archive: http://www.aparchive.com/HowWeWork Send this Playlist by SMS Email this Page Play all in Full Screen Show More Related Videos Will the Real Howard Hughes... Thirty-seven years ago this week, the nation was enthralled with the scandal that Clifford Irving 's biography of Howard Hughes may be a fraud. published: 21 Jan 2009 SYND 27-1-72 HOWARD HUGHES BIOGRAPHY AUTHOR, CLIFFORD IRVING, PRESS CONFERENCE Howard Hughes Biography author, Clifford Irving , and his lawyer, Martin Ackerman, speak to press You can license this story through AP Archive : http ://www.aparchive.com/metadata/youtube/9ad5596dbdf8c40e2485625aebfff0cc Find out more about AP Archive: http://www.aparchive.com/HowWeWork published: 23 Jul 2015 SYND 18-8-72 INTERVIEW WITH EDITH IRVING, WIFE OF CLIFFORD IRVING Interview with Edith Irving , wife of Clifford Irving , currently serving 2 months in prison for her part in the the forgery of the Howard Hughes Biography You can license this story through AP Archive : http ://www.aparchive.com/metadata/youtube/6ee74b9af3597a5e8ece3af5757fb74b Find out more about AP Archive: http://www.aparchive.com/HowWeWork published: 23 Jul 2015 "A History of Our Rights" a short film by Lisa Russell about the Clifford Irving - Howard Hughes biography case, one of Alan Hruska 's most famous cases as a litigator published: 18 Apr 2014 SYND 29-8-72 HOAX AUTHOR, CLIFFORD IRVING, BEGINS JAIL SENTENCE Clifford Irving , found guilty of faking Howard Hughe's autobiography, begins serving a prison sentence. You can license this story through AP Archive : http ://www.aparchive.com/metadata/youtube/d84f6aed77632b3b13e7ab2f7ceba072 Find out more about AP Archive: http://www.aparchive.com/HowWeWork published: 21 Jul 2015 SYND 15-2-74 CLIFFORD IRVING RELEASED IN NEW YORK AND SPEAKS TO PRESS Clifford Irving , writer of false "autobiography" of Howard Hughes , is released in New York and speaks to reporters. You can license this story through AP Archive : http ://www.aparchive.com/metadata/youtube/e9013a0437aee529467c0c5650645f9c Find out more about AP Archive: http://www.aparchive.com/HowWeWork published: 23 Jul 2015 Dee Giallo (Carlo Lucarelli): Clifford Irving Lasciatevi trasportare dalla voce di Carlo Lucarelli del radiodramma di Radio DeeJay ! In questa puntata ci viene raccontata la storia dello scrittore che ha ingannato il mondo, Clifford Irving . published: 25 Sep 2014 Richard Gere Talks With Charlie Rose \| Charlie Rose Actor Richard Gere discusses Clifford Irving , whom Gere plays in the movie " The Hoax ". SUBSCRIBE to get the latest from Charlie Rose : http ://bit.ly/CharlieRoseSUBSCRIBE Connect with Charlie Rose Online : Visit the Charlie Rose WEBSITE: http://bit.ly/CharlieRoseDotCom Like Charlie Rose on FACEBOOK : http://bit.ly/CharlieRoseFacebook Follow Charlie Rose on TWITTER : http://bit.ly/CharlieRoseTwitter Follow Charlie Rose on INSTAGRAM : http://bit.ly/CharlieRoseInstagram About Charlie Rose: Emmy award winning journalist Charlie Rose has been praised as "one of America 's premier interviewers." He is the host of Charlie Rose, the nightly PBS program that engages America's best thinkers, writers, politicians, athletes, entertainers, business leaders, scientists and other newsmakers. USA Today call ... published: 13 Apr 2007 Untitled Modiglianis - featuring Clifford Irving from "F for Fake" https://wn.com/Richard_Gere_Talks_With_Charlie_Rose_\|_Charlie_Rose Actor Richard Gere discusses Clifford Irving , whom Gere plays in the movie " The Hoax ". SUBSCRIBE to get the latest from Charlie Rose : http ://bit.ly/CharlieRoseSUBSCRIBE Connect with Charlie Rose Online : Visit the Charlie Rose WEBSITE: http://bit.ly/CharlieRoseDotCom Like Charlie Rose on FACEBOOK : http://bit.ly/CharlieRoseFacebook Follow Charlie Rose on TWITTER : http://bit.ly/CharlieRoseTwitter Follow Charlie Rose on INSTAGRAM : http://bit.ly/CharlieRoseInstagram About Charlie Rose: Emmy award winning journalist Charlie Rose has been praised as "one of America 's premier interviewers." He is the host of Charlie Rose, the nightly PBS program that engages America's best thinkers, writers, politicians, athletes, entertainers, business leaders, scientists and other newsmakers. USA Today calls Charlie Rose, "TV's most addictive talk show." New York Newsday says, " Charlie 's show is the place to get engaging, literate conversation ... Bluntly, he is the best interviewer around today." Richard Gere Talks With Charlie Rose \| Charlie Rose http://www.youtube.com/user/CharlieRose published: 13 Apr 2007 Send this Playlist by SMS Email this Page Play all in Full Screen Show More Related Videos LIB 3-5-74 EDITH IRVING RELEASED FROM PRISON Edith Irving released from prison after serving a sentence for fraud in relation to the fake biograohy of Howard Hughes written by Mrs. Irving and her husband Clifford . You can license this story through AP Archive : http ://www.aparchive.com/metadata/youtube/1b9f6cf466b481b0f45d905d14adf67a Find out more about AP Archive: http://www.aparchive.com/HowWeWork published: 23 Jul 2015 The Secret History: Howard Hughes, Bizarre Billionaire (5/5) How and why did a man so rich, so accomplished and so visible become so reclusive, phobic and fragile? Recent medical discoveries may explain the bizarre billionaire. published: 20 Oct 2009 Eye To Eye: Richard Gere's Latest Film Clifford Irving fooled the world with his fake autobiography of Howard Hughes . Richard Gere talks with Erin Moriarty about playing the master of the hoax in his latest film. (CBSNews.com) published: 03 Apr 2007 LIB 3-5-74 EDITH IRVING RELEASED FROM PRISON Order: videos Edith Irving released from prison after serving a sentence for fraud in relation to the fake biograohy of Howard Hughes written by Mrs. Irving and her husband C ... Edith Irving released from prison after serving a sentence for fraud in relation to the fake biograohy of Howard Hughes written by Mrs. Irving and her husband Clifford . You can license this story through AP Archive : http ://www.aparchive.com/metadata/youtube/1b9f6cf466b481b0f45d905d14adf67a Find out more about AP Archive: http://www.aparchive.com/HowWeWork https://wn.com/Lib_3_5_74_Edith_Irving_Released_From_Prison Edith Irving released from prison after serving a sentence for fraud in relation to the fake biograohy of Howard Hughes written by Mrs. Irving and her husband Clifford . You can license this story through AP Archive : http ://www.aparchive.com/metadata/youtube/1b9f6cf466b481b0f45d905d14adf67a Find out more about AP Archive: http://www.aparchive.com/HowWeWork published: 23 Jul 2015 videos Lasciatevi trasportare dalla voce di Carlo Lucarelli del radiodramma di Radio DeeJay ! In questa puntata ci viene raccontata la storia dello scrittore che ha ing ... Lasciatevi trasportare dalla voce di Carlo Lucarelli del radiodramma di Radio DeeJay ! In questa puntata ci viene raccontata la storia dello scrittore che ha ingannato il mondo, Clifford Irving . Lasciatevi trasportare dalla voce di Carlo Lucarelli del radiodramma di Radio DeeJay ! In questa puntata ci viene raccontata la storia dello scrittore che ha ingannato il mondo, Clifford Irving . published: 25 Sep 2014 views: 9680 Send this Playlist by SMS Email this Page Play all in Full Screen Show More Related Videos THE HOAX - Richard Gere and Julie Delpy - HD [Sub español] THE HOAX - Richard Gere and Julie Delpy : http ://bit.ly/2fWMLNI "In what would cause a fantastic media frenzy, Clifford Irving sells his bogus biography of Howard Hughes to a premiere publishing house in the early 1970s ." http://bit.ly/2fWMLNI published: 23 Nov 2016 F for Fake (1973) Orson Welles ' free-form documentary about fakery focusses on the notorious art forger Elmyr de Hory and Elmyr 's biographer, Clifford Irving , who also wrote the celebrated fraudulent Howard Hughes autobiography, then touches on the reclusive Hughes and Welles' own career (which started with a faked resume and a phony Martian invasion). On the way , Welles plays a few tricks of his own on the audience. published: 02 May 2016 F for Fake.Documentary 1973 F for Fake ( Documentary Film 1973 ) Orson Welles ' free-form documentary about fakery focusses on the notorious art forger Elmyr de Hory and Elmyr 's biographer, Clifford Irving , who also wrote the celebrated fraudulent Howard Hughes autobiography, then touches on the reclusive Hughes and Welles' own career (which started with a faked resume and a phony Martian invasion). On the way , Welles plays a few tricks of his own on the audience. published: 04 Nov 2016 F for Fake.Documentary 1973 F for Fake ( Documentary Film 1973 ) Orson Welles ' free-form documentary about fakery focusses on the notorious art forger Elmyr de Hory and Elmyr 's biographer, Clifford Irving , who also wrote the celebrated fraudulent Howard Hughes autobiography, then touches on the reclusive Hughes and Welles' own career (which started with a faked resume and a phony Martian invasion). On the way , Welles plays a few tricks of his own on the audience. published: 26 May 2016 F for Fake (Documentary Film 1973) Orson Welles ' free-form documentary about fakery focusses on the notorious art forger Elmyr de Hory and Elmyr 's biographer, Clifford Irving , who also wrote the celebrated fraudulent Howard Hughes autobiography, then touches on the reclusive Hughes and Welles' own career (which started with a faked resume and a phony Martian invasion). On the way , Welles plays a few tricks of his own on the audience. published: 30 Oct 2016 F for Fake Documentary-Film 1973 Orson Welles ' free-form documentary about fakery focusses on the notorious art forger Elmyr de Hory and Elmyr 's biographer, Clifford Irving , who also wrote the celebrated fraudulent Howard Hughes autobiography, then touches on the reclusive Hughes and Welles' own career (which started with a faked resume and a phony Martian invasion). On the way , Welles plays a few tricks of his own on the audience. published: 24 Jul 2016 F for Fake Documentary.Allishaq Film 1973 Orson Welles ' free-form documentary about fakery focusses on the notorious art forger Elmyr de Hory and Elmyr 's biographer, Clifford Irving , who also wrote the celebrated fraudulent Howard Hughes autobiography, then touches on the reclusive Hughes and Welles' own career (which started with a faked resume and a phony Martian invasion). On the way , Welles plays a few tricks of his own on the audience. published: 22 Jul 2016 F for Fake Documentary_Zigaya Film 1973 Orson Welles ' free-form documentary about fakery focusses on the notorious art forger Elmyr de Hory and Elmyr 's biographer, Clifford Irving , who also wrote the celebrated fraudulent Howard Hughes autobiography, then touches on the reclusive Hughes and Welles' own career (which started with a faked resume and a phony Martian invasion). On the way , Welles plays a few tricks of his own on the audience. published: 22 Jul 2016 F for Fake Cinema (Documentary_ 1973) Orson Welles ' free-form documentary about fakery focusses on the notorious art forger Elmyr de Hory and Elmyr 's biographer, Clifford Irving , who also wrote the celebrated fraudulent Howard Hughes autobiography, then touches on the reclusive Hughes and Welles' own career (which started with a faked resume and a phony Martian invasion). On the way , Welles plays a few tricks of his own on the audience. published: 23 Jun 2016 F for Fake Ravi Mahmoud (Documentary 1973) Orson Welles ' free-form documentary about fakery focusses on the notorious art forger Elmyr de Hory and Elmyr 's biographer, Clifford Irving , who also wrote the celebrated fraudulent Howard Hughes autobiography, then touches on the reclusive Hughes and Welles' own career (which started with a faked resume and a phony Martian invasion). On the way , Welles plays a few tricks of his own on the audience. published: 23 May 2016 THE HOAX - Richard Gere and Julie Delpy - HD [Sub español] Order: videos THE HOAX - Richard Gere and Julie Delpy : http ://bit.ly/2fWMLNI "In what would cause a fantastic media frenzy, Clifford Irving sells his bogus biography of Howa ... THE HOAX - Richard Gere and Julie Delpy : http ://bit.ly/2fWMLNI "In what would cause a fantastic media frenzy, Clifford Irving sells his bogus biography of Howard Hughes to a premiere publishing house in the early 1970s ." http://bit.ly/2fWMLNI THE HOAX - Richard Gere and Julie Delpy : http ://bit.ly/2fWMLNI "In what would cause a fantastic media frenzy, Clifford Irving sells his bogus biography of Howard Hughes to a premiere publishing house in the early 1970s ." http://bit.ly/2fWMLNI published: 23 Nov 2016 videos Orson Welles ' free-form documentary about fakery focusses on the notorious art forger Elmyr de Hory and Elmyr 's biographer, Clifford Irving , who also wrote the ... Orson Welles ' free-form documentary about fakery focusses on the notorious art forger Elmyr de Hory and Elmyr 's biographer, Clifford Irving , who also wrote the celebrated fraudulent Howard Hughes autobiography, then touches on the reclusive Hughes and Welles' own career (which started with a faked resume and a phony Martian invasion). On the way , Welles plays a few tricks of his own on the audience. https://wn.com/F_For_Fake_(1973) Orson Welles ' free-form documentary about fakery focusses on the notorious art forger Elmyr de Hory and Elmyr 's biographer, Clifford Irving , who also wrote the celebrated fraudulent Howard Hughes autobiography, then touches on the reclusive Hughes and Welles' own career (which started with a faked resume and a phony Martian invasion). On the way , Welles plays a few tricks of his own on the audience. published: 02 May 2016 videos Orson Welles ' free-form documentary about fakery focusses on the notorious art forger Elmyr de Hory and Elmyr 's biographer, Clifford Irving , who also wrote the ... Orson Welles ' free-form documentary about fakery focusses on the notorious art forger Elmyr de Hory and Elmyr 's biographer, Clifford Irving , who also wrote the celebrated fraudulent Howard Hughes autobiography, then touches on the reclusive Hughes and Welles' own career (which started with a faked resume and a phony Martian invasion). On the way , Welles plays a few tricks of his own on the audience. https://wn.com/F_For_Fake_(Documentary_Film_1973) Orson Welles ' free-form documentary about fakery focusses on the notorious art forger Elmyr de Hory and Elmyr 's biographer, Clifford Irving , who also wrote the celebrated fraudulent Howard Hughes autobiography, then touches on the reclusive Hughes and Welles' own career (which started with a faked resume and a phony Martian invasion). On the way , Welles plays a few tricks of his own on the audience. published: 30 Oct 2016 videos Orson Welles ' free-form documentary about fakery focusses on the notorious art forger Elmyr de Hory and Elmyr 's biographer, Clifford Irving , who also wrote the ... Orson Welles ' free-form documentary about fakery focusses on the notorious art forger Elmyr de Hory and Elmyr 's biographer, Clifford Irving , who also wrote the celebrated fraudulent Howard Hughes autobiography, then touches on the reclusive Hughes and Welles' own career (which started with a faked resume and a phony Martian invasion). On the way , Welles plays a few tricks of his own on the audience. https://wn.com/F_For_Fake_Documentary_Film_1973 Orson Welles ' free-form documentary about fakery focusses on the notorious art forger Elmyr de Hory and Elmyr 's biographer, Clifford Irving , who also wrote the celebrated fraudulent Howard Hughes autobiography, then touches on the reclusive Hughes and Welles' own career (which started with a faked resume and a phony Martian invasion). On the way , Welles plays a few tricks of his own on the audience. published: 24 Jul 2016 videos Orson Welles ' free-form documentary about fakery focusses on the notorious art forger Elmyr de Hory and Elmyr 's biographer, Clifford Irving , who also wrote the ... Orson Welles ' free-form documentary about fakery focusses on the notorious art forger Elmyr de Hory and Elmyr 's biographer, Clifford Irving , who also wrote the celebrated fraudulent Howard Hughes autobiography, then touches on the reclusive Hughes and Welles' own career (which started with a faked resume and a phony Martian invasion). On the way , Welles plays a few tricks of his own on the audience. https://wn.com/F_For_Fake_Documentary.Allishaq_Film_1973 Orson Welles ' free-form documentary about fakery focusses on the notorious art forger Elmyr de Hory and Elmyr 's biographer, Clifford Irving , who also wrote the celebrated fraudulent Howard Hughes autobiography, then touches on the reclusive Hughes and Welles' own career (which started with a faked resume and a phony Martian invasion). On the way , Welles plays a few tricks of his own on the audience. published: 22 Jul 2016 videos Orson Welles ' free-form documentary about fakery focusses on the notorious art forger Elmyr de Hory and Elmyr 's biographer, Clifford Irving , who also wrote the ... Orson Welles ' free-form documentary about fakery focusses on the notorious art forger Elmyr de Hory and Elmyr 's biographer, Clifford Irving , who also wrote the celebrated fraudulent Howard Hughes autobiography, then touches on the reclusive Hughes and Welles' own career (which started with a faked resume and a phony Martian invasion). On the way , Welles plays a few tricks of his own on the audience. https://wn.com/F_For_Fake_Documentary_Zigaya_Film_1973 Orson Welles ' free-form documentary about fakery focusses on the notorious art forger Elmyr de Hory and Elmyr 's biographer, Clifford Irving , who also wrote the celebrated fraudulent Howard Hughes autobiography, then touches on the reclusive Hughes and Welles' own career (which started with a faked resume and a phony Martian invasion). On the way , Welles plays a few tricks of his own on the audience. published: 22 Jul 2016 videos Orson Welles ' free-form documentary about fakery focusses on the notorious art forger Elmyr de Hory and Elmyr 's biographer, Clifford Irving , who also wrote the ... Orson Welles ' free-form documentary about fakery focusses on the notorious art forger Elmyr de Hory and Elmyr 's biographer, Clifford Irving , who also wrote the celebrated fraudulent Howard Hughes autobiography, then touches on the reclusive Hughes and Welles' own career (which started with a faked resume and a phony Martian invasion). On the way , Welles plays a few tricks of his own on the audience. https://wn.com/F_For_Fake_Cinema_(Documentary_1973) Orson Welles ' free-form documentary about fakery focusses on the notorious art forger Elmyr de Hory and Elmyr 's biographer, Clifford Irving , who also wrote the celebrated fraudulent Howard Hughes autobiography, then touches on the reclusive Hughes and Welles' own career (which started with a faked resume and a phony Martian invasion). On the way , Welles plays a few tricks of his own on the audience. published: 23 Jun 2016 videos Orson Welles ' free-form documentary about fakery focusses on the notorious art forger Elmyr de Hory and Elmyr 's biographer, Clifford Irving , who also wrote the ... Orson Welles ' free-form documentary about fakery focusses on the notorious art forger Elmyr de Hory and Elmyr 's biographer, Clifford Irving , who also wrote the celebrated fraudulent Howard Hughes autobiography, then touches on the reclusive Hughes and Welles' own career (which started with a faked resume and a phony Martian invasion). On the way , Welles plays a few tricks of his own on the audience. https://wn.com/F_For_Fake_Ravi_Mahmoud_(Documentary_1973) Orson Welles ' free-form documentary about fakery focusses on the notorious art forger Elmyr de Hory and Elmyr 's biographer, Clifford Irving , who also wrote the celebrated fraudulent Howard Hughes autobiography, then touches on the reclusive Hughes and Welles' own career (which started with a faked resume and a phony Martian invasion). On the way , Welles plays a few tricks of his own on the audience. published: 23 May 2016	Howard Hughes
Quercus is the Latin name for which tree?	Clifford Irving : definition of Clifford Irving and synonyms of Clifford Irving (English) 8 External links Early life and writing career Irving grew up in New York City, the son of Dorothy and Jay Irving , a Collier's cover artist and the creator of the syndicated comic strip Pottsy, about a fat and friendly New York City policeman. [1] After graduating in 1947 from Manhattan's High School of Music and Art , Irving attended Cornell University , graduated with honors in English, and worked on his first novel, On a Darkling Plain ( Putnam , 1956), while he was a copy boy at The New York Times . He completed his second novel, The Losers (1958), as he traveled about Europe. He led an adventurous life, basing himself for many years on the then relatively unknown Spanish Mediterranean island of Ibiza . In 1957, he sailed on a three-masted schooner from Mexico to France ; in 1958, he spent many months in Marrakech and Fes working on a CBC-BBC documentary film production about vanishing aspects of Moroccan culture. On Ibiza, he met an Englishwoman, Claire Lydon, and they married in 1958, moving to California , where she was tragically killed at Big Sur , while shopping, in an automobile accident. [2] Irving was later married to English author Maureen "Moish" Earl from 1984 to 1998 while living much of the time in the mountain town of San Miguel de Allende , Guanajuato , Mexico. On a Darkling Plain and The Losers were not financially successful but received excellent reviews. On a Darkling Plain was sometimes compared with another novel set at Cornell, Charles Thompson's Halfway Down the Stairs (1957). John O. Lyons, in an addendum to his 1962 survey "The College Novel in America: 1962-1974" (Critique, 1974), saw a tendency toward pranks and put-ons in Irving's early work (a critical analysis Irving then dismissed as "nonsense" but now admits may have some merit): Richard Farina 's Been Down So Long It Looks Like Up to Me (1966) continues the iconoclastic Cornell Bildungsroman of the fifties by Clifford Irving, On a Darkling Plain (1956); Charles Thompson, Halfway Down the Stairs (1957); and Robert Gutwillig, After Long Silence (1958). The oscillation between Weltschmerz and pranks in these novels was undoubtedly an influence on "The Whole Sick Crew" of Pynchon 's V . [3] Irving's third novel, The Valley, is a mythic Western, published by McGraw-Hill in 1960. Spencer Tracy wanted to play the leading role of ruthless rancher Gavin Roy, but Tracy's heart attack prior to production made it too difficult for him to play the part, and the project was shelved, with Irving retaining the dramatic rights. In 1962, after a year spent traveling around the world and living in a houseboat in Kashmir, Irving moved back to Ibiza with his third wife, English photographic model Fay Brooke, and their newborn son, Josh. This marriage ended in divorce. In 1967, he married Swiss/German artist Edith Sommer, and they had two sons, John Edmond (aka "Nedsky") and Barnaby. On Ibiza he was friendly with Hungarian art forger Elmyr de Hory and was asked by De Hory to write his biography, Fake! (1969). Irving and de Hory are both featured in Orson Welles 's documentary F for Fake (1974). Fake autobiography of Howard Hughes Preparations By 1958, Howard Hughes had become a recluse who hated any kind of public scrutiny. Whenever he found out that someone was writing an unauthorized biography about him, he bought the writer off. By the 1960s, he even refused to appear in court. According to various rumours, he was either terminally ill, mentally unstable, or even dead and replaced by an impersonator. In 1970, in Palma de Mallorca, Spain, Irving met with an author of children's books and old friend, Richard Suskind , and spontaneously created the scheme to write Hughes's "autobiography." Irving and Suskind believed that because Hughes had completely withdrawn from public life, he would never want to draw attention to himself by denouncing the book or filing a lawsuit for slander . Suskind would do most of the necessary research in news archives. Irving started by enlisting the aid of artist and writer friends on Ibiza in order to forge letters in Hughes's own hand, imitating authentic letters they had seen displayed in Newsweek magazine. [2] Irving contacted his publisher, McGraw-Hill , and claimed that he had corresponded with Hughes because of his book about de Hory and that Hughes had expressed interest in letting him write his autobiography. The McGraw-Hill editors invited him to New York, where he showed them three forged letters, one of which claimed that Hughes wished to have his biography written but that he wanted the project to remain secret for the time being. The autobiography would be based on interviews Hughes was willing to do with Irving. McGraw-Hill agreed to the terms and wrote up contracts between Hughes, Irving and the company; Irving and his friends forged Hughes's signatures. McGraw-Hill paid an advance of $100,000, with an additional $400,000 that would go to Hughes. Irving later bargained the sum up to $765,000, with $100,000 going to Irving and the rest to Hughes. McGraw-Hill paid by checks made out to "H. R. Hughes", which Irving's Swiss wife Edith deposit to a Swiss bank account that she had opened under the name of "Helga R. Hughes." [4] The manuscript Irving and Suskind researched all the available information about Hughes. To reinforce the public perception of Hughes as an eccentric recluse, Irving also created fake interviews that he claimed were conducted in remote locations all over the world, including one on a Mexican pyramid. Irving and Suskind also gained access to the private files of Time-Life , as well as a manuscript by James Phelan, who was ghostwriting memoirs of Noah Dietrich , former business manager to Hughes. Mutual acquaintance and Hollywood producer Stanley Meyer showed Irving a copy of the manuscript—without Phelan's consent—in the hope that he would be willing to rewrite it in a more publishable format. Irving hurriedly made a copy of it for his own purposes. In late 1971, Irving delivered the manuscript to McGraw-Hill. He included notes in Hughes's forged handwriting that an expert forensic document analyst declared genuine. Hughes experts at Time-Life were also convinced. McGraw-Hill announced its intention to publish the book in March 1972. The investigation Several representatives of Hughes's companies and other people who had known the businessman expressed their doubts about the forthcoming work's authenticity. Irving countered that Hughes had simply not told them about the book. Meanwhile, Frank McCulloch, known for years as the last journalist to interview Hughes, received an angry call from someone claiming to be Hughes himself. But when McCulloch read the Irving manuscript, he declared that it was indeed accurate. McGraw-Hill and Life , which had paid to publish excerpts of the book, continued to support Irving. Osborn Associates, a firm of handwriting experts, declared the writing samples were authentic. Irving had to submit to a lie-detector test, the results of which indicated inconsistencies but no outright lies. [5] For weeks, there was no sign of Hughes. On January 7, 1972, Hughes finally contacted the outside world. He arranged a telephone conference with seven journalists who had known him years before. It took place two days later; the journalists' end of the conversation was televised. Hughes denounced Irving, said that he had never even met him, and said that he was still living in the Bahamas . Irving claimed that the voice was probably a fake. Hughes's lawyer, Chester Davis, filed suit against McGraw-Hill, Life, Clifford Irving and Dell Publications. Swiss authorities investigated the "Helga R. Hughes" bank account; they found that $750,000 had been deposited and that the Irvings, who by this time had returned to their home on the Balearic resort island of Ibiza, were denying everything. When Swiss police visited the Irvings on Ibiza, Clifford Irving tried to hint that he might have been dealing with an impostor. Then, James Phelan read an excerpt of the "autobiography" and realized that some of its factual information had come not from Hughes, but from his own book. Finally, the Swiss bank identified Edith Irving as the depositor of the funds, and the fraud was revealed. Confession and trial Eventually, the Irvings gave up and confessed on January 28, 1972. They and Suskind were indicted for fraud , appeared in federal court on March 13, and were found guilty on June 16. Despite the efforts of Irving's lawyers, Maurice Nessen and Philip Lorber, Irving was convicted and spent 17 months in prison at the federal correctional facility in Danbury, Connecticut and at the Federal Correctional Complex, Allenwood in Pennsylvania, where he stopped smoking and took up weightlifting . He voluntarily returned the $765,000 advance to his publishers. Suskind was sentenced to six months and served five. Edith, a.k.a. "Helga", served time in America and in Switzerland . Books Following his release, Irving continued to write books, including several bestsellers, notably Trial, Tom Mix and Pancho Villa, Final Argument and Daddy's Girl. He lived for a time in East Hampton; then San Miguel de Allende, Mexico; then Santa Fe ; and finally settled into a quiet and semi-reclusive life near Aspen, Colorado , where, in his own words, he "writes, paints, gardens, practices tai chi and yoga, chops firewood, and counts his blessings." The fraudulent autobiography was published in Santa Fe in a private edition in 1999, and went out of print, but, in March 2008, John Blake Publishing, a British company, issued Howard Hughes: The Autobiography. [6] All the events of the experience were described in detail in Irving's The Hoax, published by The Permanent Press in 1981 (previously issued under different titles by Grove Press in New York in 1972 and Allison & Busby in London in 1977). [7] In 2012, Irving digitally self-published 12 of his works, some of which had never been published before, including I Remember Amnesia, Jailing: the Prison Memoirs of 00040, and Bloomberg Discovers America. Film Main article: The Hoax In July 2005, filming began in Puerto Rico and New York on The Hoax , starring Richard Gere as Irving, Alfred Molina as Suskind, and Marcia Gay Harden as Edith. On March 6, 2007, Hyperion reissued Clifford Irving's The Hoax in a movie tie-in edition. The film, directed by Lasse Hallström , opened on April 6, 2007, with a DVD release following on October 16. The majority of reviews were favorable. Irving, however, decried the film as a distortion of the story and "a hoax about a hoax," citing the film's portrayals of himself, Suskind and Edith Irving as "absurd even more than inaccurate" and claiming that the film added events and scenes that did not occur in real life. [8] As the author of the source book, Irving is credited as a writer for the film. [9] Bibliography On a Darkling Plain (1956) The Losers (1958) The Battle of Jerusalem (1967) Spy (1968) Autobiography of Howard Hughes (1971) The Death Freak (1976) Tom Mix and Pancho Villa (1981) The Angel of Zin (1983) Trial (1987) Daddy's Girl: The Campbell Murder Case A True Tale of Vengeance, Betrayal, and Texas Justice (1988) Final Argument (1990) Jailing: the Prison Memoirs of 00040 (2012) Bloomberg Discovers America (2012) Works about the Hughes affair Fay, Stephen, Lewis Chester and Magnus Linklater . Hoax: The Inside Story of the Howard Hughes-Clifford Irving Affair (1972). Irving says this book is "mostly fiction". Irving, Clifford, and Richard Suskind. Project Octavio: The Story of the Howard Hughes Hoax (London: Allison & Busby, 1977; originally New York: Grove Press, 1972) F for Fake , a documentary film by Orson Welles (1974), includes a segment on Irving filmed around the time the Hughes autobiography scandal broke. Der Scheck heiligt die Mittel, another documentary film by Henry Kolarz on German TV (1974). Richard Suskind portrayed himself. References	i don't know
Who plays the villainous Soviet agent Irina Spalko in the 2008 film ‘Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull’?	Indiana Jones And The Kingdom Of The Crystal Skull - Film Review and Listings Starring: Harrison Ford, Shia LaBeouf, Cate Blanchett, John Hurt, Ray Winstone Director: Steven Spielberg Listings: London \| Rest of UK and Ireland Following an encounter with Soviet agents led by villainous Irina Spalko at the height of the Cold War, Professor Jones returns home to Marshall College with his plucky sidekick Mac. The dean of the college reports that government forces are putting pressure on him to fire Indiana. Shocked by this turn of events, Indiana decides to leave town for a while and is intercepted by Mutt, a young man with a tantalising proposition: if the archaeologist will help him carry out a deeply personal mission, Mutt will lead Indiana and Mac to the legendary Crystal Skull of Akator. LondonNet Film Review Indiana Jones And The Kingdom Of The Crystal Skull The most eagerly anticipated film of the summer takes its sweet time cutting to the first chase (a spectacular shootout in the warehouse from the end of Raiders Of The Lost Ark), but we won't: Indiana Jones And The Kingdom Of The Crystal Skull is only half of a great movie... During the action sequences, when director Steven Spielberg is on a sure footing, this fourth film in the blockbusting series is an absolute joy, delivering adrenaline-pumping thrills and spills interspersed with smart one-liners like when Indy attempts to swing onto an accelerating jeep but miscalculates the speed and trajectory. "Damn, I thought that was closer!" he rues. It's a glorious nostalgia trip, returning to the good ole days when the hero actually bleeds during a fistfight, or he risks life and limb by leaping from one moving vehicle to the next without the aid of hidden wires or digital trickery. Unfortunately, the hocus pocus storyline holding all these breathtaking set pieces together is both gossamer thin and preposterous. About 40 minutes into the film, Indiana (Harrison Ford) sits in a diner and delivers a potted history lesson on crystal skulls, explaining that these dazzling artefacts, possibly of Mayan origin, are rumoured to be vessels for power beyond our wildest imagining. "Power? What kind of power?" asks his young protege excitedly, echoing the thoughts of everyone in the audience. "I don't know kid, it's just a story," replies Indy wearily. You suspect that line is actually screenwriter David Koepp cheekily asking us to forgive the gaping plot holes and sloppy characterization, but you can only cut Indy so much slack. The ramshackle narrative begins at an airfield in 1957 Nevada where our fedora-clad adventurer and pal Mac (Ray Winstone) first encounter villainous Soviet agent Irina Spalko (Cate Blanchett) and her gun-toting goons. Indy whip-cracks and wisecracks his way out of trouble, and returns to Marshall College where Dean Stanforth (Jim Broadbent) asks the professor to take "an indefinite leave of absence". A chance encounter at the railway station with a rebellious greaser called Mutt (Shia LaBeouf), an acquaintance of Indy's old pal Professor Oxley (John Hurt), sets the archaeologist on a quest to locate the legendary Crystal Skull of Akator. Alas, Irina and her henchmen also seek the artefact, and they intend to use Indy to find it - by threatening to kill old flame Marion Ravenwood (Karen Allen) if he doesn't help him. It's been almost 20 years since Ford last flexed his trusty bullwhip as the eponymous treasure hunter but he's in remarkably good shape for his pensionable years, performing many of his own stunts. Still, the script continually pokes fun at his age, like when Mutt looks around the professor's home and quips, "What are you, like 80?" There are plentiful visual and verbal references to earlier films, with fond farewells for Sean Connery and Denholm Elliott and a tantalising glimpse of the Ark of the Covenant, plus a welcome return for Marion, the love of Indy's life. She generates delicious sexual tension with Ford's grouchy adventurer and you end up wishing her character could have been introduced much earlier to perk up a dull, plot-driven middle section. A centrepiece action sequence in the jungle is enlivened no end by the banter between the former lovers, ending when Marion asks Indy if has seen many women since he cruelly dumped her. "There were a few, but they all had the same problem," he replies. "What's that?" she asks. "They weren't you, honey," he smirks. Blanchett is underserved, which is a pity because she has great fun with the role and an almost comical accent that leaves Indy in no doubt of her villain's Communist origins. "The way you're sinking your teeth into all those wubble u's, I should think Eastern Europe..." he surmises. LaBeouf screeches into shot on a motorcycle with the look of a young Marlon Brando in The Wild One, but he doesn't have the same macho swagger. His character only really comes to the fore during the breathtaking jungle sequence by engaging Irina in a sword fight while standing astride two fast moving jeeps, then swinging through the trees like Tarzan. If there were any lingering doubt that Mutt is being lined up to accept the mantle of Indy's fedora in subsequent films, the sentimental ending makes it explicit. - Jo Planter	Cate Blanchett
The Watford Gap service station is on which British motorway?	Info from Paramount's Press Kit. Heroes and Villains... Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull would be nothing without its iconic title character. But while Indy may fancy himself a solitary scholar and a lone wolf, his travels always seem to couple him with an eclectic assortment of friends, enemies and every questionable alliance in between. “There is a certain amount of comfortable melodrama that always takes place in the storytelling,” says executive producer Kathleen Kennedy. “There’s the villain - and this one definitely has a great villain. There’s the banter with Indy and whoever his counterpart is - and we have a great sidekick. Indy always has a love interest, he’s got buddies along the way, people who betray him, and people who are not what they appear to be, and that’s what makes it fun.” For the latest Indiana Jones adventure, the filmmakers assembled an impressive international cast - led, of course, by the inimitable Harrison Ford. Director Steven Spielberg calls Ford “the secret weapon. From the very beginning, Harrison was and is the center of Indiana Jones.” In Dr. Jones, Ford has created a screen hero whose enduring appeal is a unique combination of no-nonsense toughness and snake-fearing humility. Harrison Ford as Indiana Jones “Harrison’s a man’s man,” says co-star Shia LaBeouf, who portrays Indy’s unwitting sidekick as they go in search of the legendary Crystal Skull. “So when you put him into these situations where he’s vulnerable, it’s hysterical. Any vulnerabilities Indy has - and there are a lot of them - are funny. Indiana Jones is very rough around the edges, but he’s actually a really good person, and that’s also just the way Harrison is. He’s an action man, and he makes an art form out of it. No one else is Indiana Jones.” Returning to the unforgettable role of the intrepid archaeologist, Ford knew that there would be tremendous stunt demands put on him, so he went into training to ensure he’d be up to the task and that a stunt double could be used as rarely as possible. “He wants to be Indiana Jones and doesn’t want anyone else doing those stunts,” says producer Marshall. “In this movie, there’s a lot of running around, chasing, jumping, whipping, rolling around in the jungle, and Harrison did it all. It’s a real testament to his passion for the character, and it comes through on the screen. You see that it’s him, and you know that it’s real.” Ford has been one of the silver screen’s most iconic actors for more than three decades, and his biggest break (after a walk-on role as a bellhop in 1966’s Dead Heat on a Merry-Go-Round) came in George Lucas’s American Graffiti in 1973. Lucas then cast Ford as Han Solo in Star Wars, even though the actor originally only intended to help read lines with auditioning actors. Likewise, Ford wasn’t the original choice for Indiana Jones - but today, it would be nearly impossible to imagine anyone else in the role. That’s doubly true, Lucas says, now that Indy has aged as a character. “In this movie, Harrison gets to portray a huge evolution of the character, as he moves from the 1930s to the 1950s,” he says. “Pushing the plot forward has been a bit of an adventure in more ways than one, because we’re breaking the mold while keeping the films consistent. The reason it works this time is the same reason it has always worked: Harrison Ford.” The actor’s return to the role brought feelings of excitement and nostalgia to everyone on the set - especially to Spielberg. “To see Harrison walk on the set, pick up the whip, snap it and wrap it around one of the bad guys was pretty incredible,” he says. “It was amazing to see how fast Harrison was with it - and then be on the set to see Indy’s rucksack and his other props ... well, it wasn’t just nostalgia. That was when I realized that we were bringing this character and everything he’s about back to the audience that grew up with him, as well as to new audiences.” For his part, LaBeouf thinks that once they see Indiana Jones back in action, audiences of all ages in theaters will share the excitement the actor experienced on set. “Maybe people my age never saw them in the theater, but Indiana Jones is huge for us,” he says. “It’s huge for all generations.” Shia LaBeouf as Mutt Williams LaBeouf’s character, Mutt, is integral to Indy’s newest escapade, and bringing the character to the screen proved to be an adventure in itself for the actor. The rising star of Transformers, Disturbia and this fall’s Eagle Eye, found himself thrust into the action from the moment he learned he got the part. “Steven wrote a little note on my script that said, ‘OK, now it’s time to transform yourself into Mutt! Signed, Steven,’ and then he gave me three movies to watch,” LaBeouf says of his preparation for the role. The movies: The Blackboard Jungle, Rebel Without a Cause and The Wild One. The latter still makes LaBeouf chuckle. “As though I was supposed to go home and watch ‘The Wild One’ and go, ‘Oh, yeah, I see how Marlon Brando did it!’” Nonetheless, he soon found himself learning about his unique character. “Mutt’s a kid who’s never really had a normal upbringing. He quit school and became obsessed with motorcycles and machinery,” he says. “There’s so much about Mutt that he never really got to talk about, so now he prefers not to. He’s like a man-boy, a person who on the outside is presenting himself to be something he’s really not.” Mutt’s isolated, solitary ’50s rebel proves to be an interesting counterpoint to Dr. Jones himself, LaBeouf says. “In some ways, this quest is really about forging and re-creating a family. First with Indiana, then with the others they meet, their unit becomes stronger as all this insanity happens - you know, each punch is bringing them closer together!” Preparing the character was only part of LaBeouf’s Indiana Jones adventure. As soon as he signed on, he says he knew there would be more - much more. “You just know that you’re going to get it coming onto an Indiana Jones movie - you know you’re going to get it! That was one of my first thoughts: Something horrible is going to happen to me.” Through it all - snakes, swords, knives and motorcycles - LaBeouf found his most exciting moment came when he first laid eyes on Harrison Ford as Indiana Jones. “You get breathless,” he says. “Your breath literally leaves you. For me, though, part of that reaction had to do with the way I saw him in full costume for the first time. We were on an Air Force base, and we were doing vehicle training. Harrison flew in on a helicopter. He got out of the helicopter, took five or six steps, then reached back for something. It was his whip! It’s weird, because in that moment, he wasn’t Harrison Ford - he was Indiana Jones. I was watching him pulling out that whip, untangling it, putting grease on it, and then he held it and I thought, ‘Oh, my God. This is real.’” Karen Allen as Marion Ravenwood But Indiana Jones isn’t the only returning screen favorite in Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull. To Indy’s surprise, he also reunites with the greatest love of his life, a woman he’s never completely been able to forget: Marion Ravenwood, again played by Karen Allen. For the story, bringing back Marion made complete sense, says screenwriter David Koepp. “The thing about Marion and Indy is that they so clearly belong together.” Executive producer Kathleen Kennedy adds, “The minute Karen smiles, she’s right back to when we were shooting the first movie. There’s very little that’s changed about her spirit.” Allen does smile when she reflects on Marion’s fiery spirit, which illuminated Raiders of the Lost Ark. “She’s a very strong character,” Allen says. “I think she’s somebody who fell very hard for Indy when she was a teenager, and in that wonderful, old-fashioned, romantic way, Indiana Jones is the love of her life." “But,” Allen observes, “he wasn’t the kind of person who could be around, and she understood that from the beginning. She was a modern girl. A lot of people said she was ‘spunky.’ It’s not just spunk - she’s resourceful. She knows how to take care of herself and take care of other people. She didn’t want to stop Indy from being who he is.” Allen’s return to the screen is something her fellow actors were eager to see. “Everyone just cheered at the end of her first take,” says co-star Cate Blanchett. “She’s just this extraordinarily liberated presence onscreen. I remember seeing her for the first time and thinking there was no other heroine I’d ever seen as free and feisty as that. Karen is just so buoyant. You fall in love with her both as a person and a screen presence.” For Lucas, there’s a good reason audiences have found Marion to be the most memorable, and perhaps formidable, of Indy’s on-screen loves. “Marion has got a great sense of humor, and that’s really Karen,” he says. “She’s fun to be with, she’s strong, she’s up to Indy and you believe that only she could put him in his place. They’re a real team together.” Cate Blanchett as Irina Spalko Marion isn’t the only strong female character he encounters this time around - indeed, the story’s ruthless villain is Soviet agent Irina Spalko. Oscar(R) and BAFTA Award-winning actress Cate Blanchett plays Spalko, leader of the Soviet Army’s quest for the Crystal Skull. It’s the first time she’s played what she terms an “out-and-out baddie,” and she says it turned out to be gleeful fun. “Spalko has an almost impenetrable steel-like quality to her - you know, not a hair out of place, no matter what she’s doing, never anything on her boots no matter what mud she’s walking through,” Blanchett says. “There’s a remarkable precision about her. She’s penetrating and, therefore, potentially lethal.” While on set, Blanchett says, “You’ve got to be ready for anything, because Steven often changes things in the moment.” Blanchett learned to fence for an intense sword fighting scene that took place in the jungle - on top of moving vehicles. And if that wasn’t enough, the director decided to throw one more thing in the mix. “We were doing a chase sequence through the jungle in Hawaii and all of a sudden, he wanted to introduce a karate-chop sequence,” Blanchett recalls, “so we had to get that together very quickly. It’s a great way to work, actually, because it means that everything you do is really fueled and focused by adrenaline.” Executive producer George Lucas thinks audiences will have a fantastic feeling when watching Blanchett. “Movie stars don’t get a chance to play villains very often, so it’s a fun, juicy, exciting thing,” he says. “Spalko is somebody who will stop at nothing to get what she wants, and that’s what makes a good villain. As the audience, you have to believe it, you have to be afraid of it, and the way Cate plays this, you’re definitely afraid of her.” As an Indiana Jones newcomer, Blanchett says she was amazed by the intense curiosity that surrounded the project. “I don’t think I realized before we began just how many people were desperate for another installment. It’s really a fantastic feeling.” As seriously as Blanchett took the task of playing a formidable villain, she says part of her was always giddy about being in an Indiana Jones movie. “Everyone at my primary school wanted to kiss Harrison Ford, but I actually wanted to be Harrison Ford. I wanted to be Indiana Jones! When Harrison and Karen Allen were on screen together it was utterly electric, utterly transporting. The ‘Raiders’ theme still gives me goose bumps.” ... Friends and Sidekicks Behind every great adventurer are equally great friends, and in Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, they are portrayed by some of the most renowned actors in the world, who populate the story with indelible characters. “The beauty of having Steven direct an action/adventure movie like Indiana Jones is that he’s capable of attracting a very high caliber of talent,” explains executive producer Kathleen Kennedy. “That’s never been truer than in ‘Kingdom of the Crystal Skull.’” John Hurt as Harold "Ox" Oxley The movie’s distinguished cast includes Oscar(R)-nominated actor John Hurt, who portrays an old colleague of Indy’s who is reported missing as Kingdom of the Crystal Skull begins. Hurt’s character has spent much of his life pursuing the Crystal Skull of Akator, and the endless search has nearly driven him mad. Director Steven Spielberg says he hoped from the start that Hurt would accept the role, which was inspired by the character Ben Gunn in the Robert Louis Stevenson classic Treasure Island. “I sent the script to John and said, ‘Please, John, think of Ben Gunn when you read the script.’ And he did. And he plays the part brilliantly.” Hurt elaborates: “He’s the man who was left on the island for 20 years before they came back for him. But, as it turns out, my character isn’t a man who was simply left on his own - he is a man who has become possessed, which comes out as a kind of madness. Of course, the Russians have also now become interested in the skull for completely different reasons, and that’s where the story picks up.” Ray Winstone as George "Mac" McHale Veteran actor Ray Winstone, who gained the attention of international audiences in the gritty gangster film Sexy Beast, is also new to the Indiana Jones cast. Indy regards “Mac” George Michale as a friend, but screenwriter Koepp says Winstone’s character isn’t quite as simple as that. “The fun part about Mac is that you never quite know whether to believe him. He bends the truth to suit his purposes. But it’s utterly charming, and he’s really good at it, so just like Indy, we like him and, against our better instincts, we trust him.” Winstone was Spielberg’s first and only choice to play Mac. “I knew Ray Winstone from seeing him in “Sexy Beast.” When I saw that film, I said, ‘I want to work with that actor!’ I think he is one of the most brilliant actors around.” Winstone himself says he sympathizes with Mac, who finds himself walking a jagged line between the competing powers of the Americans and the Soviets. “There was a lot of confusion after World War II, with the rise of the Iron Curtain and the start of the Cold War. Figuring out who you were working for and who you were working against must have been crazy.” A favorite character from Raiders of the Lost Ark and Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade was Marcus Brody, the museum curator and longtime friend of Indy and his father. While Denholm Elliott, who portrayed Brody, died in 1992, the character receives a fitting tribute in Kingdom of the Crystal Skull- and Indy has a new, trusted adviser at Marshall College. Dean Charles Stanforth, played by Oscar(R) winner Jim Broadbent, is also “a close friend and colleague of Indiana’s, and they have known each other for many years at the university,” Broadbent says. “Dean Stanforth is Indy’s immediate supervisor, but they have a good, humorous and close-sharing relationship. Harrison is a lovely actor to work with, so that makes it easy.” Spielberg says Broadbent “brings a beautiful camaraderie in replacing the loss of Denholm Elliott. Jim brings the same kind of humanity that Denholm lent to the character of Marcus. The deep, deep friendship Dean Stanforth has with Indiana Jones is very important, and plays a major role in the story.” Igor Jijikine as Colonel Dovchenko To accompany evil Agent Spalko, this adventure introduces a new character, Col. Dovchenko, the leader of Spalko’s traveling henchmen. Igor Jijikine, who had been a high-wire trapeze artist for Cirque du Soleil, plays Dovchenko. His comrades-in-arms include Dmitri Diatchenko and, from the hit television series Lost, Andrew Divoff. “Pat Roach, who was our iconic muscleman villain, passed away, and we were very sad not to have him in this picture,” explains Spielberg. “I was looking for someone to fit the kind of role he used to play. Debbie Zane, our casting director brought Igor in, and I thought he’d be a terrific villain.” Good guys and bad guys, sidekicks and rivals - they’re familiar territory, and Spielberg says he wouldn’t have it any other way. “I wasn’t trying to make this movie bigger or better,” he says. “I wanted this to be a blood relative to the other three ‘Raiders’ pictures - which is what I love to call them. The world knows them as ‘Indiana Jones films.’ I call them ‘Raiders pictures.’”	i don't know
Dactylonomy is counting using what?	Did Anne Boleyn Really Have Six Fingers on One Hand? Did Anne Boleyn Really Have Six Fingers on One Hand? Another Myth of Women's History Anne Boleyn with Henry VIII. Hulton Archive / Getty Images By Jone Johnson Lewis Updated February 01, 2016. During the reign of Anne Boleyn 's daughter, Queen Elizabeth I , a Catholic writer, Nicholas Sander, wrote a description of the long-dead Anne Boleyn, describing her as having a projecting tooth, a large "wen" (mole or goiter) under her chin and six fingers on her right hand. She was described during her lifetime as not particularly beautiful, with a long neck and large eyes. Some evidence is that she had a small growth on her right hand near the nail, and that may have served as the basis of the rumor of her six-fingered hand. Is It True? This is another myth of women's history and is unlikely to be true. Why Disbelieve It? There is a lack of evidence during her lifetime. There is also an interest in discrediting Anne, for the author of the first appearance in print of the charge. A Catholic would have had reason to try to discredit the queen consort of Henry VIII for whom Henry broke with the Roman Catholic church in order to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon . continue reading below our video What are the Seven Wonders of the World	Finger (disambiguation)
The story of the New York gang ‘The Dead Rabbits’ is told in which 2002 film?	Dactylonomy - definition of dactylonomy by The Free Dictionary Dactylonomy - definition of dactylonomy by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/dactylonomy Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: Fingers and Toes References in periodicals archive ? The poet] speaks euphemistically of his [Yusuf's] having been in the tightness of ninety in dactylonomy and becoming thirty in dactylonomy (fi diqi 'aqdi tis'ina fa-sara fi sa'ati 'aqdi thalathin). Dactylonomy (hisab al-'aqd) is finger-counting, or more precisely, "the art of expressing numbers by the position of the fingers. A description and illuminating illustrations of numbers in dactylonomy, in addition to a short history of this art in East and West, are to be found in Georges Ifrah, The Universal History of Numbers from Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer, tr.	i don't know
An Insulinoma is a tumour of which organ of the body?	What insulinomas are Insulinomas are rare tumours that start in the insulin making cells of the pancreas. These cells are called pancreatic islet cells. Insulinomas are also called islet cell tumours. Insulin is a hormone that controls the amount of sugar in the blood. It helps glucose to move from the blood into body cells. Islet cells also make other hormones. Insulinomas produce insulin. This leads to symptoms of diabetes. Normally, our blood sugar rises when we eat, which signals to the pancreas to produce more insulin. Once the blood sugar has gone back to normal levels the pancreas stops making insulin. When you have an insulinoma the tumour keeps producing insulin. This means your blood sugar level continues to drop. This can lead to dangerously low blood sugar levels. Some insulinomas also produce other hormones such as gastrin. Gastrin is a protein that makes the stomach produce acid to digest food. Most insulinomas are not cancer and 9 out of every 10 insulinomas (90%) are benign tumours. About 1 in 10 people (10%) have more than one tumour. Around 1 out of 10 insulinomas are cancerous (10%). And in about 1 in 10 people (10%) the cancer has spread to another part of the body when it is diagnosed. These are usually slow growing tumours. They can develop in any part of the pancreas. They are very rare and only 1 to 3 people in every million develop them each year. Insulinomas are a type of neuroendocrine tumour. Neuro means nerve and endocrine means hormone producing. Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) are tumours that develop in cells that are triggered by nerve cells to produce hormones. Insulinomas belong to a specific group of NETs called gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (GEP NETs). They are also called pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (pNETs or PETs). Tests to diagnose insulinoma If you have symptoms of a low blood sugar you will have a blood sugar test. This is quick and easy. The doctor or nurse pricks your finger to get some of your blood. They put the blood into a blood sugar testing machine. If your blood sugar is below 2mmol per litre of blood you will have further blood tests to check the levels of insulin and other hormones in your blood. You may also have blood tests to check for proteins that stop your pancreas making insulin. Other tests you may have include Endoscopic ultrasound MRI scan Endoscopic ultrasound is an ultrasound scan done from inside your body. You have an endoscopy but the endoscope contains a small ultrasound probe. The ultrasound helps the doctor to find areas that might be cancer. They then guide a small needle into the areas to remove a sample of cells ( a biopsy ). Treating insulinoma The main treatment for insulinomas is surgery . This cures most insulinomas. But surgery is not always possible. Some cancerous insulinomas have already spread when they are diagnosed. If you can’t have surgery you will have drug treatment to control your blood sugar levels and other symptoms. The treatment you have depends on Whether you have one or more tumours Whether the tumour is benign or malignant Whether the tumour has spread to other parts of the body Where in the pancreas the tumours are Your general health Whether you have a familial cancer syndrome Other treatments you may have include The type of surgery you have will depend on Whether you have one or more tumours Where in the pancreas the tumour is The size of the tumour If the tumour is less than 2cm your surgeon may remove just the tumour. They call this enucleation. If the tumour is in the body or tail of the pancreas you may be able to have the operation with a laparoscope. This is also called keyhole surgery. It is a small operation where the surgeon puts a flexible tube filled with optical fibres (a laparoscope) into the body through a small cut. The surgeon looks through the laparoscope to find and remove the tumour. If your tumour is in the head of the pancreas, is larger than 2cm, or you have more than one tumour, you may need to have open surgery. This means having an abdominal operation. You will also have an ultrasound scan during your operation, to check for other tumours. Some people need to have some or all of their pancreas removed. You may also have nearby organs removed. The types of surgery used include Removing the whole pancreas (total pancreatectomy) Removing the head of the pancreas (pylorus preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy – PPPD) Whipples operation – PPPD with part of your stomach removed Removing the tail of your pancreas (distal pancreatectomy) These are major operations and there are risks with having this type of surgery. But the aim is to try to cure your insulinoma so you may feel it is worth some risks. You can read more about these operations and the possible side effects on the surgery to try to cure pancreatic cancer page . If you have MEN 1 or von Hippel-Landau syndrome, you are more likely to develop more tumours after having one removed. Your surgeon may suggest you have more of your pancreas removed than if you didn’t have a family cancer syndrome. This is to reduce the risk of getting more tumours. You are also more likely to need to have an abdominal operation. T reating symptoms of insulinoma Some cancerous (malignant) insulinomas are diagnosed when they are already advanced. And some come back after treatment. The most common place for malignant insulinoma to spread to is the liver. Not everyone with a non cancerous (benign) insulinoma can have surgery. This may be because of other medical conditions or the position of the tumour. If surgery is not possible, you will have treatment to control the amount of insulin the tumours are producing. The aim of treatment for insulinomas that can’t be completely removed is to control any symptoms you have rather than cure it. Treatments may include S urgery Your specialist may suggest you have surgery even if your malignant insulinoma can’t be completely removed. Taking away as much of the tumour as possible can help with symptoms because there will be less insulin produced. If a malignant insulinoma spreads to another part of the body, the most common area it goes to is the liver. You may also have surgery to remove tumours in your liver. As this is a major operation and there are risks, you need to think carefully about the benefits. Will it improve your quality of life enough to make it worth having such a big operation? Your surgeon will talk to you about the risks and benefits and answer any questions you have. Instead of having a major open surgery for a cancer that has spread to your liver you may be able to have radiofrequency ablation, cryotherapy or transarterial chemoembolisation (TACE) to reduce your symptoms. Or you may have selective internal radiotherapy (SIRT). Radiofrequency ablation uses heat made by radio waves to kill cancer cells. Cryotherapy uses a cold probe to destroy cells and tissue by freezing. TACE is when you have chemotherapy injected directly into the area of the tumour in the liver. You also have an injection of another substance which blocks the blood supply to the tumour. This substance may be a gel or tiny plastic beads and helps to keep the chemotherapy around the tumour. SIRT is when microscopic beads that are coated with a radioactive substance called Yttrium-90 are injected into the blood supply to the liver. This is a type of targeted radiotherapy. Before you have surgery you will need to have good control of your insulin levels. You may need to start on one of the drug treatments that control symptoms, for example, diazoxide . If you have MEN1 and have other symptoms because of that, such as a high calcium level, you will also need treatment to control the symptoms. D rugs and diet to control blood sugar The symptoms of an insulinoma can be difficult to cope with. To help to control your blood sugar you may need to have a high glucose diet. Being aware of the symptoms of a low blood sugar will help you correct it quickly by eating something that contains glucose. T he drug diazoxide helps to control blood sugar by reducing the amount of insulin you make. You take it as a tablet. The possible side effects include feeling or being sick, loss of appetite, and fluid build up in the legs or other parts of the body. Other drug treatments that help control blood sugar are verapamil, diphenylhydantoin [pronounced dye-feen-eye-l-hide-an-toe-in] and steroids. Some tumours have somatostatin receptors and then somatostatin analogue drugs such as octreotide and lanreotide can also reduce the amount of insulin in your body. There is information about somatostatin analogues in the carcinoid section of CancerHelp UK. Research into insulinomas Research is always more difficult with rare conditions. There are fewer people available to take part in a trial, so it takes longer for the trial to recruit enough people. There is research looking into diagnosing and monitoring these tumours, as well as research into different types of chemotherapy. New biological treatments include drugs like sunitinib (Sutent) , everolimus (Afinitor) and bevacizumab (Avastin) . These types of treatment work on tumours that have particular proteins. A recent phase 3 trial found that people having everolimus for advanced neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) had a longer time before their cancer started growing again compared to people having a dummy drug (placebo). The average time before the tumour started growing again was 11 months, compared to 4.6 months in people having the placebo. Another phase 3 trial comparing sunitinib with a placebo for advanced NETs found that the average time before the cancer started growing again was 11.4 months compared to 5.5 months in people having the placebo. The All Wales Medicines Strategy Group (AWMSG) and the Scottish Medicines Consortium say that sunitinib and everolimus should be available on the NHS. You should be able to have sunitinib or everolimus if other treatments are not working, and you have pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour that cannot be removed with surgery or has spread to other parts of the body. In England NICE have not looked at these drugs for NET. You may be able to have them through individual funding through your PCT or through the cancer drugs fund if your doctor thinks they would be helpful. We need more research to find out which of these new treatments work best and when to use them. To find out more about trials for neuroendocrine tumours go to our clinical trials database . Coping with insulinoma Coping with a rare condition can be difficult both practically and emotionally. Being well informed about your condition and possible treatments can make it easier to make decisions and cope with what happens. It can also help to talk to people with the same condition. But it can be hard to find someone with a rare tumour. Check out Cancer Chat – Cancer Research UK’s discussion forum. It is a place to share experiences, stories and information with other people who know what you are going through. You might also find our general coping with cancer section helpful.	Pancreas
In mythology, who is the Roman god of fire?	You & Your Hormones \| Endocrine conditions \| Insulinoma You & Your Hormones Email article to a friend \| Last updated: March 17, 2015 An insulinoma is a type of tumour that occurs in the pancreas. The tumour secretes too much insulin, which causes blood sugar to drop to low levels. What is an insulinoma? Normally, the beta cells within the pancreas secrete insulin in response to rises in blood sugar after a person eats a meal and absorbs the carbohydrates within the meal. The role of insulin is to help the body use the carbohydrates to release energy and to keep blood sugar at normal levels. An insulinoma is a type of tumour called a neuroendocrine tumour ( NET ) that arises from the beta cells of the pancreas and causes problems by secreting too much insulin. Usually (>90%) these tumours are benign single lesions in the pancreas (ie, they do not spread to other parts of the body). Occasionally, insulinomas may spread and develop secondary tumours beyond the pancreas, most often affecting the liver. These insulinomas are known as malignant. What causes insulinomas? It is unclear why insulinomas occur in most cases, although some occur as part of a genetic condition called multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 . What are the signs and symptoms of insulinomas? The symptoms of insulinomas can often be vague and non-specific. As insulinomas secrete too much insulin, this means that the blood sugar can drop to levels below normal. This can cause symptoms such as: Sweating Blackouts or seizures These episodes can occur particularly when not eating for long periods (fasting), or first thing in the morning, but may occur at any time. Typically, eating or drinking foods which contain carbohydrate (such as bread, potatoes or pasta) relieves the symptoms. How common are insulinomas? Insulinomas are rare. It is estimated that one case is diagnosed every year per 250,000 people in the population. In the UK, this translates to approximately 250 new cases a year. Are insulinomas inherited? The majority of patients with insulinomas have not inherited the condition. For one in 14 patients, the insulinoma may be part of an inherited syndrome called multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. People with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 usually have other problems with high blood calcium levels, tumours in the pituitary gland and other tumours in the pancreas. How are insulinomas diagnosed? In order to diagnose an insulinoma, patients suspected of the disease are usually admitted to hospital to undergo a supervised 72-hour fast. During this time, patients are allowed to drink water, but not to eat food. Regular finger-prick tests for blood sugar levels are done. If the blood sugar drops below a certain level, a blood sample to test for glucose, insulin and another substance, C-peptide, is taken. A blood or urine test is also taken to test for any medications that might cause the blood sugar levels to drop. If the blood test confirms that the blood glucose is below the criteria level, the fast is stopped and the patient is allowed to eat. Computerised tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans are used to look for insulinomas in the pancreas and liver and to locate their exact position. Insulinomas may not always be straightforward to find on a CT or MRI scan and so one or more of a variety of other localisation techniques may also be used. Specialised nuclear medicine scans such as octreotide or positron emission tomography (PET) scans are also sometimes used to identify insulinomas and to look for any evidence of spread of the tumours. Special ultrasound machines may be used, either attached to a telescope passed, under gentle sedation, through the mouth (endoscopic ultrasound) or during the time of surgery (intra-operative ultrasound). A procedure known as a calcium stimulation test is also sometimes used to confirm that the insulinoma is in the pancreas and actively secreting insulin. This is done in specialist hospitals. It involves placing thin plastic tubes (catheters), under local anaesthetic , into the groin area. Using small injections of special dye that show up under an X-ray machine, these catheters are threaded into the blood vessels that supply the pancreas with blood. Then a small amount of calcium solution, which is harmless to patients, is injected into the blood vessels, and blood tests are taken to measure the levels of insulin secreted by the pancreas. This test usually takes about 1 hour to perform. If multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 is suspected, a blood test to look for defects in the gene responsible for this disease can be carried out. Genetic specialists will talk through the implications of genetic testing, which is usually performed in outpatient clinics. How are insulinomas treated? Benign insulinomas are usually removed by surgery with the intention being to remove the tumour fully and achieve a long-term cure and normal life expectancy. The surgery takes place as an inpatient in specialist hospitals and is completed by a specialist pancreatic surgeon with support from the endocrine (hormone specialist) team. The extent of the surgery depends on the location and size of the tumour. Sometimes it is possible to do a smaller operation that cuts out only the insulinoma (enucleation). However, in some cases it may also be necessary to remove larger portions of the pancreas in a more complicated operation. If the low blood sugar levels are troublesome, medication may be used to increase blood sugar levels before the operation. Commonly used drugs include diazoxide and somatostatin analogues. Patients should also be given dietary advice to ensure a frequent supply of carbohydrates to try and prevent blood sugar levels dropping. For example, small meals can be taken more frequently, eg, five to six times a day. A food additive such as guar gum can also be used to lengthen the time the body can absorb carbohydrates. How to manage a low blood sugar acutely and activities to avoid whilst at risk of a low blood sugar should be explained to all patients. There are a range of different treatment options for malignant insulinomas. Surgery may still be utilised although the intent would not be curative but instead to significantly reduce the amount of tumour present to reduce the symptoms and challenges of a recurrent low blood sugar. Diazoxide and the somatostatin analogues may be used in this setting to control symptoms. The somatostatin analogues may also be used to control tumour growth. Other options that may be considered include radiolabelled somatostatin analogue therapy, chemotherapy or relatively new drugs called Everolimus or Sunitinib. Are there any side-effects to the treatment? In most cases, surgery is successful and the patient does not experience any side-effects. Occasionally, surgery can cause side-effects including excessive bleeding, infections and pain. If a large part of the pancreas is removed, the surgery may cause blood sugar levels to rise, causing excessively high levels of blood sugar ( diabetes mellitus ). This isbecause there is insufficient insulin being secreted by the pancreas. In addition, if the part of the pancreas that makes digestive enzymes is damaged then replacement enzymes may need to be prescribed. Other side-effects are specific to the individual drug. The commonest agent, diazoxide, has the following side effects: diabetes mellitus, nausea, vomiting, ankle swelling, dizziness and excessive growth of body hair (if taken for prolonged periods). What are the longer-term implications of insulinomas? If the insulinoma is benign and has been removed by surgery, the outcome is good and patients are usually cured of the condition. If the insulinoma is malignant and has spread to the liver, the symptoms of low blood sugar may continue to be a problem, and long-term treatment with the aim of stabilising tumour growth, may be required. Patients with frequent episodes of low blood sugar should not drive or operate heavy machinery.	i don't know
What is the first name of Halley, after who the famous comet is named?	Halley's Comet: Facts About the Most Famous Comet Halley's Comet: Facts About the Most Famous Comet By Elizabeth Howell, Space.com Contributor \| February 20, 2013 02:17pm ET MORE An image of Halley's Comet taken in 1986. Credit: NASA Halley's Comet is arguably the most famous comet. It is a "periodic" comet and returns to Earth's vicinity about every 75 years, making it possible for a human to see it twice in his or her lifetime. The last time it was here was in 1986, and it is projected to return in 2061. The comet is named after English astronomer Edmond Halley, who examined reports of a comet approaching Earth in 1531, 1607 and 1682. He concluded that these three comets were actually the same comet returning over and over again, and predicted the comet would come again in 1758. Halley didn't live to see the comet's return, but his discovery led to the comet being named after him. (The traditional pronunciation of the name usually rhymes with valley .) Halley's calculations showed that at least some comets orbit the sun. Further, the first Halley's Comet of the space age – in 1986 – saw several spacecraft approach its vicinity to sample its composition. High-powered telescopes also observed the comet as it swung by Earth. Halley's in history The first known observation of Halley's took place in 239 B.C. , according to the European Space Agency. Chinese astronomers recorded its passage in the Shih Chi and Wen Hsien Thung Khao chronicles. When Halley's returned in 164 B.C. and 87 B.C., it probably was noted in Babylonian records now housed at the British Museum in London. "These texts have important bearing on the orbital motion of the comet in the ancient past," noted a Nature research paper about the tablets. This portion of the Bayeux Tapestry shows Halley's Comet during its appearance in 1066. Credit: Public domain Halley's most famous appearance occurred shortly before the 1066 invasion of England by William the Conquerer. It is said that William felt the comet heralded his success. In any case, the comet was put on the Bayeux Tapestry – which chronicles the invasion – in William's honor. Another appearance of the comet in 1301 possibly inspired Italian painter Giotto's rendering of the Star of Bethlehem in "The Adoration of the Magi," according to the Britannica encyclopedia . Astronomers in these times, however, saw each appearance of Halley's Comet as an isolated event. Comets were often foreseen as a sign of great disaster or change. Even when Shakespeare wrote his play "Julius Caesar" around 1600, just 105 years before Edmond Halley calculated that the comet returns over and over again, one famous phrase spoke of comets as heralds: "When beggars die there are no comets seen; The heavens themselves blaze forth the death of princes." Discovery of Halley's recurrence Astronomy began changing swiftly around the time of Shakespeare, however. Many astronomers of his time held that Earth was the center of the solar system, but Nicolaus Copernicus – who died about 20 years before Shakespeare's birth – published findings showing that the center was actually the sun. It took several generations for Copernicus' calculations to take hold in the astronomy community, but when they did, they provided a powerful model for how objects move around the solar system and the universe. Edmond Halley Edmond Halley published "A Synopsis of the Astronomy of Comets" in 1705, cataloguing what he had found from searching historical records of 24 comets appearing near Earth between 1337 to 1698. Three of those observations appeared to be very similar in terms of orbit and other parameters, leading Halley to propose that one comet might be visiting Earth again and again. The comet appeared in 1531, 1607 and 1682. Halley suggested the same comet could return to Earth in 1758. Halley did not live long enough to see its return – he died in 1742 – but his discovery inspired others to name the comet after him. On each successive journey to the inner solar system, astronomers on Earth turned their telescopes skyward to watch Halley's approach. The comet's pass in 1910 was particularly spectacular, as the comet flew by about 13.9 million miles (22.4 million kilometers) from Earth, which is about 1/15 the distance between Earth and the Sun. On that occasion, Halley's was captured on camera for the first time. According to biographer Albert Bigelow Paine, the writer Mark Twain said in 1909, "I came in with Halley's Comet in 1835. It is coming again next year, and I expect to go out with it." Twain died on April 21, 1910, one day after perihelion, when the comet emerged from the far side of the sun. This photo of Halley's comet was taken by the Russian Vega 2 spacecraft, one of two Soviet probes (Vega 1 was the other) to rendezvous with the comet during its 1986 trip through the solar system in March 1986. The closest approach of Vega 1 to Halley was 8890 km while Vega 2 had a close encounter at 8030 km. Credit: ESA Halley's in the Space Age When Halley's Comet came by Earth in 1986, it was the first time we could send spacecraft up to look at it. That was a fortunate occurrence, as the comet ended up being underwhelming in observations from Earth. When the comet made its closest approach to the sun, it was on the opposite side of that star from the Earth – making it a faint and distant object, some 39 million miles away from Earth. Several spacecraft successfully made the journey to the comet. This fleet of spaceships is sometimes dubbed the "Halley Armada." Two joint Soviet/French probes (Vega 1 and 2) flew nearby, with one of them capturing pictures of the heart or nucleus of the comet for the first time. The European Space Agency's Giotto got even closer to the nucleus, beaming back spectacular images to Earth. Japan sent two probes of its own (Sakigake and Suisei) that also obtained information on Halley. Additionally, NASA's International Cometary Explorer (already in orbit since 1978) captured pictures of Halley from 17.3 million miles (28 million kilometers away.) "It was inevitable that this most famous of all comets would receive unprecedented attention, but the actual magnitude of the effort has surprised even most of those involved in it," NASA noted in an account of the event . Sadly, the astronauts aboard Challenger's STS-51L mission were also scheduled to look at the telescope when they arrived in the orbit, but they never got the chance. The shuttle exploded about two minutes after launch on Jan. 28, 1986, due to a rocket malfunction. It will be many decades until Halley's gets close to Earth again, but in the meantime you can see its remnants every year. The Orionid meteor shower, which is spawned by Halley's fragments , occurs annually in October. Halley's also produced a shower in May, called the Eta Aquarids. When Halley's sweeps by Earth in 2061, the comet will be on the same side of the sun as Earth and will be much brighter than in 1986. One astronomer predicted it could be as bright as apparent magnitude -0.3 . This is relatively bright, but well below that of the brightest star in Earth's sky : Sirius, at magnitude -1.4 as seen from Earth. — Elizabeth Howell, SPACE.com Contributor	Edmond
Completed in 1923, which famous steam locomotive was noted for the London to Edinburgh service?	Fun Comet Facts for Kids - Halley’s Comet, Shoemaker-Levy 9, Interesting Info Halley's Comet Halley’s Comet (or Comet Halley as it is also known) is the most well known comet. It is known as a periodic comet (or short term comet) because the time it takes to orbit the Sun is less than 200 years. Records of humans observing Halley’s Comet go back thousands of years, with appearances noted by Babylonian, Chinese and European star gazers. It can be seen with the naked eye from Earth every 75 to 76 years (although the time period has between 74 and 79 years in the past). It last appeared in the inner Solar System in 1986 and will return again sometime in 2061 (start charging your camera battery). Halley’s Comet is named after English astronomer Edmond Halley who first determined its period of orbit. It was the first comet to be recognized as having a periodic orbit. Halley’s Comet appearance in 1986 allowed researchers to investigate its make up more closely using spacecraft. While some previous theories were proven correct, other models were altered with the new information. For example, while earlier models predicted the comet to feature many volatile ices, the actual amount was less than first expected. The tail and fuzzy glow you see around Halley’s Comet is known as a coma. It occurs when the comet gets close to the Sun and compounds such as frozen water and carbon dioxide sublime (rapidly change from solid to gas) from its surface. While the coma over Halley’s Comet can stretch up to 100,000 km across, the nucleus is actually small, only around 15km (9.3 miles) long, 8km (5 miles) wide and 8km (5 miles) thick.	i don't know
The Shinkansen, a network of high-speed railway lines in Japan is also known as the ‘what’ Train?	Shinkansen -bullet train- - YouTube Shinkansen -bullet train- Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Aug 19, 2011 The Shinkansen , also known as the bullet train, is a network of high-speed railway lines in Japan operated by four Japan Railways Group companies. Starting with the Tōkaidō Shinkansen in 1964, the network has expanded to currently consist of 2,387.7 km (1,483.6 mi) of lines with maximum speeds of 240--300 km/h (149--186 mph), 283.5 km (176.2 mi) of Mini-shinkansen with a maximum speed of 130 km/h (81 mph) and 10.3 km (6.4 mi) of spur lines with Shinkansen services. The network presently links most major cities on the islands of Honshu and Kyushu, with construction of a link to the northern island of Hokkaido underway and plans to increase speeds on the Tōhoku Shinkansen up to 320 km/h (199 mph). The Tōkaidō Shinkansen is the world's busiest high-speed rail line. Carrying 151 million passengers a year (March 2008),it has transported more passengers (over 4 billion, network over 6 billion) than any other high speed line in the world. Between Tokyo and Osaka, the two largest metropolises in Japan, up to thirteen trains per hour with sixteen cars each (1,323 seats capacity) run in each direction with a minimum headway of three minutes between trains. Though largely a long-distance transport system, the Shinkansen also serves commuters who travel to work in metropolitan areas from outlying cities. Category	Bullet
The SNCF is the state-owned railway company in which country?	Shinkansen \| Negima! Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Share The Shinkansen (新幹線, new main line), also known as the “Bullet train” due to the train’s speed and shape, is a network of high-speed railway lines found in Japan. Starting with the 210 km/h (130 mph) Tōkaidō Shinkansen in 1964, the network has since expanded to link most of the major cities in Japan at modern speeds of up to 300 km/h (186 mph). The line is the world's busiest high-speed rail line. Carrying 151 million passengers a year it has transported more passengers than any other high speed line in the world. Between Tokyo and Osaka alone ten Tōkaidō trains (16 cars each (1,300 seat capacity)) run per hour with a minimum of 3 minutes between trains. Contents	i don't know
In May 1994, the Channel Tunnel was formally opened by Queen Elizabeth II and which French President?	English Channel tunnel opens - May 06, 1994 - HISTORY.com English Channel tunnel opens Publisher A+E Networks In a ceremony presided over by England’s Queen Elizabeth II and French President Francois Mitterand, a rail tunnel under the English Channel was officially opened, connecting Britain and the European mainland for the first time since the Ice Age. The channel tunnel, or “Chunnel,” connects Folkstone, England, with Sangatte, France, 31 miles away. The Chunnel cut travel time between England and France to a swift 35 minutes and eventually between London and Paristo two-and-a-half hours. As the world’s longest undersea tunnel, the Chunnel runs under water for 23 miles, with an average depth of 150 feet below the seabed. Each day, about 30,000 people, 6,000 cars and 3,500 trucks journey through the Chunnel on passenger, shuttle and freight trains. Millions of tons of earth were moved to build the two rail tunnels–one for northbound and one for southbound traffic–and one service tunnel. Fifteen thousandpeople were employed at the peak of construction. Ten people were killed during construction. Napoleon’s engineer, Albert Mathieu, planned the first tunnel under the English Channel in 1802, envisioning an underground passage with ventilation chimneys that would stretch above the waves. In 1880, the first real attempt was made by Colonel Beaumont, who bore a tunnel more than a mile long before abandoning the project. Other efforts followed in the 20th century, but none on the scale of the tunnels begun in June 1988. The Chunnel’s $16 billion cost was roughly twice the original estimate, and completion was a year behind schedule. One year into service, Eurotunnel announced a huge loss, one of the biggest in United Kingdom corporate history at the time. A scheme in which banks agreed to swap billions of pounds worth of loans for shares saved the tunnel from going under and it showed its first net profit in 1999. Freight traffic was suspended for six months after a fire broke out on a lorry in the tunnel in November 1996. Nobody was seriously hurt in the incident. In 1996, the American Society of Civil Engineers identified the tunnel as one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World. Related Videos	François Mitterrand
In June 1883, the ‘Orient Express’ left Paris for which other European city?	Eurotunnel - Connecting UK with Europe - Railway stories - National Railway Museum Eurotunnel - Connecting UK with Europe A short history of the Eurotunnel rail link (HS1). The Channel Tunnel runs for 31.4 miles beneath the English Channel - it's the longest section of underwater tunnel in the world. The construction of the tunnel was an immense project which took 13,000 workers six years to complete - it is recognised as one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World by the American Society of Civil Engineers. On its launch in 1994, the Eurostar service transformed European travel. Running through the newly opened Channel Tunnel, it provided the first direct train service between the UK, France and Belgium. Eurostar trains travel at an average of 186 miles per hour, making them the fastest trains in service in the UK. A Eurostar train also holds the UK rail speed record of 208 miles per hour. As huge boring machines tunnelled beneath the English Channel, the muck truck trains removed the 4.3 million cubic metres of earth and rock that was displaced. This spoil was then deposited at Shakespeare Cliff near Dover, increasing the size of the UK by 90 acres. Since its launch in 1994, the Eurostar service has more than doubled the number of people travelling from the UK to Paris and Brussels. While we may think of it as something new, the idea of connecting UK and France via subterranean means is actually nothing new. In 1798 an engraving from a French print entitled 'Divers Projets sur la descente en Angleterre' (see below), shows an imaginary invasion of England by the French Army. Forces are seen advancing through a Channel Tunnel and arriving in ships and balloons! The project of administering the construction and the operations of a railway tunnel under the Channel was finally launched in 1973 at Chequers by Edward Heath, British Prime Minister, and Georges Pompidou, French President, when a Franco-British Channel Tunnel Treaty was signed. In 1988 construction started and on the 1 December 1990 British and French teams achieved the first historic breakthrough under the Channel, in the service tunnel at 22.3 km from the UK and 15.6 from France. On 6 May 1994 Queen Elizabeth II and French President François Mitterrand officially opened the tunnel and freight services were started in June of that year, with passenger services in December. Also known as HS1, the Channel Tunnel Rail Link was the UK's first high speed railway - it opened in 2007 and allowed the Eurostar trains to run at full speed between London and Folkestone for the first time. The new line's terminus, London's iconic St Pancras station, underwent a huge six year renovation before becoming the new UK home of Eurostar. The network of Eurostar destinations and connected high-speed services continues to grow - in May 2015, a new Eurostar route between London and Marseille became the first high-speed rail service from the UK to the Mediterranean. From October 2015, our Great Hall will become home to a Eurostar Power Car class 373 , donated by Eurostar. Sitting alongside other railway greats, find our more about its unique legacy to rail travel in Europe. Did you know? The 'muck truck trains' removed the 4.3 million cubic metres of earth and rock that was displaced. This spoil was then deposited at Shakespeare Cliff near Dover, increasing the size of the UK by 90 acres. Eleven tunnel boring machines were used in the excavating, built specifically for the task. Each machine weighed more than 1,100 tonnes: together they weighed more than the Eiffel Tower. A boring machines from the British side remains buried under the Channel! The length of the tunnel is 31.4 miles, 23.5 miles is under the sea. It's the longest undersea portion of tunnel in the world. The lowest point is 75m deep. Since 1994 the equivalent of over four times the population of the UK have crossed the channel using the tunnel. In April 2004 Eurotunnel Le Shuttle put one of the 580 tonne boring drills used to excavate the tunnel on Ebay! It was sold for £39,999. Archive Images	i don't know
What was the name of the famous steam locomotive built by Robert Stephenson and Company in 1829?	George Stephenson - The First Steam Locomotive Engine By Mary Bellis Updated February 03, 2016. George Stephenson was born on June 9, 1781, in the coal mining village of Wylam, England. His father, Robert Stephenson, was a poor, hard working man, that supported his family entirely from wages of twelve shillings a week. Wagons loaded with coal passed through Wylam several times a day. These wagons were drawn by horses -- locomotives had not yet been invented. George Stephenson's first job was to watch over a few cows owned by a neighbor which were allowed to feed along the road; George was paid two cents a day to keep the cows out of the way of the coal-wagons; and also, to close the gates after the day's work of the wagons was over. George Stephenson - Life in the Coal Mines George Stephenson's next job was at the mines as a picker. His duty was to clean the coal of stone, slate, and other impurities. Eventually, George Stephenson worked at several coal mines as a fireman, plugman, brakeman, and engineer. However, in his spare time George loved to tinker with any engine or piece of mining equipment that fell into his hands. continue reading below our video 5 Steps to Starting Your Own Business He became skilled at adjusting and even repairing the engines found in the mining pumps, even though at that time he could not read or write. As a young adult, George paid for and attended night school where he learned to read, write, and do arithmetic. In 1804, George Stephenson walked on foot to Scotland to take a job working in a coal mine that used one of James Watt's steam engines, the best steam engines of the day. In 1807, George Stephenson considered emigrating to America; but he was too poor to pay for the passage. He began work nights repairing shoes, clocks, and watches, making extra money that he would spend on his inventing projects. George Stephenson - First Locomotive In 1813, George Stephenson became aware that William Hedley and Timothy Hackworth were designing a locomotive for the Wylam coal mine. So at the age of twenty, George Stephenson began the construction of his first locomotive. It should be noted that at this time in history, every part of the engine had to be made by hand, and hammered into shape just like a horseshoe. John Thorswall, a coal mine blacksmith, was George Stephenson's main assistant. The Blucher Hauls Coal After ten months' labor, George Stephenson's locomotive "Blucher" was completed and tested on the Cillingwood Railway on July 25, 1814. The track was an uphill trek of four hundred and fifty feet. George Stephenson's engine hauled eight loaded coal wagons weighing thirty tons, at about four miles an hour. This was the first steam engined powered locomotive to run on a railroad and it was the most successful working steam engine that had ever been constructed up to this period, this encouraged the inventor make further experiments. In all, Stephenson built sixteen different engines. First Public Railways George Stephenson build the world's first public railways: the Stockton and Darlington railway in 1825 and the Liverpool-Manchester railway in 1830. Stephenson was the chief engineer for several of the railways. George Stephenson - Other Inventions In 1815, George Stephenson invented a new safety lamp that would not explode when used around the flammable gasses found in the coal mines. Also in 1815, George Stephenson and Ralph Dodds patented an improved method of driving (turning) locomotive wheels using pins attached to the spokes to act as cranks. The driving rod was connected to the pin using a ball and socket joint, previously gear wheels had been used. Stephenson and William Losh, who owned an ironworks in Newcastle patented a method of making cast iron rails. In 1829, George Stephenson and his son Robert invented a multi-tubular boiler for the now-famous locomotive "Rocket".	Rocket
Wootten and Belpaire are types of ‘what’ found in steam locomotives?	Engineering Timelines - Robert Stephenson Robert Stephenson introduction early life & education the Rocket & steam-powered locomotion railways & railway bridges influence, family & final years The Rocket & steam-powered locomotion In his son's absence, George Stephenson had been appointed engineer for the Liverpool & Manchester line and was in the thick of debate about several important aspects. It was the first railway in the country intended specifically for the transport of both goods and passengers. Plans for its construction meet with fierce opposition but were finally passed by Parliament in 1826. Among other things, Stephenson Sr was forced to defend his technique for construction of the line, notably across a boggy terrain known as Chat Moss. The means to power the movement of freight was also to be decided. Many experts thought that using horses and stationary steam engines in combination would be the best option. Stephenson Sr was, as always, a staunch advocate of steam locomotion but the development of an effective engine was essential to his case. With so many demands on his time, however, the administration of project was in disarray, costs were escalating and the locomotive factory languished. Robert Stephenson resumed his position as head of the factory immediately on his return from Columbia. Unlike his visionary but stubborn father, he was extremely adept at organisation and collaborative work. He set to work at once to revive the business and to produce the locomotive that his father had so long believed in. This was the Rocket. Two improvements distinguished the Rocket from the coal-hauling engines which preceded it. First, the usual single straight or U-shaped flue running through the boiler was replaced by twenty-five much smaller tubes, three inches in diameter. Making this arrangement watertight gave Stephenson some difficulty and almost led him to despair, but he prevailed and the result was an engine with a far greater heated surface area than any before. Thus, for the first time, the engine produced sufficient steam to run continuously. Second, the cylinders were arranged beside the boiler rather than within it. This was a model that Stephenson continued to use for all subsequent engine designs. The Liverpool & Manchester Railway company had resolved to run a competition to help decide how their line would be powered. On 6 October 1829, four engines by different makers were tested at Rainhill over a two mile level track. The trials were repeated over several days in front of the judges and crowds of sightseers. The Rocket proved its worth admirably by its speed (just over 12 mph on the first day and faster in subsequent trials) and reliability. The prize of £500 was awarded to Robert Stephenson & Company and George Stephenson's dream of steam-powered transportation was realised. Sadly, the Rocket was also the instrument of the first train fatality. On 15 September 1830, the Liverpool & Manchester Railway was officially opened. Confused by a wave from the Duke of Wellington, who was then Prime Minister, one of the MPs for Liverpool, William Huskisson, stepped onto the line before the oncoming train. He died from his injuries that evening. Over the next four years, Robert Stephenson & Company continued to lead the field in the design and manufacture of locomotives. Famous prototypes were the Planet (1830), the Patentee (specifically for passenger trains) and the Atlas. Stephenson's link motion, developed at the factory in 1842, simplified and improved both handling and fuel economy. These designs dominated British steam locomotion for decades.	i don't know
Of the four London stations on a Monopoly board, which was first to open?	The London Monopoly Board The London Monopoly Board Jessica Korteman 11 Comments Ah, memories of school holidays past. That’s when the Monopoly board would come out and fill afternoons buying and selling properties with funny names based on an unimaginably posh city faraway. At least that is what it was in my mind. In Australia we traditionally play the UK version of Monopoly with dollars instead of pounds. On coming to London for the first time, we just had to seek out these places that formed a memorable part of our childhoods. In Monopoly get-up, of course! Come with us as we journey around London visiting the properties found on the original British board. Purple/Maroon Square: Old Kent Road American version: Mediterranean Avenue Light Blue Square: The Angel Islington American version: Oriental Avenue Light Blue Square: Euston Road American version: Vermont Avenue Light Blue Square: Pentonville Road American version: Connecticut Avenue American version: St. Charles Place Maroon/Pink Square: Whitehall American version: St. James Place Orange Square: Marlborough Street Orange Square: Vine Street American version: New York Avenue Why Vine Street was included on the Monopoly board is anyone’s guess. In reality it’s a dead-end that serves as a goods delivery entrance for a hotel. It wasn’t the cheapest of the properties either. But we could smell cookies – that’s gotta add to property value! Red Square: The Strand American version: North Carolina Avenue Green Square: Bond Street Now onto the prime positions on the board! Dark Blue Square: Park Lane American version: Park Place White Square: King’s Cross Station American version: Reading Railroad White Square: Fenchurch Street Station American version: B. & O. Railroad White Square: Liverpool Street Station American version: Short Line Go directly to jail. Do not pass GO. Do not collect $200. Where “jail” is might not be specified on the board, but we couldn’t resist including it on our adventure. Tower of London it is! GIVEAWAY TIME! Nomads, would you like to win a 12-month Hostelworld Gold Card Membership? That means the waiving of all your Hostelworld service fees for a full year from activation! To gain two entries into the draw, tell us your favourite Monopoly property (could be one listed here or from the version you play) by commenting on this post by 1 December 2013. Head on over to our Facebook page and tell us your favourite Monopoly property there by commenting on the post pinned to the top of the page (also by 1 December 2013) to receive one extra entry! Maximum number of entries per person: 3. We have two of these awesome memberships to give away! Winners will be drawn at random and will be notified by email or Facebook. Good luck! Want to travel more? Get access to our exclusive monthly updates plus a photo e-book! It's FREE! No spam, just real content. Share this:	Fenchurch Street railway station
What is the name of the house to which the family move in the novel ‘The Railway Children’ by Edith Nesbit?	Monopoly \| Monopoly Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia [ show ] History The history of Monopoly can be traced back to the early 1900s. In 1904, a Quaker woman named Elizabeth (Lizzie) J. Magie Phillips created a game through which she hoped to be able to explain the single tax theory of Henry George (it was supposed to illustrate the negative aspects of concentrating land in private monopolies). Her game, The Landlord's Game, was commercially published a few years later. Other interested game players redeveloped the game and some made their own sets. Lizzie herself patented a revised edition of the game in 1904, and similar games were published commercially. By the early 1930s, a board game named Monopoly was created much like the version of Monopoly sold by Parker Brothers and its parent companies throughout the rest of the 20th century and into the 21st. The Parker Brothers' version was created by Charles Darrow . Several people, mostly in the U.S. Midwest and near the U.S. East Coast, contributed to the game's design and evolution. In 1941 the British Secret Service had John Waddington Ltd., the licensed manufacturer of the game outside the U.S., create a special edition for World War II prisoners of war held by the Nazis. Hidden inside these games were maps, compasses, real money, and other objects useful for escaping. They were distributed to prisoners by the International Red Cross. By the 1970s, the game's early history had been lost (and at least one historian has argued that it was purposely suppressed - see below), and the idea that it had been created solely by Charles Darrow had become popular folklore. This was stated in the 1974 book The Monopoly Book: Strategy and Tactics of the World's Most Popular Game, by Maxine Brady, and even in the instructions of the game itself. As Professor Ralph Anspach fought Parker Brothers and its then parent company, General Mills, over the trademarks of the Monopoly board game, much of the early history of the game was "rediscovered." Because of the lengthy court process, and appeals, the legal status of Parker Brothers' trademarks on the game was not settled until the mid-1980s. The game's name remains a registered trademark of Parker Brothers, as do its specific design elements. Parker Brothers' current corporate parent, Hasbro, again acknowledges only the role of Charles Darrow in the creation of the game. Anspach published a book about his research, called The Billion Dollar Monopoly Swindle (and republished as Monopolygate), in which he makes his case about the purposeful suppression of the game's early history and development. Board This is the original version produced by Charles Darrow, and later by Parker Brothers. The board consists of forty spaces containing twenty-eight properties, three Chance spaces, three Community Chest spaces, a Luxury Tax space, an Income Tax space, and the four corner squares: GO, Jail, Free Parking , and Go to Jail. In the U.S. versions shown below, the properties are named after locations in (or near) Atlantic City, New Jersey. However, as of September 2008, the layout of the board has been modified to more closely match the foreign-released versions, as shown in the two board layouts below. The notable changes are the colors of Mediterranean and Baltic Avenues changing from purple to brown, the colors of the GO square from red to black, and the adaptation of the flat $200 Income Tax (formerly the player's choice of 10% of their total holdings OR $200; players had to make a decision before calculating their total holdings) and increased $100 Luxury Tax (upped from $75) amounts. Similar color/amount changes are used in the U.S. Edition of the "Here And Now: World Edition" game , and are also used in the most recent version of the McDonald's Monopoly promotion. US Board ($60) US Info A player who reaches the Jail space by a direct roll of the dice is said to be "just visiting", and continues normal play on the next turn. Marvin Gardens , a yellow property on the board shown, is actually a misspelling of the original location name, Marven Gardens. Marven Gardens is not a street, but a housing area outside Atlantic City. The housing area is said to be derived from Margate City and Ventnor City in New Jersey (emphasis added). The misspelling was introduced by Charles Darrow when his home-made Monopoly board was copied by Parker Brothers. It was not until 1995 that Parker Brothers acknowledged this mistake and formally apologized to the residents of Marven Gardens for the misspelling. [2] Another change made by Todd and duplicated by Darrow, and later Parker Brothers, was the use of South Carolina Avenue. North Carolina Avenue was substituted for this street on the board. Atlantic City's Illinois Avenue was renamed Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd. in the 1980s. Saint Charles Place no longer exists, as the Showboat Casino Hotel was developed where it once ran. [3] Short Line is believed to refer to the Shore Fast Line, a streetcar line that served Atlantic City. [4] The B. & O. Railroad did not serve Atlantic City. A booklet included with the reprinted 1935 edition states that the four railroads that served Atlantic City in the mid 1930s were the Jersey Central, the Seashore Lines, the Reading Railroad, and the Pennsylvania Railroad . The actual "Electric Company" and "Water Works" serving the city are respectively Atlantic City Electric Company (a subsidiary of Pepco Holdings) and the Atlantic City Municipal Utilities Authority. The other versions of the game have different property names, and the prices may be denominated in another currency, but the game mechanics are almost identical. The original income tax choice from the U.S. version is replaced by a flat rate in the UK version, and the $75 Luxury Tax space is replaced with the £100 Super Tax space. The same is true of current German boards, with a €200 for the Income Tax space on the board, and a €100 Add-on tax in place of the Luxury Tax. An Austrian version, released by Parker Brothers/Hasbro in 2001, does allow for the 10% or $200 for Income Tax and has a $100 Luxury Tax. The choice of London main line stations is that of the four stations within the London and North Eastern Railway group. Starting with the September 2008 release, the U.S. Edition now also uses the flat $200 Income Tax value and the upped $100 Luxury Tax amount. In the 1930s, John Waddington Ltd. (Waddingtons) was a firm of printers from Leeds that had begun to branch out into packaging and the production of playing cards. Waddingtons had sent the card game Lexicon to Parker Brothers hoping to interest them in publishing the game in the United States. In a similar fashion, Parker Brothers sent over a copy of Monopoly to Waddingtons early in 1935 before the game had been put into production in the United States. The managing director of Waddingtons, Victor Watson, gave the game to his son Norman (who was head of the card games division) to test over the weekend. Norman was impressed by the game and persuaded his father to call Parker Brothers on Monday morning - transatlantic calls then being almost unheard of. This call resulted in Waddingtons obtaining a license to produce and market the game outside of the United States. Watson felt that in order for the game to be a success in the United Kingdom the American locations would have to be replaced, so Victor and his secretary, Marjory Phillips, went to London to scout out locations. The Angel, Islington is not a street in London but an area of North London named after a coaching inn that stood on the Great North Road. By the 1930s the inn had become a Lyons Corner House (it is now a Co-operative Bank). Some accounts say that Marjory and Victor met at the Angel to discuss the selection and celebrated the fact by including it on the Monopoly board. In 2003, a plaque commemorating the naming was unveiled at the site by Victor Watson's grandson who is also named Victor. The standard English board, produced by Waddingtons, was for many years the version most familiar to people in countries in the Commonwealth (except Canada, where the U.S. edition with Atlantic City-area names was reprinted), although local variants of the board are now also found in several of these countries. UK Board In the cases where the game was produced under license by a national company, the £ (pound) was replaced by a $ (dollar) sign, but the place names were unchanged. Standard (UK Edition) Monopoly game board layout For a list of some of the localized versions, including the UK "Here & Now" edition, and the names of their properties. Recent variations Starting in the UK in 2005, an updated version of the game entitled Monopoly Here and Now was produced, replacing game scenarios, properties, and tokens with modern equivalents. Similar boards were produced for Germany and France. Variants of these first editions appeared with Visa-branded debit cards taking the place of cash - the later US "Electronic Banking" edition has unbranded debit cards. The success of the first Here and Now editions caused Hasbro US to allow online voting for 26 landmark properties across the United States to take their places along the game board. The popularity of this voting, in turn, caused the creation of similar websites, and secondary game boards per popular vote to be created in the UK, France, Germany, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, and other nations. Hasbro opened a new website in January 2008, for online voting of the Monopoly Here and Now: World Edition. The colored property spaces will be worldwide cities, going by the same vote/popularity formula as established for national editions. In 2006, Winning Moves Games released another edition, the Mega Edition, with a larger game board (50% bigger) and revised game play. Other streets from Atlantic City (eight, one per a color group) were included, along with a third "utility", the Gas Company. In addition, $1000 denomination notes (first seen in Winning Moves' "Monopoly: The Card Game") are included. Game play is further changed with bus tickets (allowing non-dice-roll movement along one side of the board), a speed die (itself adopted into variants of the Atlantic City Standard Edition; see below), skyscrapers (after houses and hotels), and train depots that can be placed on the Railroad spaces. This edition was adapted for the UK market in 2007, and is sold by Winning Moves UK. After the initial US release, critiques of some of the rules caused the company to issue revisions and clarifications on their website. In 2009, Winning Moves Games introduced "The Classic Edition", with a pre-2008 game board and cards, re-inclusion of the " sack of money " playing piece, and a plain MONOPOLY logo in the center of the board, with neither the 1985 or 2008 version of "Mr. Monopoly" present. World editions In 1998, Winning Moves procured the Monopoly license from Hasbro and created new UK city and regional editions with sponsored squares. Winning Moves struggled to raise the sponsorship deals for the game boards, but did so eventually. A Nottingham Graphic Design agency, TMA, produced the visual design of the Monopoly packaging. Initially, in December 1998, the game was sold in just a few WHSmith stores, but demand was high, with almost fifty thousand games shipped in the 4 weeks leading up to Christmas. Winning Moves still produce new city and regional editions annually. Nottingham based designers Guppi have been responsible for the games' visual design since 2001. In 2008, Hasbro released a world edition of Monopoly Here & Now. This world edition features top locations of the world. The locations were decided by votes over the Internet. The result of the voting was announced on August 20, 2008. Dark Blue: Montreal, Riga Light Blue: Athens, Barcelona, Tokyo Brown: Taipei, Gdynia Out of these, Gdynia is especially notable, as it is by far the smallest city of those featured and won the vote thanks to a spontaneous, large-scale mobilization of support started by its citizens. The new game will not use any particular currency; it uses millions and thousands. As seen above, there is no Dark Purple color-group, as that is replaced by brown. It's also notable that three cities (Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver) are from Canada and three other cities (Beijing, Hong Kong, Shanghai) are from the People's Republic of China, while the other cities all only represent one country. Equipment Each player is represented by a small metal token that is moved around the edge of the board according to the roll of two dice . The twelve playing pieces currently used are pictured at left (from left to right): a wheelbarrow (1937b edition), a battleship, a sack of money (1999–2007 editions), a horse and rider, a car, a train (Deluxe Edition only), a thimble, a howitzer, an old style shoe (sometimes called a boot), a Scottie dog, an iron, and a top hat. Many of the tokens came from companies such as Dowst Miniature Toy Company, which made metal charms and tokens designed to be used on charm bracelets. The battleship and cannon were also used briefly in the Parker Brothers war game Conflict (released in 1940), but after the game failed on the market, the premade pieces were recycled into Monopoly usage. [5] Hasbro recently adopted the battleship and cannon for Diplomacy. Early localized editions of the standard edition (including some Canadian editions, which used the U.S. board layout) did not include pewter tokens but instead had generic wooden head-shaped tokens identical to those in Sorry! [6] Parker Brothers also acquired Sorry! in the 1930s. Other items included in the standard edition are: A pair of six-sided dice . (NOTE: Since 2007, a third "Speed Die" has been added--see ADD-ONS below.) A Title Deed for each property. A Title Deed is given to a player to signify ownership, and specifies purchase price, mortgage value, the cost of building houses and hotels on that property, and the various rent prices depending on how developed the property is. Properties include: 22 streets, divided into 8 color groups of two or three streets. A player must own all of a color group (have a monopoly) in order to build houses or hotels. If a player wants to mortgage one property of a color-group, not only must any houses or hotels be removed from that property, but from the others in the color-group as well. 4 railways. Players collect $25 rent if they own one station, $50 if they own two, $100 if they own three and $200 if they own all four. These are usually replaced by railway stations in non-U.S. editions of Monopoly. 2 utilities. Rent is four times dice value if player owns one utility, but 10 times dice value if player owns both. Hotels and houses cannot be built on utilities or stations. A supply of paper money. The supply of money is theoretically unlimited; if the bank runs out of money the players must make do with other markers, or calculate on paper. Additional paper money can be bought at certain locations, notably game and hobby stores, or downloaded from various websites and printed and cut by hand (one such site has created a $1,000 bill for the game; it is not one of the standard denominations). In the original U.S. standard editions, the supply generally starts with $15,140. The winner of the quadrennial Monopoly World Championship receives the same amount in United States dollars. [7] [NOTE: This base money amount has changed--see below.] The term "Monopoly money" has been used to refer to currencies which cannot be used to purchase goods and services on the free market, such as exchange certificates printed by the Burmese government which must be used by foreign aid organizations. [8] 32 wooden or plastic houses and 12 wooden or plastic hotels (the original and the current Deluxe Edition have wooden houses and hotels; the current "base set" uses plastic buildings). Unlike money, houses and hotels have a finite supply. If no more are available, no substitute is allowed. A deck of 16 Chance cards and a deck of 16 Community Chest cards. Players draw these cards when they land on the corresponding squares of the track, and follow the instructions printed on them. Hasbro also sells a Deluxe Edition, which is mostly identical to the classic edition but has wooden houses and hotels and gold-toned tokens, including one token in addition to the standard eleven, a railroad locomotive. Other additions to the Deluxe Edition include a card carousel, which holds the title deed cards, and money printed with two colors of ink. In 1978, retailer Neiman Marcus manufactured and sold an all-Chocolate edition of Monopoly through its "Christmas Wish Book" for that year. The entire set was edible, including the money, dice, hotels, properties, tokens and playing board. The set retailed for $600. In 2000, the FAO Schwarz store in New York City sold a custom version called One-Of-A-Kind Monopoly for $100,000. [9] This special edition comes in a locking attaché case made with Napolino leather and lined in suede, and features include: 18-carat (75%) gold tokens, houses, and hotels Rosewood board street names written in gold leaf emeralds around the Chance icon sapphires around the Community Chest rubies in the brake lights of the car on the Free Parking Space the money is real, negotiable United States currency The Guinness Book of World Records states that a set worth $2,000,000 and made of 23-carat gold, with rubies and sapphires atop the chimneys of the houses and hotels, is the most expensive Monopoly set ever produced. [10] The distribution of cash in the U.S. version has changed with the newer release versions. Older versions had a total of $15,140 in the following amounts/colors: 20 $500 Bills (orange) 40 $5 Bills (pink) 40 $1 Bills (white) The newer (Sept. 2008) editions have a total of $20,580, with 30 of each bill denomination. In addition, the colors of some of the bills have been changed; $10's are now blue instead of yellow, $20's are a brighter color green than before, and $50's are now purple instead of blue. Each player begins the game with his or her token on the Go square, and $1500 (or 1500 of a localized currency) in play money. Prior to Sept. 2008, the money was divided as follows in the U.S. standard rules: Two each of: One x $/£5 Five x $/£1 Pre-Euro German editions of the game started with 30,000 "Spielmark" in eight denominations (abbreviated as "M."), and later used seven denominations of the "Deutsche Mark" ("DM."). In the classic Italian game, each player receives ₤350,000 ($3500) in a two-player game, but ₤50,000 ($500) less for each player more than two. Only in a six-player game does a player receive the equivalent of $1500. The classic Italian games were played with only four denominations of currency. At least one Spanish edition (the Barcelona edition) started the game with 150,000 in play money, with a breakdown identical to that of the American version. All property deeds, houses, and hotels are held by the bank until bought by the players. Free passes may be issued if the owner of the property is using free passes as a transaction. Rules Main Article: Rules Players take turns in order, with the initial player determined by chance before the game; with each player rolling the dice and the player who rolled the highest number going first. A typical turn begins with the rolling of the dice and advancing clockwise around the board the corresponding number of squares. Landing on Chance or Community Chest, a player draws the top card from the respective pile. If the player lands on an unowned property, whether street, railroad, or utility, he can buy the property for its listed purchase price. If he declines this purchase, the property is auctioned off by the bank to the highest bidder, including the player who declined to buy. If the property landed on is already owned and unmortgaged, he must pay the owner a given rent, the price dependent on whether the property is part of a monopoly or its level of development. If a player rolls doubles, he rolls again after completing his turn. Three sets of doubles in a row, however, land the player in jail. During a turn, players may also choose to develop or mortgage properties. Development involves the construction, for given amounts of money paid to the bank, of houses or hotels. Development must be uniform across a monopoly, such that a second house cannot be built on one property in a monopoly until the others have one house. No merges between players are allowed. All developments must be sold before a property can be mortgaged. The player receives money from the bank for each mortgaged property, which must be repaid with interest to unmortgage. Houses are returned to the bank for half their purchase price. Parker Brothers' official instructions have long encouraged the use of House Rules, specific additions to or subtractions from the official rule sets. Many casual Monopoly players are surprised to discover that some of the rules that they are used to are not part of the official rules. Many of these house rules tend to make the game longer by randomly giving players more money. Some common house rules are listed below: At the start of the game $2000 is given out to each of the players instead of $1500. Each player gets 2 500s, 4 100s, 6 50s, 8 20s, 8 10s, 10 5s, and 10 1s Free Parking jackpot, which usually consists of an initial stake (typically $500, or $5 million in the Here & Now Edition) plus collections of fines and taxes otherwise paid to the bank. A player who lands on Free Parking wins the jackpot, which may then be reset with the initial stake (if any). The jackpot is usually put in the center of the board. Since the jackpot forms an additional income for players in this set of house rules, games can take a much longer time than under normal rules. Eliminating the auction if a player decides not to purchase a property. Requiring that every property be put up for auction (this eliminates some of the luck in the game of landing on particular squares and forces players to strategize more). Allowing an unlimited number of houses to be available from the bank. When this house rule is implemented, substitute counters or written tallies are often employed to allay the actual shortage of house tokens in a standard game box. Agreeing that each player be allowed to collect all of a color group once they have 'staked a claim' by buying only one of those properties. The same agreement may or may not be carried over to the rail stations and utilities. Players in jail cannot collect rent, build houses, or conduct trades. This can be combined with increasing the price to get out of jail considerably (normally $50, or $500,000 in the Here & Now Edition). Together, these rules make jail a far more significant burden than that listed in the normal rules. Other players may bail the player out of jail but only if the player agrees. A bonus for landing directly on Go by dice roll (commonly an additional $200 or $500). This may or may not include cards that send the player to Go. Delayed Start: Players must pass Go (or circle the board at least once, or rarely twice) before they can buy property. Only allowing houses (or hotels) to be built when the owner lands on the group A bonus for rolling snake eyes (a pair of ones), often $500, $100, or one of each bill. All properties are handed out evenly to all players before the game begins, or one or two are dealt to each player. This variation is in the official US and UK rules as a short game option. In trades, players may offer "rent immunity" from their own properties (someone does not have to pay rent for landing on that property) as part of a deal (this can be good for a certain number of landings or the entire game). Unlimited amounts of hotels on each space. House rules, while unofficial, are not wholly unrecognized by Parker Brothers. George S. Parker himself created two variants, to shorten the length of game play. Video game and computer game versions of Monopoly have options where popular house rules can be used. House rules that have the effect of randomly introducing more money into the game have a side-effect of increasing the time it takes for players to become bankrupt, lengthening the game considerably, as well as decreasing the effects of strategy and prudent investment. House rules which increase the amount of money in the game may change the strategies of the players, such as changing the relative value of different properties- the more money in the game, the more one may wish to invest in the higher value properties. Strategy Monopoly involves a portion of luck, with the roll of the dice determining whether a player gets to own key properties or lands on squares with high rents. Even the initial misfortune of going last is a significant disadvantage because one is more likely to land on property which has already been bought and therefore be forced to pay rent instead of having an opportunity to buy unowned property. There are, however, many strategic decisions which allow skilled players to win more often than the unskilled. Hasbro also offers a helpful strategy guide and different insights on their site. According to the laws of probability, seven is the most probable roll of two dice, with a probability of 1 in 6, whereas 2 and 12 are the least probable rolls, each with a probability of one in 36. For this reason, Park Place/Park Lane is one of the least landed-on squares as the square seven places behind it is Go to Jail. In consequence, some properties are landed upon more than others and the owners of those properties get more income from rent. The board layout factors include the following: Jail: Since players are frequently directed to "Go To Jail", they will move through the magenta, orange, and red property groups immediately after leaving Jail. The two properties with the highest probability of being landed upon after leaving jail are the two cheaper orange properties (St James Place and Tennessee Avenue in North America and Bow Street and Marlborough Street outside North America). This makes the orange property set highly lucrative. Go to…: One square — Go To Jail — plus a number of Chance and Community Chest cards will cause the player to advance a distance around the board. Thus, the squares immediately following Go To Jail and the take-a-card squares have a reduced probability of being landed upon. The least-landed upon property in this situation is the cheaper dark blue property (Park Place or Park Lane) because it sits in the lee of both Go to Jail and Community Chest (the Chance directly before it would not affect its odds because it is impossible to roll a one). Go to (property): Several properties are blessed with Chance cards which draw players to them. St Charles Place (Pall Mall), Illinois Avenue (Trafalgar Square), Boardwalk (Mayfair), all of the railroads except Short Line (Liverpool Street Station), and both of the utilities benefit from this feature. Reading Railroad (King's Cross Station) has the fortune of having both a "go to" dedicated card plus the card advancing to the nearest railroad. Advance to Go: A player may be directed to the Go square by a Chance or a Community Chest card, thus lowering the probability of being landed-upon of every square in-between. The properties most affected by this are the yellow, green, and dark blue sets. It also marginally raises the probability for each square in the wake of Go, including the purple and orange sets which will be reached two or three rolls after being on Go. Go Back Three Spaces: This directive comes from a Chance card. A quick look at the board shows that there are three Chance squares and hence three other squares which are 3 spaces behind (one being a Community Chest space, another being Income Tax, and the third being the leading orange property). The leading orange property (New York Avenue or Vine Street) gains the most benefit from this card since the Chance square nestled amongst the red properties is itself the most landed-upon Chance square. According to Jim Slater in The Mayfair Set, there is an overwhelming case for having the orange sites, because you land on them more often, the reason for that being the cards in Chance like Go to Jail, Advance to St. Charles Place (Pall Mall ), Advance to Reading Railroad (King's Cross Station) and Go Back Three Spaces. In all, during game play, Illinois Avenue (Trafalgar Square), New York Avenue (Vine Street), B&O Railroad (Fenchurch Street Station), and Reading Railroad (King's Cross Station) are the most frequently landed-upon properties. Mediterranean Avenue (Old Kent Road) and Baltic Avenue (Whitechapel Road) are the least-landed-upon properties. Limited number of houses and hotels In order to put a cap on total development of property sets in the game, there are only 12 hotels and 32 houses. This limitation is in place to ensure that property sets cannot be developed unless there are houses or hotels available to purchase from the bank. This cap allows a certain amount of dominance to be developed by some players, because if every set of property were fully developed there would be enough rent collected between different players to allow the game to drag on for an extended period. This limitation on numbers of houses and hotels leads to an advantage for one player. Simply building each lot out to a maximum of 4 houses and then refusing to upgrade to hotels ensures that nearly the maximum amount of rent is collected for each property, and the monopolization of the houses from the game prevents opponents from developing their property. It is conceivable that a single player could end up owning all 32 houses near the end of the game, and the refusal to upgrade to hotels makes these houses unavailable for opponents to purchase for any property they may own. Much of the skill comes from knowing how to make the best use of a player's resources and above all knowing how to strike a good bargain. Monopoly is a social game where players often interact and must deal with each other in ways similar to real world real estate bargaining. Note that the best deal is not always for the most expensive property; it is often situational, dependent on money resources available to each player and even where players happen to be situated on the board. When looking to deal, a player should attempt to bargain with another player who not only possess properties he or she needs but also properties the other player needs. In fact, offering relatively fair deals to other players can end up helping the player making the offer by giving him or her a reputation as an honest trader, which can make players less wary of dealings in the future. What is more, most people play Monopoly with the same group repeatedly. For this reason, such a reputation can have effects far beyond the game being played. The end game One common criticism of Monopoly is that it has carefully defined yet almost unreachable termination conditions. Edward P. Parker, a former president of Parker Brothers , is quoted as saying, "We always felt that forty-five minutes was about the right length for a game, but Monopoly could go on for hours. Also, a game was supposed to have a definite end somewhere. In Monopoly you kept going around and around." However, the problem of time can be resolved by playing with a time limit and counting each player's net worth when the time is up. In fact, tournament play calls for a 90-minute time limit. [11] Two hour time limits are used for international play. [12] The Lord of the Rings edition gives players the option of creating a random time limit using the included One Ring token and specialized dice. The SpongeBob SquarePants game board includes a Plankton piece that moves every time someone rolls snake eyes with the dice, and the game is over when it reaches the end of the board. Played strictly to the rules, many games will be effectively decided when one player succeeds in bankrupting another because the bankrupt player gives all his property to the one to whom he could not pay his debt. A player who thus gains a fistful of properties will virtually control the game from that point onwards since other players will be constantly at risk. On the other hand, if a player is bankrupted by being unable to meet his debt to the bank (e.g., a fine or tax or other debt that is not rent), then his property is auctioned off; this can open up new possibilities in a game which was evenly set or in which a lot of property sets were divided among the players. The Monopoly Mega Edition is geared towards faster play by incorporating more squares and enabling players to build without the full color-group. Another path to a faster ending is by a key property bargain, whether it be a very shrewd trade which sets one player up with a well-positioned set or a very rash trade where an inexperienced player gives his experienced opponent an underpriced gem. Either way, a deal which pays off for one player is most often the turning point of the game. A third way to finish the game is to wait for all of the property to be bought. Once this has occurred, the player with the highest value of money and assets is victorious. Another way is to remove the $200 bonus gained by passing "Go". This ensures that players run out of money quickly. Some players, in an attempt to lessen the huge advantage gained by the first player to bankrupt another player, have the bankrupted player pay what he can to the player he is indebted to (including the money from mortgages), and then forfeit the properties, so that they are back on the market and open to purchase by other players. Hasbro states that the longest game of Monopoly ever played lasted 1,680 hours (70 days or 10 weeks or 2 1/3 months). [13] Add-ons Numerous add-ons have been made for Monopoly, both before its commercialization and after. Three such official add-ons are discussed below. Stock Exchange The Stock Exchange add-on was originally published by Parker Brothers in 1936 ( wikibook ). The Free Parking square is covered over by a new Stock Exchange space and the add-on included three Chance and three Community Chest cards directing the player to "Advance to Stock Exchange". The add-on also included thirty stock certificates, five for each of the six different stocks, differing only in the purchase price (or Par Value), ranging from $100 to $150. Shares, like properties, are tradeable material, and could also be mortgaged for half their purchase price. Shareholders could increase the value of their shares by buying up more of the same company's shares. When a player moves onto Free Parking/Stock Exchange, stock dividends are paid out to all players on their non-mortgaged shares. The amount to be paid out to each player is determined based on the number and kind of shares owned. Specifically, a player receives dividends from each stock based on the following formula: (par value of share / 10) × (number of shares owned)2 EXAMPLE: Owning one share of "Motion Pictures" (par value $100) pays dividends of $10. Owning two shares pays $40 ($10 x 2 x 2), owning three pays $90 ($10 x 3 x 3) and owning four pays $160 ($10 x 4 x 4). A player owning all five receives $250 ($10 x 5 x 5). The player who lands on Free Parking/Stock Exchange can also choose to buy a share if any remain. Should the player decline, the share is auctioned to the highest bidder by the Bank. The Stock Exchange add-on serves to inject more money into the game, in a similar manner to railroad properties, as well as changing the relative values of properties. In particular, the Orange and Light Purple properties are more valuable due to the increased chance of landing on Free Parking, at the expense of the Red and Yellow groups. The Stock Exchange add-on was later redesigned and rereleased in 1992 under license by Chessex, this time including a larger number of new Chance and Community Chest cards. [14] This version included ten new Chance cards (five "Advance to Stock Exchange" and five other related cards) and eleven new Community Chest cards (five "Advance to Stock Exchange" and six other related cards; the regular Community Chest card "From sale of stock you get $45" is removed from play when using these cards). Many of the original rules applied to this new version (in fact, one optional play choice allows for playing in the original form by only adding the "Advance to Stock Exchange" cards to each deck). A Monopoly Stock Exchange Edition was released in 2001 (although not in the US), this time adding an electronic calculator-like device to keep track of the complex stock figures. This was a full edition, not just an add-on, that came with its own board, money and playing pieces. Properties on the board were replaced by companies on which shares could be floated, and offices and home offices (instead of houses and hotels) could be built. [15] Playmaster Playmaster, another official add-on, released in 1982, was an electronic device that kept track of all player movement and dice rolls as well as what properties are still available. It then uses this information to call random auctions and mortgages that will be advantageous for some players and a punishment for others, making it easier to free up cards of a color group. It also plays eight short tunes when key game functions occur, for example when a player lands on a railroad it will play I've Been Working on the Railroad. [16] Speed Die In 2007, Parker Brothers began releasing its standard version of Monopoly with a new addition to gameplay--the Speed Die. ( http://www.hasbro.com/common/instruct/00009.pdf ) First included in Winning Moves' Monopoly: The Mega Edition variant, this third die alters gameplay by allowing players to increase their move up to 3 spaces (rolling one of the 3 numbered sides); move immediately to the next unowned property OR to the next property on which they would owe money (rolling one of 2 "Mr. Monopoly" sides); or "Get Off The Bus Early" (rolling the "Bus" side), allowing the player to use the total from one die or both dice to move (i.e. A roll of 1-5-BUS would let the player choose from moving 1, 5 or 6 spaces). Usage of the die in the regular game differs slightly from use in the Mega Edition (i.e. Players use the Speed Die from the beginning in Mega; players can only use the Speed Die in the regular game AFTER their first time going past GO). [17] Spinoffs Feature Film On June 19, 2007, Ridley Scott announced that he was directing a futuristic comedy-thriller based on the game, featuring a variety of young actors to generate interest in the game. Scarlett Johansson and Kirsten Dunst have been considered so far. [18] However, that version of the film ended up being shelved and Emmet Furla Productions took over the project, with production slated to commence in Summer 2015. It is now described as being in the vein of Goonies. Other games Besides the many variants of the actual game (and the Monopoly Junior spin-off) released in either video game or computer game formats (e.g. Windows-based PC, Macintosh, Game Boy, Game Boy Advance, Sega Genesis, Commodore 64, etc.), two spin-off computer games have been created. Monopoly Tycoon is a PC game in the Tycoon series that makes strategy and speed into determining factors for winning the game, eliminating completely the element of luck inherent in the dice rolls of the original. The game uses the U.S. standard Atlantic City properties as its basis, but the game play is unique to this version. The game also allows for solo and multi-player online games. Monopoly Casino is also a PC game, simulating a casino full of Monopoly-based adaptations of various casino games (most notably, slot machines). This program was released in both standard and "Vegas" editions, each featuring unique games. Monopoly: Star Wars is another PC game based on the standard Monopoly board but with Star Wars characters and locations. Here and Now Electronic Edition : Eliminates the need for money, using credit cards instead. Monopoly Slots, a mobile app slot machine game with a Monopoly theme Monopoly Hotels, a mobile social app game Monopoly Casino, a mobile app gambling game with a Monopoly theme Game show versions Main article: Monopoly (TV game show) A short-lived Monopoly game show aired on Saturday evenings during mid-1990 on ABC. The show was produced by Wheel of Fortune and Jeopardy! creator Merv Griffin, and was hosted by former Jeopardy! contestant Mike Reilly. Three contestants competed by answering crossword puzzle-style clues to acquire the many properties on the board and money equivalent to the values of said properties (with bonuses added for getting monopolies). After the properties were acquired and players used the earned money to improve them with houses and hotels, a timed "Monopoly Game Round" was played, allowing players to earn even more money by landing on their properties and answering more word clues. When time was up, the player with the most money won the game, and then went on to play the Bonus Game. In the Bonus Game, the contestant had to choose 4 properties on the board to convert to "Go To Jail" spaces. Along with the actual "Go To Jail" space, the contestant rolled the dice up to five times (with extra rolls added for each double rolled) and had to pass GO without landing on a "Go To Jail" space. If the contestant passed GO before running out of rolls or landing on a "Go To Jail" space, they won $25,000; however if the contestant landed EXACTLY on GO, they would win $50,000. The show was paired on ABC with a summer-long Super Jeopardy! tournament! Monopoly Millionaires' Club Main article: Monopoly Millionaires' Club (TV game show) A new Monopoly game show based on the short-lived lottery game will be airing on TV stations in selected cities and on GSN beginning this March. As of October 2014, it had been sold to stations in the 44 states and the District of Columbia (including non-MMC states) where lotteries are held. [22] [23] Taped at The Rio in Las Vegas , each episode will feature five contestants playing Monopoly-inspired games to win up to $100,000 each, and the possibility to risk their winnings for a chance to win $1 million. Despite the suspension of the lottery game, the series and a second set of tapings proceeded. [24] [22] Texas Lottery players who "won" a trip-for-two prize package received $10,000 instead; contestants and audience members chosen for the first two series of tapings represent the other 22 MMC members. Nine additional episodes are planned to be filmed in summer 2015 to accommodate participants of the scratch-off game. Gambling games In North America, a variety of slot machines and lotteries have been produced with a Monopoly theme. In Europe, there were also Monopoly "fruit machines", some of which remain popular through emulation. The British quiz machine brand itbox also supports a Monopoly trivia and chance game, which, like most other itbox games, costs 50p (£0.50) to play and has a £20 jackpot, although this is very rarely won. There is also an online slot machine version of the game made by WMS which is a 19 reel traditional style casino game. There was also a live, online version of Monopoly. Six painted taxis drive around London picking up passengers. When the taxis reach their final destination, the region of London that they are in is displayed on the online board. This version takes far longer to play than board-game monopoly, with one game lasting 24 hours. Results and position are sent to players via e-mail at the conclusion of the game. Commercial Promotions Main article: McDonald's Monopoly The McDonald's Monopoly game is a sweepstakes advertising promotion of McDonald's and Hasbro that has been offered in the United States, Canada, Germany, United Kingdom, and Australia. The game mimics the game of Monopoly. Originally, customers received a set of two tokens with every purchase, but now tokens only come with certain menu items. Tokens correspond to a property space on the Monopoly board. When combined into color-matched properties, the tokens may be redeemed for money or prizes There are also "instant win" tokens the recipient can redeem for McDonald's food, money, or other prizes. Variants Because Monopoly evolved in the public domain before its commercialization, Monopoly has seen many variant games. Most of these are exact copies of the Monopoly games with the street names replaced with locales from a particular town, university, or fictional place. National boards have been released as well. Many of these are listed at "Localized versions of the Monopoly game". Details, including box cover art, can be seen in the "List of licensed Monopoly game boards". Over the years, many specialty Monopoly editions, licensed by Parker Brothers/Hasbro, and produced by them, or their licensees (including USAopoly and Winning Moves Games) have been sold to local and national markets worldwide. Two well known "families" of -opoly like games, without licenses from Parker Brothers/Hasbro, have also been produced. Several published games are similar to Monopoly. These include: Totopoly , created by Waddingtons in 1938, is based around horse racing. Anti-Monopoly , created by Ralph Anspach in 1974. Triopoly , designed by Jeffrey W. Berndt, Chris Hornbaker, & Jeremy Parish, published by Reveal Entertainment, Inc. in 1997 Late for the Sky , has produced a large number of Monopoly style games, called "___ in a box" or "___ -opoly" , the blank being filled in with the theme. Chômageopoly, "Unemployment Monopoly", a board game created by the Lip factory in the 1970s Dinosauropoly, a version using prehistoric motifs and rules. Easy Money , published by Milton Bradley, also in the 1930s. The Farming Game is a board game in which the goal is to run a financially successful farm, and like Monopoly the heart of the game is economics. The game's website draws comparisons to Monopoly. Fast Food Franchise is a board game by TimJim games which shares Monopoly's core mechanic, but through careful design guarantees that it will actually end. La gran Capital, published by several Chilean factories, is a Chilean version of the game, with neighborhoods from Santiago de Chile. The title means "the big capital", other versions are even named "Metropolis" The Fascinating Game of Finance, later shortened to Finance, first marketed in 1932 by Knapp Electric, and later by Parker Brothers. Go For Broke, the exact opposite of Monopoly, has the players trying to spend all their money before anyone else. Bad bets at the casino, real estate, stock market, race track, and giving to the poor house lowers your account balance. This was a Milton Bradley game originally published in the mid-1960s. Ghettopoly, released in 2003, caused considerable offense upon its release. The game, intended to be a humorous rendering of ghetto life, was decried as racist for its unflinching use of racial stereotypes. Hasbro sought and received an injunction against Ghettopoly's designer. [25] [26] Greekopoly, a college-themed version using fraternities and sororities as properties. Potopoly, A marijuana-themed version, using a five-sided board, and bags instead of houses. Itadaki Street, also called Fortune Street in North America, and Boom Street in Europe, is a series of board games for video game consoles from Square-Enix. Poleconomy, a board game designed in New Zealand incorporating real-world companies as well as political and economic strategy. The Mad Magazine Game, a Mad Magazine themed board game in which the object of the game is for player to lose all their money, play is counter-clockwise, and the dice must be rolled with the left hand. Released by Parker Brothers in 1979. Make Your Own Opoly is a game set sold by TDC Games of Itasca, Illinois. Using a Microsoft Windows-based PC, a person can print out his or her own property cards, labels to place on the board and the box, and play money. [27] Solarquest, a popular space-age adaptation, was released by Golden in 1986. Strictly Pittsburgh, a variant based around the city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. In addition to properties being replaced with local Pittsburgh sites and businesses, it contained a somewhat different board layout and replaced houses and hotels with skyscrapers. Dostihy a sázky, a variant sold in Czechoslovakia. This game comes from the totalitarian communist era (1948–1989), when private businesses were forbidden and mortgages didn't exist. So the monopoly theme was changed to a horse races theme. Complete rules and game plan (in Czech) Petropolis, a copy of Monopoly based in buying into the oil industry, using oilfields. The game uses 'telex messages' instead of Chance cards and the playing board snakes round into the middle before continuing round the edge. Turista, a Mexican copy of Monopoly made by Montecarlo board game manufacturer. It is based in buying Mexican States. In each state it is possible to build gas stations and hotel to increase the rent amount. Gallery	i don't know
Grand Central Terminal (or Grand Central Station) is located at 42nd Street and which Avenue in Midtown Manhatten in New York?	Grand Central Terminal in New York, New York \| Expedia Grand Central Terminal in New York, New York \| Expedia Grand Central Terminal Grand Central Terminal, current page Previous image, 25 total items. Next image, 25 total items. Grand Central Terminal This majestic, lively hub for commuters is a must-see for architecture buffs. Stand aside from the 750,000 daily visitors rushing to and from their trains and admire the architectural beauty of the majestic Grand Central Terminal. It’s also home to shops and dining options, making it an entertaining one-stop destination. Even if you’ve nowhere to go, a visit to this Beaux Arts building is a heady sensory pleasure. Enter from 42nd Street in Midtown and stroll towards the Main Concourse, the station’s central area. You’ll recognize this cavernous space from many Hollywood films. Look up for a celestial treat: the 125-foot (38-meter) high ceilings, decorated by French artist Paul Cesar Helleu in 1912 with gold leaf on cerulean blue oil. The mural depicts the zodiac constellations backwards, an error some believe was simply an accident. Just below the ceiling, light streams in from six 75-foot (nearly 23-meter) arched windows, illuminating the stone walls and marble floors. In Hollywood movie style, make your way down one of the two opulent marble staircases modeled after the grand staircase in the Paris Opera House. Or rendezvous under the multi-million dollar, four-faced opal clock atop the information booth. Other highlights of Grand Central, designed by architectural firms Reed and Stem and Warren and Wetmore, include French artist Jules Coutan’s sculptural group of Mercury flanked by Hercules and Minerva on the building’s facade. The sculpture surrounds a 13-foot diameter clock containing the world’s largest example of Tiffany glass. Still one of the largest transport hubs in the United States, Grand Central Terminal has 44 platforms and 67 tracks. There are two underground levels servicing surrounding parts of New York, as well as parts of Connecticut. If you visit with an empty stomach, the Dining Concourse, below the Main Concourse, has a range of options, including the iconic Oyster Bar and Restaurant. Opened in 1913, it’s the oldest establishment in the terminal. There’s a brilliant example of the tiled vaulting system designed by Spanish immigrant architect Rafael Guastavino, whose work can be seen in more than 200 buildings in New York City. Other examples include the Cathedral of St John the Divine and the Registry Hall at Ellis Island. Grand Central Terminal is located at E. 42nd Street and Park Avenue. It’s a major subway, rail, and bus terminal. Explore More of New York	Park Avenue
Who was the first British monarch to travel by train?	Pershing Square - NYC Restaurant Café HAPPY HOUR - MON - FRI - 4PM to 6PM 90 EAST 42ND STREET AT PARK AVENUE (ACROSS FROM GRAND CENTRAL STATION) NEW YORK CITY 10017	i don't know
Which US President nationalized American railways in 1917 under the Federal Possession and Control Act?	U.S. Economy in World War I U.S. Economy in World War I Hugh Rockoff, Rutgers University Although the United States was actively involved in World War I for only nineteen months, from April 1917 to November 1918, the mobilization of the economy was extraordinary. (See the chronology at the end for key dates). Over four million Americans served in the armed forces, and the U.S. economy turned out a vast supply of raw materials and munitions. The war in Europe, of course, began long before the United States entered. On June 28, 1914 in Sarajevo Gavrilo Princip, a young Serbian revolutionary, shot and killed Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie. A few months later the great powers of Europe were at war. Many Europeans entered the war thinking that victory would come easily. Few had the understanding shown by a 26 year-old conservative Member of Parliament, Winston Churchill, in 1901. “I have frequently been astonished to hear with what composure and how glibly Members, and even Ministers, talk of a European War.” He went on to point out that in the past European wars had been fought by small professional armies, but in the future huge populations would be involved, and he predicted that a European war would end “in the ruin of the vanquished and the scarcely less fatal commercial dislocation and exhaustion of the conquerors.” [1] Reasons for U.S. Entry into the War Once the war began, however, it became clear that Churchill was right. By the time the United States entered the war Americans knew that the price of victory would be high. What, then, impelled the United States to enter? What role did economic forces play? One factor was simply that Americans generally – some ethnic minorities were exceptions – felt stronger ties to Britain and France than to Germany and Austria. By 1917 it was clear that Britain and France were nearing exhaustion, and there was considerable sentiment in the United States for saving our traditional allies. The insistence of the United States on her trading rights was also important. Soon after the war began Britain, France, and their allies set up a naval blockade of Germany and Austria. Even food was contraband. The Wilson Administration complained bitterly that the blockade violated international law. U.S. firms took to using European neutrals, such as Sweden, as intermediaries. Surely, the Americans argued, international law protected the right of one neutral to trade with another. Britain and France responded by extending the blockade to include the Baltic neutrals. The situation was similar to the difficulties the United States experienced during the Napoleonic wars, which drove the United States into a quasi-war against France, and to war against Britain. Ultimately, however, it was not the conventional surface vessels used by Britain and France to enforce its blockade that enraged American opinion, but rather submarines used by Germany. When the British (who provided most of the blockading ships) intercepted an American ship, the ship was escorted into a British port, the crew was well treated, and there was a chance of damage payments if it turned out that the interception was a mistake. The situation was very different when the Germans turned to submarine warfare. German submarines attacked without warning, and passengers had little chance of to save themselves. To many Americans this was a brutal violation of the laws of war. The Germans felt they had to use submarines because their surface fleet was too small to defeat the British navy let alone establish an effective counter-blockade. The first submarine attack to inflame American opinion was the sinking of the Lusitania in May 1915. The Lusitania left New York with a cargo of passengers and freight, including war goods. When the ship was sunk over 1150 passengers were lost including 115 Americans. In the months that followed further sinkings brought more angry warnings from President Wilson. For a time the Germans gave way and agreed to warn American ships before sinking them and to save their passengers. In February 1917, however, the Germans renewed unrestricted submarine warfare in an attempt to starve Britain into submission. The loss of several U.S. ships was a key factor in President Wilson’s decision to break diplomatic relations with Germany and to seek a declaration of war. U.S. Entry into the War and the Costs of Lost Trade From a crude dollar-and-cents point of view it is hard to justify the war based on the trade lost to the United States. U.S. exports to Europe rose from $1.479 billion dollars in 1913 to $4.062 billion in 1917. Suppose that the United States had stayed out of the war, and that as a result all trade with Europe was cut off. Suppose further, that the resources that would have been used to produce exports for Europe were able to produce only half as much value when reallocated to other purposes such as producing goods for the domestic market or exports for non-European countries. Then the loss of output in 1917 would have been $2.031 billion per year. This was about 3.7 percent of GNP in 1917, and only about 6.3 percent of the total U.S. cost of the war. [2] On March 21, 1918 the Germans launched a massive offensive on the Somme battlefield and successfully broke through the Allied lines. In May and early June, after U.S. entry into the war, the Germans followed up with fresh attacks that brought them within fifty miles of Paris. Although a small number of Americans participated it was mainly the old war: the Germans against the British and the French. The arrival of large numbers of Americans, however, rapidly changed the course of the war. The turning point was the Second Battle of the Marne fought between July 18 and August 6. The Allies, bolstered by significant numbers of Americans, halted the German offensive. The initiative now passed to the Allies. They drove the Germans back in a series of attacks in which American troops played an increasingly important role. The first distinctively American offensive was the battle of the St. Mihiel Salient fought from September 12 to September 16, 1918; over half a million U.S. troops participated. The last major offensive of the war, the Meuse-Argonne offensive, was launched on September 26, with British, French, and American forces attacking the Germans on a broad front. The Germans now realized that their military situation was deteriorating rapidly, and that they would have to agree to end to the fighting. The Armistice occurred on November 11, 1918 – at the eleventh hour, of the eleventh day, of the eleventh month. Mobilizing the Economy The first and most important mobilization decision was the size of the army. When the United States entered the war, the army stood at 200,000, hardly enough to have a decisive impact in Europe. However, on May 18, 1917 a draft was imposed and the numbers were increased rapidly. Initially, the expectation was that the United States would mobilize an army of one million. The number, however, would go much higher. Overall some 4,791,172 Americans would serve in World War I. Some 2,084,000 would reach France, and 1,390,000 would see active combat. Once the size of the Army had been determined, the demands on the economy became obvious, although the means to satisfy them did not: food and clothing, guns and ammunition, places to train, and the means of transport. The Navy also had to be expanded to protect American shipping and the troop transports. Contracts immediately began flowing from the Army and Navy to the private sector. The result, of course, was a rapid increase in federal spending from $477 million in 1916 to a peak of $8,450 million in 1918. (See Table 1 below for this and other data on the war effort.) The latter figure amounted to over 12 percent of GNP, and that amount excludes spending by other wartime agencies and spending by allies, much of which was financed by U.S. loans. Table 1 1. Miron and Romer (1990, table 2). 2-3. U.S. Bureau of the Census (1975), series Y352 and Y457. 4. U.S. Bureau of the Census (1975), series Y458 and Y459. The estimates are the average for fiscal year t and fiscal year t+1. 5. Friedman and Schwartz (1970, table 1, June dates). 6-8. Balke and Gordon (1989, table 10, pp. 84-85).The original series were in 1982 dollars. 9. U.S. Bureau of the Census (1975), series D740. 10-11. Kendrick (1961, table A-VI, p. 306; table A-X, p. 312). Although the Army would number in the millions, raising these numbers did not prove to be an unmanageable burden for the U.S economy. The total labor force rose from about 40 million in 1916 to 44 million in 1918. This increase allowed the United States to field a large military while still increasing the labor force in the nonfarm private sector from 27.8 million in 1916 to 28.6 million in 1918. Real wages rose in the industrial sector during the war, perhaps by six or seven percent, and this increase combined with the ease of finding work was sufficient to draw many additional workers into the labor force. [3] Many of the men drafted into the armed forces were leaving school and would have been entering the labor force for the first time in any case. The farm labor force did drop slightly from 10.5 million in 1916 to 10.3 million workers in 1918, but farming included many low-productivity workers and farm output on the whole was sustained. Indeed, the all-important category of food grains showed strong increases in 1918 and 1919. Figure 1 shows production of steel ingots and “total industrial production” – an index of steel, copper, rubber, petroleum, and so on – monthly from January 1914 through 1920. [4] It is evident that the United States built up its capacity to turn out these basic raw materials during the years of U.S. neutrality when Britain and France were its buying supplies and the United States was beginning its own tentative build up. The United States then simply maintained the output of these materials during the years of active U.S. involvement and concentrated on turning these materials into munitions. [5] Figure 1 Prices on the New York Stock Exchange, shown in Figure 2, provide some insight into what investors thought about the strength of the economy during the war era. The upper line shows the Standard and Poor’s/Cowles Commission Index. The lower line shows the “real” price of stocks – the nominal index divided by the consumer price index. When the war broke out the New York Stock Exchange was closed to prevent panic selling. There are no prices for the New York Stock Exchange, although a lively “curb market” did develop. After the market reopened it rose as investors realized that the United States would profit as a neutral. The market then began a long slide that began when tensions between the United States and Germany rose at the end of 1916 and continued after the United States entered the war. A second, less rise began in the spring of 1918 when an Allied victory began to seem possible. The increase continued and gathered momentum after the Armistice. In real terms, however, as shown by the lower line in the figure, the rise in the stock market was not sufficient to offset the rise in consumer prices. At times one hears that war is good for the stock market, but the figures for World War I, as the figures for other wars, tell a more complex story. [6] Figure 2 Table 2 shows the amounts of some of the key munitions produced during the war. During and after the war critics complained that the mobilization was too slow. American troops, for example, often went into battle with French artillery, clearly evidence, the critics implied, of incompetence somewhere in the supply chain. It does take time, however, to convert existing factories or build new ones and to work out the details of the production and distribution process. The last column of Table 2 shows peak monthly production, usually October 1918, at an annual rate. It is obvious that by the end of the war the United States was beginning to achieve the “production miracle” that occurred in World War II. When Franklin Roosevelt called for 50,000 planes in World War II, his demand was seen as an astounding exercise in bravado. Yet when we look at the last column of the table we see that the United States was hitting this level of production for Liberty engines by the end World War I. There were efforts during the war to coordinate Allied production. To some extent this was tried – the United States produced much of the smokeless powder used by the Allies – but it was always clear that the United States wanted its own army equipped with its own munitions. Table 2 Source: Ayres (1919, passim) Financing the War Where did the money come from to buy all these munitions? Then as now there were, the experts agreed, three basic ways to raise the money: (1) raising taxes, (2) borrowing from the public, and (3) printing money. In the Civil War the government had had simply printed the famous greenbacks. In World War I it was possible to “print money” in a more roundabout way. The government could sell a bond to the newly created Federal Reserve. The Federal Reserve would pay for it by creating a deposit account for the government, which the government could then draw upon to pay its expenses. If the government first sold the bond to the general public, the process of money creation would be even more roundabout. In the end the result would be much the same as if the government had simply printed greenbacks: the government would be paying for the war with newly created money. The experts gave little consideration to printing money. The reason may be that the gold standard was sacrosanct. A financial policy that would cause inflation and drive the United States off the gold standard was not to be taken seriously. Some economists may have known the history of the greenbacks of the Civil War and the inflation they had caused. The real choice appeared to be between raising taxes and borrowing from the public. Most economists of the World War I era believed that raising taxes was best. Here they were following a tradition that stretched back to Adam Smith who argued that it was necessary to raise taxes in order to communicate the true cost of war to the public. During the war Oliver Morton Sprague, one of the leading economists of the day, offered another reason for avoiding borrowing. It was unfair, Sprague argued, to draft men into the armed forces and then expect them to come home and pay higher taxes to fund the interest and principal on war bonds. Most men of affairs, however, thought that some balance would have to be struck between taxes and borrowing. Treasury Secretary William Gibbs McAdoo thought that financing about 50 percent from taxes and 50 percent from bonds would be about right. Financing more from taxes, especially progressive taxes, would frighten the wealthier classes and undermine their support for the war. In October 1917 Congress responded to the call for higher taxes with the War Revenue Act. This act increased the personal and corporate income tax rates and established new excise, excess-profit, and luxury taxes. The tax rate for an income of $10,000 with four exemptions (about $140,000 in 2003 dollars) went from 1.2 percent in 1916 to 7.8 percent. For incomes of $1,000,000 the rate went from 10.3 percent in 1916 to 70.3 percent in 1918. These increase in taxes and the increase in nominal income raised revenues from $930 million in 1916 to $4,388 million in 1918. Federal expenditures, however, increased from $1,333 million in 1916 to $15,585 million in 1918. A huge gap had opened up that would have to be closed by borrowing. Short-term borrowing was undertaken as a stopgap. To reduce the pressure on the Treasury and the danger of a surge in short-term rates, however, it was necessary to issue long-term bonds, so the Treasury created the famous Liberty Bonds. The first issue was a thirty-year bond bearing a 3.5% coupon callable after fifteen years. There were three subsequent issues of Liberty Bonds, and one of shorter-term Victory Bonds after the Armistice. In all, the sale of these bonds raised over $20 billion dollars for the war effort. In order to strengthen the market for Liberty Bonds, Secretary McAdoo launched a series of nationwide campaigns. Huge rallies were held in which famous actors, such as Charlie Chaplin, urged the crowds to buy Liberty Bonds. The government also enlisted famous artists to draw posters urging people to purchase the bonds. One of these posters, which are widely sought by collectors, is shown below. Louis Raemaekers. After a Zeppelin Raid in London: “But Mother Had Done Nothing Wrong, Had She, Daddy?” Prevent this in New York: Invest in Liberty Bonds. 19″ x 12.” From the Rutgers University Library Collection of Liberty Bond Posters. Although the campaigns may have improved the morale of both the armed forces and the people at home, how much the campaigns contributed to expanding the market for the bonds is an open question. The bonds were tax-exempt – the exact degree of exemption varied from issue to issue – and this undoubtedly made them attractive to investors in high tax brackets. Indeed, the Treasury was criticized for imposing high marginal taxes with one hand, and then creating a loophole with the other. The Federal Reserve also bought many of the bonds creating new money. Some of this new “highpowered money” augmented the reserves of the commercial banks which allowed them to buy bonds or to finance their purchase by private citizens. Thus, directly or indirectly, a good deal of the support for the bond market was the result of money creation rather than savings by the general public. Table 3 provides a rough breakdown of the means used to finance the war. Of the total cost of the war, about 22 percent was financed by taxes and from 20 to 25 percent by printing money, which meant that from 53 to 58 percent was financed through the bond issues. Table 3 100 100 Note: Direct money creation is the increase in the stock of high-powered money net of the increase in monetary gold. Indirect money creation is the increase in monetary liabilities not matched by the increase in high-powered money. Source: Friedman and Schwartz (1963, 221) Heavy reliance on the Federal Reserve meant, of course, that the stock of money increased rapidly. As shown in Table 1, the stock of money rose from $20.7 billion in 1916 to $35.1 billion in 1920, about 70 percent. The price level (GDP deflator) increased 85 percent over the same period. The Government’s Role in Mobilization Once the contracts for munitions were issued and the money began flowing, the government might have relied on the price system to allocate resources. This was the policy followed during the Civil War. For a number of reasons, however, the government attempted to manage the allocation of resources from Washington. For one thing, the Wilson administration, reflecting the Progressive wing of the Democratic Party, was suspicious of the market, and doubted its ability to work quickly and efficiently, and to protect the average person against profiteering. Another factor was simply that the European belligerents had adopted wide-ranging economic controls and it made sense for the United States, a latecomer, to follow suit. A wide variety of agencies were created to control the economy during the mobilization. A look at four of the most important – (1) the Food Administration, (2) the Fuel Administration, (3) the Railroad Administration, and (4) the War Industries Board – will suggest the extent to which the United States turned away from its traditional reliance on the market. Unfortunately, space precludes a review of many of the other agencies such as the War Shipping Board, which built noncombatant ships, the War Labor Board, which attempted to settle labor disputes, and the New Issues Committee, which vetted private issues of stocks and bonds. Food Administration The Food Administration was created by the Lever Food and Fuel Act in August 1917. Herbert Hoover, who had already won international fame as a relief administrator in China and Europe, was appointed to head it. The mission of the Food Administration was to stimulate the production of food and assure a fair distribution among American civilians, the armed forces, and the Allies, and at a fair price. The Food Administration did not attempt to set maximum prices at retail or (with the exception of sugar) to ration food. The Act itself set what then was a high minimum price for wheat – the key grain in international markets – at the farm gate, although the price would eventually go higher. The markups of processors and distributors were controlled by licensing them and threatening to take their licenses away if they did not cooperate. The Food Administration then attempted control prices and quantities at retail through calls for voluntary cooperation. Millers were encouraged to tie the sale of wheat flour to the sale of less desirable flours – corn meal, potato flour, and so on – thus making a virtue out of a practice that would have been regarded as a disreputable evasion of formal price ceilings. Bakers were encouraged to bake “Victory bread,” which included a wheat-flour substitute. Finally, Hoover urged Americans to curtail their consumption of the most valuable foodstuffs: there were, for example, Meatless Mondays and Wheatless Wednesdays. Fuel Administration The Fuel Administration was created under the same Act as the Food Administration. Harry Garfield, the son of President James Garfield, and the President of Williams College, was appointed to head it. Its main problem was controlling the price and distribution of bituminous coal. In the winter of 1918 a variety of factors combined to cause a severe coal shortage that forced school and factory closures. The Fuel Administration set the price of coal at the mines and the margins of dealers, mediated disputes in the coalfields, and worked with the Railroad Administration (described below) to reduce long hauls of coal. Railroad Administration The Wilson Administration nationalized the railroads and put them under the control of the Railroad Administration in December of 1917, in response to severe congestion in the railway network that was holding up the movement of war goods and coal. Wilson’s energetic Secretary of the Treasury (and son-in-law), William Gibbs McAdoo, was appointed to head it. The railroads would remain under government control for another 26 months. There has been considerable controversy over how well the system worked under federal control. Defenders of the takeover point out that the congestion was relieved and that policies that increased standardization and eliminated unnecessary competition were put in place. Critics of the takeover point to the large deficit that was incurred, nearly $1.7 billion, and to the deterioration of the capital stock of the industry. William J. Cunningham’s (1921) two papers in the Quarterly Journal of Economics, although written shortly after the event, still provide one of the most detailed and fair-minded treatments of the Railroad Administration. War Industries Board The most important federal agency, at least in terms of the scope of its mission, was the War Industries Board. The Board was established in July of 1917. Its purpose was no less than to assure the full mobilization of the nation’s resources for the purpose of winning the war. Initially the Board relied on persuasion to make its orders effective, but rising criticism of the pace of mobilization, and the problems with coal and transport in the winter of 1918, led to a strengthening of its role. In March 1918 the Board was reorganized, and Wilson placed Bernard Baruch, a Wall Street investor, in charge. Baruch installed a “priorities system” to determine the order in which contracts could be filled by manufacturers. Contracts rated AA by the War Industries Board had to be filled before contracts rated A, and so on. Although much hailed at the time, this system proved inadequate when tried in World War II. The War Industries Board also set prices of industrial products such as iron and steel, coke, rubber, and so on. This was handled by the Board’s independent Price Fixing Committee. It is tempting to look at these experiments for clues on how the economy would perform under various forms of economic control. It is important, however, to keep in mind that these were very brief experiments. When the war ended in November 1918 most of the agencies immediately wound up their activities. Only the Railroad Administration and the War Shipping Board continued to operate. The War Industries Board, for example, was in operation only for a total of sixteen months; Bernard Baruch’s tenure was only eight months. Obviously only limited conclusions can be drawn from these experiments. Costs of the War The human and economic costs of the war were substantial. The death rate was high: 48,909 members of the armed forces died in battle, and 63,523 died from disease. Many of those who died from disease, perhaps 40,000, died from pneumonia during the influenza-pneumonia epidemic that hit at the end of the war. Some 230,074 members of the armed forces suffered nonmortal wounds. John Maurice Clark provided what is still the most detailed and thoughtful estimate of the cost of the war; a total amount of about $32 billion. Clark tried to estimate what an economist would call the resource cost of the war. For that reason he included actual federal government spending on the Army and Navy, the amount of foreign obligations, and the difference between what government employees could earn in the private sector and what they actually earned. He excluded interest on the national debt and part of the subsidies paid to the Railroad Administration because he thought they were transfers. His estimate of $32 billion amounted to about 46 percent of GNP in 1918. Long-run Economic Consequences The war left a number of economic legacies. Here we will briefly describe three of the most important. The finances of the federal government were permanently altered by the war. It is true that the tax increases put in place during the war were scaled back during the 1920s by successive Republican administrations. Tax rates, however, had to remain higher than before the war to pay for higher expenditures due mainly to interest on the national debt and veterans benefits. The international economic position of the United States was permanently altered by the war. The United States had long been a debtor country. The United States emerged from the war, however, as a net creditor. The turnaround was dramatic. In 1914 U.S investments abroad amounted to $5.0 billion, while total foreign investments in the United States amounted to $7.2 billion. Americans were net debtors to the tune of $2.2 billion. By 1919 U.S investments abroad had risen to $9.7 billion, while total foreign investments in the United States had fallen to $3.3 billion: Americans were net creditors to the tune of $6.4 billion. [7] Before the war the center of the world capital market was London, and the Bank of England was the world’s most important financial institution; after the war leadership shifted to New York, and the role of the Federal Reserve was enhanced. The management of the war economy by a phalanx of Federal agencies persuaded many Americans that the government could play an important positive role in the economy. This lesson remained dormant during the 1920s, but came to life when the United States faced the Great Depression. Both the general idea of fighting the Depression by creating federal agencies and many of the specific agencies and programs reflected precedents set in Word War I. The Civilian Conservation Corps, a Depression era agency that hired young men to work on conservation projects, for example, attempted to achieve the benefits of military training in a civilian setting. The National Industrial Recovery Act reflected ideas Bernard Baruch developed at the War Industries Board, and the Agricultural Adjustment Administration hearkened back to the Food Administration. Ideas about the appropriate role of the federal government in the economy, in other words, may have been the most important economic legacy of American involvement in World War I. Chronology of World War I 1914 Armistice References and Suggestions for Further Reading Ayres, Leonard P. The War with Germany: A Statistical Summary. Washington DC: Government Printing Office. 1919. Balke, Nathan S. and Robert J. Gordon. “The Estimation of Prewar Gross National Product: Methodology and New Evidence.” Journal of Political Economy 97, no. 1 (1989): 38-92. Clark, John Maurice. “The Basis of War-Time Collectivism.” American Economic Review 7 (1917): 772-790. Clark, John Maurice. The Cost of the World War to the American People. New Haven: Yale University Press for the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1931. Cuff, Robert D. The War Industries Board: Business-Government Relations during World War I. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973. Cunningham, William J. “The Railroads under Government Operation. I: The Period to the Close of 1918.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 35, no. 2 (1921): 288-340. “II: From January 1, 1919, to March 1, 1920.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 36, no. 1. (1921): 30-71. Friedman, Milton, and Anna J. Schwartz. A Monetary History of the United States, 1867-1960. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963. Friedman, Milton, and Anna J. Schwartz. Monetary Statistics of the United States: Estimates, Sources, and Methods. New York: Columbia University Press, 1970. Gilbert, Martin. The First World War: A Complete History. New York: Henry Holt, 1994. Kendrick, John W. Productivity Trends in the United States. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961. Koistinen, Paul A. C. Mobilizing for Modern War: The Political Economy of American Warfare, 1865-1919. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1997. Miron, Jeffrey A. and Christina D. Romer. “A New Monthly Index of Industrial Production, 1884-1940.” Journal of Economic History 50, no. 2 (1990): 321-37. Rockoff, Hugh. Drastic Measures: A History of Wage and Price Controls in the United States. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984. Rockoff, Hugh. “Until It’s Over, Over There: The U.S. Economy in World War I.” National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper w10580, 2004. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970, Bicentennial Edition. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1975. Endnotes	Woodrow Wilson
Which 1945 film, starring Celia Johnson and Trevor Howard, was shot mostly at Carnforth Station in Lancashire?	1000+ images about President WOODROW WILSON on Pinterest \| Declaration of, Armistice day and World war Forward The key mechanism for WOODROW WILSON's propaganda campaign of 1917 that made his case for entry into WWI, was Wilson's COMMITTEE OF PUBLIC INFORMATION led by George Creel. Thousands of speeches and films were presented to convince Americans of the necessity for war. Outspoken opponents were arrested. His supporters even acknowledged he was the most anti-black President since the days of Andrew Johnson. He openly admired the Klan, resegregated the federal gov't, reduced black employment… See more	i don't know
Who was named the Greatest Briton of All Time in a 2002 poll?	BBC NEWS \| Entertainment \| Churchill voted greatest Briton Sunday, 24 November, 2002, 23:24 GMT Churchill voted greatest Briton Churchill notched up another victory in the poll Sir Winston Churchill has been named the greatest Briton of all time in a nationwide poll attracting more than a million votes. Participants in the survey voted the second World War leader top of the list of the country's 100 most significant individuals, with 447,423 votes. He beat his nearest rival, engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel, by more than 56,000 votes. The final vote 9. Nelson 10. Cromwell Proceeds from phone votes will fund a permanent memorial to Churchill at a venue yet to be decided. The result came after a lively two-hour live debate on BBC2 in which celebrities including former Tory minister Michael Portillo and TV presenter Jeremy Clarkson argued the case for their choices for greatest Briton. It marked the conclusion of a month-long survey in which viewers cast their votes by telephone and e-mail. Late surge Former Northern Ireland Secretary Dr Mo Mowlam put the case for Churchill in the last of six BBC documentaries this week, provoking a late surge of support for him. Summarising her argument, she said: "If Britain - its eccentricity, its big heartedness, its strength of character - has to be summed up in one person, it has to be Winston Churchill." Diana had been a favourite among female viewers In third place was Diana, Princess of Wales. Great Britons, which began on 20 October, has been hailed as a great success by BBC executives, delighted with its average ratings of three million. It has led to campaigns among voters using "sophisticated" tactics to cast multiple votes for certain individuals. The BBC said it had identified people trying to rig the voting and their choices had been eliminated. Students from Brunel University were behind a "legitimate" campaign to get their institution's namesake out in front. Similar bona fide efforts have been initiated by fans of other contenders like John Lennon and Princess Diana. Churchill had been even-money favourite with bookmaker William Hill to win the contest, with Diana at 6-1 and Brunel at 20-1. The book was closed after bets piled up on Brunel. "The show has seized the public's imagination and sparked off a lot of debate," said the BBC spokeswoman. "Everyone's delighted with it." WATCH/LISTEN	Winston Churchill
Which is the northernmost and westernmost station on the London Underground rail system?	BBC - Press Office - Great Britons Top 100 FACTUAL & ARTS TV BBC TWO reveals the nation's top 100 Greatest Britons of all time The BBC today announced the results of a major new poll to discover who the nation considers the greatest Britons of all time. From Boudicca and Bono to Richard III and J K Rowling, the results provide a fascinating insight into who the public sees as their role models in the 21st century. The top 10 will be revealed by Anne Robinson this Autumn in BBC TWO's major new series, Great Britons, and viewers will be able to vote for the person they consider to be the Greatest Briton of them all. A series of one hour films will be shown on each of the shortlisted Great Britons, each fronted by a high profile presenter, including Jeremy Clarkson, Rosie Boycott and Andrew Marr, arguing passionately why they believe their Great Briton is not only great, but the greatest ever. Viewers will be able to vote throughout the series and the results will be announced in a special live programme hosted by Anne Robinson. Over 30,000 people responded to the poll, conducted last year. The top 100, revealed today in alphabetical order, shows the British public has very exacting standards: scientists, soldiers and royals are the most likely to be considered "great". The bulk of living Britons come from the world of music - 11 in total, 14 if broadened to include DJ John Peel and musical stars Michael Crawford and Julie Andrews. From Cliff Richard to Robbie Williams, the results show the powerful emotional hold popular music has on our lives. One single job most likely to secure you a place in the top 100 is that of member of the Royal Family. No less than 14 royals, including Boudicca and Robert the Bruce, make the list. However, the present Royal Family are not so well represented with only Queen Elizabeth II and the late Elizabeth, The Queen Mother making an appearance. One fifth of the top 100 come from the world of science, engineering and invention, from William Caxton (the printing press) to Tim Berners Lee (the world wide web); from Edward Jenner (pioneer of vaccination) to Barnes Wallis (inventor of the bouncing bomb). In contrast, there is a startling absence of visual artists. There is no place for John Constable, JMW Turner, Henry Moore or any other of the major artists Britain has produced. Poetry is as much neglected in this poll as painting: Keats, Yeats, Burns, Wordsworth, Shelley, Byron and Hughes have all been overlooked. By comparison, the British public loves a soldier. War heroes are well represented with Winston Churchill, the Duke of Wellington, Horatio Nelson, Owain Glyndwr, Henry V, Lawrence of Arabia and Field Marshall Montgomery amongst those in the top 100. Many also chose to mark the contribution of the thousands of ordinary men and women who have fallen in our defence by nominating The Unknown Soldier. In a nation gripped by the cult of celebrity, surprisingly few modern day Britons have made it onto the list: only 22 of the top 100 are alive today. There are no models, no film or soap stars and only two living sports heroes: footballer David Beckham and Olympic rower Steven Redgrave. David Attenborough is the only TV presenter; Richard Burton, Julie Andrews and Michael Crawford the only actors. The British sense of humour may be famous around the world, but Eric Morecombe and Charlie Chaplin are the only comedians. There is no place for Peter Sellers or Spike Milligan; none for Richard Dimbleby or Alan Bennett, for John Gielgud or Lawrence Olivier. Jane Root, Controller of BBC TWO, says: "I think there are a few surprises in the Top 100 and it will be fascinating to see who has made it into the Top 10. "I'm sure this series will arouse enthusiastic debate in offices and homes all around the country. Just from talking to people I've got a real sense of how passionately they feel about the subject and who they feel is worthy of the title of Great Briton. "We hope that the series will continue to provoke debate and encourage people to place their vote for the Greatest Briton of them all." The National Portrait Gallery will have a Great Britons gallery trail this Autumn and is publishing a companion book. Notes to Editors The poll results were announced today by Jane Root, Controller of BBC TWO at BBC TWO's Autumn launch . The poll for nominations for Great Britons ran between 27 November to 31 December 2001. The BBC launched a publicity campaign and ran a series of trails asking people to nominate their greatest Briton of all time by phone or through the BBC website. The results were collated and from this we have the top 100 released today. A great Briton is defined as anyone who was born in the British Isles, including Ireland; or anyone who lived in the British Isles, including Ireland, and who has played a significant part in the life of the British Isles.	i don't know

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