question
stringlengths 18
1.2k
| facts
stringlengths 44
500k
| answer
stringlengths 1
147
|
|---|---|---|
Which flower is also known as the ‘Lent Lily’? | Information on Lent Lily flower
Back to Facts of the Day Calendar UK Calendar dates british festivals .... folklore ... anniversaries .... on this day
Lent Lily
One of the flowers most associated with March is the narcissus (Wild daffodil). Named after the boy in Greek mythology, who was changed into a flower. Narciccus is also known as Lent Lily because it blooms in early spring and the blooms usually dropping before Easter. It is the main daffodil species of Britain.
The daffodil became a popular Welsh symbol in the 19th Century. Lloyd George used it to symbolise Wales at the 1911 Investiture and in official publications.
In England, the daffodil inspired amongst others William Wordsworth to write his famous poem "Daffodils."
Daffodils
I WANDER'D lonely as a cloud
That floats on high o'er vales and hills,
When all at once I saw a crowd,
A host, of golden daffodils;
Beside the lake, beneath the trees,
Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.
Continuous as the stars that shine
And twinkle on the Milky Way,
They stretch'd in never-ending line
Along the margin of a bay:
Ten thousand saw I at a glance,
Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.
The waves beside them danced; but they
Out-did the sparkling waves in glee:
A poet could not but be gay,
In such a jocund company:
I gazed—and gazed—but little thought
What wealth the show to me had brought:
For oft, when on my couch I lie
In vacant or in pensive mood,
They flash upon that inward eye
Which is the bliss of solitude;
And then my heart with pleasure fills,
And dances with the daffodils.
By William Wordsworth (1770-1850).
| narcissus wild daffodil |
Which English poet declined the post of Poet Laureate in 1757? | Information on Lent Lily flower
Back to Facts of the Day Calendar UK Calendar dates british festivals .... folklore ... anniversaries .... on this day
Lent Lily
One of the flowers most associated with March is the narcissus (Wild daffodil). Named after the boy in Greek mythology, who was changed into a flower. Narciccus is also known as Lent Lily because it blooms in early spring and the blooms usually dropping before Easter. It is the main daffodil species of Britain.
The daffodil became a popular Welsh symbol in the 19th Century. Lloyd George used it to symbolise Wales at the 1911 Investiture and in official publications.
In England, the daffodil inspired amongst others William Wordsworth to write his famous poem "Daffodils."
Daffodils
I WANDER'D lonely as a cloud
That floats on high o'er vales and hills,
When all at once I saw a crowd,
A host, of golden daffodils;
Beside the lake, beneath the trees,
Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.
Continuous as the stars that shine
And twinkle on the Milky Way,
They stretch'd in never-ending line
Along the margin of a bay:
Ten thousand saw I at a glance,
Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.
The waves beside them danced; but they
Out-did the sparkling waves in glee:
A poet could not but be gay,
In such a jocund company:
I gazed—and gazed—but little thought
What wealth the show to me had brought:
For oft, when on my couch I lie
In vacant or in pensive mood,
They flash upon that inward eye
Which is the bliss of solitude;
And then my heart with pleasure fills,
And dances with the daffodils.
By William Wordsworth (1770-1850).
| i don't know |
In the Shakespeare play ‘Macbeth’ who kills Macbeth? | SparkNotes: Macbeth: Plot Overview
Plot Overview
Context
Character List
The play begins with the brief appearance of a trio of witches and then moves to a military camp, where the Scottish King Duncan hears the news that his generals, Macbeth and Banquo, have defeated two separate invading armies—one from Ireland, led by the rebel Macdonwald, and one from Norway. Following their pitched battle with these enemy forces, Macbeth and Banquo encounter the witches as they cross a moor. The witches prophesy that Macbeth will be made thane (a rank of Scottish nobility) of Cawdor and eventually King of Scotland. They also prophesy that Macbeth’s companion, Banquo, will beget a line of Scottish kings, although Banquo will never be king himself. The witches vanish, and Macbeth and Banquo treat their prophecies skeptically until some of King Duncan’s men come to thank the two generals for their victories in battle and to tell Macbeth that he has indeed been named thane of Cawdor. The previous thane betrayed Scotland by fighting for the Norwegians and Duncan has condemned him to death. Macbeth is intrigued by the possibility that the remainder of the witches’ prophecy—that he will be crowned king—might be true, but he is uncertain what to expect. He visits with King Duncan, and they plan to dine together at Inverness, Macbeth’s castle, that night. Macbeth writes ahead to his wife, Lady Macbeth, telling her all that has happened.
Lady Macbeth suffers none of her husband’s uncertainty. She desires the kingship for him and wants him to murder Duncan in order to obtain it. When Macbeth arrives at Inverness, she overrides all of her husband’s objections and persuades him to kill the king that very night. He and Lady Macbeth plan to get Duncan’s two chamberlains drunk so they will black out; the next morning they will blame the murder on the chamberlains, who will be defenseless, as they will remember nothing. While Duncan is asleep, Macbeth stabs him, despite his doubts and a number of supernatural portents, including a vision of a bloody dagger. When Duncan’s death is discovered the next morning, Macbeth kills the chamberlains—ostensibly out of rage at their crime—and easily assumes the kingship. Duncan’s sons Malcolm and Donalbain flee to England and Ireland, respectively, fearing that whoever killed Duncan desires their demise as well.
Fearful of the witches’ prophecy that Banquo’s heirs will seize the throne, Macbeth hires a group of murderers to kill Banquo and his son Fleance. They ambush Banquo on his way to a royal feast, but they fail to kill Fleance, who escapes into the night. Macbeth becomes furious: as long as Fleance is alive, he fears that his power remains insecure. At the feast that night, Banquo’s ghost visits Macbeth. When he sees the ghost, Macbeth raves fearfully, startling his guests, who include most of the great Scottish nobility. Lady Macbeth tries to neutralize the damage, but Macbeth’s kingship incites increasing resistance from his nobles and subjects. Frightened, Macbeth goes to visit the witches in their cavern. There, they show him a sequence of demons and spirits who present him with further prophecies: he must beware of Macduff, a Scottish nobleman who opposed Macbeth’s accession to the throne; he is incapable of being harmed by any man born of woman; and he will be safe until Birnam Wood comes to Dunsinane Castle. Macbeth is relieved and feels secure, because he knows that all men are born of women and that forests cannot move. When he learns that Macduff has fled to England to join Malcolm, Macbeth orders that Macduff’s castle be seized and, most cruelly, that Lady Macduff and her children be murdered.
When news of his family’s execution reaches Macduff in England, he is stricken with grief and vows revenge. Prince Malcolm, Duncan’s son, has succeeded in raising an army in England, and Macduff joins him as he rides to Scotland to challenge Macbeth’s forces. The invasion has the support of the Scottish nobles, who are appalled and frightened by Macbeth’s tyrannical and murderous behavior. Lady Macbeth, meanwhile, becomes plagued with fits of sleepwalking in which she bemoans what she believes to be bloodstains on her hands. Before Macbeth’s opponents arrive, Macbeth receives news that she has killed herself, causing him to sink into a deep and pessimistic despair. Nevertheless, he awaits the English and fortifies Dunsinane, to which he seems to have withdrawn in order to defend himself, certain that the witches’ prophecies guarantee his invincibility. He is struck numb with fear, however, when he learns that the English army is advancing on Dunsinane shielded with boughs cut from Birnam Wood. Birnam Wood is indeed coming to Dunsinane, fulfilling half of the witches’ prophecy.
In the battle, Macbeth hews violently, but the English forces gradually overwhelm his army and castle. On the battlefield, Macbeth encounters the vengeful Macduff, who declares that he was not “of woman born” but was instead “untimely ripped” from his mother’s womb (what we now call birth by cesarean section). Though he realizes that he is doomed, Macbeth continues to fight until Macduff kills and beheads him. Malcolm, now the King of Scotland, declares his benevolent intentions for the country and invites all to see him crowned at Scone.
More Help
| Macduff |
What is the most frequently rolled number with two standard dice? | Shakespeare Resource Center - Macbeth Synopsis
University of Toronto English Library
Macbeth, Thane of Glamis, is one of King Duncan's greatest war captains. Upon returning from a battle, Macbeth and Banquo encounter three witches. A prophecy is given to them: Macbeth is hailed as Thane of Glamis, Thane of Cawdor, and King; Banquo is hailed as the father of kings to come. With that, the witches evaporate into the mists. Both men nervously laugh off the prophecies until Duncan informs Macbeth that he is to assume the traitor Cawdor's title as a reward for his service to the king. When Lady Macbeth is informed of the events, she determines to push her husband's resolve in the mattershe wants him to take his fate into his own hands and make himself king. If Duncan happens to be inconveniently in the way....
Macbeth at first is reluctant to do harm to Duncan. However, when Duncan makes arrangements to visit the castle, the opportunity presents itself too boldly to ignore. Pressed on by his wife, they plot Duncan's death. Lady Macbeth gets Duncan's attendants drunk; Macbeth will slip in with his dagger, kill the king, and plant the dagger on the drunken guards. Macbeth, in a quiet moment alone, imagines he sees a bloody dagger appear in the air; upon hearing the tolling bells, he sets to work. Immediately Macbeth feels the guilt and shame of his act, as does Lady Macbeth, who nonetheless finds the inner strength to return to Duncan's chamber to plant the dagger on the attendants when Macbeth refuses to go back in there. When the body is discovered, Macbeth immediately slays the attendantshe says out of rage and griefin order to silence them. Malcolm and Donalbain, Duncan's sons, both flee Scotland (fearful for their own lives). To everyone else, it appears that the sons have been the chief conspirators, and Macbeth is crowned King of Scotland, thus fulfilling the witches' prophecy. Banquo, however, has suspicions of his own based on their encounter with the witches.
Macbeth knows of Banquo's suspicions and the reasons for them; he is also wary of the second prophecy concerning Banquo's offspring. As he prepares for a celebratory banquet on his coronation, Macbeth hires assassins to get rid of Banquo and Fleance, his son. Banquo is murdered that night, but Fleance escapes into the darkness. As Macbeth sits down to the feast, the bloody ghost of Banquo silently torments him, which causes him great despair. Meanwhile, Macduff has fled to England because he too suspects Macbeth of foul play. Macbeth, once a man of greatness, transforms into a man whose conscience has fled him. Upon learning of Macduff's flight, Macbeth exacts revenge by having Macduff's entire household butchered. Macduff grieves, but joins up with Malcolm in England to raise an army against Macbeth.
Macbeth is given another prophecy by the witches as he prepares for Malcolm's assault. His throne is safe until Birnam Wood comes to Dunsinane, and he will not die by the hand of any man born of a woman. Macbeth feels confident in his chances for victory at this pronouncement. Lady Macbeth, on the other hand, has been slowly driven mad by her dreams in the wake of killing Duncan. She sleepwalks, wringing her hands together, and inadvertently reveals her part in the murder. As the English armies approach, Macbeth learns that many of his lords are deserting him, and that Lady Macbeth has died. On top of this, a messenger brings news that Malcolm's army is approaching under the cover of boughs, which they have cut from the trees of Birnam Wood. Resigned now to his fate, Macbeth grimly sets to battle.
None, however, can bring Macbeth down. Finally, Macduff meets him on the field of battle. Macbeth laughs hollowly, telling him of the witches' prophecy: no man born of a woman may slay him. As Macduff retorts, he was "from my mother's womb untimely ripp'd," meaning he was delivered by a Caesarian section (and hence, not technically born of a woman). Grimly, Macbeth presses on. The play ends with the death of Macbeth; Macduff greets the others bearing Macbeth's head. Malcolm is crowned King of Scotland, restoring his father's bloodline to the throne.
Officers, Soldiers, Messengers and Attendants
Murderers
| i don't know |
‘The Fenn Street Gang’ was a spin-off from which British television series? | The Fenn Street Gang (TV Series 1971–1973) - IMDb
IMDb
There was an error trying to load your rating for this title.
Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later.
X Beta I'm Watching This!
Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends.
Error
The lives and adventures of the pupils of class 5C from 'Please Sir', after they have left Fenn Street School .
Stars:
a list of 174 titles
created 16 Sep 2012
a list of 436 titles
created 18 May 2014
a list of 1320 titles
created 20 Nov 2014
a list of 31 titles
created 12 Jun 2015
Title: The Fenn Street Gang (1971–1973)
6.3/10
Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below.
You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin.
Add Image Add an image
Do you have any images for this title?
Weekly situation comedy about a hapless but caring teacher and his class of unruly kids. The teacher sees much good and potential in his pupils much to the dismay of his fellow teachers who... See full summary »
Stars: Deryck Guyler, Noel Howlett, Joan Sanderson
Mr Hedges takes his class on a field trip, with disastrous consequences.
Director: Mark Stuart
Zany antics and sketches by the anarchic camp comic.
Stars: Kenny Everett, Cleo Rocos, Sheila Steafel
John Steed and his new accomplices Purdey and Gambit find themselves facing new and deadly dangers in the bizarre world of espionage. Mixing fantasy with a darker edge, the trio face ... See full summary »
Stars: Patrick Macnee, Gareth Hunt, Joanna Lumley
On the death of their father Joshua, siblings Eli and Nellie Pledge inherit the family business, Pledge's Purer Pickles, at Colne, Lancashire, in the north of England. Their faithful ... See full summary »
Stars: Hylda Baker, Jimmy Jewel, Joe Gladwin
A working-class Cockney bigot with a biased and expirienced opinion of everything shares them bluntly and almost carelessly.
Stars: Warren Mitchell, Anthony Booth, Una Stubbs
Jacko is a house painter who "appreciates" women, he sees the best in each one of them and they in turn, like him. Will he find true love ? Will he settle down as he gets older ?
Stars: Karl Howman, Mike Walling, Jackie Lye
This was the first TV cop show to feature a female lead - Sergeant "Pepper" Anderson, an undercover cop for the Criminal Conspiracy Unit of the Los Angeles Police Department.
Stars: Angie Dickinson, Earl Holliman, Charles Dierkop
Jack-the-lad bus driver and conductor Stan and Jack enjoy the female employees more than their work and Inspector Blake is relentless in his attempts to make their lives a misery.
Stars: Anna Karen, Bob Grant, Stephen Lewis
Doctor at Sea (TV Series 1974)
Comedy
The continuing adventures of the boys from "Doctor In The House", "Doctor At Large" and "Doctor In Charge". When Dick (Geoffrey Davies) finally gets himself the sack from St Swithin's, ... See full summary »
Stars: Robin Nedwell, Geoffrey Davies, Ernest Clark
Duncan ( Robin Nedwell ) and Dick ( Geoffrey Davies ) return from their escapades on the MS Begonia ('"Doctor at Sea" (1974)') and manage to wangle new jobs at St Swithin's Hospital. ... See full summary »
Stars: Robin Nedwell, Geoffrey Davies, Ernest Clark
Terry is divorced from his German wife and has a Finnish girlfriend Christina. At Thelma's suggestion they join her and Bob on a caravan holiday but due to a mishap the men get separated ... See full summary »
Director: Michael Tuchner
Edit
Storyline
The lives and adventures of the pupils of class 5C from 'Please Sir', after they have left Fenn Street School .
17 September 1971 (UK) See more »
Company Credits
"Please sir - - - - - - - can I have some more!"
4 February 2007 | by unreasonableboy
(Dallas, Texas) – See all my reviews
When it became obvious that the pupils at Fenn St school were not believable as 16 year olds ( some were pushing 30 by this time) because of the success of the characters in Please sir they decided to continue the antics out of school in the real world where they could chance their arm trying to earn a living. (please sir actually continued for another season but without Duffy ( awhh rabbishhh sir!) and co it bombed and was axed shortly there after.) The problem is that they all went their separate ways and it was difficult to keep the chemistry together especially with so many plots going on. When the main characters all jell in the school environment it all falls apart when they are not together. As with the ill fated Tuckers luck in the early 1980's (a spin off from Grange Hill) high school pranks do not transfer well out off school. You can't get away with school shenanigans in the work place.! The Fenn st Gang did run for a respectable 40 episodes over a two year period but it was not as popular as please sir and found itself relegated to Sunday afternoons. It just goes to show that tinkering with a popular show is risky and even transferring the same characters into a different setting has it's limitations.
Not yet available on DVD, whether it will be is any bodies guess.
13 of 14 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you?
Yes
| Please Sir! |
Which writer said ‘Bigamy is having one wife too many. Monogamy is the same’? | Rating:
Overview:
The Fenn Street Gang is a British television situation comedy which ran for three seasons between 1971 and 1973. It was a spin-off from the popular series Please Sir! and followed the lives of many of the pupils from Fenn Street School as they entered the world of work
TV.com ID:
This field MUST correspond to the tv.com series id.
IMDB.com ID:
This field MUST correspond to the IMDB.com ID. Include the leading tt.
Zap2it / SchedulesDirect ID:
| i don't know |
Which Scottish football team is nicknamed ‘The Hoops’? | Celtic – UEFA.com
Nickname: The Hoops, The Bhoys
UEFA club competition honours (runners-up in brackets)
• European Champion Clubs' Cup (1): 1967, (1970)
• UEFA Cup: (2003)
Domestic honours (most recent triumph in brackets)
League title: 47 (2016)
Ten-year European record (UEFA Champions League unless indicated otherwise)
2015/16: UEFA Europa League group stage (having transferred from UEFA Champions League play-offs)
2014/15: UEFA Europa League round of 32 (having transferred from UEFA Champions League play-offs)
2013/14: group stage
2011/12: UEFA Europa League group stage
2010/11: UEFA Europa League play-offs (having transferred from the UEFA Champions League third qualifying round)
2009/10: UEFA Europa League group stage (having transferred from the UEFA Champions League play-offs)
2008/09: group stage
9-0: Celtic v KPV Kokkola
16/09/70, European Champion Clubs' Cup first round first leg
• Biggest away win
0-7: Waterford United FC v Celtic
21/10/70, European Champion Clubs' Cup second round first leg
• Heaviest home defeat
0-3: Celtic v AC Milan
26/11/13, UEFA Champions League group stage
0-3: Celtic v Juventus
12/02/13, UEFA Champions League round of 16 first leg
0-3: Celtic v Paris Saint-Germain
02/11/95, UEFA Cup Winners' Cup second round second leg
• Heaviest away defeat
7-0: FC Barcelona v Celtic
13/09/16, UEFA Champions League group stage
UEFA Champions League (group stage to final)
• Biggest home win
3-0: Celtic FC v SL Benfica
17/10/2006, group stage
2-3: FC Spartak Moskva v Celtic
02/10/12, group stage
0-3: Celtic v AC Milan (see above for details)
0-3: Celtic v Juventus (see above for details)
• Heaviest away defeat
7-0: FC Barcelona v Celtic (see above for details)
UEFA Cup/Europa League
8-1: Celtic v FK Sūduva
19/09/02, first round first leg
7-0: Celtic v AS Jeunesse Esch
24/08/00, qualifying round second leg
• Biggest away win
0-6: Cwmbran Town FC v Celtic
12/08/99, qualifying round first leg
• Heaviest home defeat
1-3: Celtic v FC Salzburg
27/11/14, group stage
0-2: Celtic v Hamburger SV
10/09/96, first round first leg
• Heaviest away defeat
5-1: Neuchâtel Xamax FC v Celtic
22/10/91, second round first leg
4-0: FC Utrecht v Celtic
26/08/10, play-off second leg
| Celtic |
Which Briton won three Gold Olympic medals in the 2008 Summer Olympics? | Celtic | Scottish football club | Britannica.com
Scottish football club
Alternative Titles: Celtic FC, Celtic Football Club, the Bhoys
Related Topics
Golden State Warriors
Celtic, in full Celtic Football Club, also called Celtic FC, Scottish professional football (soccer) team based in Glasgow . Nicknamed “the Bhoys,” (the h is said to have been added to phonetically represent an Irish pronunciation of the word boys) Celtic shares a fierce rivalry with the crosstown Rangers , which is often of a sectarian nature, with Celtic and its supporters seen as the Catholic team and Rangers as the Protestant side. Together, the two teams have long dominated Scottish domestic football.
Tommy Burns of Celtic in action during the Scottish Cup final against Dundee at Hampden Park in …
Simon Bruty—Allsport/Getty Images
Celtic was founded in 1887 at a meeting in St. Mary’s Church hall in the Calton district of Glasgow. The club played its first match, against Rangers, the following year, winning 5–2. Celtic moved to its longtime home, Celtic Park (also known as Parkhead), in 1892. Renovated in 1995, the stadium now accommodates more than 60,000 spectators. Celtic began playing in white shirts with green collars, and the club’s famous uniform of a green-and-white striped shirt with white shorts debuted in 1903.
Celtic won its first league championship in the 1892–93 season and has won 47 in total. The club has also won the Scottish League Cup 14 times and the Scottish Cup 34 times. Celtic went through a lean run of 11 seasons without a league championship before the arrival of Jock Stein as manager in 1965, but the team went on to win nine Scottish league championships in a row from 1965–66 to 1973–74.
The club has also had a number of notable accomplishments outside of domestic play. In 1967 Celtic became the first British club to win the prestigious European Cup (now the Champions League), defeating Inter Milan 2–1 in Portugal . That Celtic team—which featured star players such as Billy McNeill, Bobby Lennox, and Jimmy Johnstone—is remembered as “The Lisbon Lions.” Celtic almost repeated the feat three years later when it was the runner-up in the 1970 European Cup final. Wim Jansen, a player on the Dutch team Feyenoord that beat Celtic on that occasion, in 1997 became the club’s first manager from outside of Britain or Ireland. Six years later Celtic reached the 2003 Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) Cup final but lost to FC Porto.
| i don't know |
In which novel does fictional private eye Philip Marlowe first appear? | Will a New Philip Marlowe Novel Bring the Legendary Private Eye Back to the Movies? | BLOUIN ARTINFO
Will a New Philip Marlowe Novel Bring the Legendary Private Eye Back to the Movies?
BY Graham Fuller | August 14, 2012
The deadly little sister: Humphrey Bogart and Martha Vickers in Howard Hawks's “The Big Sleep”
(1946 – Warner Bros.)
Edward Hopper
British actor Clive Owen/Gerard Julien/AFP/Getty Images
When it comes to his movie career, is Raymond Chandler’s Philip Marlowe sleeping the big sleep? Or is there a light at the end of the tunnel, albeit one that’s no bigger than the glow on a dead man’s stogie?
Back in 2007, it was announced by Variety that the comic-book novelist Frank Miller (“Sin City”) would write and direct an adaptation of Chandler’s never-filmed novella “Trouble Is My Business,” to star Clive Owen as the most iconic hard-boiled private eye to have emerged from the golden age of pulp fiction. It was to be the first of several new Marlowe outings shepherded by Miller, which may have also included “The Big Sleep” and “Farewell, My Lovely.” Nothing has been heard of the project since.
However, the news, reported in the New York Times , that the Irish novelist John Banville has been authorized by the Chandler estate to write a fresh Marlowe novel inevitably revitalizes the possibility that the principled but jaded gumshoe could eventually return to the screen. The novel will be published by Henry Holt & Company in 2013.
Banville, 66, is the author of the Man Booker Prize-winning “The Sea.” He has also written, under the pseudonym Benjamin Black, five novels featuring the hard-drinking Dublin pathologist Quirke, including the newly published “Venegeance,” and these align him with Chandler. The new Marlowe novel will appear under the Benjamin Black rubric.
According to benjaminblackbooks.com , Banville will bring back Marlowe’s on-and-off-again policeman friend Bernie Ohls, and the book will take place in 1940s Bay City (Chandler’s fictional version of the sleazy Santa Monica of the time) and will “feature Chandler’s hallmark noir ambience.”
“I love the challenge of following in the very large footsteps of Raymond Chandler,” Banville said. “I began reading Chandler as a teenager, and frequently return to the novels. This idea has been germinating for several years and I relish the prospect of setting a book in Marlowe’s California, which I always think of in terms of Edward Hopper ’s paintings. Bay City will have a slightly surreal, or hyper-real, atmosphere that I look forward to creating.”
If or when Banville’s book gets made into a movie, it would mark the first Marlowe appearance on screen since Tomás Hanák played a version of him in 2003’s “Smart Philip,” which was never released outside Eastern Europe. (A 2007 ABC/Touchstone series called “Marlowe” was apparently filmed but never broadcast.) The previous American incarnation of Marlowe was by James Caan in HBO’s “Poodle Springs,” based on the novel begun by Chandler in 1958 and completed in 1989, 30 years after his death, by Robert B. Parker, who like Banville had the backing of the Chandler estate.
Dealing with Marlowe’s life as a newlywed, the finished novel was weak, there being a disjunction between the four decent chapters Chandler wrote and those written by Parker. Parker’s 1991 followup, “Perchance to Dream,” a sequel to “The Big Sleep,” was equally lackluster, failing Chandler it its lack of psychological depth. However, in the “Poodle Springs” movie, which was set in 1963, Caan was convincing as an older, warier Marlowe than had hitherto been seen.
Just as Banville will have to follow in “very large footsteps” in taking up Chandler’s typewriter and the existential drift of his Marlowe stories, so would any actor following Humphrey Bogart, who played the definitive Marlowe in “The Big Sleep” (1946), Howard Hawks’s supreme blend of film noir and screwball comedy. Notwithstanding that Chandler’s choice was Cary Grant, Bogart aced Marlowe’s imperturbability, his low-key wisecracking, his handling of the psychopathic Carmen Sternwood (played by Martha Vickers, who outshone Lauren Bacall as her older sister Vivian), and his dealings with the array of criminals and lowlifes (foremost among them Elisha Cook Jr.’s doughty little Harry Jones).
Elliott Gould’s shabby, Rip Van Winkle-shaded Marlowe (Elliott Gould), set adrift in hippie-era L.A., has his own integrity and cool in Robert Altman’s revisionist “The Long Goodbye” (1973). Robert Mitchum was the world-weariest of all the Marlowes opposite Charlotte Rampling’s femme fatale in Dick Richards’s neo-noir “Farewell, My Lovely” (1975), but Mitchum should never have succumbed to Michael Winner’s dreadful British remake of “The Big Sleep” (1978).
The other Marlowes have largely disappointed. Robert Montgomery was terse and masculine enough when he directed himself in “The Lady in the Lake” (1947), but the movie was overawed by its use of the subjective camera. Dick Powell wore toughness on his sleeve in Robert Sidomak’s “Murder, My Sweet” (1944), the first Marlowe film and the one that hews closest to classic noir atmospherics. George Montgomery (1947’s “The Brasher Doubloon,” based on Chandler’s “The High Window”), James Garner (1969’s “Marlowe,” based on Chandler’s “The Little Sister”), and Powers Boothe (HBO’s 1983-86 series) all played Marlowe without nuance. Danny Glover was a solid Marlowe in Showtime’s “Red Wind” (1995), but the casting of an African-American suggested the influence of Walter Mosley’s “Easy” Rawlins.
The Banville assignment is auspicious, both for Chandlerians and, hopefully, the movies. There’s a topical resonance in a cynic “who is neither tarnished nor afraid” walking those 1940s mean streets in the shadow of the soulless early 2010s – could Clive Owen clear his calendar for the next few years, please?
Below: the trailer for Robert Altman's "The Long Goodbye" - Marlowe redux
[content:shareblock]
| The Big Sleep |
Who wrote the 1856 novel ‘Madame Bovary’? | Philip Marlowe - Example Problems
Philip Marlowe
Gerald Mohr as Philip Marlowe.
Philip Marlowe is a fictional private eye created by Raymond Chandler in a series of detective novels including The Big Sleep and The Long Goodbye . Marlowe first appeared in the short story "Finger Man," published in 1934. In this early appearance, however, Chandler had not yet developed the elaborate similes which were to become his trademark, and Marlowe is hard to distinguish from Chandler's other short fiction characters, such as Johnny Dalmas. Furthermore, whereas in the later novels, Marlowe inhabits Los Angeles, "Finger Man" is set in a fictional city called San Angelo.
Marlowe's character is typical of a genre of hardboiled crime fiction that originated with Dashiell Hammett and Black Mask magazine in the 1920s where the private eye is a pessimistic and cynical observer of a corrupt society. Yet the enduring appeal of Marlowe and other hardboiled dick like Hammett's Sam Spade lies in their tarnished idealism.
Underneath the wisecracking, hard drinking, tough private eye, Marlowe is quietly contemplative and philosophical. Marlowe enjoys chess and poetry . While he is not afraid to risk physical harm, he does not dish out violence merely to settle scores. Morally upright, he is not bamboozled by the genre's usual Femme fatales , like Carmen Sternwood in The Big Sleep . As Chandler wrote about his detective ideal in general, "I think he might seduce a duchess, and I am quite sure he would not spoil a virgin."
Contents
| i don't know |
A sauger is what type of creature? | THE WORLD OF WALLEYES - In-Fisherman | Page 5
THE WORLD OF WALLEYES
Share on Google+
The most sensitive sniffer is the eel, capable of detecting amino acids in the range of a few parts per quadrillion. Although we know of no studies on the olfactory acuity of walleyes, it seems they probably can detect amino acids in a dilution of several parts per 10 million. That’s acute, for a part per million is about one ounce of a pure substance dissolved in enough water to fill 1,000 railroad tank cars.
In hatchery tests, researchers lured young walleyes up one side of a y-shaped maze by dripping solutions of amino acids, including betaine into one side. Salt solutions also proved attractive. Other amino acids, fish mucus, and essences of walleye body parts were repulsive to the fish.
The Growth Rate Chart: Comparison of average mean back-calculated length at each age for walleyes in South Dakota and Minnesota. Age Determination: Scale reading has been the traditional method for determining the age of fish and the average growth rate of populations. The assumption is that scales grow proportionately with fish length. And this relationship usually holds true. During periods of slow or no growth, as in winter, rings, called circuli, are narrowly spaced. Fast growth brings widely spaced circuli. Year marks or annuli show rather clearly under magnification, and measurements from the central focus to succeeding annuli provide the fish’s growth history. Scales of slow-growing fish or fish from consistently warm climates may not reveal true age. For these fish, otoliths (ear bones) are more accurate. But they must be removed from the skull and usually sectioned, a more difficult process than scale reading.
It’s no surprise that walleyes smell well, for livebait often is the only answer to a tough bite and inactive fish. Sometimes the addition of a bit of crawler or minnow head provides a trigger that we surmise is due primarily to olfaction.
For walleyes, the sense of taste spurs a decision to spit a bait or to swallow it. Here again, a jig tipped with a minnow passes the taste test more often than one tipped with a twister tail. Researchers at Berkley, Classic Manufacturing, Kodiak, and other companies that produce plastics impregnated with attractants hope to eventually synthesize a formula more appealing than natural prey to walleyes and other species. Certainly, plastics flavored with attractive amino acids, preyfish essences, and salt cause fish to hold them in their mouth and sometimes attempt to swallow them.
Vision: Nighttime walleye fishing is a summertime tradition, but it’s also one of the best times to catch walleyes in winter, spring, and fall, particularly in clear lakes and reservoirs. Walleyes feed nocturnally because they see better at night than the prey they pursue. The only freshwater fish with better night vision is the walleye’s cousin, the sauger.
The walleye’s eye is large, allowing the pupil, the light gathering part of the eye, to gather as much light as possible. No creature can see in complete darkness, but starlight provides enough light for walleyes and other nocturnal animals. The principal adaptation for night vision in nocturnal animals is the tapetum lucidum, a reflective layer on the retina that concentrates light after it enters the eye. Cats, raccoons, skunks, and deer in addition to walleyes, sauger, and some other fish have similar structures.
Vision begins when light passes through the cornea and then the lens, which focuses the image as a camera lens does. Light then reaches two types of light-sensitive cells in the retina—rods and cones. Cone cells detect color when they’re exposed to daylight. Rod cells distinguish shades of gray and allow vision when sunlight isn’t present. Walleye and sauger eyes contain a larger proportion of rods than the eyes of perch, shiners, and other fish most active in daytime.
The tapetum lucidum, a layer of guanine crystals, is located in the lower portion of the deepest layer of the retina. This physiology suggests that walleyes see lures and baits moving above them more clearly than those moving slightly below their level. And fishing experiences suggest that for the best response, lures should be set to run slightly above sonar images of fish. Luminous paint or strips of tape applied to a crankbait belly catch the fish’s eye.
| Fish |
In humans, episcleritis affects which part of the body? | Fishes of Alabama | Encyclopedia of Alabama
Maurice F. Mettee, Geological Survey of Alabama
Watercress Darter
Alabama's numerous freshwater rivers , reservoirs, streams, springs, and lakes are home to more than 450 fish species in 29 families—the most found in any other state or province in North America. This total not only includes about 325 described (formally named) and undescribed (recognized but not formally named) native freshwater species, but also 15 introduced (nonnative) freshwater species, and 100 or more marine species. Alabama's fish species are spread across 16 river systems in three major drainage groups. Most fish species are represented by large numbers of individuals scattered across several river systems, but a few, known as endemic species, are restricted to a single river system, stream, spring, or cave . The Mobile basin has 41 endemic species, the Tennessee River has 14, and several coastal river systems located on either side of the Mobile basin have eight. The scientific descriptions of 71 of Alabama's fish species were based on fishes that were collected at specific sites, known as type localities, within Alabama and Mobile basin tributaries in adjacent states. Three species—Alabama shad, ashy darter, and boulder darter—have disappeared from their type localities, but individuals of all three still exist at other locations within their known ranges.
Why Does Alabama Have So Many Fishes?
Paddlefish
Alabama's rich diversity of fishes is directly influenced by a temperate climate ; relatively high year-round rainfall (averaging about 60 inches annually for the state as a whole); a large network of rivers, streams, springs, and lakes; and a diverse geological setting. The total surface area of Alabama's major freshwater rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and ponds is about 563,000 acres. More than 3.6 million acres of freshwater and salty wetlands support numerous freshwater and estuarine species, some of which are not found anywhere else in the state. About 33.5 trillion gallons of fresh water flow into and out of Alabama's rivers every year. The average discharge of the Mobile basin is about 0.94 million gallons of water per day per square mile,
Southern Redbelly Dace
greater than the average discharge of either the Mississippi River basin (0.34 million gallons), which drains most of the central United States, or the Columbia River (0.7 million gallons), which drains the northwestern United States. This sustained discharge rate is very important to the long-term health of Alabama's many fish species, especially during prolonged periods of drought. Alabama's geologic formations are important factors in the diversity of the state's fish communities in several ways. Different bottom materials, such as gravel or sand, provide perfect spawning habitats. Some of Alabama's rarest fish species are found only in those springs that discharge large quantities of cool groundwater.
Present-day fish diversity and distribution of Alabama's freshwater fishes have been shaped in part by far-reaching and ongoing climatological processes that have profoundly altered the state's landscape during the last two million years. Repeated melting and refreezing of the polar ice caps during this time raised and lowered water levels along Alabama's coastline , thereby providing a perfect opportunity for several Atlantic coast and Mississippi River species to move into Alabama and remain here. The movement and retreat of northern glaciers extended the southern ranges of several northern species into northern Alabama. These processes also served to isolate pockets of species that over time eventually developed into new endemic species.
Fish Distributions by River System
Smallmouth Bass
Tennessee River: A total of 178 species have been documented in the Alabama section of the Tennessee River system. Included in this number are two marine species—the Atlantic needlefish and the striped mullet—that migrate into the river at various times of the year and two extinct species. The harelip sucker was last collected in Cypress Creek near Florence in 1884, and the whiteline topminnow was last collected in Spring Creek in Huntsville in 1889. Five of 15 endemic species documented in the system have disappeared, but populations of 11 species—including the Alabama cavefish , spring pygmy sunfish, and a number of darters—still inhabit the system. The Alabama cavefish is one of the rarest fish species in North America. Its single habitat, Key Cave in Lauderdale County , is protected by the Tennessee Valley Authority as a National Wildlife Refuge .
Sauger
In addition to its rich nongame fish fauna, the Tennessee River is one of the finest fishing areas in the United States for smallmouth bass, largemouth bass, and sauger. The tailwater area below Wheeler Lock and Dam is best known for its abundant population of smallmouth bass. Several fish caught in this area established national weight records for various fishing line strengths. Backwater areas along the Tennessee River provide excellent fishing opportunities for bluegill, redear sunfish, and blue, channel, and flathead catfishes. Several Tennessee River tributaries, including Shoal Creek, Elk River, and Paint Rock River, offer excellent fishing opportunities for wading and canoe anglers to catch smallmouth, largemouth, spotted, and rock bass in a flowing stream environment.
Alligator Gar
Mobile Basin: The Mobile basin comprises eight river systems that drain most of Alabama as well as sections of western Georgia, eastern Mississippi, and southeastern Tennessee. The entire Mobile basin is inhabited by about 242 fish species. Numbers of species per river system range from 123 in the upper Tombigbee River to 147 species in the Coosa River. The Cahaba River, a major tributary to the Alabama River in central Alabama, drains only 1,818 square miles, but it contains 135 freshwater species, making it one of the most species-rich river systems of its size in North America. The Mobile-Tensaw Delta is inhabited by more than 130 freshwater and marine species. Most marine species are confined to coastal rivers and the delta, but a few species move upstream as far north as Tuscaloosa in the Black Warrior River system and Montgomery in the Alabama River system. The Mobile Basin provides some of the best game fishing habitat and opportunities in North America.
Bluegill
Largemouth and spotted bass are important target species for numerous bass tournaments held across the state annually. Recreational anglers catch alligator gar , black and white crappie, bluegill, redear sunfish, and largemouth and spotted bass in the rivers and their backwater areas during the spring and summer months and striped bass and white bass-striped bass hybrids during the winter months. Lewis Smith Lake and the Coosa and Tallapoosa Rivers are favorite locations for catching striped bass. The upper Coosa and Tombigbee Rivers are recognized nationally for their excellent crappie fishing.
Coastal River Systems: Alabama sections of seven coastal river systems located on either side of the Mobile basin are inhabited by 139 fish species. Total species per drainage range from 21 in the Blackwater River to 95 in the Conecuh River. The orangetail shiner is the only endemic species whose entire coastal river range is contained within Alabama's borders. The distributions of seven endemic species restricted to the Chattahoochee River system are shared between Alabama, Florida, and Georgia. The Chattahoochee River is the only place in Alabama where anglers can catch the shoal bass, a feisty species whose body colors closely resemble those of the smallmouth bass in north Alabama. Eufaula is a favorite area for numerous bass tournaments in southeastern Alabama. Although not native to our coastal rivers. the flathead catfish has been introduced into the Choctawhatchee and Conecuh Rivers by local anglers and through the collapse of local aquaculture ponds. The redear sunfish is a favorite game fish for local anglers in several coastal rivers.
Anadromous Species
Gulf Sturgeon
Anadromous fish live in marine habitats most of the year and migrate into freshwater rivers in the spring to spawn. Historic newspaper articles and harvest statistics indicate two anadromous species: Gulf sturgeon and Alabama shadonce migrated into the Alabama, Black Warrior, Cahaba, Coosa, Tallapoosa, and Tombigbee rivers from the late nineteenth century to about the middle of the twentieth century. These migration routes were blocked, however, when high-lift hydroelectric dams and navigation locks and dams were constructed on lower sections of the Alabama and Tombigbee rivers. Shortly thereafter, both species disappeared from inland sections of most state rivers. Gulf sturgeon and Alabama shad are still infrequently encountered in the Alabama, Choctawhatchee, Conecuh, and Tombigbee rivers, Mobile-Tensaw River Delta, and Mobile Bay. Spawning success of both species has been confirmed in the Choctawhatchee and Conecuh rivers but not in the Alabama and Tombigbee rivers.
Gulf Sturgeon Near Fairhope
The Gulf sturgeon is the largest fish species ever recorded in Alabama. Early newspaper photos and articles noted the collection of a 360-pound Gulf sturgeon in the Cahaba River near Centreville in 1941, a 400-pound fish from the Coosa River near Coopers in 1924, and several 300- to 400-pound fish in the lower Tallapoosa River near Wetumpka in the 1920s and 1930s. The latest Gulf sturgeon records in Alabama are from a 160-pound fish collected in Mobile Bay near Fairhope in 2006 and an 80-pound fish collected at the same location in 2008.
Adult Gulf sturgeon usually congregate in coastal bays in January and February, begin their upstream spawning migrations into freshwater rivers during winter floods, and spawn from late March into early May. Some adults remain in deep pools and around submerged structures in freshwater rivers after spawning ends, and others occasionally migrate between freshwater and marine environments. Adult Gulf sturgeons participate in spawning runs every five to seven years. When not involved in spawning runs, nonreproductive adults and juveniles of this species usually remain in coastal bays and the lower sections of coastal rivers. Young Gulf sturgeons actively feed on benthic (bottom-dwelling) invertebrates in freshwater rivers for one to two years before they migrate downstream into marine habitats. Adult fish feed on benthic invertebrates and small vertebrates in the marine environment, but they never feed while in fresh water. Adult Gulf sturgeons live for 30 to 40 years.
Alabama Shad
Alabama shad generally weigh between three and five pounds, reach a length of between 12 and 18 inches, and live four to six years. Adult shad enter freshwater rivers in late February, spawn in March, and return to estuarine areas shortly thereafter. After hatching, young shad feed aggressively in fresh water for three to four months, during which time they grow to six to seven inches in total length. They begin moving downstream toward the coast in August and September. Although the Alabama shad does not spawn until its second year, small numbers complete upstream spawning runs with adult fish during their first year after hatching.
Catadromous Species
American Eel
Catadromous fishes spend most of their life in fresh water and migrate to salt water to spawn. The American eel, the only catadromous species found in Alabama waters, completes the longest spawning run of any fish species found in Alabama. Individuals live in freshwater rivers for 6 to 9 years. When adults reach reproductive age, they begin a long spawning migration that carries them downstream into the Gulf of Mexico, around the southern tip of Florida, and north in the Atlantic Ocean to the Sargasso Sea near the island of Bermuda. After spawning is completed, the adults die. The larvae of this species are carried by ocean currents for several months, during which time they undergo one or two major changes in physical appearance. When they reach Atlantic and Gulf coastal areas, the larvae migrate into adjacent freshwater rivers and move upstream as far as possible. Tagging and recapture studies have demonstrated that some American eel larvae return to the same river systems occupied by their parents. When these young eels reach adult size, the process is repeated. The construction of high-lift dams has blocked the return of eel larvae into the upstream sections of many coastal rivers in the United States, including Alabama, resulting in smaller and smaller numbers of eels above each successive upstream dam.
Imperiled Species
Vermilion Darter
During the 2012 Alabama Nongame Symposium, the Division of Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries of the Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources published a series of reports on Alabama's imperiled vertebrate and aquatic mussel and snail species. Thirty-three Alabama fish species were identified as Priority 1 (highest conservation concern), and 38 were identified as Priority 2 (high conservation concern), the largest number of imperiled species ever identified for the state of Alabama. Several of these species have also been listed as endangered or threatened by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Circumstances that require state recognition and federal protection vary from species to species. The distributions and life histories of several riverine species have been altered by the construction of navigation locks and dams, habitat loss resulting from dredging activities, pulsed discharges of cold water from hydroelectric dams, and water pollution.
Pygmy Sculpin
The distributions of stream species have been adversely affected by urban and residential growth into natural areas, increased storm-water runoff and nonpoint discharges from shopping malls and other large developed areas, increased sediment runoff from expanding agricultural and forestry operations, habitat alteration, and long-term changes in water quality. Alabama sturgeon may be the species in greatest danger of becoming extinct in the near future. Its continued survival may depend on the success of Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries Division personnel in collecting, spawning, and stocking juvenile fish into the Alabama River.
The Importance of Fishes
Largemouth Bass
Fishes are very important to Alabama's economy, the environmental integrity of its rivers and streams, and the recreational enjoyment of its citizens. Bass tournaments and recreational fishing activities generate considerable revenues for Alabama's state and local economies. Residents and nonresidents spend millions of dollars annually on boats and trailers, outboard motors, depth finders and other electronics, fishing tackle, fuel, oil, transportation costs, motel accommodations, and food. Fishing license sales and a portion of the federal excise taxes collected on the sale of fishing-related equipment are returned to Alabama in the form of Sport Fish Restoration Funds; the Division of Wildlife and Freshwater Fisheries uses the revenue to monitor the status of Alabama's game fish populations, build and maintain public boat ramps, and educate our citizens on the diversity of fishes and fishing opportunities in state waters.
Commercial fishing and catfish farming generate additional millions of dollars in economic benefits for Alabama annually. Commercial fishermen harvest thousands of pounds of blue, channel, and flathead catfish in Alabama's rivers annually with legal gill nets, baskets, slat boxes, and trotlines. Some of their catch is sold locally, but most is cleaned, packed in ice, and shipped to northern markets.
Blue Catfish
Fishes are relatively long-lived creatures, and most require fairly specific habitat and water-quality conditions to survive and reproduce. Changes in fish diversity and in community structure often reflect changes in their environment. A growing understanding of the direct relationship between water quality and the health of Alabama's fish communities has prompted many state and federal agencies to incorporate fish community sampling as part of their regular water-quality monitoring programs across the United States. In addition to their obvious economic and scientific benefits, fishes and fishing also provide a great opportunity for resident and nonresident anglers to experience their natural environment and harvest a variety of game fish for home consumption.
| i don't know |
In which year did seatbelt use for drivers become mandatory in the UK? | BBC ON THIS DAY | 31 | 1983: British drivers ordered to belt up
About This Site | Text Only
1983: British drivers ordered to belt up
Drivers and front seat passengers must wear seatbelts under a new law which came into force at midnight.
The Department of Transport says 30,000 people a year are killed or seriously injured in road accidents. It hopes the compulsory wearing of front seatbelts will save 1,000 lives a year.
Evidence suggests six out of 10 drivers currently ignore advice to belt up in the front.
Police are being urged to take a softly softly approach to start with - but drivers could eventually be fined �50 for not wearing their seatbelts.
Resisting the belt
The row over making front seatbelts compulsory has been going on for 15 years and there have been 11 previous attempts to make it law.
Critics have accused the government of operating a nanny state and some drivers have complained their personal freedom is being infringed and they find seatbelts uncomfortable.
The government has been urging drivers to check the position of their seatbelts and make the necessary adjustments before today's law came into effect.
Junior Transport Minister Linda Chalker said: "Nobody likes being told to do something when they haven't seen for themselves the sense of it.
"You can remain in control of a vehicle when you don't get knocked out. If you are held in your seat by a belt you have more chance of stopping your vehicle careering into another vehicle containing other people."
She dismissed claims some people would suffer worse injuries through belting up, saying the evidence suggested only a tiny proportion of front seat passengers would suffer worse injuries if they were restrained by seat belts.
There will be some exceptions to the new law. Taxi drivers will be exempt because of the possible threat to their safety from dangerous passengers. Drivers of electric delivery vehicles such as milk floats will also be exempt.
| 1983 |
Bouche is French for which part of the body? | Seatbelts - RoSPA
Seatbelts
How Belting Up Became Law
Introduction
Belting up is now second nature to most people when they get in a vehicle but it took many years of campaigning to get the first law on the statute books. This is a brief history of how the battle for belts was won.
1973-74
A clause in the Conservative administration’s Road Traffic Bill concerning seat belts was introduced at Report stage in the Lords. The Bill was dropped on the dissolution of Parliament in 1974.
1973-74
A similar clause was also included in the Labour administration’s Road Traffic Bill. After a close vote at Report stage in the Lords, the clause was removed. In the new Parliament the Government introduced it as a separate Bill but the Second Reading debate was adjourned and never completed.
1974-75
A successful Lords passage. This time the Bill was adjourned at the Second Reading in the Commons. It was apparent that there was insufficient parliamentary time to discuss the Bill in the 1974-75 session.
1975-76
John Gilbert, Minister of Transport, introduced a Road Traffic (Seat Belts) Bill in February 1976. Later that year, in October, the Bill was due for its final Commons stages. It was hastily withdrawn from business when an earlier vote showed that "Only 99 MPs would be present instead of the necessary 100".
1976-77
Two more seat belts Bills were introduced in this session. Both failed. The first - in spite of a majority of 110 at its Second Reading in the Commons - because of a decision to abandon it. There were "too few people in the House". The second - after a successful passage through the Commons was defeated in the Lords by 55 votes to 53.
1978-79
In November 1978, Labour MP William Rodgers announced his intention to introduce a seat belts Bill. It completed its First and Second Readings in the House of Commons with a majority of "almost 100". Labour lost the General Election in 1979 and their Bills were shelved.
1979-80
Neil Carmichael introduced a Private Members Bill for seat belt compulsion during this parliamentary session. A smooth passage through the Committee stage early in 1980 led to the Bill being "talked out" at the Report stage during September 1980.
1980
Lord Nugent of Guildford, RoSPA’s President, introduced a Private Members Bill through the Upper House. It gained a majority of 36 at the Second Reading. Yet again the Bill failed for procedural reasons.
1981
Lord Nugent seized his chance with an amendment to the Transport Bill which introduced seat belt wearing for a trial period of three years. RoSPA's president triumphed and the Bill became law…at last.
January 31, 1983
The law on seat belt wearing came into force.
1986
Both Houses of Parliament voted overwhelmingly in favour of retaining the requirement permanently.
1989
Regulations came into effect for mandatory rear seatbelt wearing by children.
1991
Wearing a seat belt in the back of a car became compulsory.
Contact Us
| i don't know |
The Makapansgat Caves are in which African country? | ��ࡱ� > �� ; = ���� : �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� q` �� �# bjbjqPqP .2 : : � �� �� �� � $ � � � � � $ F � � � � � � � � $ @ h � � � { { { � E E E { � � E { � E E E @���O � � 1 R E � 0 F E . � � . E . E � � � � E � | � } � � ; F { { { { $ $ $ $ H � $ $ $ H $ $ $ ���� MAKAPANSGAT: CAVES THROUGH AGES LOCALITY The Makapansgat Caves and neighbouring archaeological and fossil sites are situated on the farm Makapansgat 19km north of Potgietersrus in the Northern Province. The caves are of great importance as they provide a record of hominid occupation from australopithecine (ape-man) times through the Stone and Iron Ages, right up to the present day. As such, the Makapansgat Valley is unique in that nowhere else in the world, such an extended and complete record of hominid occupation has been observed. HISTORY In February 1925 Prof Raymond Dart announced the discovery of the first ape-man at Taung (Northwest Province) with these profound words:�The specimen is of importance because it exhibits an extinct race of apes intermediate between living anthropoids (apes such as chimpanzees) and man.....�. A teacher from Pietersburg, Mr Wilfred Eitzman, inspired by this discovery, sent Dart some rocks containing fossils which he found near the lime kilns on the farm Makapansgat. This is how one of the most revealing chapters of the origin and evolution on Humankind was opened. MAKAPANSGAT VALLEY SITES MAKAPANSGAT LIMEWORKS This is the oldest of the sites, spanning an age of between 3,32 million years to 1,6 million years ago. This site has yielded many thousands of fossil bones, amongst which were found remains of the gracile ape-man Australopithecus africanus. CAVE OF HEARTHS & HYAENA CAVE The Cave of Hearths preserves a remarkably complete record of human occupation from Early Stone Age �Acheulian� times in the oldest sediments through the Middle Stone Age, the Later Stone Age and up to the Iron Age. Nineteenth Century European relics such as brass ware and musket balls were found at the surface when excavations started. BUFFALO CAVE A small number of fossils were collected by Dr Robert Broom from this site in 1937, including the remains of the extinct buffalo Bos makapania. More recent excavations have revealed an extensive fauna including antelope, horses, pigs, monkeys and carnivores which suggest a Pleistocene age for the deposits. FICUS CAVE & IRON AGE SITE The cave gets its name from the fig tree Ficus ingens roots which curtain its entrance. This cave contains Iron Age and 19th Century relics, a large bat colony and an underground lake. An Iron Age site close by yields occupational debris from approximately Early Iron Age (550 AD), 870 AD and the Late Iron Age (1560 AD). The slopes adjacent to the cave are artificially terraced and archaelogical finds from these include patsherds, grindstones, hammer stones and relics of iron smelting operations, including ore, slag and fragments of tuyeres. PEPPERCORNE�S CAVE This cave contains Iron Age and ancient relics and an underground lake. It is also home to a large colony of migratory long-fingered bats, Miniopteris schreibersii. RAINBOW CAVE This cave is situated immediately below the Historic Cave and contains the remains of several hearths, indicating both human occupation and the controlled us of fire. The exposed sediments have yielded Middle Stone Age artifacts of the Piertersburg Culture of between 100 000 and 50 000 years ago. HISTORIC CAVE OR MAKAPANSGAT This site lies immediately adjacent to the Cave of Hearths and preserves Iron Age and Mfecane relics. It is most famous as the clash between a Boer Commando and local Langa and Kekana people after the murders of Voortrekkers at Moorddrift, Mapela and Pruizen. Chief Makapan (Mokopane), together with a large number of his tribespeople and their cattle were besieged in the cave for nearly a month between 25 October and 21 November 1854, during which time many hundreds died of hunger and thirst. Piet Potgieter was shot during the siege and the name of the nearby town was changed from Vredenburg to Pieter Potgietersrust, which in time changed to Potgietersrus. The cave was proclaimed a National Monument in 1936. DISCOVERIES IN MAKAPANSGAT VALLEY The rocks Prof Dart received from Mr Eitzman turned out to contain, amongst others, blackened fossil bones which led him to believe that they were burnt. Although no hominid remains or stone tools were found at first, he concluded that these were the remains of bones burnt in fireplaces and therefore that Mokapansgat was a site of early hominid occupation. Dart named the first hominids discovered at the site Australopithecus Prometheus after the mythological Greek hero who stole fire from the Gods. Afterwards the black markings turned out to be manganese stains and Australopithecus Prometheus turned out to be specimens of Australopithecus africanus. On the basis of an analysis of 7159 fossil bones, Dart concluded that these creatures, in an era before stone tools were discovered, used tools made from bone, teeth and horn, naming it the Osteodontokeratic Culture. In 1936, the Historical Monuments Commission was asked to declare Makapan�s Cave a National Monument and Prof C van Riet Lowe, secretary of the Commission and Director of the Archaeological Survey of the Union of South Africa, visited the site in 1937. He inspected the Historic Cave and discovered close by an abandoned limeworker�s adit which cut through a calcified cave infill. In this infill he saw fossil bones, stone tools and what he took to be ash horizons, representing ancient hearths. After initially referring to it as part of Makapan�s Cave, he later renamed it �The Cave of Hearths�. Further research during June and October 1937 revealed the Rainbow Cave. The site was visited by Van Riet Lowe, Dart and Robert Broom. HBS Cooke of the Geology Department of the University of the Witwatersrand conducted a geological survey of the area (1941) followed by LC King in 1951. Philip Tobias led a group of students in July 1945 to the valley where they discovered the Hyaena Cave adjacent to Van Riet Lowe�s site. Further down the valley, from a cave adjacent to the limeworks, they collected a large fossil horse�s lower jaw, from which the Cave of the Horse�s Mandible derived its name. After these discoveries, Dr Bernard Price made a research grant available for systematic excavations which commenced at the Cave of Hearths in 1947, field work being carried out by Guy Gardiner, James Kitching and his brothers Ben and Scheepers. One of he most significant discoveries was a Homo lower jaw from Bed 3 by Ben. In 1953 Dr RJ Mason was placed in charge of the excavations and the stratigraphic sequence was determined during 1953-1954. After the Kitching brothers discovered an ape-man braincase amongst the Limeworks dumps in 1947, Dart organized for the lime miner�s dumps to be hand-sorted in order to recover as much fossil-bearing material as possible. After 45 years of research, many thousands of fossils from this site have been identified and catalogued. B Maguire studied rocks which were brought from outside into the caves during prehistoric times (1965, 1968, 1980). This he interpreted to represent rudimentary stone tool making activities dated at around 2,3 � 1,6 million years ago. ! " * + f ! " * f g � � a p � � � � � � � E ��������÷ï�������x�p�h\hSh hc0� 6�OJ QJ hc0� hc0� 5�OJ QJ hc0� OJ QJ hJc. OJ QJ hp~ 5�OJ QJ hA� 6�OJ QJ hp~ 6�OJ QJ hp~ OJ QJ hA� 5�OJ QJ hA� 5�>*OJ QJ hA� OJ QJ hA� h�R, 5�OJ QJ h�R, OJ QJ h�,e OJ QJ hA� h�,e OJ QJ hA� h�,e 5�OJ QJ hJ:C 5�>*OJ QJ h�,e 5�>*OJ QJ ! " + , ! " * + f g � � � � � � � � D E ` a � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � $a$gd�,e �# � E ` � � � � � � � � ( A B C P Q } � D k l m � � . J � � & � ���������ڹ�������}�}q}i`iWOWO h�X� OJ QJ h�X� 6�OJ QJ h+3! 6�OJ QJ h+3! OJ QJ h�t h�� 5�OJ QJ h�� OJ QJ h�t hoN 5�OJ QJ hoN OJ QJ h+3! hoN OJ QJ h+3! hoN 5�OJ QJ hDF� 6�OJ QJ hoN 6�OJ QJ h+3! hDF� 5�OJ QJ hDF� hDF� H*OJ QJ hDF� OJ QJ hc0� 6�OJ QJ hc0� OJ QJ hDF� hc0� 5�OJ QJ � � � B C P Q | } � � l m � � � Z [ } ~ � � {! |! �" �" �# �# � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � $a$gd�,e � � n Y Z � � � z! {! |! �" �" �# �# �# �# ��������������Ͽ h _ OJ QJ h�|Y OJ QJ h�aM OJ QJ h�I� 6�OJ QJ h�I� OJ QJ hg OJ QJ h�X� OJ QJ h�� OJ QJ �# �# �# �# �# �# �# �# �# �# � � � � � � � � � $a$gd�,e , 1�h ��/ ��=!�"�#��$��%� ���� �� � � @ @�� @ N o r m a l CJ _HaJ mH sH tH D A@��� D D e f a u l t P a r a g r a p h F o n t R i@��� R T a b l e N o r m a l � 4� l 4� a� ( k@��� ( N o L i s t j �@� � j �aM T a b l e G r i d 7 :V �0 � � � � � � � 2 ���� ! " + , ! " * + f g � � � � � � � � D E ` a � � � � B C P Q | } � � l m � � � Z [ } ~ � � { | � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � 0 � � � � � � K� 0 �|�K� 0 �I� 0 �� � �� \M �R E � �# � �# �# �# ��/ �^= � � �^= � �^= ,� �^= �ѫ �^= �� �^= �͍ �^= 징 �^= \�� �^= �]� �^= �R� �^= �\� �^= 4^� �^= T_� �^= �\� �^= �ޓ �^= t � �^= � �^= ,�� �^= D �^= 4 � �^= � �^= �� �^= �� �^= ,� �^= ��� �^= ��� �^= $�� �^= d�� �^= ��� �^= ��� �^= $�� �^= d�� �^= 4 �^= t �^= � �^= � �^= 4 �^= t �^= � �^= � �^= 4 �^= t �^= � �^= � �^= 4 �^= t �^= � 0 < � � � � � � � � � � � � � � E E K C C K } } � � � � | | � � � � ! � � � 4 4 < � ! # " $ & % ' ( * ) + - , . ; A � � � � � � � � � � � � � � J O O J O O � � � � � � � � � � � � . � � � 8 C C � ! # " $ & % ' ( * ) + - , . Z . *�urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags �PlaceType �http://www.5iantlavalamp.com/Z / *�urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags �PlaceName �http://www.5iantlavalamp.com/V - *�urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags�place �http://www.5iantlavalamp.com/9 , *�urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags�State � ��� / . - , / - . / - . - / . - . / - / . - / . - / . / - . . - / - / . - / . - / . - - / . - . / 0 ; F R � � � � � � ~ � � � ` k m o x � � ` g � � � � � � � � � � � � ~ � ( 3 4 @ > J � � C H p | � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ' 4 � � � � � � # � � B K t x B N O S ( � � � � � � = F � � � � C P � � � � � � � M O � � 2 � � � � � 3 3 3 3 3 3 ! " * " * g � � � � � E _ � � C P } � 7 l m � � � � � � � � g _ �~ �t J +3! �a' �R, Jc. {&B J:C �aM oN �|Y �,e p~ �� �v� L?� DF� �� �I� �X� A� .� c0� �@� � � -� � � ��," � P @ �� U n k n o w n �� �� �� �� �� �� G� �z � � T i m e s N e w R o m a n 5� � S y m b o l 3&� �z � � A r i a l CF� � � C o m i c S a n s M S " q� �� h %J�&�J�F # � 2 # � 2 Y � �� � ��24 � � 2�Q � HX )�� ? � ����������������������,e 2 �� M A K A P A N S G A T : C A V E S T H R O U G H A G E S M o t s a i k b o n t s i b �� �����Oh�� +'��0 � � � � � � � � $ D P \ h p x � � $ MAKAPANSGAT: CAVES THROUGH AGES Motsaik Normal bontsib 3 Microsoft Office Word @ �V� @ N�����@ �O � # � �� ��՜.�� +,��0 h p � � � � � � � � � � � Municipality 2 � � ! MAKAPANSGAT: CAVES THROUGH AGES Title ���� ! " # $ % & ' ( ) ����+ , - . / 0 1 ����3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ��������< ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������R o o t E n t r y �������� � F @��O �> � 1 T a b l e ���� ���� . W o r d D o c u m e n t �������� .2 S u m m a r y I n f o r m a t i o n ( ���� * D o c u m e n t S u m m a r y I n f o r m a t i o n 8 ������������ 2 C o m p O b j ������������ q ������������ ������������ ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� �� ���� � F Microsoft Office Word Document MSWordDoc Word.Document.8 �9�q
| South Africa |
Raleigh is the capital of which American state? | Makapan's Caves | Limpopo Tourism Agency
Limpopo Tourism Agency
Experience | Highlights & Icons
The Makapan Valley in Limpopo is the only cultural heritage site of its kind.
It has a history of the Ndebele people and resistance wars dating back 151 years. People in this area will be conscientised of the universal value of the site as they celebrate the history and prepare for the preservation challenges as communities.
Visitors to Mokopan Valley, Waterberg should not miss the opportunity to visit Makapan's Caves where extensive cultural and palaeontological deposits have played a crucial role in furthering our understanding of later human evolution and the appearance of modern man.
The Cave of Hearths is one of only two Stone Age sites in the world that contain an unbroken sequence of artefacts from the Earlier Stone Age to the Later Stone Age. Mid-17th century makapan's valley started their friendship with human being.
The Cave of Gwasa one of historic caves in Limpopo was a site of repeated refuge from conflicts, is the caves that has being known later In 1854, as Makapan's Cave, named after the great chief Makapan and several thousand members of the Kekana chiefdom by the Voortrekkers following an attack on a party of trekboers at Moorddrift.
Visits to the fascinating Makapan's Valley must be arranged in advance by contacting the Mogalakwena Bushveld Community Tourism Association.
Visitors must not miss also the opportunity to vist this museum, that give extra compliment in the area; The Arend Dieperink Museum that contains a valuable cultural historical collection of Sotho and Voortrekker artefacts and is housed in a graceful stone building originally built as a school.
The museum portrays the history of the town and surroundings from the time of the ape-men at Makapan's Cave, right through to the Anglo Boer War and recent times. Mampoer and fresh bread are available on request. Limpopo, my next stop in my next trip to South Africa.
More info's
| i don't know |
In which city is the 1997 film ‘The Full Monty’ set? | The Full Monty (1997) - IMDb
IMDb
There was an error trying to load your rating for this title.
Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later.
X Beta I'm Watching This!
Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends.
Error
Six unemployed steel workers form a male striptease act. The women cheer them on to go for "the full monty" - total nudity.
Director:
From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video
ON DISC
Check out India Spotlight
Related News
a list of 26 titles
created 21 Aug 2011
a list of 25 titles
created 26 Mar 2014
a list of 28 titles
created 09 Oct 2014
a list of 21 titles
created 6 months ago
a list of 46 titles
created 3 months ago
Title: The Full Monty (1997)
7.2/10
Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below.
You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin.
Won 1 Oscar. Another 35 wins & 31 nominations. See more awards »
Videos
A talented young boy becomes torn between his unexpected love of dance and the disintegration of his family.
Director: Stephen Daldry
In London, four very different people team up to commit armed robbery, then try to doublecross each other for the loot.
Directors: Charles Crichton, John Cleese
Stars: John Cleese, Jamie Lee Curtis, Kevin Kline
Over the course of five social occasions, a committed bachelor must consider the notion that he may have discovered love.
Director: Mike Newell
The daughter of orthodox Sikh rebels against her parents' traditionalism and joins a football team.
Director: Gurinder Chadha
A man gets a chance to meet up with his dream girl from high school, even though his date with her back then was a complete disaster.
Directors: Bobby Farrelly, Peter Farrelly
Stars: Ben Stiller, Cameron Diaz, Matt Dillon
A cynical, immature young man is taught how to act like a grown-up by a little boy.
Directors: Chris Weitz, Paul Weitz
Stars: Hugh Grant, Nicholas Hoult, Toni Collette
Edit
Storyline
Six unemployed steel workers, inspired by the Chippendale's dancers, form a male striptease act. The women cheer them on to go for "the full monty" - total nudity. Written by Jon Reeves (from press kit) <[email protected]>
Six men. With nothing to lose. Who dare to go.... See more »
Genres:
Rated R for language and some nudity | See all certifications »
Parents Guide:
19 September 1997 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
Todo o nada See more »
Filming Locations:
$244,375 (USA) (15 August 1997)
Gross:
Did You Know?
Trivia
In November 1998, Prince Charles re-enacted the unemployment office scene on national television with some young members of the Prince's Trust. See more »
Goofs
Reflection of boom mic visible in the car window as Dave throws Lomper back into the car. See more »
Quotes
See more »
Crazy Credits
The film shown behind the opening credits is "Sheffield...City on the move", made in 1971 for the Sheffield Publicity Department. See more »
Connections
© Budde Music Inc./WB Music Corp.
Courtesy of Mercury records Inc.
Licensed by kind permission of Warner/Chappell Music Limited and from the PolyGram Commercial Marketing Division
(Brooklyn, NY) – See all my reviews
When this got praised all over the place, I avoided seeing it at first because I was afraid it would be a letdown. But it's not, not in any way. This continues a tradition of sorts; while back in the 50's and early 60's, the British were known for their kitchen-sink, angry young man dramas (like "Room at the Top" or "Look Back in Anger"), now they seem to be putting comic spins on them, and it's working. Not only do you laugh (especially when Horse is at the Unemployment Office after the videotape of them dancing has been released to the public, and when he says he hasn't been up to anything, the clerk says, "That's not what I heard"), but the characters and where they come from are taken seriously and are three dimensional, so you care about them. The humor comes from real situations, not sitcom humor. A real winner!
36 of 42 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you?
Yes
| Sheffield |
What was the name of the Tropical Storm, that turned into a hurricane, which hit the US Gulf Coast in August 2012? | West End Star Kenny Doughty on Stripping Down in The Full Monty & Getting Felt Up at the Stage Door | Broadway Buzz | Theatre.com
West End Star Kenny Doughty on Stripping Down in The Full Monty & Getting Felt Up at the Stage Door
Interviews By Matt Wolf February 19, 2014 - 4:36PM
Kenny Doughty as Gaz in 'The Full Monty' Photo by Hugo Glendinning
About the Show
Cast & Creative
'There we were in this quaint, beautiful city with this group of women at the stage door asking me to sign their cleavage.'
After four years in Los Angeles, Yorkshire-born TV and film actor Kenny Doughty is returning to his roots in The Full Monty in the West End. Not to be confused with the Americanized Broadway musical of the same title (which was a New York hit and a London flop), the new stage play by Simon Beaufoy sticks to the source material of his own Oscar-nominated script for the 1997 film. The play, about a group of unemployed British steelworkers who turn to stripping, is set to open February 25 at the Noel Coward Theatre. While preparing for the production’s first preview, the charming Doughty spoke to Broadway.com about film vs. TV, Britain vs. America, and appearing naked in front of his mother-in-law.
The Full Monty has brought you back home to Britain. How does that feel?
I’m back in the motherland and I’m finding that I really missed it! I’d gone out to L.A. to look after a friend’s flat and got my green card and stayed. Now my wife and I have a nice place in Santa Monica, which we love. But at the same time, it’s great to be playing the West End. I always imagined that my career would be in theater, so it’s nice to be doing some!
Yes, especially a project which must feel close to your heart.
It does. I’m from Barnsley, which is six miles from Sheffield, where both the film and this play are set. Long before I even knew I would be doing this play I had seen the film loads; there aren’t many films about South Yorkshire, so it’s almost part of my DNA.
You play Gaz, who dreams up the scheme that stripping might be the way to self-worth.
Yes, but what’s fascinating is that this almost feels like it was a play first. And although the plot is the same as the film, the characters do go on a slightly different journey. Simon [Beaufoy] has had the opportunity to extend and explore certain moments a bit more in-depth. Because The Full Monty was his first film and now this is his first play, Simon has been able to go back to the film with all the knowledge he has gained in the intervening 17 years as a writer.
Did you know about the Broadway musical?
I didn't, to be honest, but I was speaking about [the play] to some friends in L.A. and they said, "What? The Full Monty musical?" and I said, "Not at all!" That was set in Buffalo and I think for Simon this is about reclaiming the piece and making it his again. I think he always felt like it had to be set in Sheffield.
The play takes place in 1988—did you worry that its themes might have become dated in the decades since?
Just the opposite: with the recent austerity measures and recessions and the insidiousness of people losing their jobs, the timing seems unbelievably apt. What’s also become even more pronounced is the idea that no one has a job for life anymore, so any number of people are facing the sorts of identity crises faced by the guys in our play.
Has your on stage disrobing made for some, um, interesting experiences with the audience during your pre-West End tour?
[Laughs] At our first preview almost a year ago in Sheffield, we had no idea how the audience might react, and I think we were slightly like lambs to the wolves. The audience was so raucous that it was genuinely terrifying when we got out there. When we were in Dublin, they were stomping “get them off” at one point, but we just had to hold our ground!
What about afterwards at the stage door?
The weird thing there is that [audiences] may feel a little bit overfamiliar and try to have a little feel up your ass, but you just have to say, “I know you’ve seen me get my kit off, but I think we’ve been through that.” It was amazing when we were in [the cathedral town] Canterbury last year—there we were in this quaint, beautiful city with this group of women at the stage door asking me to sign their cleavage.
Your real-life wife, Caroline Carver, plays your ex-wife in this: Did the two of you come as a package deal?
No, and in fact our producer at first wasn’t sure about having a real-life married couple. He didn't know if that would work. But Caroline is a phenomenally successful actress so we both said, “You make the decision based on Caroline and her alone.” And she got the job! Of course it’s lovely for me, because we bring to it our own natural history.
You’ve appeared on screen in Crush and Titus, but you are coming belatedly to theater. Does that surprise you?
It does, you know, since I always imagined when I left drama school [London’s Guildhall] that I would only do theater and instead I ended up doing TV and film and am only now appearing on a mainstage in London. I had actually been thinking recently that I might have missed my opportunity to be in the West End, so I’m delighted to see that isn’t true.
Much less in a show where you’ll be baring in all in front of your mother-in-law.
Tell me about it! She’s from Manchester, so she brought a coachload of girls to come from work and that was strange: there’s my wife’s mum whooping and cheering me getting naked.
And now she’s coming again in London?
Yes, this time with my own mother: The two mums together! What would Freud do with this bit of information?
| i don't know |
In the David Hockney painting ‘Mr and Mrs Clark and Percy’ what is Percy? | 'Mr and Mrs Clark and Percy', David Hockney, 1970–1 | Tate
Mr and Mrs Clark and Percy
Mr and Mrs Clark and Percy
1970–1
Support: 2134 x 3048 mm
frame: 2170 x 3084 x 58 mm
Collection
Presented by the Friends of the Tate Gallery 1971
Reference
Display caption
Summary
This is one of a series of large double portraits which Hockney began in 1968. He had painted imaginary couples in such earlier paintings as The First Marriage (A Marriage of Styles) 1963 (Tate T00596 ). In the later paintings, the subjects are real couples who were Hockney’s friends. They are portrayed in their home environment in a style which is both realistic and highly simplified. Hockney worked from photographs and life observation, making drawings to resolve composition . Usually one character looks at the other, who looks out of the painting at the viewer, thus creating a cyclical movement of looking. Mr and Mrs Clark and Percy is unusual in that both subjects, Mr and Mrs Clark, look out at the artist and viewer from either side of a large open window which is in the centre of the painting. The viewer, who looks at the painting from a central perspective , will be at the apex of the couple’s gaze out of the painting, a third in the relationship. Percy is the name of one of the Clarks’ cats and refers to the cat sitting statue-like on Mr Clark’s knee, looking out of the window. ‘Mr and Mrs Clark’ are the dress designer Ozzie Clark and the fabric designer Celia Birtwell. Like Hockney, the two came from the north of England and met the artist in 1961 in Manchester, where Ozzie was studying at Manchester College of Art. Both men went on to study at the Royal College of Art in London. When Ozzie and Celia married in 1969, Hockney was their best man. He painted them in their flat in Notting Hill Gate, west London, an area where the artist and a number of his friends then lived. Hockney chose to paint them in their bedroom because he liked the light there. An etching from his earlier series A Rake’s Progress 1961-3 (Tate P07029 -44) is portrayed on the left side of the painting. He began to make drawings and take photographs for the painting in 1969 and began working on the canvas in the spring of 1970, completing the painting in early 1971. In 1976 he described the painting as one of two works of his to come close to naturalism (Kinley 1992), although many areas of the image have been flattened and emptied of detail.
Hockney has commented that his aim in this painting was to ‘achieve ... the presence of two people in this room. All the technical problems were caused because my main aim was to paint the relationship of these two people.’ (Quoted in Kinley 1992, [p.6].) One technical problem was to paint the figures contre jour, or against the light, something he had been experimenting with in earlier pictures of single figures in interiors. As in a photograph, it was difficult to achieve a balance between the bright daylight outside the window and the relative shade indoors. Because the canvas was so big, Hockney worked on it in his studio, where he set up light conditions that approximated those in the Clarks’ bedroom. He painted the lilies, sitting in a vase on a small table in the foreground of the painting, from life at the studio. He found the nearly life-size scale of the figures difficult to realise and both Clarks posed for him many times. In the event, Hockney painted Ozzie Clark’s head as many as twelve times before he was satisfied. He is depicted lounging on a chair, his bare feet buried in the long pile of a fur rug. His pose is relaxed but his expression is watchful. Celia stands with one hand on her waist wearing a long, flowing dress and a rather wistful expression. Close to her and therefore, perhaps, associated with her are the lilies, traditionally a symbol of the Annunciation and feminine purity. Likewise, the cat on Ozzie’s lap carries symbolic resonances of the libertine and somebody who disregards rules and does as they please. Viewed in this way, Mr and Mrs Clark and Percy recalls the famous portrait of a married couple, The Arnolfini Marriage 1434 (National Gallery, London) by Flemish renaissance painter Jan van Eyck (approximately 1395-1441), in which a small dog at the couple’s feet represents fidelity. Hockney has pointed out that his painting reversed one of the conventions of wedding portraiture, by seating the man while the woman stands. The gulf between the couple represented by the open window and the gaze of the third party (artist or viewer) turned out to be prophetic: the marriage did not last.
Further reading:
Stephanie Barron, Maurice Tuchman, David Hockney: A Retrospective, exhibition catalogue, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York and Tate Gallery, London 1988, p.37
Catherine Kinley, David Hockney: Seven Paintings, exhibition brochure, Tate Gallery, London 1992, [p.6], reproduced [p.6] in colour
Catherine Kinley, Hockney: Mr and Mrs Clark and Percy, exhibition brochure, Tate Gallery, London 1995, reproduced on front cover in colour
Catherine Kinley/Elizabeth Manchester
Read more
Display caption
Hockney painted this portrait of his friends, the fashion designer Ossie Clark and Celia Birtwell, shortly after their marriage. Hockney, who was best man at their wedding, took great pains over this composition and painted Ossie's head at least a dozen times. The couple modeled for the work on numerous occasions in Hockney's studio, although Ossie's pose was based on a snapshot taken one morning just after he had got out of bed, and before he had put on his shoes. Celia, a highly successful fabric designer in her own right, continued to act as Hockney's model and muse for many years.
Gallery label, August 2004
| Cat (disambiguation) |
What is the official language of Iran? | Hockney makes greatest painting shortlist, with the wrong cat | UK news | The Guardian
Hockney makes greatest painting shortlist, with the wrong cat
Mr and Mrs Clark and Percy - or should that be Blanche? Photograph: © David Hockney/Tate
Share on Messenger
Close
When you are the only living painter in a competition to find the greatest painting in Britain you can be forgiven a little artistic licence.
So what does it matter that the cat in David Hockney's Mr and Mrs Clark and Percy may not actually be Percy, the overweight tom, but Blanche: smaller, sleeker, and female?
In an interview yesterday, in which he expressed surprise at his inclusion in the shortlist for the country's best-loved and lauded artworks, Hockney admitted that Mrs Clark - or Celia Birtwell as she is now - had told him the cat he had painted may not be Percy, one of two felines she and the fashion designer Ossie Clark owned.
"When she told me that, I told her, well, shut up, because Mr and Mrs Clark and Blanche doesn't sound as good as Mr and Mrs Clark and Percy," Hockney told BBC Radio 4's Today programme yesterday. "And it was my title, not hers, anyway."
Ms Birtwell had told Today that she thought the cat in the painting was Blanche. "Blanche was a dear little girl cat and Percy was rather overweight and not as interesting," she said. "I don't think it's Percy."
Hockney, a close friend of the couple and best man at their wedding, spent four or five months on the work, painted between 1970 and 1971 and currently on display at the Tate Gallery.
The painting was voted into the last 10 in a poll to find the "greatest painting in Britain", launched by the Today programme and the National Gallery.
The other nominees include The Arnolfini Portrait by Jan van Eyck, Revd Dr Robert Walker Skating on Duddingston Loch by Sir Henry Raeburn, Sunflowers by Vincent Van Gogh, and The Baptism of Christ by Piero della Francesca.
Hockney said he had been embarrassed to find himself in such illustrious company. "Well, I was amazed, really. I mean, only because of the other company. I was quite amazed."
Hockney said he was also surprised at how his portrait of his friends had stood the test of time.
"At the time it was just another picture, but I see it's stood up rather well. A lot more than I thought it would and [it] doesn't seem particularly dated to me."
It is not known what the artist thought of Ms Birtwell's other criticism of the work: that he had painted her head just a little bit too large.
| i don't know |
The sculpture of the ‘Winged Figure’ by Barbara Hepworth is on the side of which department store in London’s Oxford Street? | John Lewis Oxford Street and The Hepworth Wakefield celebrate 50 years of Winged Figure | News | Hepworth Wakefield
John Lewis Oxford Street and The Hepworth Wakefield celebrate 50 years of Winged Figure
Tweet
This year John Lewis’s flagship branch, which has had a site on Oxford Street for almost 150 years, is delighted to be celebrating 50 years since the installation of Winged Figure by acclaimed British sculptor Barbara Hepworth, in partnership with The Hepworth Wakefield.
In 1961 John Lewis commissioned the Yorkshire-born artist to create a work that evoked common interest and ownership. Over the past 50 years the artwork has become part of the Oxford Street landscape, since it was unveiled to the public in 1963.� Placed 13 feet above the busy cross-section between Holles Street and Oxford Street, it is estimated that the sculpture is seen by 200 million people a year.
To commemorate the 50th anniversary of Winged Figure, the branch has undertaken a programme of activities throughout 2013.� This began with a recently completed restoration project, which has helped to return the sculpture to its former glory, and continues with in-store celebrations to be enjoyed by customers and art-lovers alike.
From Tuesday 2 September, the original Winged Figure I, 1957 by Barbara Hepworth will be on display for eight weeks in the Brasserie on the 3rd floor. �This is the smaller version of the sculpture that Hepworth proposed to enlarge for the John Lewis commission.� Kindly on loan to John Lewis by The Hepworth Wakefield, it offers customers the chance to see Hepworth’s iconic design close-up.
A unique window display on Oxford Street will showcase archive material that will be on display to the public for the first time. The archive material illuminates the story behind the John Lewis commission of Hepworth’s Winged Figure, from the challenges faced in transporting the six metre high sculpture through the cobbled streets of St Ives on its journey to London’s Oxford Street, to reproductions of old photographs and letters written by Hepworth and John Lewis describing the commission.
A pop-up exhibition of three original graphic prints by Barbara Hepworth will also be on display in the flagship’s third floor Brasserie.� These original graphic prints are kindly on loan exclusively to John Lewis Oxford Street from The Hepworth Wakefield, the prints are part of a new display Hepworth: Graphic Prints that is on show until early 2014.
Simon Fowler, managing director of John Lewis Oxford Street said: “We are proud of our heritage and as we approach our 150th anniversary celebrations it is timely that we celebrate Barbara Hepworth’s Winged Figure which has so strikingly adorned the exterior of our flagship store for the past 50 years.� Commissioned shortly after the Second World War, it represents an important moment in our history, with the final design chosen to echo the Partnership’s associations with resurgence and aspiration, qualities which we continue to uphold today.”
Sophie Bowness, Barbara Hepworth’s granddaughter, said:�“I’m delighted that John Lewis is celebrating Hepworth’s�Winged Figure�and helping people to learn the story of this iconic work.� I know that my grandmother was extremely proud of this remarkable sculpture and it’s wonderful to see it now fully restored on the exterior of the Oxford Street store.”
Barbara Hepworth, sculptor, in 1963 said:�“I think one of our universal dreams is to move in air and water without the resistance of our human legs. I wanted to evoke this sense of freedom.� If the Winged Figure in Oxford Street gives people a sense of being airborne in rain and sunlight and nightlight I will be very happy.� It is a project I have long wished to fulfil and this site with its wonderful oblique wall was quite perfect.”
The pop-up exhibit will be in the John Lewis Oxford Street for three weeks from 2 September. For further information visit www.johnlewis.com/our-shops/oxford-street
LINKS
| John Lewis |
Everything Changes, Beautiful World and Circus are all albums released by which British band? | Biography | Barbara Hepworth
Barbara Hepworth
Links
Copyright
All images and texts included on this website are protected by copyright. They may be reproduced for personal or educational use only.
Biography
Life and Work by Alan Bowness is a comprehensive overview in 2,500 words
Chronology
1903
Born 10 January in Wakefield, Yorkshire, the eldest child of Herbert and Gertrude (née Johnson) Hepworth. Her father is a civil engineer for the West Riding County Council, who in 1921 became County Surveyor. As a girl, Hepworth accompanies him on the car journeys he makes all over the West Riding of Yorkshire in the course of his work.
1909–20
Attends Wakefield Girls' High School. Music scholarship, 1915. Open Scholarship, 1917. Summer holidays at Robin Hood's Bay, near Whitby, North Yorkshire.
1920–21
Leeds School of Art; Henry Moore is a fellow student.
1921–24
Studies sculpture at the Royal College of Art, London. Together with Moore and other students at the College, makes occasional trips to Paris. Awarded the diploma of the Royal College of Art in the summer of 1923; stays on an extra year to compete for the Prix de Rome (John Skeaping is the winner).
1924
Awarded a West Riding Scholarship for one year's travel abroad. October, Hepworth travels to Italy. Based in Florence, she spends the first months studying Romanesque and early Renaissance art and architecture in Tuscany. November, short visit to Rome.
1925
In Siena, February–March. Marries sculptor John Skeaping in the Palazzo Vecchio, Florence, in May. They stay in Florence for three months, then live at the British School in Rome, where Skeaping is a Rome Scholar in Sculpture, until November 1926. Hepworth learns to carve marble from the master-carver Giovanni Ardini. Visits Carrara.
1926
November, Hepworth and Skeaping return to London due to Skeaping's ill-health.
1927
Studio exhibition with Skeaping at their flat in St Ann's Terrace, St John's Wood, in December. The collector George Eumorfopoulos buys Seated Figure and Mother and Child.
1928
January, Hepworth and Skeaping move to 7 The Mall, Parkhill Road, Hampstead. Hepworth would remain in this studio until 1939. June, exhibition at the Beaux Arts Gallery, London, shared with John Skeaping and William Morgan.
1929
3 August, birth of son, Paul Skeaping.
1930
October–November, joint exhibition with John Skeaping at Arthur Tooth & Sons' Galleries, London
1931
Meets the painter Ben Nicholson. Summer holiday at Happisburgh on the Norfolk coast with Skeaping, Nicholson, Henry and Irina Moore, Ivon Hitchens. Separation from Skeaping (they are divorced in March 1933).
1932
Shows with the Seven and Five Society; Hepworth is a member until the group is dissolved in 1935. Spring, Ben Nicholson begins to live and work with Hepworth in the Mall studio. Hepworth and Nicholson seriously consider moving to Paris. August, short visit to Dieppe with Nicholson. November–December, shared exhibition with Nicholson at Arthur Tooth & Sons' Galleries, London (catalogue foreword on Hepworth by Herbert Read). Hepworth's first holed sculpture, Pierced Form, probably carved in 1932, is exhibited there with the title Abstraction (it was subsequently destroyed in the war).
1933
In France with Nicholson in April, Hepworth meets Brancusi at his studio in Paris, visits Arp's studio at Meudon (Arp himself is absent) and travels to Avignon and Saint-Rémy-de-Provence; on their return, they visit Picasso in his Paris studio. Invited by Herbin and Hélion to become a member of the Paris-based group Abstraction-Création, with which Hepworth exhibits in 1934. September, short visit to Dieppe with Nicholson to see Braque at nearby Varengeville.
October–November, shared exhibition with Ben Nicholson at Alex. Reid & Lefevre Ltd., London.
1934
April, exhibition of the group Unit One, of which both Hepworth and Nicholson are members, at the Mayor Gallery, London. This coincides with the publication of Unit One: the Modern Movement in English Architecture, Painting and Sculpture, edited by Herbert Read. Hepworth contributes a statement to the book. The exhibition travels to Liverpool, Manchester, Hanley, Derby, Swansea and Belfast. October 3, birth of triplets, Simon, Rachel and Sarah Hepworth-Nicholson.
1935
In Paris in January, meets Mondrian and Kandinsky. Travels to Luzern with Nicholson in February for the opening of the exhibition Thèse Antithèse Synthèse. July, meets Naum Gabo in London. October, final '7 & 5' exhibition at Zwemmer Gallery, London. Begins to contribute works to anti-fascist exhibitions.
1936
Abstract & Concrete exhibition opens in Oxford in February. It includes the work of Mondrian, Kandinsky, Arp, Giacometti, Miró, Calder, Moholy-Nagy, Hélion, Nicholson, Hepworth, Moore and Gabo and travels to Liverpool, Newcastle, London (Alex. Reid & Lefevre Ltd) and Cambridge. Meets Arp in London on the occasion of the International Surrealist exhibition. The Museum of Modern Art, New York, acquires its first Hepworth, Discs in Echelon (1935, darkwood). Friendship with Moholy-Nagy, Gropius, Erni, Ozenfant.
1937
Publication of Circle: International Survey of Constructive Art, edited by the architect J.L. Martin, Ben Nicholson and the sculptor Naum Gabo, and designed by Hepworth and Sadie Martin. Hepworth's text Sculpture is included in it. Publication of Circle coincides with the exhibition Constructive Art at the London Gallery. July–August, short holiday with Nicholson in Varengeville, near Dieppe, at the invitation of Alexander Calder; they see Braque and Miró there. October, first one-person exhibition held at Alex. Reid & Lefevre, London (catalogue introduction by the physicist J.D. Bernal).
1938
April, shows in the Abstract Art exhibition at the Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam. September, Mondrian arrives in London: Nicholson and Hepworth help him to find a room near them in Parkhill Road, where he stays until his departure for New York in 1940. Marriage to Ben Nicholson in November, following his divorce from his first wife, Winifred. At this time, Hepworth is interested in ideas for large-scale works: her first large carving is Monumental Stele, 1936. The Project (Monument to the Spanish Civil War) (1938–9, wood, 178 cm, destroyed in war) reflects her commitment to the Republican cause.
1939
Participates in the exhibitions Living Art in England at the London Gallery and Abstract and Concrete Art at Guggenheim Jeune, London. Just before the outbreak of war, on 25 August, Hepworth and Nicholson arrive in St Ives, Cornwall, with their triplets, at the invitation of Adrian Stokes and his wife Margaret Mellis. Naum and Miriam Gabo soon join them, and stay until 1946. After Christmas, the Hepworth-Nicholson family moves to Dunluce, a nearby house in Carbis Bay. In these cramped conditions, and with little time to work, Hepworth draws and makes plaster sculptures at night. Unable to make major work until 1943.
1940
In November, bombs damage the Mall studio, destroying works left there.
1942
Exhibits in New Movements in Art at the London Museum, March–May. Hepworth, Nicholson and their family move to a larger house, Chy-an-Kerris, Carbis Bay, in July. Hepworth has a studio there and can carve in the garden.
1943
First retrospective exhibition, held at Temple Newsam, Leeds, April–June. Kathleen Raine's Stone and Flower: Poems 1935–43 is published with drawings by Hepworth.
1944
February–April, exhibition at Wakefield City Art Gallery, travelling to Halifax.
1946
Exhibition at the Lefevre Gallery, London, in October. William Gibson's Barbara Hepworth: Sculptress is published by Faber and Faber. Hepworth's Approach to Sculpture is published in the review Studio in October.
1947
Begins to draw operations in hospitals. Makes maquettes for four sculptures on the new Waterloo Bridge in London, in a limited competition organised by the London County Council (no commissions were given). Shows at the second Salon des Réalités Nouvelles in Paris.
1948
April, exhibition of paintings at the Lefevre Gallery, London. Shows at first Open Air Exhibition of Sculpture in Battersea Park, London, May–September.
1949
September, Hepworth buys Trewyn Studio in St Ives, where she lives permanently from December 1950 until her death (it is now the Barbara Hepworth Museum, opened by her family in 1976 and since 1980 an outpost of the Tate Gallery). Exhibition at Durlacher Bros., New York, in October. Founder member of the Penwith Society of Arts in Cornwall. Beginning of friendship with South African-born composer Priaulx Rainier. Takes on permanent assistants for the first time – the artists Denis Mitchell, John Wells and Terry Frost are the earliest of these.
1950
Exhibition New Sculpure and Drawings by Barbara Hepworth at the Lefevre Gallery in February. Shows in the British Pavilion at the XXV Venice Biennale: Hepworth visits Venice in June for the opening. The Tate Gallery acquires its first Hepworth sculpture, Bicentric Form, 1949.
1951
At the Festival of Britain, Hepworth's sculptures Contrapuntal Forms (an Arts Council commission) and Turning Forms are shown on London's South Bank. Exhibits in the open air sculpture exhibition in Battersea Park, May–September. Designs sets and costumes for Sophocles' Electra, directed by Michel St. Denis at the Old Vic Theatre, London. Retrospective at Wakefield City Art Gallery, travelling to York and Manchester. Vertical Forms commissioned for Hatfield Technical College, Hertfordshire. Marriage to Ben Nicholson dissolved in October.
1952
Publication of major monograph Barbara Hepworth: Carvings and Drawings, with an introduction by Herbert Read and statements by the artist. Exhibition at the Lefevre Gallery, London, in October.
1953
13 February, death of son Paul in RAF plane crash over Thailand. Awarded a second prize in Unknown Political Prisoner competition, organised by the Institute of Contemporary Arts. Carves Monolith (Empyrean) as a memorial to Paul and his navigator. Sited outside the Festival Hall in 1954 and acquired by the London County Council in 1959 (at Kenwood since 1961). The St Ives Festival, of which Hepworth and the composers Michael Tippett and Priaulx Rainier are co-founders, is held in June. Film Figures in a Landscape: Cornwall and the Sculpture of Barbara Hepworth made by Dudley Shaw Ashton for the British Film Institute, with music by Priaulx Rainier.
1954
April–June, major retrospective at the Whitechapel Art Gallery, London. Madonna and Child , carved in memory of her son Paul, is unveiled in St Ives Parish Church. In August, visits Greece with her friend and patron, Margaret Gardiner (Athens, Epidauros, Mycenae, Delphi, Crete, Rhodes, Cos, Patmos, Delos, Santorini). Receives a large consignment of guarea wood from Nigeria.
1955
January, first performances of Michael Tippett's opera The Midsummer Marriage at the Royal Opera House, with sets and costumes by Hepworth.
1955–7
Exhibition organised by Martha Jackson opens at the Walker Art Center, Minneapolis; travels to Nebraska, San Francisco, Buffalo, Toronto, Montreal, Baltimore, Washington D.C. and, with additions, the Martha Jackson Gallery in New York, December 1956–January 1957.
1956
First one-person exhibition at Gimpel Fils in London in June. Begins to work in sheet metal and bronze. Orpheus (Theme on Electronics) commissioned for Mullard House, London.
1958
Created C.B.E. in New Year's Honours List. Ben Nicholson leaves St Ives for Switzerland. Exhibition at Gimpel Fils, London, in June. Major bronze sculpture Meridian commissioned for State House, London.
1959
Exhibition organised by the British Council opens at the fifth São Paulo Bienal in September: Hepworth is awarded the major prize. The exhibition travels throughout South America in 1960. Visits New York for the first time in October for her exhibition at the Galerie Chalette. To Paris to complete work on Meridian, which is being cast by Susse Frères. Begins to work with the Morris Singer foundry in London.
1960
Meridian is unveiled at State House, Holborn, London, in March (4.6 m high; now at PepsiCo Headquarters, Purchase, New York State). October, to Zurich for her exhibition at the Galerie Charles Lienhard.
1961
February, acquires the Palais de Danse, a former cinema and dance hall, opposite Trewyn Studio for use as a workshop, especially for works to be cast in bronze, and as a store and display space. Barbara Hepworth: Life and Work published, with a text by J. P. Hodin and a catalogue of the sculptures compiled by her son-in-law Alan Bowness. BBC television film Barbara Hepworth directed by John Read. Exhibition at Gimpel Fils, London, May–June.
1962
May–June, second exhibition at the Whitechapel Art Gallery, London, of work made between 1952 and 1962.
1963
Winged Figure is unveiled on the John Lewis department store, Oxford Street, London (commissioned 1961, aluminium, 5.8 m high). Hepworth wins the Foreign Minister's Award at the 7th Tokyo Biennale. Michael Shepherd's monograph, Barbara Hepworth, is published. Exhibition in Zurich at the Gimpel Hanover Galerie, November–January 1964.
1964
June, Hepworth attends the unveiling of the monumental Single Form at the United Nations Secretariat in New York, commissioned in memory of her friend Dag Hammarskjöld, Secretary General of the United Nations, who had been killed in 1961. Exhibition at Gimpel Fils, London, in June. Visits Copenhagen in September for the opening of her exhibition organised by the British Council; it travels throughout Scandinavia.
1965
May, attends opening of her retrospective exhibition in the Rietveld Pavilion, Rijksmuseum Kröller-Müller, Otterlo, Netherlands. Made a Dame Commander of the British Empire. Appointed a Trustee of the Tate Gallery (until 1972), the first female trustee. Cancer of the tongue is diagnosed; Hepworth is treated at Westminster Hospital, London.
1966
Barbara Hepworth: Drawings from a Sculptor's Landscape is published, with Hepworth's text A Sculptor's Landscape and an introduction to the drawings by Alan Bowness. Exhibitions at Marlborough-Gerson Gallery, New York, and at Gimpel Fils, London.
1967
Breaks femur in Scilly Isles in June: this was to cause her lasting mobility problems. Film made on Hepworth by Westward Television.
1968
Major retrospective exhibition at the Tate Gallery, London, April–May. A.M. Hammacher's Barbara Hepworth is published by Thames and Hudson (revised edition, 1987). Receives honorary degree from Oxford University in June.
Made a Bard of Cornwall in a ceremony at St Just-in-Penwith in September: takes the bardic name of 'Gravyor' ('sculptor' in Cornish). Honorary Freedom of the Borough of St Ives conferred on Hepworth and her friend the potter Bernard Leach, accompanied by exhibitions of their work in the town.
1970
Barbara Hepworth: A Pictorial Autobiography published. The Family of Man, a major nine-part bronze, is completed. Exhibition at Marlborough Fine Art, London, in February–March. Exhibition at the Hakone Open-Air Museum, Japan, June–September. Awarded Grand Prix at Salon International de la Femme, Nice.
1971
The Complete Sculpture of Barbara Hepworth 1960–69, edited by Alan Bowness, is published. Hepworth creates three important groups of prints between 1969 and 1971, culminating in The Aegean Suite, a set of nine lithographs published by Curwen Prints in 1971.
1972
Theme and Variations , a three-part bronze relief, is unveiled on façade of Cheltenham & Gloucester Building Society Head Office in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire. Exhibition at Marlborough Fine Art, London, in April–May, including The Family of Man .
1973
Hepworth celebrates her 70th birthday in St Ives. Elected Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters.
1974
Exhibition at Marlborough Gallery, New York, in March–April.
1975
20 May, Hepworth dies in an accidental fire at Trewyn Studio, aged 72.
Sophie Bowness
Note: This chronology is partly derived from that compiled by the artist herself and used in her late catalogues.
Hepworth as a baby with her parents, paternal grandmother and paternal great-grandmother
Hepworth aged 10 at school
In Paris with Henry Moore (centre) and Edna Ginesi (left), 1920
At the Royal College of Art, aged 18
In Siena, 1924
With John Skeaping at the British School in Rome
With her son Paul, 1929
Hepworth carving Head , 1930
Happisburgh, Norfolk, September 1931. From left to right: Ivon Hitchens, Irina Moore, Henry Moore, Barbara Hepworth, Ben Nicholson, Mary Jenkins. Photograph by Douglas Jenkins
Ben Nicholson at Happisburgh, 1931. Photograph by Hepworth
Hepworth's sculpture studio at 7 The Mall, Summer 1933. Photograph by Paul Laib (courtesy Witt Library, Courtauld Institute of Art, London)
In the Mall, 1933. Photograph Paul Laib (courtesy Witt Library, Courtauld Institute of Art, London)
The triplets, Simon, Rachel and Sarah, 1937. Photograph by Hepworth
Hepworth in the Mall studio, c. 1938. Photograph by Hans Erni
Hepworth carving, 1949
Hepworth carving Pendour at Chy-an-Kerris, Carbis Bay, 1947. Photograph probably taken by Ben Nicholson
Hepworth with The Cosdon Head , 1949. Photograph by Hans Wild
Contrapuntal Forms on London's South Bank during the Festival of Britain, 1951
Hepworth with Figure (Churinga) , 1952
Hepworth at her Whitechapel exhibition, 1954, with Monolith (Empyrean)
Madonna and Child, Bianco del Mare, 1954 (BH 193), St Ives Parish Church
Hepworth in the garden at Trewyn Studio, 1957. Photograph Studio St Ives
Hepworth in Trewyn Studio, St Ives, 1958. Photograph by Michel Ramon
Hepworth in Trewyn garden with Cantate Domino (BH 244), c. 1958
Interior of Trewyn Studio, January 1959
Hepworth outside the workshops at Trewyn, June 1960
Hepworth with the plaster of Garden Sculpture (Model for Meridian) (BH 246) in the garden at Trewyn, June 1960
Hepworth with Coré (plaster for bronze), c. 1960
Hepworth in the Palais de Danse, St Ives, March 1961
Hepworth with
(BH 263) in Trewyn garden, 1961. Photograph by Rosemary Mathews
Hepworth carving in the Palais de Danse, 1961. Photograph by Rosemary Mathews
Hepworth with Curved Reclining Form (Rosewall) (BH 291) at Trewyn, 1961. Photograph by Ida Kar
Hepworth at work on the armature of a sculpture in the Palais de Danse, 1961. 2 photographs by Ida Kar
Hepworth drawing on Rosewall, above St Ives (from John Read's BBC Television film Barbara Hepworth, 1961)
Winged Figure on the John Lewis Building, Oxford Street, London, 1963
Whitechapel Art Gallery retrospective, May 1962, with Curved Reclining Form (Rosewall)
Hepworth in the Palais studio in 1963 with unfinished wood carving Hollow Form with White Interior (BH 328). 2 photographs by Val Wilmer
Hepworth in the Palais studio in 1963 at work on Oval Form (Trezion) (BH 304). 2 photographs by Val Wilmer
Hepworth with plaster of Sphere with Inner Form (BH 333) in the Palais, 1963
Hepworth outside her studios, 1964. Photograph by Paul Schutzer
At work on plasters in the Palais de Danse, April 1964. Photograph by Paul Schutzer
Hepworth working on the armature of the United Nations Single Form in the Palais de Danse, January 1963
Unveiling ceremony for Single Form , United Nations Secretariat, New York, 11 June 1964. Hepworth is seated behind the podium
Single Form at the United Nations Secretariat, New York, 11 June 1964
Hepworth on the harbour, St Ives, May 1964. Photograph by Lee Sheldrake. Courtesy of the St Ives Trust Archive Study Centre
In the Palais de Danse, November 1964. Photograph by Lucien Myers
View of the Hepworth retrospective at the Rietveld Pavilion in the Kröller-Müller Museum, Otterlo, 1965, with Sphere with Inner Form (BH 333) in the foreground
Figure for Landscape, 1960 (BH 287). Photographed on the steps of the Tate Gallery, London, during Hepworth's 1968 Tate retrospective
Hepworth outside the workshops at Trewyn, 1968. Photograph by Peter Kinnear
Hepworth in July 1972, St Ives. Photograph by Peter Kinnear
Carving tools
| i don't know |
If you are ‘Tripping the Light Fantastic’ what are you doing? | Urban Dictionary: tripping the light fantastic
tripping the light fantastic
see also: get down ; groove tonight
(me)That was me tripping the light fantastic with Traci Johnson at the the Spring Fling Dance Thing!
(lackey)I wish I were as cool as you. I stood by the wall the whole time and cried.
by knowledge August 24, 2004
| Dance |
An ‘Agelast’ is a person who never does what? | Trip the Light Fantastic - Sophie Ellis-Bextor | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic
Trip the Light Fantastic
google+
AllMusic Review by K. Ross Hoffman
A welcome return from one of the most sophisticated and distinctive voices in British dance-pop, Trip The Light Fantastic is easily Sophie Ellis-Bextor 's most dynamic album to date. Markedly more consistent than its enjoyable-but-spotty predecessors, but also -- more importantly -- far more gutsy, varied and vital, its many strong points are the most exciting of her career. It had been four years since her previous album -- a considerable span in pop terms -- but Ellis-Bextor 's music has always hearkened to smartly classicist, new wave-informed synth-disco, even in the days when the Pet Shop Boys were practically the sole remaining practitioners of the style, so it didn't require much alteration for her to sound right in step with eighties-resuscitation that was in full swing by 2007. Even so, she sounds dramatically reinvigorated here, with a notable infusion of rock guitars and often a forceful, even menacing, electro edge to the productions, both evident right out the gate in the strident, barnstorming first single "Catch You." The highlights follow fast and furious: the immaculate disco glide of "Me and My Imagination" (whose canny lyrics advise an overeager suitor to play harder to get), the robotic, strobing "New York City Lights," the Xenomania-esque , Emma Goldman -quoting stomp of "If I Can't Dance" (the actual Xenomania contribution, "If You Go," is nearly as good), and the lovely pop ballad "Today the Sun's on Us," Ellis-Bextor 's entrant in the late-2000s "Time After Time"-homage sweepstakes. Amazingly, despite that practically flawless opening sequence, the latter half of the album is nearly as strong, boasting the bouncy, fun-loving pop of "Love Is Here" and the twitchy electro of "China Heart," while the brashly optimistic disco-schmaltz apotheosis "Only One" stands as the album's most triumphantly over the top, life-affirming moment. In a banner year for British, female-fronted electronic chart pop, which saw excellent albums by Sugababes , Girls Aloud , Róisín Murphy , Siobhan Donaghy , Tracey Thorn , and Kylie Minogue , among others, Ellis-Bextor more than held her own with a classy, romantic, and, above all, tremendously enjoyable record that stands as a shining example of the state of the art.
Track Listing
| i don't know |
In which year did Japan join the United Nations? | Japan - United Nations
United Nations
Japan Table of Contents
Japan regards international cooperation within the United Nations (UN) framework as a basic foreign policy principle. When Japan joined the UN in 1956, it did so with great enthusiasm and broad public support, for the international organization was seen to embody the pacifist country's hopes for a peaceful world order. Membership was welcomed by many Japanese who saw the UN as a guarantor of a policy of unarmed neutrality for their nation. To others, support for the UN would be useful in masking or diluting Japan's almost total dependence on the United States for its security. The government saw the UN as an ideal arena for its riskminimizing , omnidirectional foreign policy.
After the late 1950s, Japan participated actively in the social and economic activities of the UN's various specialized agencies and other international organizations concerned with social, cultural, and economic improvement. During the 1970s, as it attained the status of an economic superpower, Japan was called on to play an increasingly large role in the UN. As Japan's role increased and its contributions to UN socioeconomic development activities grew, many Japanese began to ask whether their country was being given an international position of responsibility commensurate with its economic power. There was even some sentiment, expressed as early as 1973, that Japan should be given a permanent seat on the UN Security Council with the United States, the Soviet Union, Britain, France, and China.
By 1990 Japan's international cooperation efforts had reached a new level of involvement and activism. Japan contributed about 11 percent of the regular UN budget, second only to the United States, which contributed 25 percent. Japan was particularly active in UN peacekeeping activities and in 1989, for the first time, sent officials to observe and participate in UN peacekeeping efforts (in Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, and Namibia). Japan sent a small team to observe the February 1990 elections in Nicaragua. In 1992-93 Japan led UN supervision of the peace process and elections in Cambodia, providing approximately 2,000 people, which included members of the SDF.
Custom Search
| one thousand nine hundred and fifty six |
Which US President officially opened the Empire State Building in New York? | Japan - United Nations
United Nations
Japan Table of Contents
Japan regards international cooperation within the United Nations (UN) framework as a basic foreign policy principle. When Japan joined the UN in 1956, it did so with great enthusiasm and broad public support, for the international organization was seen to embody the pacifist country's hopes for a peaceful world order. Membership was welcomed by many Japanese who saw the UN as a guarantor of a policy of unarmed neutrality for their nation. To others, support for the UN would be useful in masking or diluting Japan's almost total dependence on the United States for its security. The government saw the UN as an ideal arena for its riskminimizing , omnidirectional foreign policy.
After the late 1950s, Japan participated actively in the social and economic activities of the UN's various specialized agencies and other international organizations concerned with social, cultural, and economic improvement. During the 1970s, as it attained the status of an economic superpower, Japan was called on to play an increasingly large role in the UN. As Japan's role increased and its contributions to UN socioeconomic development activities grew, many Japanese began to ask whether their country was being given an international position of responsibility commensurate with its economic power. There was even some sentiment, expressed as early as 1973, that Japan should be given a permanent seat on the UN Security Council with the United States, the Soviet Union, Britain, France, and China.
By 1990 Japan's international cooperation efforts had reached a new level of involvement and activism. Japan contributed about 11 percent of the regular UN budget, second only to the United States, which contributed 25 percent. Japan was particularly active in UN peacekeeping activities and in 1989, for the first time, sent officials to observe and participate in UN peacekeeping efforts (in Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, and Namibia). Japan sent a small team to observe the February 1990 elections in Nicaragua. In 1992-93 Japan led UN supervision of the peace process and elections in Cambodia, providing approximately 2,000 people, which included members of the SDF.
Custom Search
| i don't know |
What was the name of the first human spaceflight to land on the moon, in July 1969? | Apollo 11: First Men on the Moon
Apollo 11: First Men on the Moon
By Nola Taylor Redd, Space.com Contributor |
July 25, 2012 03:39pm ET
MORE
Apollo 11 astronaut Edwin Aldrin photographed this iconic photo, a view of his footprint in the lunar soil, as part of an experiment to study the nature of lunar dust and the effects of pressure on the surface during the historic first manned moon landing in July 1969.
Credit: NASA
The historic launch of the Apollo 11 mission carried three astronauts toward the moon. Two of them would set foot on the lunar surface for the first time in human history as millions of people around the world followed their steps on television.
The astronauts
The crew of Apollo 11 were all experienced astronauts. All three had flown missions into space before.
Cmdr. Neil Armstrong , 38, had previously piloted Gemini 8, the first time two vehicles docked in space. Born Aug. 5, 1930, in Ohio, Armstrong was 38 when he became the first civilian to command two American space missions.
Apollo 11 crew: Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins and Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin.
Credit: NASA
Col. Edwin Eugene "Buzz" Aldrin , 39, was the first astronaut with a doctorate to fly in space. Born Jan. 20, 1930, in New Jersey, Aldrin piloted Gemini 12, taking a two-hour, twenty-minute walk in space to demonstrate that an astronaut could work efficiently outside of the vehicle. For Apollo 11, he served as the lunar module pilot.
The command module pilot, Lt. Col. Michael Collins, 38, was born in Italy on Oct. 31, 1930. The pilot of Gemini 10, Collins spent almost an hour and a half outside of the craft on a space-walk and became the first person to meet another spacecraft in orbit.
From Earth to the moon
Mission planners at NASA studied the lunar surface for two years, searching for the best place to make the historic landing. Using high-resolution photographs taken by the Lunar Orbiter satellite and close-up photographs taken by the Surveyor spacecraft, they narrowed the initial thirty sites down to three. Influencing factors included the number of craters and boulders, few high cliffs or hills, and a relatively flat surface. The amount of sunlight was also a factor in determining the best time to land on the lunar surface.
Apollo 11 launched from Kennedy Space Center in Florida at 9:32 a.m. EDT on July 16, 1969. While in flight, the crew made two televised broadcasts from the interior of the ship, and a third transmission as they drew closer to the moon, revealing the lunar surface and the intended approach path. On July 20, Armstrong and Aldrin entered the lunar module, nicknamed the "Eagle" and separated from the Command Service Module — the "Columbia" — headed toward the lunar surface.
Apollo 11 astronaut Buzz Aldrin poses with the American flag on the surface of the moon in July 1969.
Credit: NASA
The lunar module touched down on the moon's Sea of Tranquility , a large basaltic region, at 4:17 p.m. EDT. Armstrong notified Houston with the historic words, "Houston, this is Tranquility Base. The Eagle has landed." For the first two hours, Armstrong and Aldrin checked all of the systems, configured the lunar module for the stay on the moon, and ate. They decided to skip the scheduled four-hour rest to explore the surface.
A camera in the Eagle provided live coverage as Armstrong descended down a ladder at 11:56 p.m. on July 20, 1969, and uttered the words, "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind." Aldrin followed twenty minutes later, with Armstrong recording his descent. Armstrong had the responsibility to document the landing, so most of the images taken from the Apollo 11 mission were of Aldrin. [Images: NASA's Historic Apollo 11 Moon Landing in Pictures ]
While on the surface, the astronauts set up several experiments, collected samples of lunar soil and rock to bring home, erected a United States flag, and took core samples from the crust. They spoke with U.S. President Richard Nixon, whose voice was transmitted from the White House, and placed a plaque that stated:
HERE MEN FROM THE PLANET EARTH
FIRST SET FOOT UPON THE MOON
JULY 1969, A.D.
WE CAME IN PEACE FOR ALL MANKIND
Memorial medallions with the names of the three astronauts who perished in the Apollo 1 fire and two cosmonauts who were also deceased, including the first man in space, Yuri Gagarin , remained after the astronauts left, as did a one-and-a-half-inch silicon disk with goodwill messages from 73 countries, and as the names of congressional and NASA leaders.
Armstrong spent a little over two and a half hours outside of the Eagle. The astronauts traveled a total distance of about 3,300 feet (1 kilometer) as they walked around, traveling as far as 200 feet (60 meters) from the module to visit a large crater. They collected 47.51 pounds (21.55 kilograms) of samples from the moon, and reported that mobility on the moon was easier than anticipated.
Apollo 11 astronauts, still in their quarantine van, are greeted by their wives upon arrival at Ellington Air Force Base on July 27, 1969.
Credit: NASA
At 1:54 p.m. EDT, having spent a total of 21 and a half hours on the moon , the lunar module blasted back to where Collins sat in the Columbia. The two vehicles docked, and the crew and samples transferred to the Command Service Module before the Eagle was jettisoned into space. The astronauts headed back home.
The team splashed down in the Pacific Ocean at 12:50 p.m. EDT on July 24, only a few miles from the recovery ship, the U.S.S. Hornet. After donning biological isolation garments, the crew left the Columbia and climbed into a rubber boat, where they were rubbed down with iodine in an effort to stem potential contamination. They traveled by helicopter to a Mobile Quarantine Facility aboard the ship before being taken to Houston. They remained quarantine until Aug. 10, having completed the national goal set by President John F. Kennedy in 1961, to perform a crewed lunar landing and return to Earth.
This is part of a SPACE.com series of articles on the Greatest Moments in Flight, the breakthrough events that paved the way for human spaceflight and its next steps: asteroid mining and bases on the moon and Mars.
Related:
| Apollo 11 |
Pollo is Italian for which bird? | NASA - The First Person on the Moon
The First Person on the Moon
01.16.08
Astronauts Neil Armstrong, Mike Collins and Buzz Aldrin flew on the Apollo 11 mission. Image Credit: NASA
It was 1961. John F. Kennedy was the president of the United States. He wanted to land humans on the moon. The United States had just started trying to put people in space. Was NASA ready to go to the moon? The president and NASA knew they could do it. They were ready to put people on the moon. Apollo 11's mission was to land two men on the moon. They also had to come back to Earth safely.
Apollo 11 blasted off on July 16, 1969. Neil Armstrong, Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin and Michael Collins were the astronauts on Apollo 11.
Four days later, Armstrong and Aldrin landed on the moon. They landed on the moon in the Lunar Module. It was called the Eagle. Collins stayed in orbit around the moon. He did experiments and took pictures.
The sign the astronauts left on the moon says, "Here men from the planet Earth first set foot upon the moon July 1969, A.D. We came in peace for all mankind." Image Credit: NASA
On July 20, 1969, Neil Armstrong became the first human to step on the moon. He and Aldrin walked around for three hours. They did experiments. They picked up bits of moon dirt and rocks.
They put a U.S. flag on the moon. They also left a sign on the moon.
The two astronauts returned to orbit, joining Collins. On July 24, 1969, all three astronauts came back to Earth safely.
President Kennedy's wish came true. It took less than 10 years. Humans had walked on the moon.
| i don't know |
Benjamin Disraeli was British Prime Minister during the reign of which monarch? | Prime Ministers of Great Britain
political party
1721-42
Sir Robert Walpole - Restored confidence in the country following the South Sea Bubble financial crash of 1720. Dominated the political scene during the reigns of George I and George II. George II made Walpole a gift of 10 Downing Street. Walpole resigned as a consequence of his perceived mis-handling in dealing with the War of Jenkins' Ear .
Whig
1742-43
Earl of Wilmington - Suffering poor health for most of his time as Prime Minister, he died in office.
Whig
1743-54
Henry Pelham - During his time in the post he oversaw the the British involvement in the War of the Austrian Succession in 1744-48, the 1745 Jacobite Rising and the adoption of the Gregorian calender . He died in office.
Whig
1754-56
Thomas Pelham-Holles, Duke of Newcastle - Assumed the office of Prime Minister just 10 days after the death of his brother Henry Pelham. During the Seven Years' War, he was blamed for the loss of Minorca and was replaced by the Duke of Devonshire.
Whig
1756-57
William Cavendish, Duke of Devonshire - In a government effectively controlled by Pitt the Elder, Devonshire's administration was brought to end following the dismissal of Pitt by the king, it was replaced by the Second Newcastle Ministry.
Whig
1757-62
Thomas Pelham-Holles, Duke of Newcastle - Returning to office with Pitt the Elder as Southern Secretary, this government helped steer Britain to ultimate victory over France and Spain during the Seven Years' War.
Whig
1762-63
John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute - A favourite of George III, he was the first Scot to hold the top office. Unpopular with the 'great unwashed', he introduced a tax on cider in order to help pay for the Seven Years' War. He resigned following fierce criticism of his handling of the peace negotiations.
Tory
The Duke of Wellington, Sir Robert Peel, Viscount Melbourne
1828-30
Arthur Welleslley, 1st Duke of Wellington - The second Irish-born Prime Minister and second veteran general, perhaps more famous as a soldier of the Napoleonic Wars than a politician. Is said to have commented after his first Cabinet meeting: “An extraordinary affair. I gave them their orders and they wanted to stay and discuss them.” He introduced the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829, removing many of the restrictions on Catholics in the UK. Resigned after a vote of no confidence.
Tory
1830-34
Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey - Famous for the blend of tea named after him, his political achievements included the Reform Act of 1832, which started the process of electoral change that we recognise today. His other legacies included the abolition of slavery throughout the British Empire and restrictions concerning the employment of children. He resigned after disagreements over his Irish policies.
Whig
1834
William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne - The last Prime Minister to be dismissed by a Sovereign, King William IV.
Whig
1834-35
Sir Robert Peel 2nd Baronet - At the second time of asking, Peel accepted King William IV’s invitation to form a government. Head of a minority government, he resigned following a number of defeats in Parliament.
Whig
1835-41
William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne - Returning to office for the second time, Melbourne found the new Queen Victoria much more agreeable than William IV. Tutoring the young queen in the ways of politics, they formed a close relationship. He resigned after a series of parliamentary defeats.
Whig
1841-46
Sir Robert Peel 2nd Baronet - Returning to office for the second time, Peel introduced important employment laws that banned women and children from working underground in mines, in addition The Factory Act of 1844 limited the hours of work for children and women. Unable to feed a starving Ireland, he finally succeeded in repealing the Corn Laws.
Conservative
1846-52
Lord John Russell, 1st Earl Russell - Russell was the last Whig Prime Minister. His Public Health Act of 1848 improved the sanitary conditions of towns and cities. He was in office at the time of The Great Exhibition of 1851 .
Whig
1852
Edward Smith Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby - Considered by many to be the father of the modern Conservative party, his government collapsed when the budget of his Chancellor, Benjamin Disraeli, was rejected by the house.
Conservative
1852-55
George Hamilton Gordon, Earl of Aberdeen - A cousin of the poet Lord Byron, his government was dominated by a war with Russia. He resigned after losing a vote of confidence into his handling of the Crimean War.
Peelite
1855-58
Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston - An Irish peer, his India Bill of 1858 transferred control of the East India Company to the Crown.
Liberal
1858-59
Edward Smith Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby - Returning to office for the second time, his Jews Relief Act of 1858, removed barriers to Jews entering Parliament.
Conservative
1859-65
Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston - Returning to office for the second time, his ministry was dominated by the American Civil War and the resulting suffering caused by the Lancashire Cotton Famine . Hale and hearty to the end, he died in office at the tender age of just 81.
Liberal
1865-66
Lord John Russell, 1st Earl Russell - Returning to office for the second time, after the untimely death of Palmerston.
Liberal
1866-68
Edward Smith Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby - Returning to office for the third and final time, his Reform Act of 1867 doubled the number of adult males that could vote in England and Wales.
Conservative
Lord Palmerston, Benjamin Disraeli, W E Gladstone
1868
Benjamin Disraeli - Just 10 years after the barriers to Jews entering Parliament had been removed, Britain has its first, and so far only, Jewish Prime Minister. In accepting the post, 'Dizzy' is said to have declared, “I have climbed to the top of the greasy pole”.
Conservative
1868-74
William Ewart Gladstone - Gladstone led the greatest reforming administrations of the 19th century. His policies were intended to improve individual liberty by scrapping barriers to freedom and personal advancement. A heavy defeat at the 1874 general election allowed his arch-rival Disraeli to once again reach the top of the greasy pole.
Liberal
1874-80
Benjamin Disraeli, the Earl of Beaconsfield - Returning to office for the second time at the age of 70, his policies introduced a large amount of social legislation, including providing housing for the poor and greatly improved sanitation. His relationship with Queen Victoria helped to return her to public life, proclaiming her Empress of India. Anglo-Zulu Wars .
Conservative
1880-85
William Ewart Gladstone - Gadstone's second administration suffered a number of set-backs in foreign policy, including a humiliating defeat in the First Boer War and failing to rescue General Gordon in Sudan.
Liberal
1885-86
Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury - Salisbury became leader of the Conservative party following the death of Disraeli in 1881, he reluctantly became Prime Minister and formed a minority government.
Conservative
1886
William Ewart Gladstone - Now aged 76, Gladstone's introduction of a Home Rule Bill for Ireland split the Liberal Party.
Liberal
1886-92
Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury - With the split in the Liberal Party, Salisbury attempted to contain the Irish problem by a combination of firm government and reform. Creation of Rhodesia , modern day Zimbabwe, with its capital city named Salisbury.
Conservative
1892-94
William Ewart Gladstone - Now well into his 80s, this 'Grand Old Man' of British politics was returned to office for a fourth term and once again introduced the Irish Home Rule Bill. Although passed by the House of Commons, the bill was rejected by the Lords. Gladstone submitted his fourth and final resignation.
Liberal
1894-95
Archibold Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery - Reluctantly accepted the post of Prime Minister following the resination of Gladstone. In a short lived administration plagued by Cabinet disputes, he resigned having achieved his lifes three ambitions... to marry an heiress, own a Derby winning horse and to be Prime Minister.
Liberal
1895-1902
Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury - Returned to office for the third and final time. During his tenure the Boer War broke out in 1899, ending in 1902. He retired in favour of his nephew Balfour.
Conservative
Lord Salisbury, Arthur James Balfour, H H Asquith
1902-05
Arthur James Balfour - His Education Act of 1902 standardised the educational system of England and Wales, handing powers from school boards to Local Education Authorities (LEAs). His cabinet split on the issue of free trade policies.
Conservative
1905-08
Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman - Glasgow born 'C-B' was the first in the top job to be given the official title of ‘Prime Minister’. Outspoken on the 'barbarities' of the Boer War, he restored independence to the Transvaal and Orange Free State in South Africa.
Liberal
1908-15
Herbert Henry Asquith - Asquith became Prime Minister following the resignation of 'CB'. He took charge in troubled times, with Irish Home Rule and Women’s Suffrage the burning issues of the day. The Old Age Pension Act of 1908 laid the foundation of the modern welfare state. This was followed by the National Insurance Act of 1911, that provided an income for working people suffering illness or unemployment. He also led Britain into the First World War .
Liberal
1915-16
Herbert Henry Asquith - In order to gain maximum support for the ongoing war Asquith formed a coalition government. The conflict however, was not going well and so with deadlock in the trenches, Asquith resigned.
coalition
1916-22
David Lloyd George - The only Prime Minister to have spoken Welsh as his first language, Lloyd George accepted an invitation to form a government following the resignation of his fellow Liberal, Asquith. A man of great energy and dynamism, he was widely touted as the man who had won the war and promised... ‘a land fit for heroes’. The Anglo-Irish Treaty led to the establishment of the Irish Free State. The public outcry that followed his 'cash for honours' scandal saw him ousted from power.
coalition
1922-23
Andrew Bonar Law - After Lloyd George had been removed from office by the Conservative members of his cabinet, the king invited the Canadian-born Bonar Law to form a new government. He lasted just 209 days in office before resigning due to ill health and died just 6 months later.
Conservative
1923-24
Stanley Baldwin - Just a few months into office and much to the surprise of all around him, Baldwin called an early general election on the issue of protectionist trade tariffs. The policy was an attempt to resolve Britain's economic problems, it achieved however, the remarkable feat of reuniting the Liberals and letting Labour into power for the first time.
Conservative
1924
James Ramsay MacDonald - The very first Labour Prime Minister, MacDonald came from a Scottish working class background. As head of a minority government, he was reliant on the support of the Liberals. Frustrated by his inability to introduce meaningful legislation he called an early election.
Labour
1924-29
Stanley Baldwin - In his second term in office, Baldwin was responsible for several notable social achievements including extending the right to vote to women aged over 21. He amazed the political world by inviting Winston Churchill, who at that time was a Liberal MP, to be his Chancellor of the Exchequer. He successfully steered the country through the rocky waters of the General Strike of 1926.
Conservative
1929-31
Ramsey MacDonald - In his second minority government, MacDonald appointed the first ever female minister, Margaret Bondfield. Just a few months into his term however, the world was shaken by the Wall Street Crash of 1929,
Labour
1931-35
Ramsey MacDonald - With his Labour government divided on how to resolve an economic crisis that included the doubling of unemployment levels; MacDonald resigned but was reappointed at the head of a national coalition government (with support from the Conservative and Liberal parties). This move cost him the support of his own party and he once again resigned
national coalition
1935-37
Stanley Baldwin - Returning to office for the third time, his major achievement in this last phase of his career was to steer the country through the abdication of King Edward VIII in 1936. Recognising the threat of Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany, Baldwin started a programme of re-arming the country. He was later criticised for not doing more to prepare.
Conservative
Lloyd George, Stanley Baldwin, Sir Winston Churchill
1937-40
Neville Chamberlain - When Baldwin retired after the coronation of George VI, Chamberlain was the obvious choice for leader of the party. Following a meeting with Adolf Hitler in Munich 1938, he famously returned declaring “I believe it is peace for our time”. Following the invasion of Poland, Chamberlain declared war on Germany on 3 September, 1939 .
Conservative
1940-45
Sir Winston Churchill - Following Chamberlain's resignation, Churchill was appointed as Prime Minister of an all-party coalition government. The speeches he made through his first summer in charge established a policy of 'no surrender', and the subsequent military alliances that he formed with both the USA and Soviet Union steered the Allies to victory in World War II. Shortly after VE Day , Churchill was surprisingly defeated in a General Election.
coalition
1945-51
Clement Attlee - After leading Labour to a landslide victory, Attlee quickly set about implementing his parties manifesto pledges. With the country effectively bankrupt, he
Labour
| Queen Victoria |
Amarapura was the former capital of which country? | Sybil, or the Two Nations: Benjamin Disraeli: 9781605973401: Amazon.com: Books
Sybil, or the Two Nations
One of these items ships sooner than the other. Show details
Buy the selected items together
This item:Sybil, or the Two Nations by Benjamin Disraeli Paperback $17.29
Only 1 left in stock (more on the way).
Ships from and sold by Amazon.com.
FREE Shipping on orders over $25. Details
Esther Waters (Oxford World's Classics) by George Moore Paperback $14.28
Only 15 left in stock (more on the way).
Ships from and sold by Amazon.com.
FREE Shipping on orders over $25. Details
What Other Items Do Customers Buy After Viewing This Item?
Special Offers and Product Promotions
Explore more great deals on thousands of titles in our Deals in Books store .
Editorial Reviews
About the Author
Benjamin Disraeli is perhaps the best known and certainly the most colorful of Britain's Prime Ministers during the long reign of Queen Victoria. He was also a prolific writer. His novelistic trilogy: Sybil, Coningsby, and Tancred and later works: Lothair and Endymion would alone earn him a special place in English life and literature, but it is his career as the leading Conservative of the century and writings and speeches on events of the age that earn him a special place in the pantheon of parliamentary politics. --This text refers to an alternate Paperback edition.
| i don't know |
In computing, what is the device which is plugged into a computer which serves as an adapter or to enable the use of certain software? | What Is A Dongle? - Business Insider
print
3 Dongles plugged into Google's Chromebook Pixel. Kevin Smith/Business Insider
This week two people in the tech industry lost their jobs because of jokes gone awry at a conference.
A couple of male developers were joking around about "big" dongles. When a female developer evangelist heard their jokes she tweeted it out with their photo, complaining that they were being rude. One of those developers lost his job, and then eventually, so did the evangelist.
In the developers' defense, the word "dongle" is funny. It's nearly impossible to say without giggling or making childish jokes.
Some people in our office had heard the word before, but didn't know what a dongle is. Merriam-Webster defines a dongle as a small device that plugs into a computer and serves as an adapter or a security measure to enable the use of certain software.
Kevin Smith/Business Insider
The term, dongle, was rumored to have originated from a 1992 advertisement for Rainbow Technologies. The ad claimed the word dongle was derived from the name "Don Gall." Though untrue, this has given rise to an urban myth, we learned from Wikipedia .
According to the University of Pennsylvania's language log , the earliest citation of the word dongle began appearing in 1982:
1982 MicroComputer Printout Jan. 19/2 The word ‘dongle’ has been appearing in many articles with reference to security systems for computer software [refers to alleged coinage in 1980].
But as the term 'dongle' became more widespread its meaning changed from strictly a scientific term to mainstream. UPenn clarifies:
The current meaning for dongle seems to be something like "a self-contained device that plugs into a port on a computer that is normally used for connections to a separate external device". Thus in addition to the original serial-port dongles, and the USB dongles that Suzanne (and Stephen Fry) wrote about, there are also "firewire dongles" , and presumably there could be dongles for any other sort of port as well.
Simply put, dongles are computer peripherals that plug into your computer like a USB flash drive or a cord connecting a computer with a printer for example. Dongles are also huge in the video game world because they allow consoles to have added features like increased audio quality.
An Xbox 360 Audio Dongle Wikimedia Commons
Before USB was the standard in attaching PC peripherals, there were tons of different dongles that came in various shapes and sizes.
| Dongle |
What is the largest internal human organ? | USB in Windows - FAQ (Windows Drivers)
Windows drivers
Collapse the table of content
Expand the table of content
This documentation is archived and is not being maintained.
This documentation is archived and is not being maintained.
USB in Windows - FAQ
This topic presents frequently asked questions for driver developers who are new to developing and integrating USB devices and drivers with Windows operating systems.
Where can I find additional FAQs on USB?
I hear numerous USB terms thrown around almost interchangeably. What do they all mean?
"Thanks to USB 3.0, I can connect a SuperSpeed USB thumb drive to my PC's xHCI host controller and copy files faster."
Let's understand the USB terms in the preceding sentence. USB 3.0, USB 2.0, and USB 1.0 refer to the USB specification revision number from the USB Implementers Forum . The USB specifications define how the host PC and USB device communicate with each another.
The version number also indicates the maximum transmission speed. The newest specification revision is USB 3.0, which specifies a maximum transmission speed up to 5 Gbps. USB 1.0 defines two different data rates, low speed USB (up to 1.5 Mbps) and full speed USB (up to 12 Mbps). USB 2.0 defines a new data rate, high-speed USB (480 Mbps), while maintaining support for low and full speed devices. USB 3.0 continues to work with all of the previously defined data rates. If you look at product packaging, SuperSpeed USB references the newest USB 3.0 devices. Hi-Speed USB is used to describe high-speed USB 2.0 devices. USB, with no descriptor, refers to low speed and full speed devices.
In addition to the USB protocol, there is a second specification for the USB host controller, the piece of hardware on the PC to which a device is connected. The Host Controller Interface specification defines how host controller hardware and software interact. The eXtensible Host Controller Interface (xHCI) defines a USB 3.0 host controller. The Enhanced Host Controller Interface (EHCI) defines a USB 2.0 host controller. The Universal Host Controller (UHCI) and the Open Host Controller (OHCI) are two, alternate implementations of a USB 1.0 host controller.
Does my PC have USB 3.0 ports?
USB 3.0 ports are either marked with the SuperSpeed USB Logo or the port is typically blue.
Newer PCs have both USB 3.0 and USB 2.0 ports. If you want your SuperSpeed USB device to perform at top speed, find a USB 3.0 port and connect the device to that port. A SuperSpeed device that is connected a USB 2.0 port, operates at high speed.
You can also verify that a particular port is a USB 3.0 port in Device Manager. In Windows Vista or later version of Windows, open Device Manager, and select the port from the list.
If you have an eXtensible Host Controller, it supports USB 3.0.
Do I need to install drivers for my eXtensible host controller?
Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 include support for USB 3.0.
If the PC has USB 3.0 ports and is running a version of Windows earlier than Windows 8, the host controller drivers are provided by the PC manufacturer. If you need to reinstall those drivers, you must get them from the manufacturer.
If you added a USB 3.0 controller card to your PC that is running a version of Windows earlier than Windows 8, you must install the drivers provided by the controller card manufacturer.
In Windows 8, the Microsoft-provided set of USB 3.0 drivers (USB driver stack) work with most host controllers. Microsoft USB 3.0 driver stack does not work with the Fresco Logic FL1000 controller. To determine if you have an FL1000 controller, open Device Manager and expand Universal Serial Bus controllers. View the controller properties by right-clicking the controller node. On the Details tab, select Hardware Ids property in the list. If the hardware ID starts with PCI\VEN_1B73&DEV_1000, it is the FL1000. For that controller, download and install drivers from your PC or controller card manufacturer.
Why do I see several host controllers on my system?
In addition to the USB devices that you connect to your PC, there are a number of devices integrated within the PC that might be connected over USB, such as a webcam, fingerprint reader, SD Card reader. To connect all of those devices and still provide external USB ports, the PC supports several USB host controllers.
The USB 3.0 xHCI host controller is fully backwards compatible with all USB device speeds, SuperSpeed, high speed, full speed, and low speed. You can connect any device directly to an xHCI controller and expect that device to work. For EHCI controller, that is not the case. While the USB 2.0 specification supports all speeds of devices, the EHCI controller only supports high-speed USB devices. In order for full speed and low speed USB devices to work, they must be connected to the EHCI controller through a USB 2.0 hub, or they must be connected to a UHCI or OHCI Controller.
For newer PCs, most USB 2.0 ports exposed by PCs are downstream of a USB 2.0 hub. This hub is connected to an EHCI controller. This allows the PC’s USB 2.0 port to work with all speeds of devices. SuperSpeed devices behave as high-speed devices when connected to a 2.0 port.
After the USB 2.0 specification was released, PCs used a combination of host controllers in order to support all speeds of devices. A single USB 2.0 port would be wired to two host controllers, an EHCI host controller and either a UHCI or OHCI host controller. When you attach a device, the hardware dynamically routes the connection to one of the two hosts. The routine depends on the device’s speed.
Why do I see two hubs in Device Manager when I have connected only one USB 3.0 hub?
While xHCI host controllers work with any speed of device, a SuperSpeed hub only works with SuperSpeed devices. To ensure that USB 3.0 hubs can work with all speeds, they have two parts: a SuperSpeed hub and a USB 2.0 hub. A USB 3.0 hub is able to support all speeds by dynamically routing devices, to the SuperSpeed hub or 2.0 hub, based on device speed.
Open Device Manager, view Devices by connection, and then locate your eXtensible Host Controller. When you connect a single USB 3.0 hub to your USB 3.0 port, there are two hubs downstream of the controllers’ Root Hub.
In the example below, a SuperSpeed USB storage device and USB Audio device are both connected to a USB 3.0 hub. You can see the storage device is downstream of the SuperSpeed hub and the audio device is downstream of the USB 2.0 hub.
Which set of drivers is loaded for the devices that are connected to 2.0 ports?
A different set of binaries is loaded for each type of host controller. It's important to understand that the USB driver stack that Windows loads correlates to the type of host controller, not to the connected device's speed.
In this image, you can see which drivers are loaded for each of the different types of USB host controllers.
If the USB 3.0 port is correctly routed to an xHCI controller, Windows loads the xHCI driver stack (also referred to as the USB 3.0 driver stack).
If the USB 2.0 port is connected to an EHCI controller through a USB 2.0 hub, the traffic moves through the EHCI controller, and the USB 2.0 driver stack is loaded.
For more information about the drivers in the USB driver stack, see USB host-side drivers in Windows .
If the PC's USB 2.0 ports use a companion controller, the host controller to which the port is routed depends on device speed. For example, a low speed device connects through a UHCI or an OHCI controller, and uses the USBUHCI or USBOHCI driver. The PC routes a high speed device to an EHCI controller, therefore, Windows uses the USBEHCI driver.
Different device speeds do not determine the driver that is loaded for the controller. However, different device speeds might determine which controller is used. The controller always uses the same driver.
How do I determine whether my USB 3.0 device is operating as SuperSpeed?
In Windows 8, first, make sure that you have a USB 3.0 port and an xHCI host controller. If your SuperSpeed USB device is connected to the xHCI host controller, Windows 8 shows a "Connected to USB 3.0" message in specific portions of the Windows 8 UI. If the device is connected to an EHCI controller instead of your XHCI controller, the messages will instead read, "Device can perform faster when connected to USB 3.0".
You can view these UI messages in PC Settings.
Open the Charms Bar (Drag the cursor to top or bottom right corner of the screen, type Windows Key + C, or swipe in from the right with your finger).
Select Settings and then Change PC settings.
Select the Devices under PC settings.
This image shows the UI message when the USB 3.0 device is operating at SuperSpeed.
This image shows the UI message when the USB device is operating at a bus speed that is lower than SuperSpeed.
You can view similar messages in Devices and Printers, as shown in these images.
If the USB 3.0 device is a storage device, Windows Explorer shows similar messages when the volume label is selected, as shown below. Note that the View -> Details pane must be selected for the message to be visible.
If you are writing a device driver, the USBView tool, included in the Windows Driver Kit (WDK), is very useful. For the Windows 8 WDK, Microsoft updated USBView to display SuperSpeed USB information. You can use this tool to determine whether or not your device is operating at SuperSpeed. This image shows a USB 3.0 device operating at SuperSpeed in USBView.
If you are a device driver developer, the USB driver stack exposes a new IOCTL that is called IOCTL_USB_GET_NODE_CONNECTION_INFORMATION_EX_V2 , which you can use to query speed information for USB 3.0 devices.
Why isn't my SuperSpeed USB device faster than an equivalent high-speed USB device?
Generally, if a USB 3.0 USB device is not faster than a high-speed USB device, it's not performing at SuperSpeed. If the SuperSpeed USB device is connected to a USB 3.0 port, it may not operate at SuperSpeed for the following reasons:
You are using a USB 2.0 hub.
If you are using a hub, verify that it's a USB 3.0 hub. If you're using a USB 2.0 hub, any attached SuperSpeed USB device will operate at high-speed. Either replace the hub with a USB 3.0 hub, or connect the device directly to the USB 3.0 port.
The firmware on the USB 3.0 hub is out of date.
Certain earlier USB 3.0 hubs did not work well. As a result, Windows only uses the 2.0 portion of those hubs. If Device Manager indicates a "Non Functional" hub as shown in this image, Windows 8 is not using the 3.0 portion of your hub.
You can either connect your SuperSpeed device directly to the USB 3.0 port, or update the firmware on your hub. Windows 8 recognizes hubs that have newer firmware.
The device is connected with a USB 2.0 cable.
Make sure that the cable that is used to connect the device is a USB 3.0 cable. It is also possible that the USB 3.0 cable has signal integrity issues. In that case, the device might switch to high speed. If that happens, you must use a different USB 3.0 cable.
The firmware on the device is out of date.
Update the firmware for the SuperSpeed USB device by obtaining the latest version from the manufacturer's website. Some SuperSpeed USB device manufacturers release fixes, for bugs found in the device, as firmware updates.
The firmware on the host controller is out of date.
Update the firmware for the USB 3.0 controller by obtaining the latest version from your PC manufacturer's site or from your add in card manufacturer's site. Some USB 3.0 controller manufacturers release fixes, for bugs found in the controller, as firmware updates.
The BIOS for your system is out of date.
Update the BIOS for your system by obtaining the latest version from your PC maker. On some motherboards, the BIOS can incorrectly route a device that is connected to an xHCI host controller to an EHCI controller. That incorrect routing forces a SuperSpeed USB device to operate at high-speed. A BIOS update can fix this problem.
Is it possible to have a composite and a compound device in one piece of hardware?
Yes. The Microsoft Natural Keyboard Pro, which has a three-port, bus-powered hub, is an example of a compound composite USB device. The device has a composite device attached to port 1. Two additional ports are exposed to the end user.
The device that is attached to port 1 is a low-speed composite device. The device has two interfaces, both of which comply with the USB standard device class definition for human interface devices (HID). The composite device provides two HID interfaces instead of multiplexing all collections over a single HID interface by using top-level collections. This design was chosen for compatibility with older BIOSs.
Why are some of my USB devices reinstalled when they are moved to a new port?
In Windows 2000 and later operating systems, a new physical device object (PDO) is created when a USB device is moved from one port to another. If the hardware reports a unique USB serial number, a new PDO is not created.
To reuse the same PDO and to ensure that the device experience is unchanged whether the device is reinserted into the same port or a new port, hardware vendors must store a serial number on their device. According to Windows Hardware Certification Program requirements, the serial number must be unique for all devices that share the device installation identifier.
Is there a list of design recommendations for USB product packaging?
The USB-IF has worked with Microsoft and other USB-IF member companies to develop a list of recommendations for independent hardware vendors to include on their packaging.
More information is available on the USB Web site.
For USB and Hi-Speed USB refer to: http://www.usb.org/developers/packaging /.
For SuperSpeed USB refer to: http://www.usb.org/channel/ .
Do I have to rewrite my client driver to support USB 3.0 devices?
All existing client drivers should continue work, as is, when a low, full, or high-speed device is connected to a USB 3.0 port. In Windows 8, we have ensured compatibility with existing client drivers.
The USB 3.0 driver stack maintains IRQL levels, caller context, and error status; retry frequency and timing when interacting with devices, and more to make sure existing drivers continue to work. It is still very important to test.
Common failures occur because:
The driver's endpoint descriptor parsing breaks due to the presence of SuperSpeed endpoint companion descriptors.
Due to increased speed, you might run into timing issues at the application protocol level.
The maximum packet size supported by the endpoint might be different.
\Due to function power management, timing for selective suspend operation might be different.
In Windows 7 and earlier version of the operating systems, the USB 3.0 driver stack is provided by third-party. Therefore, we highly recommend that you test your driver to work with third party USB driver stacks.
New client drivers in Windows 8 for high Speed and SuperSpeed USB devices should opt for new capabilities.
Which driver is loaded for my SuperSpeed storage device use, Uaspstor.sys or Usbstor.sys?
The USB Attached SCSI (UAS) protocol is a new mass storage protocol designed to improve performance over the established USB mass storage protocol, Bulk-Only-Transport (BOT). It does so by reducing protocol overhead, supporting SATA native command queuing (NCQ) and by processing multiple commands in parallel. To do this, UAS makes use of a new USB 3.0 feature for bulk transfers called streams.
The existing mass storage driver, Usbstor.sys, uses the BOT protocol. It works with all speeds of devices, including SuperSpeed USB devices.
For Windows 8, Microsoft includes a new mass storage class driver, Uaspstor.sys which uses the UAS protocol. Because streams is new to USB 3.0, so Uaspstor.sys can only use streams when the hardware supports streams (a SuperSpeed USB device is connected to an xHCI host controller). The driver also includes support for software streams, so it can also load for devices operating at high-speed, regardless of the host type.
If you connect a mass storage device to Windows 8 and that device supports UAS, Windows loads Uaspstor.sys. In some cases, there might be known issues with hardware streams on a specific xHCI host controller or known issues with a device's UAS protocol implementation. In those cases, Windows falls back to the BOT protocol and loads the Usbstor.sys driver instead.
Uaspstor.sys is new to Windows 8. It is not present in earlier versions of Windows.
Which USB DWG Classes does Microsoft support?
Windows supports several USB classes that the USB Device Working Group (DWG) has defined. For the current list of USB class specifications and class codes, visit the USB DWG Web site at http://www.usb.org/developers/devclass_docs .
This table highlights the USB DWG classes that are supported in Windows and also identifies the versions of Windows that support each class.
Class Specification
Windows XP*
*Special instructions are necessary to load this driver because this driver might have been released later than the operating system. Windows class drivers might not support all of the features that are described in a DWG class specification. In this case, the driver does not load based on class match. For additional details on implemented features within a class specification, see the WDK documentation.
Which device setup class should I use for a custom USB device?
Microsoft provides system-defined setup classes for most device types. System-defined setup class GUIDs are defined in Devguid.h. For additional information, see the WDK. For a list of Windows class GUIDs, see these topics:
System-Defined Device Setup Classes Reserved for System Use
Independent hardware vendors must use the setup class that is associated with the type of USB device, not with the bus type. If you are developing a device type for which Microsoft has not provided an existing class GUID, you can define a new device setup class.
In Windows 8, a new setup class has been defined, named USBDevice (ClassGuid = {88BAE032-5A81-49f0-BC3D-A4FF138216D6}). If you are developing a device type, associate your device with USBDevice instead of the setup class, USB. The USBDevice class works on Windows Vista and later versions of the operating system.
The setup class USB (ClassGuid = {36fc9e60-c465-11cf-8056-444553540000}) is reserved only for USB host controllers and USB hubs, and must not be used for other device categories. Using this setup class incorrectly may cause the device driver to fail Windows logo testing.
Why won't my CPU enter C3 when I attach some USB devices?
When a USB device is connected, the USB host controller polls the frame scheduler, which is a direct memory access (DMA) bus master operation. "Break events" such as bus master traffic, interrupts, or several other system activities move a CPU out of C3 because, by definition, the CPU's cache cannot be snooped while it is in C3.
There are two ways to work around this issue:
Hardware removal.
At times, the hardware can be electronically disconnected from the Universal Serial Bus. For example, when storage media is removed from the USB reader, the USB reader can emulate an electronic disconnect and reconnect when the media is reinserted. In this case, the C3 transitions can occur because no USB devices are on the host controller.
Selective Suspend.
The only alternative available in Windows XP and later operating systems is to support USB Selective Suspend. This feature lets a driver suspend a USB device that it controls when the device becomes idle, even though the system itself remains in a fully operational power state (S0). Selective Suspend is especially powerful if all USB function drivers support it. If even one driver does not support it, the CPU cannot enter C3. For additional information on Selective Suspend, see the WDK.
Which USB class drivers support Selective Suspend?
The following is a list of USB class drivers in Windows 8 that support Selective Suspend:
Bluetooth
This driver can selectively suspend devices on computers that are running Windows XP Service Pack 2 and later versions of Windows. The driver requires the Bluetooth radio to set the self-powered and remote wake bits in the configuration descriptor. The driver selectively suspends (D2) the Bluetooth radio when no active Bluetooth connections exist.
USB HID
This driver can selectively suspend an HID device. It is your responsibility to trigger the remote wake signal on all device state changes. To enable Selective Suspend in the HID stack, the SelectiveSuspendEnabled registry value must be enabled for the specific VID+PID of the device. For examples, see Input.inf.
On systems that support Windows 8’s Connected Standby, this driver enters selective suspend (D2) when the system is in Connected Standby. This driver can wake the system and turn on the screen.
USB Hub
This driver can selectively suspend a root or external hub when no devices are attached to it or when all devices that are attached to that hub can be selectively suspended.
USB Modem
This driver can selectively suspend (D3) devices by default on Windows Vista and later operating systems.
WWAN: 3G or WiMax Dongles
This driver can selectively suspend devices. When there is an active subscription, the device enters D2, without an active subscription, the device enters D3.
Why can't a USB device awaken Windows from S3?
A USB device cannot awaken Windows from S3 for several reasons, including the following:
Incorrect BIOS.
Verify that the latest BIOS is installed on the computer. To obtain the latest BIOS revision for the computer, visit the Web site of the OEM or ODM.
BIOS that is not enabled to wake.
Some BIOSs make it possible to disable wake from S3 and S4. Verify that the BIOS is enabled to wake from S3.
USBBIOSx registry key not being set.
A clean installation of Windows XP does not have the USBBIOSx registry key. If the OEM or ODM validates that the BIOS can wake from S3, set this registry key to 0x00 and restart the computer.
The Host Controller does not have power in S3 or S4.
Many times the PC cuts power to an add-in card when the PC is in a lower power state. If the add-in card has no power, it will not be able to detect a wake event, and will not be able to wake the PC.
For additional information, see the USB troubleshooter in the Help and Support Center in Windows XP and later versions of Windows.
Do I need to install drivers for my enhanced (USB 2.0) host controller?
The following versions of Windows support the USB 2.0 enhanced host controller:
Windows Vista and later
Windows Server 2003 and later
Windows XP Service Pack 1
Windows 2000 Service Pack 4
Note
Because Windows 2000 and Windows XP were released before USB 2.0 hardware was available, the drivers were released for those operating systems in the service packs. To install drivers:
Follow the procedure that was described in the answer to the first question to verify that your computer has USB 2.0 ports and that you need to install a driver for the enhanced host controller.
In the Device Manager window, expand the Other Devices section as explained in the first question, and then double-click Universal Serial Bus (USB) Controller.
On the General tab of the Properties dialog box, click Reinstall Driver.
In the Add New Hardware Wizard, select Install the software automatically (Recommended), and then click Next. Continue with the wizard, accepting all default options, until you reach the last page of the wizard, and then click Finish. You might be required to restart your computer to finish the installation.
For additional information about the availability of USB 2.0 in Windows XP Service Pack 1, see Microsoft Knowledge Base article 329632, "How to obtain and to install USB 2.0 drivers in Windows XP Service Pack 1" at http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=KB;EN-US;Q329632& .
Note
To ensure that you have the latest updates installed on your machine, visit Windows Update regularly.
Can I disable the "HI-SPEED USB Device plugged into non-HI-SPEED USB port" notice?
Windows XP and later versions of Windows create a pop-up notice when a Hi-Speed USB device is plugged into a USB port that does not support high speed. To obtain the fastest performance from the device, users must click the notice and follow the instructions on the screen.
To disable the notice, follow these steps:
Start Device Manager, as described in the first question in this FAQ.
In the Device Manager window, expand the Universal Serial Bus controllers node. Look for a host controller with the word "Universal" or "Open" in the title. If you find one, double-click it.
On the Advanced tab of the Properties dialog box, select Don't tell me about USB errors.
Note
The preceding procedure disables all USB notices, not just "HI-SPEED USB Device plugged into non-HI-SPEED port".
For additional information about USB 2.0 support in Windows XP Service Pack 1, see Microsoft Knowledge Base article 329632, "How to obtain and to install USB 2.0 drivers in Windows XP Service Pack 1, at http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=KB;EN-US;Q329632 .
Is my USB 2.0 hub single-TT or multi-TT?
A USB 2.0 hub can have one transaction translator (TT) for all downstream-facing ports on the hub (single TT), or it can have one TT for each downstream-facing port on the hub (multiple TT).
The value of the bDeviceProtocol field of the USB device descriptor and the bInterfaceProtocol field of the USB interface descriptor indicate whether a hub is single-TT or multi-TT:
Single-TT. bDeviceProtocol == 0x01
Multi-TT. bDeviceProtocol == 0x02
Usbhub.sys uses this setting to enable multi-TT mode or single-TT mode. On Windows XP and later, Usbhub.sys always enables multi-TT mode on a multi-TT hub. For additional details about TT layout, see sections 11.14.1.3 and 11.23.1 of the USB 2.0 Specification .
What characters or bytes are valid in a USB serial number?
The USB device descriptor's iSerialNumber field indicates whether the device has a serial number and where the number is stored, as follows:
iSerialNumber == 0x00 : The USB device has no serial number.
iSerialNumber != 0x00 : The USB device has a serial number. The value assigned to iSerialNumber is the serial number's string index.
If the device has a serial number, the serial number must uniquely identify each instance of the same device.
For example, if two device descriptors have identical values for the idVendor, idProduct, and bcdDevice fields, the iSerialNumber field must be different, to distinguish one device from the other.
Plug and Play requires that every byte in a USB serial number be valid. If a single byte is invalid, Windows discards the serial number and treats the device as if it had no serial number. The following byte values are not valid for USB serial numbers:
0x2C.
For additional details on the iSerialNumber value, see section 9.6.1 of the USB 2.0 Specification .
What LANGID is used in a string request on localized builds of Windows?
A USB device indicates the presence of a serial number by setting the iSerialNumber field of the USB device descriptor to the serial number's string index. To retrieve the serial number, Windows issues a string request with the language identifier (LANGID) set to 0x0409 (U.S. English). Windows always uses this LANGID to retrieve USB serial numbers, even for versions of Windows that are localized for other languages.
What LANGID is used to extract a device's serial number?
A USB device indicates the presence of a serial number by setting the iSerialNumber field of the USB device descriptor to the serial number's string index. To retrieve the serial number, Windows issues a string request with the language identifier (LANGID) set to 0x0409 (U.S. English). Windows always uses this LANGID to retrieve USB serial numbers, even for versions of Windows that are localized for other languages.
What is the maximum USB transfer size for different Windows versions?
How should numbers be assigned to multiple interfaces on a composite device?
Windows treats USB devices that have more than one interface on the first configuration as composite devices.
For Windows XP Service Pack 1 and earlier versions of Windows:
Interface numbers must be zero-based.
Interface numbers must be consecutive and increasing.
For Windows XP Service Pack 2 and later versions of Windows, interface numbers are only required to be increasing, not consecutive.
Alternate settings for an interface should be assigned as follows for all versions of Windows:
The default value for an interface is always alternate setting zero.
Additional alternate setting numbers must be consecutive and increasing.
For additional information on alternate settings, see Section 9.6.5 of the USB 2.0 Specification .
What are the major restrictions imposed by Usbccgp.sys?
Usbccgp.sys supports composite devices for:
Windows Me
The major restrictions imposed on hardware devices and drivers by Usbccgp.sys are as follows:
Usbccgp supports only the default configuration, configuration 0.
Usbccgp does not support Selective Suspend in Windows XP and Windows Server 2003. This feature is supported only in Windows Vista and later versions of Windows.
Note
Usbccgp supports Selective Suspend in Windows XP SP1 and later versions of Windows XP, but with limited features. For these versions of Windows, the composite device is put into Selective Suspend only if each child function of the device has a pending Idle IRP. Usbccgp does not support Selective Suspend in Windows XP RTM
Usbccgp supports the interface association descriptor (IAD) only in Windows XP SP2, Windows Server 2003 SP1, and later versions of Windows.
Usbccgp supports nonconsecutive interface numbers only in Windows XP SP2, Windows Server 2003 SP1, and later versions of Windows.
How do I enable debug tracing for USB core binaries?
For additional information about USB core stack debugging, see How to enable verbose debug tracing in various drivers and subsystems .
Does Windows support Interface Association Descriptors?
Yes. The USB 2.0 Interface Association Descriptor (IAD) Engineering Change Notification (ECN) introduced a new standard method for describing a grouping of interfaces and their alternate settings within a function. IAD can be used to identify two or more consecutive interfaces and alternate settings within one function.
Microsoft is currently working with IHVs to develop devices that support IAD. The following operating systems have support for IAD:
Windows XP Service Pack 2 and later
Windows Server 2003 Service Pack 1 and later
Windows Vista
Does the USB stack handle chained MDLs in a URB?
This functionality is supported by the USB 3.0 driver stack that is included with Windows.
Can a driver have more than one URB in an IRP?
No. This functionality is not supported by the USB stack that is included with Windows.
Does Windows Support USB Composite Hubs?
A composite USB device - also referred to as a multifunction USB device - exposes multiple functions, each of which can be treated as an independent device. The system loads the USB generic parent driver, Usbccgp.sys, to serve as the parent driver for eaech of the device's functions. The USB generic parent driver enumerates the composite device's functions as though they were separate USB devices and then creates a PDO and constructs a device stack for each function.
A composite USB device cannot expose a function that serves as a hub. Windows does not enumerate such hubs properly and attempting to install the device might cause a system crash.
Where can I find additional FAQs on USB?
See the USB-IF FAQ page at http://www.usb.org/developers/usbfaq/ .
Related topics
| i don't know |
What is the title of the 1987 film in which Cher plays a widow who falls in love with the brother, played by Nicholas Cage, of her husband-to-be? | Moonstruck Reviews & Ratings - IMDb
IMDb
17 January 2017 8:34 AM, PST
NEWS
2 out of 3 people found the following review useful:
Cher is stunning. Nicholas Cage is so pitifully great
from united states
8 April 2003
I have seen this movie a dozen times. I laugh. I feel Cher's character's impulse to want to look the best for the man she has fallen for.I can relate to the italian side of this.. the hubby that cheats and the wife that still stays no matter what. Olympia Dukakis was equally wonderful as the mom and wife. Her love of family and husband is straight. No veering from her love . even when at her lowest low she tells John Mahoney whos flirting with her,she knows who she is and he ain't coming in her home. COOL.
Cher won a deserved academy award for this film. Nicholas Cage made Cher's character come to life. He might have been the "wolf" as Cher put it she was the Queen Bee. Everyone should watch this film. It romantic, funny, weepy, and the end is marvelous!!
Was the above review useful to you?
2 out of 3 people found the following review useful:
Moonstruck is a must-see comedy.
from New Hampshire
14 March 2003
Moonstruck has its own magical aura. It is one of the best movies to see when you need an "up." The acting is superb, the writing top-drawer, and the whole atmosphere is wondrous. This is one of the great romantic comedies. In some ways it presages BIG FAT GREEK WEDDING. It's the story of a young widow who was ready to settle for a dull second husband, and a bitter, injured younger brother (of her fiance) who hates the world and was ready to give up on it. The only remaining love he had was for opera. And then they meet. The story is pure magic, the ensemble cast is excellent, and it should have won many more Oscars than the three it collected.
Was the above review useful to you?
2 out of 3 people found the following review useful:
Absolutely fabulous
from Ontario, Canada
23 July 2001
Moonstruck was everything a romantic comedy should be. And all within the course of 2 hours. It was well put together and made the best sense. It was, in my opinion, by far, Nicolas Cage's best role ever. Cher was great as well. It's definitely a movie to see with your girlfriend or boyfriend.
Was the above review useful to you?
2 out of 3 people found the following review useful:
In Any Other Year ....
from Canada
23 April 2001
In any other year, this movie would have garnered Norman Jewison his long-overdue Best Director Oscar, and won best picture. But alas, it came up against the near perfect "The Last Emperor" and played runner-up.
Moonstruck is a perfect romantic comedy with an ensemble cast. This is rare treat in the tradition of Tootsie and A Fish Called Wanda. All of these films focus on a single character, but the complete cast makes it work.
Right down to the "Old Man" - the aging Italian grandfather, warned by his daughter-in-law to stop feeding table food to his dogs "or I'll kick you til you die."
Moonstruck follows an Italian American family in New York and how they discover, realize and run from true love. Its best feature is its wonderful mood, perfectly capturing the Italian core family - hostile and critical, but always loving and caring and ready to defend eachother.
Cher won a well-deserved Oscar here for delicately playing a stereotype without becoming a caricacture. She agrees in an early scene to Marry Johnny (Danny Aeillo), a man she does not love but feels would make an adequate husband. In the movies best line, Cher's mother (Olympia Dukakis) asks "Do you love him", and when Cher answers no, mom says "Good. If you love them, they'll drive you crazy because they know they can."
It is this tender, bittersweet attitude towards love and relationships that makes this movie watchable and enjoyable. It is an all-time favourite and a must see. Absolutely no objectionable content - just pure fun. A true gift to movie-goers. **** out of ****.
Was the above review useful to you?
2 out of 3 people found the following review useful:
Warm and witty
from England
28 July 1999
This is the kind of film for a snowy Sunday afternoon when the rest of the world can go ahead with its own business as you descend into a big arm-chair and mellow for a couple of hours. Wonderful performances from Cher and Nicolas Cage (as always) gently row the plot along. There are no rapids to cross, no dangerous waters, just a warm and witty paddle through New York life at its best. A family film in every sense and one that deserves the praise it received.
Was the above review useful to you?
2 out of 3 people found the following review useful:
hilarious and quirky
from Connecticut
8 July 1999
Lots of fun! A lovable, well acted, hilarious and warm film. It's the kind of film that is like the smell of baking bread, and it's touching, too. If you haven't seen it or are not sure if you want to, because you don't like Cher, or you think eighties movies are all bad (ok, it was the worst film decade, but so what? there were still good movies!), whatever, SNAP OUT OF IT- and put this on your movie list!
Was the above review useful to you?
2 out of 3 people found the following review useful:
My 3rd favorite movie of all time.
from chandler, az
23 March 1999
My favorite movie of all time is Some Like It Hot. This is my 3rd favorite for so many reasons that I cannot list. The romance, the family, the characters , the dialogue and the setting even the humor is wonderful (but it is the best part)! My favorite line is Nicolas: "A bride without a head!" Cher: A wolf without a foot!" Watch with someone you love or by yourself. But do watch it though. Laugh, cry and sigh! Wonderful job to Cher, Olympia, Nicolas and Vincent Gardenia ("I can't sleep anymore, it's too much like death!") Watch again and again like I do.
Was the above review useful to you?
3 out of 5 people found the following review useful:
As Promising as Moonlight in a Martini
3 December 2005
*** This review may contain spoilers ***
I don't think that many films (especially comedies) have added memorable, quotable dialog like MOONSTRUCK. I won't illustrate it - you can see a remarkably long list of quotes on this thread - but any film that can make subjects like the defense of using expensive copper piping rather than brass for plumbing purposes into memorable dialog is amazing to me. It is not the only line that pops up and makes an imprint on our memory. How about a restaurant waiter who regrets a planned marriage proposal because it will mean the loss of an old bachelor client? Or a nice, elderly dog fancier encouraging his pack to howl at he moon? Or Perry (John Mahoney's) description of a female student's youthful promise as "moonlight in a martini" (my favorite line).
MOONSTRUCK is a wonderful example of brilliant script, first rate direction, and a good ensemble cast that fits perfectly. There are other examples (the drama THE OX-BOW INCIDENT is another example, but a grimmer one). Cher, Olympia Dukakis, Vincent Gardenia, Nicholas Cage, John Mahoney, and Danny Aiello are all involved in plots and cross purposes that examine the nature of love, and how to handle it. Is it a good thing to be totally in love? Cher and Cage, at the end, seem to think so, but Dukakis knows that real love drives the individual crazy (and Cage gets a glimmer of realization of this too, when he and Cher argue outside his home after they return from the opera La Boheme). Is infidelity by men a way of avoiding thoughts of death. Dukakis believes so, and (oddly enough - although he is not totally convinced) Aiello. Chance reveals infidelity - Dukakis realizes early that Gardenia's odd behavior is tied to unfaithfulness, and Cher literally stumbles onto Gardenia and his girlfriend at the opera (but Gardenia also stumbles onto Cher's similar unfaithfulness to Aiello). But chance also causes misunderstandings: Fyodor Chaliapin stumbles on Dukakis walking with John Mahoney and thinks that she is having an affair.
There are lovely little moments in the film too. Cher's observation about flowers leading to receiving one. Her hearing the argument in the liquor shop and it's resolution. But best is the sequence of Louis Guss and Julie Bovasso as Cher's uncle and aunt Raymond and Rita Cappomaggi and Rita's charming and kind comment to Raymond about the effect of the moonlight on him. It is the sweetest moment of the entire film.
It is close to a flawless film. After seeing it over a dozen times in as many years I can only find two points that do not seem as smooth as they should be. When Cher is at Cage's bakery, his assistant Chrissy (Nada Despotovich) mentions how she is secretly in love with Cage, but has been afraid to tell him. Earlier she was slightly snippy towards Cher, who put her in her place quickly. Yet nothing seems done with this potential rivalry. At the same time, the fact that Cher forgets to deposit her uncle and aunt's daily business profits is brought in momentarily in the concluding seven minutes of the film - but just as quickly dropped. Was there supposed to be some plot lines that were dropped, besides one about Cher and Vincent Gardenia working at a homeless man's shelter as penance? It is a small annoyance, but I think it is just based on a desire to see more of this film because it is so very good.
Was the above review useful to you?
The snowflakes are perfect. The stars are perfect. Not us. Not us!
10 December 2016
*** This review may contain spoilers ***
Loretta Castorini once tried living in a romantic comedy, but her husband was hit and killed by a bus. Cher's delivery of this revelation renders it almost an afterthought, like the deflated punchline of a poor joke. She's been raised to marry young and for children, and when she defies this natural order and does so for love, the universe sent along a bus to crush her dreams (and her late husband). The opening scenes of Moonstruck detail how detached and impervious she is to the typical attractions of the genre. Loretta is a tight-lipped, business-first accountant, pretty but aging, and a pragmatist at heart. When her boyfriend Johnny obliterates every last convention of proposing, she reacts with deadpan precision as if it was another tax return to file (see how she rattles off her sins at confession, and slips her infidelity in there). Why tempt the gods a second time?
New York is a city where strange and magical things can happen, and with 'That's Amore' opening the film, the most Italian song in English ever, serenading the moon-lit skyline, we more than expect it. The interiors of the Castorini home are brought to life with a warm palette, enlarged in an eccentric, sitcom way, with each piece of wooden furniture or rustic appliance telling a whole story in itself. The rooms are cramped and possess an eternal, lived-in quality about them so we see exactly how the family traditions are retained, and how they can squeeze several generations into the same building at once. They stage confrontations around the breakfast and dinner table, with dialogue like questioning jabs at lifestyle choices, and well- meaning intentions going awry.
At Christmas, the full moon beckons and these characters come to life. Nicholas Cage enters in a role that no one, not even Loretta, could expect or begin to explain. Cage is infamous for his eccentric wildness, and as he recounts his tale it begins to overcome the facts. It turns out that Johnny ordered a loaf of bread, and in the ensuing distraction Ronny lost not only his hand but also his girl. It's supposed to be tragedy, but Cage renders it a comedy, crying dramatically for a knife to end his life, asking us not to question the bizarre line of thinking that led him to blame his brother. The wooden hand is the cherry on top, revealed in a delirious monologue so deliciously full of irony and self-imposed gravitas that only Cage could ever pull it off, but also make it funny. Later as he tries to persuade Loretta into his bed again, he gives a speech so vehemently trying to subvert conventional romance it doesn't realise it's drowning in clichés. Cage splutters and staggers so often we realise he is making it up as he goes, and finishes with a desperate flourish: "GET. IN. MY. BED!". The way he so obviously reaches into the (shallow) depths of his soul will have even the hardest-hearted cynic giggling.
Soon the stiff accountant is tossed out the window and diving into bed with her fiance's brother. The soundtrack assists this shift, transforming an indifferent city into one of love and mystery. Listen to how Hyman's flutes and trumpets twist curiously as Loretta shops for something to wear to the opera, and how its inklings of mischief suggest something a little more sexy than her usual costume. Later he uses a sax heavy mood piece as she prepares next to the crackling fireplace, an atmosphere ripped straight from an old-fashioned noir, Loretta shedding her skin to reveal a newer woman. The film's most luminous moment comes when the pair join hands at the opera, and her tears melt away the last of her resistance. Jewison never orientates us with a wide shot, so the moon looms in the background of the stage, casting the same magical spell over the audience as it does to the city, blasting through windows and blinds, making night like day and old men twenty five.
The one person immune to this trance is Rose. Dukakis is a great casting because we can immediately see how Loretta retains the same long, angular nose, lean face and no-nonsense approach. While the whole city is under the moon's spell, she's dining alone and searching for answers to her husband's affair. She encounters a regular of the story, and the way the professor switches from preying on young college students to her is so smooth and full of charm that anyone but Rose would have fallen for it. But she knows herself quite clearly. Her character is intricate without ever upsetting the balance of the film - she believes her husband might have a good reason for his disappearances, but won't simply toss aside the decades of marriage when he doesn't. Jewison depicts some of that Cosmo charm with the same peculiar humour that he affords to the whole cast. We see his pitch about different types of metal piping, and the passion in his gestures and insistence on the best material for his customers, and then swings the camera around in a later scene to reveal how he utilises the same showmanship to woo his mistress.
In Moonstruck, Jewison takes a strange phrase and diffuses it into the lives of a New Yorker family with uncanny results. Grown men turn into sex-crazed werewolves, old couples are re-energised, and new relationships are grafted. Do we dare question why a man with a wooden hand would work all day in front of an oven? No, because the story is beyond the mere logic of the ordinary and everyday. In the morning-after of the miracle, Loretta skips in her heels and kicks cans, and the opera pipes up to accompany her street waltz although there is no singer in sight, because she is moonstruck. And along the way, we witness how funny and tricky the trials and tribulations of love can be.
Was the above review useful to you?
Cher and Cage romantic comedy
from Canada
2 February 2016
Moonstruck is the type of movie that you can enjoy with your parents over a bowl of popcorn. The sexual indiscretions are treated with humour and honesty in an Italian neighbourhood of New York that is more like a village. One amusing scene shows Loretta played by Cher, a 37 year-old widow and daughter of an Italian family, as she makes her confession to the parish priest, who speaks to her on a first name basis. Then she runs into her mother, Rose, played by Olympia Dukakis, praying in church. This typifies the close society of her neighbourhood where the restaurants, churches, delis and corner groceries are meeting places for neighbours and family. The locale is New York City near the Metropolitan Opera, which enters into the story when Loretta and her new boyfriend, played by Nicholas Cage, go on a date. Coincidentally, they happen to spot her father, Cosmo, played by Vince Gardenia, with a girlfriend. Loretta has become engaged to Johnny, performed by Danny Aiello, who she fears will find out about her new boyfriend after his return from Italy. The new boyfriend also happens to be the brother of her fiancé. Things seem to unravel and then be resolved for the family, friends and neighbours under the influence of a full moon. Nicholas Cage and Cher seem to be made for each other in this movie as the still young widow and the hard-luck, angry butcher. It is all great fun for a group of people who have all seen their share of tragedy, success, and strained family relationships. Good luck and good sense does not always win the day. Yet, the movie is full of heart and is something of a lesson on how to put egos aside and let our best instincts work things out. Norman Jewison directed this delightful movie.
Was the above review useful to you?
Page 6 of 15:
| Moonstruck |
A new Holy Thorn Tree was planted in 2012 in which Somerset town, to replace the one damaged by vandals in 2010? | Project MUSE - 'An Honest Contrivance': Opera and Desire in 'Moonstruck'
Opera and Desire in 'Moonstruck'
Marcia J. Citron * (bio)
Abstract
Opera can circulate through many layers of a mainstream film and set in motion desires inside and outside the fiction. Moonstruck (1987) sports a special tone that Pauline Kael has characterized as contrivance that plays against the real thing, without producing irony. Opera's exaggeration, artifice, and ritual figure prominently in the special tone, and the music and story of La Bohème play a major role. Excerpts make up a substantial portion of the soundtrack, the protagonists attend a performance of [End Page 82] Bohème and display affinities with the opera's characters, and Bohèm's connection with the Metropolitan Opera is underlined. A close reading of how Puccini's music is used, incorporating Werner Wolf 's theories of intermediality, examines why certain cues are taken verbatim and others are instrumental arrangements, and the consequences for desire. Two major diegetic engagements with Bohème receive extended treatment: at an actual performance, and at the phonograph (one of the latter creating the climax of the film).The prominence of opera in the film at so many levels reveals an urge towards the genre of opera-film. Moonstruck fulfils spectators' desires, ambivalent though they may be, for recognizing and yielding to the kitsch qualities already present in La Bohème: a prime example of how film can reveal something fundamental about an opera. [End Page 83]
Moonstruck isn't heartfelt; it's an honest contrivance—the mockery is a giddy homage to our desire for grand passion.
—Pauline Kael
Pauline Kael captures the quirky but exhilarating quality of Moonstruck, the popular 1987 film that garnered three Academy Awards. 1 Roger Ebert also identifies something special when he writes:'Themost enchanting quality about Moonstruck is the hardest to describe, and that is the moviès tone.' 2 One might characterize the film as a wacky marriage between Italian-American ethnic comedy and romantic idealism tethered to the magic of the moon. The combination should notwork, yet it succeeds brilliantly, perhaps because both are rooted in exaggeration. Kael expresses the operative conceit as parody playing against what is being parodied, or contrivance against the real thing. We are dazzled by their juxtaposition and convinced by the rightness of each. The film's originality' is that the mockery doesn't destroy the overblown romanticism—it intensifies it'. 3
Opera figures in this special tone. Puccini's La Bohème, one of the most popular and lush operas of the repertory, plays a major role in Moonstruck. Excerpts feature prominently on the soundtrack, the protagonists attend a performance of Bohème and display affinities with the opera's characters, and Bohèm's connection with the Metropolitan Opera is underlined. 4 In addition, the dualistic tone of the film is itself operatic and resembles an encounter between opera buffa and verismo. 5 Buffa elements [End Page 56] inhabit the plot, pacing, dialogue, ritual, and ensemble nature of the work; they also express themselves in composed ethnic music and folk arrangements of Bohème (Dick Hyman is the composer and arranger). Puccini's opera conveys the verismo strain in the film and intensifies hyper-romantic elements already present in the plot, dialogue, and imagery. Bohème as an opera contains comedy—for example, the bantering in the bohemians' unheated garret in Act I, and the flirtations of Musetta in Act II—but it forms a secondary element of the work. While a few comedic riffs make their way into Moonstruck's soundtrack, it is the verismo idiom of Bohème that has a stunning impact on the film.
The opera's impact goes beyond the surface of the soundtrack and plot. It saturates layers of narrative and representation in Moonstruck, and shapes our perception of the characters and their view of their lives. I am especially interested in the opera's participation in the construction and expression of desire, that effusive quality that washes over the film like the big white moon. I do not mean only romantic desire, although that is a major part of it, but desire more generally: the various wishes and obsessions of people, and the attractions and affinities between ideas.
This study explores the intersections of opera and film in Moonstruck and their impact on the mapping of desire, broadly conceived. It focuses on certain questions and issues. First, who are the protagonists, and what is their relationship to opera? Ronny Cammareri is a diehard opera fanatic, Loretta Castorini an uncomprehending novice; how does opera affect their subjectivity and their passion for each other? Who do they represent in the opera-going public? A second issue concerns the guises and functions of operatic music in the film. Some of the cues use Puccini's vocal music verbatim, while others feature an instrumental arrangement. Where and why are these two types used, and what do the choices mean for desire?
The third and fourth sections discuss two major engagements with opera and their consequences for the film. First is the extended sequence of Ronny and Loretta's visit to the Met to see La Bohème. What does the pivotal event tell us about desire, and how does the opera inform secondary plots that are cross-cut with the main story? The second kind of operatic engagement involves the phonograph and Ronny's status as an opera audiophile. How is his passion for opera channelled into the playing of records? How does this obsession figure in the course of desire, and how does it affect Loretta? A complex interplay of narrative strands creates the climax of the film as Loretta is 'opera struck' and changed for ever. After that, an extended kitchen scene that ties up loose ends, much like an ensemble finale in opera buffa, takes us to the end, where a burst of Puccini concludes the film.
The opera-desire connection in Moonstruck also generates larger questions. Claudia Gorb man notes that many post-classical Hollywood films foreground music in an operatic way. 6 Moonstruck obviously falls into this category. Does the film itself evince a desire towards the genre of opera-film? This urge is suggested by opera's saturation of major elements of the film, by the elusive tone that is operatic, and by the ways in which Puccini's music seeps into the subjectivity and consciousness of the characters.
Finally, what does Moonstruck say about Puccini's opera? Bohème has a larger-than-life place in Western culture, well beyond the bounds of classical music and opera. [End Page 57] Arguably the opera bears traces of kitsch. Does the movie foreground this quality? Does it intensify our desires, even ambivalent ones, for the kitsch qualities of Bohème? In such a reading, Moonstruck becomes more than a pleasant viewing experience. It performs important cultural work as it interrogates the elements that constitute the opera's popularity and appeal. But it does so in a tongue-in-cheek way, with great affection, in accord with the general spirit of the film.
Who are these People?
The story takes place in the Italian-American cultural scene, mostly in Brooklyn. Loretta (Cher), a 37-year-old widow and no-nonsense bookkeeper, becomes engaged to Johnny Cammareri, a mama's boy. That evening he flies to Sicily to see his dying mother. The next morning Loretta carries out Johnny's wish that she call his brother Ronny (Nicholas Cage) and invite him to the wedding. When she goes to the bakery basement where Ronny 'shovels bread into a hot hole' in the wall, Ronny shows her his wooden hand and says it's Johnny's fault his hand got cut off in a bread slicer ('He made me look the other way'). His fiancée left him when she found out he was 'maimed'. When Loretta says that it was not Johnny's fault, Ronny launches into a melodramatic tirade ('I lost my hand! I lost my bride'), whose charged theatricality Loretta ignores. She suggests they talk. They go up to his apartment, she tells him who he is ('a wolf ') and he tells her who she is, and they make love.
The next morning, despite Loretta's guilt (and her famous 'Snap out of it!' after he says he loves her), Ronny makes her agree to go to the opera with him. She dolls up during the day, and that evening they meet at Lincoln Center and see La Bohème at the Met (see Pl. 1). At the cloakroom afterwards, Loretta runs into her father (Cosmo), who is with another woman, Mona; Loretta and Cosmo trade accusations ('You're married!', 'You're engaged!'). Ronny takes her to his neighbourhood afterwards, and
Click for larger view
View full resolution
PL. 1.
Loretta (Cher) and Ronny (Nicholas Cage) at the Metropolitan Opera. Captured on television screen from 'Deluxe Edition' DVD, MGM no. 14312 (2006). The film is ©Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios, 1987
[End Page 58]
when she protests that the opera was supposed to be their last time together, he delivers another melodramatic speech: about the magic of the stars and snowflakes (which start falling), about how we are here to ruin ourselves, and how the only thing that matters is that she come up to his bed. After tearful hesitation she does. Meanwhile, Johnny returns from Sicily, his mother recovered ('It was a miracle!'). When Loretta arrives home the next morning, the romantic bubble bursts; her mother (Rose) tells her that Johnny is back. Then each principal arrives in succession—Ronny, Cosmo, Aunt Rita and Uncle Raymond, grandpop, and Johnny—and the imbroglios are resolved, in a manner similar to an opera buffa. Loretta and Ronny end up together, the family raises a joyous toast 'Alla famiglia', and the camera settles on family portraits, present and past. 7
Ronny
Ronny is a fascinating character. The director Norman Jewison considers it the most difficult role in the film—this 'tormented soul', 'poetic baker', who is 'consumed with opera'. 8 Ronny is a working-class Italian-American whose opera passion seems to conflict with his class, and the mismatch renders him a bohemian of sorts. Operatic passion guides his personality as well, for his behaviour can swing from one extreme to another. At first, we see his bestial side. Sweaty and muscular, Ronny exudes primitive urges as he shovels bread into the oven when Loretta contacts him by phone. With the melodramatic line 'What's wrong can never be made right', he hangs up on her, provoking the retort 'What an animal!' We soon see the other side. Once in his modest apartment, amid art (posters of La Bohème and Verdi on the wall, strains of Bohème on the phonograph), Ronny starts to become another person. The transformation is complete when he appears at the Met to meet Loretta. Now he is so sensitive that it is hard to believe this is the crazed boor of yesterday. Puccini's music on the soundtrack narrows the credibility gap, but does not eliminate it.
Ronny's relationship to opera has further resonance. Ronny the bohemian shares similarities with Puccini's opera. Ronny has his oven in the basement, the bohemians have their stove for warmth. They all display ties with fire that suggest passion, or passion about to erupt. The bohemians sacrifice books and the like to keep warm. Ronny sacrifices his hand, not an artwork, although he has had to sacrifice his opera-going desires. Like Rodolfo he is a poet. He can wax eloquent, as in the snowflakes soliloquy, and can rail with grand operatic gestures, as in the bakery tirade.
This is high melodrama. It leads the film scholar Kathleen Rowe to see Ronny as a 'melodramatized male'. Although a common type in post-classical Hollywood film, its appearance in Moonstruck is striking because the film takes a positive view of the feminizing quality of excessive emotion. 9 Extending the analogy, we can consider many opera heroes, especially in late Romantic Italian works, as melodramatized males. Rodolfo is doubly marked by feminizing traits because he is a poet. The character [End Page 59] also bears traces of the feminine quality associated with Puccini's operas in general. Peter Franklin notes how the popular elements of Puccini's operas helped break down the historical divide with high art, and how the label of 'feminine' was applied to his works as a sign of their inferior cultural status. 10 As for Ronny, his feminization through opera and emotion does not weaken him, but provides dramatic strength, embodying, perhaps, a new ideal of masculinity.
Ronny's link with opera is also sexually suggestive. Awestruck by Loretta's sexy outfit at the opera house, Ronny says: 'I don't know, it's been a long time since I've been to the opera.' Why the absence? Ronny clearly channels his opera desires into phonograph records, so an actual visit may be more of a frill than a necessity. Another reason may be the expense; if the budget is going to be sacrificed, at least have a good date to make it worth while. 11 But a personal greeting by a nearby bartender after the performance suggests he is a regular. Perhaps Ronny used to go to the opera, with his fiancée, before his hand was cut off. His return, with Loretta, marks a recon-nection: with the literal opera experience, but also with his castrated member that is now reconstituted sexually through a real love relationship. The theme is affirmed when he and Loretta re-enact the clasping of hands before them onstage in Bohème (Act III). The sexual reconstitution also refers back to Ronny's statement about shovelling bread in the hot hole, a crude way of expressing sexual displacement or impotence. 12
There are further implications. Perhaps Ronny needs a date as a heterosexual cover to legitimize his opera desires. Single male opera fans are often presumed gay—gay culture is wild about opera, finds affinities with divas, and wallows in the spectacle and excessive emotion that resonate with gay experience. Wayne Koesten baum and Mitchell Morris respectively have 'outed' the connection. 13 As a related issue, does Ronny's status as a straight, single, opera fanatic mark him as an outsider to opera culture? Is that why he has not attended the Met in a while? And is the heterosexual marker of a date needed to preserve the macho image of a single male in Italian-American culture, especially of the working class? While it can be risky to over-essentialize the connection between the single male opera fan and homosexuality, Ronny's anxious desire to attend the Met with Loretta seems based at least partly on fears of being effeminized, or of being perceived that way. The sexual reconstitution by way of the heterosexual hand clasp puts the inference to rest.
In the larger scheme, Ronny's attraction to opera seems motivated by a genuine love for the art form. It goes beyond an obsession with voice. 14 Ronny is smitten with the story, passion, music, and grandeur of opera. Unlike the ruthless social [End Page 60] climber of Woody Allen's film Match Point (2005), for example, Ronny has no desire to improve his class position through opera or to live off its elitist cachet. Ronny's desires are relatively pure, and the magic of his enthusiasm spills over into the rest of the film.
Loretta
Loretta is affected by the magic, but it takes a long time to make an impression on her. In many ways, Loretta is Ronny's antithesis. She is practical, unsentimental, and thrives on order and detail. She knows nothing about opera and seems to have no reaction the first time she hears it on the LPs in Ronny's apartment. After she agrees to go to the opera she asks him, 'Where's the Met?' Later, getting her hair done at the Cinderella Beauty Shop (fairy tale, anyone?), she generates buzz among the customers on whether they have been to the Met. We hear several 'nos'. This is particularly interesting because the clientele is strongly ethnic Italian. One woman reads an Italian-language newspaper while she sits under the dryer, and one beautician has an Italian accent. It seems surprising that ethnic Italians in Brooklyn have not gone to the major opera house in New York City. But attending the Met is an elitist ritual. Although Italian operas, including Bohème, make up the lion's share of the Met's repertory, ethnic Italians do not necessarily identify with the Met's culture. 15 Loretta is deeply embedded in her ethnicity, and her non-familiarity with opera appears to conform to that culture. In this light, Ronny's desire to go to the Met seems even more extraordinary.
The crack in Loretta's ordered life is her belief that bad luck or good luck can flow from events. This irrational quirk opens a window for opera to enter her soul. The transformation begins in her preparations for the big opera date. The sequence at the hairdressers and the purchase of finery is fleet and witty. But the next scene marks the only mistake in the film: the desire to turn Loretta into Cher, or sort of. Cher emerges here, but afterwards she is still Loretta, glamorous hair notwithstanding. The sequence takes place at home. Loretta turns on some purportedly sexy music on the radio—a kitsch cross between Muzak and jazz—sips wine, holds the new dress against her full-length slip (we see some skin), fingers the red spike heels, and makes a pouty face in the mirror: narcissism on display. A golden visual tone suggests romance and passion. Besides the dissonance with Loretta's personality—she may feel sexy, but would not instantly turn into a sex symbol—this scene clashes with the narrative style of the film. Read operatically, the scene approaches a masquerade or a kind of dramatic cross-dressing that happens when a singer plays someone far from their usual fare. Cher playing Loretta-as-Cher becomes its own operatic spectacle. In this way, perhaps it sets up the diegetic opera scene to follow.
The film often links Loretta and her love-transformation with Musetta. The first night that Loretta has sex with Ronny an instrumental arrangement of Musetta's Waltz, 'Quando m'en vo", underscores the moon glow of their bedroom. Preparations the next day intensify Loretta's tie to Musetta. Against a sprightly instrumental mot if from Act II when Musetta is admired by shop women, the coiffed Loretta purchases a snazzy evening dress. Admiring comments by passers-by are an obvious reference to the vocal exclamations in Puccini, although here they are by men, not women. In her finery, Loretta at the [End Page 61] Met visually resembles the striking Musetta of Act II. She wears red to the opera. Her ensemble mixes tones and textures and we mostly see the near-black velvet bodice and red satin stole, although her red pumps are also briefly seen. 16 A wonderful visual sublimation occurs through this attire: red and velvet meld to fuse her with the red velvet of the hall. 17 Loretta's garb identifies her with the ritual of opera andeases her passage into the pivotal internalization at the handclasp.
Is Loretta, like Ronny, feminized by experiencing opera? Loretta's unsentimental nature can be considered a masculine feature, or at least not especially feminine. She undergoes a visual feminization in preparation for the opera encounter, and in the home transformation sequence we may be encouraged to believe she becomes a real woman by releasing her sexuality. Is the visual attire the sign of her emotional feminization, or does it help make it happen? Perhaps the answer is both. Moreover, does her decision to acquire such feminine clothes signal a willingness on her part to be feminized: a desire for emotion, and a desire to allow the opera to work its magic on her? As in many things, Loretta may be less of a naif about opera than she lets on. At the intermission, before the handclasp moment, she tells Ronny, 'I just don't really get it'. But maybe she does at some deeper level.
The birth of awareness probably takes place at the start of the film. The titles sequence flashes the façade of the Met and Bohème posters outside, but also shows Loretta crossing a street as a Metropolitan Opera Scenic Shop lorry goes by. As Jewison notes, the encounter plants the idea that Loretta will be linked with opera later in the film. 18 It also hints that opera's trappings and ritual will be important to the story—that the artifice of opera is central to the contrivance of the film.
The Music: 'Bohème' and More
In addition to excerpts from Bohème, Moonstruck includes composed music and other compiled music. Popular songs appear in some key places. The opening and closing credits use Dean Martin's folksy rendition of 'That's Amore'(1959), whose lyrics deliver the point of the film: 'When the moon hits your eye like a big pizza pie, That's amore!' Cosmo listens to Vicki Carr crooning 'It Must be Him' on the living-room hi-fi and joins in on the consequent phrase 'or I shall die'—death being Cosmo's obsession and part of the black humour of the film. The death connection recurs when Rose listens to the song later and has Johnny confirm that a man needs more than one woman because he fears death. Another striking use of song is an instrumental version of 'Moon glow' heard in the background at a bar after the opera. In a mellow jazz arrangement that stands out from other music of the film, the unheard lyrics sound the film's theme: 'It must have been moon glow / Way up in the blue, / It must have been moon glow / That led me straight to you.' 19 The listener's familiarity with the words is obviously key to whether the song makes its full point. But regardless of the semantic impact, the style [End Page 62] marks Ronny as a sophisticate and provides a transition from the elevated world of high art to his everyday life. 20
Hyman's composed music emphasizes ethnic style. Three delightful instrumental numbers operate as leitmotifs and promote the opera buffa tone of the film. All evoke old-world nostalgia. First is a schmaltzy harmonized tune with exaggerated mandolin vibrato, not unlike the introductory riff of 'That's Amore'. It represents Loretta's sentimental side, initially in a latent state (early on at the flower shop) and later in fully developed form (at the end after Ronny proposes). Another composed piece is the triple-metre dance-like number, in two sections (E minor, E major), that accompanies the grand pop when he walks his five dogs. Scored with accordion and mandolin, it features a well-placed Neapolitan-sixth chord that makes it memorable. The third composed theme, a tarantella in C major on clarinet and accordion, mostly accompanies the comings and goings associated with Johnny and expresses his buffoonish nature. It may seem a silly pun that a tarantella actually appears after the opening 'That's Amore' mentions 'a gay tarantella', but since the dance type is a common signifier of southern Italian culture, it becomes a natural choice for Moonstruck. 21 Overall, the composed ethnic music is notable for its non-engagement with Ronny. He is associated mainly with opera music, although it may appear in a folk arrangement that brings it closer to Hyman's ethnic idiom. 22
Bohème Cues
Moonstruck contains twelve cues drawn from Bohème (see Table 1 ). 23 They start with Ronny's introduction at the bakery a half-hour into the story and end at the conclusion of the film. Musical repetitions (or close variations) occur among the cues, and a few are composites of separate passages in the opera. Excerpts come from the first three acts of Bohème. Act IV is probably excluded because the dark tone of Mimì's impending death departs from the mood of the film. Some cues are verbatim from the opera, whether purely instrumental or with voice, while other cues are instrumental arrangements. To Hyman's credit the cues are not only well chosen and well coordinated, but reveal a keen sensitivity to the musical factors that make for a good beginning. For example, several cues start with 6-4 harmonies. Their suspended quality creates a sense of entering in medias res and smooths the transition from pure speech to speech and music. This amounts to a variation on Rick Altman's notion of 'audio dissolve' for [End Page 63]
Click for larger view
View full resolution
EX. 3.
Start of composite cue, at Lincoln Center Plaza (58:08), adapted from the beginning of Act III, p. 179
At the Met
We are here to ruin ourselves and break our hearts and love the wrong people and die.
—Ronny, street scene after the opera
The visit to the Met is a central event in the film and occupies a fair amount of filmic time. Bohème excerpts occur not only in the actual performance but in surrounding vignettes that are as important as the real thing. As in the excerpts already discussed, these cues affirm Hyman's skills in selection, placement, and starting point. In some places they build on the larger dramatic functions of the music. For example, three excerpts near the beginning use act-opening music to punctuate a mini-drama about to unfold in the plot. It is like having three overtures instead of one, and the imbalance accords with the contrived tone of the film.
The first cue accompanies Loretta and Ronny's meeting at the fountain before the performance. It is entirely instrumental and contains three excerpts pasted together. As soon as Loretta's red shoe exits the cab, we hear a non-diegetic version of the instrumental start of Act III (
see Ex. 3
). While the rhetoric of the opening gesture, a forceful V-I cadence in D minor, conveys great drama, it creates irony because it sounds like a closing gesture (as it does in Bohème). Perhaps the irony reflects Loretta's uncertainty and confused desires, but William Day's idea that the shoe exit marks the end of Loretta's transformation suggests that endings and beginnings are under negotiation here. 39 As the cue continues with the haunting parallel fifths that have been compared to Debussy and Stravinsky, 40 Loretta and Ronny look for each other. The riff establishes expectancy and isolation, although the glitter of Lincoln Center is far from the bleakness of Bohème. The opening of Act III is appropriate for initiating the Met visit because it is only Act III (a small portion) that we literally see staged at the performance.
When Ronny and Loretta recognize each other, in a gaze as mannered as that in Tristan, the romantic music from Act I wells up in an instrumental arrangement transposed from A major to C major. We heard the vocal version when they were making love. Hyman probably chose C major for the instrumental montage because it allows the music to retain the same evocative harmonic relationship to the preceding [End Page 70] music as in the earlier cue with Puccini verbatim (when Loretta and Ronny make love, to the continuation of
Ex. 2(b)
). In Puccini, the A major at 'Ah! tu sol' / 'Fremon' comes after a B major dominant chord that should resolve to E. For that reason, the A major resolution sounds like a remote juxtaposition to add surprise. But as William Drabk in points out, the push towards E is only a temporary dominant elaboration in A major, and theoretically the arrival of A major is nothing unusual. 41 In Hyman's composite cue the opening passage ends on D major, and the selection of C major for the romantic theme preserves the supertonic relationship, or V/V, of Puccini's original (see
Ex. 4
). One advantage of an instrumental version this time is that it offers a generalized space for desires to be expressed. It becomes a memory of desire literally expressed by Loretta and Ronny, and in the larger scheme affirms Bohème as a framework related to that desire.
Click for larger view
View full resolution
EX. 4.
Transition in composite cue, at Lincoln Center Plaza (58:50), adapted from fifteen bars after Rehearsal 1, p. 180, and from eight bars after Rehearsal 41, p. 80
The third part accompanies Loretta and Ronny into the opera house. It is the exuberant instrumental music that opens Act II, shorn of choral interjections. In both cases there are festivities and crowds, and the music celebrates conviviality. The trumpet fanfares at the start formalize the sense of ritual and generate Loretta's star-struck admiration of the splendour of the entrance.
The Met tableau is cross-cut with other dramas: Rose and a professor at a restaurant in Brooklyn, and Cosmo and Mona at the Met. All centre on desire and romantic connection, which is also the theme of Bohème. First come the rituals of settling in and finding seats. After Ronny admits he has not attended the opera in a while, the scene cuts briefly to Cosmo and Mona entering the hall. Soon Ronny whispers 'Here we go', and we hear the lively instrumental opening of Bohème. After a few seconds it effects a transition to the Grand Ticino Restaurant. The cue progresses from diegetic signifier of the start of the performance to non-diegetic background music. In the latter role it marks the start of a second drama, this within the film's fiction, and hence links up with its initial role at the opera. The suture of the two scenarios through Puccini's music is very successful.
The restaurant drama is high theatre as a college student loudly throws a glass of water on the older male professor at her table, and diners and staff watch the spectacle. 42 The professor, standing, announces, 'Sorry about that folks, she's a very pretty mental patient', the diners laugh, and he initiates a ritualistic cleansing of the table. The dynamic turns personal as the unsentimental Rose displays an operatic leakage of desire: she invites him to eat with her. It also stands out because the Waspy professor lies outside the film's ethnic world, and his desires are entirely different. Rose's desires play the tensions between contrivance and the real thing, [End Page 71] a sign of authenticity in the film, but the professor's desires seem rational and one-dimensional. As a result they are hollow, and he will end up alone. Not surprisingly, he has nothing to do with the world of opera. The closest he gets to the spiritual heart of the film is his line describing fresh faces of female students as 'moonlight in a martini'.
We are still a few scenes away from seeing stage action. At the intermission after Act II the conversation turns to opera. Loretta remarks on the large audience that shows up for opera; Ronny calls it 'The best thing there is', and Loretta says that she likes parts of it but doesn't 'really get it'. She finds the big red Chagall mural in the bar area 'gaudy', while Ronny responds 'he was having some fun'. Thus up to this point Loretta is unmoved and mystified as to what all the fuss is about. A brief diegetic-turned-non-diegetic composed riff takes us back to the Brooklyn drama. Ethnicity returns as the grandpop walks the dogs to his signature tune. An embarrassing opera buffa encounter between him and the couple (Rose and professor) occurs at the intersection of two streets. The music stops dead on the Neapolitan-sixth chord, and after a pregnant pause each group continues on its way, with no musical resolution.
Back at the Met we finally see the performed opera. In Act III, the two instrumental bars before 'Bada' ('Look') open the cue. Mimì and Rodolfo are saying farewell, 'senza rancor' (without bitterness), and she offers as a memento the pink bonnet he bought her. The scene is outdoors on a cold night and foreshadows the after-opera street sequence of Ronny and Loretta. Visually the camera cuts between the stage action and their reactions. Both grasp the parallel of the operatic scene with their situation, and she is moved to tears by what she sees (see Pl. 1 above). Their pivotal handclasp, discussed earlier, is matched by a stunning harmonic shift in the staged music. At 'Bada' the D flat tonality detours into A major, the flat VI area. At 'Se vuoi' ('If you wish'), what is seemingly a dominant-seventh chord on A functions as an augmented-sixth chord that returns the music to D flat (see
Ex. 5
). The resolution, however, is a I 6-4, and at that suspended moment Loretta and Ronny join hands and gaze at each other longingly. Mimì and Rodolfo have just clasped hands onstage. While this counts as diegetic music, the joining of the two situations suggests that it is not only performed music in the film's fiction, but is the film fiction itself—in other words, the opera music becomes the main discourse. I will return to this in connection with opera-film.
After they leave the hall, the operatic experience plays itself out as desire in Ronny and Loretta's relationship: at first, Loretta, in a highly animated manner, expresses her new-found experience of opera, saying how beautiful and sad it was, and that she couldn't believe Mimì had died. But she is obviously still the old no-nonsense Loretta, not some Cher sex-symbol: 'She was coughing her brains out', she exclaims, 'and still, she had to sing all the time . . .'. This somewhat crude language stands in contrast to Ronny's soliloquy in the climactic street scene, whose eloquence is almost Shakes pearean. 43 Ronny offers his meaning of life and love, as captured in the epigram heading this section. He rhapsodizes about human imperfection. When he says 'Snowflakes are perfect. The stars are perfect', Puccini's music verbatim steals into the soundtrack (
Ex. 6
). The off-balance view of love is matched by the exotic musical sounds as clarinets in thirds craft a memorable modal progression. The excerpt [End Page 72] continues with the vocal version of 'Che gelida manina', whose text is highly appropriate. Rodolfo offers to warm Mimì 's frozen hand, Ronny extends his hand for Loretta to go up with him; Rodolfo invokes the moon, Ronny is under the spell of the moon and the stars. Although this is the first time Ronny and Loretta interact with this excerpt, it had appeared earlier, in instrumental arrangement, as diegetic café music for Cosmo and Mona. Ronny and Loretta have no memory of this, but they do remember it from the opera performance, even though we were not exposed to that scene. Furthermore, the joining of hands on the street and in the sung text of the cue reinforces that pivotal action in the opera house. 44 The vocal cue strengthens the tie by literally voicing the desires and their resolution. Metadiegetically, it replays the desires circulating through the film and their engagement with Bohème.
Click for larger view
View full resolution
EX. 6.
Clarinet lines at start of cue, in Ronny's street soliloquy (1:17:55), adapted from 22 bars after Rehearsal 29, p. 64
Starting with the opera performance, all the Bohème cues include their original vocal parts. Bohème has implanted itself firmly in consciousness and subjectivity. [End Page 73]
At the Phonograph
Another link between desire and Bohème is played out at the phonograph. Twice in the film Ronny manipulates a recording of the opera at the turntable in his apartment. Each sequence uses big moments in the opera that appear at key points elsewhere in the film. I would like to suggest that this control of structure is part of a larger theme of control articulated through the use of the phonograph. While centred in Ronny, this technological control has an impact on Loretta and on their individual and collective desires. In the larger scheme, it inserts distance so that the hyper emotional music does not overwhelm the delicate balance between honesty and contrivance that characterizes the film.
No. 1: Almost 'Addio'
The scene in Ronny's apartment after the bakery tirade opens with the camera panning down a Bohème poster of lovers standing together in the cold; the words 'La Bohème' appear in bright red. Right away we have mediation. The mediation is not strong enough to produce a Brechtian alienation effect, but the sign inserts quotation marks and asserts the theatricalism of the opera. The image in the poster suggests Act III and is accompanied self-consciously by music from that part of the opera. We assume this is soundtrack music but soon see the LP spinning on the turntable. The brief excerpt starts with a D flat 6-4 chord as Mimì offers Rodolfo the bonnet as a memento, and before she has a chance to complete 'Addio' Ronny removes the needle and stops the music. The passage foreshadows its appearance at the pivotal handclasp and sexual reconstitution at the opera performance, discussed earlier. Although brief, the phonograph cue lays a foundation for our protagonists to have it in their memory when it recurs.
The staging of the phonograph cue is suggestive. Ronny does not allow the phrase with 'Addio' to complete itself, and perhaps he is unwilling to acknowledge the idea of loss signified in the passage. After all, in the preceding scene, he had ranted about the loss of his hand and his girl. But when Loretta suggests they go to his apartment and talk Ronny feels something stirring within. The deliberate stopping of the music at this place implies that he senses an opening, however small, for things to change. Later at the Met, however, the full phrase in conjunction with the handclasp signifies renewal as he knows love again. Unlike the first time, Ronny can now face the literal enunciation of loss because desires have been fulfilled. He also has the confidence to be the object of the musical stimulus instead of the person controlling what gets heard.
Ritual is fore grounded at the phonograph. Ronny stands directly in front of the apparatus, as if fused to it. He continues to be planted there even after he removes the needle and Loretta brings a cup of coffee. The Bohème poster adjacent helps create the sense of a shrine. We do not know how long he has been standing there, as we enter in the middle of a passage. The LP disk is nearing the end of a side when he lifts the needle. Perhaps he has been listening to all of it, for he would not be able to find the exact place on an LP. In this respect a phonograph record differs from a CD. Moreover, according to Robynn Stil well, the analogue disk offers greater 'narrative resonance' for film. 45 From a performative perspective the act of manipulating the needle can hardly be matched by inserting a CD into a slot. And the visibility of [End Page 74] the turning disk offers a spectacle that literally tracks the heard sounds. 46 For Ronny, the big round disk might be his version of the big round moon at the heart of the film. This slice of theatre extends the theatrical mode just seen in Ronny's basement scene, although it is of a different kind.
The ritual also signifies control. Puccini's music could be rendered as soundtrack music, from some unseen source, but through the phonograph Ronny exerts control over the music and its implications for love and desire. 47 The manipulation of the phonograph also indicates male control. The media theorist Pamela Robertson Wojcik explains how audio technology was fully gendered as masculine by the 1950s and how it has allowed males to carve out a private space that encourages contemplation and a connection with high art. 48 Ronny is established here as a moody male poet with his own space centred on the phonograph, an attribute that buttresses his masculinity against the feminizing tendencies of opera. The connection also enacts a gendered move to gain sexual control over Loretta and reflects his unease as he senses an inkling of desire. His almost protective stance shows his possessiveness towards the apparatus and the source of his mastery. Loretta is excluded from this world.
No. 2: The Climax
By the end of the second phonograph sequence Loretta is being allowed into this world. The cue creates an extraordinary moment, the film's climax in terms of plot and desire. In my view, opera and mainstream film have never worked better together.
The morning after the Met visit and their second night of love, Ronny is splayed out on a chair in his apartment as he listens to Bohème. He is alone, and we have just seen a shot of the spinning LP. The music is 'O soave fanciulla', in its second appearance in the film. In both occurrences, it accompanies love and passion in the film's plot, and the recapitulation effect is strong. The earlier cue took place in Ronny's apartment as he carried Loretta to the bedroom ('Son of a bitch!'). Further resonance comes from the fact that the first phonograph cue preceded 'O soave fanciulla' in the scene. The present iteration, however, is tied visually to Ronny only, who enacts a mini-drama as he methodically engages the technological apparatus. After a few bars he gets up slowly, walks into the other room—the fixed camera creating objectivity—stops in front of the phonograph, and waits for something to happen. When the music reaches the dominant B major chord before the big resolution (see
Ex. 7
), Ronny does something special: he physically turns up the volume, creating a mechanical crescendo on top of the crescendo notated in the score. The loud sound level intensifies the strong push towards tonal resolution and behaves like a Tristan-esque erotic build-up. Precisely at the resolution on 'Ah! tu sol comandi', where Mimì and Rodolfo sing high in octaves and the harmonic resolution sounds remote (see above), the camera effects a wonderful cut to Loretta on her Brooklyn street, still in dress clothes, kicking a can with her red shoe. The timing of the cut is highly ritualistic. Too structured, too perfect, it comes off as contrived. Yet it is utterly honest. By this point in the film, after all the operatic [End Page 75] music, we are ready to believe in (and desire) the highly stylized visual move in the camera. As for Loretta, this marks desire fulfilled and her transformation into the realm of passion. Musically the passage recapitulates two related earlier appearances: at the height of their lovemaking two nights earlier (also following 'O soave fanciulla'), and at the gaze of recognition before the Met performance (in instrumental arrangement). Thus it pulls together the romantically significant events of the film. Together with 'O soave fanciulla' it exerts a structural control that resembles the powerful dramatic recall of the 'Bacio' theme inVerdi's Otello.
Click for larger view
EX.7.
Climax of second phonograph cue (1:25:30), adapted from seven bars after Rehearsal 41, p. 80
As in the first phonograph cue, Ronny's ritualistic control over the apparatus is fore-grounded. A famous phonograph scene in another film makes a revealing comparison. In Jonathan Demme's Philadelphia (1993), the gay AIDS victim Andrew Beckett (Tom Hanks), a big opera fan, is waging a discrimination suit against his employer and fighting to stay alive. Well into the ravages of the disease, he invites his lawyer (Denzel Washington) to his house to go over strategy. Weak, full of lesions, attached to his IV pole, Andy goes into an ecstatic zone as he listens to a recording of Callas singing an aria from Andrea Chenier. As Marc A. Weiner notes in his perceptive study, inthis opera scene' the status of the recording as a recording is increasingly deemphasized', and phantasmagoria suspends differences of all kinds. 49 In Moonstruck, however, the situation is the opposite. Ronny's ritualistic actions highlight the apparatus and its function as mediation. We do not enter an Adorno-defined phantasmagoria in which differences are effaced. We do not take the event as a naturally occurring phenomenon, and there is little risk that we will get sucked in beyond our rational control. Ronny's deliberate manipulation of the volume of the cue implies he is not only part of the fiction, but also an extra-diegetic agent, such as a sound editor, that controls the mechanics of the film. Ronny's intervention and its timing foregrounds the studied relationship of the music to the characters and creates distance between themusic and the plot. The control is needed to keep desire from fusing with its signifier, the music, and to preserve the film's thematic gap between contrivance and the real thing. 50 [End Page 76]
The magical effects in image and sound at 'Ah! tu sol comandi' have sexual connotations. The run-up in excitement followed by the striking musical resolution and camera cut suggests sexual climax: a sudden explosion that spills over into Loretta's soul. It is as if she has been penetrated sexually by Ronny's desires through the music. In this reading, Loretta hears the music even though no visible source appears in her scene. Ronny's phonograph record is the real source, and his desire to have Loretta share the desires expressed in the music prompts him to turn up the volume so she can hear it miles away. The scene behaves like a blurred acousmêtre. Although the character hears music that lacks a visible source, that source had just appeared before us and generates musical continuity across the visual cut. The music functions metadiegetically for Loretta as it resonates with previous iterations that sounded phases of her desire.
Is Ronny exerting control over Loretta as the recorded music is blasted out to her? The text in Mimì's part is 'Ah! You alone will rule love'; even though Mimi is not similar to Loretta, the female voice links them. The higher voice is also more prominent in the homorhythmic duet, and we will probably associate it with Loretta because she is the only person we see. But although the text glorifies the power of love, it also connotes the power of the lover if one interprets 'tu' as Ronny instead of love in the abstract. This connection to Ronny through words reinforces his mechanical connection to Loretta through technology. Ronny the magician is running the show and he can imbue her with fulfilled desires through the remote sounding of Bohème: once again, a fascinating mix of contrivance and the real thing.
The pure joy we see in Loretta suggests that this control is not harmful. Throughout the film she has been independent and functioned as an individual with her own mind. Film scholars see her as an unusually strong female character in a genre in which women have been subordinate to men. 51 At 'Ah! tu sol comandi' Loretta appears to have internalized the opera-desire connection and made it her own, even though Ronny instigated and controlled the music. Indeed, this place marks the first and only time in the film in which any of the vocal opera music is associated with Loretta alone; previously it was connected to Ronny. The musical halves of the cue are linked successively to each protagonist, but joined desire underlies all of it. Loretta's transformation as the embodiment of the climactic resolution in the opera's music is a sublime moment in the film.
The 'Ah! tu sol comandi' passage lasts about a minute and ends as Loretta waltzes into the kitchen and her mother brings her down to earth with news of Johnny's return. Does the cessation of the operatic voice mean the death of opera and the death of desire? Michal Grover-Fried lander posits that the voice in opera encodes expectations of loss, absence, and death when the voice stops. The very materiality of the voice embodies its absence, and this suggests that happy endings are rare or even fore closed. 52 I do not see such a pessimistic outcome here. First of all, the vocal presence does not necessarily end after literal sound ceases. Desires stirred by opera's music continue to circulate in the psyche of the protagonists and thus constitute presence. Second, Moonstruck's heightened romance shares the stage with ethnic comedy, and this precludes an emphasis on death and loss. It is true that Shanley's screenplay is full of references to death, comedy notwithstanding. Yet the cessation of opera's voice does not [End Page 77] play out the death theme in any significant way. Desire is affirmed and will continue after the last literal sounding of the opera voice at the end of the film.
The Desire for Opera-Film
—Norman Jewison 54
Moonstruck aspires to the genre of opera-film. The sheer amount of opera music, and from one particular opera, is striking. Of course, many movies use opera music, but rarely so much, and seldom from one work. 55 The film also stands out because so many of the opera cues retain the vocal parts from the original, and, as Gorbman observes, classical film scoring has tended to avoid vocal music so as not to compete with the spoken dialogue. 56 Moreover, the visit to the Met to see Bohème occupies a central place in the story, and Bohème is foregrounded as ritual through signs, posters, and phonograph recordings. Other films may feature one or two of these elements, but not as many as here. Two films that include opera visits demonstrate the difference. In Pretty Woman (1990) the corporate raider Richard Gere takes good-hearted call girl Julia Roberts to see La traviata, and the film draws a parallel between her and Violetta. In The Age of Innocence (1990) a performance of Faust at the opera marks the first time the protagonist (Daniel Day Lewis) sees his real love, Countess Olenska (Michelle Pfeiffer), and it functions as a signifier of their gilded world. But neither film has an opera enthusiast as lead character, offers several soundtrack excerpts from that opera, parlays opera as ritual, or sports an operatic tone. Moonstruck's operatic tone is subtle and pervasive, and the interplay of opera buffa and verismo is special. 57 As we have seen, its use of opera music exceeds traditional categories of diegetic and non-diegetic, and performs important meta-level functions for memory, consciousness, and desire. Moreover, most of the opera cues occur at high emotional points and thus behave operatically themselves.
Given the fore grounding of opera on so many levels, one can identify opera as the topic of the film and its plot. In this way Moonstruck approaches an opera-film. This reflexive relationship is obviously not the same as in films that explicitly feature opera in the plot. In Meeting Venus (1991), for example, a backstage story about a company preparing Tannhäuser, opera inhabits the outer surface of narrative and image. In Moonstruck many layers of opera and 'operaticness', explicit and implied, [End Page 78] are put into play. As a result, Moonstruck offers a far more complex and compelling engagement with opera than other films of this sort.
My larger point concerns opera-film, namely a full-length film of a complete (or near-complete) opera. Moonstruck's own duality of contrivance and the real thing forms a parallel to the dual nature of opera-film. In the hybrid genre, accommodations in one or both media are necessary and common, including adjustments in pacing, playback, camera work, music, and shooting location, and many an opera-film will feature several kinds of music-image relationships. 58 Beyond their technical considerations, opera-films promote desires: musical desires related to style, voice, and closure, and filmic desires associated with utopian urges generated by the regressive nature of viewership. 59 A filmic device may pre-empt musical desire, or music may do the same with filmic desire.
In Moonstruck, key Bohème cues show an affinity to opera-film. Take the first cue, at Ronny's monologue in the bakery basement. We have seen how the instrumental arrangement is fore grounded so strongly that it fuses with the dialogue and creates a new operatic number. Another signifier of opera-film occurs when they make love, to 'O soave fanciulla' and its continuation. The vocal cue becomes psycho-diegetic for Ronny, and its acousmatic quality recalls the inherent acousmatic nature of opera-film. Simply put, the genre presents heard orchestral music that lacks a visible source, and lip-synching to playback that confounds a sense of an embodied vocal source. 60 Moonstruck's infiltration by opera music intensifies at the Met performance. In the 'Bada' excerpts from Act III, the staged music becomes the main discourse of the film at the handclasp. A fusing of plots, emotions, and discourses between protagonists and performed opera occurs, and distinctions between active subject and passive object dissolve. That the seen singers are lip-synching to playback, and are not even the voices we hear (Renata Tebaldi and Franco Corelli on a legendary recording), enhances the connection to opera-film. From this point all Bohème cues retain their vocal parts and operatic voice is accepted as the discourse of desire. These cues include the street soliloquy, where the handclasp is reaffirmed, and Loretta's metadiegetic replaying of desire at the climactic camera cut.
Themeta diegetic charting of subjectivity and desire through the operatic music resembles a practice found in some opera-films. Interior singing, whereby heard opera music is associated with a character but no moving lips are seen, figures prominently in many opera-films of Jean-Pierre Ponnelle. 61 It emphasizes individual consciousness, and as in Moonstruck it opens up an important subjective realm. Peter Conrad describes the impact of a duet rendered as interior singing in Ponnelle's Madama Butterfly (1973) as the soundtrack becoming 'the subliminal sounding of desire'. He also emphasizes what film canmean for operatic voice interms of subjectivity when he writes,'One of the bequests of film to opera is its demonstration that song is soliloquy, not overt statement: that the voice is conscious-ness—or the yearning subconscious—over heard.' 62 While most of the Bohème cues in Moonstruck entail voice and thus literally envoice consciousness, many of the purely instrumental cues also signify consciousness because the music fuses with the dialogue (the first cue), or, more often, a metadiegetic relationship forms with the absent words or another meaningful referent. The recognition section of the instrumental cue outside the Met [End Page 79] functions in this larger way. Overall, as in interior singing in opera-film, the Bohème cues of Moonstruck reveal inner layers of subjectivity and desire, and expand interpretative possibilities for narrative and representation.
Released in 1987, Moonstruck appeared at a time when fully cinematic opera-films were flourishing, for example Rosi's Bizet's Carmen (1983) and Zeffirelli's Otello (1986). This is only Shanley's second screenplay, and perhaps he was moved to make Ronny an opera fanatic and have the Met a central element because of the impact of these films. Of course, such films reflect the general trend in the 1980s towards media convergence, as in the rise of MTV. 63 The director Jewison, who describes Moonstruck as an old-fashioned sort of movie, may have felt the time was right to do a film that foregrounds opera so extensively. There are numerous film precedents, of course, such as Visconti's Senso (1954) or Coppola's Godfather trilogy (1972-90): Visconti with a scene from Trovatore at the start and an operatic use of Bruckner on the soundtrack throughout; Coppola with an operatic style in image and pacing throughout, and a staging of Cavalleria rusticana at the end. Yet as stated previously, Moonstruck stands out for the mix of comedy and verismo, the contrived tone, the focus on one opera, and the self-conscious and even ritualistic use of operatic signifiers that saturate the film. Perhaps the thriving of opera-film in this period also helps to account for the operatic relationship between soundtrack and diegesis that Gorbman finds notable in many post-classical films, which obviously includes Moonstruck. 64
Moonstruck's opera emphasis brings out the theatrical nature of the screenplay. Jewison notes that he felt he was adapting a stage play for film, and Shanley refers to specific spots as first act, second act, and so on. 65 Many opera-films also emphasize theatre, for example Bergman's Magic Flute (1975). Perhaps Jewison was influenced by such theatrical renditions and their ways of joining opera and theatre. As we have seen, theatrical elements in Moonstruck play a major role in creating the contrived tone of the whole. Yet despite the opera-theatre connection, opera music in Moonstruck helps convert Shanley's theatrical concept into a film through its performance of the narrative and semiotic tasks of soundtrack music. It vivifies images, fills in emotions, provides continuity across cuts and scenes, rounds out characters, and, notably here, limns a psychological component that is key to the story. The wacky duality that characterizes the film would not work without Puccini's music and the contrived nature of opera itself.
'Bohème' as Kitsch?
One could think that Bohème, Butterfly, Tosca were created with the thought of imaginary pot pourris that do not emerge until the last tear from the operatic catastrophes has dried up.
—Theodor Adorno 66
. . . the linking of the characteristic and the banal remains the task and paradox of all genuine kitsch music.
—Theodor Adorno 67 [End Page 80]
Bohème has been moonstruck—magically rearranged and recomposed—and in that illuminating process the opera is revealed as kitsch. Or rather, Moonstruck brings the kitsch qualities already present in the opera to the surface. Unlike most opera/film encounters, the combination involves more than the opera's impact on the film. The loony duality of Moonstruck spills over into the opera.
As many have noted, kitsch is not easy to define and its characteristics depend on cultural use, time period, and art form. 68 The kitsch aspects of Bohème entail its strong sentimentality, its overuse in mass culture, and an accessibility that verges on triteness. These elements drain the work of some of its value—not necessarily in terms of quality as a good or bad work, but in terms of its ontological status as an opera. The cultural theorist Gillo Dorfles observes that kitsch can arise when a work of a given time undergoes changes in taste afterwards, and hence kitsch 'concerns the use of art rather than its creation'. This may well happen when' a single element or a whole work of art is "transferred" from its real status and used for a different purpose from the one for which it was created'. 69 The tuneful parts of Bohème have circulated easily in mass culture, from advertisements to Muzak to pop-chart hits (as in Musetta's Waltz noted earlier). I am not suggesting that this debases the value of the opera, but that it adds a layer of meaning that inflects its operatic ness with the attributes of kitsch. The popular places—those with the memorable tunes that have caught the popular imagination—signify kitsch more than other places. Sentimentality figures in such passages and inheres in the work as well as in its cultural use. Bohème is also linked with kitsch because the opera comes fromthe end of an era, a time when kitsch often materializes. And it self-consciously exploits lyrical melody, a belated feature by the 1890s, to maximize sentiment. This seductive quality furnishes a means of 'aesthetic escapism' that Matei Calinescu identifies as a key element in kitsch, especially from the nineteenth century. 70
Joseph Kerman all but identifies kitsch in Puccini when he addresses belatedness in Opera and Drama. While overly harsh in calling Puccini a 'master of operatic pretension' and his operas 'false through and through', Kerman offers a telling characterization of Bohème: 'La Bohème stays so frankly on the surface that it will never lose its somewhat chlorotic charm.' 71 While the linkage of surface and charm amounts to a modernist stance on Bohème, it gets at the reality behind the broad appeal of the work.
Moonstruck represents a new setting for the opera music as it culls and rearranges material. Does it create kitsch? Does it have a negative impact on the opera? Jeong won Joe and Mike Cormack separately engage related questions for pre-existing Classical music in other films. Both Joe's exploration of Amadeus and Cormack's more general study assert that meanings change when a piece is used in a filmic context, and the effect can be positive. 72 Despite what I have sketched above for kitsch and the reuse of a work, a film setting does not automatically entail a kitsch-like debasing of the source music, unless the particular film imposes kitsch values on the music. In Moonstruck the duality of contrivance and the real thing imprint their stamp on Puccini's music, but they do not create kitsch. Instead, they help affirm kitsch qualities already present in the opera. Of course, Bohème's very transfer into a new medium opens the door to the revelation of added meanings, and [End Page 81] Moonstruck exposes kitsch elements in Bohème that tend to remain below the surface when the actual opera is performed.
The first two Bohème cues, in instrumental arrangement, exude kitsch in their exaggerated emotion and folk-like scoring. The other cues usually appear in a straight or believable emotional environment when we hear them—in other words, the music is consistent with the emotions and events of the plot at the time. But the cues at high points, which recur—especially 'Ah! tu sol comandi' from Act I and the augmented-sixth resolution before 'Addio' from Act III—display the Puccinian 'violinata' effect of excessive instrumental doubling that conveys lush sentimentality. 73 This gives a false sense of fullness and generates utopian desires whose hollowness approaches kitsch. 74 The contrived duality of the film might be likened to the kitsch over-doubling of the melody. Throughout the film, however, all the Bohème cues are surrounded by contrivance: by buffa elements, melodramatic exaggeration, wacky lines, ethnic accents and speech, and ethnic music. This context makes the 'serious' Bohème cues not quite straight, despite the seriousness of the desires set in motion. Some kitsch rubs off on them, or heightens the kitsch already present in the music.
We come back to Kael's statement on Moonstruck cited at the beginning: that its mockery 'is a giddy homage to our desire for grand passion'. The mockery of the film's fiction and the mockery entailed in identifying Bohème's kitsch qualities both become part of our 'desire for grand passion'—part of the reason why kitsch in general endures. As Eugene Goodheart notes, 'There must be something in all of us that wants kitsch, that needs kitsch. . . . It is an appetite which everybody shares.' 75 So even though a statement such as the following by film-music theorist Caryl Flinn rings true—'tasteful people don't buy into, or rather, publicly admit buying into, the ham fisted pining of Rudolfo [sic] for Mimi in La Bohème'—the desire for the pleasures Bohème gives us has a chance to blossom in the dual environment of Moonstruck. 76 By the end, we sense that we have arrived at a new place in our relationship with Puccini's opera and that the journey exposed something questionable in addition to its glories. To paraphrase a line from the script, 'it's a miracle'that Moonstruck can turn kitsch to lovable use. Our desires for that ambivalent cultural phenomenon are beautifully fulfilled in Moonstruck's hommage to La Bohème.
Rice University. Email: [email protected] .
Footnotes
* I am grateful to Robert Yekovich for suggesting I work on Moonstruck and for his great interest in the project as it developed. My thanks also to Helen M. Green wald for thoughtful comments on the essay. To Mark A. Kulstad I owe a special note of appreciation for countless hours of shared viewing and stimulating discussions on the delights of the film. The epigraph is from Pauline Kael, 'Moonstruck: Loony Fugue', review originally in the New Yorker, 25 Jan. 1988; reprinted in Kael, For Keeps: 30 Years at the Movies (New York,1994),1164. All music examples are adapted from the vocal score of La Bohème, no. 115494, arr. Carlo Carignani (Milan: Ricordi, ©1906 and 1917, repr. 1999).
1. Cher won the Oscar for Best Actress (as Loretta), Olympia Dukakis for Best Supporting Actress (as Rose, Loretta's mother), and John Patrick Shanley for Best Screenplay. Shanley's screenplay normally appears very high in the rankings of the best Hollywood screenplays ever written. Director Norman Jewison and the film were both nominated but did not win.
2. Roger Ebert, Review of Moonstruck in Chicago Sun-Times, 15 Jan. 1988 (< www.rogerebert.com >, accessed 24 May 2006).
3. Kael,'Loony Fugue', 1163.
4. La Bohème is the most-performed opera in the Metropolitan Opera's history; see Joseph Volpe, The Toughest Show on Earth: My Rise and Reign at the Metropolitan Opera (New York, 2006), 99.
5. For a study of opera in films steeped in Italian-American culture, see Marcia J. Citron, 'Operatic Style and Structure in Coppola's Godfather Trilogy', Musical Quarterly, 87 (2004), 423-67. In Coppola the operatic elements are different, and are expressed mainly in visual style, pacing, epic qualities, and old-world culture.
6. Claudia Gorbman,'EarsWide Open: Kubrick's Music', in Phil Powrie and Robynn Stilwell (eds.), Changing Tunes: The Use of Pre-Existing Music in Film (Aldershot, 2006), 8. Post-classical is generally defined as beyond the studio era—that is, the 1960s and later.
7. The other cast members areVincent Gardenia (Cosmo), Danny Aiello (Johnny), Feodor Chaliapin (grandpop), Anita Gillette (Mona), Julie Bovasso (Aunt Rita), and Louis Guss (Uncle Raymond).
8. Norman Jewison, on Audio Commentary of Moonstruck DVD,'Deluxe Edition', MGM #14312 (2006).
9. Kathleen Rowe, 'Masculinity and Melodrama in Post classical Romantic Comedy', in her The Unruly Woman: Gender and the Genres of Laughter (Austin, 1995), esp. 201-9.
10. See Peter Franklin, 'Movies as Opera (Behind the Great Divide)', in Jeremy Tambling (ed.), A Night in at the Opera (London, 1994), 77-112.
11. Michel Poizat includes conversations by opera fanatics speaking about scrimping and saving so they can afford to go to the Palais Garnier (before Opé ra Bastille was built), in The Angel 's Cry: Beyond the Pleasure Principle in Opera, trans. Arthur Denner (Ithaca, 1992), 12-28.
12. William Day explores these sexual connections in 'Moonstruck, or How to Ruin Everything', in Kenneth Dauber and Walter Jost (eds.), Ordinary Language Criticism: Literary Thinking after Cavell after Wittgenstein (Evanston, 2003), 315-28.
13. Wayne Koestenbaum, The Queen's Throat: Opera, Homosexuality, and the Mystery of Desire (New York, 1993), and Mitchell Morris, 'Reading as an Opera Queen', in Ruth A. Solie (ed.), Musicology and Difference: Gender and Sexuality in Music Scholarship (Berkeley, 1993), 184-200. For a critique of the effusiveness of the Koestenbaum book, see David J. Levin, 'Is There a Text in This Libido? Diva and the Rhetoric of Contemporary Opera Criticism', in Jeong won Joe and Rose Theresa (eds.), Between Opera and Cinema (New York, 2002), 121-32. Poizat's interviewees also bring up the gay connection: 'Clearly opera is systematically associated with the homosexual world' (The Angel's Cry, 20).
14. Vocal obsession in gay culture forms a major theme of Koestenbaum, The Queen's Throat. The film Diva centres on a voice-obsessed male opera fan, but ignores sexuality; see Levin, 'Is There a Text in This Libido?', esp. 124-9.
15. The former Met general director Joseph Volpe discusses the class structure of Met culture and how ethnic Italian-Americans play no part in it, in The Toughest Show on Earth.
16. The power of red shoes to lure a woman into art is a major theme of the Powell and Press burger film The Red Shoes (1948), where red toe shoes lead to the death of Vicky, the ballerina heroine.
17. Joseph Volpe describes the décor at the Met as 'modernist plush—with acres of red velvet', in The Toughest Show on Earth, 42.
18. DVD Audio Commentary track. The director adds that originally the titles sequence was to show a conductor directing Bohème, but the production team thought that would be boring and would produce 'an artsy-fartsy film'.
19. Words and music by Will Hudson, Eddie DeLange, and Irving Mills, original copyright in 1936, but popularized later in the film Picnic of 1956. Copyright Mills Music and Columbia Pictures Music Corp. ASCAP.
20. Phil Powrie and Robynn Stil well offer a perceptive summary of the implications of the audience's musical knowledge or lack thereof on the impact of pre-existing music in film, in the 'Introduction' of Changing Tunes, pp. xiii-xix. See also the essay by Mike Cormack in the same collection, 'The Pleasures of Ambiguity: Using Classical Music in Film', 19-30.
21. A tarantella figures prominently in the extended wedding tableau that opens The Godfather; see Citron,'Operatic Style and Structure in Coppola's Godfather Trilogy', 426-7.
22. I agree with Anahid Kassabian's contention that Ronny's love for Bohème encourages individuation, that is, separation from his Italian culture, and that the opera does not signify Italian culture in the film. Kassabian believes it signifies New York. While I see connections between the city and the work, I believe the chain of signification is more complex and involves the Met as a particular cultural institution, with certain class associations. See Kassa-bian,'Song struck: Rethinking Identifications in Romantic Comedies', at < www.latrobe.edu.au/screening the past/first release/fr_18/AKfr18a.html >, accessed 10 May 2006. My thanks to the author for informing me of the essay.
23. The page numbers refer to the Ricordi vocal score, arranged by Carlo Carignani, with an English version by William Grist and Percy Pinkerton; copyright 1906 and 1917, repr. 1999 (Ricordi Edition 115494). Three numbers with slashes indicate respectively page, system, and bar. Rehearsal numbers appear in both the vocal score and the full score. The DVD timings refer to the MGM 'Deluxe Edition' DVD.
24. See Rick Altman, The American Film Musical (Bloomington, Ind., 1987), 62-73. For audio dissolve in terms of Francesco Rosi's opera-film Bizet's Carmen, see Citron, Opera on Screen, 196-202.
25. Werner Wolf, The Musicalization of Fiction: A Study in the Theory and History of Intermediality (Amsterdam, 1999), esp. 37-50, which lays out intermediality in general terms that can be applied to any hybrid encounter of media.
26. 'Metadiegetic' was coined by Claudia Gorbman, in Unheard Melodies: Narrative Film Music (Bloomington, Ind., 1987), 22-3. I have not seen the term 'psycho-diegetic' in published literature. It was devised by Alexis L. Witt, a graduate student in musicology at Rice University, in an unpublished paper,'Amadeus, Opera, and the Music of the Mind', for my course 'Opera on Film' in the spring semester of 2006. Wolf 's theory is explained below, and the two terms defined.
27. Gorbman, 'Ears Wide Open', 8.
28. Jewison on DVD Audio Commentary. Jewison's commentary continues: 'And you each have your own arias. But at the end of the film, we will bring you all together, on the stage at the same time, and we will create this incredible crescendo at the end of the film, and it will be a giant crescendo that will just grab everybody.'
29. Wolf, The Musicalization of Fiction, 40.
70. See Calinescu, Five Faces of Modernity, 237.
71. Joseph Kerman, Opera as Drama, rev. edn. (Berkeley, 1988), 208, 211-12.
72. Joe, 'Reconsidering Amadeus', and Cormack, 'The Pleasures of Ambiguity'.
73. The evocative term comes from Robert Winter, who uses it in his music appreciation textbook, Music for our Time (Belmont, Calif., 1992), 454-7.
74. For empty spaces and desires as part of kitsch, see Calinescu, Five Faces of Modernity, 251.
75. Eugene Goodheart, from symposium 'On Kitsch', Salmagundi: A Quarterly of the Humanities and Social Sciences, 85-6 (Winter-Spring 1990), 222.
76. Caryl Flinn, 'Embracing Kitsch: Werner Schroeter, Music, and The Bomber Pilot', in K. J. Donnelly (ed.), Film Music: Critical Approaches (New York, 2001), 130.
Copyright © 2007 The Author
| i don't know |
The first passenger fare-paying railway service was established in which European country in 1807? | March 1807 - What Happened - On This Day
On This Day
What Happened in March 1807
Full Calendar
Mar 2 US Congress bans the slave trade within the US, effective January 1, 1808
Election of Interest
Mar 2 William Cavendish-Bentinck becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom for a second time after the fall of William Grenville 's Whig government
British Prime Minister
Mar 5 1st performance of Ludwig von Beethoven 's 4th Symphony in B
Composer
Ludwig van Beethoven
Mar 25 First fare-paying, passenger railway service in the world established on the Oystermouth Railway in Swansea, Wales.
Mar 25 British Parliament abolishes slave trade throughout the British Empire; a penalty of £120 per slave is introduced for slave ship captains.
Event of Interest
| Wales |
Who played Mike Flaherty, the deputy mayor of New York, in the US television series ‘Spin City’? | Techniques of surface information by the railway authorities
Techniques of surface information by the railway authorities
Published:
Last Edited:
23rd March, 2015
This essay has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers.
Railway Authorities around the globe are investing maximum force and finance in the field of surface inspection to ensure safety and uninterrupted service. The twentieth century saw the emergence of many techniques of surface investigation. These were mostly Non-Destructive Testing and changed the face of surface inspection. Timely and accurate surface inspection can
Prevent serious catastrophic damage.
This thesis deals with the use of NDT focusing mainly on ultrasonic methods of detecting flaws in railway tracks, after a brief overview of a history of railway and the way it has been shaped through different eras. Other NDT methods are reviewed in somewhat detail and compared with the ultrasonic method. Also, through the studies conducting over time and findings of different research papers the benefits and short comings of different ultrasonic techniques are discussed. The devising of new technology for surface inspection is an ongoing process and this thesis also deals with the new upcoming technologies and what the railway authorities and transportation agencies are doing around the globe to make this field better and more effective. The conclusion is based on results derived by the comparison between various methods of NDT.
Introduction
After a number of serious derailment accidents in the twentieth century, Railway Authorities began to doubt the existing surface testing techniques. Thus the century saw the emergence of a whole new array of surface testing techniques which were far more reliable and unfailing than the previously used techniques. These techniques categorized under the broad umbrella of Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) changed the face of Surface testing.
Railway is a huge and ever expanding industrial sector. Any industry this size is bound to face problems regarding maintenance and safety now and then. Railway authorities around the globe are now keener than ever to adopt methodology that will give them quality assurance and fool proof results.
Railroad engineering practice regulations require the inspection of tracks for physical defects on very short intervals. And perhaps by far the most wide spread application of Non Destructive Testing is the inspection of railway tracks.
Non-Destructive testing application in the field of railway finds its origins in 1923. Dr. Elmer Sperry took notice of the increasing number of train derailments which were disastrous and claimed many lives. He reviewed the already existing railway flaw detecting techniques and developed the first rail inspection car. This piece of equipment was designed to detect transverse fissures in the rails. The car successfully detected transverse fissure in the head of a rail which on further investigations was found really faulty. After that Dr. Sperry increased the number in his fleet to ten cars. [ i ]
Many others also joined in the race and during the century countless techniques, each one more innovative and advanced than those preceding it. The NDT techniques are many and are categorized by the technology they use. Most commonly used are the Eddy Current technique and the Ultrasonic technique. In Eddy Current Technique currents are induced in conductors that oppose the change in flux that generates them. It is caused when conductors are exposed to a change in magnetic field due to relative motion of the field source and the conductor; it can also be caused due to variations of the field with time. This causes the electrons to flow in circular direction, or a current, within the body of the conductor. Circulating eddies of current led to creation of induced magnetic fields that oppose the change of the original magnetic field, causing repulsion or dragging forces between the conductor and the magnet. The stronger the applied magnetic field, or the electrical conduction of the conductor, or on the other hand, the faster the field that the conductor is exposed to changes, the greater the currents developed and the greater will be the opposing field.
In ultrasonic method Very short ultra-sonic pulse waves ranging from 0.1 to 15 MHz, occasionally up to 50MHz, are launched into materials to detect internal flaws or to characterize the material. The same technique can also be used to determine the thickness of the material in question. This technique is often performed on metal and alloys, and can be effectively applied to wood, wood composites and even concrete. It is a widely used technique in aerospace, automotive and transport oriented industries.
In this thesis we are reviewing in detail the different sort of techniques that have been used over time for the detection of flaws in rails. In doing there advantaged and disadvantages will also be under discussion. Ultrasonic method being the main focus, all the ultrasonic techniques will be discussed in detail. How and why they are suitable for detection of flaws in rail tracks. Also the short comings they have.
Technology is an ever evolving phenomenon and the future of NDT will also be summarized in this study.
Literary Overview
Introduction
Railroads have provided a great deal of efficiency and economy to passenger and freight transportation. The average train load has become heavier so the infrastructure faces the pressure and discontinuities start forming on the rail tracks. The detection of these flaws effectively has been the number one priority of the railway authorities to ensure and maintain safety standards. The techniques older than NDT were not proving effective and the accidents due to these flaws of railway were claiming lives of Hundreds. NDT techniques have proven most effective yet there are some draw backs associated to them too and the ever going process of the innovation and evolution of technology is bringing about many new methods which are working towards the ensuring of 100% safety.
Transportation authorities around the globe are ever active to bring forward the ground breaking work of researchers in this field.
History of Railway
Every important invention is followed by the further development of innovative technologies needed to preserve and maintain that invention.
The invention and development of the railroad system is one of the most significant events in human history. It changed the face of transportation effecting greatly on industrialization and urbanization.
The history of railway can be traced back as far as 600 BC in form of the Rut way [ ii ] used by Greeks and Romans.
After that we find origins of some primitive railways in the 16 and 17 century in the provinces which have now formed Germany. In the mid-15th century or even a little before that, records of a system called "hunds" are available.
Hunds were hand propelled tubs which went on rails and were used by miners.
The same technology was brought by the German miners to UK in various areas of the Lake District.
During 1603 and 1604 the first railway or wagon way was built with the approximate length of almost 2 miles. It emerged from the mines in Strelley and went up to Wollaton.
Built by Huntingdon Beaumont and was called the Wollaton wagon. He reportedly built three more wagon ways. [ iii ]
The traces of the world's first public railway find their origin in 1798. It was used to carry coal from the out wood are to Lake Lock. [ iv ]
In the 19 century railroads were established all over the world. The establishment of railways in different part of the world is given below in the list [ v ] in chronological order.
1802 The Carmarthenshire Tramroad, later the Llanelly and Mynydd Mawr Railway, located in south west Wales, was established by Act of Parliament.
1803 The first public railway, the Surrey Iron Railway opens in south London.
1804 First steam locomotive railway - Penydarren - built by Richard Trevithick, used to haul iron from Merthyr Tydfil to Abercynon, Wales.
1807 First fare-paying, passenger railway service in the world was established on the Oystermouth Railway in Swansea, Wales. Later this became known as the Swansea and Mumbles Railway although the railway was more affectionately known as "The Mumbles Train" (Welsh: Tren Bach I'r Mwmbwls). The railway survived using various forms of traction until 1960.
1808 The Kilmarnock and Troon Railway was the first railway in Scotland authorized by Act of Parliament and the first in Scotland to use a steam locomotive.
1808 Richard Trevithick sets up a circular steam railway (didn't go anywhere) for the public to experience for 1 shilling each.
1812 First commercial use of steam locomotives on the Middleton Railway, Leeds
1814 George Stephenson constructs his first locomotive, Blücher.
1825 Stephenson's Stockton and Darlington Railway, the first publicly subscribed, adhesion worked railway using steam locomotives, carrying freight from a Colliery to a river port (Passengers were conveyed by horse-drawn carriages).
1827 September 7 - Oldest railway in continental Europe opens between ÄŒeské BudÄ›jovice and Leopoldschlag, (horse-drawn carriages) later extended to Kerschbaum and Linz.
1828 July 4 the Baltimore and Ohio (B&O) begins construction of a track; the Charleston & Savannah commenced construction a few months later.
1828 October, first French railway between Saint-Etienne and Andrézieux (horse-drawn carriage).
1829 George and Robert Stephenson's locomotive, The Rocket, sets a speed record of 47Â km/h (29Â mph) at the Rain hill Trials held near Liverpool.
1830 The Canterbury and Whitstable Railway opens in Kent, England on the 3 May, Engineered by George Stephenson, 3 months before the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. A 5¾ mile line running from Canterbury to the small port and fishing town of Whitstable, approx. 55 miles east of London. Traction was provided by three Stationary Winding Engines, and "INVICTA"; Invicta was an 0-4-0 Loco, built by the Stevenson company, but only operated on a level section of track owing to the fact she produced a meagre 9 hp.
1830 opens with 23 miles of track in the United States with mostly hardwood rail topped with iron. Over 100 railroads are incorporated in New York alone. The Tom Thumb (locomotive) was designed and built by Peter Cooper for the B&O-the first American-built steam locomotive.
1830 The Liverpool and Manchester Railway opens, and the first steam passenger service, primarily locomotive hauled, is started. The line proves the viability of rail transport, and large scale railway construction begins in Britain, and then spreads throughout the world. The Railway age begins.
1831 First Passenger Season tickets issued on the Canterbury and Whitstable Railway.
1832 railway switch patented by Charles Fox
1833 The Great Western Railway Works, near Swindon, England are founded by Isambard Kingdom Brunel
1834 Bavarian Ludwigsbahn, the first German railway line connects Nuremberg and Fürth.
1834 Ireland's first railway, the Dublin and Kingstown Railway (D&KR) opens between Dublin and Kingstown (now Dún Laoghaire), a distance of six miles.
1835 In Belgium a railway was opened on May 5 between Brussels and Mechelen. It was the first railway in continental Europe.
1836, July 21 - First Railway in Canada; it was a 16-mile run between La Prairie, Quebec and Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec.
1837 The first Cuban railway line connects Havana with Bejucal, in 1838 the line reaches Güines. This is also the first railway in Latin America and the Iberian world in general.
1837 Leipzig-Dresden Railway Company opens the first long-distance German railway line connects Leipzig with Althen near Wurzen, in 1839 the line reaches Dresden.
1837 The first Austrian railway line connects Vienna with Wagram, in 1839 the line reaches Brno.
1837 The first rail line in Russia connects Tsarskoye Selo and Saint Petersburg.
1837 The first line in France opens between Le Pecq near the former royal town of Saint-Germain-en-Laye and Embarcadère des Bâtignoles (later to become Gare Saint-Lazare)
1837 Robert Davidson built the first electric locomotive
1838 Edmondson railway ticket introduced.
1839 The first railway in Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Italy, from Naples to Portici.
1839 The first rail line in the Netherlands connects Amsterdam and Haarlem.
1844 The first rail line in Congress Poland is built between Warsaw and Pruszków.
The first Atmospheric Railway, the Dalkey Atmospheric Railway opened for passenger service between Kingstown & Dalkey in Ireland. The line was 3Â km in length & operated for 10Â years.
1845 The first railway line built in Jamaica opened on November 21. The line ran 15Â miles from Kingston to Spanish Town. It was also the first rail line to be built in any of Britain's colonies. The Earl of Elgin, Jamaica's Governor presided over the opening ceremonies, by the late 1860s the line extended 105Â miles to Montego Bay.
1846 James McConnell met with George Stephenson and Archibald Slate at Bromsgrove. It was at this meeting that the idea of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers came about.
1846 The first railway line in Hungary, connects Pest and Vác
1847 First train in Switzerland, the Limmat, on the Spanisch-Brotli-Bahn Railway line.
1851 First train in British India, built by British invention and administration.
1851 Moscow - Saint Petersburg Railway
1852 The first railway in Africa, in Alexandria, Egypt.
1853 Passenger train makes in début in Bombay, India
1853 Indianapolis' Union Station, the first "union station", opened by the Terre Haute and Richmond Railroad, Madison and Indianapolis Railroad, and Bellefontaine Railroad in the United States.
1854 The first railway in Brazil, inaugurated by Peter II of Brazil on April 30 in Rio de Janeiro, built by the Viscount of Maua.[14]
1854 The first railway in Norway. Between Oslo and Eidsvoll.
1854 First railway in Australia. Horse-drawn line from Goolwa to Port Elliot, South Australia.
1854 First steam drawn railway in Australia. Melbourne to Hobson's Bay, Victoria.
1854 The first line in Chile, from Copiapó to Caldera, in Chile.
1855 the Panama Railway with over 50Â miles (80Â km) of track is completed after five years of work across the Isthmus of Panama at a cost of about $8,000,000 dollars and over 6,000 lives-the first 'transcontinental railway'.
1856 The first railway in Papal State, Italy, from Rome to Frascati.
1856 First railway completed in Portugal, linking Lisbon to Carregado.
1857 Steel rails first used in Britain.
1857 The first railway in Argentina, built by Ferrocarril Del Oeste between Buenos Aires and Flores, a distance of 10Â km, was opened to the public on August 30.
1858 Henri Giffard invented the injector for steam locomotives
1862 The Warsaw - Saint Petersburg Railway is opened
1863 First underground railway, the 4 mile (6.2Â km) Metropolitan Railway opened in London. It was powered by adapted steam engines (which condensed the steam to be let out only at particular places with air vents). Gave rise to entire new mode of subterranean urban transit: the Subway/U-Bahn/Metro.
1863 Scotsman Robert Francis Fairlie invents the Fairlie locomotive with pivoted driving bogies, allowing trains to negotiate tighter curves in the track. This innovation proves rare for steam locomotives but is the model for most future diesel and electric locomotives.
1865 Pullman sleeping car introduced in the USA.
| i don't know |
The Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) was formed in which century? | Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) | British sports organization | Britannica.com
Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC)
National Football League (NFL)
Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC), former governing body of cricket , founded in London in 1787. Marylebone soon became the leading cricket club in England and, eventually, the world authority on laws. The MCC headquarters are at Lord’s Cricket Ground in London. The Cricket Council is now the final arbiter in England, as are boards of control in other countries, with the International Cricket Conference exercising advisory jurisdiction over world cricket affairs.
Learn More in these related articles:
in cricket (sport): The early years
The aforementioned Hambledon Club, playing in Hampshire on Broadhalfpenny Down, was the predominant cricket force in the second half of the 18th century before the rise of the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in London. Formed from a cricket club that played at White Conduit Fields, the club moved to Lord’s Cricket Ground in St. Marylebone borough in 1787 and became the MCC and in the following...
in tennis: Origin and early years
...in his booklet “Sphairistiké, or Lawn Tennis,” may have been adopted for patent reasons since it distinguished the court from ordinary rectangular courts. At the time, the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) was the governing body of real tennis, whose rules it had recently revised. After J.M. Heathcote, a distinguished real tennis player, developed a better tennis ball of...
in Lord’s Cricket Ground
headquarters and home ground of the Marylebone Cricket Club, long the world’s foremost cricket organization, and the scene of Test Matches between England and visiting national teams and of matches of the Middlesex County Cricket Club, Oxford versus Cambridge, and Eton versus Harrow. Various cup finals and one-day international matches also take place there. The original Lord’s was established...
| 18th century |
Pan American World Airlines offered the first commercially scheduled Boeing 747 service from John F Kennedy Airport to which British airport in 1970? | Marylebone Cricket Club - iSnare Free Encyclopedia
Marylebone Cricket Club
Current ground occupied since 1814
Home ground:
www.lords.org/mcc
Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) is a cricket club in London, founded in 1787. It owns, and is based at, Lord's in St John's Wood, London NW8. MCC was formerly the governing body of cricket both in England and Wales as well as worldwide. In 1993 many of its global functions were transferred to the International Cricket Council (ICC) and its English governance passed to the Test and County Cricket Board (TCCB) at the same time.
MCC revised the Laws of Cricket in 1788 [1] and continues to reissue them (from time to time), and remains the copyright holder. [2]
Since its foundation, the club has raised its own teams which are essentially occasional and have never taken part in any formal competition. Depending on the quality of the opposition in any given match, MCC teams have held important match status from 1787 to 1894; [3] [4] and official first-class status from 1895. [5] MCC has never played in a List A match.
MCC teams play many matches against minor opposition and, on these occasions, they relinquish their first-class status. Traditionally, to mark the beginning of each English season in April, MCC plays the reigning County Champions at Lord's, this being a first-class match. MCC sides regularly tour overseas to all cricket-playing nations and to developing ones as well, e.g. Afghanistan in 2006, and the club has an extensive fixture list every season throughout Britain, particularly with schools.
Contents
See also: Lord's Cricket Ground and 1787 English cricket season
A plaque in Dorset Square marks the site of the original Lord's Ground and commemorates the founding of the MCC
The exact date of MCC's foundation is lost but seems to have been sometime in the late spring or the summer of 1787. [6] According to Pelham Warner , the White Conduit Club was formed in 1782 as an offshoot from a West End convivial club called the Je-ne-sais-quoi, some of whose members frequented the White Conduit House in Islington and played matches on the neighbouring White Conduit Fields . [7] Many of its members soon became dissatisfied with the surroundings and complained that the site was "too public". [8] They asked Thomas Lord , a professional bowler at the White Conduit, to secure a more private venue within easy distance of London; they guaranteed him against any financial losses. [9] [8] When Lord opened his new ground in May 1787, the White Conduit moved there and soon afterwards renamed themselves as "the Mary-le-bone Club". [6] There was a match at Lord's starting on 30 July 1787 titled Marylebone Cricket Club v White Conduit Club (the scorecard and other details are lost). [10] In 1837, a South v North match was staged at Lord's to commemorate the MCC's Golden Jubilee, Warner describing it as "a Grand Match to celebrate the Jubilee of the Club" and reproducing the full scorecard which can also be seen in Cricket Archive. [11] [12] [6]
From the beginning of the 20th century, MCC organised the England cricket team and, outside of Test matches , the touring England team officially played as "MCC" up to and including the 1976/77 tour of Australia . The England touring team wore the distinctive red and yellow stripes of the Marylebone Cricket Club as their colours for the last time on the tour to New Zealand in 1996/97 .
The true provenance of MCC's colours is (and probably will remain) unknown, but its players often turned out sporting Sky Blue (incidentally the colours of both Eton College and Cambridge University ) (whereas the colours of Harrow School , Winchester College and Oxford University are similar), until well into the 19th century. The club eventually settled on the now well-recognised colours of scarlet and gold, [13] [14] One theory is that MCC adopted these colours from J&W Nicholson & Co 's gin after the company's chairman, MCC benefactor William Nicholson (1825–1909), secured the club's position at Lord's with a loan. [15] Another theory, which chimes with the club's origins, is that MCC borrowed its colours from the livery colours (racing) of a founding patron, Charles Lennox, 4th Duke of Richmond , [16] of Goodwood fame.
Laws of Cricket
Although MCC remains the framer and copyright holder of the Laws of Cricket , this role has increasingly come under pressure as the ICC seeks to exercise control over all aspects of the world game. In recent times the ICC has begun instituting changes to match regulations (e.g., in One Day Internationals (ODIs)) without much consultation with MCC. Also, in moving its location from Lord's to Dubai , the ICC gave a signal of breaking with the past and from MCC, although the lower taxation in Dubai was the official reason given. Changes to the laws of cricket are still made by the MCC. [note 1] Any changes to these laws require a resolution of the MCC committee and must be notified to those members entitled to vote no later than the next Annual General Meeting following the change. (Rule 27). [17]
MCC coaching manuals
Coaching
MCC has long had a deep involvement in coaching the game of cricket. As of 2013 [update] the club's head coach Mark Alleyne heads an extensive operation involving the running of an indoor-cricket school and a team of coaches in England and around the world. MCC produces a coaching manual, the MCC Cricket Coaching Book .
Membership
MCC member in distinctive MCC colours
MCC has 18,000 full members and 6000 associate members. [18] Members have special rights to use the Pavilion and other stands at Lord's for all matches played at the ground.
In order to join the waiting list of candidates for membership one must obtain the vote (of which each full member has one a year) of three members, and the additional sponsorship of a person on the List of MCC Sponsors (which consists of members of all MCC Sub-Committees; MCC Committee; MCC Out-Match Representatives; and the Current, Past, and Designate President). As the demand for membership always outstrips supply each year (i.e., there being just over 400 places in 2005), there continues to be a substantial waiting list for Full Ordinary Membership, currently around 27 years. [19] This waiting list has increased in recent years (up from 18 years in 2006), and is beginning to reflect the 30-year wait which was the norm in the 1920s. There are, however, ways to lessen the time it takes to become a full member: one may qualify as a Playing Member, or Out-Match Member (although this carries none of the privileges of membership, apart from being able to play for the club).
Alternatively, some are awarded Honorary Life Membership. Current Honorary Life Members include Wasim Akram , Mike Atherton , Dickie Bird , Sir Ian Botham , Keith Bradshaw , Aravinda de Silva , Andy Flower , Kumar Sangakkara , Sunil Gavaskar , Rahul Dravid , Sachin Tendulkar , [20] Adam Gilchrist , David Gower , Sir Richard Hadlee , Inzamam-ul-Haq , Rachael Lady Heyhoe-Flint , Nasser Hussain , Glenn McGrath , Sir John Major , Henry Olonga , Barry Richards , Sir Vivian Richards , Sir Garfield Sobers , Hashan Tillakaratne , Michael Vaughan , Shane Warne , Waqar Younis and Mahela Jayawardene . Four members of the British Royal Family are also Honorary Life Members, including The Duke of Edinburgh , The Prince of Wales , and The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge . [21]
The former British Prime Minister David Cameron is a Member. His name was initially put down in 1987, and he passed over for membership as he had lost contact with the club when they offered him Associate membership. When Mr Cameron re-contacted them in 2010 his name would have been on the waiting for long enough to have been offered full membership, which was subsequently offered to him. [22] This is contrary to the normal procedure. For all other candidates, membership is offered when the candidate comes to the top of the waiting list. The candidate then has one month (three months if registered in the books of the club as outside the British Isles) to accept and pay the joining fee and their first annual subscription. Should the candidate fail to do so, the election of that potential member is void and the candidate has to reapply and join the end of the waiting list. [23]
Controversies
The club's members persistently refused to allow female membership well into the 1990s, with club ballots on the change unable to attract the two-thirds majority amongst the membership required for implementation. [24] A 70% majority of members eventually voted to allow female membership in September 1998, so ending 212 years of male exclusivity. Up until this time the Queen , as the club's patron, was the only woman (other than domestic staff) permitted to enter the Pavilion during play. [25] Later five women were invited to join as playing members. [26]
Further controversy occurred in 2005 when the club was criticised (including by a few of its own members) [27] for siding with the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) over the latter's decision to award television rights for Test cricket to British Sky Broadcasting , thus removing Test cricket from terrestrial television. The Secretary & Chief Executive of MCC at the time, Roger Knight , represented the club on the board of the ECB and was party to this controversial and much criticised decision.[ citation needed ] Test cricket had been shown free to viewers on British television for more than half a century.
Another controversy was MCC's decision to allow members and other spectators to continue to bring limited amounts of alcoholic drinks into the ground at all matches. This decision challenged the ICC , which was attempting to implement a ban on this practice at all international matches around the world. MCC has opted to write to the ICC on an annual basis to seek permission for members and spectators to import alcohol into Lord's . No other Ground Authority has thought it necessary to seek permission from the ICC for their members and spectators to import alcohol into their cricket ground, there being money to be made out of selling alcohol themselves.
Given its heritage, MCC continues to participate in the administration of English cricket, and in 2010 offered Lord's as a neutral venue for Pakistan to stage a "home" Test match , as scheduled by the ICC, versus Australia; the club's initial offering was made with the intention that Pakistan, whose terrorist-stricken country had rendered it a no-go area for international cricket, could remain within the international cricketing fold.
The Secretary & Chief Executive of the club has a place on the administrative board of the England and Wales Cricket Board and it is reported that Keith Bradshaw (the outgoing Secretary & Chief Executive) may have been influential in the removal from office of England Coach Duncan Fletcher in April 2007. [28]
In 2012 MCC made headlines over a controversial redevelopment plan, Vision for Lord’s, that would have increased capacity but included construction of residential flats on some of the MCC site. Internal strife over the process of making a decision on the proposal led to the resignation of former prime minister Sir John Major from the main committee. [29] [30]
MCC today
MCC teams continue to play regularly, occasionally still at first-class level. The club has traditionally produced its MCC Coaching manual , a bible for cricket skills, and runs training programmes for young cricketers, including at its Indoor Centre at Lord's.
MCC also continues to tour around England, playing matches against various state and private schools. This tradition has been followed since the 19th century. The club also has a real tennis and a squash court, and active golf , Chess , bridge and backgammon societies.
Often viewed as overly staid and pontifical (i.e. " Establishment "), the club has of late improved its image in the eyes of the public and media, partly because it remains a citadel for tradition in a fast-changing landscape and partly because it has made a concerted move towards image-improvement. "It would be overstating things to claim that the MCC has come full circle," admitted Andrew Miller at the beginning of October 2008, "but at a time of massive upheaval in the world game, the... colours of NW8 have ceased to represent everything that is wrong with cricket, and instead have become a touchstone for those whose greatest fear is the erosion of the game's traditional values." [31]
In April 2008 in Mumbai , the Indian Premier League , viewed by some as the very antithesis of MCC, pledged its allegiance to the club's Spirit of Cricket campaign. Since then, the MCC has embraced and indeed promoted T20 at Lord's.
Up until 2013 the MCC was a private members club (and this meant that it had the status of an unincorporated association ). This status had several limitations. Since an unincorporated association is not a legal entity, it could not own property (such as Lord's Cricket Ground itself) in its own name. It could not sue anybody, or indeed be sued (any legal action had to be taken against the Secretary & Chief Executive personally). In the event that a claim was successful, the committee and even the members themselves would have had to fund any financial shortfall. The club therefore called a Special General Meeting in June 2012 to consider petitioning the Queen in Council to incorporate the club by Royal Charter . [32] The charter would remove many of the barriers and simplify the administration of the club.
Resulting from the petition, in December 2012 the club was granted a Royal charter, two previous attempts having been unsuccessful. As a result, the club became an incorporated association and is now able to hold assets, including the Lord's ground, in its own name instead of via a custodian trustee. It also meant that the individual members, as the club's owners, ceased to have a potential liability should the club ever get into serious financial trouble. [33]
MCC Universities
Since 2005 the MCC has funded six university cricket academies known as the MCC Universities (MCCUs). (Prior to 2010 they were known as the University Centres of Cricketing Excellence (UCCEs).) They are based at Cambridge , Cardiff , Durham , Leeds/Bradford , Loughborough and Oxford , and incorporate a total of thirteen educational establishments. , all six MCCUs have been granted first-class status by the ECB. Each MCCU plays a trio of matches against professional county sides at the beginning of each season, with first-class status conferred on the first two of these matches. [35]
Officers of the Club
Presidents serve a twelve-month term and cannot serve two terms in succession. Each President is required to nominate his successor at the AGM which takes place during his term of office. [36]
The Club Chairman and the Treasurer serve a three-year term. Both are appointed by the committee (but subject to approval of the voting members). Both can serve terms in succession.
The Secretary and Chief Executive is the senior employee of the club and is appointed solely by the MCC committee.
The committee consists of the above officers plus the chairmen of any other committees that may exist at the time of any meeting plus 12 elected members. Elected committee members are appointed for a three-year term. An elected committee member cannot be re-elected upon retirement unless there is a gap of at least one year between terms of office.
Harry Altham , A History of Cricket, Volume 1 (to 1914), George Allen & Unwin, 1962.
Derek Birley , A Social History of English Cricket, Aurum, 1999.
Pelham Warner , Lord's 1787–1945, Harrap, 1946.
Further reading
Rowland Bowen , Cricket: A History of its Growth and Development, Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1970.
G. B. Buckley , Fresh Light on 18th Century Cricket, Cotterell, 1935
G. B. Buckley , Fresh Light on pre-Victorian Cricket, Cotterell, 1937
David Frith , The Golden Age of Cricket 1890-1914, Lutterworth, 1978.
Stephen Green, Lord's, Cathedral of Cricket The History Press Ltd, 2003.
Arthur Haygarth , Scores & Biographies, Volume 1 (1744–1826), Lillywhite, 1862.
John Major , More Than A Game, HarperCollins, 2007.
Jonathan Rice, Presidents of MCC, Methuen Publishing, 2006.
Graeme Wright, Wisden at Lord's, Wisden, 2005.
External links
| i don't know |
What is the title of the first number one hit released by the Tamla Motown record label? | History - Classic Motown
History
Store
Berry Gordy Receives $800 Loan
Berry Gordy Jr. launches Tamla Records with an $800 loan from the Gordy family savings fund, and releases Marv Johnson’s “Come To Me.”
Read more
Birth Of The Motortown Revue
The “Gordy Star Attractions Show” makes its debut, featuring the Miracles, Marv Johnson and Mable John, among others.
Read more
Home Of The Hits On West Grand Blvd.
Berry Gordy buys a two-story house at 2648 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, and puts up a sign to signal his intentions: Hitsville U.S.A.
Read more
'Bad Girl' Makes Good With Chess
The Miracles’ “Bad Girl,” written by Berry Gordy and William “Smokey” Robinson, is released under license to Chess Records.
Read more
Money (That's What I Want)
First released on Tamla Records, Barrett Strong’s “Money (That’s What I Want)” is a hit when nationally distributed by Anna Records.
Read more
Mary Wells' Debut Single
"Bye Bye Baby" is the debut Motown single by 17-year-old Mary Wells, who wrote the song herself.
Read more
Marvin Gaye signs to Motown
After singing with the Moonglows, Marvin Gaye moves to Detroit and, through group leader Harvey Fuqua’s contacts, joins Motown.
Read more
The Miracles' First National Hit
The Miracles’ first national hit, “Shop Around” is released, after Berry Gordy summons the Miracles to the studio at 3 a.m. to re-record the song.
Read more
The Supremes Sign To Motown
The Supremes sign to Motown, with their first 45 on the Tamla label, “I Want A Guy,” released in March.
Read more
Motown Sign Little Stevie Wonder
Berry Gordy signs Little Stevie Wonder after an impressive audition at Hitsville by the 11-year-old, playing several instruments.
Read more
The Temptations' Debut Single
“Oh Mother Of Mine,” the Temptations’ debut for Motown Records, is issued on the company’s Miracle label.
Read more
Motown's First No. 1
Motown ends the year with its first No. 1 on the pop charts: “Please Mr. Postman” by the Marvelettes.
Read more
First Holland/Dozier/ Holland Teamwork
Motown issues “Dearest One” by Lamont Dozier, his first song written with Eddie and Brian Holland.
Read more
First Top 20 Single For Gordy Label
The Gordy label gains its first Top 20 success with “Do You Love Me” by the Contours.
Read more
The Motortown Revue Begins
The first “Motortown Revue” package tour of more than two dozen cities begins in Washington, DC.
Read more
Marvin Gaye Enters The Charts
Marvin Gaye has his first Top 50 pop hit with “Stubborn Kind Of Fellow.”
Read more
Holland/Dozier/ Holland Chart Success
The Marvelettes’ “Locking Up My Heart” is released to become an early chart success for the Holland/Dozier/Holland team.
Read more
The Four Tops Sign To Motown
The Four Tops sign to Motown, and begin recording in Studio A at Hitsville.
Read more
The 12 Year Old Genius
Little Stevie Wonder’s The 12 Year Old Genius Recorded Live is Motown’s first No. 1 album, as “Fingertips – Pt. 2” tops the Hot 100.
Read more
Motown Signs U.K. License Deal
Motown kicks off its new U.K. license deal with EMI Records with the release of Martha & the Vandellas’ “Heat Wave”.
Read more
Motown launches Soul label
Motown launches its Soul label with Shorty Long’s “Devil With The Blue Dress” whilst Jimmy Ruffin and Jr. Walker & The All Stars join the roster.
Read more
My Guy Tops The Beatles
“My Guy” by Mary Wells becomes Motown’s fourth No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 and the company's first major U.K. hit.
Read more
The Supremes' Chart Success
The Supremes begin their run of five consecutive No. 1 hits with “Where Did Our Love Go”.
Read more
Smokey Pens My Girl
The Temptations get together with Smokey Robinson at Hitsville’s Studio A to record a new song, “My Girl.”
Read more
Tamla Motown U.K. Tour
The Tamla Motown label is launched in the U.K., while Martha & the Vandellas, Stevie Wonder, the Miracles and the Supremes begin touring England, Scotland and Wales.
Read more
Motown's 10th No. 1
The Four Tops achieve Motown Records’ tenth No. 1 with “I Can’t Help Myself (Sugar Pie, Honey Bunch).”
Read more
The Supremes' debut at Copacabana
The Supremes make their triumphant debut at New York’s Copacabana nightclub.
Read more
Brenda opens for the Beatles
Brenda Holloway opens for the Beatles at the group’s historic concert at Shea Stadium, New York.
Read more
Temptin' Temptations hits the charts
Temptin’ Temptations is the first of the group’s two Top 20 albums this year; the second is Gettin’ Ready.
Read more
Marvin Gaye At The Copa
The latest Motown star to play New York’s Copacabana is Marvin Gaye.
Read more
The Four Tops Hit No.1
The Four Tops’ “Reach Out I’ll Be There” is No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100.
Read more
The Temptations Enter the Top 10, Again
Motown takes its thirteenth Top 10 pop hit of the year with the Temptations’ “(I Know) I’m Losing You.”
Read more
Stevie's Back On Track
Motown releases Stevie Wonder’s “I Was Made To Love Her” to become his biggest hit since “Fingertips – Pt. 2.”
Read more
Presenting Diana Ross & The Supremes
“Reflections” is the first release to feature new billing for Motown’s prime attraction: Diana Ross & the Supremes.
Read more
Motown's Chart Triumph
Motown takes ten of Billboard’s top 100 best-selling albums, including Diana Ross & the Supremes’ Greatest Hits at No. 1.
Read more
I Heard It Through The Grapevine
Gladys Knight & the Pips’ “I Heard It Through The Grapevine” is No. 1 on the R&B best-sellers and No. 2 on the pop charts.
Read more
First Motown No.1 Album in the U.K.
The Four Tops’ Greatest Hits takes the top slot in the U.K. from the Beatles’ Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band.
Read more
Motown HQ Moves
Motown Record Corp. officially opens its new Detroit headquarters in downtown’s Woodward Avenue, moved from West Grand Boulevard.
Read more
The Jackson 5 Audition, Dennis Edwards Joins The Temps
The Jackson 5 audition for Motown, and the Temptations gain a new lead singer.
Read more
Motown Take Half the Top 10
Motown takes half the Top 10 of the Billboard Hot 100, including the Top 3 with Marvin Gaye, Stevie Wonder and Diana Ross & the Supremes.
Read more
Marvin Sits On The Top Spot
America’s No. 1 single this entire month is “I Heard It Through The Grapevine” by Marvin Gaye.
Read more
Motown earns its first Grammy® award with the Temptations’ “Cloud Nine.”
Read more
The Jackson 5 Are Unveiled
Motown throws a launch party in Los Angeles for the Jackson 5, and unveils its new rock label, Rare Earth, in Detroit.
Read more
Diana To Leave The Supremes
Billboard reports Motown’s announcement that Diana Ross will leave the Supremes for a solo career, with Jean Terrell to join the “new” Supremes.
Read more
Diana Ross & the Supremes play their final show together at the Frontier Hotel, Las Vegas.
Read more
The Jackson 5 Are On A Roll
With “I Want You Back,” the Jackson 5 score the first of four consecutive No. 1 hits this year.
Read more
Tamla Motown Invades the U.K. Charts
Tamla-Motown takes a quarter of the U.K. Top 20 with hits by Edwin Starr, the Temptations, the Four Tops, Diana Ross and Jimmy Ruffin.
Read more
Motown's Seventh No.1 Of The Year
Motown triumphs with its seventh No.1 of the year on the Billboard Hot 100 with Smokey Robinson & the Miracles’ “The Tears Of A Clown.”
Read more
Motown Wins Its 2nd Grammy®
Motown wins its second-ever Grammy® award, for Dr. Martin Luther King’s album, Why I Oppose The War In Vietnam.
Read more
What's Going On
One of Motown’s greatest music milestones, Marvin Gaye’s What’s Going On album, is released.
Read more
MoWest Scores A Chart Hit
Motown's new L.A.-based label, MoWest, has its first chart entry with Tom Clay's "What The World Needs Now Is Love/Abraham, Martin and John".
Read more
The Jackson 5 Become TV Stars
Motown’s latest TV stars are the Jackson 5, front and center in their own special, Goin’ Back To Indiana, and a cartoon series, The Jackson 5ive.
Read more
The Commodores' Debut
The Commodores’ debut Motown single, “The Zoo (The Human Zoo),” is released on the MoWest label.
Read more
Marvin Performs What's Going On
Marvin Gaye performs What’s Going On in its entirety at the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C.
Read more
Stevie Opens for The Rolling Stones
Stevie Wonder kicks off a 50-date itinerary opening for the Rolling Stones, and the Jackson 5 begin a nationwide summer tour in New York.
Read more
Smokey's Final Performance With The Miracles
Smokey Robinson & the Miracles play their final concerts together in Washington, D.C.
Read more
The Temptations Take 3 Grammy® Awards
Motown’s 30th No. 1 hit, “Papa Was A Rollin’ Stone” by the Temptations, takes three Grammy® awards.
Read more
Diana's First Solo No.1 Album
Diana Ross scores her first solo No. 1 album with the soundtrack from Lady Sings The Blues, in which she plays the late jazz singer, Billie Holiday.
Read more
Stevie Wonder Releases Innervisions
Stevie Wonder’s Innervisions album is released, three days before the musician is involved in a traumatic auto accident in North Carolina.
Read more
Marvin's First No. 1 in 4 Years
“Let’s Get It On” by Marvin Gaye is his first No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 since “I Heard It Through The Grapevine.”
Read more
Stevie Wonder Wins 5 Grammys®
Stevie Wonder is honoured with five Grammy® awards, including Album of the Year for Innervisions, and two for “Superstition.”
Read more
'Diana Ross Month'
Motown declares this to be “Diana Ross Month,” with her new album, Live At Caesar’s Palace, at its centerpiece.
Read more
Jimmy Ruffin Returns To U.K. Top 10
Jimmy Ruffin’s 1966 smash, “What Becomes Of The Brokenhearted,” is a U.K. Top 10 hit for the second time.
Read more
Fulfillingness' First Finale Hits No.1
Motown is No. 1 on the album charts once more, with Stevie Wonder’s Fulfillingness’ First Finale.
Read more
Stevie Cleans Up At The Grammys®
Stevie Wonder makes a second consecutive sweep of the Grammy® awards, this time with Fulfillingness’ First Finale.
Read more
A Quiet Storm
Smokey Robinson’s third solo album, A Quiet Storm, is released, later to inspire an entire music radio format.
Read more
The Commodores Enter The Top 20
“Slippery When Wet” becomes the Commodores’ first Top 20 success on the Billboard Hot 100 as the group’s popularity grows.
Read more
Mahogany Opens In New York
Diana Ross’ second feature film, Mahogany, directed by Berry Gordy, opens in New York.
Read more
Motown Embraces Disco
Disco rules. Among the winners are the Miracles ("Love Machine") and Diana Ross ("Love Hangover"), both with No. 1 hits.
Read more
The Supremes' Final Top 40 Hit
The Supremes enjoy their final Top 40 hit on the pop charts with “I’m Gonna Let My Heart Do The Walking.”
Read more
Marvin Sells Out Royal Albert Hall
Marvin Gaye performs his first-ever concerts in the U.K., selling out London’s Royal Albert Hall and adding a show at the London Palladium.
Read more
Stevie's Songs In The Key Of Life Tops The Charts
Stevie Wonder’s Songs in The Key of Life begins a 14-week run at the top of the Billboard album charts.
Read more
Stevie's Fifth No.1
Stevie Wonder’s “I Wish” becomes his fifth No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100, and Motown’s 40th.
Read more
Thelma Houston Sets A Motown First
“Don’t Leave Me This Way” by Thelma Houston is the first Motown single to reach No. 1 on the pop, R&B and dance charts.
Read more
Marvin's Live At The London Palladium Climbs The Charts
Marvin’s Live At The London Palladium climbs into the Top 3 of the album charts as “Got To Give It Up” heads for No. 1.
Read more
The Supremes Perform Their Last Concert
The Supremes – Mary Wilson, Susaye Greene, Scherrie Payne – perform their last concert together, at London’s Theatre Royal.
Read more
Rick James' Breakthrough
Rick James’ first Motown album, Come Get It, is released, featuring his breakthrough hit, “You And I.”
Read more
The Commodores' First No.1
“Three Times A Lady,” written by Lionel Richie, is the first No. 1 on the pop charts for the Commodores.
Read more
Motown Premieres The Wiz
Motown Productions premieres its newest movie, The Wiz, starring Diana Ross and co-starring Michael Jackson and Richard Pryor.
Read more
Marvin Releases Here, My Dear
Here, My Dear, Marvin Gaye’s emotional farewell to his first wife, Anna, is released.
Read more
Pops We Love You
Diana Ross, Marvin Gaye, Stevie Wonder and Smokey Robinson hit the charts with their four-way tribute to Berry Gordy’s late father, “Pops We Love You.”
Read more
Rick James Lends A Hand
Teena Marie is Motown’s newest hitmaker as “I’m Just A Sucker For Your Love,” written and produced by Rick James, debuts on the R&B charts.
Read more
Bonnie Pointer Brings Back A Classic
A Motown hit from the 1960s returns to the limelight as Bonnie Pointer’s update of “Heaven Must Have Sent You” reaches the Top 20.
Read more
Stevie Performs His First Movie Soundtrack
Stevie Wonder performs music from his first movie soundtrack, Journey Through The Secret Life of Plants, at New York’s Metropolitan Opera House.
Read more
Motown's Newest Success: Billy Preston & Syreeta
Motown’s newest international success is “With You I’m Born Again” by Billy Preston & Syreeta, a Top 3 hit in the UK.
Read more
The Temptations Are Chartbound Once More
Re-signed to Motown, the Temptations are chartbound once more with “Power,” co-written and co-produced by Berry Gordy.
Read more
Jermaine Jackson Gets Serious
Jermaine Jackson has a new Top 10 hit with “Let’s Get Serious,” written and produced by Stevie Wonder.
Read more
A Tribute To Bob Marley
A tribute to reggae godfather Bob Marley, “Master Blaster (Jammin’)” becomes Stevie Wonder’s 22nd Top 10 smash.
Read more
Marvin Releases His Final Album For Motown
Marvin Gaye’s final album for Motown, In Our Lifetime, is released.
Read more
Motown Celebrates Smokey's Success
Motown kicks off a year-long celebration of Smokey Robinson’s 25th anniversary in showbiz, following his biggest-ever solo hit, “Being With You.”
Read more
Rick James Storms The Charts
Street Songs by Rick James hits the Top 5 of the album charts, going on to sell more than three million copies.
Read more
Diana & Lionel Love, Endlessly
Diana Ross & Lionel Richie’s “Endless Love” begins its nine-week run at No. 1 to become one of Motown’s all-time top-selling singles.
Read more
Stevie Prepares His Original Musiquarium I
Motown announces that Stevie Wonder has re-signed with the company, and prepares the release of his Original Musiquarium I set.
Read more
Gordy Co-Produces A Hit For Charlene
Charlene’s “I’ve Never Been To Me,” co-produced by Berry Gordy, is a Top 3 success, almost five years after its first release.
Read more
The New Hitmakers: The Dazz Band
The Dazz Band are Motown’s newest hitmakers as “Let It Whip” becomes a Top 5 smash on the pop charts.
Read more
Lionel Pens His First Solo Hit
The first single from Lionel Richie’s latest album, “Truly” is his first No. 1 as a solo singer/songwriter.
Read more
Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever
An NBC-TV special, Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever, celebrates the artists and music of the company’s extraordinary quarter-century.
Read more
| Please Mr. Postman |
Which country’s football team did Germany beat in the 2002 FIFA World Cup semi-final? | The 25 Best Motown Tracks :: Music :: Lists :: motown :: Page 1 :: Paste
The 25 Best Motown Tracks
By Bonnie Stiernberg | January 12, 2012 | 9:09am
Share Tweet Submit Pin
It was 53 years ago today that Berry Gordy borrowed $800 from some relatives and founded Tamla Records, a small Detroit label that would eventually lead to Motown Records.
We’re so thankful that his family was able to spot him the cash, because without Motown, the musical landscape as we know it today wouldn’t be the same. To honor the legendary label, we’re counting down 25 of its essential tracks. Grab some pals, don some matching suits, dust off your finest choreography and check ‘em out below.
But first, a few ground rules: 1. These are all songs that were actually released by Motown Records—similar-sounding artists on labels like Atlantic, Chess, Stax and Phillies Records, while fabulous in their own right, don’t count. 2. We tried to limit ourselves to no more than four songs per artist. Sorry if your favorite Marvin Gaye track didn’t make the cut; be sure to let us know what we left out in the comments section below.
25. “Bernadette” — The Four Tops (1967)
The passion in frontman Levi Stubbs’ vocals is palpable, but in case you didn’t pick up on it, he drives it home with the line “You mean more to me than a woman was ever meant to be.”
24. “What Becomes of the Brokenhearted” — Jimmy Ruffin (1966)
Is it a little overwrought? Sure. Is it still one of the best pop songs ever recorded? You bet.
23. “Money (That’s What I Want)” — Barrett Strong (1959)
The very first hit record for the Motown empire (and arguably one of its most influential), this ditty went on to be covered by a little, up-and-coming British bands like The Beatles and
The Rolling Stones .
22. “Please Mr. Postman” — The Marvelettes (1961)
Girl-group perfection, this song took The Marvelettes to the top of the charts right out of the gate. Fun fact: On drums is none other than Marvin Gaye .
21. “War” — Edwin Starr (1969)
Starr was given the chance to record this snarly, iconic protest song after it was decided that it was too controversial for The Temptations. After the track hit number one, The Temptations’ decidedly less gritty version was released, but by then, Starr’s take had already cemented its status as the definitive version.
20. “My Guy” — Mary Wells (1964)
Smokey Robinson penned this one from the female perspective, and it went on to be one of Motown’s most recognizable songs—and sadly, Wells’ last big hit.
19. “The Tears of a Clown” — Smokey Robinson & The Miracles (1967)
Stevie Wonder wrote the music for this song, but he went to Robinson for help with the lyrics. Robinson remarked that it “sounded like a circus,” and the rest, as they say, is history.
18. “Dancing in the Street” — Martha and the Vandellas (1964)
As much as we love David Bowie and Mick Jagger, the fact that their ridiculous cover of this has nearly twice as many YouTube views as the classic original is an absolute crime.
17. “Fingertips Part 2” — Little Stevie Wonder (1963)
Stevie Wonder was just 12 years old when he recorded what would go on to become one of the first live songs to hit number one, making him the youngest person in history to top the Billboard Hot 100. What did you do when you were 12?
16. “Baby Love” — The Supremes (1964)
The iconic Motown girl group is in classic form on this track, with Diana Ross leading the way over footstomps and some killer background vocals.
15. “You Really Got a Hold On Me” — Smokey Robinson & The Miracles (1962)
Everyone from The Beatles to She & Him has covered this track, but no one can touch the original.
| i don't know |
A Stableford is a scoring system in which sport? | Stableford - YouTube
Stableford
Want to watch this again later?
Sign in to add this video to a playlist.
Need to report the video?
Sign in to report inappropriate content.
The interactive transcript could not be loaded.
Loading...
Rating is available when the video has been rented.
This feature is not available right now. Please try again later.
Published on Oct 29, 2014
Stableford is a scoring system used in the sport of golf. Rather than counting the total number of strokes taken, as in stroke play, it involves scoring points based on the number of strokes taken at each hole. Unlike traditional scoring methods, where the aim is to have the lowest score, under Stableford rules, the objective is to have the highest score.
The Stableford system was developed by Dr. Frank Barney Gorton Stableford (1870–1959), to deter golfers from giving up on their round after just one or two bad holes. It was first used informally at the Glamorganshire Golf Club, Penarth, Wales, in 1898, and first used in competition at Wallasey Golf Club in Wallasey, England, in 1932.
This video is targeted to blind users.
Attribution:
Article text available under CC-BY-SA
Creative Commons image source in video
Category
| Golf |
Trypanophobia is the irrational fear of which medical procedure? | How it works: Stableford format
How it works: Stableford format
July 28, 2014
Gary Woodland scored a record 44 points to win last year's Barracuda Championship. (Stephen Dunn/Getty Images)
This week's Barracuda Championship is the only PGA TOUR event that uses the Modified Stableford scoring format, which encourages aggressive play. Combine the format with Reno's altitude -- which allows the ball to travel farther -- and fans can expect to see plenty of birdies.
Unlike traditional scoring methods, where the aim is to have the lowest score, the objective in a Modified Stableford tournament is to have the highest score. Gary Woodland set a scoring record last year at +44 points.
Modified Stableford awards points based on the number of strokes taken at each hole. Scoring at the 2014 Barracuda Championship will look like this:
• Double Eagle: 8 points
• Bogey: -1 point
• Double Bogey or more: -3 points
Stableford scoring rewards risk-taking on the golf course because a birdie is twice as rewarding (2 points) as a bogey is punitive (-1). Eagles offer huge payoffs (5 points) and the worst a player could possibly do would be a double bogey (-3 points) at which point he could pick up his ball and carry on to the next hole. Those golfers who make a few bogeys but also make a lot of birdies or eagles are more likely to be atop the leaderboards.
The Barracuda Championship will still offer 300 FedExCup points and a purse of $3 million.
PREVIOUS
| i don't know |
Who wrote the novel ‘The Da Vinci Code’? | The Official Website of Dan Brown
Dan Brown Launches Inferno Experience
Robert Langdon needs your help. Are you up to the task?
Sony Entertainment, Google, and Dan Brown have teamed up to create puzzles for a three-week online experience, The Inferno Journey Through Hell. In it, players assist Robert Langdon in solving three puzzles per week that relate to Dante's Inferno. Dan calls the game "a plunge into the depths of hell using the Seven Deadly Sins as the ladder."
Visit Journey Through Hell to uncover the mystery...and enter for a chance to win a trip to Italy.
To learn more about the film, check out this article from USA Today .
To stay up-to-date on the latest Dan Brown News, stay tuned to Dan's Facebook , Instagram , and Twitter pages.
Dan Brown Announces New Novel
Available September 26, 2017, the new novel, Origin, thrusts Robert Langdon into the dangerous intersection of humankind’s two most enduring questions.
Global publishing phenomenon Dan Brown, author of the #1 international blockbusters Inferno and The Da Vinci Code, has written his latest Robert Langdon thriller titled Origin. Doubleday will release the novel in the U.S. and Canada on September 26, 2017 and it will also be available as an ebook and an audiobook from Penguin Random House Audio. Origin will be published simultaneously in the U.K. by Transworld Publishers, a division of Penguin Random House. Additionally, a U.S. Spanish language edition will be published by Vintage Español. The announcement was made today by Sonny Mehta, Chairman and Editor-in-Chief of the Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. Jason Kaufman, Vice President and Executive Editor at Doubleday, will edit the novel.
In keeping with his trademark style, Brown interweaves codes, science, religion, history, art and architecture into this new novel. Origin thrusts Harvard symbologist Robert Langdon into the dangerous intersection of humankind’s two most enduring questions, and the earth-shaking discovery that will answer them.
There are more than 200 million copies of Dan Brown’s books in print worldwide, and his novels have been translated into 56 languages.
To learn more, stay tuned to Dan's Facebook , Instagram , and Twitter pages.
Inferno Vlog#4 - Locations
Go on location with the cast and crew of Inferno as they give you a glimpse of the historic locations behind Langdon's latest adventure.
Go on location with the cast and crew of Inferno as they give you a glimpse of the historic locations behind Langdon's latest adventure.
The film hits theaters internationally starting October 12th, followed by the U.S. premiere on October 28th.
To stay up to date on the latest Inferno movie news, visit Dan's Facebook Page or the Movie's Official Twitter Page .
Inferno Vlog#3 - Langdon's Superpower
Robert Langdon’s superpower? Eidetic memory. Ron Howard discusses Langdon’s memory loss in this Vlog for the Inferno movie.
Tom Hanks takes you behind the scenes to talk about Robert Langdon's superpower, eidetic memory, in today's vlog for the Inferno movie.
The film hits theaters in internationally starting October 12th and in the U.S. on October 28th. To stay up to date on the latest Inferno movie news, visit Dan's Facebook Page or the Movie's Official Twitter Page .
Dan discusses The Da Vinci Code - Young Adult Edition
For more on what it is and why we believe in the importance of reaching young readers, watch this clip from an interview with Dan.
The YA edition of The Da Vinci Code is available internationally. For more on what it is and why we believe in the importance of reaching young readers, watch this clip from an interview with Dan.
Inferno Vlog#2 - Zobrist's Manifesto
Dan and Ron take you behind the scenes to give you a glimpse of Zobrist's Manifesto.
In the word's of Bertrand Zobrist, “It has always been this way. Death is followed by birth. To reach paradise, man must pass through inferno." Take a look behind the scenes, as Dan Brown and Ron Howard give you a glimpse of Zobrist's Manifesto.
The film hits theaters internationally starting October 12th, followed by the U.S. premiere on October 28th.
To stay up to date on the latest Inferno movie news, visit Dan's Facebook Page or the Movie's Official Twitter Page .
Inferno Vlog#1 - Cerca Trova
Discover the heartbeat behind the film in this behind the scenes video.
Go behind the scenes of the Inferno Movie and find out what the cast, crew, and creators of the film have to say about Cerca Trova.
The film hits theaters internationally starting October 12th, followed by the U.S. premiere on October 28th.
To stay up to date on the latest Inferno movie news, visit Dan's Facebook Page or the Movie's Official Twitter Page .
The full trailer for Inferno is now available online!
We are thrilled to share the full trailer for the Inferno Movie.
The world’s greatest mind faces his greatest challenge. The film hits theaters in the U.S. on October 28th, with an international rollout starting October 12th.
To stay up to date on the latest Inferno movie news, visit Dan's Facebook Page or the Movie's Official Twitter Page .
Inferno
When Langdon wakes up in an Italian hospital with amnesia, he teams up with Sienna Brooks, a doctor he hopes will help him recover his memories. Together, they race across Europe and against the clock to stop a madman from unleashing a global virus that would wipe out half of the world’s population.
http://www.sonypictures.com/movies/inferno/
When Langdon wakes up in an Italian hospital with amnesia, he teams up with Sienna Brooks, a doctor he hopes will help him recover his memories. Together, they race across Europe and against the clock to stop a madman from unleashing a global virus that would wipe out half of the world’s population.
W0ITh17ClnM
Uncovering evidence of the resurgence of an ancient secret brotherhood known as the Illuminati also uncovers a deadly threat to the existence of the secret organization’s most despised enemy: the Catholic Church.
http://www.sonypictures.com/movies/angelsdemons/
The team behind the global phenomenon The Da Vinci Code returns for the highly successful Angels & Demons , based upon the bestselling novel by Dan Brown. Tom Hanks reprises his role as Harvard religious expert Robert Langdon, who once again finds that forces with ancient roots are willing to stop at nothing, even murder, to advance their goals. Ron Howard again directs the film, which is produced by Brian Grazer, Ron Howard, and John Calley. The screenplay is by Akiva Goldsman and David Koepp. Featuring Tom Hanks, Ewan McGregor, Ayelet Zurer, Stellan Skarsgård, Pierfrancesco Favino, Nikolaj Lie Kaas and Armin Mueller-Stall.
ArdNQUUcZOM
It begins with a spectacular murder in the Louvre Museum. All clues point to a covert religious organization that will stop at nothing to protect a secret that threatens to overturn 2,000 years of accepted dogma.
http://www.sonypictures.com/movies/thedavincicode/
Dan Brown's international bestseller comes alive in the film The Da Vinci Code , directed by Ron Howard with a screenplay by Akiva Goldsman. Featuring Tom Hanks as symbologist Robert Langdon and Audrey Tautou as cryptologist Sophie Neveu, this heart-racing quest to solve a bizarre murder mystery takes them from France to England and behind the veil of a mysterious ancient society, where they discover a secret protected since the time of Christ. With first-rate performances by Sir Ian McKellen, Alfred Molina and Jean Reno, critics are calling The Da Vinci Code "involving" and "intriguing," "a first rate thriller." Also featuring Jürgen Prochnow and Paul Bettany. Produced by John Calley and Brian Grazer.
pc5d24lom8I
| Dan Brown |
A diamondback is what type of creature? | The Da Vinci Code (Book) | The Dan Brown Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
The Da Vinci Code (Book)
71pages on
The Lost Symbol
"The Da Vinci Code is simply an entertaining story that promotes spiritual discussion and debate and suggests that the Book may be used to "as a positive catalyst for introspection and exploration of our faith". -Dan Brown.
The Da Vinci Code is the 2003 novel written by Dan Brown . It follows Harvard professor and symbologist Robert Langdon and the gifted French cryptologist Sophie Neveu as they investigate a murder in Paris' Louvre Museum. They are stunned to discover bizarre riddles that lead them to a trail of clues hidden in the works of Leonardo da Vinci, seemingly left by the museum's late curator, Jacques Saunière minutes before his death. Their race to discover the closely guarded secret held by Saunière uncovers a battle between the Priory of Sion and Opus Dei over the possibility of Jesus having been married to Mary Magdalene.
The title of the novel refers to, among other things, the fact that the Saunière is found in the Grand Gallery of the Louvre, naked and posed like Leonardo da Vinci's famous drawing, the Vitruvian Man, with a cryptic message written beside his body and a pentacle drawn on his chest in his own blood.
The novel explores the theory that the Merovingian kings of France were descended from the bloodline of Jesus Christ and Mary Magdalene. The book has markedly provoked a popular interest in speculation concerning the Holy Grail legend and Magdalene's role in the history of Christianity. Critics often point to the fact that these ideas are derived from Clive Prince's The Templar Revelation (1997) and books by Margaret Starbird. The book also refers to The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail (1982) though Dan Brown has stated that it was not used as research material.
Contents
Edit
In the Louvre , a monk of Opus Dei named Silas , who is working on behalf of someone known only as the Teacher , apprehends Jacques Saunière , the museum’s curator, and demands to know where the Holy Grail is. Under the Teacher's orders, Silas aims to discover the location of the "keystone," an item crucial to the search for the Holy Grail. After Saunière tells him, Silas shoots him and leaves him to die. However, Saunière lied to Silas about the Grail’s true location and realizes that he has only a few minutes to live and that he must pass on his important secret. He subsequently undresses, paints a pentacle on his stomach and draws a circle with his blood, before dragging himself into the center of the circle, re-creating the position of Da Vinci’s Vitruvian Man. He also leaves a code, a line of numbers, and two lines of text on the ground in invisible ink.
A police detective, Jerome Collet , calls Harvard professor and symbologist, Robert Langdon , and asks him to come to the Louvre to try to interpret the scene. Langdon does not yet realize that he himself is suspected of the murder.
After murdering Saunière, Silas calls the “ Teacher ” and tells him that, according to Saunière, the keystone is in the Church of Saint-Sulpice in Paris. The Teacher sends Silas there.
As Langdon arrives at the crime scene, Police Captain Bezu Fache tells him that he was summoned to help the police decode the cryptic message Saunière left during the final minutes of his life. The code that Saunière left written, is the Fibonacci sequence, apparently out of order. Langdon explains to Fache that Saunière was a leading authority in the subject of goddess artwork and that the pentacle Saunière drew in his own blood represents an allusion to the goddess and not "devil worship", as Fache believes.
As Langdon and Fache are discussing this, Sophie Neveu , an agent of the department of cryptology, arrives at the crime scene and tells Fache that she had worked out the code and also tells Langdon that he must call the U.S Embassy. When Langdon calls the number Sophie gave him, he reaches her answering service. The message warns Langdon that he is in danger, should not react to the message and should meet Sophie in the bathroom at the Louvre.
In the bathroom, Sophie tells Langdon that she is Saunière's estranged granddaughter and that Fache thinks Langdon is the murderer, because of the note her grandfather left saying to "find Robert Langdon," which she says Fache had erased prior to Langdon's arrival. She also believes that the last line in the secret message, “P.S. Find Robert Langdon,” was her grandfather’s way of alerting her: P.S. are the initials of her grandfather’s nickname for her, Princesse Sophie. She throws the device out the window onto a passing truck in bar of soap, tricking the police into thinking that Langdon has escaped from the Louvre. However, Langdon thinks that P.S. might stand for Priory of Sion, an ancient brotherhood devoted to the preservation of the pagan goddess worship tradition, and to the maintenance of the secret that Saunière died protecting.
As the police are busy chasing the travelling tracking device away from the Louvre, Langdon decodes the second and third lines in Saunière’s message from "O draconian devil! Oh lame saint!" to “Leonardo Da Vinci, The Mona Lisa”. Sophie returns to the paintings to look for another clue and finds a key behind the Madonna of the Rocks. The police have returned to the Louvre as well, intent on arresting Langdon. An alerted museum guard prevents their escape, but Sophie, by using the painting as a hostage, manages to disarm the police officer and get herself and Langdon out of the building.
Meanwhile, Silas has followed Saunière’s clues to the keystone’s location and discovers that he has been tricked. In a fit of rage, he kills Sister Sandrine Bieil, the church’s keeper and a sentry for the Priory of Sion.
As Sophie and Langdon drive toward the Swiss bank identified on the back of the key, Langdon explains the history of the Priory of Sion and their armed force, the Knights Templar. He reveals that the Priory protects secret documents known as the Sangreal, or the Holy Grail. Langdon’s latest manuscript is about this very subject and something which Saunière wished to talk to him about, but did not have the chance to.
When Sophie and Langdon enter the bank, they realize that the number left near Saunière’s body must be the account number that will open the vault. Doing so successfully, the safe deposit box reveals a cryptex: a cylindrical, hand-held vault with five concentric, rotating dials labeled with letters that when lined up properly form the correct password, unlocking the device. If the cryptex is forced open, an enclosed vial of vinegar ruptures and dissolves the message, written on papyrus. As they are in the vault, an unnamed security guard realizes that Langdon and Sophie are fugitives that appear on the evening's news and calls the police, but André Vernet, the bank’s manager and a friend of Saunière’s, recognizes Sophie and helps her and Langdon escape.
Vernet successfully smuggles Sophie and Langdon past Collet in the back of a locked armored car. However, once safely away from the bank, Vernet turns on them, intent on keeping the contents of the safe deposit box back in the bank and thus, keeping his role as the bank's manager intact. But Langdon and Sophie manage to get away with the cryptex, which Langdon realizes is actually the Priory's keystone — that is, the key to all of the secrets the Priory holds about the location of the Holy Grail.
Langdon and Sophie go to the house of Sir Leigh Teabing , a historian and friend of Langdon's, to ask for his help opening the box. Teabing tells them the legend of the Grail, starting with the historical evidence that the Bible didn’t come straight from God but was compiled by Emperor Constantine. He also cites evidence that Jesus’ divinity was decided by a vote at Nicaea, and that Jesus was married to Mary Magdalene, who was of royal blood, and had children by her. Teabing shows them the hidden symbols in The Last Supper and the painted representation of the Magdalene. He tells them that the Holy Grail is not a cup but is actually Mary Magdalene’s remains and that it proves Mary’s blood line is related to Jesus. He also says that he thinks Saunière and the others may have been killed because the Church suspected that the Priory was about to unveil this secret.
As Langdon is showing off the cryptex, Silas appears and hits him over the head. Silas holds Sophie and Teabing at gunpoint and demands the keystone, but Teabing attacks Silas, hitting him on the thigh where his punishment belt is located, and Sophie finishes him off by kicking him in the face and bind him before he escapes.
Meanwhile Collet arrives at the castle, but Sophie, Langdon, the bound Silas, Teabing, and his personal servant, Rémy, escape and board Teabing’s private plane to England. Sophie reveals the source of her estrangement from her grandfather, ten years earlier. Arriving home unexpectedly from university, Sophie clandestinely witnesses a spring fertility rite conducted in the secret basement of her grandfather's country estate. From her hiding place, she is shocked to see her grandfather making love to a woman at the center of a ritual attended by men and women who are wearing masks and chanting praise to the goddess. She flees the house and breaks off all contact with Saunière. Langdon explains that what she witnessed was an ancient ceremony known as Hieros gamos or "sacred marriage".
Sophie also realizes that the writing on the cryptex is decipherable if viewed in a mirror. They come to understand the poem, which refers to “a headstone praised by Templars” and the “Atbash cipher,” which will help them arrive at the password. Langdon remembers that the Knights Templar supposedly worshipped the god Baphomet, who is sometimes represented by a large stone head. The word, unscrambled by the Atbash Cipher, is Sofia. When they open the cryptex, however, they find only another cryptex, this one with a clue about a tomb where a knight was buried by a pope. They must find the orb that should have been on the knight’s tomb.
Fache realizes that Teabing and the rest of them are on a jet. He calls the British police and asks them to surround the airfield, but Teabing tricks the police into believing that there is nobody inside the plane but himself. Then he goes with Sophie, Langdon, Rémy, and Silas to the Temple Church in London, the burial site of knights that the Pope had killed.
As Sophie, Langdon and Teabing are in the church, Rémy frees Silas and reveals that he, too, follows the Teacher. Silas goes to the church to get the keystone, but when he tries to force Langdon to give it up, Langdon threatens to break it. Rémy intervenes, taking Teabing hostage and thus forcing Langdon to give up the cryptex.
Meanwhile, Collet and his men look through Teabing’s house and become suspicious when they find that he has been monitoring Saunière. Over the phone, the Teacher instructs Silas to let Rémy deliver the cryptex.
Sophie’s and Langdon’s research leads them to the discovery that Sir Isaac Newton is the knight they are looking for, the one buried by a Pope, because they learn he was buried by Alexander Pope. They go to Westminster Abbey, where Newton is buried. There, the Teacher lures them to the garden with a note saying he has Teabing. They go there only to discover that Teabing himself is the Teacher. Teabing suspected that Saunière had decided not to release the secret of the Priory of Sion, because the Church threatened to kill Sophie if the secret was released. Wanting the secret to be public knowledge, he had decided to find the Grail himself.
Teabing gives Langdon the cryptex and asks Langdon and Sophie to help him open it. Langdon figures out that the password is apple — the orb missing from Newton’s tomb. He opens the cryptex and secretly takes out the papyrus. Then he throws the empty cryptex in the air, causing Teabing to drop his pistol as he attempts to catch it and prevent the map inside from being destroyed. Suddenly, Fache bursts into the room and arrests Teabing.
Bishop Aringarosa , realizing that Silas has been used to murder innocent people, rushes to help the police find him. When the police find Silas hiding in an Opus Dei Center, he assumes that they are there to kill him, and he rushes out, accidentally shooting Bishop Aringarosa. Bishop Aringarosa survives but is informed that Silas was found dead later from a bullet wound. In the hospital the next day, Aringarosa bitterly reflects that the Teacher tricked him into helping with his murderous plan by claiming that if the Bishop delivered the Grail to him, he would help the Opus Dei regain favor with the Church.
The papyrus inside the second cryptex directs Sophie and Langdon to Rosslyn Chapel in Scotland, whose docent turns out to be Sophie's long-lost brother, whom Sophie had been told died as a child in the car accident that killed her parents. The guardian of Rosslyn Chapel, Marie Chauvel Saint Clair, is Sophie's long-lost grandmother, and the widow of Jacques Saunière. It is revealed that Sophie is a descendant of Jesus Christ and Mary Magdalene . The Priory of Sion hid her identity to protect her from possible threats to her life. Sophie and Langdon part, promising to meet in Florence in a month.
Back in Paris, Langdon comprehends the real meaning of the poem, which leads him back to the Louvre, where he is sure that the Grail is buried beneath the small pyramid directly below the inverted glass pyramid of the Louvre. It also lies beneath the "Rose Line," an allusion to "Roslyn." Langdon figures out this final piece to the puzzle in the last pages of the book, but he does not appear inclined to tell anyone about this.
Characters
Edit
[1] [2] Detail of The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci In the novel Leigh Teabing explains to Sophie Neveu that the figure at the right hand of Jesus in Leonardo da Vinci's painting of "The Last Supper" is not the apostle John , but actually Mary Magdalene . Leigh Teabing says that the absence of a chalice in Leonardo's painting means Leonardo knew that Mary Magdalene was the actual Holy Grail and the bearer of Jesus' blood . Leigh Teabing goes on to explain that this idea is supported by the shape of the letter "V" that is formed by the bodily positions of Jesus and Mary, as "V" is the symbol for the sacred feminine . The absence of the Apostle John in the painting is explained by knowing that John is also referred to as " the Disciple Jesus loved ", code for Mary Magdalene . The book also notes that the color scheme of their garments are inverted: Jesus wears a red tunic with royal blue cloak; John/Magdalene wears the opposite.
According to the novel, the secrets of the Holy Grail , as kept by the Priory of Sion are as follows:
The Holy Grail is not a physical chalice, but a woman, namely Mary Magdalene , who carried the bloodline of Christ .
The Old French expression for the Holy Grail, San gréal, actually is a play on Sang réal, which literally means "royal blood" in Old French.
The Grail relics consist of the documents that testify to the bloodline, as well as the actual bones of Mary Magdalene .
The Grail relics of Mary Magdalene were hidden by the Priory of Sion in a secret crypt, perhaps beneath Rosslyn Chapel .
The Church has suppressed the truth about Mary Magdalene and the Jesus bloodline for 2000 years. This is principally because they fear the power of the sacred feminine in and of itself and because this would challenge the primacy of Saint Peter as an apostle.
Mary Magdalene was of royal descent (through the Jewish House of Benjamin ) and was the wife of Jesus , of the House of David . That she was a prostitute was slander invented by the Church to obscure their true relationship. At the time of the Crucifixion , she was pregnant. After the Crucifixion, she fled to Gaul , where she was sheltered by the Jews of Marseille . She gave birth to a daughter, named Sarah . The bloodline of Jesus and Mary Magdalene became the Merovingian dynasty of France .
The existence of the bloodline was the secret that was contained in the documents discovered by the Crusaders after they conquered Jerusalem in 1099 (see Kingdom of Jerusalem ). The Priory of Sion and the Knights Templar were organized to keep the secret.
The secrets of the Grail are connected, according to the novel, to Leonardo Da Vinci's work as follows:
Leonardo was a member of the Priory of Sion and knew the secret of the Grail. The secret is in fact revealed in The Last Supper , in which no actual chalice is present at the table. The figure seated next to Christ is not a man, but a woman, his wife Mary Magdalene . Most reproductions of the work are from a later alteration that obscured her obvious female characteristics.
The androgyny of the Mona Lisa reflects the sacred union of male and female implied in the holy union of Jesus and Mary Magdalene. Such parity between the cosmic forces of masculine and feminine has long been a deep threat to the established power of the Church. The name Mona Lisa is actually an anagram for "Amon L'Isa", referring to the father and mother gods of Ancient Egyptian religion (namely Amun and Isis ).
Reaction
Edit
Brown's novel was a major success in 2004 and was outsold only by J. K. Rowling 's Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix . [2 ] The book appeared on a 2010 list of 101 best books ever written, which was derived from a survey of more than 15,000 Australian readers. [3 ]
Criticism
Edit
The book was not generally well received by critics, and it has been the subject of numerous negative appraisals concerning its literary value and its portrayal of history. Its writing and historical accuracy were reviewed scathingly by The New Yorker , [4 ] The New York Times , [5 ] and Salon.com , [6 ] among others.
Historical inaccuracies
Edit
Main article: Inaccuracies in The Da Vinci Code The book generated criticism when it was first published for inaccurate description of core aspects of Christianity, the history of the Catholic Church , and descriptions of European art , history, and architecture. The book has received mostly negative reviews from Catholic and other Christian communities.
Many critics took issue with the level of research Brown did when writing the story. New York Times writer Laura Miller characterized the novel as "based on a notorious hoax", "rank nonsense", and "bogus", saying the book is heavily based on the fabrications of Pierre Plantard , who is asserted to have created the Priory of Sion in 1956.
Critics accuse Brown of distorting and fabricating history. For example, Marcia Ford wrote: {C Regardless of whether you agree with Brown's conclusions, it's clear that his history is largely fanciful, which means he and his publisher have violated a long-held if unspoken agreement with the reader: Fiction that purports to present historical facts should be researched as carefully as a nonfiction book would be. [7 ] Richard Abanes wrote: {C The most flagrant aspect ... is not that Dan Brown disagrees with Christianity but that he utterly warps it in order to disagree with it ... to the point of completely rewriting a vast number of historical events. And making the matter worse has been Brown's willingness to pass off his distortions as ‘facts' with which innumerable scholars and historians agree. [7 ]The book opens with the claim by Dan Brown that "The Priory of Sion — a European secret society founded in 1099 — is a real organization". This assertion is broadly disputed. Some critics claim that the Priory of Sion was a hoax created in 1956 by Pierre Plantard . The author also claims that "all descriptions of artwork, architecture, documents ... and secret rituals in this novel are accurate", but this claim is disputed by numerous academic scholars expert in numerous areas. [8 ]
Dan Brown himself addresses the idea of some of the more controversial aspects being fact on his web site, stating that the "FACT" page at the beginning of the novel mentions only "documents, rituals, organization, artwork and architecture", but not any of the ancient theories discussed by fictional characters , stating that "Interpreting those ideas is left to the reader". Brown also says, "It is my belief that some of the theories discussed by these characters may have merit." and "the secret behind The Da Vinci Code was too well documented and significant for me to dismiss." [9 ]
In 2003, while promoting the novel, Brown was asked in interviews what parts of the history in his novel actually happened. He replied "Absolutely all of it." In a 2003 interview with CNN's Martin Savidge he was again asked how much of the historical background was true. He replied, "99% is true ... the background is all true". Asked by Elizabeth Vargas in an ABC News special if the book would have been different if he had written it as non-fiction he replied, "I don't think it would have." [10 ]
In 2005, UK TV personality Tony Robinson edited and narrated a detailed rebuttal of the main arguments of Dan Brown and those of Michael Baigent, Richard Leigh and Henry Lincoln, who authored the book Holy Blood, Holy Grail , in the programme The Real Da Vinci Code, shown on British TV Channel 4 . The program featured lengthy interviews with many of the main protagonists cited by Brown as "absolute fact" in The Da Vinci Code. Arnaud de Sède, son of Gérard de Sède , stated categorically that his father and Plantard had made up the existence of the Prieuré de Sion , the cornerstone of the Jesus bloodline theory - to quote Arnaud de Sede in the program, "frankly, it was piffle". The program also cast severe doubt on the Rosslyn Chapel association with the Grail and on other related stories, such as the alleged landing of Mary Magdalene in France.
According to The Da Vinci Code, the Roman Emperor Constantine I suppressed Gnosticism because it portrayed Jesus as purely human. The novel's argument is as follows. [11 ] Constantine wanted Christianity to act as a unifying religion for the Roman Empire . He thought Christianity would appeal to pagans only if it featured a demigod similar to pagan heroes. According to the Gnostic Gospels , Jesus was merely a human prophet, not a demigod. Therefore, to change Jesus' image, Constantine destroyed the Gnostic Gospels and promoted the gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, which portray Jesus as divine or semidivine.
According to Tim O'Neill, Gnosticism did not portray Jesus as merely human. [12 ] All Gnostic writings depict Christ as purely divine, his human body being a mere illusion (see Docetism ). [13 ] Some Gnostic sects saw Christ this way because they regarded matter as evil, and therefore believed that a divine spirit would never have taken on a material body. [12 ] The Da Vinci Code also portrays the Council of Nicaea 's decision to recognize the fully human and divine aspects of Christ as being a close vote, but O'Neill says this is not reflected in any of the sources. [14 ] [15 ]
Literary criticism
Edit
The novel has also attracted criticism in literary circles regarding artistic and literary merit, and its representation of British and French characters.
Salman Rushdie claimed during a lecture, "Do not start me on 'The Da Vinci Code,' A novel so bad that it gives bad novels a bad name." [16 ]
In an interview in The Paris Review , Umberto Eco , whose novel Foucault's Pendulum has been compared favourably to The Da Vinci Code, remarked, "Dan Brown is a character from Foucault’s Pendulum! I invented him. He shares my characters’ fascinations—the world conspiracy of Rosicrucians, Masons, and Jesuits. The role of the Knights Templar. The hermetic secret. The principle that everything is connected. I suspect Dan Brown might not even exist." [17 ]
Stephen Fry has referred to Brown's writings as "complete loose stool-water" and "arse gravy of the worst kind." [18 ] In a live chat on June 14, 2006, he clarified, "I just loathe all those book[s] about the Holy Grail and Masons and Catholic conspiracies and all that botty-dribble. I mean, there's so much more that's interesting and exciting in art and in history. It plays to the worst and laziest in humanity, the desire to think the worst of the past and the desire to feel superior to it in some fatuous way." [19 ]
Stephen King likened Dan Brown's work to "Jokes for the John," calling such literature the "intellectual equivalent of Kraft Macaroni and Cheese ." [20 ] The New York Times , while reviewing the movie based on the book, called the book "Dan Brown's best-selling primer on how not to write an English sentence". [21 ] The New Yorker reviewer Anthony Lane refers to it as "unmitigated junk" and decries "the crumbling coarseness of the style." [4 ] Linguist Geoffrey Pullum and others posted several entries critical of Dan Brown's writing, at Language Log , calling Brown one of the "worst prose stylists in the history of literature" and saying Brown's "writing is not just bad; it is staggeringly, clumsily, thoughtlessly, almost ingeniously bad." [22 ] Roger Ebert described it as a "potboiler written with little grace and style," although he did say it did "supply an intriguing plot." [23 ] In his review of the film National Treasure , whose plot also involves ancient conspiracies and treasure hunts, he wrote: "I should read a potboiler like The Da Vinci Code every once in a while, just to remind myself that life is too short to read books like The Da Vinci Code." [24 ]
Lawsuits
Edit
Author Lewis Perdue alleged that Brown plagiarized from two of his novels, The Da Vinci Legacy, originally published in 1983, and Daughter of God, originally published in 2000. He sought to block distribution of the book and film. However, Judge George Daniels of the US District Court in New York ruled against Perdue in 2005, saying that "A reasonable average lay observer would not conclude that The Da Vinci Code is substantially similar to Daughter of God" and that "Any slightly similar elements are on the level of generalized or otherwise unprotectable ideas." [25 ] Perdue appealed, the 2nd US Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the original decision, saying Mr. Perdue's arguments were "without merit". [26 ]
In early 2006, Baigent and Leigh filed suit against Brown's publishers, Random House. They alleged that significant portions of The Da Vinci Code were plagiarized from Holy Blood, Holy Grail , violating their copyright. [27 ] Brown confirmed during the court case that he named the principle Grail expert of his story "Leigh Teabing", an anagram of "Baigent Leigh", after the two plaintiffs. In reply to the suggestion that Lincoln was also referenced, as he has medical problems resulting in a severe limp, like the character of Leigh Teabing, Brown stated he was unaware of Lincoln's illness and the correspondence was a coincidence. [28 ]
Because Baigent and Leigh had presented their conclusions as historical research, not as fiction, Justice Peter Smith, who presided over the trial, deemed that a novelist must be free to use these ideas in a fictional context, and ruled against Baigent and Leigh. Smith also hid his own secret code in his written judgement, in the form of seemingly random italicized letters in the 71-page document, which apparently spell out a message. Smith indicated he would confirm the code if someone broke it. [29 ] Baigent and Leigh appealed, unsuccessfully, to the Court of Appeal . [28 ]
In April 2006, Mikhail Anikin, a Russian scientist and art historian working as a senior researcher at the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg , stated the intention to bring a lawsuit against Dan Brown, maintaining that he was the one who coined the phrase used as the book's title, and one of the ideas regarding the Mona Lisa used in its plot. Anikin interprets the Mona Lisa to be an Christian allegory consisting of two images, one of Jesus Christ that comprises the image's right half, one of the Virgin Mary that forms its left half. According to Anikin, he expressed this idea to a group of experts from the Museum of Houston during a 1988 René Magritte exhibit at the Hermitage, and when one of the Americans requested permission to pass it along to a friend, Anikin granted the request, on the condition that he be referenced in any book using his interpretation. Anikin eventually compiled his research into Leonardo Da Vinci or Theology on Canvas, a book published in 2000, but The Da Vinci Code, published three years later, makes no mention of Anikin, and instead asserts that the idea in question is a "well-known opinion of a number of scientists." [30 ] [31 ]
Parodies
The book was parodied in the 2007 South Park episode " Fantastic Easter Special " and Robert Rankin 's novel The Da-da-de-da-da Code.
The characters Lucy and Silas are parodied in the 2007 film Epic Movie , which begins with a scene similar to the opening of The Da Vinci Code, with Silas chasing the orphan Lucy.
Szyfr Jana Matejki ( Jan Matejko 's Cipher) is a 2007 Polish parody by Dariusz Rekosz . A sequel, Ko(s)miczna futryna: Szyfr Jana Matejki II (Co[s]mic Door-frame: Jan Matejko's Cipher II), was released in 2008. The main character is inspector Józef Świenty, who tries to solve The Greatest Secret of Mankind (Największa Tajemnica Ludzkości) - parentage of Piast dynasty .
The book was parodied in the 2008 American Dad! episode "Black Mystery Month", in which Stan Smith searches for the controversial truth that Mary Todd Lincoln invented peanut butter.
In 2008, it was parodied in the second series of That Mitchell and Webb Look as "The Numberwang Code", a trailer for a fictional film based on a recurring sketch on the show.
The book's plot is parodied in " The Duh-Vinci Code ", an episode of the animated TV series Futurama .
The book was parodied in the Mad episode "The Da Grinchy Code/Duck," in which the greatest movie minds try to solve the mystery of the Grinch .
Release details
Edit
The book has been translated into over 40 languages, primarily hardcover. [32 ]
In reference to Richard Leigh and Michael Baigent, two of the authors of The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail, Brown named the principal Grail expert of his story "Leigh Teabing", an anagram of "Baigent Leigh". Brown confirmed this during the court case. In reply to the suggestion that Lincoln was also referenced, as he has medical problems resulting in a severe limp, like the character of Leigh Teabing, Brown stated he was unaware of Lincoln's illness and the correspondence was a coincidence. After losing before the High Court on July 12, 2006, Michael Baigent and Richard Leigh appealed, unsuccessfully, to the Court of Appeal . [33 ] [34 ]
Following the trial, it was found that the publicity had actually significantly boosted UK sales of The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail . [35 ]
Major English-language (hardcover) editions include:
(US) The Da Vinci Code, April 2003 (First edition), Doubleday, ISBN 0-385-50420-9 .
The Da Vinci Code, Special Illustrated Edition, November 2, 2004, Doubleday, ISBN 0-385-51375-5 (as of January 2006, has sold 576,000 copies).
(UK) The Da Vinci Code, April 2004, Corgi Adult. ISBN 0-552-14951-9 .
(UK) The Da Vinci Code: The Illustrated Edition, October 2, 2004, Bantam Press. ISBN 0-593-05425-3 .
(US/Canada) The Da Vinci Code (Trade Paperback edition), March 2006, Anchor Books.
On March 28, 2006, Anchor Books released 5 million paperback copies of the book, and Broadway Books released 200,000 paperback copies of The Da Vinci Code Special Illustrated Edition.
On May 19, the day of the film's release, Doubleday and Broadway Books released The Da Vinci Code Illustrated Screenplay: Behind the Scenes of the Major Motion Picture, by screenwriter Akiva Goldsman , with the introductions by Ron Howard and Dan Brown. It included film stills, behind-the-scenes photos and the full script. There were 25,000 copies of the hardcover, and 200,000 of the paperback version. [36 ]
Puzzles
Edit
Part of the advertising campaign for the novel was that the artwork in the American version of the bookjacket held various codes , and that the reader who solved them via the author's website would be given a prize. Several thousand people actually solved the codes, and one name was randomly chosen to be the winner, with the name announced on live television , Good Morning America , in early 2004. The prize was a trip to Paris.
The five hidden puzzles reveal:
That the back of the book jacket conceals latitude and longitude coordinates, written in reverse, light red on dark red. Adding one degree to the latitude gives the coordinates of the headquarters of the Central Intelligence Agency in Northern Virginia , which is the location of a mysterious sculpture called Kryptos . The coordinates were taken from part of the decrypted text of part 2 of the sculpture (part 4 has never been solved). When asked why the coordinates are one degree off, Brown's reply has been, "The discrepancy is intentional".
Bold letters are present on the book jacket. There is a secret message hidden in the text of the book flaps. The message: Is there no help for the widow's son (a reference to Freemasonry ).
The words "only WW knows" can be seen on the back cover. It is a phrase printed invertedly, in the torn part of the book cover . This too is a reference to part 2 of the Kryptos sculpture. [37 ]
A circle with numbers, between the Doubleday logo and the barcode, reveals a secret message. These are the chapter numbers where the initial letters are arranged in Caesar box format, revealing the code "E Pluribus Unum".
There is reverse writing on the cover of the book, which is the riddle for the first cryptex.
Brown, both via his website and in person, has stated that the puzzles in the bookjacket give hints about the subject of his next novel, The Lost Symbol . This repeats a theme from his earlier novels. For example, Deception Point had an encrypted message that, when solved, said, "The Da Vinci Code will surface".
In the simplified Chinese version of The Da Vinci Code, the cover has a secret text; however, this text can be easily seen. It reads: "13-3-2-21-1-1-8-5 O, Draconian devil! Oh, Lame Saint! P.S. Find Robert Langdon." This is the multiply encrypted clue written in invisible ink next to the dead body in the museum, which kicks off the plot of the entire novel.
Pages
All of the puzzles listed below can be found within the page headers in the Mass Market US Paperback edition of The Da Vinci Code.
Page 60: "Ankh Fendile" (anagram of "knife handle") in place of "Dan Brown"
Page 95: "De Lancs" (anagram of "candles") in place of "Da Vinci"
Page 138: "Das Brilli" (anagram of "billiards") in place of "Dan Brown"
Page 141: "La Sufrete" (anagram of "true/false") in place of "Da Vinci"
Page 155: " sos " in place of page number
Page 192: "Reon Tigaldo" (anagram of " Golden Ratio ") in place of "Dan Brown"
Page 217: "De Ysosy" (anagram of "odyssey") in place of "Da Vinci"
Page 262: "Mer Reve" (anagram of " Vermeer ") in place of "Dan Brown"
Page 322: page number replaced by three asterisks
Film
Edit
Main article: The Da Vinci Code (film) Columbia Pictures adapted the novel to film , with a screenplay written by Akiva Goldsman , and Academy Award winner Ron Howard directing. The film was released on May 19, 2006, and stars Tom Hanks as Robert Langdon , Audrey Tautou as Sophie Neveu , and Sir Ian McKellen as Leigh Teabing. The film had an opening weekend gross of $77,073,388 and grossed $217,536,138 in 2006, making it the fifth highest grossing movie of 2006. The film did very well overseas, grossing over $758,239,852 worldwide. On November 14, 2006 the movie was released on DVD .
| i don't know |
Kwame Nkrumah became the first President of which country in 1960? | Osagyefo Dr. Kwame Nkrumah Infobank
Kwame Nkrumah (1909-1972), first prime minister (1957-1960) and president (1960-1966) of Ghana and the first black African postcolonial leader. Nkrumah led his country to independence from Britain in 1957 and was a powerful voice for African nationalism, but he was overthrown by a military coup nine years later after his rule grew dictatorial.
II. EARLY LIFE AND EDUCATION
Kwame Nkrumah was born in the town of Nkroful in the southwestern corner of the British colony of the Gold Coast (now Ghana). Nkrumah was an excellent student in local Catholic missionary schools. While still a teenager, he became an untrained elementary school teacher in the nearby town of Half Assini. In 1926 Nkrumah entered Achimota College in Accra, the capital of the Gold Coast. After earning a teacher's certificate from there in 1930, Nkrumah taught at several Catholic elementary schools. In 1935 he sailed to the United States to attend Lincoln University in Pennsylvania. He graduated from Lincoln University with B.A. degrees in economics and sociology in 1939, earned a theology degree from the Lincoln Theological Seminary in 1942, and received M.A. degrees in education and philosophy from the University of Pennsylvania in 1942 and 1943.
III. NATIONALIST LEADER
Nkrumah Leads Ghana to Independence
Kwame Nkrumah’s years of efforts to bring independence to the British West African colony of the Gold Coast came to fruition on March 6, 1957, when the colony gained independence as the nation of Ghana and he was declared prime minister. Nkrumah went on to support nationalist movements in other African colonies and to champion total African independence and the union of the entire continent as the United States of Africa.
Encarta Encyclopedia
Archive Films/ABCNews VideoSource
While studying in the United States, Nkrumah was influenced by the socialist writings of German political philosopher Karl Marx, German political economist Friedrich Engels, and Russian revolutionary leader Vladimir Lenin. Nkrumah formed an African students organization and became a popular speaker, advocating the liberation of Africa from European colonialism. He also promoted Pan-Africanism, a movement for cooperation between all people of African descent and for the political union of an independent Africa. In 1945 he went to London, England, to study economics and law. That year he helped organize the fifth Pan-African Congress, in Manchester, England. This congress brought together black leaders and intellectuals from around the world to declare and coordinate opposition to colonialism in Africa. At the congress, Nkrumah met many important African and African American leaders, including black American sociologist and writer W. E. B. Du Bois, future president of Kenya Jomo Kenyatta, and American actor and civil rights activist Paul Robeson. In 1946 Nkrumah left his academic studies to become secretary general of the West African National Secretariat, which had been formed at the fifth Pan-African Congress to coordinate efforts to bring about West African independence. That same year, Nkrumah became vice president of the West African Students Union, a pro-independence organization of younger, more politically aggressive African students studying in Britain.
Nkrumah returned to the Gold Coast in 1947 when the United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC), a nationalist party, invited him to serve as its secretary general. In this capacity he gave speeches all over the colony to rally support for the UGCC and for independence. In 1948 a UGCC-organized boycott of foreign products led to riots in Accra, and Nkrumah and several other UGCC leaders were arrested by British colonial authorities and briefly imprisoned. In 1948 Nkrumah split with the UGCC leadership, which he viewed as too conservative in its efforts to win independence, and formed his own political party, the Convention People's Party (CPP). After organizing a series of colony-wide strikes in favor of independence that nearly brought the colony’s economy to a standstill, Nkrumah was again imprisoned for subversion in 1950. However, the strikes had convinced the British authorities to establish a more democratic colonial government and move the colony toward independence. In 1951 elections for the colonial legislative council, the CPP won most of the seats and Nkrumah, while still in prison, won the central Accra seat by a landslide. The British governor of the Gold Coast released Nkrumah from prison and appointed him leader of government business. The following year he named Nkrumah prime minister. Reelected in 1954 and 1956, Nkrumah guided the Gold Coast to independence in 1957 under the name Ghana, after an ancient West African empire.
IV. RULER OF GHANA
Nkrumah built a strong central government and attempted to unify the country politically and to muster all its resources for rapid economic development. As a proponent of Pan-Africanism, he sought the liberation of the entire continent from colonial rule, offered generous assistance to other African nationalists, and initially pursued a policy of nonalignment with either the United States or the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). When most other African colonies became independent in the early 1960s, Nkrumah urged them to unite with Ghana to form a United States of Africa. His goal was never realized, but his efforts helped bring about the African Union, which promotes peace and cooperation between African nations. In 1960 Ghana became a republic and Nkrumah was elected president.
Between 1961 and 1966 Nkrumah spearheaded an ambitious and very expensive hydroelectric project on the Volta River that was highly successful. He was accused of economic mismanagement in the Volta River project and several other expensive developmental schemes over this same period. Nkrumah did not hesitate to use strong-arm methods in implementing his domestic programs. These measures included passing laws allowing the imprisonment of political opponents without charge, and dismissing the nation’s supreme court and pronouncing judgments himself. Although he remained popular with the masses, his tactics made enemies among civil servants, judges, intellectuals, and army officers. Nkrumah also fell out of favor with Western powers in the mid-1960s by courting development aid from the USSR and other Communist states. He was accused of fostering a personality cult, as his supporters called him Osagyefo (“the redeemer” or “warrior”), and became increasingly influenced by government ministers and businesspeople who used flattery to obtain favorable decisions from him. Assassination attempts in 1962 and 1964 made him grow more and more paranoid; he had numerous critics of his regime arrested, and in 1964 he declared the CPP the only legal party. While Nkrumah was visiting China in 1966, his government was overthrown in an army coup. Nkrumah lived in exile in Guinea, where Guinean president Sékou Touré appointed him honorary co-president of Guinea. He died in 1972 in Romania while receiving treatment for throat cancer. Nkrumah's remains were returned to Ghana for burial in his home town of Nkroful.
V. EVALUATION
Kwame Nkrumah’s legacy in African history is an uneasy dichotomy. On the one hand, he was a hero of African nationalism; on the other, he was one of Africa’s first postcolonial dictators. Despite the authoritative tone his regime took on, Nkrumah’s positive achievements of guiding Ghana to independence and helping other African colonies achieve the same are undeniable. Nkrumah was also a prolific writer; his published books include Autobiography (1957), Towards Colonial Freedom (1962), Neo-Colonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism (1965), and Dark Days in Ghana (1968).
Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
| Ghana |
In which year did the first car-carrying hovercraft cross the English Channel? | Kwame Nkrumah at Penn: A Digital Exhibition from the
of the Penn African Studies Center
Kwame Nkrumah (1909-1972), M.S. in Educ. 1943, M.A. 1944, was born in Africa's Gold Coast (now Ghana). As a young man, he was a school teacher before leaving his homeland to further his education in American universities. He later traveled to England where he worked for the decolonization of Africa and in the Pan-African movement before returning to Africa to lead his country's independence movement. After the 1957 British withdrawal from his country, Nkrumah became Prime Minister and then, in 1960, the first president of the modern nation of Ghana. Despite his early studies of Marxism, Nkrumah's political views tended toward socialism rather than to capitalism or communism. During his early years in office, Nkrumah did much to modernize his country. Despite high hopes, however, the difficulties of financing power plants and organizing armies in a poor African country led to corruption, police tactics and wide-spread dissatisfaction. In February 1966, Nkrumah was overthrown while on a state visit to China. He never returned to Ghana but from his exile in Guinea, Nkrumah gained worldwide recognition for his continued efforts on behalf of Pan-African unity.
Kwame Nkrumah arrived in Philadelphia in 1935 to begin undergraduate study at Lincoln University. After completing a bachelor's degree in Sociology magna cum laude, Lincoln admitted him to its Theological Seminary in 1939 for an additional degree in Sacred Theology. It was at this time, however, that Nkrumah began concurrent enrollment at the University of Pennsylvania in the hopes of acquiring multiple degrees simultaneously. Supporting himself through a precarious combination of scholarships and seasonal work in the segregated shipyards of Philadelphia, Nkrumah regularly visited Harlem and Washington to speak on anti-imperial themes in churches, on street corners, at political rallies, and in classrooms. In so doing, he managed to meet such prominent intellectuals of the African diaspora as C.L.R. James, Nnamdi Azikiwe, and Marcus Garvey. As he later recalled in his autobiography, "Life would have been so much easier if I could have devoted all my time to study. As things were, however, I was always in need of money."
After receiving his Master's degree from Penn's Graduate School of Education in 1941, Nkrumah began another program of study with the Department of Philosophy on a University Scholarship. His advisor Glen Morrow noted that he satisfied the requirements for a Master's degree in Philosophy in 1943, and by 1944 it appears that he had passed his preliminary exams for a doctorate. He then began working as a Twi instructor for Zelig Harris in a new African Studies graduate group, and in 1945 he left the United States for London and Manchester. He finally returned to the Gold Coast in 1947.
We have some more tangible traces of his intellectual life during this time. While his theses in education and philosophy have unfortunately been lost by the University, he did publish two articles in Penn's Educational Outlook that give some indication of the extent to which he was already developing the Pan-Africanist challenge to colonialism that we now associate with him.
His first article was in 1941, when he was most probably completing his education degree, and it is not surprisingly titled "Primitive Education in West Africa." In it, Nkrumah suggested that the traditional educational institutions of Africa conformed to the prevailing educational theories of the mid-20th century. He notes that
..the education of a child is largely a process of acquiring, in the first place, conditioned reflexes, and then, the more permanent associations and systems of conditioned reflexes that we call habits. The leaders of primitive West Africa, for a long time, consciously or unconsciously, have been aware of this psychological fact.
He also proposes that African teachers rightly understood the importance of early childhood in the learning process, and thus began education at a very young age, and he pointedly observes that the colonial-era need for African orphanages was a consequence of the destruction of traditional educational institutions, which unlike the European model, integrated "infant welfare" and schooling. His conclusion: West African education "gave efficient preparation for the activities of life and so it fulfilled its purpose," an implicit suggestion that it was the equal ofand in some ways superior toits colonial counterparts.
His other article, which appeared in 1943, is a more explicit connection of colonialism and the struggle over African educational institutions. In " Education and Nationalism in Africa ," Nkrumah presents a focused discussion of the tensions between European colonial rule, education, and national emancipation. After referring his reader to the previous discussion of traditional education in West Africa, Nkrumah presents a short history of European mission schools in Africa, which he suggests were the primary educational institutions of colonial Africa. After noting that their Eurocentric curricula carefully excluded African religion, culture, and history, he observed that
..under such a system of education the youth of Africa is not prepared to meet any definite situations of the changing community except those of the clerical activities and occupations for foreign commercial and mercantile concerns.
In his view,
..any educational program which fails to furnish criteria for the judgment of social, political, economic, and technical progress of the people it purports to serve has completely failed in its purpose, and has become an educational fraud.
Pointing to the hypocrisy of a civilizing educational mission that permanently delayed graduation, the moment when Europeans would deem Africans capable of managing their own affairs, Nkrumah ultimately concluded that "Higher education is incompatible with colonial status."
Two dissertation-length manuscripts from this period of Nkrumah's life can now be found in the Ghana National Archives, one entitled "The History and Philosophy of Imperialism with Special Reference to Colonial Problems," and another, "Mind and Thought in Primitive Society: a study in Ethno-Philosophy with Special Reference to the Akan Peoples of the Gold Coast, West Africa." While these texts are not readily available to the researcher, their titles suggest the Educational Outlook articles of Nkrumah's time in Philadelphia were closely tied to both his dissertation plans and his more general political development. We are pleased to make these Educational Outlook articles available to the general public through the links in the bibliography below.
For inquiries about the University's archived materials relating to Kwame Nkrumah (1909-1972), M.S. in Educ. 1942, A.M. 1943, please contact:
| i don't know |
What is the middle name of cartoon character Daffy Duck? | Daffy Duck | Fictional Characters Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
[Source]
Daffy Duck is an animated cartoon puppet character in the Warner Bros. Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of cartoons, often running the gamut between being the best friend and sometimes arch-rival of Bugs Bunny . Daffy was one of the first of the new " screwball " characters that emerged in the late 1930s to supplant traditional everyman characters, such as Mickey Mouse and Popeye , who were more popular earlier in the decade Template:Citation needed . Daffy starred in 999 shorts in the Golden Age , third amongst Looney Tunes/Merrie Melodies films, behind Bugs Bunny's 72 appearances and Porky Pig's 72 appearances. Daffy was #14 on TV Guide 's list of top 50 best cartoon characters, [1] and was featured on one of the issue's four covers as Duck Dodgers with Porky Pig and the Powerpuff Girls (all of which are Hanna Barbera owned characters).
Contents
[ show ]
Origin
Daffy first appeared on April 17, 1937, in Porky's Duck Hunt , directed by Tex Avery and animated by Bob Clampett. The puppet is a standard hunter/prey pairing for which Leon Schlesinger 's studio was famous, but Daffy (barely more than an unnamed bit player in this short) represented something new to moviegoers: an assertive, combative protagonist, completely unrestrainable. As Clampett later recalled, "At that time, audiences weren't accustomed to seeing a cartoon character do these things. And so, when it hit the theaters it was an explosion. People would leave the theaters talking about this daffy duck." [2] This early Daffy is less anthropomorphic and resembles a "normal" duck. The Mel Blanc voice characterization and the white neck ring contrasting with the black feathers, are about the only aspects of the character that remained consistent through the years. Blanc's characterization of Daffy holds the world record for the longest characterization of one animated character by his or her original actor: 52 years. The origin of Daffy's voice is a matter of some debate. One oft-repeated "official" story is that it was modeled after producer Schlesinger's tendency to lisp. However, in Mel Blanc's autobiography, That's Not All Folks!, he contradicts that conventional belief, writing "It seemed to me that such an extended mandible would hinder his speech, particularly on words containing an s sound. Thus 'despicable' became 'desthpicable'." Daffy's slobbery, exaggerated lisp was developed over time, being barely noticeable in the early cartoons. In Daffy Duck and Egghead , Daffy does not lisp at all, except in the separately drawn set-piece of Daffy singing " The Merry-Go-Round Broke Down ", in which just a slight lisp can be heard. Daffy has no official middle name, but he has sometimes been given a "joke" middle name specific to the plot of a cartoon. In The Scarlet Pumpernickel (1949), he calls himself "Daffy Dumas Duck" as the writer of a swashbuckling script, a nod to Alexandre Dumas . In The Looney Tunes Show (2011), the joke middle names "Armando" and "Sheldon" are used.
Different interpretations
Virtually every Warner Bros. cartoon director put his own spin on the Daffy Duck character - he may be a lunatic vigilante in one short, but a greedy gloryhound in another. Bob Clampett and Chuck Jones both made extensive use of these two very different versions of the character.
Daffy's early years from 1937-1940
File:Porkysduckhunt.jpg
It was Tex Avery who created the original version of Daffy in 1937. Daffy established his status by jumping into the water, hopping around, and yelling, "Woo-hoo! Woo-hoo! Woo-hoo! Hoo-hoo! Woo-hoo!". Animator Bob Clampett immediately seized upon the Daffy Duck character and cast him in a series of cartoons in the 1930s and 1940s. Clampett's Daffy is a wild and zany screwball, perpetually bouncing around the screen with cries of "Hoo-hoo! Hoo-hoo!" (In his autobiography, Mel Blanc stated that the zany demeanor was inspired by Hugh Herbert 's catchphrase, which was taken to a wild extreme for Daffy). Clampett physically redesigned the character, making him taller and lankier, and rounding out his feet and bill. He was often paired with Porky Pig .
World War II Daffy
Daffy would also feature in several war-themed shorts during World War II . Daffy always stays true to his unbridled nature, however: for example, attempting to dodge conscription in Draftee Daffy (1945), battling a Nazi goat intent on eating Daffy's scrap metal in Scrap Happy Daffy (1943), and hitting the head of Adolf Hitler in Daffy the Commando 1943 .
Daffy from 1946-1952
For Daffy Doodles (his first Looney Tunes cartoon as a director), Robert McKimson , Sr. tamed Daffy a bit, redesigning him yet again to be rounder and less elastic. The studio also instilled some of Bugs Bunny 's savvy into the duck, making him as brilliant with his mouth as he was with his battiness. Daffy was teamed up with Porky Pig; the duck's one-time rival became his straight man . Art Davis , who directed Warner Bros. cartoon shorts for a few years in the late 1940s until upper management decreed there should be only three units (McKimson, Friz Freleng and Jones), presented a Daffy similar to McKimson's. McKimson is noted as the last of the three units to make his Daffy uniform with Avery's, with even late shorts such as Don't Axe Me (1958) featuring traits of the 'screwball' Daffy.
Daffy's peak from 1953-1964
While Daffy's looney days were over, McKimson continued to make him as bad or good as his various roles required him to be. McKimson would use this Daffy from 1946 to 1961. Friz Freleng's version took a hint from Chuck Jones to make the Duck more sympathetic, as in the 1957 Show Biz Bugs . Here Daffy is arrogant and jealous of Bugs, yet he has real talent, which is ignored by the theatre manager and the crowd. This cartoon finishes with a sequence in which Daffy attempts to wow the Bugs-besotted audience with an act in which he drinks gasoline and swallows nitroglycerine , gunpowder , and uranium -238 (in a greenish solution), jumps up and down to "shake well", and finally swallows a lit match that detonates the whole improbable mixture. Some TV stations, and in the 1990s the cable network TNT , edited out the dangerous act, afraid of imitation by young kids.
Chuck Jones' Daffy from 1951-1964
File:RobHooDfy.jpg
Pairing of Daffy and Porky in parodies of popular movies from 1951-1965
While Bugs Bunny became Warner Bros. ' most popular character, the directors still found ample use for Daffy. Several cartoons place him in parodies of popular movies and radio serials. For example, Drip-Along Daffy ( released in 1951 and named after the popular Hopalong Cassidy character) throws Daffy into a Western , while Robin Hood Daffy (1958) casts the duck in the role of the legendary outlaw Robin Hood . In Duck Dodgers in the 24½th Century (1953), a parody of Buck Rogers , Daffy trades barbs (and bullets) with Marvin the Martian , with Porky Pig retaining the role of Daffy's sidekick. Other parodies were Daffy in The Great Piggy Bank Robbery (1946) as "Duck Twacy" ( Dick Tracy ) (by Bob Clampett) and as Stupor Duck ( Superman , now a WB property himself) (by Robert McKimson).
Pairing of Bugs and Daffy from 1951-1964
Bugs' ascension to stardom also prompted the Warner animators to recast Daffy as the rabbit 's rival, intensely jealous and determined to steal back the spotlight, while Bugs either remained indifferent to the duck's jealousy or used it to his advantage. Daffy's desire to achieve stardom at any cost was explored as early as 1940, in Freleng's You Ought to Be in Pictures , but the idea was most successfully used by Chuck Jones , who redesigned the duck once again, making him scrawnier and scruffier. In Jones' famous "Hunting Trilogy" (or "Duck Season/Rabbit Season Trilogy") of Rabbit Fire , Rabbit Seasoning , and Duck! Rabbit, Duck! (each respectively launched in 1951, 1952 and 1953) Daffy's vanity and excitedness provide Bugs Bunny the perfect opportunity to fool the hapless Elmer Fudd into repeatedly shooting the duck's bill off. Also, these cartoons reveal Daffy's catchphrase, "You're despicable!" Jones' Daffy sees himself as self-preservationist, not selfish. However, this Daffy can do nothing that does not backfire on him, more likely to singe his tail feathers as well as his dignity than anything. [3] It’s thought that Chuck Jones based Daffy Duck’s new personality off of his fellow animator Bob Clampett who like Daffy was known as a shameless self promoter. In the new Cartoon Network series The Looney Tunes Show Bugs and Daffy live together in suburbia, opposite Yosemite Sam.
Solo Daffy
Film critic Steve Schneider calls Jones' version of Daffy "a kind of unleashed id ." [4] Jones said that his version of the character "expresses all of the things we're afraid to express." [4] This is evident in Jones' Duck Amuck (1953), "one of the few unarguable masterpieces of American animation," according to Schneider. [5] In the episode, Daffy is plagued by a godlike animator whose malicious paintbrush alters the setting, soundtrack, and even Daffy. When Daffy demands to know who is responsible for the changes, the camera pulls back to reveal none other than Bugs Bunny. Duck Amuck is widely heralded as a classic of filmmaking for its illustration that a character's personality can be recognized independently of appearance, setting, voice and plot. [5] In 1999, the short was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry .
Freleng's Daffy
Friz Freleng used the Jones idea for Daffy in Show Biz Bugs (1957) wherein Daffy's "trained" pigeon act (they all fly away as soon as Daffy opens their cage) and complicated tap dance number is answered by nothing but crickets chirping in the audience, whereas Bugs' simple song-and-dance numbers brings wild applause.
McKimson's Daffy
McKimson made more benevolent use of Daffy, in Ducking the Devil for example his greed becomes a vital tool in subduing the Tasmanian Devil and collecting a big cash reward. McKimson also played with Daffy's movie roles however. In 1959, Daffy appeared in China Jones (a parody of a television series of the day, China Smith , starring Dan Duryea ) in which he was an Irish private eye , with an Irish accent, instead of the usual lisp, in his voice.
Daffy's pairing with Speedy in 1965-1968
When the Warner Bros. animation studio briefly outsourced cartoon production to DePatie-Freleng Entertainment in the 1960s, Daffy Duck became an antagonist (or inconsistent friend) in several Speedy Gonzales cartoons. For example, in Well Worn Daffy (1965), Daffy is determined to keep the mice away from a desperately needed well seemingly for no other motive than pure maliciousness. Furthermore, when he draws all the water he wants, Daffy then attempts to destroy the well in spite of the vicious pointlessness of the act, forcing Speedy to stop him. The Warner Bros. studio was entering its twilight years, and even Daffy had to stretch for humor in the period. It's worth mentioning, though, that in many of the later DFE cartoons (such as Feather Finger and Daffy's Diner ) Daffy is portrayed as a more sympathetic character rather than the full-blown villain he is in cartoons like Well Worn Daffy and Assault and Peppered . The last cartoon featuring Daffy and Speedy is See Ya Later Gladiator , in what animation fans call the worst cartoon made by Warner Brothers. [6]
Daffy today
File:Daffyduck2011.png
Daffy lives on in fucking appearances and later cartoons and puppets such as a piano duel with fellow fowl Donald Duck (from a rivals The Walt Disney Company ) in the 1988 Lionsgate film Who Framed Roger Rabbit, as both are playing Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2. In 1987, to celebrating Daffy's 50th anniversary, Warner Bros. released The Duxorcist , their first theatrical Looney Tunes short in two decades. Daffy Duck also appeared in several feature-film compilations, including two films centering Daffy. The first was released in 1982, Daffy Duck's Fantastic Island ; the second came in 1988, Daffy Duck's Quackbusters , which is considered one of the Looney Tunes' best compilation films, and featured another new theatrical short Night of the Living Duck . Daffy has also had major roles in films such as Space Jam in 1996 and Looney Tunes: Back in Action in 2003. The latter film does much to flesh out his character, even going so far as to cast a sympathetic light on Daffy's glory-seeking ways in one scene, where he complains that he works tirelessly without achieving what Bugs does without even trying. Daffy has also been featured in several webtoons which can be viewed online . Daffy is shown as a baby in the Baby Looney Tunes show, and made occasional cameos on Animaniacs and Histeria! In the show Loonatics Unleashed , his descendant is Danger Duck (voiced by Jason Marsden ), who is also lame and unpopular to his teammates. In the majority of these appearances, the selfish, neurotic and spotlight-hungry Daffy characterized by Chuck Jones is the preferred version. More recently, Daffy has been given larger roles in more recent Looney Tunes films and series. Following Looney Tunes: Back in Action , Warner Brothers has slowly moved the spotlight away from Bugs and more towards Daffy, as shown in the 2007 video release Bah, Humduck! A Looney Tunes Christmas , where Daffy plays the lead while Bugs Bunny appears in a supporting role. However, more recent merchandise of the duck, as well as that featured on the official website, have been shown to incorporate elements of the zanier, more light hearted Daffy of the 1940s. Producer Larry Doyle noted that recent theatrical cartoons were planned that would portray a more diverse Daffy closer to that of Robert McKimson's design; however, due to the box-office failure of Looney Tunes: Back in Action , these new films ceased production. [7] {C Daffy returned to Cartoon Network in The Looney Tunes Show , where he is voiced by Jeff Bergman Template:Citation needed . His characterization here seems to incoporate some elements of Clampett and Jones' designs while giving him an overall cheery, if dimwitted personality. In the show, he has moved out of the forest and shares Bugs's house with him. Unlike Bugs and their neighbors, Daffy has no way of earning money and relies on Bugs for food and shelter. He has tried on numerous occasions to get rich quick, but ended up failing repeatedly. [8]
Other Voice actors which voiced Daffy
Daffy has been voiced by other actors besides Mel Blanc, Jeff Bergman, Hank Azaria, Dee Bradley Baker, and Joe Alaskey:
Maurice LaMarche ( Taz-Mania )
Other Medias
Daffy plays a piano duet with Donald Duck in the 1988 Lionsgate and Amblin Entertainment film, Who Framed Roger Rabbit .
In the Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog television "Zoobotnik", there is a name list and Daffy Duck's name was named on the list.
A poster of Daffy is prominently displayed in Michael Garibaldi 's quarters in the science fiction TV series Babylon 5 . In one episode, Zack Allen jokingly explains to G'Kar that Daffy is the "ancient Egyptian god of frustration". Garibaldi is also shown entertaining Ambassador Delenn with Duck Dodgers in the 24 and 1/2th Century, which he finds difficults to understand when Duck Dodgers accidentally puts his rocket into a bomb.
| Dumas |
‘Spondulicks’ is British slang for what? | 9 Cartoon Ducks That’ll Make You Quack For More | nerdbastards.com
9 Cartoon Ducks That’ll Make You Quack For More
02-08-10 • Featured , TV Posted by Luke Gallagher
12
Facebook Twitter
Why are we here today? Well to acknowledge and celebrate televisions greatest cartoon ducks, that’s why. Seriously, no great cartoon is without a good duck. We judge a mallard not by cuteness but by contents of their character. So let us get on with then. Here are the 9 Ducks That’ll Make You Quack For More. Lets get ducky!
#9 Psyduck– we all know him from Pokeman and yes, we all love him. He is by far one of the best Pokeman ever created. After all, his vacant look and appearance of stupidity makes us chuckle inside and makes us wonder if that is what we look like after a night of playing video games. His dumbfounded appearance is meant to trick his enemies into thinking he is weak (according to the Pokedex of course!). He is constantly plagued by a headache and therefore waddles around holding his head. But once that headache goes from bad to horrendous, Psyduck is able to use his psychic powers. Or just use his claws to scratch the shit out of his enemy.
#8 The Mighty Ducks– the cartoon characters of course! It ran in the fall of 1996. Basically it was about a planet called Puckworld that was inhabited by humanoid ducks whose favorite past time was playing ice hockey (You don’t say?). The planet is taken over by Dragaunus. Canard goes off into the hills and finds the mask of Drake DuCaine (a legend). Canard ensembles a group of friends: Wildwing, Nosedive, Tanya, Duke, Mallory, and Grin, to fight the douchey Dragaunus.
Sure the ducks were standard-issue superheroes and the show itself was a bit too light-hearted and not really too layered but it’s hocky playing mallards folks. It sells itself.
#7 Scrooge McDuck– aka Uncle Scrooge ala Ducktales. Only the richest duck in the entire world who only does what any other rich person would do…try to expand his wealth constantly; while trying to keep it safe from a bunch of no-do-gooders like the Beagle Boys. He got his rich by being “smarter then the smarties, and tougher then the toughies.” With the help of his nephews Huey, Dewey and Louie he is always able to protect his money.
Scrooge McDuck was a laughable, outlandish, over the top business man. He started out as a greedy, self centered, typical scrooge but learned that there’s more to life than money, family. Plus his Scottish accent was so damn classy. And who can say they haven’t emulated ole’ Scrooge by trying to swim in a pile their allowance money? Sadly, the majority of us only had enough pennies and dimes to reenact a fish out of water. Perhaps if we “work smarter not harder” we too will have mountain of money to frolic in.
#6 Wade– from Garfield and Friends. He lives on Orson’s Farm and his best friend just happens to be Orson, the pig. He has a wonderful sense of style, always wearing his pink inflatable tube. Which of course has a head on it that copies his every move and appearance. He has way too many phobias to name and once he gets scared, which is almost always, he starts to speak in tongues and no one can understand him. After Garfield was over and his qoute “friends” came on, Wade was the only reason worth watching.
#5 Darkwing Duck– aka alter ego Drake Mallard. It was the first spin-off of Ducktales and the show ran from 1991-1995 and 1996-1997. Helping Darkwing Duck was his trusty sidekick Launchpad. Drake lived with his adoptive daughter, Gosalyn and was best know for his phrases “Let’s get dangerous!” and “I am the terror that flaps in the night!”
We’ve heard of superheros who fight truth, justice and all that good stuff. We’ve heard of super heroes that fight because of some life-changing trauma at the hand of a criminal. But a superhero that gets his kicks because of an ego streak? How can you not love a character that tries so desperatly hard to compensate for his lack of actual superpowers? A vainglorious vigilante who constantly provides his own narration, what more do you need?
#4 Count Duckula– British TV series from way back when, September 1988. It was a spin-off of Dangermouse. A vegetarian duck who comes from a long lineage of nasty vampires who are resurrected every 100 years by using an ancient incantation and a bottle of blood. Sadly, there is a slight mishap with this particular ceremony and instead of a bloodthirsty creature from the deep, we get a egotistical music-loving weakling who enjoys nothing better than munching on piece of celery. Together with his stupid but tough nanny and his shady butler Igor, he lives in a dark castle on a mountain in Transylvania called appropriately enough ‘Castle Duckula’ from where he can teleport around the world by simply entering a magic crypt.
Count Duckula will be remembered for his enjoyable, terrible puns, delivered in a hilarious, understated british manner.
#3 Duckman– aka Eric Tiberius Duckman. best known for his catch phrases, “What the hell are you staring at?” and “Hommina hommina how wah!” Duckman is about a sexually repressed duck who takes his time by staring at “jugs” and working as a private dick, to pay his alimony payments. Where upon he is met by the porky friend Cornfed who though in his meger existence adds to the plot through his fast witted humor and actually shows some kind of loyalty to Duckman. While Duckman isn’t being a Private Dick he is a family man to his farce of a family. A bitchy, workout obsessed sister in law, a dim witted eldest son, another pair of sons who happen to be Siamese twins and a comatose farting grandmother .
Snarmy, cynical, deranged, rude, perverted and an out right fool you can’t help but love Duckman because he reminds you a little of yourself.
#2 Daffy Duck– aka Daffy Dumas Duck. He was part of Warner Bros Looney Toons and Merrie Melodies. He 1st appeared on April 17, 1937. Though never achieving the success of Warner Bros. staple character, Bugs Bunny, Daffy was the better character. That bunny was an arrogant prick. While Daffy made a connection with people for his self-analytical, competive, peevish, paranoid, neurotic and greedy nature. If you think about it, Daffy is Warner Bros. critique on human nature. We are glory seeking creatures that work tirelessy and are jealous of those that acheive success without even trying. We try and fail. Daffy may have been the victim of many misfortunes and failed at life but this looney toon suceeded at capturing our hearts.
#1 Donald Duck-. There are ducks and there is Donald and Daffy Duck. Donald, as we all know, is the better duck. He was born June 9, 1934 and is an iconic Disney character to this day. The venerable duck is known for such classic phrases as “Oh boy, Oh boy, Oh boy”, “What’s the big idea?” and “Aw Phooey!”. Though generally happy, with a postive outlook on life Donald has a temper about as short as his pants. It’s still remains a mystery as to why Donald proudly goes commando but yet will where a towel after taking a shower/bath??? Donald has a rich and colorful history. He rose to success in the early forties with academy award winning film “Der Fuehrer’s Face” (1943) a anti nazi progander film. Other notable shorts from this period include several Army shorts that follow Donalds life in the US Army.
Post war Donald is the duck most of us know and love. When Donald wasn’t being the brunt of other character pestering , most notably by Chip n’ Dale, he was the star in educational films such as “Donald in MathMagic Land” and “How to Have an Accident at Work” (both 1959). He later would make several appearances in other Disney projects such as “Mickey’s Christmas Carol”. Speaking of Mickey, the rivalry between Duck and Mouse is the stuff of legends. While Mickey was whoring himself out like some cheap $5 hooker Donald was working hard to earn his rightful place in the spotlight. House of Mouse my ass, more like House of Duck if you ask me. Donald could have well been Disney’s leading mascot had this little audio sex tap not surfaced:
Jeeze, can’t a duck get a blow job with out some bitch hiding a recorder and selling the audio to the highest bidder? Despite this little blemish in Donalds respectable history he is for all accounts an American hero. “Who’s got the sweetest disposition, One guess, guess who? Who never never starts an argument, Who never shows a bit of temperament, Who’s never wrong, but always right, Who’d never dream of starting a fight, Who gets stuck with all the bad luck, No one! but Donald Duck that’s who.
Related
Advertisements
Now Trending
array(5) { [1]=> array(4) { ["post_id"]=> string(6) "215073" ["post_title"]=> string(66) "TV REVIEW: 'Travelers' Has a Problematic, But Promising, Beginning" ["post_permalink"]=> string(97) "http://nerdbastards.com/2016/10/12/tv-review-travelers-has-a-problematic-but-promising-beginning/" ["views"]=> string(4) "3349" } [2]=> array(4) { ["post_id"]=> string(6) "218465" ["post_title"]=> string(87) "Mark Hamill Confronts 'Overrated Flunky Loser' Donald Trump In Second Trumpster Reading" ["post_permalink"]=> string(121) "http://nerdbastards.com/2017/01/15/mark-hamill-confronts-overrated-flunky-loser-donald-trump-in-second-trumpster-reading/" ["views"]=> string(4) "2482" } [3]=> array(4) { ["post_id"]=> string(6) "218538" ["post_title"]=> string(56) "Uh-Oh! Rumour du Jour is That 'Wonder Woman' is Not Good" ["post_permalink"]=> string(89) "http://nerdbastards.com/2017/01/18/uh-oh-rumour-du-jour-is-that-wonder-woman-is-not-good/" ["views"]=> string(4) "1945" } [4]=> array(4) { ["post_id"]=> string(6) "218542" ["post_title"]=> string(98) "It's Official: The Pixar Connected Universal Theory Has Been Pretty Much Confirmed By Disney/Pixar" ["post_permalink"]=> string(131) "http://nerdbastards.com/2017/01/18/its-official-the-pixar-connected-universal-theory-has-been-pretty-much-confirmed-by-disneypixar/" ["views"]=> string(4) "1667" } [5]=> array(4) { ["post_id"]=> string(6) "218529" ["post_title"]=> string(81) "Mark Hamill's Martin Luther King Day Tribute Is Another Perfect Trumpster Reading" ["post_permalink"]=> string(116) "http://nerdbastards.com/2017/01/17/mark-hamills-martin-luther-king-day-tribute-is-another-perfect-trumpster-reading/" ["views"]=> string(4) "1369" } }
| i don't know |
Spode pottery is made in which European country? | Spode China - Collector Information | Collectors Weekly
Spode China
Overview eBay Auctions Show & Tell Articles
Josiah Spode founded his Spode pottery around 1770 at Stroke-on-Trent in Staffordshire. Even before Spode arrived, this area was well known as “The Potteries,” one of Britain’s most important districts for the production of porcelain.
In 1785, Spode began producing its line of blue-on-pearl china , which was to become its first success thanks to the skill of designer Thomas Minton in the early 1790s. Spode’s pieces were distinctive for the depth and richness of their blue color—the pottery refined its own cobalt to achieve the effect. This blue-and-white china remained one of Spode’s most distinctive products for decades to come, though Spode also produced a variety of unglazed lines, including basalts, redwares, and canewares.
When Josiah Spode passed away, his son, Josiah Spode II, took over the business in 1797. Spode II continued the research his father had begun into bone-ash porcelain. Potteries had experimented with adding burnt animal bone to their porcelain for a few decades, but Spode II perfected the proportions of this mix between 1797 and 1798.
A mix of between 33 and 50 percent burnt animal bone, plus equal amounts of feldspar and quartz, yielded porcelain that was extremely white, strong, cheap to produce, and translucent. This bone-ash, or soft-paste, porcelain soon spread to other British potteries, giving England the boost it needed to stay competitive in the international market. By 1820, Spode’s approach to porcelain became the standard formula for bone china . Spode’s porcelain pieces often featured elaborate painted decorations, sometimes with exotic or foreign characters in novel scenes.
With the popularity of its bone-ash porcelain, Spode became the most successful Staffordshire pottery from 1800 to 1833. Its pieces had few flaws compared to the products of other companies—its glaze did not craze, its colors did not flake. Spode produced a wide variety of lines, including tea wares, dinner wares, and dessert wares, alongside incense burners, pen trays, cabinet pieces, and more. Master decorator Henry Daniel fostered high-quality designs on Spode’s polychromatic and gilded pieces, and C. F. Hürten painted many exquisite vases.
Each Spode piece was marked with the family name alongside a pattern number in red. This pattern number started at 1 in 1800—by 1833, it had reached 5000. Pattern #1166 is particularly noteworthy for its elaborate decoration. Other noteworthy pattern lines included Willow, which was first developed by Josiah Spode I around 1790; Tower; Camilla; and London, which was copied by many other makers between 1815 and 1825. Spode also produced imitation Chinese wares. Before 1805, these pieces featured a “Spode Stone China” mark alongside a fake Chinese seal.
In 1833, William Taylor Copeland took the reins at Spode after Josiah Spode III died, and he renamed the company Copeland and Garrett. In 1847, Copeland and Garrett became W. T. ...Copeland, and then W. T. Copeland and Sons in 1867. During this period, the company began producing Parian ware, its line of statuary porcelain busts and figures.
These small-scale figures were inspired by (and sometimes simply replicated) classical sculptures from ancient Greece and Rome, and they were finished to resemble marble. These affordable pieces allowed the general public to bring fine classical art into their homes. Copeland displayed these figures at the 1851 London Great Exhibition, where they were extremely successful and popular. Alongside the Parian figures, Copeland continued to produce fine bone china and earthenware.
Copeland’s production facilities remained at Spode’s original Staffordshire location. In 1970, the company’s name changed back to Spode Ltd., which became Royal Worcester Spode Ltd. in 1976. Royal Worcester Spode experienced severe financial difficulties in the 2000s and was purchased by Portmeirion in April 2009. Portmeirion has continued to use the Royal Worcester Spode name in its product line.
| England |
Which late US singer was known as ‘The Caruso of Rock’? | Spode China & Dinnerware | eBay
Spode China & Dinnerware
Showing slide {CURRENT_SLIDE} of {TOTAL_SLIDES} - Shop by Main Color
Go to previous slide - Shop by Main Color
Go to next slide - Shop by Main Color
Hot This Week
Showing slide {CURRENT_SLIDE} of {TOTAL_SLIDES} - Hot This Week
Go to previous slide - Hot This Week
Go to next slide - Hot This Week
Results in Spode China & Dinnerware
1-25 of 29,760
Spode ITALIAN blue white Camilla England 10-1/2" Dinner Plate(s) Excellent Used
The classic "Italian" pattern from Spode, blue on white, fine dinnerware made in England. Here a fine large dinner plate, used with light wear. Marked as shown. Measures 10-1/2" across. Excellent used, great color and shine, light wear marks, no chips or cracks.
$8.99
IN VERY GOOD CONITION, NO ISSUES.
$51.11
HERE IS A SET OF 3, 7 1/2" SALAD/DESSERT PLATES BY SPODE ENGLAND, USED 1 TIME AND IN EXCELLENT CONDITION. THERE ARE NO CHIPS, CRACKS, WEAR OR SCRATCH MARKS. DO NOT DUPLICATE OR COPY! Don't Forget to Check Out.
$39.99
This is a nice set of 6 Spode's Camilla dinner plates. They each measure 10-1/2" across and are in very good condition without any nicks, chips or cracks. Marked on the back as shown.
$26.39
Available for best offeror Best Offer
HERE IS A SET OF 6, 7 1/2" SALAD/DESSERT PLATES BY SPODE ENGLAND, USED 1 TIME AND IN EXCELLENT CONDITION. THERE ARE NO CHIPS, CRACKS, WEAR OR SCRATCH MARKS. Don't Forget to Check Out. DO NOT DUPLICATE OR COPY!
$69.99
Seasonal pattern depicts a decorated Christmas tree, colorful gifts, and holding greens;. Crafted of durable milk-white earthware with rich green banding;.
$59.99
Up for sale is this Copeland Spode Cobalt blue Scilla Sibirica # 6 dinner plate. No cracks,chips or repairs. lite scratches. plate is 10 1/2 " wide.
$15.00
Set of 6 coasters with cork backs. - ORDERED BY MISTAKE?. They measure 4 1/8" x 4 1/8".
$11.95
Set of 4 Spode Christmas Tree (w/ Green Trim) 8" Salad Plates. Make Supersized Seem Small. Get Images that.
$25.00
These plates were only used a few times if ever and they remain in great condition.free of chips, cracks and noticeable wear.they do have some clean crazing as typical of this pattern.
$32.50
Only 1 left!Only 1 left!
Set of 8 dinner plate; Measuring 10.75" in diameter each;. Seasonal pattern depicts a decorated Christmas tree, colorful gifts, and holding greens;.
$169.99
TWO 5" Storage Bowls w/ Plastic Lids. CHRISTMAS TREE.
$14.99
Set of 4 England Spode Victorian Series ' ROME ' 10.5" BLUE/WHITE plates.
Set of 4 England Spode Victorian Series ' ROME ' pattern. 10 5/8th" BLUE & WHITE dinner plates. Excellent to pristine condition and clean. Spode ENGLAND crest on the bottom. These lovely and colorful plates are clean, bright and ready for service or display.
$37.85
Spode is a trusted and coveted name in ceramics, and rightly so; they've been producing lovely tableware since the late 1700s. This set of four dinner plates belongs to one of their best-loved patterns, which they've been making since 1938.
$62.75
Only 1 left!Only 1 left!
Amazing marks on this piece, four blue underglaze including the "Devonia" stamp, "Late Spode" and the Spodes Italian oval. Plus two impressed marks, the Copeland over a crown and a date mark that could be December '04 - not very clear.
$29.99
SPODE ENGLAND CHRISTMAS TREE DINNER PLATES. SET OF 4 IN EXCELLENT CONDITION. NO SCRATCHES, NO CHIPS, NO CRACKS. USED VERY LITTLE, ALWAYS WASHED BY HAND, NEVER PUT IN DISHWASHER. MEASURES 10 5/8".
$47.99
Only 1 left!Only 1 left!
Spode Blue Room Collection Regency Series Pagoda Dinner Plate
This plate is pretty. It is made of porcelain and has a milky white high gloss finish. It is round in style and the embossed scalloped rim is decorated with a floral motif. The center of the plate is decorated with a gorgeous transfer pattern depicting a lush Oriental Scene.
$10.00
This is part of the Blue Room Collection - Christmas Plate #5. Each illustration is inspired by an early Victorian drawing. A great plate for your blue dish collection. This Spode product is made in England.
$10.40
Beautiful Spode dinner plate. No chips or cracks but does have utensil wear.
$16.95
Spode China - Made in England Christmas Tree - Green Band - Newer Marks. Set of 4 salad or dessert plates 7 5/8" diameter. Occasionally we unintentionally miss something. We will work with you to rectify an issue.
$27.99
Only 1 left!Only 1 left!
This is aSet of 4 Spode Christmas Double Old Fashioned Glasses. Mixed designs in set. Set has Christmas Tree design on 1 glass, and 3 glasses have holly berry boughs. Set is in Excellent Condition and comes in Original Box.
$18.50
Ending Today at 6:43AM PST6h 21m
These plates were only used a few times and they remain in excellent condition.free of chips, cracks, crazing and noticeable wear.showing a few minor utensil marks.very minor.
$44.09
This is a nice set of 2 Spode's Camilla blue rimmed soup bowls. They each measure 7-5/8" across and are in very good condition without any nicks, chips or cracks. Marked on the back as shown.
$27.99
Available for best offeror Best Offer
Spode Blue Room Octagon 9.5" Dinner Plate Sutherland Collection Lucano England
MINOR UTENSIL SCRATCHES. Here is a beautiful, octagon shaped dinner plate by Spode. This plate is from the Spode Blue Room Sutherland Collection. It measures 9 1/2" wide and is titled "Lucano". It comes to you in good condition except for some minor utensil scratches. They are only visible when held at an angle in the right light. I am happy to combine shipping so please check out my other items. Questions? Please ask. Thank you for checking my listings and have a great day!
$19.50
Available for best offeror Best Offer
| i don't know |
Beth Tweddle has represented Britain in which sport? | Big interview with Beth Tweddle | Sport | The Guardian
Share on Messenger
Close
You have only to visit the Park Road Sports Hall to understand why the fuss has hardly hit Beth Tweddle . Park Road snakes through Toxteth, a run-down area of Liverpool famous for riots and Robbie Fowler, and the gym occupies an unassuming red-brick building on the main road. The interior flickers with strip lighting and it smells of school dinners. Faded newspaper cuttings cover the walls. They are mostly of Tweddle. An A4 poster, reminiscent of the First World War recruitment campaign, says 'Beth needs your vote'.
Tweddle arrives and stashes her kitbag in one of the MDF cubbyholes. It is her cubbyhole but it is indistinguishable from the rest. It does not say: Beth Tweddle, champion of the world, which it might do. As she begins her warm-up surrounded by two dozen other girls aged from eight to 18, she blurs into the rest of them.
It is this unassuming, down-to-earth manner that makes Britain's first world champion gymnast so likeable. 'I like to keep myself to myself,' she says. 'I've learned what makes you look stupid in interviews, like umming and ahhing. Journalists never let you just say yes or no, they always want more.' Quite, but a modest profile may not be in her favour if she wants to win tonight's BBC Sports Personality of the Year award. Despite winning Britain's first ever gymnastics gold at the world championships in Aarhus in October, Tweddle is a staggering 79-1 to scoop the BBC prize. A live performance of her medal-winning routine during the broadcast may, however, just swing the balance.
Cue a phone call from the BBC. 'No, it's Beth, not Elizabeth,' she says politely. A Question of Sport have phoned up to check her details. She will be appearing on their show in January. 'I really haven't a clue about sport,' she says, 'but you can confer quite a lot, I think.'
The media attention is welcome. It may be an extra strain when added to an already full schedule of training sessions, international competition and a final year in sports science at Liverpool John Moores University, but Tweddle views it holistically: it is good for the sport of gymnastics. 'We never usually get much publicity,' she says. 'A lot of our kids will go off to championships and get absolutely no coverage. We're getting GB firsts and people don't even know we've been competing.'
Tweddle won bronze last year in the same competition and there was barely a ripple of acknowledgement. Before this year's gold medal, did she ever get recognised in the street? 'Not really. Sometimes people in Liverpool stare, but that's about it. There was this one time, after the 2004 Olympics, when some guy asked me where the national team had come. Eleventh, I said, and he said, "Oh well, at least you tried." Imagine that. And that had been a good result for us at the time. I think that's indicative of the way people view gymnastics in this country - always a disappointment.'
Britain's results pale in comparison to gymnastics' superpowers such as China, who won three of the six women's gold medals at this year's world championships. But then Britain are competing against a Chinese gymnastics system that has consistently yielded results since their first gold medal in 1979. Their structure is so comprehensive it includes testing the IQ and emotional make-up of all prospective national team gymnasts aged 12 and upward.
The hope is that Tweddle's gold medal, which she won aged 21, will change all that. 'The youngsters will be more motivated,' she says. 'Our drop-off rate tends to come around 13 or 14 years, but this will encourage them to stay on and fulfil their potential.'
Tweddle does not fit the stereotype of a female gymnast. She is a powerfully built tomboy and there is not a swish of pink leotard in sight. 'I never had posters of gymnasts on my wall,' she says, 'just one of Michael Owen as my family are big Liverpool supporters. The first Olympics I remember watching were 1992, but I didn't watch the gymnastics. All I was bothered about was Linford Christie.'
Born in Johannesburg, to English parents crazy about hockey, Tweddle grew up, she says, 'with a hockey stick in my hand'. Her brother now represents England's under-21 hockey side. When she first went to gymnastics aged seven she hated it. 'I used to lock myself in my bedroom, I hated the thought of being left in a gym for four hours.' It can't have helped, too, that for a long time she had an hour's commute to Toxteth from the family home in Bunbury, Cheshire.
Now she relishes the hard work and regularly spends up to seven hours a day in the gym, six days a week. Which doesn't leave much time for seeing her boyfriend, Dave. 'It's difficult. There are so many times I just want to be with him but he understands - even though he works in an ordinary job. We're always on the phone, texting, emailing, everything. When I became world champion he was watching me on TV and he was the first to phone me straight afterwards.'
When she is not in the gym, she is still thinking about it. 'Ever since school I've been scribbling routines down in the back of my notebooks. I still do, in lectures,' she says. Grabbing a pen, she enthusiastically notes a sample. She jots down A to G values and combinations from her routine on the asymmetric bars, the discipline in which she won gold, and adds up the sums. 'Say I did an E/D combination, I'd get .5 for the E, .4 for the D and a .2 for the connection, that's a Tkatchev Ray and Pak salto combination - whoever they are.'
Does it take an obsessive to make a good gymnast? 'Well I'm a perfectionist,' she says. 'I get very frustrated, especially if it's on my favourite piece, the asymmetric bars. I'm always getting told to calm down. I tend to sit and sulk, or pull a face. That's when Amanda [Kirby, her coach] tells me to sort my face out and get on with it.'
She is bored by people saying that at 5ft 2in she looks smaller in real life than on telly. 'Anyone stood next to the Chinese would look big,' she says. 'They're tiny.' With 16 as the minimum age for international competition, the body image of the sport is changing. 'People used to think of gymnasts as tiny tots,' she says, 'now it's an advantage to be muscular and powerful. It's good because it welcomes more people into the sport.'
Success is what best attracts attention to a sport, but Tweddle's 30 seconds of wonder at the world championships do not tell the story of the struggles that came before it. 'Beth had so many falls and injuries in the three years before this competition,' says Adrian Stan, British Gymnastics' technical director. 'Everyone was very nervous before a performance, especially her. Three days before the competition there were more problems; she had a boil on her hand, an infection, and a bruised knee. I sat with the Americans and Romanians - our direct competitors - in the audience, waiting for her score. When I saw it I knew she could not be beaten. I jumped up and immediately fell back down. I thought I was going to have a heart attack.'
Stan refers to Tweddle and her peers as the new generation. They are the product of his 14-year pioneering project in British gymnastics since arriving in this country from Romania. The sport has progressed from a leisure-centre hobby to a money-making industry with an elite performance level. 'Adrian changed the sport in this country,' says Tweddle.
Stan illustrates the point. 'Suzanne Dando's coach once said, "I cannot imagine a time when we will beat the French"; now it is the Chinese and Romanians that we go after. At the moment we are between eighth and twelfth in the world and we win medals here and there. We need to move inside the top eight to win consistently. Now Beth has raised the benchmark, coaches and gymnasts will see it can be done.'
Stan is frustrated by the media portrayal of the sport. 'Already we have many gymnasts in the top 100 in the world rankings. If the same was true of tennis, the newspapers would sing to the heavens, but because it is gymnastics nobody thinks this is a big achievement.'
He believes the future of the sport - all sports - lies with the government. 'In order to progress we need a better trinity between the ministries for education, health and sport,' he says. 'At the moment schools and gyms are miles apart. Kids are struggling to get homework done, travelling long hours in the car - like Beth had to do.'
Some of this is beginning to change. Rebecca Downie, England's 14-year-old Commonwealth individual bronze medallist and team silver medallist, goes to a school that is on the same site as her gym, which is clearly paying dividends.
As the next generation come through, what of Tweddle? At 21 some may feel her star is already fading, but she is enjoying her old age. She relishes the new-found maturity in her relationship with her coach. 'It's a two-way relationship now,' she says, 'I used to just say OK and get on with it, but now I've learned what my body needs and Amanda respects that.
'People have been asking when I'll retire since Athens two years ago. At the time I had thought that I would be finished by this year's Commonwealth Games, but now I feel I have more in me to give. Gymnasts no longer have short careers. It is now possible to compete until you are 30.' The very idea is revolutionary when you think back to the old days of Olga Korbut and the tiny 12-year-olds.
Can Britain ever be as good as the former Soviet bloc countries, China, or the United States? Surely their success is based on an unhealthy regime of starving children and inhumane training schedules. 'Those are stories,' says Tweddle, 'and who knows what incarnations they've gone through by the time you hear them. Britain will get there, it just takes a while to produce the results, you know.'
The immediate future brings the World Cup in Brazil next weekend, for which she will fly out tomorrow. Tweddle says she would like to keep competing up to the Beijing Olympics in 2008. By then, it will be 100 years since Britain won an individual Olympic gymnastics medal. Perhaps Tweddle can mark the occasion with one of her own. 'I've got a good set-up now,' she says, 'and I've learned how important it is that all the different parts of your life accept each other.'
As if to illustrate the point, she trots off to the asymmetric bars and begins seamlessly weaving her body between them.
| Gymnastics |
Which London theatre has a thatched roof? | Gymnastics: Olympic hero Beth Tweddle retires after raising the bar for Britain | The Independent
Gymnastics: Olympic hero Beth Tweddle retires after raising the bar for Britain
London 2012 bronze medallist will open academy to unearth stars of the future
Tuesday 6 August 2013 22:32 BST
Click to follow
The Independent Online
Beth Tweddle on her way to securing a bronze at last year’s Olympics Getty Images
A year to the day since she claimed Olympic bronze in the uneven bars, Beth Tweddle became the latest star of London 2012 to announce her retirement after a glittering career that has helped to transform gymnastics in Britain.
As with Sir Chris Hoy, Victoria Pendleton, Rebecca Adlington and Sir Ben Ainslie in cycling, swimming and sailing respectively, the three-times world champion's departure at the age of 28 marks the end of an era. Before Tweddle came along, no British gymnast had even won a medal at a World Championships, but she leaves as the standard bearer for a sport which has made significant strides since she first represented her country in junior competition aged nine.
"It's been a hard decision to make; gymnastics has been and always will be a massive part of my life," Tweddle said at Chobham Academy, a new school which opens next month on the site of the London 2012 Athletes' Village that will house the new Beth Tweddle Academy.
"Following the Olympics I've had a lot of projects and recently I've had a bit more time to get back into the gym and decide whether I could put 100 per cent into it, and I know now deep down I can't commit to the hours and training to remain at the very top. I don't think my achievements will ever really sink in but when I do look back I can be very proud of what I've done and how I've done it."
Those achievements make up some list. As well as last year's bronze and world titles in 2006, 2009 and 2010, Tweddle was a six-time European champion and seven-time national champion but her true legacy was helping to improve Britain's reputation as a poor relation of the gymnastics fraternity .
An unprecedented four gymnastics medals in London – two more than the target set by UK Sport – has left the sport in rude health ahead of next year's Commonwealth Games in Glasgow.
Now Tweddle is hoping Total Gymnastics, the company she set up with former Olympic swimmer Steve Parry, can help to unearth new talent as part of a government-sponsored national programme. "The London 2012 Olympics is where I achieved my life-long dream and now I hope I can inspire the next generation by providing the opportunity to try gymnastics," said Tweddle.
"The [Chobham Academy] school opens this September and my academy will be starting in mid-October. I want to give every child an opportunity. I had to try a lot of sports before I found gymnastics. This way children can have a go; they might love it, they might hate it, but we've given them the opportunity to try it."
Brilliant Beth: Tweddle's triumphs
2000 Gold Junior C'wealth Games. 2002 Gold Commonwealth Games.
2003 First Briton to win a World Championship medal (bronze). 2004 Silver at European Championships on uneven bars.
2006 First Briton to win European Championship gold. First Briton to be world champion. Gold again on uneven bars at World Cup final.
2009 Wins World title a second time.
2010 Gold medals on uneven bars at European and World Championships plus gold in floor event at Europeans.
2012 Olympic bronze on uneven bars.
More about:
| i don't know |
What is the first name of Arkwright, played by Ronnie Barker in the UK television series ‘Open All Hours’? | Open All Hours (Series) - TV Tropes
Open All Hours
You need to login to do this. Get Known if you don't have an account
Share
YMMV
Arkwright, Nurse Gladys and Granville.
A late 1970s-mid 1980s sitcom by Roy Clarke ( Last of the Summer Wine , Keeping Up Appearances ). Along with Porridge , it was based on one of the more successful items from a series of sitcom try-out pilots by Ronnie Barker called Seven of One.
The miserly, late-middle-aged Arkwright (first name unknown; in one episode Granville calls him 'Albert' but the situation suggests he may have made it up) runs a general store in Balby, a suburb of Doncaster (both the shop and the street are real life places). An Honest John , he prides himself on never letting anyone leave his shop without buying something, and seems to take more pleasure in the thrill of the chase than becoming rich. His work obsession causes friction between him and his love interest/fianceé Nurse Gladys Emmanuel, a buxom midwife whom Arkwright attempts to convince to finally marry him (or at least to let him have his way with her.)
Arkwright is aided and abetted by his long-suffering nephew Granville, possibly the son of a displaced Hungarian noble and certainly the son of a woman whose promiscuity is the butt of many of Arkwright's jokes, whose romantic and exotic dreams are invariably crushed by the grim reality of life in 1970s South Yorkshire.
Ronnie Barker played Arkwright (a very common remark is that it's hard to believe he was simultaneously playing the very different character of Fletcher in Porridge ) while Granville was one of the first major roles of a young David Jason (who also played the very old Blanco in Porridge!). Production was done on a very small budget, with the result that the vast majority of the show takes place on the same shop set - this arguably forced the programme to devote its full attention to the verbal comedy, which is often praised.
Barker also contributed Arkwright's famous stutter (absent in the original scripts). The character himself lampshades it at times:
Arkwright: Ger-granville? How do you spell per-per-per-per-peppers? Is it six P's or seven?
Ran for 4 series and 26 episodes , although there were actually thirteen years between the pilot and the final episode, and nine years between the first and last series.
Came eighth in Britain's Best Sitcom .
After a successful one-off Revival episode in 2013 which scored the Christmas week's highest ratings, a full fifth series titled Still Open All Hours and featuring several of the original cast was commissioned, beginning on Boxing Day 2014. In this, Granville has taken over the shop following Arkwright's death .
Contains examples of:
Abhorrent Admirer : Mrs. Featherstone to Arkwright and Granville. Arkwright tends to squirm when she's around and Granville fears her after a case of miscommunication, she kisses him.
Catch Phrase : "Granville! Fetch your cloth!"
Chick Magnet : Leroy is a little more successful than his dad in the romance department, but still tends to fail with the ladies.
Dodgy Toupee : One of the odd products Mark Williams salesman character attempts to peddle to Granville in Still Open All Hours is range of dodgy toupees for the customer too embarassed to consult a hair loss professional but who might impulse buy one at the counter of his local shop.
Does Not Like Men : Mavis's sister Madge, whose failed relationships have embittered her on the entire male sex. Granville keeps attempting to set her up with Gastric in order to give himself a clear run at Mavis.
Dog Walks You : A recurring gag involves a local man sticking his head into the shop but being yanked away by his massive dog before Granville can find out what it was he came in for.
Eccentric Townsfolk : About half of the customers.
Expy :
Kathy Staff's character Mrs Blewitt is, as the actress herself noted in a making-of documentary, essentially the same character as the one she plays in Last of the Summer Wine , Nora Batty (also written by Clarke).
A reverse example - Last of the Summer Wine got the character of Auntie Wainwright, who is an obvious gender-flipped expy of Arkwright (and note the similar name) but less sympathetic and with the 'sell anything to anyone' ability turned Up to Eleven .
The Faceless : Mr Bristow, never seen outside his motorcycle helmet and leathers. Actually, The Voiceless , too. Come to think of it, are we sure he isn't The Stig ?
Failure Is the Only Option : The series is oddly depressing because of it.
Generation Xerox : Still Open All Hours shows that Granville did inherit the shop as promised and he's become a lot like Arkwright, with his son Leroy in his former position. He even pokes fun at the identity of Leroy's mother, just like Arkwright did with him.
Honest John's Dealership : Arkwright and later, Granville as well.
Hurricane of Euphemisms : Pretty much everything Arkwright says to Nurse Gladys is riddled with Unusual Euphemisms .
Inner Monologue : Granville has several thoughts on the day as he starts closing up shop. Usually it's about charging people more than what he should have.
Manipulative Bastard :
Arkwright is highly skilled in conning people into buying useless junk, especially strangers or newcomers to the area. On one occasion he even manages to sell trayloads of groceries to a professional salesman - without, of course, ever buying any of the gentleman's products in turn.
Granville has clearly picked up a few tricks, as he shows in "Still Open All Hours."
Master-Apprentice Chain : Arkwright > Granville > Leroy
The Matchmaker : Granville for Gastric and Madge, largely so that with Madge out of the way, he can pursue Mavis.
My Sister Is Off-Limits! : Granville and Mavis are keen to rekindle their feelings after she got divorced, but her sister Madge is even keener to keep him away.
Newspaper-Thin Disguise : In Still Open All Hours, Granville tasks Leroy with tailing a local to find out where he is doing his shopping. Leroy does so clutching a magazine in front of his face as cover.
Not What It Looks Like :
Mr Bristow's head is stuck in his helmet, so Granville bends him over the counter and Arkwright produces a large axe (intending to prise it off with the handle)...then one of his best customers walks in.
Leroy is about to bring out some trays of tomatoes for the outside display when he walks right into Mrs. Hussain and falls right on top of her...then Granville comes outside.
Once an Episode : In the revival, Granville points to Arkwright's portrait and quotes him (stutter and all) near the middle of every episode.
Reverse Psychology :
Arkwright gets rid of unwanted ginger cake by immediately announcing to customers as soon as they come through the door "I'm sorry, but I can only let you have one!" before implying they're an aphrodisiac.
Granville shows how much he learned from the master in the revival when he does the same for "Yaggis" (Yorkshire's fictitious answer to haggis, actually a salami sausage plus some made-up-on-the-spur-of-the-moment patter).
Really Gets Around : Arkwright makes constant cracks about Granville's mother along these lines. In the revival Granville says the same about his own son's mother (who eventually makes an appearance).
Revival : "Still Open All Hours", a one-off Christmas special in 2013. Granville is now the proprietor of the shop (and every bit as miserly as Arkwright was), with his son as the new errand boy.
Role Reprisal : In addition to Granville, Still Open All Hours sees the return of Nurse Gladys Emmanuel, Granville's love interest Mavis, and Mrs Featherstone, all played by the original actresses.
Running Gag :
The till's tight spring that snaps back as soon as money is put into it, nearly chopping off fingers as it does. (This was originally just a spring clip inside the till, but the gag evolved.) In later episodes this always dislodges a tin that's balanced on top of the till, but Arkwright usually manages to catch it in mid-air.
In the revival series it is suggested that the deceased Arkwright is haunting the till.
Schmuck Bait : A lot. For example, in one episode Arkwright cons a condescending customer into believing that the town is infested with "frats" (ferret/rat hybrids) and that an old lantern he's been trying to get rid of is a "frat detector".
Squirrels in My Pants : In episode 5 of Still Open All Hours, Granville persuades Gastric to dress up in his great grandmother's wedding dress and pose as Old Mother Hemlock to help sell a load of herbal remedies. However, a mouse has taken up residence inside the dress which causes Gastric to go through some very odd gyrations, to the confusion of everyone watching.
Stalker with a Crush : At times Arkwright, even though he and Nurse Gladys are supposed to be engaged.
Title Drop : At the end of the final episode of the third series, while he's wondering if Nurse Gladys will ever marry him, Arkwright mutters, "I'll just have to stay open all hours."
Transatlantic Equivalent : The very short lived early 80s ABC sitcom Open All Night was an American adaption of the show, changing the store to a 7-11/Kwik-E-Mart type of establishment, with an entire family running the place. Much like Arkwright struggles to keep Granville in line, his American counterpart Gordon struggles to keep his shiftless and nerdy stepson Terry motivated.
Unsympathetic Comedy Protagonist : Averted, despite everything counting against Arkwright like his treatment of Granville, his Scrooge-level miserliness and his Stalker with a Crush attitude to Gladys Emmanuel. Clarke's writing and Barker's acting are good enough that Arkwright can be a sympathetic character even when his plans work (so he doesn't end up as The Woobie ).
:: Indexes ::
| Albert |
Before he became US President, Barack Obama was senator of which state? | Open All Hours
Open All Hours
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the name of the theme tune?
The tune to Open All Hours was written by Max Harris adapted from a melody "Alice, Where Art Thou?" by J. Ascher. Music sheet page 1 and page 2 from the book "It's easy to play TV themes 2" : [music! /arranged by Frank Booth]. Max Harris also wrote tunes for other TV shows like Doomwatch, Carry On England, the Hammer On the Buses film, Mind Your Language, Porridge and The Strange World of Gurney Slade.
What is Arkwright's first name?
Arkwright's first name is believed to have been Albert (played by British greatest comedy actor Ronnie Barker ). If you know which episode this was mentioned, please email me the answer.
What is Granville's surname?
There was no mention of Granville's surname. But as Granville was the son of Arkwright's unmarried sister, more likely his surname was also Arkwright. Hmmmmm... (Granvile was played by actor David Jason )
Where is the shop located in real life?
The shop is located at 15 Lister Avenue, (corner of Scarth Avenue) Balby, Doncaster, England (Does anyone know the location of the shop used in the pilot?). The shop was actually a hairdressing salon (Helen Ibbotson's Beautique Hair Salon) given a make-over by BBC designers. The house where Nurse Gladys Emmanuel lived was 34 Lister Avenue, just across the road from the shop. After the first series, the owner of number 34 made changes to the exterior, so filming was switched to number 32, the house next door. The inside shots were done in a BBC studio.
Other locations used within the filming of Open All hours include:
1. Balmoral Hotel in Thorne Road, Doncaster where Arkwright took Nurse Glady's for a dirty weekend.
2. Highfield Road, Doncaster - where Arkwright attempts to buy a washing machine on the cheap.
3. Hexthorpe Road, Doncaster - where Granville decides to become a city gent with new smart clothes.
4. Market Place, Doncaster - where Granville is riding his bike with the false legs sticking out of the front.
5. Holmes Market, Doncaster (Scarth Avenue, Balby, Doncaster) - where Granville outside a motor spares shop called DMA.
6. Junction of High Street, Silver Street, Cleveland Street & Hall Gate - where Granville pulls a face at the bearded man that appears to be in a van but then turns out to be on a bike.
Is there an Open All Hours Fan Club?
The only Open All Hours fan club can be found on Yahoo Groups .
Is there an Open All Hours Movie?
To my knowledge, there was no movie made based on the TV series. However, the format was sold to America as Open All Night (1981-82) with George Dzundrza as Gordon Feester, the owner of a Californian "364" store.
Is there an Open All Hours Book?
To my knowledge, there is no one book about the making of Open All Hours. However, there is a novel based around the character of Arkwright and the Shop written by Christine Sparks ("Open All Hours" BBC / Knight Books, 1981). Novel contains six chapters. Each chapter is based around one of the episode of Open All Hours Series 1.
Also, limited reading on Open All Hours can be found in the biographies of Ronnie Barker and David Jason .
If you have any questions or answers, please feel free to have them emailed to me and I'll have them posted on this web site.
| i don't know |
Arthur Upmore, Ernie Bragg and Major Leafe are all characters in which ‘Carry On’ film? | Carry On Behind ** (1975, Kenneth Williams, Elke Sommer, Kenneth Connor, Jack Douglas, Joan Sims, Bernard Bresslaw, Liz Fraser, Peter Butterworth, Patsy Rowlands) – Classic Movie Review 2378 | Derek Winnert
This article was written on 12 Apr 2015, and is filled under Reviews .
Current post is tagged
archaeological site , Bernard Bresslaw , camping , caravan site , Elke Sommer , Jack Douglas , Joan Sims , Kenneth Connor , Kenneth Williams , Liz Fraser , male rear nudity , no panties , Patsy Rowlands , Peter Butterworth , professor , Professor Crump , Professor Vrooshka , striptease
Carry On Behind ** (1975, Kenneth Williams, Elke Sommer, Kenneth Connor, Jack Douglas, Joan Sims, Bernard Bresslaw, Liz Fraser, Peter Butterworth, Patsy Rowlands) – Classic Movie Review 2378
Director Gerald Thomas 1975 Carry On film is the 27th in the series and stars Elke Sommer in her only appearance in a Carry On as a Russian archaeologist called Professor Anna Vrooshka. While wrestling amusingly with her English, the European sexpot surprisingly makes an ideal foil for Kenneth Williams’s pompous Professor Roland Crump. The game actress proves a good casting choice.
Alas, though, many of the regulars are absent, with no Sidney James, who was busy touring in a play, Hattie Jacques, Barbara Windsor, Terry Scott or Charles Hawtrey. But there are still enough series stalwarts to make it worthwhile: Joan Sims, Bernard Bresslaw (in his 14th and final appearance), Jack Douglas, Windsor Davies (in the first of two entries), Kenneth Connor, Liz Fraser, Peter Butterworth and Patsy Rowlands (in her ninth appearance). Sims plays Rowlands’ mother, despite being only eight months older.
Supporting roles are played by Sherrie Hewson, Carol Hawkins, Ian Lavender, Adrienne Posta, George Layton, Larry Dann, Larry Martyn, Donald Hewlett and David Lodge.
It is the first not to be scripted by Talbot Rothwell since Carry On Cruising 13 years previously as his health prevented him from writing. Dave Freeman replaces Rothwell as scriptwriter, but the level of doubles entendres is well up to the mark. As befits the title, behinds are regularly bared – even Williams’s embarrassment isn’t spared.
Fred Ramsden (Windsor Davies) and Ernie Bragg (Jack Douglas) head off for a fishing trip. At the caravan site of Major Leafe (Kenneth Connor), Fred starts making eyes at gorgeous campers Carol (Sherrie Hewson) and Sandra (Carol Hawkins). Professor Roland Crump (Kenneth Williams) teams with Roman expert Professor Anna Vooshka (Elke Sommer) in an archaeological dig at the site. Arthur Upmore (Bernard Bresslaw) and his wife Linda (Patsy Rowlands) are saddled with her mother Daphne (Joan Sims) and her vulgar mynah bird.
It is the 21st and penultimate Carry On score of composer Eric Rogers (25 September 1921 – 8 April 1981). His final Carry On score was for Carry On Emmanuelle in 1978.
Although the setting is a summer caravan holiday, chilly spring filming means the bare trees, muddy fields and icy breath are all visible.
Bresslaw and Sims were also filming One of Our Dinosaurs Is Missing at Pinewood Studios at the time.
© Derek Winnert 2015 Classic Movie Review 2378
Check out more reviews on http://derekwinnert.com
| Carry On Behind |
In Greek mythology, Diomedes is the owner of which man-eating animals? | Carry On | Ian Farrington
Ian Farrington
Reviewing popular culture one thing at a time.
Menu
Ian Farrington Carry On 1992 , 4/10 , Carry On
In 1492, a Turkish ruler learns of an explorative voyage to the Indies, which might rob him of income from trading taxes. So he sends an agent to infiltrate Christopher Columbus’s crew…
What’s it spoofing? This film came out 500 years after Columbus sailed across the Atlantic and found the American continent. He wasn’t the first European to do so and he never actually set foot on what is now the USA (he bounced around the Caribbean and South America), but the anniversary was still big news. Two other films on this subject came out in the same year as this final Carry On movie: Ridley Scott’s 1492: Conquest of Paradise and John Glen’s Christopher Columbus: The Discovery. None of the three did very well.
Funniest moment: Marco warns Chiquita not to fall into the water as there are sharks nearby. “Will they eat me whole?” she asks. “No,” he replies, “I’ve heard they spit that out.”
The Big 10:
* Jim Dale (11) returns for his first Carry On since the 1960s to play Columbus – he did it as a favour to director Gerald Thomas.
Notable others:
* Rik Mayall has a fun, petulant cameo as Abdul the Benevolent, the Sultan of Turkey (“NEEEEEXT!”).
* Nigel Planer, Mayall’s Young Ones co-star, plays his lackey, the Wazir.
* Tony Slattery appears as Baba the Messenger, who trots out the old “I have come hotfoot”/cut-to-his-feet-giving-off-steam joke.
* Burt Kwouk plays a trader called, um, Wang. THIS WAS THE 90s, PEOPLE!
* Sara Crowe might be the best thing in the film: she gets the arch tone perfectly as skilled-but-naive Turkish agent Fatima.
* Martin Clunes plays Martin, a dim customer in Columbus’s map shop.
* Peter Richardson sounds like he’s dubbed all his own dialogue himself for the role of Columbus’s brother, Bart, who draws the maps for his shop but keeps putting naked mermaids on them.
* Alexei Sayle – another Young Ones veteran – plays Achmed, the Sultan’s man in Lisbon, who accompanies Fatima on her mission.
* Bernard Cribbins plays Mordecai Mendoza, a former Jew who’s now a Christian. He has a map of the far west so comes along on the voyage.
* Leslie Phillips is King Ferdinand; it’s the actor’s first Carry On appearance in 32 years. The role was first offered to Frankie Howerd, but he died just days before production began. Bernard Bresslaw was then asked to step in, but he said no.
* June Whitfield is the Queen of Spain. Both Joan Sims and Barbara Windsor turned the part down.
* Maureen Lipman plays Countess Esmerelda, a Spanish noblewoman with two pretty daughters who ends up on the ship by accident. She gets to reprise Joan Sims’s ‘the count’ gag from Don’t Lose Your Head.
* Jon Pertwee’s fourth Carry On cameo is a doddery old man being married off to one of Esmerelda’s daughters.
* Holly Aird and Rebecca Lacey play the daughters, Maria and Chiquita. The former flirts with Burt.
* Lynda Baron pops up for about five seconds as a local woman.
* Richard Wilson plays Don Juan Felipe, an inspector appointed by the king to oversee the voyage.
* Julian Clary plays Don Juan Diego (“I’m Juan too!”), a jailer who’s bored with his job so joins Columbus’s crew.
* Keith Allen appears as the ship’s cook, Pepi the Poisoner.
* Daniel Peacock plays Tonto the Torch, the Andalusia Arsonist.
* Jack Douglas has a role smaller than most of his 1970s characters: Marco the Cereal Killer (so named because he beats his victims to death with a sack of Rice Crispies).
* Don Henderson is likewise barely on screen; he plays the bosun.
* Peter Gilmore’s 11th and obviously final Carry On character is the governor of the Canary Islands.
* Chris Langham, Charles Fleischer and Larry Miller are reasonably funny as the incongruously savvy and civilized natives who Columbus and co find in the Americas. They have New York accents and attitudes.
Top totty: Whatever happened to Sara Crowe?
Review: With so many of the old guard dead or unwilling to return, this restart of the series – after a 14-year gap – introduced a much-hyped ‘new generation’ of talent. It basically boils down to a few people who had been around for a decade by this point and a hotchpotch of jobbing comedy actors. If there’s any significant change to the Carry On formula it’s in the flashes of Monty Python-style surrealism. But there’s still a surfeit of corny jokes, a plethora of cultural stereotypes and far too many cultural stereotypes standing in for corny jokes. It *is* rubbish, there’s no denying that. But it’s no worse than the sludge being produced at the end of the 1970s. Go in with low expectations and it raises a smile occasionally.
Four cigars out of 10
Ian Farrington Carry On 1/10 , 1978 , Carry On
The wife of the French ambassador comes to see him in London and shags around…
What’s it spoofing? The Emmanuelle series of erotic films. So far there’d been Emmanuelle (1974), Emmanuelle 2 (1975) and Goodbye Emmanuelle (1977); another four followed after this spoof. The Carry On team changed the spelling to avoid legal issues. Also influential, one assumes, were the sex-comedy series Confessions of a… (1974-1977) and Adventures of a… (1976-1978).
Funniest moment: Leyland asks hard-of-hearing footman Richmond, “You for coffee?” He replies, “No, thanks. I’m staying here.”
The Big 10:
* Kenneth Williams (26) stays loyal to the series through thick and increasingly thin. He plays Emile Prevert, the French ambassador to the UK. After a parachuting accident, he can no longer adequately pleasure his wife, so she spends her days seeking thrills elsewhere. This was the actor’s final Carry On appearance – he died on 15 April 1988.
* Joan Sims (24) plays Mrs Dangle, the household’s cook. This was similarly Sims’s last Carry On. She died on 27 June 2001.
* Peter Butterworth (16) plays Richmond, the ancient footman. Emmannuelle is also Butterworth’s final work on the series – he died on 16 January 1979, just two months after this film opened.
* Kenneth Connor (17) plays saucy chauffeur Leyland. Again, this is Connor’s Carry On swansong – he died on 28 November 1993.
* The producers had hoped Barbara Windsor would play four distinct roles – each of the women featured in three fantasy flashback scenes, as well as a nurse. Depending on which source you favour, however, either the filming dates clashed with an overseas holiday or Windsor refused to do the film because she thought it was pornographic.
Notable others:
* Suzanne Danielle is the film’s lead – the sex-mad, inhibition-light, worry-free Emmannuelle Prevert. She’s not awful, but it’s a pathetically written role. Her character in Cannon & Ball’s 1982 film The Boys in Blue isn’t much better. No wonder she gave up acting and married a golfer.
* Larry Dann (who’d also been in Carry On Teacher , Carry On Behind and Carry On England ) plays Theodore Valentine, a shy guy who has a quickie with Emmannuelle then develops an obsession with her.
* Jack Douglas refrains from any twitching to play the Preverts’ butler, Lyons.
* Beryl Reid plays Theodore’s fussy mother.
* Bruce Boa appears as the US ambassador. In the actor’s near future were turns in Fawlty Towers (“Would you make me a Waldorf Salad?”), The Empire Strikes Back and Octopussy .
* Joan Benham from Upstairs, Downstairs cameos as a woman at a dinner party.
* Steve Plytas – who three years earlier had played drunk chef Kurt in Fawlty Towers (“But he didn’t have Manuel as a model, eh?”) – is an Arabian party guest.
* Claire Davenport plays the large lady Leyland picks up in a pub. Davenport is yet another Fawlty Towers alumnus: she’d been in the episode The Germans in 1975 (“He means *the drill* hasn’t started yet.”).
Top totty: Tricia Newby plays a nurse who gets her tits out in order to excite Kenneth Williams’s libido. The actress also had to flash them in Carry On England .
Kenneth Williams says: “Gerald Thomas [director] gave me lunch. He talked to me about the Carry On Emmannuelle script; it sounds pretty dirty. ‘We really miss old Sid James,’ he said, ‘he was cuddly & warm’ (you could have fooled me) ‘and there are so few like him.’ Then he saw Jimmy Tarbuck at another table and said ‘He’d got that quality!’ & I said ‘Yes! he is cuddly & warm & I think he’s smashing…’” – Monday 19 December 1977 (The Kenneth Williams Diaries, p553)
“Read the revised Carry On script. If anything, it’s worse than before & the dialogue clumsy, inept and not a good joke anywhere. Peter [Eade, his agent] said ‘They are willing to pay you six thousand but if you want a car they will dock it from your salary.’ I said no thanks, and told him ‘Better settle for 5,750 and have them do the car at their expense.’ I’m not having my money whittled away in such an unforeseeable fashion.” – Thursday 30 March 1978 (The Kenneth Williams Diaries, p557)
Review: This movie was made in four weeks – four weeks! – and it really shows. It’s a bizarre, witless, unpleasant, aimless folly. And it’s strangely unerotic. Sex is suggested or off-screen, while there’s no more nudity than any of the previous few Carry Ons. (If seeing Kenneths Connor and Williams is states of undress is your thing, though, then this is the film for you.) The big change is that characters talk openly about wanting or having sex. Innocence has become in-your-face. Innuendo has become in-your-end-oh! It’s pathetic. The best thing about the whole enterprise might be the jaunty, Bee Gees-style theme song .
One Concorde out of 10
Ian Farrington Carry On 1977 , 8/10 , Carry On
Kenneth Williams and Barbara Windsor spend some time in a projectionist’s booth, watching clips of old Carry On films…
What’s it spoofing? In 1974, to mark its 50th anniversary, MGM released That’s Entertainment!, a lavish compilation movie made up of dozens of clips from its back catalogue of musicals. A sequel followed in 1976. This is the Carry On team’s version of the concept. MGM had stars such as Frank Sinatra, Elizabeth Taylor, Fred Astaire, Debbie Reynolds and James Stewart filming new linking material. We get Kenneth Williams and Barbara Windsor making gags about needing the loo.
The Big 10:
* Kenneth Williams (25).
* Barbara Windsor (10), in her final Carry On film.
* All the other members of the Big 10 – Sid James, Joan Sims, Jim Dale, Peter Butterworth, Bernard Bresslaw, Charles Hawtrey, Hattie Jacques and Kenneth Connor – feature in the archive clips.
Review: The excerpts begin with Don’t Lose Your Head , Follow That Camel and Carry On Doctor – a perceived mid-60s peak? – then jump back to Carry On Sergeant and (mostly) go through the series in order. The running order is fudged to keep the black-and-whites together; Carry On England is ignored; and At Your Convenience and Up the Khyber are held back to provide an ending. It’s good fun for the most part. The clips are well chosen and crisply cut together, while the linking material is *just* the right side of corny. (Having said that, Williams and Windsor seem like people doing clichéd impressions of camp Kenny and busty Babs.)
Eight film cans out of 10
Ian Farrington Carry On 1976 , 2/10 , Alternative cut , Carry On
A new commander takes charge of a Second World War army camp and is shocked to discover it’s a mixed-sex outfit…
What’s it spoofing? The film is trading on the popularity of contemporary sitcoms such as Dad’s Army (1968-1977), MASH (1972-1983) and It Ain’t Half Hot Mum (1974-1981), where a military organisation is made up of wisecracking soldiery and frustrated officers.
Funniest moment: Peter Jones’s brigadier keeps making weak puns then turning to his assistant expecting a complimentary laugh.
The Big 10:
* Kenneth Connor (16) plays Captain S. Melly. He’s trying his best, but the material’s just not there.
* Peter Butterworth (15) has little more than a cameo as Major Carstairs.
* Joan Sims (23) is given the underwritten role of Private Ffoukes Sharpe, which was originally offered to The Good Life’s Penelope Keith.
Notable others:
* Peter Jones, as mentioned, plays an army bigwig.
* Johnny Briggs – who was just about to join Coronation Street for a 30-year stint – appears as Melly’s driver.
* Windsor Davies is back from Carry On Behind to play Sergeant Major ‘Tiger’ Bloomer, a shouty character not a million barrack rooms away from his role in It Ain’t Half Hot Mum.
* Patrick Mower, now of Emmerdale, is the de facto lead of the soldiers: Sergeant Len Able. It’s yet another attempt on the Carry On producers’ part to find a new Jim Dale.
* Judy Geeson plays Sergeant Tilly Willing. Geeson’s sister, Sally, had been in a couple of earlier Carry Ons.
* Jack Douglas plays Bombardier Ready (subtle surnames, aren’t they?) and does some more twitching.
* Melvyn Hayes – yet another It Ain’t Half Hot Mum star – plays Gunner Shorthouse.
* Diane Langton plays the ditzy and busty Alice Easy. The role was meant for Barbara Windsor.
* Patricia Franklin, in her fifth and final Carry On role, gets about three seconds on screen as a cook.
* Julian Holloway appears in a Carry On one last time, playing Major Butcher, the camp’s doctor.
Top totty: As strange as it feels to say – given that she now plays a granny in Hollyoaks – but Diane Langton’s quite cute.
Alternative version: The original edit of Carry On England – which I watched for this review – ran into trouble with the BBFC due to a scene of topless women and a gag punning on the word Fokker. So the cut released in 1976 toned the former down and replaced the latter with a different joke. Both versions are included in the DVD box set, though the milder one is VHS-quality for some reason.
Review: This film proves why so many of the earlier Carry On movies are still popular today: despite their obvious failings, none is as horrendously unloveable as this garbage. There’s barely a single laugh in the whole thing, while none of the regiment make any real impression – they get the screen time but they’re all so forgettable. Add in nonsensical slapstick, lots of post-dubbed dialogue and tacky sound effects, and you get a grotty little film.
Two battledress trousers (that is all) out of 10
Ian Farrington Carry On 1975 , 4/10 , Carry On
An archaeological team head to some newly found Roman ruins, which are situated next to a caravan site…
What’s it spoofing? Caravanning holidays mostly: the film is more or less a rehash of Carry On Camping . The title comes from the fact you pull a caravan behind your car. (And the word behind means arse.)
Funniest moment: Henry Barnes reveals he’s got £20,000 in the bank. He proudly tells us he’s been scrimping and saving for 10 years. “And then,” he adds, “last year I won the football pools!” How much did he win? “Nineteen thousand, 950 quid.”
The Big 10:
* Kenneth Williams (24) tries to hide his embarrassment as he plays Professor Roland Crump, the lead archaeologist. He gets to trot out his catchphrase – “Stop messing about!” – near the end.
* Bernard Bresslaw (14) appears in a Carry On film for the final time. He plays henpecked holidaying husband Arthur Upmore. Bresslaw died on 11 June 1993.
* Joan Sims (22), the poor cow, has been cast as Patsy Rowland’s mother – despite being less than a year older. Daphne Barnes has a tender subplot with her estranged husband.
* Kenneth Connor (15) gets another fruity and randy old man to play: campsite manager Major Leep (or possibly Leafe: sources vary).
* Peter Butterworth (14) is pretty much reprising his role from Carry On Camping , although the character is now called Henry Barnes.
Notable others:
* Sam Kelly has a small role as a projectionist.
* Alexandra Dane’s cleavage features in the opening scene.
* Donald Hewlett (then a star of TV’s It Ain’t Half Hot Mum) cameos as Crump’s university dean.
* Elke Sommer is top-billed as Anna Vooshka, a foreign professor who’s paired off with Roland Crump on the dig. Her dialogue is full of inappropriately befuddled English – her blissful naivety is probably the film’s funniest element. German film star Sommer was on the downhill slide of her career by this point after a number of fairly high-profile movies.
* Windsor Davies plays the closest thing to a lead character: butcher Fred Ramsden. It’s a part clearly written for Sid James, but he was on tour with a play in Australia. Davies, of course, was also from It Ain’t Half Hot Mum.
* Liz Fraser returns to the series after a 19-film absence for the perfunctory role of Fred’s missus, Sylvia.
* Jack Douglas plays Ernie Bragg (the same character name Bernard Bresslaw had in Carry On Matron ). He gets trapped in a walk-in fridge then goes on a ‘fishing trip’ with pal Fred that consists of them chatting up women half their age.
* Patsy Rowlands plays Linda, Arthur’s wife.
* Ian Lavender from Dad’s Army plays Joe Baxter, a guy on a caravan holiday with his wife and their enormous dog.
* Patricia Franklin is Ernie’s wife.
* Sherie Hewson and Carol Hawkins play Carol and Sandra, a pair of backpackers who Fred and Ernie try it on with.
* George Layton – another It Ain’t Half Hot Mum alumnus and star of sitcom Doctor in the House and its sequels – cameos as a hospital doctor.
Top totty: Alexandra Dane again.
Kenneth Williams says: “Read the Carry On Behind script. It is the worst I’ve ever read. The part for me, Roland Crump, is small, it is unfunny, and is mostly concerned with heavily contrived slapstick. Don’t know why on earth they offer it to me.” – Wednesday 22 January 1975 (The Kenneth Williams Diaries, p487)
Review: The established team is falling apart now. Charles Hawtrey, Hattie Jacques and Sid James have all gone, while a new generation of actors – mostly from contemporary sitcoms – has been drafted in. The film is a blatant attempt to repeat the success of Carry On Camping , but we’re really in the fag end of the series now. Dave Freeman’s script has a tiresome ‘Is that good enough?’ feel about it. This is limp, boring and witless nonsense.
Four strippers out of 10
Ian Farrington Carry On 1/10 , 1975 , Carry On , Carry On TV , TV
A 13-episode sitcom, shown in two batches in 1975. There’s a pool of recurring actors, but each episode is a different setting…
What’s it spoofing? A whole host of historical eras, styles and fictions – The Prisoner of Zenda (a 1894 novel by Anthony Hope Hawkins), the English Civil War, Queen Elizabeth I, the Norman Conquest, Lord Peter Wimsey (who appeared from 1923 onwards in the stories of Dorothy L Sayers), Upstairs Downstairs (1971-1975) and many more…
Funniest moment: I couldn’t find one.
The cast:
* From the gang of Carry On regulars, we get Sid James (4 episodes), Barbara Windsor (8), Peter Butterworth (9), Joan Sims (11), Kenneth Connor (12), Jack Douglas (12), Hattie Jacques (1), Patsy Rowlands (1) and Bernard Bresslaw (5). Also appearing are Sherie Hewson, Victor Maddern, Diane Langton, Carol Hawkins, Brian Capron, Bernard Holley, Patsy Smart, Melvyn Hayes, Johnny Briggs, John Levene and many more.
Top totty: Barbara Windsor.
Review: Talbot Rothwell, who’d written every Carry On movie since 1963’s Carry On Cabby , retired from the series in 1974. In other words, this pathetic TV sitcom was the first thing made after he left. While no one’s going to suggest Rothwell was the next PG Wodehouse or anything, the quality has now fallen off a cliff. Calling this show’s jokes ‘jokes’ is to misunderstand what the word jokes means. The self-contained episodes often launch straight into the story, with no set-up or storytelling finesse, while they’re full of big, unsubtle, theatrical performances. It’s not even half-arsed.
One spoof of Mr Hudson out of 10
Ian Farrington Carry On 1974 , 5/10 , Carry On
A new police force called the Bow Street Runners is formed to help combat a spate of highwaymen in 18th-century England – but little do they know that the infamous Dick Turpin is masquerading as the local reverend…
What’s it spoofing? Dick Turpin (1705-1739), a highwayman whose fame only rose after his death in many embellished tellings of his life story.
Funniest moment: Rev Flasher’s sermon contains a moment where he asks if any man present can say they haven’t committed adultery. If so, they are free to leave. One man gets up and makes for the door. Flasher praises him, but the man replies, “No, Reverend. I’ve just remembered where I left my hat last night!”
The Big 10:
* Sid James (19) plays Dick Turpin, who is posing as Reverend Flasher while conducting his crime wave. James gives each persona a different feel, which is more acting than he usually provides. This was his final Carry On movie. He died on 26 April 1976, after a heart attack on stage in Sunderland.
* Bernard Bresslaw (13) is pretty poor as Sir Roger Daley, the boss of the Bow Street Runners.
* Kenneth Williams (23) plays lead agent Captain Desmond Fancey. It’s remarkable how the actor was able to be both rubbish and entertaining at the same time.
* Barbara Windsor (9) is Harriet, one of Turpin’s sidekicks who’s similarly hiding in plain sight in the village. We get yet another flash of her tits.
* Peter Butterworth (13) plays Tom ‘Doc’ Scholl, Turpin’s other hanger-on. He and Sid James have to drag up at one point.
* Joan Sims (21) plays the pretending-to-be-French Madame Desiree (which is the same character name the actress had in Don’t Lose Your Head). She has a troupe of women who put on shows for local punters.
* Hattie Jacques (14) appears in a Carry On film for the final time. She plays Flasher’s housekeeper, Martha Hoggett. Jacques died on 6 October 1980.
* Kenneth Connor (14) hams it up as the local constable, who’s a randy old goat.
Notable others:
* Jack Douglas plays agent Jock Strap.
* Margaret Nolan appears with little dialogue as Sir Roger’s wife, who is forced to strip off a couple of times by highwaymen.
* Sam Kelly cameos as Sir Roger’s coach driver.
* John Clive’s back from Carry On Abroad to play a tailor.
* Bill Maynard plays a barman (he’s the guy mentioned in the Funniest Moment section above).
* Patrick Durkin, who later lost a drinking contest with Karen Allen in Raiders of the Lost Ark , is one of the locals.
* Patsy Rowlands appears briefly as Mrs Giles, a villager at the jumble sale.
Top totty: Margaret Nolan.
Kenneth Williams says: “I walked to Peter Eade [his agent] and read the script of Carry On Dick – said I’d do it if they cut the stocks scene (where I’m pelted with rubbish) and pay the salary after the tax period, ie April 6th. The script is utterly banal. It is incredible that human minds can put such muck on to paper.” – Thursday 31 January 1974 (The Kenneth Williams Diaries, p466)
“To see Carry On Dick (trade show) at Studio One in a downpour of rain. Met Peter Butterworth & sat with him. It was diabolical. The pace is deadly… at one point I thought it looked like everyone was ill or something.” – Wednesday 10 July 1974 (The Kenneth Williams Diaries, p476)
Review: A comedy without any real laughs – unless you’re endlessly amused by puns on the word dick – this film actually works okay when it’s being a low-key historical romp. But when it tries for silly or overtly humorous, it falls flat. On the plus side, a lot of effort has clearly gone into the sets, props and costumes, while the lighting is probably the best we’ve seen in the series since the mid-60s.
Five bell-ringing ropes out of 10
Ian Farrington Carry On 1973 , 2/10 , Carry On , Carry On TV , TV
A department-store Santa links various sketches about historical Christmases…
What’s it spoofing? Father Christmas, cavemen, 18th-century house parties, the First World War trenches, ballet and Robin Hood.
Funniest moment: Jack Douglas sings a song in the Sherwood Forest skit and for a moment you think the final line of a verse will end with ‘fuck’.
The cast:
* Sid James: Sid Belcher (Santa), Seed Pod, Sir Henry, Sergeant Ball and Robin Hood
* Joan Sims: Mother, Senna Pod, Bishop’s wife, Adelle, Salvation Army woman, Maid Marian and traffic warden
* Barbara Windsor: Virginia, Crompet, Lady Francis and Fifi
* Kenneth Connor: Shop manager, Anthro Pod, the Bishop, Private Parkin and Will Scarlett
* Bernard Bresslaw: Pea Pod, camp aristocrat, darts player, Captain Ffingburgh, Much and policeman
* Jack Douglas: Carol singer, Crapper, German soldier and ballad singer
* Peter Butterworth: Carol singer, old man, darts player, German soldier, Friar Tuck
* Laraine Humphreys: Bed customer
* Julian Holloway: Captain Rose
Top totty: Barbara Windsor.
Review: A final lame TV special. It’s full of atrocious jokes – some stolen from Carry On Cleo , Don’t Lose Your Head and Carry On Abroad . In a scene with Barbara Windsor playing a 13-year-old girl, it also contains comedy paedophilia. Flabby, forgettable and painfully unfunny.
Two fake beards out of 10
Ian Farrington Carry On 1973 , 7/10 , Carry On
In an attempt to liven up a depressed town, a beauty pageant is held – but a local contingent of feminists are intent on sabotaging it…
What’s it spoofing? The film was cashing in on the publicity surrounding disruption at the 1970 Miss World event, when feminist protesters threw flour bombs around. (The original planned title for the film was Carry On Beauty Queens.)
Funniest moment: The town’s mayor visits a hospital to unveil a commemorative plaque. However, as it’s on the wall of the nursery, he has to whisper his speech.
The Big 10:
* Sid James (18) plays Sidney Fiddler, the councillor who proposes and runs the beauty contest. And revels in it. (The character has the same surname as Peter Butterworth’s character in Carry On Camping .)
* Kenneth Connor (13) is the mayor, Frederick Bumble.
* Joan Sims (20) plays Connie Philpotts. She runs the hotel where – to her chagrin – all the contestants stay gratis, and has an on/off relationship with Sid.
* Peter Butterworth (12) has another role that oddly preempts a Fawlty Towers character – after his Manuel-like Pepe in Carry On Abroad , here he plays the Admiral, a befuddled hotel resident. He’s a lot more saucy than FT’s Major, admittedly.
* Bernard Bresslaw (12) plays Peter Potter, a PR expert called in by Sid to help promote the pageant. Later on, in order to raise the event’s profile, he’s talked into masquerading as a female contestant so he can then be exposed before the press. (Had writer Talbot Rothwell recently seen Carry On Camping again? Bresslaw’s character has the exact same name as Terry Scott’s from that earlier movie.)
* Barbara Windsor (8) plays Hope Springs (real name: Muriel Boggs, which is noticeably close to her character’s real name in Carry On Again Doctor : Maude Boggins!). She rides in on a motorbike with ‘Miss Easy Rider’ emblazoned on her leather jacket, then has a feud with rival contestant Dawn, which (ahem) climaxes with the two brawling in bikinis. There’s no need to watch the exploitative fight, so whatever you do don’t click on this link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5fIvx6uQ0s
Notable others:
* June Whitfield plays council member Augusta Prodworthy, who’s the leader of the town’s feminist contingent. The character’s surname probably gives you some idea of the script’s equality credentials. Whitfield uses a light northern accent and is very good.
* Arnold Ridley from Dad’s Army cameos as a sleepy alderman.
* Jack Douglas has his biggest Carry On role yet: hotel doorman William, who does a bit of twitching now and again.
* Joan Hickson is a hotel guest who has a silly, cut-out-able subplot about her knickers going missing.
* Valerie Leon plays Peter’s fiancée, Paula Perkins. She has tight hair, glasses and a humourless demeanour, and objects to her husband’s role in the beauty pageant – that is, until she glams up and takes part herself. All of Leon’s dialogue was dubbed by June Whitfield, but no one now seems to remember why.
* Robin Askwith – very close to starting his four-film run as nympho Timothy Lea in the Confessions of a… movies – plays Prodworthy’s son, Larry, who’s a photographer.
* Patsy Rowlands is hilarious as Mildred, the mayor’s couldn’t-give-a-fuck wife. Bored with him, she soon joins the protestor’s cause. Her initiation into the gang involves burning her bra. Biting satire, there.
* Margaret Nolan plays Dawn Brakes, the stunningly womanly contestant who has that filthy, censors-baiting fight with Hope Springs. She later wants some nudie pictures done, so employs a very nervous Larry.
* Wendy Richard is Isa Downes, one of the other contestants who Sid enjoys measuring up.
* Patricia Franklin plays Rosemary, a forthright member of the feminist group. She wears a tie and there’s a not-so-sly joke about her being a lesbian.
* Brenda Cowling – later Mrs Lipton in You Rang, M’Lord? – has a small role as a hospital matron. It was too small to offer to Hattie Jacques, presumably.
* Jimmy Logan returns from Carry On Abroad for a role surely meant originally for now-out-of-favour Charles Hawtrey. Camp TV producer Cecil Gaybody has a Louie Spence lisp.
* Sally Geeson’s in a scene or two as Gaybody’s assistant.
* Bill Pertwee plays a fire chief.
Top totty: I may as well have called this category The Margaret Nolan Award.
Kenneth Williams says: “I have written a letter to [Gerald] Thomas withdrawing from [Carry On Girls] in March because I know the energy for this play [My Fat Friend] MUST be conserved.” – Kenneth Williams to Michael Codron, 7 January 1973 (The Kenneth Williams Letters, p173)
Review: The series returns to Brighton only a couple of years after Carry On At Your Convenience filmed there. Now it’s standing in for Fircombe, the seaside town they forgot to close down. This movie is the epitome (or nadir, if you prefer) of Carry On’s dirty-old-man-ism. There’s a lot of PG flesh on show, while the sexual politics is frankly an embarrassment. And yet… The film is a lot of fun in an undemanding, Sunday-afternoon-on-ITV way.
Seven donkeys out of 10
Ian Farrington Carry On 1972 , 4/10 , Carry On , Carry On TV , TV
A group of friends – the Pudding Club – relate various stories while having a Christmas meal…
What’s it spoofing? Nineteenth-century dinner parties, the Adam and Eve myth, the colonial era, Elizabethan chamber music and eighteenth-century folk tale Aladdin.
Funniest moment: Hattie Jacques’s Fairy Queen makes it clear she doesn’t think much of her dialogue in the Aladdin skit.
The cast: Charles Hawtrey was originally cast in this but – given the absence of Sid James – demanded top billing. It was refused, so he dropped out at the 11th hour and never worked for the Carry On team again. His roles were split between Norman Rossington and Brian Oulton.
* Peter Butterworth: Sir Francis Fiddler, Captain Dripping, Lieutenant Trembler and Hole in One
* Kenneth Connor: Sir Henry, Lieutenant Bangem and Hanky Poo
* Barbara Windsor: Eve, Virginia, Maid and Aladdin
* Joan Sims: Lady Rhoda Cockhorse, Mother, Esmeralda and Princess YoYo
* Hattie Jacques: Miss Molly Coddle, Lady Vera, Harriet and The Good Fairy
* Jack Douglas: Mr Perkin, Adam, Tomkins, Ringworm and King of the Underworld
* Valerie Leon: Serving Wench
* Norman Rossington: General Sir Ffingham Clodhopper and Genie
* Brian Oulton: Oriental Orator
* Valeria Stanton: Demon King’s Vision
Top totty: Valerie Leon and her French-maid sexiness.
Review: This feeble TV special is another sketch show – all the skits are of a historical nature, all are very silly, and most go on far too long. One of them, which is set in Africa, also plainly nicks gags from Carry On Up The Jungle and Carry On… Up The Khybe r. It’s not clear if this is the equivalent of a band playing their old hits again or whether it’s assumed the audience will have forgotten the jokes. Maybe the most interesting thing about the show is the use of then-state-of-the-art video effects – we get speeded-up footage, shots played backwards and primitive green-screen composites. It’s quite charming just how much it’s all dated.
Four Hampton Courts out of 10
| i don't know |
The English band Oasis is from which city? | Top 10 Best English Bands - TheTopTens®
Top 10 Best English Bands
InsertNameHere
The Top Ten
1 The Beatles
The Beatles were an English rock band formed in Liverpool in 1960. The members consisted of John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr. They were soon known as the foremost and most influential act of rock era. Rooted in skiffle, beat, and 1950s rock and roll, the Beatles later experimented ... read more .
I have to agree the Beatles are the most successful english band of all time I love some of their songs and they are from Liverpool which in my opinion is the best part of the country they are also probably the most iconic group of english people and to top this list so long after they was in their prime is remarkable
It kills me when people trash them. I was born in the wrong time period.
There is nobody have achieved what the Beatles have done. They were the first British band to break America, a lot of British bands are still not known in America. And there music still stands the test of time. Please, please never compare one direction. With the Beatles. X
Please this band shouldn't be on the list.Their music is liked by no one.Non of by friend even like more than 2 or 3 of their song.Mostly say they were famous by their luck.
V 38 Comments
2 One Direction
One Direction (commonly abbreviated as 1D) are an British-Irish pop boy band based in London, composed of Niall Horan, Liam Payne, Harry Styles, Louis Tomlinson, and previously, Zayn Malik until his departure from the band on 25 March 2015 . The group signed with Simon Cowell's record label Syco Records ... read more .
If you really don't like one direction just don't hear to their music. But please don't insult them by writing rubbish comments cause their are many one direction fans around the world who really like them. Seriously you guys are writing like they are your enemy. I r
What an insult to music. all they do is make teenage girls feel beautiful and take advantage of their insecurities. Sorry 1D fans, but maybe you should try listening to actual music.
Peoples opinions on this band seem to be based on 2011/2 one direction-5 teenage boys who have no idea about the music industry and care more about their hair than their records and of course their fans who everyone still seems to think are 12 years old? We age too people. Maybe if you updated yourself and listened to their more recent albums and took a look at how much they do for people and mean to people you would see how genuine these boys are and how much they care about what they are producing and about their fans. They create great music which fair enough may not be to your taste but isn't all simply 'girly pop music'. So please stop insulting them and their fans for no reason.
They all guys are really amazing
V 263 Comments
3 Take That
Take That are an English pop group from Manchester, formed in 1989. The group currently consists of Gary Barlow, Howard Donald, and Mark Owen.
Every time the boys tour I think that was the best, then they something else that tops that, loved their music and them for 25 years, and will continue to love them for the next 25, there is a take that song for every moment of my life, meeting Mark Owen was the best day, the boys are so lovely to every one of their fans, and they are so grateful for every opportunity. Great music, great concerts great British band, need I say any more,?
They just deserve to win, the amount of effort they put into their fans in amazing I had waited 5.5 hours to meet Gary and Mark and as they were leaving Mark said "Gaz this poor girls been here ages" and they spent at least ten minutes with me just chatting and asking about life.
Their concerts have always been amazing! Never once fail to wow the audiences, if you've never been to their show, try to come, I'll guarantee, even if you don't fancy them, they'll entertain you fully and you'll go back home with a huge smile on your face! And yes, I agree how much they respect their fans, no matter how tired they are, they always put a big effort to make us all happy, they always try to take as many pic together as possible. Do you know how much that means for the fans? Fans will remember that 2-3 mins moment for a lifetime!
Beautiful singing, beautiful songs they write themselves, beautiful albums, beautiful smiles, beautiful eyes, beautiful bodies, beautiful humour, beautiful charisma, beautiful all-round kindness, beautiful modesty and gratitude... to sum it up they are simply BEAUTIFUL!
V 140 Comments
4 Led Zeppelin
Led Zeppelin were an English rock band formed in London in 1968. The group consisted of Robert Plant (Vocal), Jimmy Page (Guitar), John Paul Jones (Bass, Keyboard) and John Bonham (Drums). The band's heavy, guitar-driven sound, rooted in blues and psychedelia on their early albums, has earned them recognition ... read more .
WHY IN THE ACTUAL HELL IS ONE DIRECTION AND A CRAPPY BOY BAND NO-ONE HAS EVER HEARD OF OR LIKES ABOVE Led Zeppelin, QUEEN, Pink Floyd IRON MAIDEN AND ROLLING STONES!?! Yes I was actually screaming that at my computer because it is so stupid to see morons who have never heard of a guitar or talent won't allow talent within five mili-metres (Small distance, for those idiot who don't know music) of their bubble of idiocy, I love Led Zeppelin because they had talent, so much talent, Jimmy page, Robert plant, John paul jones, and of course the beast John bonham are all amazing at what they do, please let them get above those pretty boy hacks.
Better than Beatles! Why? Guitar solos are excellent, Drum beats too... Bass is very good in most songs, and Plant's voice is actually 10/10
The Gods of Rock music. Excellent Guitar and music. Robert Plant is incredible. Stairway to Heaven is the ultimate rock song ever. But then who can forget Kashmir?
Why is One Direction and Take That (who ever take that is), a head of one of (if not the best) bands of all time?
V 9 Comments
5 Queen
Queen are a British rock group formed in 1970. Members were Freddie Mercury (Vocals and Piano), Brian May (Guitar, Vocals), Roger Taylor (Drums, Vocals), and John Deacon (Bass Guitar, Vocals). Before forming into Queen, Brian May and Roger Taylor had played together in a band named Smile. Freddie Mercury ... read more .
Queen is number one on my list. They created amazing songs that people will remember for a long time, I don't think they will ever be missed. Freddie had a beautiful four octave voice, and was a one of the best front men that ever lived. Roger has great drumming skills, and a nice high voice. Brian's guitar skills will never match anybody else's. John was one of the quiet, and most relaxed bass players I've ever seen. Their concerts will never bore you, Freddie always kept the crowd going along with him, with his amazing, strong voice, and his strutting on stage. He would make jokes sometimes laugh out loud. Anyway Queen is truly an amazing band! They truly 'took my breath away'.
Queen is immortal. They are eternal. And everyone knows and (most likely) loves them!
Queen are truly amazing band love listening to them! I think they should be higher up on the table you had some off the best musicians in the band like Freddie mercy, insane singer one of the best singers of all time
One Direction is terreble But Queen is the best band of the worl - Santi12
V 16 Comments
6 Coldplay
Coldplay are a British rock band formed in 1996. The band consists of Chris Martin (lead vocalist and pianist), Jonny Buckland (lead guitarist), Guy Berryman (bassist) and Will Champion (drummer and backing vocalist). Manager Phil Harvey is often considered an unofficial fifth member. The band renamed ... read more .
They are an awesome band with meaningful songs
They should be N.1! They are the best
They have composed some of the most sentimental songs I have ever heard. they should be in top three.
They have the perfect combination. The greatest lyrics and melodies.
V 12 Comments
7 The Rolling Stones
The Rolling Stones are an English rock band formed in London in 1962. The first settled line-up consisted of Brian Jones (guitar, harmonica), Ian Stewart (piano), Mick Jagger (lead vocals, harmonica), Keith Richards (guitar), Bill Wyman (bass) and Charlie Watts (drums). ... read more .
It's a good band. I like to listen the songs of this band.
The fact that One Direction is ahead of The Rolling Stones makes me want to puke
Why The Rolling Stones are under one direction?! Are you kidding me?
V 2 Comments
8 Oasis
Oasis were an English rock band formed in Manchester in 1991. Developed from an earlier group, the Rain, the band originally consisted of Liam Gallagher (vocals and tambourine), Paul "Bonehead" Arthurs, Paul "Guigsy" McGuigan, and Tony McCarroll.
BY far the absolute best band in the world due to the amazing songwriting of N Gallagher and the beautiful voice of L Gallagher. The best and most talented band in the history of the world.
The reason they are one of the greatest british bands ever is because they dominated the 90s with 2 of the greatest albums ever made. Morning Glory and definitely maybe defined the decade and even if they didn't really break america that wasnt due to them not being a great band, it was mostly because whenever they went on tour there they more or less broke up. Even their worse albums are still good, just can't live up to their first two, they also have incredible b sides
Amazing group sadly the Gallagher brothers always had conflicts otherwise a truly influential and memorable group OASIS lives forever
The best band of the 90s by a country mile, and still the best british act since the Beatles.
V 11 Comments
9 Pink Floyd
Pink Floyd were an English rock band formed in London. They achieved international acclaim with their progressive and psychedelic music. The band consisted of 5 members - David Gilmour (Vocals and Guitar), Syd Barrett (Vocals and Guitarist), Nick Mason (Drums), Roger Waters (Vocals and Bass), and Richard ... read more .
go listen to dark side, the wall, and meddle. you'll see why pink floyd pwns and deserves to be #1. there will probably never gonna be a better band than them. - russian
Yo what the hell is going on here? One Direction is better than Pink Floyd? Go back to junior high or listen to Floyd ASAP! Incredibly powerful lyrics and concepts, some of the most impressive instrumentalists in music history, and the never-ending influence on music they have. #9 is disgraceful for them. They are considered by some to be even better than the Beatles. Idiots. All of you. - DoctorDigiorno
I'm with the Floyd. One Direction may one day be classed as a great band, but to be truly great you have to stand the test of time
You wanna know how jesus, god, moses and abraham sound when they play in a rock band? Well they sound just like Pink Floyd
V 7 Comments
10 The Who
The Who is an English hard rock band formed in London, England in 1964 . The members are Roger Daltrey (lead singer), Pete Townshend (guitarist), John Entwistle (bassist), and Keith Moon (drums). The genres they were associated with happened to be rock, soft rock, hard rock, and soul rock. They are ... read more .
Rock gods like none other, Keith is the best drummer, John is the best bassist, Roger is a fantastic singer and Pete is the greatest songwriter, plus a fantastic guitarist.
Their sound endures more than anyone else and some of the songs are the most exciting pieces of music ever written.
This band is really incredible. Instead of 1D put the who in top ten... -_-
How is one of the greatest rock bands under one direction
The Contenders
11 The Smiths
The Smiths were an English rock band formed in Manchester in 1982. The band consisted of vocalist Morrissey, guitarist Johnny Marr, bassist Andy Rourke and drummer Mike Joyce.
What is actually wrong with this list?! Take That 2nd? Oasis 8th? The Smiths 11th? Who puts One Direction and Take That above The Smiths and Oasis?! The Smiths is my favourite English band and you cannot beat Morrissey's lyrical genius and Marr's extraordinary musical talent, listen to How Soon Is Now or There Is A Light That Never Goes Out or I Know It's Over before you dare press one direction.
This list is whack the smiths were amazing no boy band should be in the top 20
Mix is awesome. His quotes are the best, especially the Jamie Oliver ones - Jiorl
How is one direction is front of these guys?
V 3 Comments
12 Muse
Muse are an English alternative rock band from Teignmouth, Devon, formed in 1994. The members are Matt Bellamy (lead vocal, lead guitar, piano, keyboard), Dom Howard (drums, percussion) and Chris Wolstenholme (bass, backing vocals). They've won several awards including five MTV Awards, 8 NME Awards, ... read more .
The best british band of all times.
One direction above than MUSE. They don't even write their own music
They do real music! Simply the best
Best band to attack the illuminati, you should be agree!
V 6 Comments
13 Black Sabbath
Black Sabbath are a Heavy Metal band formed in Birmingham, England in 1968 by guitarist and songwriter Tony Iommi, Singer Ozzy Osbourne, Bassist and Main Lyricist Geezer Butler and Drummer Bill Ward . The band got into mainstream after improving after their debut album got negative feedback . In 1978, ... read more .
There is no group like Black Sabbath. Paranoid - ha, ha. What great times we had in college listening to Sabbath. Unforgettable.
V 1 Comment
14 Duran Duran
Duran Duran are an English new wave/synthpop band formed in Birmingham in 1978. They were a successful band of the 1980s and a leading band in the MTV-driven "Second British Invasion" of the US.
They are so cool and their music is amazing. I'm a teenager and would rather listen to them any day compared to the crappiness of 1D.
Duran Duran changed the face of music in the 80s and took the UK, America, the whole world by storm. Every song is a classic. Not just Duran Duran, but Spandau, Coldplay, etc are all better than One Direction. Fact! DD beats 1D!
15 Iron Maiden
Iron Maiden are an English heavy metal band formed in Leyton, East London, in 1975 by bassist and primary songwriter Steve Harris. They were known for some big hits such as The Trooper, and The Number of the Beast, and as of 2015, the band sold over 90 million albums.
Their singer Bruce Dickinson is a polymath. A pilot, fenceman, Radio DJ and various other things he is amazing at. Steve Harris plays the bass with his fingers, and not may people can do that. Their drummer Nicko Mcbrain is one of the best drummers on this planet. Their guitarists Adrian, Dave and Janick are amazing. Every song the band has put out on all of their 15 albums are amazing. And best of all, they're British!
Bruce Dickinson is the most talented vocalist of all time in my opinion and the guitar is incredible, they have 6 DVD's made about them 5 of which were chart topping, and to top it off they even have their own beer, they cannot be beat by 5 boys with voice correction and 1d
awful racket not music just screaming
V 2 Comments
16 Deep Purple
Deep Purple are an English rock band formed in Hertford in 1968. They are considered to be among the pioneers of heavy metal and modern hard rock, although their musical approach changed over the years. Originally formed as a progressive rock band, the band shifted to a heavier sound in 1970. Deep Purple, ... read more .
The greatest Rock Band of all time. Those who have not heard their songs do not really know what is hard rock. Smoke on the Water, Black Night, Hush, Soldier of Fortune...the list goes on.
V 2 Comments
17 Westlife
Westlife were an Irish boy band, formed in July 1998 and disbanded in June 2012. Originally signed by Simon Cowell and managed by Louis Walsh, the group's final line-up consisted of Nicky Byrne, Kian Egan, Mark Feehily, and Shane Filan.
Westlife are Irish, they are not British!
In Asia, westlife is still number one.
In Italy are famous a little bit
Good band, from Ireland not Britain!
V 6 Comments
18 Radiohead
Radiohead are an English rock band from Abingdon, Oxfordshire, formed in 1985. The band consists of Thom Yorke (lead vocals, guitar, piano, keyboards), Jonny Greenwood (lead guitar, keyboards, other instruments), Colin Greenwoood (bass guitar), Phil Selway (drums), and Ed O'Brien (guitar).
I do love Radiohead, but please do your homework before posting, the Beatles revolutionized the recording methods, just listen to Sgt. Pepper's and compare it to the music of the 60's. They changed music.
Radiohead deserves to be in the top 5 though.
Truly the band with the most variations in sound. Don't believe me? Listen to Kid A and The Bends. Note the difference. - U2FAN101
Radiohead bellow One Direction (not the worst band ever, but is still kind of trash pop crap) and Linkin Park (A band that isn't Brittish, they're God damn American). This list is crap Radiohead should be at least two spots higher, at least. - Quart
Common I love this band is amazing - Santi12
V 7 Comments
19 Arctic Monkeys
The Arctic Monkeys, otherwise known as the Death Ramps, are a British indie rock band formed in 2002 in Sheffield, England. The band consists of Alex Turner (lead vocalist, songwriter, electric and rhythm guitarist), Jamie Cook (electric and rhythm guitarist, songwriter), Matt Helders (percussionist, ... read more .
One Direction should not be on this list...
How are they not in the top 10? And who put one direction on this list
Amazing band. Should be way higher on this list.
The best band ever
V 4 Comments
20 The Kinks
The Kinks were an English rock band formed in Muswell Hill, North London, in 1963 by brothers Dave and Ray Davies.
One of the best singer/songwriters, one of the best guitarists, add together and you get the hugely talented Davies brothers. Like with Oasis' Gallagher brothers having one of the best singers and one of the best songwriter/guitarists, the Kinks are a genius band that must be in the top 10. Kick out one direction and Linkin park, and put the kinks and the who there
Beatles and Pink Floyd are hard to go past. Only the Kinks can do that. So many great songs - their albums are filled with hidden gems that people have never heard. Try songs like Some Mother's Son, Death of A clown, Celluloid Heroes, David Watts, Do you Remember Walter, Missing Person, Dead End Street, Tin Soldier Man and of course Waterloo Sunset.
The Kinks have written more great songs than any other English band: end of argument.
Worst band rubbish foolish
| Manchester |
US actor Ed Harris directed and starred in which 2000 film about an American artist? | Top 10 Best English Bands - TheTopTens®
Top 10 Best English Bands
InsertNameHere
The Top Ten
1 The Beatles
The Beatles were an English rock band formed in Liverpool in 1960. The members consisted of John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr. They were soon known as the foremost and most influential act of rock era. Rooted in skiffle, beat, and 1950s rock and roll, the Beatles later experimented ... read more .
I have to agree the Beatles are the most successful english band of all time I love some of their songs and they are from Liverpool which in my opinion is the best part of the country they are also probably the most iconic group of english people and to top this list so long after they was in their prime is remarkable
It kills me when people trash them. I was born in the wrong time period.
There is nobody have achieved what the Beatles have done. They were the first British band to break America, a lot of British bands are still not known in America. And there music still stands the test of time. Please, please never compare one direction. With the Beatles. X
Please this band shouldn't be on the list.Their music is liked by no one.Non of by friend even like more than 2 or 3 of their song.Mostly say they were famous by their luck.
V 38 Comments
2 One Direction
One Direction (commonly abbreviated as 1D) are an British-Irish pop boy band based in London, composed of Niall Horan, Liam Payne, Harry Styles, Louis Tomlinson, and previously, Zayn Malik until his departure from the band on 25 March 2015 . The group signed with Simon Cowell's record label Syco Records ... read more .
If you really don't like one direction just don't hear to their music. But please don't insult them by writing rubbish comments cause their are many one direction fans around the world who really like them. Seriously you guys are writing like they are your enemy. I r
What an insult to music. all they do is make teenage girls feel beautiful and take advantage of their insecurities. Sorry 1D fans, but maybe you should try listening to actual music.
Peoples opinions on this band seem to be based on 2011/2 one direction-5 teenage boys who have no idea about the music industry and care more about their hair than their records and of course their fans who everyone still seems to think are 12 years old? We age too people. Maybe if you updated yourself and listened to their more recent albums and took a look at how much they do for people and mean to people you would see how genuine these boys are and how much they care about what they are producing and about their fans. They create great music which fair enough may not be to your taste but isn't all simply 'girly pop music'. So please stop insulting them and their fans for no reason.
They all guys are really amazing
V 263 Comments
3 Take That
Take That are an English pop group from Manchester, formed in 1989. The group currently consists of Gary Barlow, Howard Donald, and Mark Owen.
Every time the boys tour I think that was the best, then they something else that tops that, loved their music and them for 25 years, and will continue to love them for the next 25, there is a take that song for every moment of my life, meeting Mark Owen was the best day, the boys are so lovely to every one of their fans, and they are so grateful for every opportunity. Great music, great concerts great British band, need I say any more,?
They just deserve to win, the amount of effort they put into their fans in amazing I had waited 5.5 hours to meet Gary and Mark and as they were leaving Mark said "Gaz this poor girls been here ages" and they spent at least ten minutes with me just chatting and asking about life.
Their concerts have always been amazing! Never once fail to wow the audiences, if you've never been to their show, try to come, I'll guarantee, even if you don't fancy them, they'll entertain you fully and you'll go back home with a huge smile on your face! And yes, I agree how much they respect their fans, no matter how tired they are, they always put a big effort to make us all happy, they always try to take as many pic together as possible. Do you know how much that means for the fans? Fans will remember that 2-3 mins moment for a lifetime!
Beautiful singing, beautiful songs they write themselves, beautiful albums, beautiful smiles, beautiful eyes, beautiful bodies, beautiful humour, beautiful charisma, beautiful all-round kindness, beautiful modesty and gratitude... to sum it up they are simply BEAUTIFUL!
V 140 Comments
4 Led Zeppelin
Led Zeppelin were an English rock band formed in London in 1968. The group consisted of Robert Plant (Vocal), Jimmy Page (Guitar), John Paul Jones (Bass, Keyboard) and John Bonham (Drums). The band's heavy, guitar-driven sound, rooted in blues and psychedelia on their early albums, has earned them recognition ... read more .
WHY IN THE ACTUAL HELL IS ONE DIRECTION AND A CRAPPY BOY BAND NO-ONE HAS EVER HEARD OF OR LIKES ABOVE Led Zeppelin, QUEEN, Pink Floyd IRON MAIDEN AND ROLLING STONES!?! Yes I was actually screaming that at my computer because it is so stupid to see morons who have never heard of a guitar or talent won't allow talent within five mili-metres (Small distance, for those idiot who don't know music) of their bubble of idiocy, I love Led Zeppelin because they had talent, so much talent, Jimmy page, Robert plant, John paul jones, and of course the beast John bonham are all amazing at what they do, please let them get above those pretty boy hacks.
Better than Beatles! Why? Guitar solos are excellent, Drum beats too... Bass is very good in most songs, and Plant's voice is actually 10/10
The Gods of Rock music. Excellent Guitar and music. Robert Plant is incredible. Stairway to Heaven is the ultimate rock song ever. But then who can forget Kashmir?
Why is One Direction and Take That (who ever take that is), a head of one of (if not the best) bands of all time?
V 9 Comments
5 Queen
Queen are a British rock group formed in 1970. Members were Freddie Mercury (Vocals and Piano), Brian May (Guitar, Vocals), Roger Taylor (Drums, Vocals), and John Deacon (Bass Guitar, Vocals). Before forming into Queen, Brian May and Roger Taylor had played together in a band named Smile. Freddie Mercury ... read more .
Queen is number one on my list. They created amazing songs that people will remember for a long time, I don't think they will ever be missed. Freddie had a beautiful four octave voice, and was a one of the best front men that ever lived. Roger has great drumming skills, and a nice high voice. Brian's guitar skills will never match anybody else's. John was one of the quiet, and most relaxed bass players I've ever seen. Their concerts will never bore you, Freddie always kept the crowd going along with him, with his amazing, strong voice, and his strutting on stage. He would make jokes sometimes laugh out loud. Anyway Queen is truly an amazing band! They truly 'took my breath away'.
Queen is immortal. They are eternal. And everyone knows and (most likely) loves them!
Queen are truly amazing band love listening to them! I think they should be higher up on the table you had some off the best musicians in the band like Freddie mercy, insane singer one of the best singers of all time
One Direction is terreble But Queen is the best band of the worl - Santi12
V 16 Comments
6 Coldplay
Coldplay are a British rock band formed in 1996. The band consists of Chris Martin (lead vocalist and pianist), Jonny Buckland (lead guitarist), Guy Berryman (bassist) and Will Champion (drummer and backing vocalist). Manager Phil Harvey is often considered an unofficial fifth member. The band renamed ... read more .
They are an awesome band with meaningful songs
They should be N.1! They are the best
They have composed some of the most sentimental songs I have ever heard. they should be in top three.
They have the perfect combination. The greatest lyrics and melodies.
V 12 Comments
7 The Rolling Stones
The Rolling Stones are an English rock band formed in London in 1962. The first settled line-up consisted of Brian Jones (guitar, harmonica), Ian Stewart (piano), Mick Jagger (lead vocals, harmonica), Keith Richards (guitar), Bill Wyman (bass) and Charlie Watts (drums). ... read more .
It's a good band. I like to listen the songs of this band.
The fact that One Direction is ahead of The Rolling Stones makes me want to puke
Why The Rolling Stones are under one direction?! Are you kidding me?
V 2 Comments
8 Oasis
Oasis were an English rock band formed in Manchester in 1991. Developed from an earlier group, the Rain, the band originally consisted of Liam Gallagher (vocals and tambourine), Paul "Bonehead" Arthurs, Paul "Guigsy" McGuigan, and Tony McCarroll.
BY far the absolute best band in the world due to the amazing songwriting of N Gallagher and the beautiful voice of L Gallagher. The best and most talented band in the history of the world.
The reason they are one of the greatest british bands ever is because they dominated the 90s with 2 of the greatest albums ever made. Morning Glory and definitely maybe defined the decade and even if they didn't really break america that wasnt due to them not being a great band, it was mostly because whenever they went on tour there they more or less broke up. Even their worse albums are still good, just can't live up to their first two, they also have incredible b sides
Amazing group sadly the Gallagher brothers always had conflicts otherwise a truly influential and memorable group OASIS lives forever
The best band of the 90s by a country mile, and still the best british act since the Beatles.
V 11 Comments
9 Pink Floyd
Pink Floyd were an English rock band formed in London. They achieved international acclaim with their progressive and psychedelic music. The band consisted of 5 members - David Gilmour (Vocals and Guitar), Syd Barrett (Vocals and Guitarist), Nick Mason (Drums), Roger Waters (Vocals and Bass), and Richard ... read more .
go listen to dark side, the wall, and meddle. you'll see why pink floyd pwns and deserves to be #1. there will probably never gonna be a better band than them. - russian
Yo what the hell is going on here? One Direction is better than Pink Floyd? Go back to junior high or listen to Floyd ASAP! Incredibly powerful lyrics and concepts, some of the most impressive instrumentalists in music history, and the never-ending influence on music they have. #9 is disgraceful for them. They are considered by some to be even better than the Beatles. Idiots. All of you. - DoctorDigiorno
I'm with the Floyd. One Direction may one day be classed as a great band, but to be truly great you have to stand the test of time
You wanna know how jesus, god, moses and abraham sound when they play in a rock band? Well they sound just like Pink Floyd
V 7 Comments
10 The Who
The Who is an English hard rock band formed in London, England in 1964 . The members are Roger Daltrey (lead singer), Pete Townshend (guitarist), John Entwistle (bassist), and Keith Moon (drums). The genres they were associated with happened to be rock, soft rock, hard rock, and soul rock. They are ... read more .
Rock gods like none other, Keith is the best drummer, John is the best bassist, Roger is a fantastic singer and Pete is the greatest songwriter, plus a fantastic guitarist.
Their sound endures more than anyone else and some of the songs are the most exciting pieces of music ever written.
This band is really incredible. Instead of 1D put the who in top ten... -_-
How is one of the greatest rock bands under one direction
The Contenders
11 The Smiths
The Smiths were an English rock band formed in Manchester in 1982. The band consisted of vocalist Morrissey, guitarist Johnny Marr, bassist Andy Rourke and drummer Mike Joyce.
What is actually wrong with this list?! Take That 2nd? Oasis 8th? The Smiths 11th? Who puts One Direction and Take That above The Smiths and Oasis?! The Smiths is my favourite English band and you cannot beat Morrissey's lyrical genius and Marr's extraordinary musical talent, listen to How Soon Is Now or There Is A Light That Never Goes Out or I Know It's Over before you dare press one direction.
This list is whack the smiths were amazing no boy band should be in the top 20
Mix is awesome. His quotes are the best, especially the Jamie Oliver ones - Jiorl
How is one direction is front of these guys?
V 3 Comments
12 Muse
Muse are an English alternative rock band from Teignmouth, Devon, formed in 1994. The members are Matt Bellamy (lead vocal, lead guitar, piano, keyboard), Dom Howard (drums, percussion) and Chris Wolstenholme (bass, backing vocals). They've won several awards including five MTV Awards, 8 NME Awards, ... read more .
The best british band of all times.
One direction above than MUSE. They don't even write their own music
They do real music! Simply the best
Best band to attack the illuminati, you should be agree!
V 6 Comments
13 Black Sabbath
Black Sabbath are a Heavy Metal band formed in Birmingham, England in 1968 by guitarist and songwriter Tony Iommi, Singer Ozzy Osbourne, Bassist and Main Lyricist Geezer Butler and Drummer Bill Ward . The band got into mainstream after improving after their debut album got negative feedback . In 1978, ... read more .
There is no group like Black Sabbath. Paranoid - ha, ha. What great times we had in college listening to Sabbath. Unforgettable.
V 1 Comment
14 Duran Duran
Duran Duran are an English new wave/synthpop band formed in Birmingham in 1978. They were a successful band of the 1980s and a leading band in the MTV-driven "Second British Invasion" of the US.
They are so cool and their music is amazing. I'm a teenager and would rather listen to them any day compared to the crappiness of 1D.
Duran Duran changed the face of music in the 80s and took the UK, America, the whole world by storm. Every song is a classic. Not just Duran Duran, but Spandau, Coldplay, etc are all better than One Direction. Fact! DD beats 1D!
15 Iron Maiden
Iron Maiden are an English heavy metal band formed in Leyton, East London, in 1975 by bassist and primary songwriter Steve Harris. They were known for some big hits such as The Trooper, and The Number of the Beast, and as of 2015, the band sold over 90 million albums.
Their singer Bruce Dickinson is a polymath. A pilot, fenceman, Radio DJ and various other things he is amazing at. Steve Harris plays the bass with his fingers, and not may people can do that. Their drummer Nicko Mcbrain is one of the best drummers on this planet. Their guitarists Adrian, Dave and Janick are amazing. Every song the band has put out on all of their 15 albums are amazing. And best of all, they're British!
Bruce Dickinson is the most talented vocalist of all time in my opinion and the guitar is incredible, they have 6 DVD's made about them 5 of which were chart topping, and to top it off they even have their own beer, they cannot be beat by 5 boys with voice correction and 1d
awful racket not music just screaming
V 2 Comments
16 Deep Purple
Deep Purple are an English rock band formed in Hertford in 1968. They are considered to be among the pioneers of heavy metal and modern hard rock, although their musical approach changed over the years. Originally formed as a progressive rock band, the band shifted to a heavier sound in 1970. Deep Purple, ... read more .
The greatest Rock Band of all time. Those who have not heard their songs do not really know what is hard rock. Smoke on the Water, Black Night, Hush, Soldier of Fortune...the list goes on.
V 2 Comments
17 Westlife
Westlife were an Irish boy band, formed in July 1998 and disbanded in June 2012. Originally signed by Simon Cowell and managed by Louis Walsh, the group's final line-up consisted of Nicky Byrne, Kian Egan, Mark Feehily, and Shane Filan.
Westlife are Irish, they are not British!
In Asia, westlife is still number one.
In Italy are famous a little bit
Good band, from Ireland not Britain!
V 6 Comments
18 Radiohead
Radiohead are an English rock band from Abingdon, Oxfordshire, formed in 1985. The band consists of Thom Yorke (lead vocals, guitar, piano, keyboards), Jonny Greenwood (lead guitar, keyboards, other instruments), Colin Greenwoood (bass guitar), Phil Selway (drums), and Ed O'Brien (guitar).
I do love Radiohead, but please do your homework before posting, the Beatles revolutionized the recording methods, just listen to Sgt. Pepper's and compare it to the music of the 60's. They changed music.
Radiohead deserves to be in the top 5 though.
Truly the band with the most variations in sound. Don't believe me? Listen to Kid A and The Bends. Note the difference. - U2FAN101
Radiohead bellow One Direction (not the worst band ever, but is still kind of trash pop crap) and Linkin Park (A band that isn't Brittish, they're God damn American). This list is crap Radiohead should be at least two spots higher, at least. - Quart
Common I love this band is amazing - Santi12
V 7 Comments
19 Arctic Monkeys
The Arctic Monkeys, otherwise known as the Death Ramps, are a British indie rock band formed in 2002 in Sheffield, England. The band consists of Alex Turner (lead vocalist, songwriter, electric and rhythm guitarist), Jamie Cook (electric and rhythm guitarist, songwriter), Matt Helders (percussionist, ... read more .
One Direction should not be on this list...
How are they not in the top 10? And who put one direction on this list
Amazing band. Should be way higher on this list.
The best band ever
V 4 Comments
20 The Kinks
The Kinks were an English rock band formed in Muswell Hill, North London, in 1963 by brothers Dave and Ray Davies.
One of the best singer/songwriters, one of the best guitarists, add together and you get the hugely talented Davies brothers. Like with Oasis' Gallagher brothers having one of the best singers and one of the best songwriter/guitarists, the Kinks are a genius band that must be in the top 10. Kick out one direction and Linkin park, and put the kinks and the who there
Beatles and Pink Floyd are hard to go past. Only the Kinks can do that. So many great songs - their albums are filled with hidden gems that people have never heard. Try songs like Some Mother's Son, Death of A clown, Celluloid Heroes, David Watts, Do you Remember Walter, Missing Person, Dead End Street, Tin Soldier Man and of course Waterloo Sunset.
The Kinks have written more great songs than any other English band: end of argument.
Worst band rubbish foolish
| i don't know |
Bovidae Ovis is the scientific name for which animal? | bighorn sheep
Bighorn Sheep
photo M. Noonan
Bighorn Taxonomy/Description
Bighorn sheep belong to the Mammalian Order Artiodactyla, in the family Bovidae. Bovidae also includes goats, bison, cattle, and antelope. The bighorn's scientific name is Ovis canadensis, which means "sheep belonging to Canada". However, the bighorn sheep's range is not limited to only Canada.
photo M. Noonan
One of the most important features of the bighorn sheep is the unique structure of its hooves. Rather than being hard like those of a horse or cow, the sheep have rubber-like hooves that allow excellent mobility on steep rock faces. The males, called rams, have massive spiral horns that can weigh up to 40 lbs. A ram itself can weigh as much as 400 Lbs. Females (or ewes) have short, spike-like horns and weigh about 150 lbs. The pelage (its coat) is typically chocolate brown with white areas on the rump and on the underside. These amazing animals live as long as 15-20 years in the wild, and even longer in captivity.
photo M. Noonan
Bighorn Habitat/Diet
Different subspecies of the bighorn sheep can be found throughout the mountainous areas of the western United States. We studied the Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep in both South Dakota and Colorado. Their habitat can range from desert cliffs through arid mountain ranges to alpine tundra. The animals usually stay within a limited home range which gives them access to food, water and rest areas. A critical element of Bighorn habitat is the requirement for escape terrain. Sheep always stay close to an area that will allow them to climb up or down a steep hillside quickly if danger is present.
photo M. Noonan
Bighorn sheep live mostly on grasses, but they will also eat many other plant species when they are available. After feeding in the morning, sheep characteristically take a mid-day nap to rest and digest their food. Sheep are ruminants, which means that they have a four chambered stomach. Bacteria in these compartments aid in digestion of plant material and provide nutrients that sheep need to live.
photo M. Noonan
Bighorn Behavior/Reproduction
"Brooming" is a behavior in which males break off the tips of their horns by wedging them in rocks or trees. It is suspected they do this to prevent their horns from blocking their vision. Subordinate males will perform "horning" where they will rub their heads on the scent glands on the dominant male's head. It is suspected that this allows the lower ranked males to pick up the scent of the higher ranked ones. Males are sexually mature by their fourth year but don�t usually manage to breed until their seventh or eighth year because the older rams are much bigger and stronger. Females breed for first time in their third year.
photo M. Noonan
Breeding season is from November to January with its peak in December. During this time, males fight by head butting with their massive horns. Fighting is not the only way to secure a mate however. Sometimes a third ram comes in and mates with the female while the first two are occupied in a fight. The gestation period is 174 days. Lambing peaks in June. Ewes ordinarily give birth to only one lamb at a time. The young are precocial at birth.
photo M. Noonan
Our Experiences with Bighorn
While in South Dakota, we were privileged to study with wildlife biologist Michelle Bourassa. She allowed us to accompany her in Badlands National Park while she tracked radio-collared bighorn sheep that were part of re-introduction program there. After using radio telemetry to triangulate on their position, we spent hours hiking across the rugged terrain in search of the sheep. At long last, Michelle spotted a mature ram off in the distance resting on a cliff. We were able to view the sheep with a powerful spotting scope. The ram, with its incredible eyesight, was looking directly at us from over a mile away. We were amazed that the sheep could see us at that great distance. We were even more amazed that Michelle Bourassa had seen the sheep!
photo M. Noonan
Colorado yielded an entirely new experience with bighorn sheep. While exploring very rocky terrain in the backcountry, a group of females began making their way down the mountain directly in front of us. To avoid disturbing them, we slowly backed away to let them travel down their preferred path and they elected to pass right in front of us! It was a very special moment for all of us.
photo M. Noonan
Bighorn Conservation
Bighorn sheep have not had an easy time adapting to human activity. Unfortunately, until recently they have suffered a steady decline in population. Human encroachment on bighorn habitat is the main cause of the species' decline. The more land that humans occupy, the less there is for wildlife to utilize. In addition, the Bighorn sheep has been a favorite trophy for hunters since settlers first came to this land. The numbers of sheep were diminished so greatly that some entire portions of their original range have been cleared of wild sheep. Another killer of wild sheep is disease. Some diseases are transmitted to bighorn by domestic sheep that are ranched in the same habitat that the wild sheep occupy. Bighorn sheep populations are now finally on the rebound due to the hard work of individuals dedicated to preserving and studying them. Re-introduction of bighorn sheep in places like Badlands National Park has begun to restore populations and may assure the survival of this remarkable animal.
photo M. Noonan
Glossary:
Artiodactyla � Mammalian Order meaning "even toed", which consists of all even-toed hoofed mammals, including families that contain cattle, antelope, deer, camels, and hippopotamuses
precocial - relatively mature and mobile from the moment of birth
ruminant - any hoofed animal that digests its food in two steps, first by ingesting the raw material, such as grass or leaves, then regurgitating it in partially digested form, called the cud, which is then also eaten
| Sheep |
Stink 182 is a tribute band to which band? | Toronto Zoo | Mouflon
Ovis musimon
Description
: Mouflon are a species of wild sheep, and are thought to be one of two original ancestors of all modern day sheep. They have a reddish-brown, short-haired coat with a dark stripe along their back and lighter coloured side patches. The underparts are white as well as the bottom half of their legs. They also have a white muzzle and white circles around the eyes. There is a fringe of long hair down the front of the neck.
The males have horns and the females may or may not have horns. Males have larger horns then the females and are usually around 85 cm in length. The size of a males horns determines his status in the group. Their curved, spiral horns arch backward over the head. They don't flare out at the end as most wild sheep's do. The curve is almost one full revolution.
Mouflon have a shoulder height of about 0.9 metres and a body weight of 50 kg (males) and 35 kg (females).
Distribution
: Originated on the islands of Corsica, Sardinia, and Cyprus, but have been introduced into many parts of Europe.
Habitat
: Live in mountainous regions, usually above the tree line or in mountain meadows. In Corsica, it lives on steep-sided rocky peaks, where it is protected from predators.
Food
: Grazes on short grasses, heather and shrubs.
Reproduction and Development
: The males and females live in separate groups and only come together during the mating season. The rams' dominance is determined by his age and the size of his horns. They mate, or go through a rut, in autumn to early winter. When breeding begins, the rams fight for territories on which they gather their harems of ewes. Two rams will back away from each other, then charge, meeting head-on with a clash of foreheads. They crash their horns together to re-enforce dominance.
The ewes don't mate until they are about two to three years old. Males don't mate until they are about seven years old because they have to establish a strong social standing before being allowed to mate. The gestation period is about 210 days with one or two lambs, sometimes three, being born in April. The ewe will go into cover to have her lamb, which is up on its feet within minutes after birth. They can run about soon after birth, but are closely tied to the mother for suckling every 10 - 15 minutes. They become sexually mature at 18 months to two years. Their life expectancy is about 15 years, although they have lived in captivity for over 19 years.
Adaptations
: During the winter they grow a woolly undercoat that keeps them warm. Fights seldom lead to serious injuries and afterward the winner makes no further attacks. When rams are fighting for their harem of ewes, there is seldom any damage done. After the fight, the two will graze together and every now and then the winner starts what is called an appeasement ceremony by presenting his neck for the other to lick, sometimes going down on his knees.
They have a multi-chambered stomach with special microbes that break down the cellulose of the plant cell walls. After it has eaten its fill, the mouflon will lie down somewhere, and regurgitate its food, chewing it a second time to soften it some more. It then swallows it again for the last time.
Threats to Survival
: The natural enemies, especially of the lambs, are wolves, foxes, wildcats, and eagles. Other natural predators such as bears, have all but disappeared from the mouflon's range. The mouflon is still hunted for their trophy horns.
Mouflon numbers have declined over the last 50 years due to habitat loss, hunting, and interbreeding with domestic sheep. In 1975, the population in Sardinia dropped to 700, but appears to be making a slow comeback. Corsica has about 200 - 500 mouflon and Cyprus has even less. These island populations are listed as vulnerable by the World Conservation Union (IUCN), which means that there are restrictions on hunting, or trapping. Elsewhere, where mouflon have been introduced, herds are thriving.
Status
: IUCN: Vulnerable; CITES: Appendix I (Island populations).
Zoo Diet
: Ewe ration, Timothy hay, and sweet feed for enrichment/moving animals.
©
| i don't know |
What is the title of the 1985 film sequel to ‘Romancing the Stone’ starring Michael Douglas? | The Jewel of the Nile (1985) - IMDb
IMDb
17 January 2017 4:34 PM, UTC
NEWS
There was an error trying to load your rating for this title.
Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later.
X Beta I'm Watching This!
Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends.
Error
The Jewel of the Nile ( 1985 )
PG |
This is the sequel to "Romancing the Stone" where Jack and Joan have their yacht and easy life, but are gradually getting bored with each other and this way of life. Joan accepts an ... See full summary »
Director:
From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video
ON DISC
a list of 49 titles
created 29 Jan 2011
a list of 25 titles
created 11 Mar 2013
a list of 40 titles
created 20 Feb 2014
a list of 26 titles
created 10 months ago
a list of 23 titles
created 10 months ago
Title: The Jewel of the Nile (1985)
6.1/10
Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below.
You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin.
A romance writer sets off to Colombia to ransom her kidnapped sister, and soon finds herself in the middle of a dangerous adventure.
Director: Robert Zemeckis
A married couple try everything to get each other to leave the house in a vicious divorce battle.
Director: Danny DeVito
An American reporter goes to the Australian outback to meet an eccentric crocodile poacher and invites him to New York City.
Director: Peter Faiman
Two NYC cops arrest a Yakuza member and must escort him when he's extradited to Japan.
Director: Ridley Scott
A married man's one-night stand comes back to haunt him when that lover begins to stalk him and his family.
Director: Adrian Lyne
Australian outback expert protects his New York love from gangsters who've followed her down under.
Director: John Cornell
A borderline personality disordered defense worker frustrated with the various flaws he sees in society, begins to psychotically and violently lash out against them.
Director: Joel Schumacher
A computer specialist is sued for sexual harassment by a former lover turned boss who initiated the act forcefully, which threatens both his career and his personal life.
Director: Barry Levinson
A violent, suspended police detective investigates a brutal murder, in which a manipulative and seductive woman could be involved.
Director: Paul Verhoeven
When a group of trespassing seniors swim in a pool containing alien cocoons, they find themselves energized with youthful vigour.
Director: Ron Howard
A remake of the Alfred Hitchcock classic Dial M for Murder (1954).
Director: Andrew Davis
Axel Foley returns to Beverly Hills to help Taggart and Rosewood investigate Chief Bogomil's near-fatal shooting and the series of "alphabet crimes" associated with it.
Director: Tony Scott
Edit
Storyline
This is the sequel to "Romancing the Stone" where Jack and Joan have their yacht and easy life, but are gradually getting bored with each other and this way of life. Joan accepts an invitation to go to some middle eastern country as a guest of the sheik, but there she is abducted and finds her- self involved with the "jewel". Jack decides to rescue her with his new partner Ralph. They all go from one adventure to another... What is the story of this "jewel"? Written by Sami Al-Taher <[email protected]>
When the going gets tough, the tough get going. See more »
Genres:
11 December 1985 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
Auf der Jagd nach dem Juwel vom Nil See more »
Filming Locations:
Did You Know?
Trivia
The "Nubian" man Jack wrestles is a traditional Senegalese wrestler. The talisman that he wears on his chest and around his waste were made by a religious leader and are believed to hold mystical powers to protect him and help him win his wrestling matches. See more »
Goofs
At the beginning of the movie, the amount of zinc oxide on Joan's nose changes with each camera angle. See more »
Quotes
[Jack, Joan, and the Jewel are being shot at]
Jewel : Do not worry. I'm sure it's not my destiny to die on this mountain.
Joan : What about us?
Performed by Nubians (as The Nubians)
Written by Pete Q. Harris and Richard Jon Smith
Produced by Pete Q. Harris and Richard Jon Smith
Lacks Everything That Made Its Predecessor So Good.
6 July 2002 | by tfrizzell
(United States) – See all my reviews
A somewhat sketchy screenplay and unsteady direction sink "The Jewel of the Nile", the sequel to "Romancing the Stone". Kathleen Turner and Michael Douglas are taking it easy on their yacht, but soon become a bit bored with their now simple lives. Turner gets an invitation from a suspicious sheik in the Middle East who has a dastardly plan up his sleeves. Danny DeVito is also along for the ride once again as everyone is searching for the seemingly unobtainable jewel. Likeable performances are the main attraction, but the film is a large step behind "Romancing the Stone". 2.5 out of 5 stars.
20 of 35 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you?
Yes
| The Jewel of the Nile |
Which English football club play their home games at the Reebok Stadium? | Romancing the Stone
Romancing the Stone
Micheal Douglas, Kathleen Turner, Danny Devito
Director:
Writer:
Diane Thomas
Description: Kathleen Turner plays a writer of adventure stories, Joan Wilder, who has been having trouble selling her works of late because they aren't remotely believable. The basic problem is that the mousy Joan has never had any real adventure in her life. All this changes when she receives a frantic phone call from her sister, whose is being held prisoner by evil art dealers in Colombia. It seems that sis has mailed Joan a map leading to a valuable treasure. Nasty but cowardly Ralph (Danny DeVito), cousin of the principal villain (Zack Norman), has been assigned to claim the map from Joan. But upon arriving in Colombia, Joan and Ralph learn that others of a more homicidal bent are also after the map. Joan is rescued by soldier of fortune Jack Colton (Michael Douglas), who isn't quite clear about his stake in the proceedings. Jack and Joan undergo several perilous adventures in the wilds of Colombia. The treasure turns out to be a valuable jewel, which changes hands (one of them severed!) many times before it is swallowed by an alligator. Joan manages to break free from her pursuers, but Jack is presumed dead. Jack returns at the end of the film in Manhattan to surprise Joan. The sequel to Romancing the Stone was 1985's The Jewel of the Nile.~ Hal Erickson, All Movie Guide
Movie summaries and listings powered by Cinema-Source
Related Content on Movies from Infoplease:
Movie Awards - The Academy Awards National Society of Film Critics Awards Broadcast Film Critics Association ...
The Movies of:
| i don't know |
What is the dot over a lower case ‘i’ called? | Word Fact: What’s the Name for the Dot Over the i and j? | Dictionary.com Blog
Home » Symbols and Punctuation » Word Facts » Word Fact: What’s the Name for the Dot Over the i and j?
Word Fact: What’s the Name for the Dot Over the i and j?
January 5, 2015 by: Dictionary.com 110 Comments
While many languages, such as Arabic and Hebrew, add specific accents to the letters or characters throughout their alphabet, the English alphabet has only two letters that include a diacritic dot. This mark is added to a letter to signal a change in either the sound or meaning of a character. What is the additional name of this curious dot that hovers over the ninth and tenth lowercase letters of the English alphabet, and how did it get there?
The small distinguishing mark you see over a lowercase i and a lowercase j is called a tittle – an interesting name that seems like a portmanteau (combination) of “tiny” and “little,” and refers to a small point or stroke in writing and printing. Generally, a diacritic dot such as a tittle is also referred to as a glyph . However, in regards to i and j, the removal of the mark is still likely to be read as I or J; as such, these are not examples of a glyph.
Derived from the Latin word titulus, meaning “inscription, heading,” the tittle initially appeared in Latin manuscripts beginning in the 11th century as a way of individualizing the neighboring letters i and j in the thicket of handwriting. With the introduction of the Roman-style typeface in the late 1400′s, the original large mark was reduced to the small dot we use today.
Many alphabets use a tittle specifically in the case of the letter i. For example, the absence or presence of a tittle over the i in the modern Turkish alphabet, also Latin-based, helps to differentiate two unique letters that represent distinct phonemes .
The phrase “To a T” is believed to be derived from the word tittle and the following passage from Edward Hall’s Chronicles circa 1548: “I then… began to dispute with my selfe, little considerynge that thus my earnest was turned euen to a tittyl not so good as, estamen.”
Now that you’ve satisfied your desire to know the source of that little dot, consider this: Why does the letter Q almost never appear without a U right next to it? Find your answer, here .
What other mysteries of the alphabet would like us to explore? Let us know.
| Tittle |
In the game of Shove Ha’penny, what is the term for placing three coins in a ‘Bed’ in a single go? | Does the Dot over a Lowercase "i" Have a Name?
Does the Dot over a Lowercase "i" Have a Name?
Tweet
That dot above the lower-case letters "i" and "j" is actually a diacritical mark called a tittle . The term "tittle" dates back to at least the 1500s and is often used in conjunction with the word "jot" in the phrase "every jot and tittle". The word "jot" is a transliteration of the Greek word "iota," the smallest letter of the Greek alphabet, hence the phrase "every jot and tittle" meaning every little thing or down to the last detail. Incidentally, a tittle is also the name for a dot on dice.
More facts about diacritical marks:
A diacritical mark is any kind of mark added to a letter to change its emphasis or pronunciation. Common diacritical marks include the acute, or right-slanted accent mark; the cedilla, which is a swirly line under a "c" in some French words; and the umlaut, or the double dots that can appear over vowels.
There are more than 10 kinds of diacritical marks in Anglicized alphabets alone, and even more in Arabic , Greek, or Asian character alphabets.
In English, diacritical marks usually indicate merely pronunciation or emphasis. In some languages, a diacritical mark can change the meaning or context of the word altogether. This is the case with the damma in Arabic or cantillation marks in Hebrew chants.
| i don't know |
Who directed the 1960 film ‘Spartacus’? | Spartacus (1960) directed by Stanley Kubrick • Reviews, film + cast • Letterboxd
7
After having recently watched Kubrick’s weak debut, Fear and Desire, and a solid but forgettable film (Killer’s Kiss), I was pretty impressed by Spartacus, which is one hell of an epic journey. I felt that some scenes dragged, making the watch a little exhausting at times, but nothing that affected my overall experience. The score was great but a bit repetitive, which is fine as it’s a very long film. The battle scenes were outstanding and Kirk Douglas amazed me as Spartacus, a gladiator and leader of the slave’s rebellion. I could totally see resemblances to his character in Paths of Glory as they both share a strong sense of humanity and perseverance. The message by the end is that hope is alive and Spartacus’s dream can actually prosper and be concreted, despite all the destruction that happens in the final battle with the Romans and its horrible consequences. A strong and fitting finale to another terrific film by Kubrick!
Review by Charly Díaz ★★★★
Spartacus cuenta con una historia épica, actuaciones románticas, gran diseño de producción, excelentes actuaciones, diálogos memorables y un poderoso score que Stanley Kubrick consigue amoldar gracias al buen guión de Dalton Trumbo. El único aspecto negativo que considero que la cinta tiene un exceso de duración.
¡Un clásico!
Review by Robert Dixon ★★★½
After watching Trumbo, I find it difficult not to just see Bryan Cranston writing this movie in his bath.
Riddled with Kubrickisms, but honestly I found the runtime pretty grating at times. For an epic, it's solid enough, with a fantastic opening quarter. It's definitely a film that is pleasing on the eye, with enough substance of plot to be passable. But really the film is made in the performances. Peter Ustinov in particular is somebody who stuck out to me, of course alongside Douglas and Olivier.
1
Stanley Kubrick takes us back to a time where a man could rock socks with sandals without fear of being called douche bag. There would however be the fear of getting enslaved much like our hero Spartacus was before he arose to be a great leader. It's a very impressive film from a technical stand point. Some scenes featuring thousands of extras and I would bet that some stunt people got seriously injured during those battle scenes. This movie is very much a product of it's time, it's a big classic Hollywood epic. It barley even seems like a Kubrick movie, feels very much like a studio film to me, but I enjoyed it overall. I would recommend this to fans of movies like Gladiator and Braveheart, those flicks no doubt took inspiration from good ole Spartacus here.
Review by Andy Patterson ★★★★
All studio and no creative control makes Kubrick a very dull boy.
The above sentence rings true in the talky scenes in this somewhat bloated sword and sandals epic but it's reputation as a towering genre entry is earned in the spectacular second half, with a terrific massive scale battle sequence and the emotional, iconic "I am Spartacus!" scene as well as a visceral climax.
The dazzling production values make for sumptuous, jaw dropping action and Dalton Trumbo's screenplay is punctuated with remarkably literate dialogue, which rivals the iron jawed Kirk Douglas as the picture's star.
| Stanley Kubrick |
In January 1977, which French President officially opened the Pompidou Centre in Paris? | Saul Bass title sequence - Spartacus (1960) - YouTube
Saul Bass title sequence - Spartacus (1960)
Want to watch this again later?
Sign in to add this video to a playlist.
Need to report the video?
Sign in to report inappropriate content.
Rating is available when the video has been rented.
This feature is not available right now. Please try again later.
Uploaded on Feb 22, 2011
http://annyas.com/screenshots/saul-ba... Title sequence designed by Saul Bass, from the film "Spartacus" (1960), directed by Stanley Kubrick, starring Kirk Douglas, Jean Simmons, Charles Laughton
Available here:
| i don't know |
The colour sepia is named after the pigment from the ink sac of which marine creature? | Creature Feature
Creature Feature
Creature Feature - Hooded Cuttlefish
Hooded Cuttlefish, Sepia prashadi
This intelligent mollusc has almost incredible powers of mimicry. It can control the colour, patterning and texture of its skin to perfectly match its surroundings. And not just from above, the camouflage works from whichever angle it is observed. From birth, cuttlefish can display at least 13 type of body pattern, made up from over 30 different components. A recent study suggested that the military can learn from the cuttlefish and create "invisible suits".
Hooded Cuttlefish showing courtship colouration
taken in Oman by David Collins
In addition to avoiding predators, pattern control is also used in courtship by male cuttlefish. This impresses females and warns off competitors. After mating the male will often defend the female while she lays clumps of eggs. These hatch in two to three months to reveal minature cuttlefish. Females only breed once and die soon after laying.
Eye of the cuttlefish, by Tim Nicholson
With its flattened body skirted each side with fins, the cuttlefish moves with a pretty rippling motion. Like the closely related octopus, it can also escape by powerful jet propulsion whilst simultaneously ejecting a cloud of black ink to distract its foe. This ink is called sepia and was once used by artists.
The cuttlefish's beak-like mouth is surrounded by eight arms each with two rows of suckers. It also has two long extendable tentacles with suckered, club-like ends for catching fast-moving prey like crustaceans and fish.
In this photo the cuttlefish is raising its tentacles in an aggressive posture, by Captain Victor Oram
To change colour, the cuttlefish has a central sac (chromatophore) containing granules of pigment. This is surrounded by a series of muscles. When the brain sends a signal to the cell, the contracting muscles make the central sacs expand, dispersing pigment and generating the optical effect. Their skin can change colour and pattern in just a second to match their environment. Scientists have recently also discovered that cuttlefish possess luminescent protein structures that allow them to actively emit light, not just reflect and filter the ambient light from their environment. Additionally, they also discovered the presence of reflectin in the chromatophores, a high-refractive-index protein that, they suggest, allows the chromatophores, when highly stretched out, to more effectively absorb light than if they contained color pigments alone.
According to Helmut Debelius, the hooded cuttlefish can grow to 30 cm but is usually only half that size.You find these cuttlefish in the Red Sea, Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean.
Animalia (Kingdom) > Mollusca (Phylum) > Cephalopoda (Class) > Coleoidea (Subclass) > Decapodiformes (Superorder) > Sepiida (Order)
| Cuttlefish |
A gastrectomy is the removal of which part of the human body? | 1000+ images about Fish-Octopus, squid and cuttlefish on Pinterest | Octopus, Deep sea creatures and Giant squid
Pinterest • The world’s catalog of ideas
Fish-Octopus, squid and cuttlefish
| i don't know |
The US Ramstein Air Base is in which European country? | Ramstein Air Base Tour - Business Insider
print
Jeremy Bender/Business Insider
With its staggering scope and scale, Ramstein Air Base in Germany is one of America's most important and fascinating military facilities.
Located in southwestern Germany, it serves not only as the headquarters of the US Air Force in Europe and a NATO installation but also as a gateway to American military operations around the globe.
The base is part of a conglomeration of 12 Army and Air Force installations that make up the Kaiserslautern Military Community (KMC). This community, also known as K-Town, hosts almost 54,000 Americans across 300 neighboring German towns and cities, turning the Rhineland-Palatinate state of Germany into a tiny slice of America. The area has the largest concentration of Americans outside of the US, though it's also notably multicultural, including personnel from many countries.
Over two days in September, Business Insider was given an extensive and breathtaking tour of the base and its operations.
| Germany |
What are the names of the leather boxes, sometimes called phylacteries, worn by orthodox Jewish men on their head and arm during weekday morning prayers? | Thousands protest against drones at U.S. Air Force base in Germany | Reuters
Sun Jun 12, 2016 | 2:05 AM EDT
Thousands protest against drones at U.S. Air Force base in Germany
BERLIN Several thousand demonstrators formed a human chain along the perimeter of a U.S. Air Force Base in southwest Germany on Saturday in protest against drone operations by the United States.
The demonstration was organized by the alliance "Stop Ramstein - No Drone War", which says the Ramstein base transmits information between operators in the United States and unmanned drone aircraft in places such as Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Yemen and Syria.
Police estimated 3-4,000 people had formed the chain close to the base, which serves as the headquarters for the U.S. Air Forces in Europe. Organizers spoke of 5-7,000 people. No comment was available on Saturday from officials at Ramstein.
The use of drones is highly controversial in Germany, where an aversion to military conflict has prevailed since World War Two. Organizers say allowing data for drone deployments to be routed through Ramstein goes against the German constitution and want the base's satellite relay station to be closed.
Nearly 15 years after a drone first fired missiles in combat, the U.S. military program has expanded to become an everyday part of the war machine for carrying out surveillance and launching strikes.
President Barack Obama last month approved a drone strike in a remote area of Pakistan that killed Taliban leader Mullah Akhtar Mansour. U.S. officials said he had been overseeing plans for new attacks on U.S. targets in Kabul.
Critics say drones often miss their intended targets, can only partly relay what is happening on the ground and encourage warfare with impunity, waged by people at computer screens far from danger.
(Reporting by Reuters TV and Caroline Copley; Editing by Mark Trevelyan)
ADVERTISEMENT
| i don't know |
In the Scottish nursery rhyme who runs through the town in his nightgown? | Wee Willie Winkie | Nursery Rhymes & Kids' Songs | BusSongs.com
"Are the children all in bed?
For it's now eight o'clock".
The Scottish Poetry Version
Wee Willie Winkie rins through the toun,
Up stairs and doon stairs in his nicht-goun,
Tirlin' at the window, cryin' at the lock,
'Are the weans in their bed, for it's noo ten o'clock?'.
'Hey, Willie Winkie, are ye comin' ben?
The cat's singin' grey thrums to the sleepin' hen,
The dog's spelder'd on the floor, and disna gi'e a cheep,
But here's a waukrife laddie that winna fa' asleep!'.
Onything but sleep, you rogue! glow'ring like the mune,
Rattlin' in an airn jug wi' an airn spune,
Rumblin', tumblin' round about, crawin' like a cock,
Skirlin' like a kenna-what, wauk'nin' sleepin' fock.
'Hey, Willie Winkie - the wean's in a creel!
Wambling aff a bodie's knee like a verra eel,
Ruggin' at the cat's lug, and ravelin' a' her thrums
Hey, Willie Winkie - see, there he comes!'.
Wearit is the mither that has a stoorie wean,
A wee stumple stoussie, that canna rin his lane,
That has a battle aye wi' sleep before he'll close an ee
But a kiss frae aff his rosy lips gies strength anew to me.
This song was originally posted at:
http://bussongs.com/songs/wee-willie-winkie.php
| Wee Willie Winkie |
Who married Captain Mark Phillips at Westminster Abbey in November 1973? | Wee Willie Winkie - Wee Willie Winkie Nursery Rhymes, Kids Rhymes, Rhymes for Kids
Nursery Rhyme :: Wee willie winkie
Wee willie winkie
Are the children all in bed,
For now it's eight o'clock.
Other Rhymes for Kids
| i don't know |
Pitkin County is in which US state? | Pitkin County, CO
1. Why is there an address ordinance?
The purpose of the ordinance is to provide a system of address standards that will be used to name roadways and assign addresses to properties along such roadways. The intent of the ordinance is to assign addresses with an orderly system while accomplishing the following objectives:
-Ensure that visitors, delivery and other services are able to find their way in a timely fashion
-Provide logic and order in the assigning of roadway names and addresses
-A guide for staff in ensuring consistency in addressing
-Ensure that emergency services are able to locate and respond quickly
All roads that serve three (3) or more addressable structures shall be named regardless of
whether the ownership is public or private. A “Road” refers to any highway, road, street,
avenue, lane, private way or similar paved, gravel, or dirt thoroughfare. A road name
assigned by Pitkin County shall not constitute or imply acceptance of the road as a public
way.
3. What is an Addressable Structure?
Any structure that has been deemed addressable by Pitkin County as described in the Address Ordinance. Generally only buildings normally occupied by human beings will be assigned addresses; provided, however, that other sites or structures, (barns, outbuildings, service areas) may be addressed where it may be helpful in emergencies. Such sites may be assigned addresses at the discretion of Pitkin County.
4. How are addresses assigned?
Typically, Pitkin County addresses are assigned using the Century System where address numbers are based on fractions of a mile starting from the origin of a roadway to the start of a property’s driveway. The theory behind this is that anyone in a vehicle could find their destination based from an odometer reading.
Parity (Even/Odd determination) is normally based on compass direction from the center of the street, with addresses on the North or East sides receiving even numbers and those on the South or West receiving odd numbers. However, many streets in the county have been assigned using the Left/Odd and Right/Even methodology. Address Services makes the Even/Odd determination based on Public Safety requirements.
For more information please see the Titled Address Standards 9.08.080: ADDRESS/NUMBERING SYSTEM
5. Can I choose my own Road Name?
Pitkin County encourages Property Owners to make suggestions for the naming of the new road, as it affects them directly. Please see the Street Naming Resources section for further information.
6. My construction company is building a subdivision in the county. How do the roads being built get assigned names?
Please contact Address Services by email, phone, or New Address Assignment Form to begin the process of address assignment.
7. I am having a house built on my lot. How do I receive an address for my house?
Please fill out a New Address Assignment Request which can be found on the Pitkin County Address Services site.
9. Does my barn/workshop/garage need an address?
Outbuildings are not typically considered addressable structures, but will be reviewed per ordinance and policy to determine if public safety, telephone, utilities, or other reasons cause the outbuilding to require a physical address. Generally only buildings normally occupied by human beings will be assigned addresses.
Owners of structures shall display and maintain assigned numbers in a conspicuous place on said structure, in the following manner:
1. Address Number on the Structure or Residence:
When the residence or structure is within 50(fifty) feet of the edge of the road right-of-way, the assigned address number shall be displayed at a location on the residence or structure that is easily visible from the roadway.
2. Number at the Road Line:
Where the residence or structure is over 50 (fifty) feet from the edge of the road right-of-way, the assigned address number shall be displayed on a noncombustible structure (post, fence, wall, mailbox, etc) at the property line adjacent to the walk or access drive to the residence or structure, in addition to being displayed on the residence or structure itself.
3. Size, Color and Location of Number:
Numbers shall be of a color that contrasts with their background color and shall be a minimum of 4 (four) inches in height. Numbers shall be located to be visible from the road at all times of the year.
4. Proper Number:
Every person whose duty is to display an assigned number shall remove any different number which might be mistaken for, or confused with, the assigned number.
The County ordinance states that every structure must have their address properly displayed. This ordinance is enforceable by fine.
Pitkin County will inform local Public Safety Agencies of the Address Assignment.
For notifying the post office of your new address, see their website: http://faq.usps.com/
It is the responsibility of property owners to notify tenants of said property of any address changes.
You need to notify parties with whom you correspond that your address has changed.
The parties that you should notify may include:
-Utility Companies (Electric / Gas / Sewer / Cable / Satellite TV / Broadband Internet)
-Telephone Company
1. Is there a leash law in Pitkin County?
There is a leash law in Pitkin County. It states that any dog off its property must be on a leash no longer than 10 feet in length. Any dog outside on its own property must be in voice and sight control of its owner or keeper, or contained in such a way that the dog cannot leave its property. (The term "contained" includes but is not limited to a leash, chain, invisible fence, kennel or fenced yard.)
All dogs residing in Pitkin County must be current on their Rabies vaccination. There are 2 types of vaccinations:
One year
4. What can be done about nuisance raccoons and skunks?
The Animal Safety Division will remove nuisance raccoons and skunks. There must be alternative measures taken before a trap will be rented to the citizen. If all alternative methods do not work, a citizen may rent a trap from the Animal Safety Department. The rental cost is $10 a week (week minimum). There will also be a $70 deposit refundable on return of the trap. The citizen is responsible for setting the trap and catching the animal. The Animal Safety Officer will remove the trapped animal and return the trap to the citizen if need be. Contact the Animal Safety Department at 970-920-5310 or via [email protected].
5. Who can answer questions about big game wildlife?
We answer all questions concerning big game in Pitkin County. The Animal Safety Division of the Sheriff's Office deals primarily with domestic animals and livestock issues.
For specific information about big game hunting or damage to property caused by big game animals, contact the local office of the Colorado Parks & Wildlife (970-947-2920) or check out the state website . Contact the Animal Safety Department at 970-920-5310 with any questions or [email protected].
▼
2. What does the County Assessor do?
Colorado law requires the Assessor's office to appraise property within the county at true and fair market value for a property's highest and best use. The office maintains public records for property ownership, physical addresses, property data, and legal descriptions. The Assessor has no jurisdiction or responsibility for area budgets, tax rates, or amounts of taxes paid. These matters are handled by the various agencies performing the services supported by property taxes, such as the county government, city government, school districts, and other tax districts.
3. How is my property value determined?
The actual value assigned to residential properties is based on sales that occurred in the 24-month period from July 1, 20xx to June 30, 20xx (even years). For example, the 2015 and 2016 valuation years will use sales data from the time frame of July 1, 2012 to June 30, 2014.
4. When are properties revalued?
All properties are reassessed every odd-numbered year. The Assessor sends a Notice of Valuation to all property owners to inform them of their new value for that tax year, which will remain the same for the intervening year as long as the property does not physically change.
Notices of Valuation for real property are mailed on May 1st in odd years.
Notices of Valuation for personal property are mailed on June 14th in odd years.
5. What time frame does the Assessor use for sales data when revaluing properties?
The Pitkin County Assessor uses sales data from a 24-month period ending June 30 of even-numbered years to establish real property value. If data is insufficient during this time period, assessors may go back in 6-month increments, up to 5 years, to find sales data.
6. What will my taxes be?
The exact amount of taxes is an estimate until the tax rate or mill levies have been certified and approved by the Board of County Commissioners (BOCC). According to Colorado law, each taxing authority must provide their mill levy to the BOCC by December 15th. The Board then certifies the mill levies by December 22nd.
In the following January, official tax notices are mailed by the County Treasurer based upon these approved mill levies. Therefore, after January 1 of each year, you can contact the County Treasurer for the exact amount of property tax. The Assessor does not levy or collect taxes, we value your property.
Calculating taxes in Colorado:
7. Who sets the assessment rate?
The Colorado Constitution requires that a specific relationship be maintained, on a statewide basis, between the assessed value of residential property and the assessed value of non-residential property. The state legislature sets the residential assessment rate once every 2 years to maintain that relationship. The current assessment rate for all residential properties is 7.96%. All other properties are assessed at 29% of actual value.
8. What is a mill levy?
A mill levy is a tax rate that is applied to the assessed value of a property. This rate is used to generate revenue to cover annual expenses for local area services including public schools, fire departments, open space, road and bridge, social services, libraries, water and sanitation, hospital, ambulance, general funds, and so forth.
One mill = 0.001
The assessment date is January 1st of every year.
The appraisal date is June 30, xx of even numbered years.
The Assessor researches each individual property's legal and physical condition on January 1 to determine their status for that tax year. Status is . The tax notice received next January will be based on this status.
The appraisal date is the date of valuation and all comparable sales must be trended to this date.
Improvements or changes to a structure generally increase the value of property.
Examples of typical changes that can increase the value of your property:
Added rooms or garage
11. Will I be penalized if I don't let the Appraiser in when an inspection is requested?
No. When an interior inspection is not allowed, the appraiser will attempt to update the records by looking at the property from the outside and using other available information. To ensure an accurate assessment of value, it is to your advantage to allow the appraiser inside your property when an inspection is requested.
12. What is the Senior Property Tax Exemption in Colorado and how does this affect my taxes?
Title 39 Article 3 Part 2 CRS
In 2000, Colorado voters amended the State Constitution with the adoption of Section 3.5 of Article X. The amendment and subsequent legislation created a property tax exemption for 2 groups of people:
Qualifying seniors
Surviving spouses of senior who previously qualified
For those who qualify, 50% of the first $200,000 in actual value of their primary residence is exempted. The state will pay the County back the exempted property tax. Qualified individuals must file a completed application by July 15th of the year for which the exemption is requested. Applications are available in the Assessor's Office.
The senior citizen exemption in Colorado is also called the homestead exemption.
Qualifications
Seniors must be at least 65 years old on January 1 of the year the application is filed
They must have owned and lived in their homes for at least 10 consecutive years and the property must be their primary residence.
A surviving spouse of a senior who qualified for the exemption may also apply
The application deadline is July 15 of every year. For information, or to obtain an application, please contact the assessor at 970-920-5160. Note: Seniors who have previously applied and been granted the exemption do not need to apply again.
The Assessor’s Office is responsible for the valuation and assessment of all taxable real and personal property in the county, according to the Colorado Revised Statutes.
Tax bills are sent by the Treasurer who also collects taxes that are due.
Visit the Clerk & Recorder's site.
http://pitkincounty.com/548/Recording
1. What is required for a building permit application?
Different projects require different information. In general, 2 sets of detailed plans and referral department information are needed. If land use approvals are necessary, proof of that approval will be required in every case before a building permit will be accepted. Submittal requirement checklists are available online, at the Community Development Department public counter or refer to our permit application manual .
2. When are building, plumbing, mechanical, or electrical permits required?
There are very few areas of new construction or repair that do not require permits. Each of the International Codes specifies that all work requires permits and then lists exceptions to that rule. The safest course of action is to call the Building Division to determine if work that you propose to do requires a permit. A permit technician can be reached at 970-920-5526 or fax a sketch and description to a permit tech at 970-920-5439.
3. What work is exempt from building permits?
Examples are "painting, wall papering, carpet, tile, repairing leaky plumbing faucets, maintenance of mechanical equipment." Each of the International Codes specifies that all work requires permits and then lists exceptions to that rule. The safest course of action is to call the Building Division to determine if work that you propose to do requires a permit. A permit technician can be reached at 970-920-5526 or fax a sketch and description to a permit tech at 970-920-5439.
2. Can you serve this person now?
We will not give special treatment to any one person or attorney's office. To do so would be in violation of state statute. We will serve the papers as they are submitted to our office and we will not make any service a priority if we have others that were subsequently received and have not yet been executed. A private process server may be contacted for more expedited service.
Service Exceptions:
Temporary / Permanent Protection Orders are served immediately.
If after 5:00 p.m. or weekends, contact the Aspen / Pitkin Communications Center (dispatch) at 970-920-5310.
1. Buttermilk Ski Area Parking
The Buttermilk lot is owned by Pitkin County and the Colorado Department of Transportation. Parking is provided for commuter parking, recreational parking related to Pitkin County trails and related recreational facilities. Parking for skiers using the lot for transportation to Aspen Mtn, Aspen Highlands and Snowmass Ski Area is also permitted. Overnight parking is prohibited. The pertinent code is located in the county asset plan. Ordinance #13-2007
2. Wildlife Safety and Trash Containers
Pursuant to Pitkin County Code Title 6: Health and Safety, Section 6.44 approved wildlife/bear resistant trash containers are required to be used (and secured!) in Pitkin County. Wildlife containers can found at IGBC The title 6 section can be seen here Title 6 Section 6.44
3. Noise and Construction Hours
Noise is regulated by Pitkin County Code, Title 6: Health and Safety.
Construction may take place from 7:00 am to 7:00 pm Monday – Saturday. Construction is prohibited on Sundays and Federal holidays.
4. Dogs in Aspen Village
Dogs are prohibited in Aspen Village pursuant to Pitkin County Resolution #165-2000. Emotional Support Animals (ESA) may be allowed per Federal law, in certain circumstances. Contact us for more information (970) 429-2814.
Below are links to Federal Dept of Justice and Dept of Housing and Urban Development documents relating to Emotional Support Animals and the link to the Pitkin County resolution relating to dogs in Aspen Village.
6. Hunter Creek Valley Access and Parking
Access to the Hunter Creek Valley via Hunter Creek Road and the Upper Hunter Creek parking lot is addressed by Board of County Commissioners Ordinance #22-2005
Seasonal hunter vehicular access into the Hunter Creek Valley is addressed by Board of County Commissioners Ordinance #1996-44
Senior parking passes (65 years or older) for the Upper Hunter Creek parking lot are available at the Aspen Chamber Resort Association located at 425 Rio Grande Place, Aspen, CO 81611
(970) 925-1940 and the Pitkin County Senior Center located at 275 Castle Creek Road, Aspen, CO 81611 (970) 920-5432.
7. Lights in Pitkin County
Pitkin County Land Use Code 7.20.140 addresses exterior and holiday lights and found at the link below.
Briefly, exterior lights must be shielded and/or directed so that the bulb is not visible from the property line. The code goes into more detail about spot lights, security lights, etc.
Residential holiday lights may be illuminated from November 15 – January 30th. Holiday lights in celebration of other local, national or religious holidays may be illuminated for 2 weeks before the holiday and 1 day after the holiday.
2. What should I expect when I dial 9-1-1?
The most important thing to remember when dialing 9-1-1 is to remain calm. We can assist you much faster and more effectively if you are calm, able to provide the required information, and able to listen to instructions and follow them.
3. What can I expect once someone answers at 9-1-1?
You will be greeted with the phrase, "9-1-1, what is the address of the emergency?" Please note that the first question asked is where. This is because as long as we know where the problem is, we can send someone to help, or we can transfer you to the appropriate agency. The next question you will hear is, "What is the phone number you are calling from?" This is because we want to be able to reach you if the line is disconnected. The third question is, "Tell me exactly what happened." Most people expect us to ask what is happening immediately, but as you can see, we don't ask that until we know where and how to re-contact you. It has been determined that this is the most effective and safest way to answer a 9-1-1 call.
4. I've told you where, how to reach me, and what is happening, what's next?
If you have called because of a medical emergency, then your call taker will refer to their Emergency Medical Dispatch Protocols. These are tools to help us determine the best way of helping the person in need. You will be asked questions such as, "How old is she?" and "Is she awake?" Once we determine the most pressing medical problem, we will be asking more specific questions relating to that problem. If you know the answers, please provide them so we have the best opportunity to help. If you don't know the answer to any of the questions we ask, please state so. At the end of the questioning, we will provide you with care-giving techniques to assist you in helping the patient until responders arrive.
5. What other type of questions can I expect to be asked?
If you have called to report a fire, you can expect to be asked such questions as, "What is on fire?" Other examples include, "Is anyone trapped?" or "Is the fire near any other structures or vehicles?" The more information you can provide to us, without endangering yourself or others, the better we are able to serve you.
If you are reporting a crime in progress, the highest priority is to ensure your safety. Once you are safe, we will obtain critical information about the crime so the responding officers know how best to proceed. Please listen carefully to the instructions we provide and the questions we ask, so you can make a difference.
6. After giving information and listening to instructions, what should I expect next?
Now that we've sent people to help and obtained the critical information from you, we will either ask you to stay on the line with us in case the situation changes or instruct you that is OK to hang up. Please don't hang up until you are instructed to do so. There are many reasons we would ask you to remain on the line.
1. Why do I need a drainage and erosion control?
We enjoy a high level of water quality in Pitkin County, adding to our enjoyment of life, recreation and wildlife habitat, and contributing to both environmental and human health. Maintenance of the high water quality we enjoy in Pitkin County is the reason we require responsible construction practices and wise management of stormwater runoff from disturbed areas.
Stream Sedimentation
Sedimentation of our streams degrades habitat essential for many aquatic organisms. Our recreation-based economy depends highly on the quality of our waters for fishing, boating, and overall appeal of the Roaring Fork, Fryingpan and Crystal River Valleys.
Human Health
Many of us get our water from streams and creeks in Pitkin County. Others get it from groundwater wells. The quality of our surface water and groundwater is highly dependent upon human behavior. In order to protect our drinking water sources and the health of our community, best management practices (BMPs) to control sedimentation and the movement of organic and inorganic pollutants must be put in place and maintained throughout the life of any construction / development project.
2. Does the area of disturbance dictate what permits and plans I need to submit?
No, not at the county level. All sites require a drainage and erosion control plan submitted as part of a county building permit application and earthmoving permit application. Disturbed areas larger than 1 acre in the county also require a State of Colorado stormwater construction permit or a waiver.
3. What goes into a drainage and erosion control plan for Pitkin County?
Submit a detailed site map that should identify potential watercourses affected by stormwater runoff, accurate calculation of the area of disturbance, type and location of best management practices and methods of maintenance, long-term stabilization and revegetation plans, a description of onsite water management practices, and a description of methods for management of construction water (non-stormwater) discharges.
"Area of disturbance" is defined as the total area at the site where any construction activity is expected to result in disturbance of the ground surface. This includes any activity that could increase the rate of erosion, including, but not limited to, clearing, grading, excavation, and demolition activities, as well as haul roads and areas used for staging where traffic will result in the disturbance of the ground surface, septic and leach field installation, irrigation installation, and landscaping. Construction does not include routine maintenance to maintain the original line and grade, hydraulic capacity, or the original purpose of a facility.
1. How do I find who owns a property?
Turn off pop-up blockers or hold down the control and Alt keys. Click on the hyperlink tool (lightening bolt) and click inside the property you are interested in. A link to the associated assessor's record is displayed.
If you are searching for a specific owner name, go to the County Assessor's page , search on the name, note the Parcel ID number and follow FAQ number 7.
Alternative:
Zoom into the area you are interested in. In the layers list, click on the bullet next to parcels, making it the active layer.
Click on the identify tool (black circle with an "i" in it). Click inside the property you are interested in.
A results table will appear below the map with the Parcel number and Account number. To see the ownership, click on the "Account No." link to open the assessor's page on this parcel.
Click on the "Clear Section" tool (eraser).
You most likely you have a pop-up blocker in your web browser that needs to be disabled.
Netscape - One time override: Control key + click on link
Mozilla / Firefox - Tools > Options > Content tab > Block Pop-Up Windows Exception > Type in 205.170.51.230 to allow them from GISMO.
In the layers list, click on the bullet next to parcels, making it the active layer. If you don't see parcels, then you need to zoom in closer on the map so parcels appear in the layer list.
Click on the "Find" tool (binoculars) in the toolbar.
Type a 12-digit PIN number (no dashes or spaces), then click "find string.
A results table will appear below the map.
To zoom to the record, click on the "1" in the "Rec" column of the table.
To see the assessor's information, click on the "Account No." link. This will provide you with the owner information.
To clear the selection, click on the "Clear Selection" tool (eraser).
5. How do I search for an address?
Using road centerlines:
This method finds the address based on a range of addresses along the road centerline. It will be more likely to find the address than the alternative, but it my not fall in the exact geographic location of the correct address.
Click on the "Locate Address" tool in the toolbar.
Type in the address and then click on the "Locate" button (This method is not case-sensitive.). A "Locate Results" table will appear below the map.
Click on the "Rec" number that most closely matches your address. The map will zoom to that location and a red dot will appear near that address.
Using the address point layer:
This method looks for the exact address string that is entered. If this address does not exist, it will not be found.
In the layers list, click on the bullet next to address, making it the active layer.
Click on the "Find" tool (binoculars) in the toolbar.
Type the address then click "Find String." You must enter all caps (example 506 E MAIN ST, 130 S GALENA).
A results table will appear below the map. Click on the "Rec" number that most closely matches your address. The map will zoom to that location and a red dot will appear near that address.
7. How come I sometimes get a seam or stripe where the aerial photo does not display?
The images will draw over each other in some locations. You may have to turn off some of the aerials in the layers list to get a clear view. To turn off an image, click off the check mark in the visible box, then click "Refresh Map."
8. What do the color and symbol on the map represent?
In the toolbar, click on the "toggle" button between legend and layers list (upper left tool). You will see a legend of layers on the right side of the page. The more you zoom in on the map, the more layers will appear.
4. How do I visit an inmate at your facility?
Visiting hours are Monday through Friday from 6:30 p.m. to 7:30 p.m. and Saturday and Sunday from 10 a.m. to 11 a.m. First time visitors will fill out a questionnaire when visiting an inmate. Visitors must present photo IDs on each visit. Three visitors are allowed at one time. Visits are no-contact using visitor phones.
5. Do you do fingerprints for anyone?
Yes. We do fingerprints for anyone except for Immigration purposes. Hours for fingerprints are 8:30 a.m. to 11 a.m., Wednesday through Sunday mornings. A cash fee of $5, exact change please, will be required for this service. Due to circumstances beyond our control, please call 970-920-5331 before heading to the Jail. We do not schedule appointments.
1. What is a noxious weed?
The term "noxious weed" is a political (rather than scientific) designation given to a plant that is non-native to North America and has aggressive, invasive tendencies in our area, giving it the potential for serious economic, agricultural, and/or ecological damage. Often these weeds are kept in check by natural controls (e.g. predators, environmental conditions, etc.) in their native territory. However, lacking such controls in our area, these plants are able to propagate very aggressively, allowing them to crowd out native plants and dominate local plant communities.
2. What is the Colorado Noxious Weed Act?
The Colorado Noxious Weed Act ("the Act") (PDF) and its governing rules and regulations state that certain noxious weeds pose a threat to the continued economic and environmental value of the land in Colorado, and that they must be managed by all landowners in the state, both private and public.
These statutes also require the local governing authority to adopt and administer a noxious weed management program aimed at reclaiming infested acres and protecting weed-free land. The Act directs local governments to take the steps necessary to manage noxious weeds in their respective jurisdictions, and grants them authority to enforce the Act.
In accordance with these statutes, Pitkin County has established a Weed Advisory Board, a Noxious Weed Management Plan, and a Weed Management Enforcement Policy.
5. What if my neighbors don't control noxious weeds on their property?
When it comes to weed control, it is important that we all be good neighbors because weeds know no property boundaries and easily spread in the wind, across fence lines, down ditches, and on animal fur and tire treads. However, many people are still unaware of their weed management responsibilities. Thus, the first step is to make sure your neighbor knows about the infestation his/her responsibility to comply with the Colorado Noxious Weed Act (PDF) . We have found that most people will voluntarily take appropriate action to control the spread of invasive plants on their property once they become aware of the problem.
Pitkin County prefers cooperation with landowners to formal enforcement. We are available to assist landowners with identifying weeds on their property and developing a satisfactory weed management plan. In addition, the Pitkin County Weed Management Plan (PDF) contains a wealth of information about weed ID and control in Pitkin County.
In cases of non-compliance, local governments do have authority to enforce the Colorado Noxious Weed Act. This can include obtaining a warrant to enter the property, perform weed management, and assess the costs of management as a lien on the property. Visit the noxious weed Enforcement for more information.
6. Who pays for weed control?
Landowners are responsible for the costs of weed control on their property, unless other specific arrangements are made with lessors or land-users. This includes public lands. For example, Pitkin County is responsible for weed control on county rights-of-way, open space, trail easements, and other county-owned properties. In addition, Pitkin County has agreements with the Forest Service and CDOT to perform weed control on some of these agencies' rights-of-way in Pitkin County.
In 2010, Pitkin County has some money available for financial assistance to help landowners in certain neighborhoods of the county control certain noxious weeds. For more information, visit Cost Share .
There are various resources available to help you identify noxious weeds and develop a weed management plan. The Pitkin County Land Management Office has a variety of publications available for you to pick up if you would like a hard-copy.
Many resources are available on the web:
USDA Plants Database
Land Management staff are also happy to visit your property and help you identify plants in person. Contact the office at 970-920-5214 or email Melissa Sever .
In the summer, the Pitkin County Weed Advisory Board leads several weed ID tours throughout Pitkin County. In the winter, they often host indoor plant seminars at local venues.
8. What should I do if I find noxious weeds on my or someone else's property in Pitkin County?
If you know the landowner, try to educate them about weeds and direct them to some of the resources on our website. Often people are simply not aware of their weed control responsibilities, and can be more responsive to someone they know personally. If the matter is neighborhood-wide, see if your HOA or caucus can help educate the neighborhood or even has a policy in place to deal with infested properties. By dealing with the problem directly, you may reap much timelier responses than by utilizing the county's formal enforcement procedure.
Nevertheless, part of our responsibility is to enforce the weed law in Pitkin County. If you do not know the landowner or are unable or unwilling to talk to him/her directly, do not hesitate to report the infestation to the respective local governing body:
9. I have introduced biological controls to control an infestation. Can the county still require additional control measures?
Yes, potentially. It is a good idea to check the biological control method you are using with your local weed control agency. Landowners must provide effective control for their noxious weeds. Many effective biological controls do exist, but proper application is key.
10. How can I help prevent the spread of noxious weeds?
Always use integrated pest management techniques to ensure thorough and safe management practices.
Avoid using soil or materials that come from weedy places. Try to get certified weed-free seed, dirt, gravel, and mulch.
Learn to identify the plants in the area where you live and work.
Manage noxious weeds on your property and share your concerns with neighbors.
Minimize activities which cause disturbance to the ground and to established vegetation. Do not allow overgrazing on your land.
Report the location of new noxious weed species to your local agency so that they can be mapped and eradicated swiftly.
Re-vegetate disturbed areas with native grasses and forbs.
Use native species for landscaping as these plants are less likely to be overly invasive.
Utilize good land management practices such as proper irrigation and fertilization, erosion control, rotational grazing, re-vegetation, and maintenance of competitive (preferably native) vegetation.
1. How much will it cost to register my vehicle?
we do not quote fees over the phone, please visit our website: www.pitkincounty.com
You will need one of the following ownership documents:
a) Original certificate of title or
b) Legible copy of the title if held by a lien holder/lease company or
c) Original registration (no more than six months expired).
An original DR2698 Verification of the Vehicle Identification number- which can be done by any Colorado Police station.
Proof of current insurance
Secure and Verifiable Identification
3. Can I obtain a credit for the registration fees paid for the vehicle I sold?
Yes, if you put the credit toward another vehicle.
Please bring the current registration for the vehicle you sold with the original paperwork for your new vehicle and we will transfer any remaining credit over and you will pay the difference.
You can use your old plates on the new vehicle or choose to get a new set for additional fees.
You can renew online for a small administration fee of 2.7%, apply at: www.colorado.gov/renewplates, restrictions may apply.
you can come into the office to register
You can mail your payment into the office: Pitkin County Clerk and Recorder, 534 E Hyman Ave- lower Level, Aspen, CO, 81611
Drop-off box- In an envelope, insert your current renewal card, proof of Colorado insurance (if required), a check or money order made out to Pitkin County Clerk, Bring the envelope to our office and place it in our drop box. Your renewal will be processed and sent out the next business day.
The dealership will send your original paperwork to the county you live in to be processed, in about 4-6 weeks from the purchase date.
You will be sent a title complete notice (card) from our office.
1. What is a title complete notice? If a new vehicle has been purchased and or financed, the dealership or financial institution submits the title work to the motor vehicle office. Once the title has been processed, a title complete notice is mailed to notify the vehicle owner(s) that the plates can now be purchased and/or transferred.
Please come in with the title complete notice, secure and verifiable ID, and proof of Insurance.
Registration from a car you sold to get any credit toward the new vehicle.
You may use the old plates on the new vehicle or get a new set for additional fees.
6. My temporary tag has/is about to expire, what should I do?
If you are purchasing the vehicle from a dealership and have a lease or a loan, the title paperwork will be sent to the motor vehicle office where you reside. Once the paperwork has been processed by the county clerk and a title complete card is sent to the owner of record.
If you have not received a title complete notice please contact the county.
If the county has not received your paperwork you can request an extension of the temporary permit by coming into our office with your proof of Colorado Insurance, and an invoice from the dealership.
When you are not purchasing the vehicle through a dealership, you can ask for an extension of the temporary tag. Bring in secure and verifiable identification, the title signed over to you from the seller. If you do not have a title yet, please bring in a bill of sale and the sellers last registration. If you have a loan and the title work has not been sent to us by the lien holder, please get a copy of the security agreement to get a temporary permit.
7. I have misplaced my registration card or I have lost my tab. What can I do?
To replace a registration, bring your secure and Verifiable Identification to replace the original for $2.20.
If you need a tab replacement, bring your vehicle registration, secure verifiable identification to our office and $2.37.
8. I lost my title, how do I get a duplicate?
If the original title has been lost or is considered void by alteration, you may apply for duplicate Colorado title. A duplicate title may be applied for only on Colorado Titles. The owner, agent by Power of Attorney, or legal lien holder may apply for a duplicate title by completing a Duplicate Title Request and Receipt form DR 2530A.
If you have an active lien and have paid off the loan, an original or copy of the lien release is required.
10. How do I apply for personalized plates?
You will need to complete form # DR 2810, “Personalized License Plate Application”, the fee for regular personalized $60.00 with an annual $25.00 fee collected each year thereafter upon renewal of Regular Personalized Plates. Personalized plate configuration must be at least two positions and no more than seven. (six for motor cycles) Approved applicants will receive a billing letter with instructions. Payments should not be submitted with the Personalized License Plate Application. This process will take about 2 months before we get the plate from the state to put on your vehicle. For more information please visit the state website at: https://www.colorado.gov.
12. Can I put my vehicles registration on hold?
No, the state of Colorado requires you to keep your vehicle current year round. If you put your vehicle in storage you can put the insurance on hold by filling out the form #DR2303 Non-Use of Vehicle or Out of State Insurance Affidavit, you must provide insurance on another vehicle on the form.
If you do not keep the vehicle current, late fees will apply, $25.00 per month up to $100.00, plus back ownership tax from the time it was expired.
You can fill out the DR2810 and pay the fee to the Department of Revenue. You will get a letter from the Pitkin County Motor Vehicle office letting you know when your replacement plates have arrived.
▼
1. What are Coke Ovens?
These "beehive" coke ovens were constructed in the late 1890s to carbonize (or "coke") coal mined in the Coal Basin mines to the west for the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company. The coke ovens were constructed from firebrick and are known as “beehives” due to their resemblance to old beehives. Coal was loaded through a hole in the top and converted to coke by burning the coal in an oxygen-deficient environment. The coke was then removed through a second opening in the front of each oven and loaded onto rail cars and shipped to various locations for use in smelting ores and for the production of steel.
▼
In order for our office to accommodate a civil service for you in Pitkin County, the Civil Division will need the following:
Detailed information on the person / entity being served
Detailed service address information (Post Office boxes are not accepted)
2 copies of your service paperwork
Pre-payment for cost of service (see fees chart) $0.50 per mile
Any documents needing to be photocopied will be done at a cost of $0.25 per page.
2. Where is the Pitkin County Sheriff's Office records department?
The Pitkin County Sheriff's Office Records Department (PCSO) is responsible for the retention of Sheriff records for PCSO; as well as the release of information to the public, courts, other law enforcement agencies and insurance companies.
The PCSO Records department is located in the Pitkin County Sheriff's Office main office. Requests for records should be made during normal business hours from 8:00 a.m. - 5:00 p.m. Monday - Friday. Questions may be directed to the Records Manager Charles Matthews by calling 970-920-5300.
3. Who should I contact if I have lost or found an item in Pitkin County?
For lost and / or found items in Pitkin County please contact the Pitkin County Sheriff's Office Administration office at 970-920-5300. The Pitkin County Sheriff's Office administration office is open Monday - Friday from 8:00 a.m. - 5:00 p.m. and is closed on all U.S. national holidays.
The Pitkin County Sheriff's Office maintains a database of lost and found items for Pitkin County.
Please note, lost or found items within the City of Aspen must be handled by the City of Aspen Police Department. The City of Aspen Police Department can be reached by dialing 970-920-5400.
There are 3 ways to find information about Colorado road and highway closures and restrictions. Locally, you can call 970-920-5454. Statewide, you can call 303-639-1234 or 511. From your smartphone, visit the Colorado Department of Transportation's website .
Road conditions change rapidly in the mountains. Always drive defensively and with caution.
5. Where is Independence Pass and when does it close for the winter?
Independence Pass, which is located on Colorado State Highway 82 approximately 20 miles east of Aspen, is closed to through traffic from approximately late October though mid to late May.
The Colorado Department of Transportation maintains and clears this pass for summer utilization and announces both the opening and closure dates. Information can be obtained by visiting their website .
6. Does the Pitkin County Sheriff's Office provide fingerprinting services? If so, what is the cost?
The Pitkin County Jail provides fingerprinting during the following hours: Wednesday - Sunday, 8:30 a.m. - 11:00 a.m.
You should call the Pitkin County Jail before you arrive to confirm with a jailer that they will be able to accommodate your needs. The phone number for the Pitkin County Jail is 970-920-5331.
All fingerprinting services are $5.00.
7. When should I sign up for Useful Public Service (UPS)?
It is best to sign up for Useful Public Service on Tuesdays from 10:00 a.m. - 12:00 p.m., and 2:00 p.m. - 4:00 p.m. A Deputy will be stationed on the third floor of the Pitkin County Courthouse to process your information.
The Pitkin County Useful Public Service office is located inside the Pitkin County Courthouse at 506 East Main Street, in the hallway on the east side of the building.
▼
Make checks payable in U.S. funds to the Pitkin County Treasurer . Mail the payment to:
Pitkin County Treasurer
Suite 201
Aspen, Colorado 81611
If paid in installments, the first half payment is due February 28, and with the second half is due by June 15. Or, if paying in full, the payment is due April 30. To pay by credit card visit the official payments website or call 1-800-2PAY-TAX. (Use Jurisdiction Code 1607).
5. Why did I get the tax bill for the whole year on a property that I just bought?
In most cases closing settlement statements will reflect an exchange of debits and credits between buyer and seller. The seller is usually charged for their share of the property taxes and the buyer is given credit for the same amount. This makes the buyer liable for the full tax year amount.
6. What if I can't pay on time?
According to Colorado law, interest of 1% per month after the due date is calculated and added to the tax amount due. The interest rate chart is printed on the reverse of each tax bill. Please contact the Pitkin County Treasurer at 970-920-5170 for the correct amount due.
7. How are taxes determined?
The valuation of the property is determined by the Pitkin County Assessor using the guidelines established by Colorado Statutes. The taxing authorities use the assessed value to determine their mill levies. A mill is 1/10th of a penny or $1 revenue for each $1,000 of assessed valuation. The assessed value for each property is multiplied by the total mill levy for that taxing district to determine the total tax amount due.
Taxes pay for local government services. Your tax money supports and provides the following:
Schools
20. What is a deficiency bid?
A deficiency bid occurs when the foreclosing lender submits a written bid for an amount less than owed. The foreclosing lender may elect to sue the homeowner, or anyone else who signed the original promissory note (loan papers), for the amount of the deficiency (the amount owed minus the amount of the bid). Bidding at the Public Trustee sale on properties that have deficiency bids begins at one dollar over the lender bid amount. In most cases lenders file deficiency bids because the adjusted fair market value of the property is less than the amount owed to them.
▼
A use permit is required in 2 cases:
Prior to the sale of a property served by 1 or more OWTSs
Prior to issuance of a building permit for a property already served by 1 or more OWTSs
4. Why was this regulation passed?
The Board of Health approved this regulation because of the environmental and public health impacts of malfunctioning OWTSs, which will be identified through the use permit process. Unlike a leaking roof, which only affects the owner of the home, a failing OWTS pollutes surface and groundwater and the effects can be much further reaching.
5. Are there any times where the use permit requirement would be waived?
Yes, in 5 cases:
A permit will be waived if each OWTS on the property received final approval for an OWTS construction permit from the Environmental Health Department within the 5-year period preceding the date of closing on the real estate transaction or issuance of building permit
A permit will be waived if, following inspection, a construction permit has been issued by the Environmental Health Department for each noncompliant OWTS on the property and the buyer has agreed in a writing acceptable to the department to assume the applicant’s obligations under the permit and to complete the necessary repair / construction within the time frame dictated by the permit.
A permit will be waived if the department, at its discretion, waives the requirement where warranted by a particular fact or situation, such as a buyer that agrees to demolish an existing dwelling and abandon the existing OWTS within a defined time period.
A permit will be waived if the valuation of a building permit remodel/addition does not exceed $30,000 and will not increase the number of bedrooms or proposed water use and is consistent with previously permitted uses.
A permit will be waived if the proposed construction for a detached structure (e.g., a shed or barn) does not include plumbing (e.g., sink or toilet) that will require an OWTS.
6. How do I obtain a use permit?
A complete use permit application (PDF) and all applicable fees must be submitted to the Environmental Health Department . The application will include a site plan, description and layout of each OWTS on the property, a written inspection report by a licensed system inspector, and building floor plans.
7. What will an inspection report done by a licensed system inspector entail?
The inspection will provide an assessment of the condition of each existing OWTS and each OWTS’s ability to serve the property without adverse impact to public health and the environment, and specify any repairs, enlargement or other alteration necessary to bring an OWTS into compliance with the requirements of the Pitkin County OWTS regulation .
9. Who will conduct the inspections?
Inspections will be conducted by a third party, not by county employees. A licensed inspector must obtain a national credential prior to becoming registered as a licensed inspector with Pitkin County.
10. Will the process of obtaining a use permit delay closing or prolong the time necessary to get a building permit?
The intent of this process is to identify systems that are malfunctioning. For all systems passing the inspection, the Environmental Health Department is committed to processing a use permit within 3 - 5 business days upon receipt of a completed use permit application. If repairs to a system are necessary, those permits may be expedited so as not to delay closing or building permit issuance.
11. How much will a use permit application cost?
The fee for processing a use permit will be $100; however, the licensed inspector will be charging a separate fee for the inspection and report that will accompany the application and the inspection will require pumping of the septic tank(s), in most cases.
▼
1. What is a watershed?
A watershed is the land area that drains water to a particular stream, river, or lake. It is a land feature with boundaries that can be identified by tracing a line along the highest elevations between 2 drainage areas on a map, often a ridge. Large watersheds, like the Mississippi River basin, contain thousands of smaller watersheds. The Ruedi Reservoir, Frying Pan River and Crystal River watersheds are part of the Roaring Fork Watershed.
Please visit the EPA Surf Your Watershed for more information on the Roaring Fork Watershed. The Roaring Fork Conservancy can also answer many of your Roaring Fork Watershed questions
2. Why is the Roaring Fork River dry?
A dry section of river can be explained in several ways:
Droughts can naturally cause sections of streams to run dry. If the snowpack, rainfall, and groundwater storage is unusually low for a year, or multiple years, the inputs to a stream system may be too low to sustain surface water flows.
Legal diversions can dry up certain sections of rivers and streams. The upper Roaring Fork near Independence Pass, for example, may be dry several months of the year due to diversions that take water to Front Range communities. Other legal diversions exist, such as diversions used for pond and reservoir filling, irrigation and fire suppression.
Illegal diversions of water are not common but can also cause the drying up of streams and rivers. If you suspect someone is illegally diverting water, please call the state engineer in Glenwood Springs at 970-945-5665.
Depletions from groundwater wells can cause a watercourse to dry up. Much of the water in our streams is directly fed by groundwater (water from rain, snow and irrigation that flows underground before surfacing in a stream, river, spring or seep). Wells that access this groundwater essentially intercept the flow before it has the opportunity to surface. One well may not cause measurable changes in surface water, but the overall effect of many wells can dry up or significantly impact the amount of water in a stream.
Groundwater is managed by the Colorado Division of Water Resources. Permits are issued through the Denver office. You can get more information from the division's website. They also have a groundwater information line at 303-866-3587.
Also, see the Colorado guide (PDF) to well permits, water rights and water administration.
7. Is well water safe?
This is typically determined by sampling and testing water from the well in question. In Pitkin County, this is the responsibility of the property owner or developer to determine. Pitkin County staff would be happy to help you understand the procedures for sampling and testing your well water. There are many independent water sampling and testing entities locally and statewide. Here is information (PDF) on state-certified laboratories in Colorado.
There are also several options for treating well water once samples have been tested. There are many commercial suppliers of these technologies. We would be happy to discuss these options with you.
9. What if I want to harvest rainwater for household use?
Given the cost of water in the west, whether you are talking about the cost of municipal supply or the price of a well, many people have turned to alternative means of water supply. Water law in Colorado identifies rainwater as surface water. Usually the rights to the water falling on your roof are already held by someone in the form of a surface water right. You will have to contact the state engineer at 970-945-5665 to determine all of the necessary actions required to divert this water for your own use.
10. Are magnesium chloride and sand affecting our water quality?
Pitkin County and towns within the county use both magnesium chloride and sand for snow removal and dust suppression. Pitkin County continues to pursue the use of the most effective and least harmful methods of dust suppression and deicing.
The fact is both of these applications can degrade water quality to some degree. Sand can cause sedimentation of streams and rivers, decreasing oxygen in the water and in some cases can create cementation, a process in which sand gets "cemented" between larger rocks and solidifies the bottoms of our streams and rivers. This can destroy fish spawning and feeding areas and, in turn, also destroy the recreational quality of our waters.
In terms of wildlife (aquatic life) there is no state standard for magnesium chloride in our rivers. There are, however, standards for public drinking water supplies. The Roaring Fork Conservancy has sampled many points throughout the county and has never found levels of magnesium or chloride that exceed the limits set on our public drinking water.
11. There is a ditch on my property. Can I use the water in it?
Generally, no. If you hold a water right on that ditch you may be entitled to some or all of the water in it at certain times. As a starting point, you should look at your property deed to determine whether water rights were transferred with your parcel. If you do not know the status of the water rights in the ditch, you should contact either the ditch company who manages it, or the State Engineer's Office at 970-945-5075.
12. Can I use the water coming from a below-ground spring on my property?
The water from springs and seeps almost always requires a water right. Water rights may or may not be available for the spring or seep on your property. Contact the state engineer in Glenwood Springs, by calling 970-945-5665 for more information on your spring and water rights associated with it.
13. How can I get water rights?
Obtaining water rights in Colorado is a complicated process and the rights to most of the water in Colorado are already held.
For a good general overview of what is involved in obtaining water rights, associated fees, and contact information for regional water courts in Colorado see the Colorado Division of Water Resource's water rights information .
14. Why is the river foaming, red or brown?
Typically, when you see a stream or river foaming, or an area with bubbles building up, it is due to naturally occurring substances in the water. These substances can originate from plants, wetlands or soils, and often cause bubbles in our steep terrain.
If there is something suspicious about the foam or bubbles (e.g., color, odor) please call Pitkin County Environmental Health and Natural Resources. If you smell or suspect a gas leak, or believe that other hazardous materials may be entering a waterway, call 911 as soon as possible for direction.
15. Who do I call if I saw someone dumping something down a storm sewer?
Water captured by storm sewer systems is not treated before it enters the river. Therefore, it is important to report anything unusual relating to water entering or leaving these structures. The most commonly recognized storm sewers, existing on city streets and major roadways, have metal grates over them. The majority of this type of storm sewer exists in the City of Aspen. Within the City of Aspen, please call Aspen Environmental Health (970-920-5039) to report any problematic activity.
There are other stormwater drains county-wide that need to be kept free of household, commercial and industrial wastes. These include roadside ditches, stormwater catchment ponds and other ditches and culverts. If you see anything unusual in any of these alternative storm drains, please contact Pitkin County Environmental Health and Natural Resources as soon as possible (970-920-5070).
16. I saw someone running equipment in a stream or digging in a stream bank. Is that OK?
Operating equipment in or otherwise altering a stream channel requires U.S. Army Corps of Engineers approval. If you suspect that the work being done is not an allowable practice, determine the location of the activity and call Pitkin County Environmental Health and Natural Resources, 970-920-5070, so that we may follow up with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' office in Grand Junction.
17. Can I move the ditch on my property?
If the ditch on your property belongs to you, you may move it so long as the relocation of the ditch has been approved by the State of Colorado Division of Water Resources and the relocation does not adversely affect other water users.
If the ditch does not belong to you, you may not move the ditch without prior approval from the owner of the ditch.
18. Whom do I call about a broken or overflowing ditch?
If you observe a ditch that is overflowing or broken, please contact the state engineer in Glenwood Springs by calling 970-945-5665. If you know how to contact the owner or ditch company in charge of that ditch, you should notify them as well.
If no one is available at the above number, please contact Pitkin County Environmental Health and Natural Resources by calling 970-920-5070. We will try to assist you in contacting the appropriate parties.
19. How do I find out who owns the ditch on my property?
If you are a member of a homeowners' association, they may be able to provide or retrieve that information for you. The information may also appear in the records associated with your property's title insurance. The Colorado Division of Water Resources may also be able to assist you. That office may be contacted by calling 970-945-5665. Odds are, the ditch is owned and operated by a ditch company that represents several water users.
| Colorado |
Lady Day (The Feast of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin) falls in which month of the year? | Aspen: Villas and Luxury Homes for Sale - Prestigious Properties in Aspen | LuxuryEstate.com
United States | Colorado - State | Pitkin County | Aspen
Aspen
Aspen is an exclusive Colorado alpine community of just under 7,000 inhabitants nestled in the Rocky Mountains. It is known as a popular retreat for celebrities and corporate executives as well as a year-round tourist destination especially for its world class skiing. The town takes its name from the stately aspen trees that adorn the majestic slopes of multiple nearby mountain ranges. Aspen is the most expensive place to buy real estate in the U.S., featuring an impressive collection of high-end luxury estates and prestigious condos. The median listing price for homes or condos for sale in Aspen is $4,570,633, and frequently one sees listing prices reaching the mid-eight figures. Other affluent communities include Snowmass Village, where elegant ranch style villas are very popular, reflecting the region’s rich ranching and mining history. Aspen has a refined culinary scene of chic and exclusive restaurants and bars, and its residents tend to be exceptionally active, health and beauty being a priority. Golf and river tours are popular activities, whereas For lovers of the arts Aspen boasts the Internationally recognized Aspen Music Festival and School- an intimate concert hall mainly for classical music. Aspen is 220 miles west of the Denver International Airport, which offers quick connections to the Aspen-Pitkin County Airport. Immersed in the truly breathtaking scenery of an alpine valley, Aspen is an ideal location for the purchase of a prestigious apartment or an expansive luxury estate as one’s private alpine retreat.
(+)
| i don't know |
Which US cartoon series first appeared on The Tracey Ullman Show in April 1987? | The Tracey Ullman Show | Simpsons Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
The Tracey Ullman Show
►
The Tracey Ullman Show logo
The Tracey Ullman Show was a weekly American television variety show, hosted by British comedian and one-time pop singer Tracey Ullman . It debuted on April 5, 1987 as the FOX network's second primetime series and ran until May 26, 1990. The show featured sketch comedy along with many musical numbers, featuring Emmy Award-winning choreography by Paula Abdul.
The Simpsons
The Simpsons as they originally appeared on The Tracey Ullman Show
The Simpsons first appeared as short vignettes on the Tracey Ullman Show. These cartoon shorts acted as bumpers that are shown before and after commercials. The shorts were written by Matt Groening and animated at Klasky-Csupo by a team consisting of David Silverman , Bill Kopp and Wes Archer (in the later seasons, the shorts were animated by Silverman and Archer) Dan Castellaneta , Nancy Cartwright , Yeardley Smith and Julie Kavner provided the voices of characters Homer Simpson , Bart Simpson , Lisa Simpson , and Marge Simpson .
The characters were crudely drawn because Matt Groening assumed that the animators would clean them up after he submitted the rough sketches to them. Instead, the animators simply traced over the sketches.
The first short, Good Night , was aired on April 19, 1987. Later, the shorts were given their own segment on the show before the cartoon was developed into a 30 minute TV animated spin-off in 1989.
| The Simpsons |
Swiss author Johanna Spyri wrote which famous children’s book about a young orphan girl in her grandfather’s care? | The Simpsons Theory | Spinpasta Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
[ show ]
Introduction
It was in December 17 1989 when the world was introduced to the family known as Simpson. They are thought to reside in a town called Springfield in an unknown state within USA. They can be seen several times a week on almost any channel at almost any time. The series is presented as an animated sit-com that is a spin-off from The Tracey Ullman Show where they first appeared in April 19 1987.
There are innumerable fansites that one can find loads of information of "America's Favourite Family". Such sites can provide information on those who provide the voices for the characters and on the animation of the series.
This is all a lie!
I intend to show that there is a big coverup concerning the people of Springfield and especially of the Simpson family. Fox Broadcasting, The Environmental Protection Agency, The Atomic Energy Commission, World Nuclear Association, US Department of Energy, Nuclear Energy Agency, American Nuclear Society, Nuclear Energy Institute, United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission and even the federal government of the United States of America including the President, are all involved in this dastardly conspiracy of the largest civilian nuclear disaster of all time.
We have all heard of Three Mile Island and Chernobyl. But no one has heard of the terrible tragedy of Springfield, USA. Why is that? Why is the lackluster management of C. Montgomery Burns allowed to have become so bad? Why is he not in jail for crimes against the environment and against the people of Springfield? And why is his portrayal on The Simpsons seen as a comical farce when it fact he is the greatest monster of all time!
And why the coverup? Why the conspiracy?
The governmental and non-governmental agencies are to protect the American public from the mismanagement of poorly constructed and poorly run nuclear power plants. Yet the people of American and even the world, must suffer from the poisons that spew from Springfield. Why has nothing been done about this? Is this one of those "Too Big Too Fail" things? Could the exposure of Springfield's nuclear disaster cause too many people to be negatively affected and that their careers will be ruined?
The coverup is real. There are real lives affected here and people are suffering and have suffered needlessly.
And the best way to hide something is put it in plain sight. By showing The Simpsons as an "animated" sit-com and pretending that they are figments of the Matt Groening imagination, the lie that is The Simpsons can be hidden from the truth.
The truth is that this is not an animated series like we are led to believe. The truth is that it is a reality show featuring the lives of real people in a real town suffering from the effects of a real environmental disaster. The lies will be shown for what they are!
The main intention of this site is to show that the people of Springfield are real people. I intend to provide evidence of their possible deaths from radiation poisoning. I intend to show that the "first" season was in fact the final season of the Simpsons. I will show that all the events of this show have happened in a span of only one year. And I will prove to you that there are many many people who are trying to hide the truth of a huge disaster that has taken place in the United States of America.
Date of Recording
There is appreciable speculation on when this series was first recorded and this is hampered by the lack of events or dates that are mentioned that can show specific times and dates within the series. There are clues, but those clues are few and far between. To start off, there must be some assumptions that must be made.
These assumptions include:
That season one is the final season of the Simpsons and not the first as it is widely portrayed.
That the Simpsons on The Simpson Shorts that are The Tracey Ullman Show are one in the fact the same.
The cast of The Simpsons never appear to age.
That the term "animation" that is used to describe The Simpsons is an intentional deception.
That the different appearances of the Springfield residents that are seen in The Simpson Shorts and in season one of The Simpsons are not the result of the animators not settling on a certain style, but in fact evidence of widespread and drastic diseases that the people have contracted through radiation exposure and through other toxic environmental factors.
That all the content ever recorded for The Simpsons was all done before April 1987, the date of when the Simpson family first appears on American television for the first time on the Tracey Ullman Show.
That the use of "voice actors" like Dan Castellaneta, Julie Kavner, Nancy Cartwright, Yeardley Smith, Harry Shearer, Hank Azaria and multitudes more is just a scheme to add layers to the Simpsons Conspiracy and make it difficult to expose the truth.
That the conspiracy is known to those in position and yet they choose to remain oblivious to this plight of the Springfield citizenry.
Krusty has a heart attack in 1986Tracey Ullman style Simpsons It was on April 5 1987 that 20th Century Fox Television that The Tracey Ullman Show made its debut on American TV. In this new series that premiered we are introduced to the Simpson family the in segments called The Simpson Shorts. The appearance of the Simpsons is compared to that of poorly drawn animation. Later in 1989, these Simpson people get their own television series named after them call The Simpsons. It becomes discernible that the appearance of this family is considerably different. Some say that a larger budget allows for better animation techniques. I say otherwise.
In Episode Twelve Krusty is arrested and in a news article that is featured a day before his trial, we see footage of a heartattack that Krusty experienced in 1986. This is proof apparent that the Springfieldians were around and relatively healthier than they would be in less than a year later. The footage seen may not have be captured by a Fox cameraman but it is still compelling evidence on the condition of the people in 1986 and then their condition as seen in The Simpson Shorts in 1987.
Environmental Destruction
As I have shown in Season One, these people are suffering from innumerable diseases. I can point easily to the source of this epidemic to the leaking radiation of Springfield Nuclear. It is this radiation that not only affects the people, but also effects the environment. Within several episodes in the first season alone, we see uncensored images of environmental damage. In Episode Two we see a plant that starts out as green and then is seen in a later scene as orange. It is in Episode Four there is a spooky orange sky during the daytime. This cannot be attributed to a sunset as it is still too early in the day for such and event. We are also shown a landscape raped with toxins that the soil is miscoloured and it burns constantly. Again in Episode Five, we see a skyscape that is out of the ordinary. Normal blue in one direction, an ominous red-orange color. Episode Seven shows off colour leaves as the Simpsons trek through the forest.
Radioactive materials released wantonly into the environment can do many strange and not so wonderful things. In order for Fox Broadcasting to explain the odd looking people and scenery, they came up with a story that was widely and easily accepted. Fox announced that this is an animated series. Are we to believe that some guy sat at a table and drew each and every frame of The Simpsons? I think not. These people we see on The Simpsons are evidently real flesh and blood people. An animator just cannot add so much detail to the show simply with a pencil. We see signs and symptoms of diseases and the subtle nuances of pollutions effect on the people and places of Springfield. Not even the most dedicated animator with an obsessive attention to detail can come up with this much information in every single frame of The Simpsons. This points to the reality of the series The Simpsons. These are real people who happen to live in a nuclear tainted location. To say that the suffering of their bodies is a comical farce of an animated cartoon is insulting. To say that it is just a animators style that explains the weird sky and odd land is a travesty. Yet most of world swallowed this hook, line and sinker!
Fox had to come up with something to explain the odd situation of Springfield. This was the first lie in the vast coverup of the people and places that are seen on The Simpsons. But why do this in the first place? If they said the truth that this is a real show with real people, then people would cause an outcry on the huge nuclear disaster that happened and is happening in Springfield and the surrounding communities. The lawsuits and criminal investigations would eat into the coffers of Fox and everyone else involved. Money is god to the greedy and losing their god is worse than losing their lives. So it is by human nature that these evil greedy people would find themselves starting to coverup the devastation of Springfield and its residents.
Widespread Disease
On the Season One page is a list of a myriad of diseases that the residents of Springfield have. Diseases that go untreated get worse with time and this is clearly perceptible in these afflicted citizens. It is easy to get an idea of the time sequence of The Simpsons by looking at the progression of their diseases. Since diseases always conclude with the death of the individual and their progression into a state of inferior health, we can see the timeline of the series recording in the people themselves. On The Tracey Ullman Show, the Simpsons are seen in their final days as cancer and other wasting diseases are taking their toll. In Season one of The Simpsons, we see throughout the season varies stages of decline in each and every episode. It is conclusive that the order of the episodes on season one are not shown in sequence. It is because of their extremely poor health on The Tracey Ullman Show and the news blurt of Krusty's heartattack in 1986 that we must conclude that the entire series was recorded in about a years time. In 1986 Krusty appears "normal". By the time he appears in The Tracey Ullman show, he and others are in a severely dire state of health. In later seasons, the Simpsons and other members of Springfield are only in the beginning stages of their decline in health. They suffer from on jaundice and goiter and it is this look that is dominate in seasons two and up. I will call this "normal" for lack of a better term.
This decreasing health of Springfield is the reason why The Simpson Shorts were aired before The Simpsons and why the last weeks of Springfield is called season one despite patent evidence to show that it is the end for them. Since it was determined beforehand to use the excuse of poor animation to coverup the state of health, simply showing the series would draw attention to the conspiracy that they are trying to hide. Who can they show a chronologically accurate timeline and hide the failing health of its cast? That is why Tracey Ullman came first. Using the excuse of poor animation (which it is not because this is a reality show with real people,, not hand drawn ones like we are led to believe) they covered up the disease issue. Then using the final weeks of Springfield, they created season one of The Simpsons. Season two appears to be a few weeks before season one and the rest of the seasons are shown in no particular order. So it is in fact that we are seeing the lives of the Simpsons and the lives of Springfield backwards. Season one is really the last season of The Simpsons.
Maggie is the never aging baby The smoking gun to this argument that all of this is recorded in a short period of time is the never aging baby Maggie Simpson. We also see Bart and Lisa and every other child in Springfield always remaining in the same grade and never appearing to grow at all. But it is Maggie's lack of physical development that needs explanation. It is easy to pass off Lisa and the others since they are older and development slows down a lot after age two. Maggie is under age two and yet she seems stagnant in growth. Even though the town is strife with disease and those diseases can stunt the growth of children, these children will still learn to talk and walk and still show some growth. Maggie shows almost none of that. In the two decades of watching Maggie, she has yet to say her first sentence. She has yet to walk competently. Add this with her siblings and we see that there is something amiss. The Simpsons had to be recorded in a time period of a year or less.
Voice Actors
A fake personIf you check here you will see a vast list of "voice actors". This is a list of people who have lent their voices to the people of Springfield. How come voice actors are needed for a show that is about living people? Living people have their own voices and voice actors are not needed. Point taken. But let me remind you that there is a conspiracy involving the ever popular series The Simpsons.
What do Uncle Ben, Aunt Jemima, and Betty Crocker all have in common? Nothing! Because they do not exist. These people are the creation of a marketing team for their respective companies. They never existed in any shape or form. They are simply a friendly face of the company they represent. Nothing more. I could say the same about Dan Castellaneta, Julie Kavner, Nancy Cartwright, Yeardley Smith, Harry Shearer, and Hank Azaria. Who are these people? Are they in fact real? Are they a product of a marketing team? Or is it possible that they are real living people who have been paid to provide a face for a product. Bill Cosby is a real person who was the face of Jello yet he was not involve in Jello or its manufacture. Here the voice actors did the same. Just the product is a conspiracy. If, of course, they are real people in the first place.
Arnold StrongSo what about all the guest stars on the show. The Simpsons is credited with having the most guest appearances than any other show. Many living and famous people will attest that they provided their voice for some Springfield character. This is probably one of the easier counterarguments to refute. Arnold Schwarzenegger appeared in Hercules In New York and if you have ever seen this horrid movie, you will notice that Arnold provides the body, but it is someone elses voice. The Simpsons have become quite popular and many celebrities want to be associated with them. Since it was easy to replace the voice of Arnold Schwarzenegger, it is easy to replace the voice of a Springfield person. Considering the amount of content that is seen on The Simpsons, it must not be a hard job to find a suitable person that can fill in as a celebrity.
Reasons for a Conspiracy
Why is there a coverup in the first place? What could be the motives for lying to the people of the world? Who are all involved in this conspiracy? In this next section, I will attempt to explain some of the possible reasons and motives for this abominable trickery.
Too Big To Fail
Evil Mr. BurnsThe Springfield citizenry In 2008 the phrase "Too Big To Fail" entered America's lexicon. Big money was losing big money and they needed to be bailed out with bigger money. This was a pitiful display of corporate corruption on politics. Billions of dollars were given to billion dollar companies so they could buy new toys. Truly a sickening development in American politics and business.
This example of open corruption gives complete disregard to the American people. The greedy, deceitful, untrustworthy know that they can pull the wool over America's eyes because this has happened before. This event was The Springfield Nuclear Disaster Coverup that is dated to have happened sometime in the early 1980s and this serves as their precedent. There is a huge list of organizations and agencies, most of which are governmental, that dropped the ball on regulating the nuclear plant in Springfield. So many people would be affected in a negative way if there was an investigation on the actions and inactions of C. Mongomery Burns, many would have to answer embarrassing questions on their own personal incompetence. People would be fired and lose their pensions and benefits. Some may even have to go to jail. Nobody wants that, do they. So they all came up with a grand plan to make a scheme to hide the truth. They decided to erase all history of Springfield. Lock up any evidence of any person who has ever lived or worked in Springfield. Silence anyone who didn't play along. And they came up with the brilliant plan to hide in open sight. Sure this plan meant that tens of thousands of Springfield and surrounding residents would die, but at least the evil people at Fox, EPA, Atomic Energy Commission, World Nuclear Association, US Department of Energy, Nuclear Energy Agency, American Nuclear Society, Nuclear Energy Institute, United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, the president of The United States and even those secret members of the World Government can all sleep in their own beds and still buy all their new toys.
The new god, Money Fox Television was a new enterprise in the 1980s and they were still looking to make their mark on American television. I believe that they sent investigative reporters to Springfield when they caught wind of a nuclear disaster in the making. They must have sent hundreds of camera crews within Springfield and its surrounding communities to document the ruination of the people and environment. But these well intentioned Fox reporters were quickly rounded up and forced to work for the conspirators. Those involved did not want their conspiracy exposed before it could even be launched. After bribing the CEOs of Fox, they silenced any reporter that would not join them. This gives perfect reason to why there is so much footage on Springfield. This also accounts to why no one has ever leaked anything to the whistleblower site WikiLeaks. No right minded evil plotter would let anyone know the truth, especially if the truth being revealed meant losing all their prestige and luxuries.
And now with Fox on the side of the conspirators, a new and vast media franchise was at their disposal. With Fox making and editing the Springfield footage, lies about the suffering of the people could be created. radiations effects on film and video tape could be said to be a new creative way of animation. The grotesque appearance and obvious signs of disease can once again be animators styling. Showing Springfield as a disaster would also hide the disaster. Weekly and even daily showings of The Simpsons would brainwash the public into believing that Springfield does not exist and never has existed. When Fox came aboard, this was a great advance in the plot that the evil doers ploy. They could now plaining hide the truth in sight of the world and no one would ever find out. But they didn't figure that I, Stacey Reid of Canada would see them for who they really are.
For any evil organization, money is king. The promise of new wealth is a great motivator for these unrighteous hooligans. The threat of fines, jail and exposure are all the reason they need to lie, cheat, steal, and even murder. For them to brush aside all the people of Springfield and watch them die is nothing more serious than swatting an annoying mosquito. If it is too big to fail, not even the death of tens of thousands is enough to stop it, or even slow it down. The corpses of the dead did not even act like a speed bump on the greedy pursuit of wealth and luxury.
Wormhole to another reality
Wormhole In Episode Nine there is an odd scene that shows Marge's fantasy of cheating on Homer with some guy named Jacques. It is not possible to record someone's thoughts. So how did the corrupt Fox cameramen do this. One possibility is that a wormhole has been created. A wormhole is the ultimate fantasy of any sci-fi fan. If they exist and if they can be created on demand, then space travel can become easier than travelling to anywhere on the earth. There are wormholes that take you to the future, others to the past, some can take you vast distances, others lead to new dimensions and even alternate universes and realities. With all the excess radiation leaking from the Springfield Nuclear Plant, a wormhole could have generated itself spontaneously within Springfield city limits. If this thought is true, it would be probably the greatest discovery since the invention of fire, the wheel and writing. It also would be something that evil troublemakers would want to hide.
Like it is known, our thoughts are our own. So for a Fox cameraman to be able to record a dream sequence of Marge is strictly impossible. Unless of course you have a wormhole to an alternate reality where Marge married Jacques and divorced Homer. Take a camera there and film a scene of the happy couple dancing and splice it into the time Marge is fainted on the cafeteria floor and now you have a "dream sequence". Except this dream really is happening is some other universe.
Wormholes to any place and any time would be a great way to make money. Could you imagine finding an universe where gold is a common as dirt? Bringing that back here would make the worlds first trillionaires. Such a device that holds such enormous promise simply cannot be shared with any of us ordinary folks. What are we the commoners on this planet going to do with all the new wealth of money, information or technology? Obviously only the greedy World Government and corporations can properly handle such affairs. Thank God for these people. In case you haven't noticed, I am being sarcastic here.
Mind reading devices
Mind reading deviceMind reading device preventer Or maybe another reason for a conspiracy is that the conspirators do in fact own a mind reading device. Maybe the dream sequence we saw was really a dream sequence. Such a device in the hands of greedy corporations would lead to record profits as they can start marketing the exact things we desire. There is no more guesswork in what consumers want and that will save so much on research and trial and error.
And maybe if it is possible to read minds, maybe it is not so hard to change the minds of those the conspirators what to change. Could this one fact be the reason why so many have been duped by this converup? Could this also be the reason why I am not affected my brainwashing? I watch very little TV and therefore I am not exposed to the influence of the brainwashing techniques seen in commercials and even within the programs themselves. There is a real danger that as I am intently watching the episodes of The Simpsons, I may too become victim to brainwashing. I am thankful that my tin foil hat will protect me.
Parodies?
Funtendo ZiiSprubway One of the greatest criticisms that I face in saying that The Simpsons was all recorded between 1986 and 1987 is the apparent product placements, parodies and even news events. How can I be so stupid in my naive belief that The Simpsons was completely and entirely recorded in the mid 1980's, when there are references to so many things that fall well after that time period? Well, I assure you, I am not stupid. Because you do not see the lie that is The Simpsons, you are the naive fool, not me. These parodies are easy to explain and easier to refute.
Because the inhabitants of Springfield are dying slow and painful deaths brought by the negligence of all those responsible, does not mean they lost their creative spirit. In fact, the one good thing from Springfield is the creativity of its citizens. Just search Google and you will see that there is a lot of opinion in the idea that Hollywood is running out of ideas. How many remakes of remakes are needed, really? Recasting and refilming movies that were just completed and marketing them as new. I personally have not watched a movie trailer or even kept track of what is out there or coming soon because I simply do not care for all this Hollywood lame entertainment. I do go to movies, but only movies that someone wants me to see with them. I have not desired to see any film in close to a decade now. I have given up on Hollywood.
If you spend just a few minutes searching peoples opinions on the failing creativity of Hollywood writers and producers, you will see that they are starving for anything new. The Simpsons has been unquestionably a rich source of new material. There have been countless TV series, movie ideas and even products all made after someone saw it on The Simpsons. Amazing new things have been inspired by the creative minds of Springfield and ruthlessly exploited by others who are making on a profit on their ideas.
Tombstone Yet there is no outcry of plagiarism. There is no copyright infringement lawsuits. There is nothing being done to stop the robbing of Springfields creative treasure. Why? Why has no one in Springfield or from Fox or anywhere stepped in to prevent this? This is a major proof to my conspiracy theory. There is no legal actions because the dead cannot sue.
There are so many things you cannot do to a living person. If you violate anyone one of those laws and rules, you can face civil and/or criminal action. But the dead have no such protection. If you start slandering a man saying he is a pedophile and likes to eat the hearts of his victims and this is an outrageous lie, that man can sue you. But if he is dead, you can say anything and everything about him with no consequence at all. The same goes for ideas. If the living never got around to making a patent or something that they could copyright, then all or their ideas are open season for the taking when they are dead. This lack of legal battles over these ideas is proof positive that everyone in Springfield is dead and gone. And the thieves that take their ideas know this because if anyone believed for one second that the Springfield people are still alive, they would not even attempt to package something the Springfieldians did and mark it as their own.
So the next time you see a movie parody or some sort of product on The Simpsons, remember that the dead of Springfield came up with it and never ever will be properly recognized for it. A boycott is needed for all ideas seen on The Simpsons. Hitting these conspirators in the pocketbook is the only way to get the truth out.
America: Land of the freedom and home of the lawsuit
Conclusion
Procrastination There is one thing about The Simpsons and the portrayal of the Springfield people; they have a wonderful joie de vie. These people are plagued by disease and pollution, corruption and conspiracy and they still find the time to live. Within every episode we see the residents not wasting time and getting right to the task at hand. There is no time to waste. Not to be taken as a panic to hurry up and finish before they die, but more of why wait when it can be done now. Krusty the Clown is arrested and convicted and jailed and released all in one week. Where else in the world can anyone get that quick level of justice anywhere? Normally even the smallest of crimes can take months to resolve. But not in Springfield. Nobody there is a procrastinator. Homer buys a motor home and takes the family camping in one day. Skinner sends Bart to "France" in a matter of hours. Everything is done quickly and efficiently.
If this was anywhere else in America, labour unions would be crying foul to Springfield Nuclear and Mr. Burns. They would be wasting the precious time of Springfieldians have remaining on fighting for compensation packages for lost quality and ultimately lost quantity of life. Even the other citizens are not running to each and every lawyer in the land spending their final moments jammed in court room red tape.
No. Happiness
These people are saints!
There is definitely a conspiracy surrounding the Springfield people on The Simpsons. When Fox Broadcasting and Gracie Films and everyone else involved in creating a so called animated series, their main concern was to diminish the tragedy of The Simpsons. They never cared to show these people in a positive light. But they did. Fox inadvertenly showed an amazing side to life and dealing with suffering. Whereas most of the world has forgotten the value of life, the people of Springfield have embraced it to the fullest extent possible. They chose not to be mired in despair and depression, or locked into one legal battle after another. They accepted their fate and chose life over death and dying. They chose to live when everyone else would have taken the low road and whined and complained.
These Springfieldians can teach us so much. And, ironically here, we have to thank the main conspirators, Fox. If there is anything to be saved from the destruction of Springfield and the death of her people it is this: Live and live well.
Everyone ever born will die. That is a fact that is inescapable. We must accept it and take this precious gift that we have been given and use it for all it can offer us. Let us not waste time on what ifs and what nots. Let our time here be a shining example to all that we can be. Moaning, groaning, pity seeking, complaining, despair, hopelessness all have no place. Life, love, happiness, acceptance, compassion and hope should govern our lives.
Thank you Fox and all you other evil conspirators for this wonderful message of living.
| i don't know |
Which British Merseybeat singer was born William Howard Ashton in 1943? | Billy J. Kramer’s Biography — Free listening, videos, concerts, stats and photos at Last.fm
Listeners
Biography
Billy J. Kramer (born William Howard Ashton, on August 19, 1943, in Bootle, Liverpool, England) was a British Invasion / Merseybeat singer. He is known today primarily as the singer of various Lennon-McCartney compositions that The Beatles did not use.
Early career
The performing name Kramer was chosen at random from a telephone directory. It was John Lennon's suggestion that the "J" be added to the name to further distinguish him by adding a 'tougher edge'. Billy soon came to the attention of Brian Epstein, ever on the look-out for new talent to add to his expanding roster of local artists. Kramer turned professional but his then backing band, The Coasters, were less keen, so Epstein sought out the services of a Manchester based band, The Dakotas, a well-respected combo then backing Pete MacLaine.
Even then, The Dakotas would not join Kramer without a recording deal of their own. Once in place, the deal was set and both acts signed to Parlophone under George Martin. Collectively, they were named Billy J. Kramer with The Dakotas to keep their own identities within the act. Once the Beatles broke through, the way was paved for a tide of "Merseybeat" and Kramer was offered the chance to cover a song first released by the Beatles on their own debut album, Please Please Me. The track had been allegedly turned down by Shane Fenton (later Alvin Stardust) who was looking for a career reviving hit.
Success
With record producer George Martin, the song "Do You Want to Know a Secret?" was a number two UK Singles Chart hit in 1963, and was backed by another tune otherwise unreleased by The Beatles, "I'll Be on My Way". After this impressive breakthrough another Lennon/McCartney pairing "Bad to Me" c/w "I Call Your Name" reached number one. "I'll Keep You Satisfied" ended the year with a respectable number four placing.
Billy was given a series of songs specially written for him by John Lennon and Paul McCartney which launched him into stardom and a proper place in the history of Rock and Roll. I'll Keep You Satisfied, From A Window, I Call Your Name and Bad to Me all became international million sellers for Billy, and won him appearances on the TV shows Shindig!, Hullabaloo and The Ed Sullivan Show.
The Dakotas , meanwhile, enjoyed Top 20 success in 1963 on their own with Mike Maxfield's composition "The Cruel Sea", an instrumental retitled "The Cruel Surf" in the U.S., which was subsequently covered by The Ventures. This was followed by a George Martin creation, "Magic Carpet", evoking a dreamy atmosphere with a subtle echo laden piano, playing the melody alongside Maxfield's guitar. But it missed out altogether and it was a year before their next release. All four tracks appeared on a highly-collectable EP later that year.
The three big hits penned by Lennon and McCartney meant that Kramer was always seemingly in the Beatles' shadow, unless he did tried something different. Despite being advised against it, he insisted on recording the Stateside chart hit "Little Children" - the lyrics were allegedly about getting his girlfriend's brothers and sisters out of the way so they could make love. It became his second chart topper and biggest hit. It was Kramer's only major hit outside of the UK. In the U.S., this was followed up with "Bad to Me" which reached number nine. Despite this success Kramer went backwards with his second and last UK single of 1964; another Lennon/McCartney cast-off "From A Window", which only just became a Top Ten hit.
After the peak
The year 1965 saw the end for the Merseybeat boom, and the next Kramer single was "It's Gotta Last Forever", which harked back to a ballad approach. In a year where mod-related music from the likes of The Who prevailed, the single missed completely. Kramer's cover of "Trains and Boats and Planes" saw off Anita Harris' cover version only to find itself in direct competition with its composer, Burt Bacharach's effort, which won the day. Kramer's effort still reached a respectable number 12, but was the group's swansong, as all future cuts missed the chart.
The Dakotas ranks were then strengthened by the inclusion of Mick Green, the ex-guitarist with the London band the Pirates who backed Johnny Kidd. This line-up cut a few tracks which were at odds with the balladeer's usual fare. These included a take on "When You Walk in the Room" and "Sneakin' Around". The Dakotas final outing whilst with Kramer was the blues driven "Oyeh!" - but this also flopped.
The final showing
After releasing "We're Doing Fine", it too missed the charts leaving singer and group to part company. Kramer had a brief solo career which took him eventually to live in America.
The Dakotas re-formed in the late 1980s and recruited vocalist Eddie Mooney and session musician Toni Baker. They still tour and record. Other latter-day members are drummer Pete Hilton and guitarist Alan Clare.
In 2005, Kramer recorded the song "Cow Planet" for Sandra Boynton's children's album, Dog Train. A long-time fan of Kramer's, Boynton had sought him out for her project: in 1964, at age 11, she had bought Little Children as the first album she ever owned.
| Billy J. Kramer |
Which chemical compound has the formula H2S? | William Howard Ashton Net Worth, Bio 2017-2016, Wiki - REVISED! - Richest Celebrities
Home / Musicians / William Howard Ashton Net Worth
William Howard Ashton Net Worth
How rich is William Howard Ashton?
William Howard Ashton net worth:
Under Review
William Howard Ashton profile links
William Howard Ashton profile links
More net worths
William Howard Ashton net worth & biography:
Billy J. Kramer (born William Howard Ashton, 19 August 1943, Bootle, Lancashire, England) is a British Invasion/Merseybeat singer. In the 1960s he was managed by Brian Epstein, who also managed the Beatles, and he recorded several original Lennon and McCartney compositions. Wikipedia
More about William Howard Ashton:
Filmography
Video performer: "Bad To Me", "Little Children"
Shindig! Presents British Invasion Vol. 1
1992
Video short performer: "Little Children"
Shindig! Presents British Invasion Vol. 2
1992
Video short performer: "Trains And Boats And Planes"
Go Go Mania
TV Series performer - 2 episodes
Actor
Shindig! Presents British Invasion Vol. 1
1992
Shindig! Presents British Invasion Vol. 2
1992
Ollie and Fred's Five O'Clock Club
1964-1966
Himself - Singer / Themselves - Rock Band / Thenmselves - Singers
The Music of Lennon & McCartney
1965
Himself (as Billy J. Kramer and the Dakotas)
Primitive London
Himself (as Billy J. Kramer & The Dakotas)
The Ed Sullivan Show
New Musical Express Poll Winners' Concert
1964
Himself (as Billy J. Kramer and the Dakotas)
Big Night Out
Himself (as Billy J. Kramer and the Dakotas)
Looks like we don't have William Howard Ashton awards information. Sorry!
Looks like we don't have William Howard Ashton salary information. Sorry!
Fact
1
Produced, with some reservations, by George Martin, who made up for the shortcomings he heard in Kramer's voice by doubletracking his vocals, and overdubbing piano highlights (speeded up, for a harpsichord effect) for the songs.
2
Managed by Brian Epstein, who bought his contract from Kramer's original manager, who had made Ashton practice singing while standing on a chair. Fellow NEMS artist 'John Lennon contributed the J to Kramer's stage name, and also the songs "Do You Want To Know A Secret?", " Bad To Me" , "( A Light) From A Window", and "I'll Keep You Satisfied" to his repertoire.
3
| i don't know |
In the board game Monopoly, what is the highest denomination banknote in ‘pounds’ sterling? | Banknotes
Banknotes
Explainers
Dig deeper into the ECB’s activities and discover key topics in simple words and through multimedia.
Data services
Statistics
View the latest data on exchange rates, monetary operations and other key indicators, and use the ECB’s data services for euro area statistics.
Emergency liquidity assistance (ELA) and monetary policy
Monetary policy
Read about the ECB’s monetary policy instruments and see the latest data on its open market operations.
Public consultations
Payments & Markets
Find out how the ECB promotes safe and efficient payment and settlement systems, and helps to integrate the infrastructure for European markets.
For the visually impaired
Banknotes
There are seven different denominations of euro banknotes: €5, €10, €20, €50, €100, €200 and €500. The first series of notes is gradually being replaced by the Europa series.
All the notes are legal tender throughout the euro area.
Banknote denominations
Take a look at the first series and some of the Europa series of banknotes. Each denomination has its own distinctive colour as well as an image of an architectural style, ranging from classical through to 20th century.
| 500 |
Since 1992, what type of boat is the logo of aftershave ‘Old Spice’? | Banknote | Currency Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Advantages and disadvantages
Coins and banknotes of the euro .
Originally coins were composed of precious and semi-precious metals and used to negotiate and settle trades, due to the value of the metals. Banknotes offer a different bearer form of money, but the advantages and disadvantages between banknotes and coins are complex, so in different circumstances, the overall advantage could lie with either form.
Costs of using bearer money include:
Manufacturing or issuing costs:
Coins are produced through industrial manufacturing methods, which process the precious or semi-precious metals, and will require additions of alloy for hardness and wear resistance.
Banknotes are printed on paper or polymer, and generally have a lower cost for issuing, especially with larger denominations, compared to the cost of the coin of the same value.
Wear costs:
Banknotes will not lose their economic value due to wear, because, even though they are in poor condition, they are still a legally valid claim on the bank that issues them. However, these banks do have to pay the cost of replacing the banknotes in poor condition, and paper notes wear out much faster than the corresponding coins.
Transport:
Coins may be expensive to transport for transactions of very high values, but banknotes can be issued in larger denominations lighter than the equivalent value of coins.
Acceptance:
Coins can easily be checked for authenticity by checking the weight, and examining and testing the coin. This may be costly, but high quality design and manufacturing can help lower these costs.
Banknotes have an acceptability cost, by checking the banknote's security features and confirming acceptability to the issuing bank.
Security:
Counterfeiting paper notes is an easier task than forging coins, especially with the increase of color photocopiers and computer image scanners . Several banks and countries have added many variations of countermeasures to ensure that money is kept secure.
The different advantages and disadvantages among coins and banknotes implies that there may be a permanent role for both forms of money, each being used where its advantages outweigh its disadvantages.
History
Paper currency was first developed in China during the Tang Dynasty in the 7th century , and was later introduced to the Mongol Empire , Europe , and America. It was originally developed into two forms: drafts, which are receipts for value held on account, and "bills", which were promised to be converted at a later date.
The understanding of banknotes as money has changed over time. Originally, money was based on precious metals , such as gold, platinum, or silver. Because of this, banknotes were often seen as essentially an IOU or promissory note, a promise to pay someone in precious metals on presentation. With the rapid removal of precious metals in monetary systems, banknotes eventually evolved to represent credit money , or if backed by the credit of the nation's government, fiat money .
Notes or bills were sometimes referred to in 18th century novels and were sometimes a key part of the plot such as "a note drawn by Lord X £100 which becomes due in 3 months' time".
Money before the banknote
Money is based on the coming to importance of some commodity as payment. The first monetary basis was based on agriculture , with cattle and grain. During Ancient Mesopotamian times, drafts were given against stored grain as a unit of account. A Greek drachma was the equivalent to a weight of grain. The Japanese feudal system was based on the number of rice per year, measured in koku .
Simultaneously, legal codes enforced payment for injury in a standardized form, usually given in precious metals. The development of currency then comes from the agricultural basis and precious metals having a privileged place in economy.
These drafts were notably used in the giro systems of banking developed as early as Ptolemaic Egypt during the 1st century BC .
Jiaozi
Jiaozi , the currency of the Tang Dynasty , the world's oldest known paper money.
The banknote was originally developed in China during the reign of the Tang Dynasty in the 7th century, with local issues of paper currency. Its roots were in merchant receipts of deposit during the time, as these individuals did not desire the heavy weight of the copper coins in large commercial transactions. [2] [3] [4]
Before the use of paper in ancient China , the coins used were circular and had a square-shaped hole cut into the center, thus, several of these coins could be strung together on a rope. Chinese merchants, if they managed to become rich enough, found that their strings of coins were hard to carry around easily, as they were heavy. As a resolution to this problem, coins were often left with a trustworthy person, and the merchant was given a slip of paper designating how much money they left with that person. If the merchants revealed their slips to the trustworthy person, they could regain their money. Eventually, the first paper money, " jiaozi " originated from these promissory notes.
Song Dynasty
Huizi , issued by the Song Dynasty in 1160 .
During the 7th century , China was having local issues with paper currency, and by 960 , the Song Dynasty , which was short of copper for striking coins, issued the first generally circulating paper notes. A note is a promise for redemption later for an object of value, usually a specie . The issue of credit notes is often only effective for a limited time, and at some discount to the designated amount later. The jiaozi, however, did not replace coins during the reign of the Song Dynasty, as the paper money was used alongside the coins.
The central government soon noticed the economic advantages of the printing of paper money, and issued a monopoly right of several of the deposit shops to the issuing of these certificates of deposit. [5] By the beginning of the 12th century , the amount of banknotes issued during only one year equalled an annual rate of 26 million strings of cash coins. [6] By the 1120s , the central government officially stepped in and produced their own paper money using woodblock printing . [5]
Even before this, the government of the Song Dynasty was printed large amounts of paper tribute . It was recorded that each year before 1101 , the prefecture of Xinan (modern day Xi-xian , Anhui ), would send 1,500,000 sheets of paper in seven variations to the capital at Keifeng . [7] In that same year, Emperor Huizong decided to decrease the amount of paper taken in the tribute quota, because it caused damaging effects and heavy burdens on the people of his region. [8] However, the government still required paper for the exchange certificates and the state's new issue of paper money. For printing the paper money alone, the Song government started several factories in the cities of Huizhou , Chengdu , Hangzhou , and Anqi . [8]
The amount of people employed in these paper money factories was quite large, being recorded in 1175 that the factory in Hangzhou employed at least 1000 workers daily. [8] However, the issues of paper currency issued by the government were not yet nationwide standards, so issues were limited to regional zones of the empire, and were only valid for use in a given and temporary limit of a 3-years time. [6]
The Song Dynasty managed to change the geographic limitation of the currency between 1265 and 1274 by producing a nationwide standard currency paper money, once its circulation was backed with gold or silver . [6] The range of varying values of these banknotes was perhaps from one string of coins to one-hundred at the most. [6] Ever since the year 1107 , the government printed banknotes with a minimum of six ink colors, with intricate designs and sometimes with a mixture of unique fiber in the paper to prevent counterfeit.
Mongol Empire
A Yuan dynasty banknote (right) along with its printing plate ( 1287 ).
The Yuan Dynasty was the first Chinese dynasty to use paper money as the predominant circulating medium. The founder of this dynasty, Kublai Khan issued the Chao to be used during his reign. The original notes developed during the Yuan Dynasty were restricted in their native area and duration as in the precedent Song Dynasty, but during its later years, the Yuan Dynasty faced massive shortages of specie used to fund their ruling in China, and began printing paper money with no restrictions on time. By the year 1455 , in an effort to slow economic expansion and end hyperinflation , the succeeding Ming Dynasty ended the production of paper money, and closed much of the original Chinese trade.
The merchants from the Republic of Venice were impressed by the fact that Chinese paper money was guaranteed by the State and not the private merchant or banker as they did further west.
European banknotes
The first paper money in Europe (1666).
The term "banknote" comes from the notes of the bank ("nota di banco"), and dates to about the 14th century , originally recognizing the holder of the note to at some point collect precious metal deposited with a banker, or a representative of paper currency. By the 14th century, they were used in every area of Europe, an Italian city-state merchant colonies outside of Europe. For international payments used more often was the most efficient and sophisticated bill of exchange ("lettera di cambio"), a promissory note based on a virtual currency account (usually a coin that no longer physically existed). All physical currency was physically related to this virtual currency, which also served as credit.
During the medieval times in Italy and Flanders , the insecurity and impractibility of transporting large amounts of money over long distance caused traders to start using promissory notes. In the beginning, these notes were personally registered, but they later became written orders to pay the amount to whoever had the note in their possession. These notes are seen as predecessors of regular bank notes. [9]
The first proper European banknotes were issued by the Stockholms Banco , a predecessor of Sveriges Riksbank (Bank of Sweden), in 1660, though the bank ran out of coins to redeem its notes in 1664 , and ceased operating them that year.
Until Louis XIV , banknotes were issued only by small creditors, had very limited circulation, and were not backed by the authority of the state. John Law helped in the process of establishing banknotes as a formal currency, backed by capital consisting of French government bills and notes accepted by the government.
American banknotes
55 dollar bill in Continental currency , designed by Benjamin Franklin in 1779 .
During the early 1690s , the Massachusetts Bay Colony was the first of the Thirteen Colonies to issue permanently circulating banknotes. The use of fixed denominations and printed banknotes followed this example in the 18th century .
The Confederate Congress grouped in Montgomery , Alabama on March 9 , 1861 , and authorized the issue of paper currency. These notes were originally printed by the National Bank Note Co. [10]
During the early 18th century, each of the original thirteen colonies issued their own banknotes . During the American Revolutionary War , however, the Continental Congress issued Continental currency to help finance the war, nearly eliminating the need for 13 different currencies. The federal government of the United States did not print banknotes until the year 1862 . However, almost immediately after the United States Constitution was adopted in 1789 , the United States Congress chartered the First Bank of the United States and authorized it to issue banknotes. It served as the seemingly central bank of the United States until 1811 when the bank was close, due to Congress' failure to renew its charter. During 1816 , Congress chartered the Second Bank of the United States . Its charter expired in 1836 , but proceeded with operations under a charter granted by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania until 1841 .
During 1933 , public acceptance of banknotes in replacement of precious metals in the United States was hastened partially due to Executive Order 6102 . This order carried a threat of a $10,000 fine and a maximum of ten years in prison if anybody kept more than $100 of gold in preference to banknotes.
Issuing of banknotes
Usually, a central bank or treasury is the only responsible body within a state or currency union for issuing banknotes. However, this is not the case all the time, and historically, paper currency of countries was handled solely by private banks. Thus, numerous different banks or institutions may have issued paper currency in a designated country. In the United States from 1863 to 1935 , commercial banks were authorized to issue banknotes. In the last of these series, the bank that issued the currency would stamp its name and promise to pay, as well as the signatures of its president and cashier on a preprinted note. By this time, notes were already standardized in appearance and were not very different from the Federal Reserve Notes that circulated for most of the 20th century .
Private banknote issue continues to this day, but only in a handful of countries. For example, by virtue of the constitutional complex setup of the United Kingdom , some commercial banks in two of the UK's four constituent countries ( Scotland and Northern Ireland ) continue printing their own banknotes for circulation, though they are not fiat money or legally declared as legal tender anywhere. The central bank of the nation, the Bank of England , prints notes that are legal tender if used in England and Wales . These notes are usable as currency in the rest of the United Kingdom, but are not used as legal tender (see Banknotes of the pound sterling ).
In Hong Kong , there are three commercial banks that are licensed to issue Hong Kong dollar banknotes . [11] Along with commercial issuers, other organizations may be granted note-issuing powers. For example, the Singapore dollar was issued by the Board of Commissioners of Currency Singapore , a government agency that was later taken over by the Monetary Authority of Singapore , until 2002 . [11]
Materials
Paper banknotes
The banknotes of the United States are made from cotton paper.
Most of the banknotes printed throughout the world are composed of cotton paper with a weight of 80 to 90 grams per square meter. This cotton is often mixed with linen , abacá , or other textile fibers. Usually, the paper used for banknotes is different than ordinary paper, being much more resilient, resists wear and tear (a banknote's average life is 2 years), [12] and also does not contain usual agents that make ordinary paper glow slightly under ultraviolet light . Unlike most printing or writing paper, paper used in banknotes is usually infused with polyvinyl alcohol or gelatin to provide extra strength. Banknotes printed in Early China were printed on paper composed of Mulberry bark , and this fiber still remains in use with the Japanese banknote paper.
Counterfeiting and security measures
The security strip on a US $20 bill glows under blacklight to prevent counterfeit.
The easiness in which paper money can be created, legally or by counterfeiters, has led both groups to temptation in times of crisis including war or revolution to produce banknotes not supported by precious metal or other goods, leading to hyperinflation and a loss of faith in the actual value of paper money, e.g. Continental currency printed by the Continental Congress during the American Revolution, the Assignats produced by France during the French Revolution , the dollars produced by the Confederate States of America and the individual states of this confederacy, the financing of World War I by the Central Powers (by the year 1922 1 gold Austro-Hungarian krone of 1914 was worth 14,400 paper Kronen), the devaluation of the Yugoslav dinar in 1999 , etc. Banknotes can also be overprinted to show political changes that occur faster than new currency can be printed.
Most banknotes are created using the mold made process by which a watermark and thread is added during the paper forming process. This thread is a simple-looking security component that is found in most banknotes. It is, however, usually complex in construction, using fluorescent, magnetic, and micro print elements. By combining it with watermarking technology, the thread can be made to the surface periodically on only one side. This process is known as "windowed thread", and increases counterfeit resistance of banknote paper. It was invented by Portals, a part of the UK De La Rue group. Other methods related to this are water marking to reduce the number of corner folds by strengthening the part of the note, coatings to reduce dirt from gathering up on the note, and plastic windows in the paper to make it very hard to counterfeit.
During 1988 , Austria produced its 5000 shilling banknote, which is the first addition of foil (Kinegram) to a paper banknote in the history of the printing of paper currency. The application of optical features such as foil is now commonly used throughout the world.
Many banknotes currently contain embedded holograms .
Polymer
During 1983 , Costa Rica and Haiti issued the first Tyvek and the Isle of Man issued the first Bradvek polymer banknotes, printed by the American Banknote Company and developed by DuPont . In 1988 , after research and development by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) and the Reserve Bank of Australia , Australia printed the world's first polymer banknote made from biaxially-oriented polypropylene , and in 1996 became the first country to have a complete set of circulating polymer banknotes in all denominations. Since then, other countries began to circulate polymer banknotes, including: Bangladesh , Brazil , Brunei , Chile , Guatemala , the Dominican Republic , Indonesia , Israel , Malaysia , Mexico , Nepal , New Zealand , Papua New Guinea , Romania , Samoa , Singapore , the Solomon Islands , Sri Lanka , Thailand , Vietnam , and Zambia , with other countries issuing commemorative notes composed of polymer, including China , Kuwait , the Northern Bank in Northern Ireland , Taiwan , and Hong Kong. Other countries state that sometime in the future, they plan on issuing polymer banknotes, such as Nigeria and Canada . In 2005 , Bulgaria issue the first hybrid paper-polymer banknote.
Banknotes composed of polymer were created to improve durability and prevent counterfeiting using incorporated security features, such as optically variable devices that are extremely difficult to reproduce and transparent windows.
Other materials
Over several years, materials other than paper or polymer have been used to create banknotes. Among these are various textiles including silk , and materials such as leather .
Silk and other fibers have been used commonly in the manufacturing of a number of banknote papers, intended to create additional durability and security. Crane and Company patented banknote paper containing silk threads in 1844 , and still supplies paper to the United States Treasury since its cooperation starting in 1879 . Banknotes printed on pure silk include "emergency money" Notgeld issues from several German towns in 1923 due to fiscal crisis and hyperinflation . Most notably, Bielefeld produced several silk, leather, velvet , linen , and wood issues, and although these were produced mainly for collectors rather than for circulation, they are currently in demand by notaphilists . Banknotes printed in cloth include numerous Communist Revolutionary issues in China from areas such as Xinjiang in the United Islamic Republic of East Turkestan in 1933 . Emergency money was also printed during 1902 on khaki shirt fabric during the Second Boer War .
Banknotes or coins composed of leather were issued during a number of sieges , as well as in other times of emergency. During Russia 's administration of Alaska , banknotes were printed on sealskin . Several 19th century issues are known in Germanic and Baltic states, including the towns of Dorpat , Pernau , Reval , and Woisek . In addition to issues from Bielefeld, other German Notgeld composed of leather is known from Borna , Osterwieck , Paderborn , and Pößneck .
Other issues of banknotes were printed on wood, which was formerly used in Canada during Pontiac's Rebellion and by the Hudson's Bay Company . In 1848 , Bohemians used wooden checkerboard pieces as money.
Playing cards were even used as money, used by France and the Isle of Man in the early 19th century, French Canada from 1685 to 1757 , and in Germany after World War I.
Vending machines and banknotes
A man inputing a Thai baht into a vending machine.
Humans are not solely acting on the acceptance of banknotes. During the late 20th century, vending machines were designed to notice banknotes of smaller values long after they were designed to recognize coins from slugs. This capability has become hard to escape in economies where inflation was not followed by the introduction of progressively larger coin denominations (such as the United States, where there have been several attempts to introduce dollar coins to general circulation, but have ultimately failed). The preexisting infrastructure of these machines presents a difficulty in changing design of banknotes to make them less counterfeitable, that is, by adding new features very easily discernible by people that they would immediately reject banknotes of an inferior quality, for every machine in the country would have to be updated.
Destruction
Shredded money being sold as a novelty.
Banknotes only have a limited time of circulation, after which they are collected to be destroyed, usually by recycling or shredding them. A banknote is removed from a bank's money supply or other financial institutions due to everyday wear and tear due to its handling. Bundles of banknotes are passed through a sorting machine that determines what particular notes need to be shredded, or are removed from a supply chain by a human inspector if they are decided unfit for use, two common causes being mutilation or tearing. Counterfeit banknotes are destroyed as well, unless needed for evidentiary or forensic purposes.
Contaminated banknotes are also destroyed. A report by the Canadian government indicates:
Types of contaminants include: notes found on a dead organism, usually a human, stagnant water, contamination by human or animal body fluids, such as urine, feces, vomit, infectious blood, sexual fluids, fine hazardous powders from detonated explosives, dye pack , and/or drugs... [13]
These banknotes are removed from circulation mainly to prevent the spread of disease.
When taken out of circulation, Australian banknotes are melted down and mixed together to be transformed into plastic garbage bins. The United States federal government will occasionally sell the shreds of money, known by the nickname " Fed Shreds " to the people.
In most cases, destruction of banknotes is illegal, unless done by the nation's federal government.
Burning
For more information, see Money burning
Burning money is often symbolic, yet usually illegal.
The destruction of paper currency is also done using a flame to burn a banknote. These are not usually burned to destroy old or worn currency, but for symbolic purposes, artistic effects, protests, or signals. In most jurasdictions, burning banknotes is illegal, but in some cases, the government of a country may burn currency to dispose of it.[citation needed]
Oftentimes, people will burn imitation or counterfeit money as a part of symbolism or tradition. During the early 18th century, courts in New York City would publicly burn counterfeit money they had gathered to show the people that counterfeiting was both a dangerous and worthless act. In traditional Chinese ancestor veneration , joss paper imitating money is ceremonially burned, with the belief that the deceased may use the burnt offerings to finance a more comfortable afterlife.
Collecting
Paper Money of the United States is used by some collectors for finding historic U.S. banknotes.
Banknote collecting, or notaphily , is a rapidly growing area of numismatics . Although it was not as widespread as coin and stamp collecting , this hobby is increasingly expanding. Before the 1990s, banknote collecting was relatively small in comparison to the related coin collecting, but the practice of currency auctions, along with larger public awareness of paper money has caused an increase in interest and value of rare banknotes.
Books
Collectors will sometimes use books, such as Paper Money of the United States to find information about the banknotes they own or banknotes they may be interested in.
Trades
For several years, the way to collect banknotes was by a handful of mail orders that issue price lists and catalogs. During the early 1990s, it became more common for rare notes to be sold at coin and currency shows by auction. These illustrated catalogs and "event nature" of auction practice have seemed to cause a major rise in overall awareness of banknotes in the numismatic community. Complete, advanced collections are sometimes sold at one time, and even to today, single auctions can generate millions of dollars in gross sales. Today, eBay has surpassed auctions in terms of highest volume of sales of banknotes. However, rare banknotes still sell for much less in comparison to a rare coin. This inequality is diminishing as paper money prices begin to rise. Many rare notes from the United States have been sold for millions of dollars.
Several organizations and societies around the world exist for the hobby of banknote collecting, including the International Bank Note Society .
See also
| i don't know |
Who wrote the 1924 musical composition ‘Rhapsody in Blue’? | Rhapsody In Blue, by George Gershwin, performed for first time - Feb 12, 1924 - HISTORY.com
Rhapsody In Blue, by George Gershwin, performed for first time
Share this:
Rhapsody In Blue, by George Gershwin, performed for first time
Author
Rhapsody In Blue, by George Gershwin, performed for first time
URL
Publisher
A+E Networks
“The audience packed a house that could have been sold out at twice the size,” wrote New York Times critic Olin Downes on February 13, 1924, of a concert staged the previous afternoon at the Aeolian Hall in New York City. Billed as an educational event, the “Experiment In Modern Music” concert was organized by Paul Whiteman, the immensely popular leader of the Palais Royal Orchestra, to demonstrate that the relatively new form of music called jazz deserved to be regarded as a serious and sophisticated art form. The program featured didactic segments intended to make this case—segments with titles like “Contrast: Legitimate Scoring vs. Jazzing.” After 24 such stem-winders, the house was growing restless. Then a young man named George Gershwin, then known only as a composer of Broadway songs, seated himself at the piano to accompany the orchestra in the performance of a brand new piece of his own composition, called Rhapsody In Blue.
“It starts with an outrageous cadenza of the clarinet,” wrote Downes of the now-famous two-and-a-half-octave glissando that makes Rhapsody in Blue as instantly recognizable as Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony. “It has subsidiary phrases, logically growing out of it…often metamorphosed by devices of rhythm and instrumentation.” The music critic of the New York Times was in agreement with Whiteman’s basic premise: “This is no mere dance-tune set for piano and other instruments,” he judged. “This composition shows extraordinary talent, just as it also shows a young composer with aims that go far beyond those of his ilk.”
It may be true that George Gershwin had always hoped to transcend the category of popular music, but the piece he used to accomplish that feat was put together very hastily. Just five weeks prior to the “Experiment in Modern Music” concert, Gershwin had not committed to writing a piece for it, when his brother Ira read a report in the New York Tribune stating that George was “at work on a jazz concerto” for the program. Thus painted into a corner, George Gershwin pieced Rhapsody In Blue together as best he could in the time available, leaving his own piano part to be improvised during the world premiere. Rhapsody would, of course, come to be regarded as one of the most important American musical works of the 20th century. It would also open the door for a whole generation of “serious” composers—from Copland to Brecht—to draw on jazz elements in their own important works.
Related Videos
| George Gershwin |
Which UK supermarket chain has an in-store section called ‘Market Street’? | Rhapsody in Blue by George Gershwin Songfacts
Rhapsody in Blue by George Gershwin Songfacts
Songfacts
By 1923, the bandleader Paul Whiteman wanted to do something different with jazz. He wanted to turn the American dance band into something a bit more prestigious, or as Paul Osgood, the author of 1926's So This is Jazz put it, make "an honest woman out of jazz." Whiteman said in 1927, "I never questioned her honesty. I simply thought she needed a new dress."
Whiteman invited George Gershwin to perform in his Experiment in Modern Music show with his Palais Royal Orchestra, slated for February 12, 1924. George's brother Ira Gershwin recalled reading an article in the New York Herald on January 4 about the upcoming jazz concerto, which said that George would be performing. This was news to Ira. George reports that he had started to consider the idea of writing something that pushed "the limitations of jazz" the previous December. When working out the theme, he heard it as "a sort of musical kaleidoscope of America." "American Rhapsody" became "Rhapsody in Blue" at Ira's suggestion.
Whiteman's show began in the afternoon and carried into the evening. The packed house had already enjoyed a full program of some of the America's finest jazz. A critic for Theatre Magazine wrote, "Mr. Whiteman's jazz concert was often vulgar, but it was never dull." However, it was Gershwin's piece that was the star of the show.
The two-and-a-half-octave clarinet glissando is instantly recognizable today, but was not like much that the crowd had ever heard before. "Rhapsody in Blue" commanded three curtain calls, despite the fact that Gershwin had been so rushed to complete the score, he improvised his own piano solo. His manuscript of the music contained blank pages in place of his piano parts.
In addition to Gershwin, 18 musicians played a total of 23 instruments at the concert. The piece was arranged by Ferde Grofé.
Is this jazz? Critics have been divided on that. Some have suggested that it is a series of songs strung together that can easily be broken up. Maybe that was, to a degree, the point. Gershwin wanted to write something that exemplified America as a melting pot, not to mention to prove his own worth as a serious composer. He did both. Respected writer William Saroyan said of the piece, it is "an American in New York City; at the same time it is an American in any city... It is also an American in a small town, on a farm, at work in a factory, in a mine or a mill, a forest or a field." New York critic Olin Downes said of Gershwin after the show, "This is no mere dance-tune set for piano and other instruments. This composition shows extraordinary talent, just as it also shows a young composer with aims that go far beyond those of his ilk."
By the end of the year, Whiteman and his orchestra had performed "Rhapsody in Blue" more than 80 times and their recording had sold over a million copies. The success of the song was not lost on Gershwin. Legend has it that when he was speaking with composer John Ireland, Gershwin asked him how often Ireland's rhapsody, "Mai-Dun," was played per year. When Ireland replied, "Three," Gershwin said, "Three. Ah, Mine gets played two or three times per day!"
The original 1924 performance of this song was recorded, and it was released on June 10, 1924. Running a total of 8:59, it took up both sides of a 78-rpm record, and much of the middle section was omitted.
In 1927, Ferde Grofé re-orchestrated the song, and Gershwin again recorded it with the Paul Whiteman Orchestra. With a slower tempo and much better sound quality, this became the most popular version of the song.
Many listeners will recognize this song as the signature music of United Airlines, which used it in commercials and on board their planes starting in 1987. Unlike older classical compositions, the song is not in the public domain, so United paid a fee of $300,000 per year to license the piece. For United, the recognizable and elegant song helped brand the airline as trustworthy while soothing passengers in potentially stressful circumstances. It was a major change from their "fly the friendly skies" campaign which they used pre-"Rhapsody," and remains one of the most iconic uses of music in corporate branding. United was the first company to use the song in commercials.
Some of the media uses of this song include the TV shows The Simpsons (in the 2010 episode "Elementary School Musical" and again in 2012 in "The D'oh-cial Network") and Glee, and the movies Poetic Justice and Fantasia/2000. Many older movies featured the song as well, including St. Louis Blues (1929), King of Jazz (1930), and The Great Ziegfeld (1936).
Gershwin conceived his famous piano concerto while on a train to Boston. He said at the beginning of 1924: "I had already done some work on the rhapsody. It was on the train, with its steely rhythms, its rattle-ty bang that is often so stimulating for a composer."
Beach Boys leader Brian Wilson says that this is the first song he ever heard, and that he was enthralled by it. "I loved the part where the violins came in," he told Rolling Stone. "I just got this overwhelmingly beautiful vibe from the music."
| i don't know |
What is the capital of The Isle of man? | Isle of Man Facts, Facts about Isle of Man
Know Facts about World Countries
Afghanistan Facts
Where is Isle of Man?
The Isle of Man, also called Mann is a British Crown Dependency, located in the middle of the northern Irish Sea between the islands of Great Britain and Ireland, within the British Isles.
What is the capital of Isle of Man?
Douglas is the capital of the Isle of Man. With a population of 26,218, it is also the largest town of the Isle of Man. Located at the mouth of the River Douglas, Douglas is the main business, financial, transport, and entertainment hub of the island. The River Douglas forms part of the town's harbor and is the main commercial port. The town is also home to the High Courts and other government buildings of the Isle of Man.
How big is Isle of Man?
The Isle of Man covers a total area of 221 square miles. The British Crown Dependency has an estimated population of over 80,085.
Who are the political leaders of Isle of Man?
The Isle of Man is a self-governing British Crown Dependency. The island is a parliamentary democracy and a Constitutional monarchy.
Lord of Mann - Elizabeth II
Lieutenant Governor - Adam Wood
Chief Minister - Allan Bell
What currency is used in Isle of Man?
The pound sterling denoted by the ISO 4217 code GBP is the official currency of the Isle of Man. It is commonly called the pound, and is the official currency of the United Kingdom, its Crown Dependencies and the British Overseas Territories. It is subdivided into 100 pence.
What is the official language of Isle of Man?
English is the official language of the Isle of Man. Manx Gaelic was also given official status in 1985. Manx is Goidelic Celtic language; it used to be spoken earlier by the majority of the population, but in recent times it is considered "critically endangered".
What is the religion of Isle of Man?
Christianity is the predominant religion of the Isle of Man. The diocese church is the main Christian denomination followed by the Methodist Church, Pentecostal church. The island also has a small Muslim and Jewish community.
What is the economy of Isle of Man like? The Isle of Man has a low-tax economy. The island does not levy any capital gains tax, wealth tax, stamp duty, or inheritance tax. Manufacturing, offshore banking, and tourism are the key sectors of the economy. Agriculture and fishing are also important. In 2003, the gross domestic product (PPP) of the island was estimated at $2.113 billion, while the per capita was $35,000.
What is the national symbol of the Isle of Man?
The Tree Cassyn Vannin or "three legs of Mann" is the national symbol of the Isle of Man. The Manx triskelion dates back to the late thirteenth century and is believed to have originated in Sicily. The symbol is found in the official flag and official coat of arms of the island.
| Douglas |
Zorro is Spanish for which animal? | Towns & Villages - Isle of Man
Isle of Man
Home: Visitor Information > Explore > Towns & Villages
Towns & Villages
Take time to explore the Isle of Man’s charming towns and villages and discover a wide range of things to see and do during your stay.
Whatever you’re looking for – whether it’s a journey back in time to discover the history and heritage of the Island, a traditional bucket and spade beach break, or somewhere to be active while surrounded by stunning scenery - you’ll find it here on the Isle of Man.
The Island’s capital, Douglas, is a great place to begin your trip. As well as the main shopping area and entertainment complexes, you’ll find the starting point of the Steam Railway and Manx Electric Railway, which lead south and north respectively. The Story of Mann trail also starts in Douglas and will act as your guide to the heritage attractions located around the Island.
Visit the ancient cobbled streets of Castletown in the south of the Island to see one of Europe’s most preserved medieval castles – Castle Rushen, or head for Laxey in the east for a glimpse of the world’s largest working waterwheel – Lady Isabella.
Over on the west coast, Peel and Port Erin have glorious sandy beaches, sheltered bays, and the chance to spot basking sharks and seals. No trip to either destination is complete without a delicious Manx ice cream as you stroll along the beach or sit and admire the rolling waves of the Irish Sea.
For those visitors who want to do something active, why not take advantage of the fantastic walking trails in Port St Mary or try something a little more adventurous – such as coasteering, canoeing or abseiling at an activity centre based near to Ramsey in the north of the Island.
Rest assured, wherever you choose to visit and whatever you choose to do, you’ll be guaranteed a warm Manx welcome.
In This Section
| i don't know |
How many lanes does an Olympic swimming pool have? | How many lanes does an olympic swimming pool have | Poll Everywhere
That's an interesting question!
Looks like a Poll Everywhere user asked an audience that very same question.
You can crowdsource answers, too! We'll walk you through the steps to turn this question into a live poll.
After that, you can ask any crowd, anywhere, anytime. Much more fun than asking Google.
How many lanes does an olympic swimming pool have
Poll responses are kept private
6
8
10
Ask your audience a question with the Poll Everywhere app
Step 2
Audience answers in real time using mobile phones, Twitter, or web browsers
Step 3
See your response live on the web or in a PowerPoint presentation
Still have questions?
Is Poll Everywhere free?
Yes! Free plans for K12 and Higher Ed educators include 40 responses per question, and the free business plan allows 25 responses per question. Paid plans allow more responses per question, along with premium features like moderation, post-event reporting, and a custom URL for your audience response page.
Is this legit?
Yup. We invented this live text/web polling bonanza back in 2007. Now over 60% of the Fortune 500 and 100,000 educators use Poll Everywhere to engage everyone. We process millions of audience responses every month.
| ten |
In 2003, who became the oldest woman to win FHM’s ‘Sexiest Woman in the World ‘ award? | USA Swimming - Extra Lanes In Your Pool
Extra Lanes In Your Pool
Looking to get extra lanes in your pool? Think about this idea for either new pool design or existing pool gutter renovation …..
You can get extra lanes in your pool for less than $200 per lane. There are 3 basic lane widths that are very functional:
6’6” to 7” wide lanes for age group practices and general lap swimming
7’6” to 8’ wide lanes for senior level swimmers and regular swim competition
8’ to 9’ wide lanes for upper level competition
Extra lane line anchors can be added at each end of the pool providing the versatility to hang the lines from different sets of anchors and achieve a variety of lane widths.
Because of the torque the lane lines exert on the anchors, the anchors have to be welded to the metal gutter or actually poured in the concrete. Add this design feature to new pools and renovation projects so the pool has more practice lanes.
The lane line markings and targets on the bottom should always line up in the center of the width of lane you will use for competition. Because swimmers swim in circles in practice, it is really not a problem if the bottom markings are off center.
The typical 8 lane 25 yard pool that is 67’ wide can have the following: (inches are approximate)
8 x 8 foot lanes as the standard competition set up – this also allows for 18” between the outside lanes and side wall/gutter.
9 x 7’5” lanes for senior practices.
10 x 6’8” lanes for age group practices and lap swim.
The typical 8 lane 50 meter pool that is 75’ wide can have the following: (inches are approximate)
Long course lanes – 8 x 9’ wide lanes as the competition set up – this allows for 18” between the outside lanes and side wall/gutter.
Long course lanes – 9 x 7’5” wide lanes for senior practices
Long course lanes – 10 x 6’3” wide lanes for age group practices and lap swim.
Short course lanes – 20 x 8’ lanes for competition
Short course lanes - 22 x 7’ lanes for senior practices.
Short course lanes – 24 x 6’8” lanes for age group practices and lap swim.
More lanes mean more opportunities for team growth and income. Build versatility into your pool design.
| i don't know |
The Calcutta Cup is played for in which sport? | The History of the Calcutta Cup
By Ben Johnson | Comments
The Calcutta Cup is the trophy presented to the winner of the England versus Scotland rugby union match which takes place during the annual Six Nations Championship – also currently known as the RBS 6 Nations – between England, Scotland, Wales, Ireland, France and Italy.
The Six Nations Championships date back to 1883 in its original guise as the Home Nations Championships, when it was contested by England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales. More recently, trophies have been awarded for a number of individual competitions during the Six Nations including the Millennium Trophy which is awarded to the winner of the game between England and Ireland; the Giuseppe Garibaldi Trophy which is awarded to the winner of the game between France and Italy and the Centenary Quaich which is awarded to the winner of the game between Scotland and Ireland.
However, the Calcutta Cup pre-dates all of the other Six Nations trophies and indeed the competition itself.
England v. Scotland, 1901
Following the popular introduction of rugby to India in 1872, the Calcutta (Rugby) Football Club was established by former students of Rugby School in January 1873, joining the Rugby Football Union in 1874. However, with the departure of a local British army regiment (and perhaps more crucially the cancellation of the free bar at the club!), interest in rugby diminished in the area and sports such as cricket , tennis and polo began to thrive as they were better suited to the Indian climate.
Whilst the Calcutta (Rugby) Football Club was disbanded in 1878, members decided to keep the memory of the club alive by having the remaining 270 silver rupees in their bank account melted down to be made into a trophy. The trophy was then presented to the Rugby Football Union (RFU) to be used as “the best means of doing some lasting good for the cause of Rugby Football.”
The trophy, which stands at approximately 18 inches (45 cm) high, sits on a wooden base whose plates hold the date of each match played; the winning country and the names of both team captains. The silver cup is delicately etched and decorated with three king cobras who form the handles of the cup and sitting atop the circular lid is an Indian elephant.
The Calcutta Cup on display at Twickenham, 2007
The original trophy is still in existence but years of mistreatment (including a drunken kick about in 1988 on Princes Street in Edinburgh by the England player Dean Richards and the Scottish player John Jeffry in which the trophy was used as the ball) have left it too fragile to be moved from its permanent home at the Museum of Rugby in Twickenham. Instead both England and Scotland have full size models of the cup to be displayed by the winning team and when England are the victors the original trophy is displayed by the Museum of Rugby in a purpose built trophy cabinet with revolving stand.
The Calcutta Club had thought that the trophy would be used as an annual prize for club competitions, similarly to the Football FA Cup which was introduced around the same time. Indeed in 1884 the Calcutta Cricket and Football Club re-established rugby in Calcutta in 1884 and a club trophy called the Calcutta Rugby Union Challenge Cup - which also became known as the Calcutta Cup - was introduced in 1890. However, the RFU preferred to keep the competition at international level to retain the ‘gentlemanly’ rather than competitive nature of the sport and run the risk of a move to professionalism.
England rugby captain Martin Johnson signing autographs on the Close
at the birthplace of rugby football, Rugby School
As Wales didn’t have a national team and Ireland’s team lagged far behind the English and Scottish sides, the Calcutta Cup became the victor’s trophy in the annual England versus Scotland game following its arrival in the UK in 1878. Since the first game in 1879 (which was declared a draw) England has won 54% of the 118 matches played and Scotland 39%, with 13% of matches ending in a draw between the two sides. Annual matches between the two sides have continued every year since, with the exception of the World War years between 1915-1919 and 1940-1946 . The venue for the match is always the Murrayfield Stadium in Scotland during even years and the Twickenham Stadium in England during odd years.
With the introduction of the Home Nations competition in 1883 and the vast improvement in the Irish and Welsh sides it was suggested that the Calcutta Cup went to the winner of the Home Nations competition. However, the tradition of the trophy going to the victors of the England versus Scotland game was a popular one and the suggestion was overruled.
Today the trophy resides with the English team, as it has done since 2009. Interestingly it was only as recently as 1993 that the winners of the tournament (now known as the Six Nations Championship following the introduction of France and Italy) received a trophy at all, when the Championship Trophy was unveiled.
Tweet
If you enjoyed this article, you might also like...
C.B. Fry - The Superman, more conventionally known as Charles Burgess (C.B.) Fry, was born in Croydon on 25th April 1872. This amazing man played rugby for the Barbarians, football for England, captained the English cricket team, equalled the world long jump record - and was offered the throne of Albania.
Association Football or soccer - Although there have been games recorded around the world involving balls being kicked around a field, the modern rules of Association Football, aka soccer, can be traced back to...
Max Woosnam - Max played soccer for Manchester City and England, won Olympic Gold at tennis, was a Wimbledon Champion, fought with distinction in the First World War... and beat film star Charlie Chaplin at table tennis, playing with a butter knife!!
Museums in Britain - View our interactive map showing the location of several hundred museums across the length and breadth of Britain, ranging from internationally famous museums such as the Natural History Museum, to specialist sporting and local history museums.
Popular This Month
| Rugby union |
In which year was Scotland united with England by the Acts of Union? | History of Scottish Rugby | Scottish Rugby Union
The Scottish Football Union was founded in 1873, ahead of a change to fifteen-a-side (from twenty-a-side) in 1877, the formation of the International Rugby Football Board in 1886 and the instigation of a points scoring system for rugby in 1889.
The beginnings of international rugby football
The very first rugby international match was played at Raeburn Place, Edinburgh, on Monday, 27 March 1871, on the cricket field of The Edinburgh Academy.
The first nine international matches in Scotland were all played on established cricket fields. A temporary stand was erected at Raeburn place at a cost of £45.
Read more about the development of rugby in Scotland in “ Rugby Union: the game comes to Scotland " (pdf).
A home for Scottish Rugby
In 1897, the Scottish Football Union, as it was then called, bought land at Inverleith.
This was the home of rugby in Scotland until the first Murrayfield Stadium was built in 1925, on ground bought from the Edinburgh Polo Club.
For a full history of Scottish Rugby’s journey to its current home at Murrayfield Stadium, see “ From Raeburn Place to Murrayfield " (pdf).
The Calcutta Cup
The Calcutta Cup is an ornate silver trophy in memory of the Calcutta Football Club, which closed down just four years after it was formed.
Scotland and England compete for the cup each year.
The first Calcutta Cup match was played at Raeburn Place, Edinburgh, on 10 March 1879 and ended in a draw - Scotland scored a drop goal and England a goal.
| i don't know |
George Clooney, Michael Keaton and Val Kilmer have all played which fictional character on film? | Number One Guy: Why Michael Keaton Is Cinema's Best Batman
REDDIT
There have been five men to portray Batman in the character’s eight live-action feature-length films, from Adam West in Batman ’66 to Christain Bale in 2012’s The Dark Knight Rises. All five actors came with their strengths and weaknesses, but the best was Michael Keaton, who played the DC Comics superhero in 1989’s Batman and 1992’s Batman Returns.
In the first major scene of Batman ’89 , Keaton famously grabs a terrified mugger by the collar, holds him off the side of a building, pulls him close to his face and hisses, “I’m Batman.” As a 12-year old watching that moment on a VHS tape in my living room, I believed Michael Keaton. And I still believe him as a grown man watching it on DVD in my office 25 years later, even after having seen a half-dozen different Batman movies since.
I realize declaring Michael Keaton’s performance as Batman to be not only my favorite Batman but the best Batman is a somewhat controversial statement, even (especially?) among my fellow writers at ComicsAlliance , but allow me to make my case.
Playing Batman is a dual role. An actor has to portray both a fabulously wealthy socialite-with-a secret Bruce Wayne and the caped crime fighter Batman. The latter necessitates a strong chin, a good set of expressive lips with a range of smirks, smiles and grimaces, and the ability to act with one’s eyeballs alone (unlike comic book Batman, all the movie Batmen have had visible eyeballs, unobscured by the stylized white triangle eyes the drawn Batmen almost always have).
All of the movie Batmen have cleared those hurdles: West, Keaton, Bale, Val Kilmer and George Clooney. But of them, Keaton seems to have been the best at playing the characters as separate people aware of one another’s existence, and of playing his own, unique version of the Batman.
Let’s look at his competition.
Adam West
As the guy who played the title role in the first live-action, feature-length Batman film, which was of course based on the television show that ran from 1966-1968 (the influence of which on America’s understanding of comics is hard to overstate), West was the Batman for multiple generations, even lending his voice to many of the character’s cartoon appearances.
I don’t think it’s possible to knock his performance in any way. Did West look good in the tights and satin cape, with a cowl that looks like it as made by a fourth-grader’s mother the night before the talent show? No. Did he differentiate the characters of Batman from Bruce Wayne in the slightest? No. Did he have the physical presence of a guy who could beat up a room full of thugs. No, of course not. All of that was, of course, part and parcel to the gag of what was an innovative television and, later, film comedy.
“Campy” is the word most often used to describe Batman ’66, but I’m not entirely sure that’s the right word, as camp in film generally necessitates a lack of self-awareness, and West and everyone else knew exactly what they were doing. The trick was to say and do stupid things very earnestly, and to convince the audience that he was 100% committed to every line and action. And West did so wonderfully.
But as presented, West’s Batman is a very one-dimensional part with no complexity or nuance. As flawlessly executed a vision as it was, West’s Batman was nevertheless a limited vision.
Val Kilmer and George Clooney
Kilmer’s Batman Forever and Clooney’s Batman and Robin completed the tonal circle back to Batman ’66, with the much-maligned Batman and Robin essentially being a 1990s makeover with expensive special effects. As such, it can be difficult to separate the good from the bad in either film, and even harder to sift out what was terrible on purpose and what was terrible by accident. That includes the acting.
Kilmer was handsomer and buffer than Keaton, but Keaton’s success had established that a believable Bruce Wayne/Batman didn’t need to be impossibly comic book gorgeous or particularly imposing physically. But as a blond man his casting was somewhat sacrilegious to Batman fans, not unlike the furor we saw when Daniel Craig was cast as James Bond a decade later. Of course, Craig made the role his own. Kilmer…didn’t. Sleepy, bored and almost totally disengaged in or out of the rubber cowl, Kilmer seemed to be as unsure and irritated by the material as just about everyone who sat through the movie. Indeed, the actor would go on to regret participating in the entire Batman Forever enterprise.
Clooney was by far the most traditionally handsome and undeniably suave of the movie Batmen, making for a truly charming Bruce Wayne and a Dark Knight who, somewhat oddly, really seemed to enjoy his “job” no matter how dangerous and ridiculous it was. He was not the fittest, but at this point in Batman’s film history, physique has never been a major factor in casting (Looking at these four men’s bodies at their peaks, it seems like present day, 45-year-old Hugh “Wolverine” Jackman could destroy each of these early Batman in a bare knuckles brawl… and take out Chris O’Donnell for good measure).
Even more so than Kilmer, Clooney did absolutely nothing to differentiate the characters of Wayne and Batman, not even adding a little edge to the Dark Knight’s voice like the way Kevin Conroy did in the animated Mask of the Phantasm or Keaton did in his two films.
Clooney might have made a really good Batman — he certainly made a better Bruce Wayne than most of the pack — but since he was stuck playing a slightly more biting version of Adam West’s silly Batman, I guess we’ll never know (not unless they cast him in a live-action Dark Knight Returns, I suppose).
Christian Bale
Christian Bale is most people’s choice for the best Batman, doubtlessly because the movies he starred in—2005’s Batman Begins, 2008’s The Dark Knight and 2012’s The Dark Knight Rises—are for numerous reasons generally regarded as far better than preceding four-film cycle.
But Bale also had the opportunity to play Batman in more films than anyone else so far, and in different stages of the character’s development: pre-Batman, wandering-the-earth, learning-to-be-a-ninja Bruce Wayne of Batman Begins; the mature and successful crime fighter of Dark Knight; and the post-retirement, reclusive, tortured and ultimately resolute Batman of Rises.
Bale does a pretty solid Bruce Wayne, and is great at making the character seem like a stone-cold psychopath just by tightening his jaw and emitting beams of intensity from his eyes.
But his Batman? Bale’s Batman is the worst. I am hardly the first or five thousandth person to mention this, but Bale’s Batman voice is hilarious; maybe the funniest part of the three super-serious Christopher Nolan Batman movies (although I did laugh just about every time Tom Hardy’s Bane said anything at all in his jovial Bane voice in Rises). In seeking to differentiate his Batman voice from his Bruce Wayne voice, Bale decided to spit out every single line in a roaring, deep-throated, husky growl somewhere in the range of a Bigfoot working at a truck stop diner who smoked three packs a day, an angry oil drum full of gravel with a tracheotomy, and a community theatre actor auditioning for the role of the Wolfman with broken glass lodged in his throat.
Bale wasn’t just hard to understand (which he was — seriously, I could have used subtitles in some scenes) but it was so over-the-top it became laughable and inspired countless parodies. I don’t think Bale delivered a single line as Batman in all three of his movies that I didn’t laugh at; I just could not get used to that voice.
And while this is less Bale’s fault than that of Nolan and the costume designers, but they played Baleman like the super-sneaky Batman of the comic books, able to appear and disappear at will, even when in mid conversation with Commissioner Gordon. But Bale’s Batman did this while wearing a full suit of body armor that makes the mecha gear Batman wore to fight Superman in Frank Miller’s Dark Knight Returns look form-fitting.
Michael Keaton
The Batman of Batman ’89 was a very different Batman from the Nolan/Bale cycle, and from the comics. Aside from the murder of his parents, we don’t know anything about this character’s life before becoming Batman; if he’s traveled the world mastering fighting and detecting techniques; if he’s done any training or education at all; or whether he even works out. Keaton’s Batman isn’t even portrayed as hyper-competent, taking a lot of punches and gunshots that the others would likely go to pains to avoid.
But one thing Tim Burton and his screenwriters took from the Miller-written Batman:Year One and from the original Golden Age Batman comics by Bill Finger and co. is the idea of Batman as a performance artist. “Criminals are a superstitious and cowardly lot,” and with that in mind Keatonman presents himself as a scary urban legend, using his costumes and gadgets like an old-school stage magician. Batman ’89‘s Batman is all smoke and mirrors, a Scooby-Doo monster that preys on the criminal element of Gotham City.
When we first hear of the character, it’s by way of a strung-out mugger relaying rumors of a supernatural creature. This characterization is played up in the following scene, in which a reporter chases down what other authority figures dismiss as the fevered dreams of junkies and liars.
Burton returns to this element of Batman-as-performance home repeatedly in Batman ’89. Escaping the police from Axis Chemicals, we see close-ups of Batman throwing a smoke bomb and hooking a grappling device up to his belt — for our benefit. Burton also shows us what the characters in the film see, which is a giant, bat-shaped silhouette unfolding his wings to float away in a puff of smoke. This Batman appears and disappears, he seems to fly, he gets shot but rises to his feet like a vampire. His talents for the theatrical persist right up until the very end of the film, when he seems to be dancing in the sky with Kim Bassinger’s Vicki Vale, like a black-clad Superman with a blonde Lois Lane. In this way, Keaton’s Batman is presented as at once fantastical and real, synthesizing the languages of comic books and film in moments that have become iconic in the Dark Knight’s history.
With respect to physique, Keaton is of course not particularly intimidating, as was apparently the chief complaint when his casting was announced back in the day. But as evidenced effectively in Batman ’89, he doesn’t need to be a physical threat. Between the convincing vampire act and the gadgets and vehicles, this Batman doesn’t need to be built like a brick wall or to have mad ninja skills to protect Gotham City. Keaton’s Batman does best all of his foes in the film, but he generally does so through a variety of cheats, from katana-blocking gauntlets to ingenuous sneak attacks not seen before Batman ’89 brought them to the table.
Batman has always been a more aspirational comic book superhero, as opposed to Superman, who was created as a fully-formed wish-fulfillment with a secret-parentage fairy tale of an origin, or the many Marvel characters who win a sort of super-power lottery by being in the right place at the right time to get bathed by cosmic rays or bit by the right irradiated arachnid. Batman worked for his superheroic stature. He’s a hero that any mere mortal could be, provided they had the will power to study, train and exercise their way into him (and the millions of dollars to buy vehicles and equipment, of course; but hey, the fact that anyone could be a millionaire is part of the American dream).
The Batman of this film took the everyman notion a step further. He didn’t have to be fast enough to dodge bullets; he had body armor. He didn’t need the perfect aim of a Batarang or the strength to haul himself up a bat-line; he had grappling guns to zip him up buildings while he posed dramatically. This Batman didn’t even need muscles; those were carved into constume. Really, Batman ’89 was almost Iron Man-like in his guy-in-a-suit nature. Played masterfully by Keaton, this Batman was a pretty ordinary-seeming guy who found himself in a unique circumstance by which he fought crime with some good moves, some brains, and whatever edge his costume, gadgets and stage-show provided.
Subscribe to ComicsAlliance on
But as I said, Batman is a dual role, and that’s where Keaton excelled beyond anyone else to wear the cowl on film.
Keaton’s Bruce Wayne is amusingly differentiated from his Batman, and seems to have a rather awkward grip on who he’s supposed to be at any given time. In Batman Returns he’s flustered when he encounters Selina Kyle for the second time, forgetting he was dressed like a human bat the first time he met her. “I mistook me for someone else,” he babbles. It’s not quite the length Christopher Reeve went with Superman, transforming from cowering, klutzy Clark Kent to the brave and confident Man of Steel, but Keaton played his Wayne in similar way that was a perfect cover for Batman.
Part of that quirkiness may have come from Keaton having been a comedic actor playing against type (and the same could be said of Burton as a director) and part of it may have merely been his permanently arched eyebrows, but his Bruce Wayne always seems curious, easily distracted and somewhat spacey; like his mind is always somewhere else. This is very deliberate and is expressed marvelously in his first appearance, when Bruce sets a glass of champagne precariously on the edge of a table to follow the hypnotically beautiful Vicki Vale, leaving Alfred to catch it before it can fall.
Along similar lines, Keaton’s Bruce gets some truly comedic moments, such as his supremely awkward trophy room encounter with reporter Alexander Knox (“Because I bought it in Japan…”) and his cutely uncomfortable dinner date with Vicki.
The duality concept applies to humor, too, with Batman having his own gags in a style distinct from Bruce’s. The knowing white grin he flashes at Jack Napier in the chemical factory, when Napier compliments him on his “nice outfit,” is a uniquely chilling but funny moment, as is Batman stepping out of the darkness to coldcock a thug without even laying eyes on him, and the pleasure Batman takes in tapping the Joker on the shoulder before clobbering him in the film’s climax. Indeed, the funniest bits of Keaton’s performance are delivered as Batman, as when he chases Vicki down to inform her that she lied about her weight and exceeded the tensile strength of his grappling line; the way he avoids her gaze in the Batcave; and activating what appears to be a light built into the Batmobile for the express purpose of blinding in the eyes of passengers that look at him too closely.
As miscast as Keaton might have appeared on paper, the fact that he was such an odd choice only served to emphasize this new take on Batman as an Everyman — albeit a rich, smart, driven, psychologically-troubled Everyman with a killer stage performance worked out — and as a comedic comic book superhero, one wrapped in a dark and, as we’ve seen 25 years later, and enduringly popular aesthetic.
Your move, Affleck.
Subscribe to ComicsAlliance on
| Batman |
Which English comedian was born Frederick Fowell in 1943? | Vote: Who is Your Favourite Batman? | Entertainment | iDiva
Vote: Who is Your Favourite Batman?
facebook twitter reddit twitter
The wait is almost over or so to say. The Dark Knight has finally risen and is ready to hit the theatres tomorrow. If you are a Batman addict, then we are almost sure you have grown up watching Bruce Wayne bring down his enemies and wipe off evil from Gotham City. But have you wondered what it takes to portray a superhero on big screen? We believe Hollywood actors Michael Keaton, Val Kilmer, George Clooney and Christian Bale have all played Bruce Wayne with utmost conviction. But now it’s time to vote for your favourite Batman!
Michael Keaton: Michael Keaton, one of the earlier actors to play Batman, was surely impressive. His character had a dark shade, and according to critics Keaton had better fighting skills. He starred in Batman (1989) and Batman Returns (1992).
Val Kilmer: Apparently Val Kilmer accepted the superhero role in Batman Forever (1995) without even reading the script! Critics said Kilmer nailed the character and they felt the film was a closer interpretation of the comic book series. But there were also some who thought his performance as Bruce Wayne was ‘wooden’. What do you think?
George Clooney: Watching George Clooney play Batman on big screen was almost a horror in itself. Joel Schumacher’s Batman and Robin did poorly at the box office and it was slammed by critics as well. No wonder it received the maximum nominations at the Razzies!
Christian Bale: Christian Bale played the modern day superhero in Batman Begins (2005), The Dark Knight (2008) and the very latest The Dark Knight Rises (2012). According to fans and critics alike, he made a better Bruce Wayne as he portrayed the character with greater depth and pure conviction. Bale’s depiction of the superhero seemed more human which earned him a huge fan following. He's definitely our favourite!
Who is your favourite Batman? Vote now!
Image courtesy Reuters
| i don't know |
In the Shakespeare play ‘The Merchant of Venice’, who is Jessica’s father? | Jessica's character and conduct in the Merchant of Venice
Examination Questions on The Merchant of Venice
Question: Jessica's character and conduct, particularly with reference to Shylock's influence and training; in contrast with Portia's home-influence?
Answer: Jessica had in her all the rudiments of a very lovely womanhood; but a deal of cultivation was needed to develop them to anything like perfection. It is highly improbable that Shylock had ever consciously given her any training whatever, save such as might be conveyed to her through numerous injunctions to "fast bind" in order that she might "fast find." Though his evil influence had failed to injure to a really dangerous extent her innate truth and purity, yet it had had such an effect upon her character as to make it perfectly easy and natural to her to deceive and desert her unloving father, who made her home a hell, and to cling in preference to her Christian lover. True to the precepts which had been dinged in her ears through her whole life, she did not make her escape without a fair supply of the needful gold. But though this general principle has been imparted to her by Shylock, she has failed to learn the lesson of the value of money; and she spends his hard-earned ducats with a freedom and recklessness that is positive torture to her grasping father.
To me, one of the most pitiful evidences of Jessica's lack of proper home training is the way in which she speaks of her father after her arrival at Belmont. That she should have lost all respect and love for him, and that she should have voluntarily deserted him without apparently feeling the slightest compunction, is perhaps no more than natural; but when she listens to, and even joins in, the accusations of wickedness and cruelty made against him, we cannot but deplore the blemish which ignorance of the good and the beautiful has left upon her character. Had she had the refining influences thrown around her which Portia enjoyed in her home life, though she might never have been the force which the latter was, she might have been, as she doubtless afterwards became, as true, beautiful, and loyal as her instincts would direct.
| Shylock |
Which modern-day country was formerly known as British Honuduras? | 'The Merchant of Venice' Act 2 Summary
'The Merchant of Venice' Act 2 Summary
'The Merchant of Venice' Act 2 Summary
Analysis of 'The Merchant of Venice' Act 2, Scenes 1-3
Shylock from 'The Merchant of Venice'. NYPL Digital Gallery
By Lee Jamieson
Updated December 31, 2015.
The Merchant of Venice is often criticized for being anti-Semitic. There is truth in this allegation.
You can see the Antisemitism theme from Act 2. Reviewing how Shylock is talked about below in this The Merchant of Venice Act 2 Summary, the theme is clear.
Act 2 Scene 1
The Prince of Morocco enters with his entourage. He asks Portia to look past his dark complexion and assures her that he is as valiant as any European man. She tells him that he has as much chance as marrying her as any man, that it is not her place to judge his looks as this is not how she will choose a husband but by her father’s will. At length, the Prince goes on to tell Portia how brave and valiant he is. Portia listens and then dispassionately tells him that he must take his chance and choose a casket but reminds him that his forfeit for choosing wrongly would be to remain unmarried.
You must take your chance, And either not attempt to choose at all, Or swear before you choose, if you choose wrong Never to speak to lady afterward In way of marriage. Therefore be advised.
(Act 2 Scene 1)
continue reading below our video
Test Your General Science Knowledge
She directs the Prince to dinner and then tells him that afterward he can make his choice.
Act 2 Scene 2
Enter Lancelot the clown. Lancelot Gobbo is wrestling with his conscience unsure whether to run away from his master Shylock . He is concerned that Shylock is a Jew and that he should not work for him because of that, despite having no other grievances with him. As he resolves to run away his blind father arrives looking for Shylock.
Lancelot decides to have some sport with his father and pretends not to know him at first. Gobbo, the elder, is looking for his son and Lancelot gives him confusing directions and suggests that his son is dead. Eventually Gobbo, the elder, realises that he is talking to his son, although at first he wouldn’t believe that his son would treat him as cruelly. Lancelot explains that he no longer wants to work for Shylock as his Jewishness would rub off on him, he tells his father that he is leaving his employment.
Just then Bassanio arrives and Lancelot and his father ask him to take Lancelot on as his servant. Bassanio is bemused unsure as to why Lancelot would want to work for him when he had no money, Lancelot’s father gives Bassanio some Doves to encourage him to take his son on. Bassanio agrees.
Graziano asks Bassanio if he can accompany him to Belmont. Bassanio is concerned that Graziano’s manners are too rough and rude for the Belmont Court, Graziano assures him that he will be on his best behaviour.
Act 2 Scene 3
Enter Jessica, Shylock’s daughter and Lancelot the Clown
Jessica tells Lancelot that she is very sad that he is leaving her father’s service. She felt that he brought some merriment to their tedious house. She bids him farewell with a ducat and asks him to secretly pass on a letter to Lorenzo who is one of his new master’s guests. She makes her excuses as she does not want Shylock to see her talking with him. Lancelot bids her a tearful fairwell. Jessica explains that she is ashamed of Shylock and his manners. She hopes that Lorenzo is true to his word that he will make her his Christian wife.
Fairwell good Lancelot. Alack, what heinous sin is it in me to be ashamed to be my father’s child! But though I am a daughter to his blood, I am not to his manners. O Lorenzo, If thou keep promise I shall end this strife, Become a Christian and thy loving wife.
(Act 2 Scene 3)
You can continue reading by visiting our The Merchant of Venice Study Guide page and selecting more scene-by-scene summaries.
| i don't know |
The Abu Simbel temples are in which African country? | The Grand Temples of Abu Simbel - Aswan
The captial of Egypt and the largest city in Africa, the name means "the victorious city". As the region's principal commercial, administrative, and tourist centre.
Alexandria
Egypt's second largest city (3.5 million people), its largest seaport and the country's window onto the Mediterranean Sea. No city in Egypt has history as rich as that of Alexandria which witnessed so many historic events and legends!
Luxor
Luxor hosts one third of the whole monuments and antiquities of the world. Therefore, it is considered one of the most important tourism spots in Egypt and maybe in the whole world.
Aswan
Aswan is the 3rd largest city in Egypt and the biggest in Upper Egypt. Aswan was the ancient Egyptians' gateway to Africa. Today Aswan is major stop for may Nile cruise ships depart from Luxor to Aswan everyday.
Sharm Elsheikh
Sharm is the the jewel of Egyptian tourism industry now. The city offer some of the finest places for diving and snorkeling in the world, it offers great value for money if compared with many diving spots in the world.
Hurhgada
Hurghada today is a world centre for sea sports such as diving, snorkelling, sailing, windsurfing, and deep-sea fishing. The unique offshore underwater gardens are justifiably famous amongst divers
Egypt Info
Temples of Abu Simbel
The Temples of Abu Simbel are amongst the most interesting of all anicent Egyptian temples. Located close to the southern border with the Sudan, it is 280 km south of Aswan and consists of two rock-cut Temples which both date back to the reign of King Ramses II (1290-1223 BC). Unfortunately these unique Temples suffered from the raising water of Lake Nasser while the High Dam was being built. Other countries, with the help of UNESCO, assisted Egypt to help save them.
The two Temples were cut in to many pieces, and then they were reconstructed again on a site 65m higher than the original location, and 200m back inland, to escape the rising water level. This great rescue operation began in June 1964 and finished in September 1968.
The first Temple was built by King Ramses II and is dedicated to the God Re-Hor-Akhty, Amon, Ptah, and King Ramses II as a deified King. Its façade is 35m long and 30m high.The façade has four seated colossi of the King; each one is 20m tall and represents the King seated on his throne wearing the double crown,accompanied by 3 small figures of his wives, daughters and sons flanking his legs.
Above the entrance stands the figure of Re-Hor-Akhty, while near to the summit of the façade there are number of baboons.
Inside the Temple there is a hall, supported by Osirid shaped pillars which were cut into the rock, with walls that are decorated by battle and offering scenes. There are some side rooms leading from the hall, which are also decorated with various scenes. At the far end of the Temple is the sanctuary, which contains four statues; Re-Hor-Akhty, Amon-Re, Ptah and the deified Ramses II.
The Temple of Nefertari
The Temple of Queen Nefertari is located 120 m north of the Temple of Ramses II and was also built by Ramses II, dedicated to the Goddess Hathor and to his wife Queen Nefertari. Queen Nefertari was the principal, and the most beloved, wife of King Ramses II. It is also a rock-cut Temple with a façade of about 28 m long and 12 m high, which contains 6 standing colossi, each one being about 11m in height. Four of them represent Ramses II and the other two represent Queen Nefertari, each is accompanied by two smaller figures of their children.
The entrance leads to a square hall, which is supported by 6 Hathor-headed pillars decorated with scenes depicting the King and the Queen making offerings to different deities.
At the end of the hall there is a doorway leading to a transverse vestibule decorated with scenes of King Ramses II making offering to Re-HorAkhty, while the Queen is presenting flowers to Khenum, Sat-tet and Anket.
The Transverse Hall leads to the Sanctuary, which contains a niche in the rear wall with a statue of Goddess Hathor, as a cow, protecting Ramses II.
All Other Temples of Egypt
| Egypt |
Which month of the year was the ninth month of the Roman calendar? | Abu Simbel | Travel 2 Egypt
Home > Places in Egypt > Egyptian Cities > Abu Simble
Abu Simble
The Temple of Abu Simble is surely one of the most fabulous wonders of ancient Egypt. Constructed in the middle of the 13th century BC, Ramses II, the builder of the two temples and many other important constructions of ancient Egypt, with this huge structure, he wanted to reflect his greatness to the inhabitants of Nubia and also to document the victory he achieved after defeating the Hittites in the battle of Qadesh.
The two rock cut temples were originally located to the south of the city of Aswan . However, with the construction of the High Dam in the 1960s, the Abu Simble Temples , together with seven other temples of Nubia had to be relocated. Abu Simble today lays 280 kilometers to the South of Aswan over a high artificial plateau.
The History and the Construction of Abu Simble
The construction of the complex of temples of Abu Simble began in the year 1244 BC and it took the builders around 20 years to complete the two temples which was is considered to be an ancient Egyptian architectural treasure.
The Temples of Abu Simble , according to the historical records, was among six other large rock cut temples constructed in Nubia during the ruling period of Ramses II in order to show the people of Nubia how a powerful king also to honour himself as the beloved of Amun, the king of gods, during the reign of the New Kingdom.
The Excavation of the Temple of Abu Simble
With centuries passing by, the sand of Nubia has covered almost all the Pharaonic temples situated in Upper Egypt including the marvelous temples of Abu Simble . It wasn't until the year 1813 when a Swiss orientalist was able to locate the temple once again.
However, the temples was actually unearthed in 1817 by the Italian discoverer, Giovanni Battista Belzoni, who succeeded after some time to enter inside the temple.
Some legends, spread mainly by Egyptian tour guides during their trips to the temple, claim that the temples was named after a young boy who led the archaeologists to discover the temple. Some other historical records assert that the complex of temples was named after the village of Abu Simble; located near the original position of the temple before being relocated.
The Relocation of the Temples of Abu Simble
When the High Dam was constructed in Aswan , the temples of Abu Simble , together with many other Pharaonic temples of Nubia, faced the threat of drowning under the water of Nasser Lake, which was formed to the South of the High Dam .
The idea of relocating the temples of Nubia emerged in 1955. Afterwards, in 1960, the UNESCO has called all the nations of the world to participate in the project of the Rescue of Nubian Monuments and Sites.
The project began in 1963, with the contribution of many more than 50 countries from around the world, like the United States, Netherlands, Great Britain, and Spain. This is besides the Egyptian government and the UNESCO. The larger temple of Ramses II was divided into around 830 pieces and the smaller temple of the Queen Nefertari was divided into 235 pieces; with each piece being 20 tons in weight in one of the most brilliant architectural achievements of the 20th century.
The pieces of the two temples were transferred to the current location of Abu Simble in 1965. The new location is more than 150 meters above sea level to ensure the temples would never be threatened again with the level of the water in the River Nile or the Nasser Lake.
The engineers of the UNESCO were able to construct an artificial mountain to be situated behind the temples to create the realistic attribute and atmosphere of rock cut temples. The mountain was built through erected a huge dome with a diameter of 60 to 65 meters and it was 38 meters high.
The work of the reconstruction of the Abu Simble temples took four years to be completed in 1968 in an international project which had a budget of around 36 million US dollars to rescue this marvelous masterpiece of ancient Egyptian architecture and art.
The Geographical Location of Abu Simble
The new city of Abu Simble is located 280 kilometers to the South of Aswan , only 60 kilometers to the North of the Egyptian Sudanese borders. The complex of temples is now situated on a plateau which is 150 meters above sea level on the West bank of the Nasser Lake.
Abu Simble can be reached through the Abu Simble International Airport, from Aswan or Cairo . This is besides the new paved road that leads the city to the Aswan in the North. Moreover, many Nile Cruise ships, with deluxe services and luxurious facilities sail down the Nile from Luxor , Aswan , and then to Abu Simble in a marvelous journey.
The Temple of Ramses II
The Temple of Ramses II, the beloved of Amun, in Abu Simble, is featured with the four huge statues of the king, with each being 20 meters high. The four statues are wearing the large double crown of Upper and Lower Egypt. Below the gigantic statues of the king, Ramses II, there are much smaller statues of the queen, Nefertari, his mother Motay, and his favorite daughters.
The interior of the Temple has the layout which was common in this period of the New Kingdom. However, it is somehow more complicated with the large number of side chambers and different rooms.
The most remarkable section of the temple, the same as many other ancient Egyptian structure, is the hypo-style hall. It is 18 meters in length and around 17 meters in width and it has eight huge columns with the image of Ramses II as the god Osiris. The walls of the hypo-style hall has inscriptions and portraits showing the battle of Qadesh with Ramses II in his war wagon defeating the enemies from the Hittites
The exact location of the temple was brilliantly determined by the ancient Egyptian engineers in a unique way in which two time a year, on the 21st of October and the 21st of February, the rays of the sun enters inside the temple to light statues inside the inner sanctuary, except the statue of the god Ptah, as he was associated with hell in ancient Egypt.
It was said that these two dates were the birthday of the king and the day he became the ruler of Egypt. However, historical records were never certain about these facts.
These two days have become important festivals where tourists from all over the world gather to view this marvelous phenomenon and there are usually some folklore shows and dances to celebrate this magnificent event.
The Temple of Hathour in Abu Simble
Known as the Temple of Hathour, the temple of Queen Nefertari, or simply, the smaller temple of Abu Simble, it was constructed 100 meters to the North East of the Temple of Ramses II and it was dedicated to the worship of the goddess; Hathour.
This is the second time in history when a king constructs a temple specially to honor his queen. The first time was when Ikhnaton built a temple for his beloved wife; queen Nefertiti. The temple from inside has some wonderful decorations and ornaments.
The Facade of the temple has large statues of the king and the queens and they are around 10 meters in height. This is the first time in the Egyptian history when the statues of the king and the queen have the same height.
For more information about tours & activities in Abu Simble visit this page .
Updated on 14 May 2016
About the Cities
| i don't know |
A part of which British motorway was closed for a week in July 2012 after a crack was found in the Boston Manor viaduct? | M4 finally reopens after a week of emergency repairs - Telegraph
Road and rail transport
M4 finally reopens after a week of emergency repairs
The M4 motorway in west London has reopened in both directions a week after it was closed for emergency repair works, the Highways Agency said this morning.
A view of the repaired M4 motorway viaduct where cracks were discovered Photo: Neil Hall / Barcroft Media
6:06AM BST 13 Jul 2012
The road, which is expected to be one of the busiest routes during the Olympic Games, was shut last Friday between junctions 2 and 3 after cracks were discovered on a viaduct.
But it was reopened to traffic just after 5.30am after engineers completed the ''complex'' repairs, officials said.
The works to the bridge supports of the Boston Manor Viaduct were due to be completed yesterday.
A Highways Agency spokesman said: "An exceptionally delicate and difficult operation to repair cracks in the Boston Manor Viaduct on the M4 has been successful and the motorway has now reopened between junctions 2 and 3 to all cars."
The hairline crack was found on a highly stressed section of bridge supports by engineers who had been carrying out other repairs on the busy section of road.
"The Highways Agency closed the motorway last Friday night because in entering the final stages of the repair work, a new crack was found in a highly stressed part of the bridge supports," the spokesman continued.
"This required a unique repair solution involving the manufacturing bespoke specialist steel plates and their installation over the crack.
"The crack then had to be removed to prevent further damage to the structure. This intricate part of the operation took several hours - even though the crack was a hairline one."
The spokesman added: "The crack was discovered during an ongoing repair programme.
"Work on that continues and for this reason vehicles weighing 7.5 tonnes or more will still be restricted from using the motorway between the junctions. A diversion route remains in place via the A4 and A312 dual carriageways. Drivers are thanked for their patience during this complex work."
The M4, which is the main route from London to Heathrow Airport and the West of England, was initially closed between junctions 1 and 3, causing misery for thousands of motorists.
It is expected to be one of the busiest routes during the Games because it links London and the Olympic Park in Stratford with Heathrow.
The motorway will officially become part of the Olympic Route Network on Monday, with one lane of each carriageway reserved for competitors, officials and sponsors.
Drivers have been warned the ORN will include temporary changes including suspended turns, stopping and loading restrictions and traffic signal alterations
Labour MP John Woodcock described the reopening of the M4 as a "huge relief", but said ministers needed to come out and confirm they were totally happy that the road is safe to use.
He told BBC Breakfast: "The whole country wants the Olympics to be a huge success so it is a huge relief that the road is open because of the chaos it would have caused with athletes arriving on Monday to travel to the Olympic Village."
The shadow transport minister added: "There are real questions as to why this crack was found so late in the day as works have been going on there for some time.
"Given the scale of the problem, ministers need to come out and say they are completely confident the crack is fixed."
| M4 |
In the BBC television series Dr Who, the villain Davros was from which fictional planet? | M4 reopens after repair work | Meridian - ITV News
13 July 2012 at 7:58am
M4 reopens after repair work
M4 reopens
Photo: ITV Meridian
The M4 motorway in west London has reopened in both directions a week after it was closed for emergency repair works, the Highways Agency said this morning.
The road, which is expected to be one of the busiest routes during the Olympic Games, was shut last Friday between junctions 2 and 3 after cracks were discovered on a viaduct.
But it was reopened to traffic just after 5.30am after engineers completed the "complex" repairs, officials said.
The works to the bridge supports of the Boston Manor Viaduct were due to be completed yesterday.
A Highways Agency spokesman said: "An exceptionally delicate and difficult operation to repair cracks in the Boston Manor Viaduct on the M4 has been successful and the motorway has now reopened between junctions 2 and 3 to all cars."
The hairline crack was found on a highly stressed section of bridge supports by engineers who had been carrying out other repairs on the busy section of road.
"The Highways Agency closed the motorway last Friday night because in entering the final stages of the repair work, a new crack was found in a highly stressed part of the bridge supports," the spokesman continued.
"This required a unique repair solution involving the manufacturing bespoke specialist steel plates and their installation over the crack.
"The crack then had to be removed to prevent further damage to the structure.
This intricate part of the operation took several hours - even though the crack was a hairline one."
The spokesman added: "The crack was discovered during an ongoing repair programme.
"Work on that continues and for this reason vehicles weighing 7.5 tonnes or more will still be restricted from using the motorway between the junctions. A diversion route remains in place via the A4 and A312 dual carriageways. Drivers are thanked for their patience during this complex work."
The M4, which is the main route from London to Heathrow Airport and the West of England, was initially closed between junctions 1 and 3, causing misery for thousands of motorists.
It is expected to be one of the busiest routes during the Games because it links London and the Olympic Park in Stratford with Heathrow.
The motorway will officially become part of the Olympic Route Network on Monday, with one lane of each carriageway reserved for competitors, officials and sponsors.
Drivers have been warned the ORN will include temporary changes including suspended turns, stopping and loading restrictions and traffic signal alterations.
Labour MP John Woodcock described the reopening of the M4 as a "huge relief", but said ministers needed to come out and confirm they were totally happy that the road is safe to use.
He told BBC Breakfast: "The whole country wants the Olympics to be a huge success so it is a huge relief that the road is open because of the chaos it would have caused with athletes arriving on Monday to travel to the Olympic Village."
The shadow transport minister added: "There are real questions as to why this crack was found so late in the day as works have been going on there for some time.
"Given the scale of the problem, ministers need to come out and say they are completely confident the crack is fixed."
Last updated Sat 19 Jul 2014
| i don't know |
In which year was the Berlin International Film Festival first held? | Berlin International Film Festival | German film festival | Britannica.com
Berlin International Film Festival
Alternative Titles: Berlinale, Internationale Filmfestspiele Berlin
Related Topics
Sydney Film Festival
Berlin International Film Festival, German Internationale Filmfestspiele Berlin, also called Berlinale, one of the world’s largest film festivals, held annually in Berlin in February.
The festival was the idea of Oscar Martay, a film officer in the U.S. military who was stationed in West Berlin after World War II . In 1950 he formed a committee that included members of the Berlin Senate and the German film industry . Together they laid the groundwork for the inaugural festival, which was held in June 1951. Alfred Hitchcock ’s Rebecca (1940) was the first film shown, and its star, Joan Fontaine , was on hand. Martay was awarded a Golden Bear (Goldener Bär), the festival’s top prize, for his work in bringing the Berlinale to reality. Other prizes awarded at the first Berlinale included a Golden Bear for best music film to Cinderella (1951), which also won the festival’s audience-choice prize, the Big Bronze Plate (Grosser Bronzeteller).
Turkish director Semih Kaplanoǧlu after winning the Golden Bear for best film for …
Christian Charisius—Reuters/Landov
Over the ensuing years, the Berlin International Film Festival expanded to include some 400 films screened over 10 days. It also added prizes, including Golden Bears for best film and short film and Silver Bear (Silberner Bär) awards for best director, actor, and actress. In 1978 the festival was moved from June to February. By the early 21st century, it was attended by about 300,000 film professionals and cinephiles. In addition to screening movies, the festival features various workshops, such as the Berlinale Talent Campus.
Learn More in these related articles:
| 1951 |
In the Harry Potter series of books, whose pets were named Fang and Fluffy? | Berlin Film Festival 2014 - Berlinale
Germany Travel Expert
By Birge Amondson
Every February, Berlin celebrates its International Film Festival, called "Berlinale"; it is a must-go for film aficionados and one of the most exciting events in Germany.
In 2014, the Berlinale takes place February 6-16.
To find out how to make the most out of your Berlinale festival, check out our Top 10 Berlinale Festival Tips
The Berlin Film Festival in Brief:
The Berlinale showcases more than 400 movies from all over the world, many of them world or European premiers. In addition, the festival hosts a large number of special events, panel discussions, exhibitions, and of course, many star-studded parties.
Berlinale for Everyone:
Together with the Film Festivals of Cannes and Venice, the Berlinale is one of the most important film events in Europe. But what makes the Berlin Festival so special, is its openness and inclusiveness:
With over 300,000 tickets sold annually to the public, the festival is more than just an industry gathering for film professionals.
continue reading below our video
Tipping Etiquette Around the World
It is the biggest audience film festival in the world, open to anyone who loves movies.
Berlin Film Festival - History:
The Berlin Film Festival was established in 1951, only six years after the end of the Second World War.
With large parts of Berlin still lying in ruins, the organizers of the festival worked hard to revive the cultural energy of their city. Opening with Hitchcock’s film "Rebecca", the first Berlinale was a huge success, embraced by Berlin and the world.
Films, Films, Films:
The Berlin Festival is divided into different film sections, each one with its own focus:
Competition: "Big" international movies are competing for the prestigious awards, the Silver and Golden Bear
Panorama: Independent art house productions and documentaries
German Kino: Latest productions from Germany, including feature and documentary films (all with English subtitles)
Forum: Experimental and cutting edge films, most of them from far-flung corners of the world
Generation: International film selection for kids and teenagers
Location:
The Berlinale takes place at Potsdamer Platz (metro lines U2, S1, S2, or S25); it is the heart of the festival with most of the theaters, the "Berlinale Palast" and its red carpet and star-studded premiers, hotels, restaurants, and the staff headquarters of the festival.
Other festival venues within the city center of Berlin can be reached from Potsdamer Platz via a free shuttle bus.
Tickets and Admission:
At the central ticket counter (housed in the shopping mall "Arkaden", in the center of Potsdamer Platz)
At the box-offices of the theaters
Tickets purchased at the ticket counter and box offices have to be paid in cash. Students pay half price (only at box-office).
You can have a look at the current film program of the Berlinale online; you can also get free printed programs and festival guides at every venue of the Berlinale.
Tips for Visiting the Berlin Film Festival:
The Berlinale is the city’s largest cultural event, and it seems to be growing every year. With 400 films and many different venues to choose from, it can seem a bit overwhelming, even if you are a regular.
Check out our Berlinale Festival Tips to get the most out of your Berlinale: Find out how to get cheap tickets and good seats, what films to see, and where to spot celebrities.
| i don't know |
Who played Pussy Galore in the 1964 James Bond film ‘Goldfinger’? | Pussy Galore (Honor Blackman) | James Bond Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Pussy Galore (Honor Blackman)
Pussy Galore: "My name is Pussy Galore."
James Bond: "I must be dreaming."
―Pussy Galore and James Bond [src]
Pussy Galore is a fictional pilot and love interest of James Bond who appeared in EON Productions ' 1964 James Bond film Goldfinger , portrayed by British actress Honor Blackman . The character is a cinematic adaptation of the literary character , who first appeared in Ian Fleming 's 1958 novel Goldfinger . She subsequently appeared in the video games GoldenEye: Rogue Agent (2004) and 007 Legends (2012) with Blackman's likeness and voiced by Jeannie Elias and Natasha Little respectively.
Contents
[ show ]
Film biography
Pussy Galore first appears as the pilot aboard Goldfinger's private jet. James Bond , unconscious after being shot with a tranquilizer gun, wakes up to see Pussy standing over him. Pussy informs him that he is not dead, and that he was merely shot with a tranquilizer gun. She threatens to use it again, suggesting that he instead relax, have a cocktail, and enjoy the flight. When the plane lands, Pussy escorts Bond to Goldfinger's stud farm, and locks him into a cell. Bond manages to escape, and overhears Goldfinger discussing Operation Grandslam. Pussy catches him and pulls his legs out from under him, putting him back in his cell.
Later on, as Goldfinger is having some mint juleps with Pussy, he notices two men with binoculars spying on the farm. He realizes that they must be friends of Bond, and decides to invite Bond for a drink, so that everything will appear friendly, as if Bond were out of danger. He tells Pussy to bring Bond out of his cell and entertain him. After a brief drink, Pussy takes Bond into a barn to keep up the pretence. Bond however, tries to seduce her, and Pussy uses Judo to trip Bond. The two engage in an entertaining Judo back and forth, and eventually Bond gets the upper hand, and the two kiss.
Pussy tells Bond that he can turn the charm off, because she is immune, implying that she is a lesbian. However, after the events at the barn, Pussy turns against Goldfinger, and sabotages Operation Grandslam. Instead of knocking out the soldiers at Fort Knox with a deadly nerve gas, she calls the CIA , and arranges for the soldiers to fake being gassed, so that Goldfinger can be baited and captured. Pussy is later seen at the end of the film has the pilote when 007 boards a plane to meet with the President at the White House. Sadly, Goldfinger once more shows his face, after taking over the plane. After sending him through the window after the cabin is depressurised, Bond and Pussy escape using a parachute. While Pussy tries to wave to the helicopter looking for them, Bond has other ideas.
Alternative continuities
GoldenEye: Rogue Agent
Promotional image of Pussy Galore in GoldenEye: Rogue Agent (2004).
Pussy Galore later appeared in the 2004 spin-off Bond game, GoldenEye: Rogue Agent . Set in an alternate timeline, with its focus on the underworld of a futuristic 007 universe, Galore continues to be employed by Auric Goldfinger as his personal pilot. She participates in the underworld feud between Dr. Julius No and Goldfinger, assisting Goldfinger's golden-eyed enforcer by flying him into and out of various locations in her customised fuchsia pink helicopter. She is first introduced in the Swiss alps and airlifts GoldenEye to safety after the destruction of Auric Enterprises , taking him to their organisation 's volcanic hub of global operations, known as " The Lair ". There, she introduces him to the man who restored his sight; the organisation's scientific pipeline, Francisco Scaramanga .
She is subsequently sent to assist GoldenEye in Hong Kong during his mission to assassinate Dr. No. However, they are betrayed by his Triad contact Wu Li Yong and are attacked by Dr. No's forces. After surviving the double-cross, GoldenEye crosses the rooftops of Hong Kong and after several failed attempts to extract him, Galore narrowly succeeds in rescuing the enforcer using the aircraft's rope ladder. Shortly afterwards Dr. No launches an attack on Goldfinger's Midas casino in Las Vegas , hoping to procure the OMEN super-weapon locked away in its subterranean vault. Galore flies him from The Lair to the casino and later airlifts Oddjob and GoldenEye to safety after they activate the OMEN inside the vault - disintegrating Dr. No's forces. From there, she takes the pair to Dr. No's staging area at the Hoover Dam and provides a situation report to the enforcer.
Later after Goldfinger's death, she picks up Goldeneye and while the helicopter was on auto-pilot, they started making out, which was witnessed by Blofeld and Scaramanga.
007 Legends
Galore also appears in 007 Legends , where the game depicts her in a role similar to the film, Goldfinger . Again, she is Goldfinger's personal pilot, but she ends up assisting Bond's entrance into Goldfinger's study and helps foil Goldfinger's Operation Grand Slam , the same operation described in the film, but was annoyed when Mr. Ling ignores her.
In addition, Pussy Galore has appeared as a playable multiplayer character in the 2002 game Nightfire .
Gallery
| Honor Blackman |
Which island in the US was known as Oyster Island? | Goldfinger
Goldfinger
V�RLDS PREMI�R:
17 September 1964
framf�rd av Shirley Bassey
INSPELAD:
Goldfinger Mission
Agent 007 investigates a smuggling operation run by the obsessive millionaire Auric Goldfinger and uncovers a plot to irradiate the entire gold supply of the United States by detonating an atomic bomb inside Fort Knox.
Summary: Special agent 007 has just come face to face with one of the most notorious villains of all time. And now he'll have to outwit and outgun this powerful tycoon to prevent him from cashing in on a devious scheme to raid Fort Knox - and obliterate the world's economy!
Review: Over the years, Goldfinger has become known as the gold standard (sorry, couldn�t resist) for Bond movies: so much so that the �Bond formula� is essentially based around this movie. It all started with the pretitle sequence, which was a mini-movie in itself. Bond quickly disrobes his wetsuit to reveal a perfectly-pressed white tuxedo underneath, quickly establishing his as a debonair and suave secret agent. He even gets his first pun in before the title sequence with �shocking, positively shocking.�
The quintessential Bond movie, of course, had the quintessential Bond theme, as Shirley Bassey belts out what is, arguably, the most recognizable theme song in the entire series: except of course for the Bond tune itself�but that doesn�t count.
As the movie continues, Bond continues to be on his A-game both in terms of the ladies (he hooks up with Dink and Jill before he even leaves the Miami hotel) and in regards to action. Also introduced early on, through the striking visual of his shadow against the wall, is Oddjob: yet another icon in the Bond movie canon. Without saying a word, Oddjob is both menacing and evil; he could send a shiver down the spine with a mere look. That said, his apparent invincibility to everything except raw electricity was a bit absurd and takes away from his character. For example, there�s no way Bond could punch his face with a solid gold bar and not have Oddjob feel a thing.
Moving along the villain arena we come to he of �No Mr. Bond, I expect you to die!� fame: Auric Goldfinger. Due partly to the aforementioned line as well as his voice (even though it was dubbed) and his plot to detonate a nuclear device inside Fort Knox, Goldfinger is one of the most memorable villains of the series. Ken Adams also helped the cause by doing a brilliant job with the sets: especially those related to Auric. His den with rotating pool table and metal window shades truly accentuated Goldfinger�s villainy.
Bad guys aside, Goldfinger features Pussy Galore, the woman with the most sexual name of the entire series. In addition, she was the first of the �bad girls� who would sleep with Bond and all of a sudden convert to the side of good. Heck, according to Ian Fleming�s original source material, Bond even made her turn straight. The movie also featured Jill Masterson laying naked, dead and covered with gold paint: an image so iconic that it landed her on the cover of Life magazine.
The movie also gave us our first look at Q's laboratory with the gags in the background as well as his gadgets for Bond. The crowning glory of Q's lab was the introduction of the Aston Martin DB5 which has become synonymous with Bond. Finally, Connery has achieved the perfect Bond character and along with a great script, supporting cast, and score, he made the best performance of his Bond career.
Date of Release
World Premiere 17th September 1964, Odeon Leicester Square, London
Running Time
Bonita � the night-club dancer (Nadja Regin)
Dink (Margaret Nolan)
�M� (Bernard Lee)
Miss Moneypenny (Lois Maxwell)
Aston Martin DB5
Bond�s Gadgets
Aston Martin DB5 with accessories: bullet-proof windscreen, smoke screen, oil sprayer, front-wing machine guns, retractable rear bullet-proof shield, tyre-slashing hub cap blades, homer tracking screen, and front passenger ejector seat.
Homing devices for tracking vehicles / people
Main Title Music
�Goldfinger� sung by Shirley Bassey
End Title Music
�Goldfinger� sung by Shirley Bassey
Music Score
Harry Saltzman & Albert R. Broccoli
Film Locations
Esso oil refinery, Stanwell, England (opening sequence)
Fort Knox, Kentucky, USA
Stoke Park House, Stoke Poges, Buckinghamshire, England
Switzerland
Worldwide Box Office Gross Income 2002 inflation-adjusted
$726 million
Scheme: The detonation of a nuclear
device inside Fort Knox
Girls: Jill Masterson, Pussy Galore
Allies: Felix Leiter
Locations Goldfinger: MI 6 London, Auric Enterprises Switzerland, South America drug operation, Fountainblau Hotel Florida, Fort Knox Kentucky, Auric Stud Kentucky.
James Bond: Sean Connery
Villain: Auric Goldfinger, Gert Fr�be
Goldfinger is a strange millionaire with an obsession for gold. His plan is to blow a nuclear bomb in Ft. Knox to devalue US gold and increase the worth of his own.
Jill Masterson: Shirley Eaton Goldpainted
Best Wishes Shirley Eaton (played Jill Masterson in Goldfinger 1964) to James Bond 007 Museum in Nybro Sweden and Gunnar James Bond Sch�fer many thanks...
Henchmen: Oddjob, Harold Sakata
Henchmen in the Goldfinger, Oddjob is a mute Korean working for Auric Goldfinger. Using his steel-rimmed hat as a weapon, Harold Sakata was a Hawaiin-born Olympic wrestling silver medalist in London 1948.
Girls: Honor Blackman, Pussy Galore
Jill Masterson: Shirley Eaton
Welsh actor Desmond Wilkinson Llewelyn (Born: September 12, 1914 - Died: December 19, 1999) featured as gadget master Major Geoffrey Boothroyd � alias �Q� in 17 of the 19 James Bond movies , spanning an incredible 36 years.
Tilly Masterson: Tania Mallett
Shirley Eaton as victim Jill Masterson in the 1964 Bond movie Goldfinger
In the original, arch-villain Goldfinger�s accomplice Jill Masterson, played by London-born actress Shirley Eaton,
is killed after betraying her boss and sleeping with 007. She is asphyxiated after her entire body was covered in gold paint.
Goldfinger�s accomplice Jill Masterson, played by London-born actress Shirley Eaton, is killed after betraying her boss and sleeping with 007.
She is asphyxiated after her entire body was covered in gold paint.
Colonel Smithers Played by Richard Vernon
Smithers is the distinguished representative of the Bank of England who informs Bond and M about the dangers of Goldfinger's international gold-smuggling operations. As bait for Goldfinger, Smithers lends 007 a rare gold bar which originated from a lost hoard of Nazi bullion.
Felix Leiter Played by Cec Linder
Leiter reappears in Goldfinger, again as Bond's close friend from the CIA. Leiter helps Bond locate and come in contact with Auric Goldfinger
The Laser in Goldfinger
Summary: Special agent 007 has just come face to face with one of the most notorious villains of all time. And now he'll have to outwit and outgun this powerful tycoon to prevent him from cashing in on a devious scheme to raid Fort Knox - and obliterate the world's economy!
Review: Over the years, Goldfinger has become known as the gold standard (sorry, couldn�t resist) for Bond movies: so much so that the �Bond formula� is essentially based around this movie. It all started with the pretitle sequence, which was a mini-movie in itself. Bond quickly disrobes his wetsuit to reveal a perfectly-pressed white tuxedo underneath, quickly establishing his as a debonair and suave secret agent. He even gets his first pun in before the title sequence with �shocking, positively shocking.�
The quintessential Bond movie, of course, had the quintessential Bond theme, as Shirley Bassey belts out what is, arguably, the most recognizable theme song in the entire series: except of course for the Bond tune itself�but that doesn�t count.
As the movie continues, Bond continues to be on his A-game both in terms of the ladies (he hooks up with Dink and Jill before he even leaves the Miami hotel) and in regards to action. Also introduced early on, through the striking visual of his shadow against the wall, is Oddjob: yet another icon in the Bond movie canon. Without saying a word, Oddjob is both menacing and evil; he could send a shiver down the spine with a mere look. That said, his apparent invincibility to everything except raw electricity was a bit absurd and takes away from his character. For example, there�s no way Bond could punch his face with a solid gold bar and not have Oddjob feel a thing.
Moving along the villain arena we come to he of �No Mr. Bond, I expect you to die!� fame: Auric Goldfinger. Due partly to the aforementioned line as well as his voice (even though it was dubbed) and his plot to detonate a nuclear device inside Fort Knox, Goldfinger is one of the most memorable villains of the series. Ken Adams also helped the cause by doing a brilliant job with the sets: especially those related to Auric. His den with rotating pool table and metal window shades truly accentuated Goldfinger�s villainy.
Bad guys aside, Goldfinger features Pussy Galore, the woman with the most sexual name of the entire series. In addition, she was the first of the �bad girls� who would sleep with Bond and all of a sudden convert to the side of good. Heck, according to Ian Fleming�s original source material, Bond even made her turn straight. The movie also featured Jill Masterson laying naked, dead and covered with gold paint: an image so iconic that it landed her on the cover of Life magazine.
The movie also gave us our first look at Q's laboratory with the gags in the background as well as his gadgets for Bond. The crowning glory of Q's lab was the introduction of the Aston Martin DB5 which has become synonymous with Bond. Finally, Connery has achieved the perfect Bond character and along with a great script, supporting cast, and score, he made the best performance of his Bond career.
If I had to choose one main negative point about the movie, despite all the wonderful characters, Connery�s spot-on performance and classic sets, it would be that Goldfinger is, at its core, an unbelievable movie. The plot is far-fetched and, though still more realistic than future Goldfinger clones including Moonraker 1979 and A View To A Kill 1985 , was the starting point for the absurdity of later movies. As the film that all other Bond movies would be judged on, it would have been nice to see it more rooted in reality like Form Russia With Love . Still, the movie is classic Bond and not a bad choice for the gold standard of the series.
Jill Masterson: Shirley Eaton
Bond's first visit to America
First Bond movie not to deal with SPECTRE
First appearance of Red China
First time Bond goes to the physical lab known as Q Branch
First use of the Aston Martin DB5
First mention of another Double-O agent (008)
First sexually suggestive female name (Pussy Galore)
First time a henchperson defected (Pussy Galore)
First time a villain's voice was dubbed over in the American release (Goldfinger's was the first and Largo's would be the second in Thunderball )
First extravagant ending fight sequence with hundreds of actors fighting
First "formula Bond" format movie
Tilly Masterson is the first person to drive a Ford Mustang in ANY movie, not just Bond.
First mention of Newfoundland
First Bond film to be nominated for an Oscar
First use of the bulletproof vest anywhere. Featured in Q's lab, this invention was years ahead of its time and long before police officers used them.
First time a laser is used in any movie
First time the Bond girl was a lesbian (Bond turned Pussy Galore straight when he "appealed to her maternal instinct)
First time that Ford Motor Company provided vehicles for use in a Bond film
First time Bond does not use a PPK. Bond uses a Walther P-38 that he took off of Goldfinger's thugs after he stops the Aston-Martin. This is in the same sequence that Tilly Masterson is killed.
First time Bond mentions The Beatles
First time a villain uses a golden gun (Scaramanga was the second)
First time a Bond girl is killed
First henchman that was a former Olympian (Harold Sakata)
First henchman with a psychological disability (Oddjob was mute)
First time that 007 is taken into police custody (M mentions this in his office after 007 was taken into custody of the Miami Beach P.D)
First time 007 plays golf
First time a Bond film was filmed at Stoke Poges Golf Course (the location was also used during the filming of Tomorrow Never Dies , but was based in the hotel complex)
First mention of British United Airways
The golf game is the first action sequence set in Great Britain (previously only set-up scenes were in England)
First time a former member of the cast of The Avengers appears in a Bond film. Honor Blackman (Pussy Galore) had appeared as Kathy Cale on the Avengers.
First theme song sung by Shirley Bassey, who would later sing Diamonds Are Forever and Moonraker 1979 .
First time Michael G Wilson makes a cameo
First time the film was changed between the theatrical release and the home video release (the timer that stops on 007 seconds stopped on 003 seconds in the theatrical version)
Gert Frobe's voice was dubbed by an English actor.
Honor Blackman was actually a trained expert in Judo.
Already pushing the lines of decency with Pussy Galore's name, Bond's introduction to her was changed. In the original script the line was:
Pussy: I'm Pussy Galore.
Bond: I know, but what's your name?
However, the scene was later changed to bond's current response of "I must be dreaming!"
When Goldfinger was first released, the public knew nothing of lasers. The movie intrigued audiences everywhere.
The producers got over 300 letters from fans wondering why they were allowed to film in Fort Knox while the president wasn't even allowed in.
A 24 hour guard had to be placed by the Fort Knox set so people couldn't steal the fake gold bars.
Harold Sakata sustained serious injuries from the electrocution of his character because he refused to let go until the director called cut, despite his pain.
Harold Sakata represented the USA in the 1948 Olympics as a weightlifter.
Over 75 percent of all moviegoers worldwide have seen Goldfinger at least once.
Gert Frobe was a child prodigy at the violin.
The famous ending where the bomb is defused in 007 seconds was actually changed. In the original version that ran all over Europe and the rest of the world, the bomb was defused with 003 seconds left; hence Bond's line "Three more ticks and Mr. Goldfinger would've hit the jackpot." When the film came to America, the producers thought it would have a stronger impact to change it to 007 seconds, but the line remained.
When the plane is plummeting at the end of the movie, you can actually see the strings used to film the sequence with a miniature plane.
CIA director Allen Dulles assigned a research team to determine the feasibility the homing system in the Aston Martin.
The "golden girl" idea was based on a real Swiss fashion model who painted herself and died of asphyxiation.
In Fleming's novel, Pussy Galore was a lesbian. This was changed in the movie to appease the social climate of the era.
Sean Connery walked off the set for a couple days and had to be asked to return after Harold Sakata's Oddjob delivered a full contact karate chop during the first take of the "golden girl" scene in the hotel in Miami.
The Falcon pick-up truck Oddjob drives has whitewall tires on it when it takes the crushed Lincoln, but it has blackwall tires when it reached its destination.
Felix Leiter does appear in the Goldfinger book, however, it is only for a short time and does not play a prominent role until the very end, unlike the film.
Auric Goldfinger had the first golden gun, years before Francisco Scaramanga. It was not in the Ian Fleming book , but in the movie in the scene where U.S. soldiers raid the Fort Knox vault, you can clearly see Auric Goldfinger pull put a golden revolver and shoot several people.
Pussy Galore was the name of Ian Fleming's pet octopus. Coincidentally, the Bond girl was named after one of Ian Fleming's pets, and later served as a theme for Octopussy 1983 .
Two Aston Martin DB5s were built for production, one of which had no gadgets.
Main Title Music
| i don't know |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.