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Which English football club is nicknamed ‘The Red Devils’?	Know your club - Why Manchester United are called the 'Red Devils' Know your club - Why Manchester United are called the 'Red Devils' by Debojyoti Dhar @debojyoti_dhar1 Opinion 18 Sep 2013, 14:44 IST With an emphatic trophy line of 20 domestic league titles and crowned as the second most valued club in 2013, Manchester United is hailed as one of the biggest brands of football. United’s recent success in the English Premier League has got them a wider reach, which is evident from the fact that the club has, allegedly, a staggering 659 million supporters round the globe and the highest average home attendance in Europe. Having begun their fairytale journey in football as ‘Newton Heath LYR Football Club‘ in 1878, the dawn of the new century saw the name change to ‘Manchester United‘. The club has seen itself being decorated with several nicknames: The Heathens, The Busby Babes and The Red Devils being the most popular of them. In this article, we find the answers to why and how the club came to be known by the now famous nickname, the ‘Red Devils’. Manchester United supporters hold scarves in the air before the English Premier League football match between Manchester United and Tottenham Hotspur at Old Trafford in Manchester, north west England, on August 22, 2011. (ANDREW YATES/AFP/Getty Images) Known as ‘The Heathens’ in their early formative years (which also had a religious aspect to it), the change in the club’s name saw them being called simply ‘United’. The coming decades saw the advent of Sir Matt Busby’s era, where he and his young team, nurtured from the club’s academy, took the league by storm by becoming consistent title challengers. With an average team age of 22, the British media bestowed upon them the nickname of ‘The Busby Babes‘, which is remembered more so because of the infamous Munich air crash that took the lives of some of the most talented English youth at that time. The crest on the jacket worn by Manchester United manager David Moyes during of the FA Community Shield match between Manchester United and Wigan Athletic at Wembley Stadium on August 11, 2013 in London, England. (Photo by Mike Hewitt/Getty Images) Meanwhile, its important that we divert our attention to the rugby club from Salford, Greater Manchester, which was repeating the same feat as United but in a different sport. Having won the Lancashire Cup and Rugby Football League Championship back then, they were regarded as the premier side of the sport. On their tour to France (which also crowned them as the first club to be invited to France), they won all six matches in spectacular fashion and their dazzling and ruthless performance earned them the name from French journalists: ‘Les Diables Rouges’, which translated as ‘The Red Devils’. As Sir Matt Busby set about in rebuilding the team, he decided that the use of this name would be more intimidating to opponents than its cute sounding predecessor. MANCHESTER, ENGLAND – MARCH 10: Manchester United Manager Sir Alex Ferguson walks with Mascot Fred the Red prior to the FA Cup sponsored by Budweiser Sixth Round match between Manchester United and Chelsea at Old Trafford on March 10, 2013 in Manchester, England. (Photo by Alex Livesey/Getty Images) The rest, as we know is history. United incorporated the name then in its scarves and programmes, and later a cheeky looking devil with a pitchfork made its way to the crest alongside the ship with its sail open. United also modelled their mascot ‘Fred the Red’ on the same lines. Clubs rivals and fanatics have criticized the use of the devil symbol as ‘Satan’s worship’, but putting aside all such snide remarks, it seems to have worked well for United with their dramatic success (and flurry of late goals) in the modern era. As a little trivia to all readers and die hard United fans, Manchester United are not the only ones called ‘The Red Devils’. National teams like the Belgian and Belarus football teams, FC Kaiserslautern from Germany, and Crawley Town of England are also known as ‘The Red Devils’.	Manchester United F.C.
Who was the first Polish Pope in history?	Origins of Nicknames for 20 Premier League Clubs - World Soccer Talk Origins of Nicknames for 20 Premier League Clubs Origins of Nicknames for 20 Premier League Clubs James Beckett November 15, 2010 Leagues: EPL 33 Comments Supporters of Premier League clubs often pride themselves on their nicknames, but do you really know the origin of them? Do you know the origins of the Baggies, Gunners, Red Devils, Toffees, Trotters, Hammers, Lilywhites and Citizens? Let’s take a closer at look some of the interesting stories behind each of Premier League club’s nicknames. Arsenal – The Gunners Like many, Arsenal’s nickname goes right back to when the club was originally founded. Way back in 1886, workers at Woolwich Arsenal Armament Factory decided to form a football club called Dial Square. The club would be renamed as Woolwich Arsenal before dropping the prefix in 1913, but their original connection with the armament industry would remain and the names Gunners is now synonymous with the club. Aston Villa – Villans Not the most fascinating story behind this one. Formed when a local cricket team Villa Cross needed something to occupy themselves during the winter months, the name Villa inevitably evolved to Villans. Blackburn Rovers – Rovers Again not the most imaginable nickname. Rovers is a common team name for a side which is willing to travel distances for victory. Logically fans shortened the clubs name to Rovers. Birmingham City – Blues When the club was formed as Small Heath Alliance they decided the club would play in a dark blue shirt. The club would stick with these colors and the nickname Blues was born. Blackpool – Seasiders/ Tangerines One of several clubs to have multiple nicknames. The term Seasiders relates to the popularity of the town as a tourist resort on the North West coast, while Tangerines relates to the color of the clubs home kit. The club picked up the colors after been impressed when a club official saw a Netherlands side play. Bolton Wanderers – Trotters There are a few reported explanations for this one. One explanation claims that like Rovers, the term Wanderers implies a side is willing to travel great distances for victory. The term Trotters is simply a variation. Another explanation claims that the Trotters nickname originates because people from Bolton have a reputation for being practical jokers. Pranksters are known locally as Trotters. The most bizarre explanation claims that an old ground was built next to a pig farm and stray balls would end up with the pigs. Chelsea – Pensioners The nickname comes from the well known Chelsea Pensioners – war veterans living in a nearby hospital. In 1905 the club adopted the crest of the Chelsea pensioners, and the nickname followed on. Everton – The Toffees The famous nickname comes after a local sweet shop known as Mother Noblett’ sold and advertised the Everton mint. The sweet shop is located opposite Prince Rupert’s Tower, which forms the majority of the Everton crest. Fulham – Cottagers This nickname originates from the famous cottage which is an iconic part of Fulham’s Craven Cottage ground. Liverpool – The Reds Another nickname which doesn’t take two much explanation. When Liverpool adopted the city’s color of red as the color of their strip, the nickname of the Reds simply followed on. Manchester City – Citizens/ The Blues Again not the most fascinating story behind this nickname, the name Citizens has simply evolved from the term City, where as The Blues has obvious connections with the clubs home colors. Manchester United – The Red Devils A few conflicting stories describe the Red Devils nickname. One rumor suggests that during a tour of France in the 1960s the club were branded the Red Devils due to their red kit and Sir Matt Busby liked the name so much he asked for the club to incorporate a devil in the badge. Another story suggests it stems from local rugby Salford. The rugby club were nicknamed the Red Devils and with United formally training in Salford the nickname transferred over. Newcastle United – Magpies / The Toon The name Magpies originates from the clubs iconic black and white striped kit, where as ‘The Toon’ comes from a local pronunciation of town. Stoke City – Potters A fairly straightforward nickname that originates from the large connection with the pottery industry in North Staffordshire. Sunderland – The Black Cats In 1997 when Sunderland moved to the Stadium of Light the clubs supporters were also given the opportunity to vote on the clubs official nickname. With 11,000 votes the club announced their official nickname as ‘The Black Cats’. The historical link with black cats goes way back to the 1800’s with a River Weir artillery base named “Black Cat Battery”. This name reportedly developed after a member of the local militia who was manning the station fled after thinking a black cat was a devil incarnate because of the howling wind and full moon at the time. Fast-track to 1905 and a black cat was pictured sitting on a football next to the club chairman at the time, and three years later a black cat would appear in the clubs team photo. The fans believed that the animal brought them good luck and in 1937 Sunderland fan Billy Morris took a black cat to Wembley in his pocket, Sunderland would win their first FA Cup trophy that year. The connection grew even further in the 1960s when a black cat lived at Sunderland’s Roker Park ground and was cared for by the club. Tottenham Hotspur – Spurs/ Lilywhites Spurs is obviously a shortened version of Hotspur which comes from the clubs connection with Shakespeare character Harry Hotspur. Lilywhites simply comes from the color of Tottenham’s home shirt. West Brom – Baggies One of the most debated nicknames around is West Brom’s. The popular belief is that the name originated from the baggie shorts that the players wore around in the early 1900s. But club historian Toby Matthews claims: “In its early days The Hawthorns had only two entrances, one behind each goal. On match days the gatekeepers would gather up the takings at each end and be escorted by policemen along the sides of the pitch to the centre line where there was a small office under the stand. “The gate money, mostly in pennies, amounted to a considerable sum and was carried in large cloth bags. It wasn’t long before some wag in the crowd started shouting “Here come the bag men!” at their appearance in front of the main stand, and this developed into a chant of “Here come the Baggies,” giving the team its nickname. West Ham – Hammers West Ham’s nickname originates from the Thames Ironwork Football Club, a team from which they developed. The West Ham crest features two crossed rivet hammers and the club has been known has the Hammers ever since Wigan Athletic – Latics Wigan are not on their own with this nickname with League 1 side Oldham Athletic also claiming it. Latics is simply a corruption of the world Athletic. Wolverhampton Wanderers – Wolves Probably the most unimaginative nickname out of the bunch, but the most commonly used. Most football fans will know the Midlands club as Wolves, and there is no prize guessing why!	i don't know
The island of St Helena lies in which body of water?	St. Helena, ‘Cursed Rock’ of Napoleon’s Exile - The New York Times The New York Times Travel \|St. Helena, ‘Cursed Rock’ of Napoleon’s Exile Search St. Helena, ‘Cursed Rock’ of Napoleon’s Exile ANTHONY MANCINI Continue reading the main story Photo Jamestown, the capital of rugged and remote St. Helena island, a British protectorate in the South Atlantic, where Napoleon arrived in 1815 to serve out his exile. He died there in 1821 at age 51. Credit Kent Kobersteen/National Geographic Society—Corbis I STOOD on the aft deck of the 128-passenger Royal Mail Ship St. Helena in the gloom of a predawn morning last fall, my eyes riveted to an island that seemed to rise from the scalloped sea, a ruined cathedral of volcanic rock shrouded in mist. It was a steep natural fortress augmented by man-made battlements, bristling with rusty cannons that commanded the far reaches of the surrounding ocean. As the sun rose, its palette morphed from black to slate to tawny. After a five-day sail and one day in the port of Cape Town because of engine trouble, we had reached our destination, St. Helena island. This basalt outcropping of land in the South Atlantic, surrounded by thousands of miles of water and not much else, was where, after years of searching the haunted houses of history and literature for Napoleon ’s ghost, I would finally find him. It was on this remote island that the deposed emperor was exiled and died. Napoleon arrived in St. Helena, a British protectorate, nearly 200 years ago aboard the puddle-filled planks of the HMS Northumberland, after having been captured by the allied powers. British authorities wrote Napoleon that he would be confined there to prevent him “from disturbing the repose of Europe.” His enemies had chosen well. Then as now, the island of St. Helena (the Saints, as the Islanders immodestly call themselves, pronounce it Sint huh-LEE-nuh) is one of the most inaccessible and forbidding-looking places on Earth, reachable only by the mail ship, which travels there once a month from Cape Town, or by private yacht (though in 2015, an airport is scheduled to open). The island, with a population of roughly 3,500, occupies 47 square miles and sits some 1,200 miles from the coast of Angola and 1,800 miles from Brazil. The nearest land is Ascension Island, 703 miles north, which is also a British territory serving as an R.A.F. and United States air base. The moonscape appearance as we approached by sea belied the surprisingly green hills and valleys of the interior. It is a land of contrasts and contradictions, the black rocks of Sandy Bay in the south clashing with the green meadows of nearby Mount Pleasant; the tropic sun of Deadwood Plain tempered by the shady arbors of Geranium Valley. Continue reading the main story Still, not many tourists make the journey, which on the mail ship offers few frills: two lounges, sunbathing decks, a formal dining room and swimming pool not much bigger than a kiddie pool. At the final destination, there are no sandy beaches, five-star hotels, renowned chefs or nightclubs filled with celebrities. There are also no A.T.M.’s, businesses that accept credit cards, or cellphone towers. And the island, long a dependency of Britain , lacks a vital local economy. Its main economic driver is the British bureaucracy. So most of the people who sailed with me, apart from a few adventurers and many Saints returning for a visit or permanently, had a special reason to visit. I was traveling with my wife, Maria, to continue research into the life of Napoleon Bonaparte for a novel. I had visited many other places connected with his history, including his birthplace, Ajaccio, Corsica, and his resting place, Les Invalides in Paris. The trip to St. Helena would bring me into intimate contact with his last years, allowing me to walk the same worn floorboards as he did, follow the paths he traveled and more easily summon his spirit. Advertisement Continue reading the main story We anchored off the coast, in Jamestown Bay, and were ferried in tenders from the boat to the wharf steps. We entered Jamestown, which becomes an anthill of activity when the ship docks. The stone archway leading to the main square dates from 1832 and is embossed with the coat of arms of the British East India Company, which ruled the island for a time, and an image of the wirebird , an indigenous and endangered species. The Georgian and Regency buildings would transport you to the 19th century were it not for the cars that clogged the cobbled streets. We stayed at the Consulate Hotel , an 18th-century building in the heart of town, fronted by trellised verandas, filled with antiques and Napoleonic relics, and ably run by Hazel Wilmot, who broods over her guests like a peahen. The hotel, restaurant and bar serve as popular meeting places for locals who trade gossip over mugs of South African beer. It is also one of only three Wi-Fi hot spots in town. Napoleon’s trail was easy to pick up. The angle is heavily played, forming the biggest pitch in all the tourism brochures for the island. To follow his path, we relied on one expert and also hired local drivers, who spring into action when the ship arrives. One, Colin Corker, ferried us around in a Charabanc, a 1929 open-air Chevy bus, along the hairpins and steep ascents of many of the island’s 68 miles of single-lane roads. The three main Napoleonic sites — the Briars, Longwood and Napoleon’s Tomb — stand under the fluttering tricolor flag. Queen Victoria transferred Longwood Old House, the surrounding gardens and the land around the Tomb in Geranium Valley to French rule in 1858. Napoleon’s first home on the island was the Briars, where he spent a few brief weeks while his permanent residence at Longwood was being refurbished. It was deeded to France in 1959 by Dame Mabel Brooks, an Australian descendant of the Balcombe family. Betsy Balcombe was a teenager who delighted the emperor with her pranks and unceremonious attitude during his short stay at the pavilion on the estate of William Balcombe, purveyor of the East India Company. The pavilion lies in a shady spot surrounded by gardens where one could easily imagine Napoleon’s enchantment. The small one-room house has been restored to its original neo-Classical style, with imperial green walls and period furniture. Photo Napoleon, by Edmond Mennechet, left, and Napoleon’s death mask at Longwood House, where he lived in exile. He was buried on the island, but his body was later returned to Paris and buried at Les Invalides Credit Stefano Bianchetti/Corbis, Kent Kobersteen/National Geographic Society — Corbis We made a stop at the Doveton House in Mount Pleasant, where Napoleon shared his Champagne and food with the family of William Doveton, a member of the town council (whose daughter the emperor called “the prettiest girl on the island”). There we imitated Napoleon and his retinue by lunching on the lawn overlooking Sandy Bay. A short ride from the Briars brings visitors to Longwood House where, in his own words, the great ruler wore his “crown of thorns” and ultimately died on May 5, 1821, at age 51. Today the place looks nice, newly painted and restored, surrounded by trees and shrubbery. The interiors are fresh and clean after an international fund-raising effort by the French Consul. But when Napoleon and his retinue arrived, they found it a great disappointment. It lay on an arid and damp plateau 1,800 feet above sea level, open to the buffeting trade winds and often blanketed with mist. The Emperor’s Grand Marshal Count Bertrand described the place as “a few dark rooms with low ceilings,” a far cry from the palaces of the Élysée and Tuileries of Napoleon’s glory days. Contemporary accounts paint the domicile, which Napoleon shared with his courtiers, their families, several servants, his doctor and the British orderly officer assigned to observe him, as a damp and cheerless place crawling with mold and festooned with cobwebs that his servants camouflaged by hanging fabric and paper on the walls and ceilings. And, of course, there were the rats and other pests scurrying under the floorboards. Please verify you're not a robot by clicking the box. Invalid email address. Please re-enter. You must select a newsletter to subscribe to. Sign Up Privacy Policy Here it is easier to imagine Napoleon’s last days. A visitor can stand on the latticed front porch and gaze past the jagged rocks of Flagstaff Hill and the Barn peak at the limitless ocean, imagining the emperor doing the same as he scans the horizon for passing ships and bemoans his exile on “questa piedra maladetta — this cursed rock.” There are about 30 small rooms and a courtyard at the house. We entered the anteroom, which is large and bright and contains the original billiard table over which Napoleon used to spread his maps as he dictated his memoirs and relived his missteps at Waterloo. One can also see the holes that Napoleon had cut into the window shutters so that he could use a telescope to watch unobserved activity in the garden or his detested overseer approaching the house. The drawing room contains no original items but it has a replica of the camp bed where Napoleon died, placed close to the wall between two windows. (The original is in Les Invalides.) Because Napoleon was an insomniac, he had his servants place one camp bed in his bedroom and another in the adjoining study as he would move around in the night like a somnambulist, dictating, reading, snacking and catnapping. Advertisement Continue reading the main story Past the main salon lies a small dining room where Napoleon and his threadbare court attended formal dinners served on fine Sèvres porcelain by butlers in livery, as elegant silverware glittered in the candlelight. These trappings lent the proceedings a comic opera quality. More poignant still are the portraits of the empresses Josephine and Maria Louisa on the walls, and on the fireplace mantel the bust of the so-called King of Rome, Napoleon’s legitimate son. After the second abdication Napoleon was not allowed to see his family again, a loss he sorely felt. Our driver later took us down the road to Napoleon’s first tomb, in Geranium Valley, overlooking a ravine known as the Devil’s Punch Bowl. It is a lovely flowered place in a windless hollow shaded by towering Norfolk pines where Napoleon liked to go to picnic. Geranium Valley was his second choice as a burial site, and visitors still go there to view the rectangular fenced grave site under the trees. The willows that once grew there have been stripped away as souvenirs. In 1840, 19 years after Napoleon’s death, when the political climate in France had changed, the coffin was unearthed and the well-preserved corpse sent back to France. His remains lie where he wanted them to, not far from the banks of the Seine. During his meteoric rise and reign, Napoleon basked in triumph and achievement. Visiting the scenes of his slow demise helped to humanize him for me. It was here that the marble statue became a man. As we set off for our voyage back to Cape Town, we saw something that Napoleon never saw — the ghostly crags of St. Helena receding into the horizon. A version of this article appears in print on April 1, 2012, on Page TR4 of the New York edition with the headline: St. Helena, ‘Cursed Rock’ of Napoleon’s Exile. Order Reprints \| Today's Paper \| Subscribe	Atlantic Ocean
A sorel is which male animal in its third year?	Saint Helena Island Info: All about St Helena, in the South Atlantic Ocean • Our island’s name William Shakespeare , Romeo and Juliet What, exactly, is our island’s name? ‘St. Helena’, ‘St Helena’, ‘Saint Helena’, ‘St. Helena Island’, ‘Island of St. Helena’… Go to: How to pronounce ‘St Helena’ • Name variants in common use • Other publications • Rules of grammar • What do the earliest documents say? • An authoritative document? • Does it matter? • And the answer is… • Abbreviations • Maybe we should adopt another name entirely? • Read More How to pronounce ‘St Helena’ Let’s get one thing straight, right from the start! However you choose to spell our island’s name, it’s always pronounced the same way: ‘Saint Heleeeeenah’ Island of Saint Helena Saint Helena Island Which of these is the correct name? The answer isn’t as easy as you might think. Other publications The St Helena Sentinel and St Helena Independent use all of ‘St. Helena’, ‘St Helena’ and ‘Saint Helena’. The previous Government newspaper (The Herald) once managed to use both ‘St Helena’ and ‘St. Helena’ in the same item! (see picture) The island’s 2014 telephone directory was no more helpful. Published by Sure South Atlantic , the cover announces that it is the ‘Telephone Directory 2014, St Helena Island’ but the first page calls it the ‘St. Helena Island Telephone Directory 2014’. And Sure’s address is given as ‘PO Box 2, Jamestown, Island of St.Helena’ (a variation we have not seen elsewhere - ‘St.Helena’ as one word, with no space). The 2016 directory is similar: ‘St Helena Island Telephone Directory’ on the cover; ‘St. Helena Island Telephone Directory’ inside; but they did put the space into the postal address. The Government of St Helena website, seems to use St Helena quite consistently but its publication is called ‘The St. Helena Government Gazette’. The Wikipedia uses ‘Saint Helena’. Our new airport is to be called ‘ St Helena Airport ’ but this has already been variously reported as ‘St. Helena Airport’ and ‘Saint Helena Airport’. Rules of grammar Could applying the rules of grammar lead to a simple result? Our island is named after a Saint, specifically Helena, the wife of the Roman emperor Constantius Chlorus and the mother of the emperor Constantine the Great . So, grammatically, we only have two choices: ‘Saint Helena’ or ‘St. Helena’. It would be improper to abbreviate ‘Saint’ to ‘St’. But it doesn’t help us to decide between the two, or whether to add ‘Island of’ to the front or ‘Island’ to the end. What do the earliest documents say? Galvano’s ‘Discoveries of the world’, published in 1601 The earliest document we can trace that refers to our island is Galvano’s ‘Discoveries of the world’, published in 1601, available from Google Books™ in an English translation by the Hakluyt Society in 1862 but with the original Portuguese text incorporated. In page 98 we read “achram a ilha aque poseram nome de santa Elena” (translated as “found an island called Santa Helena”). That would suggest that our island’s original name should be unabbreviated: Saint Helena. 1680, William Berry, London But then a lot of the early map-makers call it other things: Ortelius’ ‘World Map’ from 1570 calls it ‘St. Helena’; Pierre Du Val, in 1664, refers to it as ‘I S te Helene’ (but then he was French); William Berry (English) has ‘S. Helena’ (not even a ‘t’!) and Herman Moll (German born, but moved to London in his twenties) has ‘I S. Helena’. (You can see excerpts from all these maps on our Two St Helenas? page .) So not much help here. An authoritative document? St. Helena has a Constitution , in force since 1 st September 2009, reference S.I. 2009 No.1751 (UK). The Constitution is the most fundamental of our laws - any law that does not match up with the Constitution is required to be changed. So it’s probably safe to assert that our Constitution is our most authoritative modern document. So what does our Constitution give as our island’s name? The answer seems to lie in Paragraph 4 on page 2, which says (our emphasis): The territory of St Helena and Dependencies shall be called St Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha . The very first paragraph, 1. (1), states: This Order may be cited as the St Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Constitution Order 2009. So that’s it then, isn’t it? If the territory is ‘St Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha’ then our island must be ‘St Helena’. But hold on a minute. The title page of the same document announces that it is: The Constitution of St. Helena, Ascension and Tristan Da Cunha And in fact, scanning the Constitution document (as issued by the Government of St Helena ), we discover that four terms are actually used to refer to our island: ‘St Helena’ is used 377 times ‘St. Helena’ is used 132 times ‘Island of St. Helena’ is used once with a capital ‘I’ and once without (i.e. ‘island of St. Helena’) Only ‘St. Helena Island’ (or ‘St Helena Island’, or ‘Saint Helena Island’) is not used at all. So the issued version of our most fundamental document is not consistent! Does it matter? Perhaps the only reason why it would truly matter is that we are not the only place in the world named after Saint Helena. If you do a Google™ search on ‘Saint Helena’ (or ‘St Helena’, or ‘St. Helena’ - Google™ isn’t fussy) you will discover: A city called Saint Helena in the Napa valley area of California An area of South Carolina called ‘Saint Helena Island’ (though it isn’t actually an island) A suburb of Melbourne, Australia called ‘Saint Helena’ (so named because it was settled by Anthony Beale, who had previously lived on our island before migrating to Australia in the 1830s) An island in Moreton Bay, on the coast of Queensland, Australia, that was formerly a penal colony (sound familiar?) …and probably a few others {1} . It would be nice if each of these had a unique name. For one thing it would make searching for St. Helena information on the Internet more reliable - we find the best Google™ search string to be ‘Saint helena [subject] -california -napa -carolina -queensland - melbourne’, which is rather a lot to type! And the answer is… Despite the inconsistencies in the issued document, Paragraph 4 on page 2 of our Constitution is definitive, so as far as we are concerned, that’s the answer: St Helena. On this site we have tried to be consistent, using ‘St Helena’ throughout except where we have reproduced articles {2} . But then as the disclaimer says at the bottom of the page: PS: St. Helena, Saint Helena or St Helena - it’s the same unique place! Abbreviations The commonest abbreviations for St. Helena are ‘STHL’ (the first part of our postcode : STHL 1ZZ {3} ); or ‘SH’, which happens to be our Internet Country code top-level domain . ‘STH’ is also used, but more rarely. Maybe we should adopt another name entirely? In January 2016 this website received by email the suggestion that we should adopt as our island’s name a variation that has not, to our knowlege, been used before. We reproduce the email below for your interest. If you have any comments on this please contact us . I have visited your webpage sainthelenaisland.info and find your articles very intriguing and interesting. The article about the official name of the island (‘OUR ISLAND’s NAME - what, exactly, is it?’) is one such fascinating piece. May I make a suggestion to you as an outsider? Please do not take exception, I am merely making a lighthearted suggestion, with no ill intent. But should you (and the rest of the islanders) like it, you can take all the credit for it: What about - the Isle of Saint Helena, as the full official name? My reasons are as follow: 1) When you abbreviate ‘saint’ it is very easy to forget or miss the period or full stop after the ‘t’. It is also better and more formal to type / write ‘saint’ in full instead of abbreviating it. 2) Since I am so hooked on this marvelous island, I have had the same problem when seeking internet information about the island, without getting random results of other locations with similar place-names, from the U.S.A., Australia and South Africa ect. 3) Due to the inherent British culture, the islanders strong loyalty to the British monarch and heritage, the long history of direct influence from the U.K. Government, and the fact that most islands around the U.K. are officially referred to as ‘isle’, as in the Isle of Wright, Isle of Skye, Isle of Man ect. - Even the U.K. is also known as the British Isles. 4) Upon researching the etymological difference between ‘isle’ and ‘island’ I find an interesting explanation, that I am pasting here for your perusal (extract from english.stackexchange.com/questions/131805/isle-vs-island ): “In practice, there is no difference, they can be used interchangeably but isle is archaic. Anything called isle can also be referred to as an island.” island (n.)1590s, earlier yland (c.1300), from Old English igland ‘island,’ from ieg ‘island’ (from Proto-Germanic aujo ‘thing on the water,’ from PIE akwa- ‘water;’ see aqua-) + land ‘land.’ Spelling modified 15c. by association with similar but unrelated isle. An Old English cognate was ealand ‘river-land, watered place, meadow by a river.’ In place names, Old English ieg is often used of ‘slightly raised dry ground offering settlement sites in areas surrounded by marsh or subject to flooding’ [Cambridge Dictionary of English Place-Names]. Related: Islander. isle (n.)late 13c., from Old French ile, earlier isle, from Latin insula ‘island,’ of uncertain origin, perhaps (as the Ancients guessed) from in salo ‘(that which is) in the sea,’ from ablative of salum ‘the open sea.’ The -s- was restored first in French, then in English in the late 1500s. Poetic except when cap. and part of place name; an island, esp a small one So ‘isle’ has the same meaning, just more poetic (it is a monosyllabic word), more often used with small islands. As for geographic names - they were named like that at some time, so someone chose ‘isle’ over ‘island’ while naming them. I know that ‘isle’ is usually reserved for the islands in the U.K. territorial waters, but since the French also make use of basically the same word, ‘ile’ as in Ile Maurice (a.k.a. Mauritius), and bearing in mind that the French leader Napoleon was exiled to Saint Helena, it makes even more sense. Then in your extract from Galvano’s ‘Discoveries of the world’, published in 1601, on page 98 it reads “achram a ilha aque poseram nome de santa Elena”, ‘ilha’ can also be translated from Portuguese into ‘isle’. A good example of this point is Ilha de Moçambique, directly translated means Isle of Mozambique. 5) If you consider Island of Saint Helena vs Isle of Saint Helena, it even looks softer on the eye, and phonically it sounds much better. Besides, there is just a lot more islands than isles In conclusion, a subtle change in wording could make a very unique name, without changing anything really about the essence of Saint Helena and / or its identity. This is a one-of-a-kind tropical (/sub-tropical) island (it is further North than both Mauritius and Reunion, which is considered tropical), without the (mundane and) stereotypical image of white / creamy sandy beaches and coconut palm trees. Now that the airport is nearing its completion, and the main reason for its construction is to boost the economy through tourism, detail is everything. In the tourism industry, which become more and more competitive, you have set the bar higher than the competition. Tourist are lured to visit a venue, place, country ect., not only due to good service, nice scenery and pleasant atmosphere, but providing some experience so unique it can be found nowhere else on earth. That experience starts with the name… Let this island bear a name worthy of its legacy! What do you think? Just pondering… I hope you (or any Saint) were not offended in anyway whatsoever. My sincere apologies if you were. I know some people are very sensitive. I only had good intentions with this writing. Kind regards We put this idea to the Tourist Office . They said “it would cost millions to rebrand…”, which we take as “No”. Read More From the Wikipedia , retrieved 15 th Genuine road sign (see also some others ; and we also have a page on this site called ‘Zzyzx’ ) Toponymy is the study of place names (toponyms), their origins, meanings, use and typology. Toponym is the general term for any place or geographical entity. Related, more specific types of toponym include hydronym for a body of water and oronym for a mountain or hill. A toponymist is one who studies toponymy. According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the word ‘toponymy’ first appeared in English in 1876; since then, toponym has come to replace ‘place-name’ in professional discourse among geographers. It can be argued that the first toponymists were the storytellers and poets who explained the origin of specific place names as part of their tales; sometimes place-names served as the basis for the etiological legends. The process of folk etymology usually took over, whereby a false meaning was extracted from a name based on its structure or sounds. Thus, the toponym of Hellespont was explained by Greek poets as being named after Helle, daughter of Athamas, who drowned there as she crossed it with her brother Phrixus on a flying golden ram. The name, however, is probably derived from an older language, such as Pelasgian, which was unknown to those who explained its origin. George R. Stewart theorized, in his book ‘Names on the Globe’, that Hellespont originally meant something like ‘narrow Pontus’ or ‘entrance to Pontus’, ‘Pontus’ being an ancient name for the region around the Black Sea, and by extension, for the sea itself. Place names provide the most useful geographical reference system in the world. Consistency and accuracy are essential in referring to a place to prevent confusion in everyday business and recreation. A toponymist, through well-established local principles and procedures developed in cooperation and consultation with the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (UNGEGN) , applies the science of toponymy to establish officially recognized geographical names. A toponymist relies not only on maps and local histories, but interviews with local residents to determine names with established local usage. The exact application of a toponym, its specific language, its pronunciation, and its origins and meaning are all important facts to be recorded during name surveys. Scholars have found that toponyms provide valuable insight into the historical geography of a particular region. In 1954 F. M. Powicke said of place-name study that it “uses, enriches and tests the discoveries of archaeology and history and the rules of the philologists ”. Toponyms not only illustrate ethnic settlement patterns, but they can also help identify discrete periods of immigration. Toponymists are responsible for the active preservation of their region’s culture through its toponymy. They typically ensure the ongoing development of a geographical names data base and associated publications, for recording and disseminating authoritative hard-copy and digital toponymic data. This data may be disseminated in a wide variety of formats, including hard-copy topographic maps as well as digital formats such as geographic information systems and Google Maps™. Take Me Anywhere But Here! PLEASE NOTE: We actively encourage others to quote from this site. Please see our Link To Us page for more. Got a question about St Helena? We’ve already answered many common questions on our ‘Frequently Asked Questions’ page , including: but if your question isn’t covered please contact us . Saint Helena Island Info: All about St Helena, in the South Atlantic Ocean • Our island’s name • Copyright © Moonbeams Limited, v1484383237 • Site Index • Direct URL: PS: St. Helena, Saint Helena or St Helena - it’s the same unique place! This site is provided by the Moonbeams Shop , selling cards, gifts & souvenirs in Jamestown , St Helena.	i don't know
Drugs baron Franz Sanchez is a character in which 1989 James Bond film?	Franz Sanchez \| James Bond Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Franz Sanchez is a drug baron who heads a powerful criminal cartel based in the fictional Central American city, Isthmus City. He is the main villain of the 1989 film Licence To Kill and was played by Robert Davi . Contents Film biography Background Sanchez is a Mexican drug lord running his own empire from the fictitious Republic of Isthmus . Owner of a large luxury estate, protected by an army of henchmen and controller of the city President, Sanchez has either bribed, intimidated or killed most of the city’s officials. Heading an international drugs cartel Sanchez is both ruthless and merciless, yet is cultured, refined and a man of his word. Sanchez rewards loyalty but promises death to anyone who double-crosses him. With paranoid tendencies relating to the loyalty of his men, Bond is able to exploit this weakness to get Sanchez to kill a couple of his own men when Bond convinces him they are cheating on him. Capture and Escape DEA agents collect James Bond – MI6 agent 007 – and his friend, CIA agent Felix Leiter , on their way to Leiter's wedding in Miami to have them assist in capturing drugs lord Franz Sanchez. Bond and Leiter capture Sanchez by attaching a hook and cord to Sanchez's plane in flight near The Bahamas and pulling it out of the air with a Coast Guard helicopter. Afterwards, Bond and Leiter parachute down to the church in time for the ceremony. During Sanchez's transportation to a prison, Ed Killifer tempted by a $2 million dollar deal, assists the drug lord's escape by driving the prison van into the sea, where Scuba divers are waiting to help make their underwater escape. Meanwhile, Sanchez's henchman Dario and his crew ambush Leiter and his wife Della . Leiter is maimed by a great white shark and Della is raped and killed. Dario encourages Sanchez to leave and stiff Killifer, as he is an American they barely know. Sanchez's twisted loyalty is shown in telling Dario that he made a deal with Killifer, and since Killifer upheld his end of the deal by getting Sanchez his freedom, so to he will honor his part of the deal and not return home until $2 million in cash is placed in Killifer's hands. Sanchez is then smuggled back to his empire in Isthmus City. When Bond returns to Leiter's house to find Della dead and Felix alive, but seriously wounded, he swears to take his revenge on Sanchez. Later, Bond boards the Wavekrest – a ship run by Sanchez's henchman Milton Krest – and foils Sanchez's latest drug shipment, stealing five million dollars in the process. Isthmus The drug baron then appeared on a news broadcast saying that he loves America despite his drug operations and he welcomes the American people to Isthmus. After making some winnings in an Isthmus casino owned by Sanchez, Bond approaches Sanchez seeking employment in his organization; introducing himself as a "problem eliminator". After reconnoitering the establishment, Bond notes that Sanchez was well protected, sitting behind two inches of armoured glass. Bond is delighted when Q arrives unannounced in Isthmus, providing him with the necessary gadgets to kill Sanchez. Using the equipment, Bond prepared to demolish the window using plastic explosives and snipe the drug lord from the adjacent building. Despite detonating the explosives, two Hong Kong Narcotics Bureau officers foil Bond's attempt to assassinate Sanchez and take him to an abandoned warehouse. Sanchez's men inadvertently rescue Bond and kill the officers, believing them to be the assassins. Now ingratiated with Sanchez and nursed back to health at his private villa, Bond sets about destroying his operation by turning him against his own employees. Taking advantage of Franz's paranoia (with the aid of Pam Bouvier , Q and Sanchez's girlfriend Lupe Lamora ) Bond frames Krest by placing the five million dollars he had stolen into the hyperbaric chamber on board the Wavekrest. A furious Sanchez traps Krest in the chamber and then rapidly depressurises it with an axe, killing him gruesomely. When Perez asked about the money, Sanchez just tells him to launder it. For Bond's perceived loyalty, Sanchez admits him into his inner circle. Sanchez takes Bond to his base, which is disguised as a meditation retreat. Bond learns that Sanchez's scientists can dissolve cocaine in petrol and then sell it disguised as fuel to Asian drug dealers. The buying and selling are conducted via the televangelist Professor Joe Butcher , working under orders from Sanchez's business manager Truman-Lodge . The re-integration process will be available to those underworld clients who can pay Sanchez's price. During Sanchez's presentation to potential Asian customers, Dario discovers Bond and betrays him to Sanchez. Bond starts a fire in the laboratory and attempts to flee, but is captured again and placed on the conveyor belt that drops the brick-cocaine into a giant shredder. Downfall Bond ignites Sanchez. Sanchez's demise. Sanchez flees as fire consumes his base, taking with him four articulated tankers full of the cocaine and petrol mixture. After killing Dario, Bond pursues them by plane. During the course of the chase through the desert, three of the four tankers are destroyed, sending Sanchez’s profits up in smoke. Sanchez attacks Bond aboard the final remaining tanker, which loses control and crashes down a hill side. Soaked in petrol from the leaking tanker, Sanchez attempts to kill Bond with his machete. Stating that Bond could "have had everything", the incapacitated agent asked "don't you want to know why?". Bond then reveals his cigarette lighter – the Leiters' gift for being the best man at their wedding – and sets Sanchez on fire, taking revenge for Felix and Della. Burning, Sanchez stumbles into the wrecked tanker causing it and him to violently explode. Henchmen & Associates	Licence to Kill
In Judaism, what is the name of the period of seven days of formal mourning for the dead, which begins immediately after the funeral?	Villains :: MI6 :: The Home Of James Bond 007 Organisations & Alliances: Dario , Milton Krest Profile Sanchez is a high-profile drug lord, on the run from the American CIA, DEA and even the British Secret Service, MI6. His overconfidence and fierce brutality makes Sanchez Bond 's most brutal and unpredictable target yet. With an unrelenting demand for loyalty, this villainous drug baron dreams up the most shocking and gruesome deaths for associates who betray him. Sanchez is only safe in one place, south of the US border in the fear-built Latin American state of Isthmus. Down south, there is only one law: Sanchez's law. From his lavish Isthmus City office block, Sanchez negotiates with drug barons across the globe and plans highly sophisticated routes of drug transportation. “Señor Bond, you got big cojones. You come here, to my place, without references, carrying a piece, throwing around a lot of money... but you should know something: nobody saw you come in, so nobody has to see you go out.” Scheme Hopping under the radar and into the Bahamas, Sanchez risks arrest and the authorities to catch up with his wayward girlfriend Lupe , who was forgiven, but he punishes her with his "corrector" - a whip made of sea spine and shark's teeth. Sanchez is caught by Leiter's buddies at the DEA (with a helping hand from 007), but orchestrates an escape by bribing Leiter's CIA partner, Killifer. After cutting short the marriage of Felix Leiter , raping and killing his wife and feeding Felix's legs to a shark explaining "it's nothing personal, it's purely business", Sanchez makes a break to South America. Bond resigns from the British Secret Service in order to track down and assassinate the drug czar, exacting revenge for his friend Felix. Sanchez must work hastily to arrange his newest and biggest drug deal of his career, with franchisees paying up to $100 million for exclusive territory. With the CIA and a vengeful James Bond infiltrating his trusted circle, Sanchez assembles the dope order for the Asian dealers. All hell breaks loose when Bond's cover is blown and he sets alight millions of dollars worth of drugs. I've Been Expecting You James Bond and Sanchez come face to face in the penthouse office of the villain's Isthmus complex. Although Bond had been on the dope dealer's tail for several days he finally tracks him down in Isthmus City, under the pretence of a gun for hire. "It is a wise man who knows when his luck is about to change" Headquarters Sanchez has outposts across the globe. From the Krest laboratory at Key West to the Isthmus City Casino and Hotel, Sanchez has invested in large and expansive headquarters across the globe, each set up to handle the various aspects of the drug lord's operations. Sanchez makes use of TV evangelism to sell his dope, and lives the high life on his profits. No matter where he's is based; Sanchez always operates in the luxury he is accustomed to. Gadgets & Vehicles At his disposal Sanchez has numerous tanker trucks for the covert transport of his dope as well as the luxury launch the " Wave Krest " for trading offshore. Dress Code Sanchez dresses comfortably and cleanly in casual shirt and slacks - often in dark shades of blue or black. His choice of outfit does extend to formal wear when dealing with the highest-profile clients, but does so only when the occasion calls. Goodbye, Mr Bond	i don't know
18th Century philosopher, writer and composer Jean-Jacques Rousseau was born in which European city?	Jean Jacques Rousseau - Composer Biography, Facts and Music Compositions Contact Jean Jacques Rousseau Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a highly influential writer, philosopher, and composer of the 18th century. He is most known for his contributions to the social contract theory, and his overall political philosophy, which most people regard to have highly influenced the French Revolution. Rousseau is also remembered as a composer of music of the late Baroque era. Thanks to his remarkable intelligence, Rousseau also made contributions to music theory. Jean-Jacques Rousseau was born on June 28, 1712, in the City State of Geneva. Nine days after his birth, Rousseau’s mother passed away due to Puerperal Fever, thus, Rousseau grew very close to his father, who was pivotal in his early childhood education. At the age of five, Rousseau’s father sold his home and moved into a smaller apartment; in a neighborhood which was inhabited by many craftsmen and artisans. This was how Rousseau gained significant expertise in watch-making, a craft that he would adopt at the age of thirteen. Around this time, Rousseau’s father had also escaped Geneva in fear of imprisonment due to trespassing. Rousseau’s interaction with his father also diminished severely due to him remarrying. His father’s remarriage, coupled with the fact that Rousseau was extremely unhappy with watch-making, made him run away from his home when he was fifteen years old. When he finally decided to return, he found the city gates locked due to a city curfew, distressed, Rousseau took shelter in a noblewoman’s house, Francoise-Louise de Warens. It was at her house that Rousseau finally took formal instruction in music. Rousseau was already heavily influenced by music due to his aunt Suzanne, who was heavily passionate about music. Louise de Warens housed Rousseau on and off for about thirteen years, and at times she was also instrumental in providing him with jobs and responsibilities. In 1742, Rousseau developed his own system of musical notation which was numbered and compatible with typography. He presented the invention to the Academie Des Sciences, which politely rejected it, while praising his innovation and creativity. In 1742, Rousseau wrote his first opera, titled “Les Muses Galantes”. His most famous opera titled “Le Devin du Village” was written in 1752. It contained the highly popular duet, “Non, Colette n’est point trompeuse”, which was later rearranged into an entire song by Ludwig van Beethoven . The success of the opera also helped him win a position at the Encyclopedie; the Lettre sur la Musique Francaise, for which he wrote articles on music under Denis Diderot. However, Rousseau was much more influential as a philosopher and as a writer. In 1762, he published “Emile” which dealt on the topic of citizen’s education. His writings on inequality and the social contract theory, namely, his “Discourse on the Origin of Inequality” and “On the Social Contract Theory”, are considered by many to be the very foundation of modern political thought today. He is also credited with many other political ideas, including the idea of a General Will, Positive Liberty, Popular Sovereignty, Civil Religion, Theory of the Natural Human, and Child-Centered Learning. His posthumously published autobiography, “Confessions”, was considered one of the first major autobiographies ever written. Jean-Jacques Rousseau died on July 2, 1778 due to a hemorrhage. Today, he is celebrated as Geneva’s “Most Celebrated Son”.	Geneva
Galle, Le Vernier, Lassell, Arago and Adams are all rings round which planet?	Modern Philosophy - Evolutionary Philosophy Evolutionary Philosophy Shop Survival of the Fittest Philosophers The organization of this section is in fun. If you take offense at taking apart religious doctrine for analysis, ask yourself how perfectly you follow their rules. I do respect others’ beliefs and their role in history to get us where we are today, but in light of new knowledge, some ideas have certainly become obsolete and dangerous. This is a great way to roughly point out which ones. It's also a great way to talk about the major philosophical beliefs in history. This section is certainly filled with gross oversimplifications of many arguments, but that's ok because a) this is a website for the general public and not a two-million-word academic dissertation on all philosophers in history, and b) this is surely filled with gross oversimplifications of my ideas as well. This gets the conversation going though and sticks to the rigorous MECE (mutually exclusive, collectively exhaustive) frameworks I want to build. Information on the philosophers and their beliefs is largely taken from Wikipedia where further sources are cited properly. Modern Philosophy (1600-1920 CE) Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679 CE) was an English philosopher, best known today for his work on political philosophy. His 1651 book Leviathan established the foundation for most of Western political philosophy from the perspective of social contract theory. Survives Hobbes is famous for describing the natural state of mankind (the state pertaining before a central government is formed) as a war of every man against every man in which life is “nasty, brutish, and short.” This is an apt description of a species characterized primarily by competition. Unchecked competition narrows time horizons and does lead to a shortened existence. Hobbes’ account of human nature as self-interested cooperation has proved to be an enduring theory in the field of philosophical anthropology. Yes. We cooperate in order to better compete. Over all time horizons, self-interested cooperation explains the survival of genes, the survival of the self, and the survival of the species. Needs to Adapt Hobbes was one of the main philosophers who founded materialism (matter is the only substance, and reality is identical with the actually occurring states of energy and matter). He argued repeatedly that there are no incorporeal substances, and that all things, including human thoughts, and even God, heaven, and hell are corporeal matter in motion. Materialism is the basis for reality and it has discovered no evidence of god, heaven, or hell. Human thoughts are brain states. The starting point for most social contract theories is an examination of the human condition absent from any structured social order, usually termed the “state of nature.” In this condition, an individual’s actions are bound only by his or her personal power, constrained by conscience. From this common starting point, the various proponents of social contract theory attempt to explain why it is in an individual’s rational self-interest to voluntarily give up the freedom one has in the state of nature in order to obtain the benefits of political order. Hobbes advocated absolute monarchy but he also developed some of the fundamentals of European liberal thought: the right of the individual; the natural equality of all men; the view that all legitimate political power must be "representative" and based on the consent of the people; and a liberal interpretation of law which leaves people free to do whatever the law does not explicitly forbid. Cooperative groups outcompete individualistic groups. This is why society develops from “states of nature.” Cooperation is maintained by recognizing the right of the individual, the equality of all men and women, and the consent of the governed. Absolute monarchies are incompatible with consent. Economic theory demonstrates the need to have monopoly providers for public goods such as justice, but representative government with checks and balances in the system is a better solution to the need to enforce and engender cooperation. Gone Extinct Leviathan was written during the English Civil War; much of the book is occupied with demonstrating the necessity of a strong central authority to avoid the evil of discord and civil war. In particular, the doctrine of separation of powers is rejected: the sovereign must control civil, military, judicial and ecclesiastical powers. Right diagnosis - wrong solution. A better one was yet to come. Rene Descartes (1596-1650 CE) was a French philosopher, mathematician, and writer who spent most of his adult life in the Dutch Republic. He has been dubbed the father of modern philosophy, and much subsequent Western philosophy is a response to his writings. Survives Descartes is often regarded as the first thinker to emphasize the use of reason to develop the natural sciences. For him, philosophy was a thinking system that embodied all knowledge, and he expressed it in this way: “Thus, all Philosophy is like a tree, of which Metaphysics is the root, Physics the trunk, and all the other sciences the branches that grow out of this trunk. By the science of Morals, I understand the highest and most perfect, which, presupposing an entire knowledge of the other sciences, is the last degree of wisdom.” Logic and reason are the fundamental tools by which all experience is turned into knowledge. The questions of philosophy guide our explorations. As we have filled in the tree of life with our knowledge, a picture of morality and wisdom is indeed coming into focus. Descartes wrote a response to skepticism about the existence of the external world. He argued that sensory perceptions come to him involuntarily, and are not willed by him. They are external to his senses, and according to Descartes, this is evidence of the existence of something outside of his mind, and thus, an external world. Who but the most vain and childish can doubt that the external world exists? Needs to Adapt Descartes was a major figure in 17th-century continental rationalism (a view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification), later advocated by Baruch Spinoza and Gottfried Leibniz, and opposed by the empiricist school of thought (theory that knowledge arises from sense experience) consisting of Hobbes, Locke, Berkeley, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Hume. Descartes attempted to construct a system of knowledge discarding perception as unreliable and instead admitting only deduction as a method. The extreme forms of rationalism and empiricism are just that - extreme. The truth lies in the middle. Knowledge comes from using reason to understand our sense experiences. The iterative nature of the scientific method is what hones this process towards truth. In a large and changing universe, eternal absolutes are extremely difficult to prove. We must act based on the best available knowledge. This leaves us almost entirely with probabilistic knowledge, which means we must act with confidence and caution appropriate to the probability, being especially careful in realms where knowledge is uncertain and consequences are large. Descartes is also known for his theory of dualism, suggesting that the body works like a machine, that it has the material properties of extension and motion, and that it follows the laws of physics, whereas the mind (or soul), on the other hand, was described as a nonmaterial entity that lacks extension and motion, and does not follow the laws of physics. Descartes argued that the mind interacts with the body at the pineal gland. This form of dualism proposes that the mind controls the body, but that the body can also influence the otherwise rational mind, such as when people act out of passion. Most of the previous accounts of the relationship between mind and body had been uni-directional. Very nearly extinct. At least Descartes proposed a bi-directional relationship between the mind and the body. While the exact way that consciousness arises from the body is still a mystery, a much wider mind-body interaction is universally accepted now. Gone Extinct Descartes is best known for the philosophical statement "Cogito ergo sum"; I think, therefore I am. I feel, therefore I am. The universe responds to my actions, therefore I am. Others detect me, therefore I am. There is much evidence for our existence and the existence of others and other things. Our inner thoughts are actually the least convincing of these arguments. Descartes believed that only humans have minds. This led him to the belief that animals cannot feel pain, and Descartes' practice of vivisection (the dissection of live animals) became widely used throughout Europe until the Enlightenment. How very sad for other animals is the ignorance and hubris of humans. Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677 CE) was a Dutch Jewish philosopher considered one of the great rationalists of 17th-century philosophy, laying the groundwork for the 18th century Enlightenment and modern biblical criticism. His magnum opus, the posthumous Ethics, in which he opposed Descartes’ mind–body dualism, has earned him recognition as one of Western philosophy’s most important contributors. Survives Spinoza opposed Descartes' mind–body dualism. He contended that everything that exists in Nature (i.e., everything in the Universe) is one Reality (substance) and there is only one set of rules governing the whole of the reality that surrounds us and of which we are part. Yes. Everything has evolved within this universe. Nothing has come from outside of it. Animals can be used in any way by people for the benefit of the human race, according to a rational consideration of the benefit as well as the animal’s status in nature. This sounds wrong to many modern ears, but key to its survival is the requirement to conduct a rational consideration of benefits. Just as humans must cooperate with each other to survive, we must cooperate with other animals to survive as well. Conservation is one form of cooperation. Husbandry can also be mutually beneficial to species - especially where we have created domestic species that willingly live in homes and on farms. Enslavement of animals is detrimental to their well-being, and through the poisons of stress and disease, and diet-induced obesity, to our health as well. Scientific experimentation on captive animals is rarely beneficial enough to compensate for the way it undermines the ethic of cooperation that must constantly be upheld to be truly meaningful. Needs to Adapt Spinoza's philosophy has much in common with Stoicism in as much as both philosophies sought to fulfill a therapeutic role by instructing people how to attain happiness. However, Spinoza differed sharply from the Stoics in one important respect: he utterly rejected their contention that reason could defeat emotion. On the contrary, he contended, an emotion can only be displaced or overcome by a stronger emotion. When used properly, reason can direct the emotions. Better cognitive appraisals help us replace negative emotions with positive emotions - no matter how strong they are. The strongest emotion is the joy of being alive. In that sense, Spinoza is correct. Reason helps us discover which actions lead to this ultimate emotion, and it can use that emotion as motivation for actions that require sacrifice and the endurance of unpleasant emotions in the short-term. Good and evil are related to human pleasure and pain. Spinoza held good and evil to be relative concepts, claiming that nothing is intrinsically good or bad except relative to a particular individual. What is good is what ensures survival. What is evil is what brings extinction. We have evolved to feel pleasure for survival and pain for extinction. We use reason to recognize and avoid short-term pleasures that cause long-term pain. Judgment of the balance that must be achieved is sometimes difficult or even impossible to know ahead of time. In this sense, present choices between good and bad must be judged with probability under relative circumstances. After the fact though, judgments of good and evil are not relative to particular individuals. They are known objectively. All rights are derived from the State. (Rights are legal, social, or ethical principles of freedom or entitlement; that is, rights are the fundamental normative rules about what is allowed of people or owed to people, according to some legal system, social convention, or ethical theory.) This is true by definition. But the State must recognize its purpose in aiding society to survive. Where it does, the rights it grants will be just. Where it does not, the restrictions it creates are wrong. Gone Extinct Spinoza was a thoroughgoing determinist who held that absolutely everything that happens occurs through the operation of necessity. For him, even human behavior is fully determined, with freedom being our capacity to know we are determined and to understand why we act as we do. He wrote: "men are conscious of their own desire, but are ignorant of the causes whereby that desire has been determined.” Extreme versions of free will and determinism are just that - extreme. The truth lies in the middle and is easier to understand when timescales are introduced. In the short-term, on biological timescales such as those concerning biochemistry, molecular biology, and cellular biology, events are determined by their current states. In the medium-term, on biological timescales such as those concerning organismic biology, and sociobiology, free will is not only possible, it determines the states that arise in the short-term and the long-term. In the long-term, on biological timescales such as those concerning ecology and evolutionary biology, the characteristics of competitiveness, cooperativeness, and adaptability are required for survival. In that sense, the long-term is determined. The free will that occurs in the medium-term, and the randomness of destructive cosmological events, means that who survives is unknown. Evolution is blind. We are not. Spinoza believed that God exists but is abstract and impersonal. Everything done by humans and other animals is excellent and divine. In the universe, anything that happens comes from the essential nature of objects, or of God/Nature. According to Spinoza, reality is perfection. Reality is harsh. There is nothing divine about the history of extinction in the universe. We must do what we need to do to survive. John Locke (1632-1704 CE) was an English physician and philosopher regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers. Considered the first of the British empiricists, he is equally important to social contract theory. His work had a great impact upon the development of epistemology and political philosophy. His contributions to classical republicanism and liberal theory are reflected in the American Declaration of Independence. Survives Needs to Adapt Locke's theory of mind is often cited as the origin of modern conceptions of identity and the self. He was the first to define the self through a continuity of consciousness. Locke defines the self as "that conscious thinking thing, (whatever substance, made up of whether spiritual, or material, simple, or compounded, it matters not) which is sensible, or conscious of pleasure and pain, capable of happiness or misery, and so is concerned for itself, as far as that consciousness extends.” He does not, however, ignore "substance," writing that "the body too goes to the making of the man.” The Lockean self is therefore a self-aware and self-reflective consciousness that is fixed in a body. Destruction of the body in the form of Alzheimer’s, amnesia, or stroke, leads one to lose that continuity of consciousness by the self. That doesn’t change the identity of the individual. Identity is therefore independent from consciousness. Identity lies at the Mind x Body intersection. One helpful analogy is to say identity is like a river. Not the water that flows through it, but the channel that actually forms the river. When storms occur and water is high, the river is deepened. When drought occurs, the river slows and silts up. When earthquakes or glaciers reshape the landscape, the riverbed may hold no water at all. If we know the events that carved the river, we can recognize its identity no matter what state it is in. Likewise, we can recognize identity when we know the events that shaped it. If you know the river and are told the volume of water that will flow its way, you know what the river will look like. If you know a person and are told the events that will occur to them, you will recognize how they handle it. This is how we know people after long absences, and this is how changes during brief separations can surprise us. Locke's political theory was founded on social contract theory. Unlike Thomas Hobbes, Locke believed that human nature is characterized by reason and tolerance. In a natural state all people were equal and independent, and everyone had a natural right to defend his “Life, health, Liberty, or Possessions.” This was the basis for the phrase in America, "Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.” There are no rights in the natural state - nature is harsh and takes what it can. It is competition within evolutionary systems that causes everyone to defend their life, health, liberty, and possessions. If they did not, they would not survive. Rights only come from the state, which are granted in return for recognizing the benefits of social cooperation. In a natural state, humans were hierarchical and fought to establish dominance and subservience, but we have learned that it is more efficient to cooperate and not to fight to maintain hierarchies. Locke argued that property is a natural right and it is derived from labor. Labor creates property, but it also does contain limits to its accumulation: man’s capacity to produce and man’s capacity to consume. According to Locke, unused property is waste and an offense against nature, although money makes possible the unlimited accumulation of property without causing waste through spoilage. Again, only the state can grant rights. Nature grants no right to property no matter how much labor has been put into it. Ask bees or beavers. Notice that humans also feel the “right” to property even when they have not worked at all for it - as in inheritance. Waste and inefficiency are missed opportunities to live better and stave off extinction. Money has made possible the creation of inequality exponentially greater than in the natural state. These levels of inequality are grave threats to the ethics of social cooperation. Gone Extinct Locke postulated that the mind was a blank slate or tabula rasa. Contrary to pre-existing Cartesian philosophy, he maintained that we are born without innate ideas, and that knowledge is instead determined only by experience derived from sense perception. Recent experiments with infants have revealed that they come “pre-wired” with some emotional and learning capabilities. This is more evidence that it is not nature or nurture, but nature x nurture. It is more evidence for the middle way. Isaac Newton (1642-1727 CE) was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian, who has been considered by many to be the greatest and most influential scientist who ever lived. Survives Newton described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion, which dominated the scientific view of the physical universe for the next three centuries. Newton showed that the motions of objects on Earth and of celestial bodies are governed by the same set of natural laws, by demonstrating the consistency between Kepler’s laws of planetary motion and his theory of gravitation, thus removing the last doubts about heliocentrism and advancing the Scientific Revolution. Just a brief note to acknowledge the debt our view of the universe owes to the breakthroughs that Newton published. Needs to Adapt Gone Extinct Newton was also highly religious. He was an unorthodox Christian, and wrote more on Biblical hermeneutics and occult studies than on science and mathematics, the subjects he is mainly associated with. What a shame a mind like his wasted this much time on religious ideas that had no impact. Gottfried Leibniz (1646-1716 CE) was a German philosopher, polymath, and mathematician. He invented infinitesimal calculus independently of Newton, and his notation has been in general use since then. He also invented the binary system, the foundation of virtually all modern computer architectures. Leibniz invoked seven fundamental philosophical principles. Survives 1) Identity/contradiction. If a proposition is true, then its negation is false and vice versa. Basic logic. 3) Sufficient reason. "There must be a sufficient reason for anything to exist, for any event to occur, for any truth to obtain.” Yes. Nothing happens spontaneously or supernaturally. Needs to Adapt 2) Identity of indiscernibles. Two things are identical if and only if they share the same and only the same properties. This is frequently invoked in modern logic and philosophy. The "identity of indiscernibles" is often referred to as Leibniz's Law. It has attracted the most controversy and criticism, especially from corpuscular philosophy and quantum mechanics. This is either a circular tautology or incorrect depending on how it is interpreted. Gone Extinct 4) Pre-established harmony. "The appropriate nature of each substance brings it about that what happens to one corresponds to what happens to all the others, without, however, their acting upon one another directly.” A dropped glass shatters because it "knows" it has hit the ground, and not because the impact with the ground "compels" the glass to split. Every "substance" only affects itself, but all the substances (both bodies and minds) in the world nevertheless seem to causally interact with each other because they have been programmed by God in advance to "harmonize" with each other. Complete bunk. Where would this harmony reside in an object? The standard worldview of cause and effect is much more compelling and useful. 5) Law of Continuity. Natura non saltum facit - nature makes no leap. The principle expresses the idea that natural things and properties change gradually, rather than suddenly. This is merely a matter of definition of what is gradual and what is sudden. Mutations and chemical reactions cause changes that occur in nanoseconds. 6) Optimism. "God assuredly always chooses the best.” Our universe is, in a restricted sense, the best possible one God could have made. Note that the word optimism here is used in the classic sense of optimal, not in the mood-related sense, as being positively hopeful. If that is true, then given the inefficiencies, pain, and suffering we see in nature, god surely is not the most supreme being there could be, so therefore he must not be god. Reverse ontological argument! 7) Plenitude. Leibniz believed that the best of all possible worlds would actualize every genuine possibility, and argued that this best of all possible worlds will contain all possibilities, with our finite experience of eternity giving no reason to dispute nature's perfection. There are plenty of reasons to dispute nature’s perfection. What an excellent mathematician. What a silly philosopher. George Berkeley (1685-1753 CE) was an Anglo-Irish philosopher whose primary achievement was the advancement of a theory he called "immaterialism," later referred to as "subjective idealism" by others. Survives Needs to Adapt Gone Extinct Berkeley’s theory of immaterialism contends that individuals can only know directly sensations and ideas of objects, not abstractions such as "matter.” The theory also contends that ideas are dependent upon being perceived by minds for their very existence, a belief that became immortalized in the dictum, Esse est percipi - to be is to be perceived. Over a century later Berkeley's thought experiment was summarized in a limerick by Ronald Knox and an anonymous reply: There was a young man who said "God / Must find it exceedingly odd / To think that the tree / Should continue to be / When there's no one about in the quad." // "Dear Sir: Your astonishment's odd; / I am always about in the quad. / And that's why the tree / Will continue to be / Since observed by, Yours faithfully, God.” Well that was fun. Abstractions such as matter are categories. They are definitions we can use to group actual objects together in order to study and understand them better. We created and defined the abstractions. They do not exist in the physical sense of the word, but we can know them for what they are. Also, the physical universe happily went on before us and wouldn’t care if we went extinct. Charles-Louis de Secondat baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755 CE), generally referred to as simply Montesquieu, was a French social commentator and political thinker who lived during the Enlightenment. He is famous for his articulation of the theory of separation of powers, which is taken for granted in modern discussions of government and implemented in many constitutions throughout the world. Survives Needs to Adapt Montesquieu saw two types of governmental power existing: the sovereign and the administrative. The administrative powers were the executive, the legislative, and the judicial. These should be separate from and dependent upon each other so that the influence of any one power would not be able to exceed that of the other two, either singly or in combination. This was radical because it completely eliminated the three estates structure of the French monarchy: the clergy, the aristocracy, and the people at large represented by the Estates-General, thereby erasing the last vestige of a feudalistic structure. The separation of powers is an enormous contribution to political design as it removes the dominance of a competitive absolute hierarchy and replaces it with a structure that encourages and ensures a balance between cooperation and competition. Keeping a sovereign around undermines the cooperative spirit of the society. It would be done away with in France soon after this though. Likewise, there were three main forms of government, each supported by a social principle: monarchies - free governments headed by a hereditary figure, e.g. king, queen, emperor, which rely on the principle of honor; republics - free governments headed by popularly elected leaders, which rely on the principle of virtue; and despotisms - enslaved governments headed by dictators, which rely on fear. Fear is no way to prosper and survive. Life seeks to avoid fear. Despotism is easily ruled out. Honor is used to justify hierarchies (I am honorable / you must honor me), which are inherently unstable. Society is stronger when humans cooperate because they are considered equals. Progress is greater when effort and innovation can come from anyone and bring rewards and benefits to all. Monarchies are therefore dismissed. When virtue is understood to come from actions that promote the long-term survival of the species, then that is a proper basis to build a society upon. Republics that don’t rely on virtue will eventually crumble and give way to virtuous ones. This is the best way to organize government. Gone Extinct Voltaire (1694-1778 CE) was a French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher famous for his wit and for his advocacy of civil liberties, including freedom of religion, freedom of expression, free trade, and separation of church and state. Survives Voltaire’s best-known work, Candide, attacks the passivity inspired by Leibniz's philosophy of optimism. Yes. The universe is not perfect - it is uncaring and will crush us if we let it. We must progress and remain vigilant to survive. Voltaire is remembered and honored in France as a courageous polemicist who indefatigably fought for civil rights – the right to a fair trial and freedom of religion. We owe a great debt to history’s courageous polemicists. May their example be followed. Fair trials and freedom of belief are necessary in virtuous societies. And the church must be kept separate from the functions of the state - chief among these, the education of its citizens. Needs to Adapt Like many other key figures during the European Enlightenment, Voltaire considered himself a deist. According to deists, the creator does not intervene in human affairs or suspend the natural laws of the universe. Deists typically reject supernatural events such as prophecy and miracles, tending instead to assert that a god (or "the Supreme Architect") does not alter the universe by intervening in it. This idea is also known as the clockwork universe theory, in which a god designs and builds the universe, but steps aside to let it run on its own. No evidence for supernatural intervention has ever been found so it is right to dismiss this with great certainty. As we have little understanding for how the universe came to be - why there is something rather than nothing - a belief in a supreme architect is hard to suppress. Now that much of the history of the universe is understood though, the blindness and cruelty of extinction would imply either a blind god or a cruel god. If such a god did exist, it would be better to ignore it and plot against it. Voltaire perceived the French bourgeoisie to be too small and ineffective, the aristocracy to be parasitic and corrupt, the commoners as ignorant and superstitious, and the church as a static and oppressive force useful only as a counterbalance since its "religious tax," the tithe, helped to create a strong backing for revolutionaries. Voltaire distrusted democracy, which he saw as propagating the idiocy of the masses. Voltaire long thought only an enlightened monarch could bring about change, given the social structures of the time and the extremely high rates of illiteracy, and that it was in the king's rational interest to improve the education and welfare of his subjects. An enlightened monarchy is better than an ignorant democracy. Given the state of the world and the lack of better examples, Voltaire’s analysis and resulting recommendations were good steps towards a better society. However, we see that the beauty of democracy is its ability to evolve through meritocratic trial and error and the example it sets for cooperation, while monarchies become static without the spur of competition to urge it on, and rigid in its insistence on hierarchy. Democracy was the better path. Gone Extinct David Hume (1711-1776 CE) was a Scottish philosopher, economist, historian, and a key figure in the history of Western philosophy and the Scottish Enlightenment. Hume is often grouped with John Locke, George Berkeley, and a handful of others as a British Empiricist. Survives The classic philosophical treatment of the problem of induction was given by Hume. Hume highlighted the fact that our everyday habits of mind depend on drawing uncertain conclusions from our relatively limited experiences rather than on deductively valid arguments. For example, we believe that bread will nourish us because it has done so in the past, despite no guarantee that it will do so. However, Hume immediately argued that even if induction were proved unreliable, we would have to rely on it. Rather than approach everything with severe skepticism, Hume advocated a practical skepticism based on common sense, where the inevitability of induction is accepted. Yes. The universe is larger than we can know and it is moving and changing. Eternal and absolute knowledge is unlikely to be found. We must rely on probability and act with confidence and caution according to the likelihood of our knowledge being true. Needs to Adapt In a famous sentence in the Treatise, Hume circumscribes reason's role in the production of action: Reason is, and ought only to be the slave of the passions, and can never pretend to any other office than to serve and obey them. We are not bound by any laws of nature to act on every emotional state we feel. Reason arises in nature to help life choose between actions that satisfy short-term desires or long-term needs. The joy of the survival of life is our deepest feeling so reason can be said to serve that emotion, but reason rules over other emotions as it instructs us about which actions we should take and which emotions we should feel. Hume's views on human motivation and action formed the cornerstone of his ethical theory. Given that one cannot be motivated by reason alone, requiring the input of the passions, Hume argued that reason cannot be behind morality: Morals excite passions, and produce or prevent actions. Reason itself is utterly impotent in this particular. The rules of morality, therefore, are not conclusions of our reason. Morality does arise from the ultimate emotion - the joy of the survival of life. Our reason is required to uncover which actions are ultimately moral or not. Hume does not believe, as Locke does, that private property is a natural right, but he argues that it is justified since resources are limited. If all goods were unlimited and available freely, then private property would not be justified, but instead becomes an "idle ceremonial.” Hume also believed in unequal distribution of property, since perfect equality would destroy the ideas of thrift and industry. Perfect equality would thus lead to impoverishment. There are no natural rights - in the state of nature, unchecked competition reigns and might makes right. In a society, we cooperate in order to better compete with death. Members of society receive rights in return for their participation. Property should be accumulated according to effort and participation in that society - not according to means or need. Perfect equality is trying to attain perfect cooperation, when a balance between cooperation and competition is what is required. Gone Extinct Hume, along with Thomas Hobbes, is cited as a classical compatibilist about the notions of freedom and determinism. The thesis of compatibilism seeks to reconcile human freedom with the mechanist belief that human beings are part of a deterministic universe, whose happenings are governed by the laws of physics. Compatibilists define free will in a way that allows it to co-exist with determinism. Hume argued that in order to be held morally responsible, it is required that our behavior be caused and where they proceed not from some cause in the character and disposition of the person who performed them, they can neither redound to his honor, if good; nor infamy, if evil. This logical contortion highlights the contradiction that arises from trying to define the universe as deterministic. The universe is blind. Our reason helps to illuminate which actions we should take to navigate its darkness. Intention and causation are not necessary for an action to be judged good or evil. Those judgments are based on objective reality and whether or not the actions promote or hinder the long-term survival of life. Praise or blame for these actions is tied to intention. The magnitude of reward or punishment doled out from society should be proportional to the intention. Hume is well known for his treatment of the ‘is–ought’ problem. Hume stated that many writers make claims about what ought to be on the basis of statements about what is. However, Hume found that there seems to be a significant difference between descriptive statements (about what is) and prescriptive or normative statements (about what ought to be), and it is not obvious how we can get from making descriptive statements to prescriptive. Life is alive. Life ought to act to remain alive. All else flows from this solution to the is-ought problem. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778 CE) was a Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer of the eighteenth-century Enlightenment, whose political philosophy influenced the French Revolution and the development of modern political and educational thought. Survives Needs to Adapt Rousseau’s novel, Emile, or On Education, which he considered his most important work, is a seminal treatise on the education of the whole person for citizenship. Rousseau’s philosophy of education is not concerned with particular techniques of imparting information and concepts, but rather with developing the pupil’s character and moral sense, so that he may learn to practice self-mastery and remain virtuous even in the unnatural and imperfect society in which he will have to live. In order to understand what character and moral sense are, many facts (listed above and below) are required. For society to act well and propagate the survival of life, all members of society need to receive this education. Otherwise, the evolutionary system becomes unstable as free riders and cheaters win, cooperation falters, and competition rises to levels that require a short-term focus. Perhaps Jean Jacques Rousseau's most important work is The Social Contract, which outlines the basis for a legitimate political order within a framework of classical republicanism. According to Rousseau, by joining together into civil society through the social contract and abandoning their claims of natural right, individuals can both preserve themselves and remain free. The model man is the independent farmer, free of superiors and self-governing. Rousseau posits that the original, deeply flawed Social Contract (i.e., that of Hobbes), which led to the modern state, was made at the suggestion of the rich and powerful, who tricked the general population into surrendering their liberties to them and instituted inequality as a fundamental feature of human society. “The first man who, having fenced in a piece of land, said "This is mine," and found people naive enough to believe him, that man was the true founder of civil society. From how many crimes, wars, and murders, from how many horrors and misfortunes might not anyone have saved mankind, by pulling up the stakes, or filling up the ditch, and crying to his fellows: Beware of listening to this impostor; you are undone if you once forget that the fruits of the earth belong to us all, and the earth itself to nobody.” Rousseau's own conception of the Social Contract can be understood as an alternative to this fraudulent form of association. Rousseau explains how the desire to have value in the eyes of others comes to undermine personal integrity and authenticity in a society marked by interdependence and hierarchy. The inescapable conclusion was that a new and more equitable Social Contract was needed. The first men to put up a fence probably had to defend their property using force. Only over time as people realized the huge benefits that come from the division of labor, property accumulation, and trade, was the contract made to recognize that force was a drag on the system. Still, we have not evolved sufficient control over our short-term emotional pulls, so cheaters need to be guarded against with fences and more. Individuals could be free and happy within a republic. In fact, they must be or the republic will collapse. This is why no empires to date have remained in power. Wherever inequality and suppression of freedom have taken hold, the cooperation within society weakened and the society dissolved. Citizens must understand this. The government must understand its role. Our cooperative social contract must be improved and understood to be signed by all. Gone Extinct In common with other philosophers of the day, Rousseau looked to a hypothetical State of Nature as a normative guide. Rousseau deplores Hobbes for asserting that since man in the "state of nature...has no idea of goodness he must be naturally wicked; that he is vicious because he does not know virtue.” On the contrary, Rousseau denied that morality is a construct or creation of society. Rousseau held that uncorrupted morals prevail in the state of nature. He considered morality as natural, in the sense of innate, an outgrowth of man's instinctive disinclination to witness suffering, from which arise the emotions of compassion or empathy, and which are shared with animals. Rousseau's natural man is virtually identical to a solitary chimpanzee or other ape so the natural goodness of humanity is thus the goodness of an animal, which is neither good nor bad. But definitions for good and evil do arise from nature - good is that which promotes the long-term survival of life. Because man must be able to cope with extreme competition in order to survive, the emotions that cause him to inflict pain and dominance are also innate. That does not make them good. So a solitary chimpanzee can be said to do bad in the same way that man does. But we have evolved reason to help us understand that such competitive behaviors are disastrous in the long-term. It is not surprising that before the discovery of evolution, Rousseau’s understanding of the state of nature misses these points. The rest of his errors flow from this misconception. Anglophone critics erroneously attribute to Rousseau the invention of the idea of the noble savage; an oxymoronic expression that was never used in France and which grossly misrepresents Rousseau's thought. Contrary to what his many detractors have claimed, Rousseau never suggests that humans in the state of nature act morally - just that terms such as justice or wickedness are inapplicable to pre-political society, as Rousseau understands it. To him, morality proper or self-restraint, can only develop through careful education in a civil state. Morality and justice do exist in pre-civilized as well as animal societies. It can be better developed once its origins and justifications are more fully understood. For Rousseau, progress has curbed the well-being of humanity, that is, unless it can be counteracted by the cultivation of civic morality and duty. Only in Civil Society, can man be ennobled - through the use of reason. The passage from the state of nature to the civil state produces a very remarkable change in man, by substituting justice for instinct in his conduct, and giving his actions the morality they had formerly lacked. Then only, when the voice of duty takes the place of physical impulses and right of appetite, does man, who so far had considered only himself, find that he is forced to act on different principles, and to consult his reason before listening to his inclinations. Although, in this state, he deprives himself of some advantages which he got from nature, he gains in return others so great, his faculties are so stimulated and developed, his ideas so extended, his feelings so ennobled, and his whole soul so uplifted, that, did not the abuses of this new condition often degrade him below that which he left, he would be bound to bless continually the happy moment which took him from it forever, and, instead of a stupid and unimaginative animal, made him an intelligent being and a man. Progress is the wellspring of the well-being of humanity and it requires the evolution of sociobiological morals. Civil society reinforces our cooperate behavior, allowing us to compete better with death and ultimately survive longer. Civil society does pose challenges to humans evolved with short-term emotional fuses, but these can be overcome through reason and education. As this occurs, the downtrodden that may be worse off than they would be in the state of nature will gradually disappear. In Rousseau's philosophy, society's negative influence on men centers on its transformation of amour de soi, a positive self-love, into amour-propre, or pride. Amour de soi represents the instinctive human desire for self-preservation, combined with the human power of reason. In contrast, amour-propre is artificial and encourages man to compare himself to others, thus creating unwarranted fear and allowing men to take pleasure in the pain or weakness of others. He proposed that the progress of knowledge had made governments more powerful and had crushed individual liberty; and he concluded that material progress had actually undermined the possibility of true friendship by replacing it with jealousy, fear, and suspicion. There is nothing artificial in amour-propre. It arises to help one survive in a competitive environment. Fortunately, reason helps us to understand that cooperation for the long-term benefit is better for everyone. Reason helps us to ignore and not act upon the pleasure we may feel in the pain or weakness of others. Reason, through cognitive behavioral training, can even help us to no longer feel such emotions. Progress does not need to cause jealousy, fear, and suspicion. Progress helps us stay adaptable and stave off extinction. That is to be celebrated with great joy. Rousseau argues that the arts and sciences have not been beneficial to humankind, because they arose not from authentic human needs but rather as a result of pride and vanity. Moreover, the opportunities they create for idleness and luxury have contributed to the corruption of man. The mistaken premises of Rousseau ultimately lead him to a vile conclusion of disregard for arts and sciences. He would mistakenly bring about our extinction more quickly if he could. Adam Smith (1723-1790 CE) was a Scottish moral philosopher, a pioneer of political economics, and one of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment. The Wealth of Nations is considered his magnum opus and is the reason Adam Smith is widely cited as the father of modern economics. Survives The Wealth of Nations expounds that the free market, while appearing chaotic and unrestrained, is actually guided to produce the right amount and variety of goods by a so-called "invisible hand.” Smith opposed any form of economic concentration because it distorts the market's natural ability to establish a price that provides a fair return on land, labor, and capital. He advanced the idea that a market economy would produce a satisfactory outcome for both buyers and sellers, and would optimally allocate society's resources. Smith believed that when an individual pursues his self-interest, he indirectly promotes the good of society. Nevertheless, he was wary of businessmen and warned of their "conspiracy against the public or in some other contrivance to raise prices.” Again and again, Smith warned of the collusive nature of business interests, which may form cabals or monopolies, fixing the highest price that can be squeezed out of the buyers. Smith also warned that a true laissez-faire economy would quickly become a conspiracy of businesses and industry against consumers, with the former scheming to influence politics and legislation. Smith was similarly wary of the Division of Labor, about which he said, “In the progress of the division of labor, the employment of the far greater part of those who live by labor, that is, of the great body of the people, comes to be confined to a few very simple operations, frequently only one or two. ...The man whose whole life is spent in performing a few simple operations, of which the effects too are, perhaps, always the same, or very nearly the same, has no occasion to exert his understanding, or to exercise his invention in finding out expedients for removing difficulties which never occur. He naturally loses, therefore, the habit of such exertion, and generally becomes as stupid and ignorant as it is possible for a human creature to become.” A huge debt is owed to Smith for our understanding of the modern economy and how it can provide wealth for all in staggering abundance as compared to the past. Smith also seemed to have an excellent grasp of the need to balance competition with cooperation, and of the need for regulation of the economy for its maximum benefit. If only free market advocates really understood the father of their ideas. Or perhaps they do and still seek to exploit it. In The Theory of Moral Sentiments, Smith critically examined the moral thinking of the time and suggested that conscience arises from social relationships. His aim in the work is to explain the source of mankind's ability to form moral judgments, in spite of man's natural inclinations toward self-interest. Scholars have previously perceived a conflict between The Theory of Moral Sentiments and The Wealth of Nations; the former emphasizing sympathy for others, while the latter focuses on the role of self-interest. In recent years, however, most scholars regard the works as emphasizing different aspects of human nature that vary depending on the situation. Smith was no extremist. He understood the need to balance the short-term and long-term, self and society, and competition and cooperation. A true giant in the evolution of human knowledge. Needs to Adapt Gone Extinct Immanuel Kant (1724-1804 CE) was a German philosopher during the Enlightenment. Kant created a new widespread perspective in philosophy that has continued to influence philosophy through to the 21st century. One of his most prominent works is the Critique of Pure Reason, an investigation into the limitations and structure of reason itself. It encompasses an attack on traditional metaphysics and epistemology, and highlights Kant's own contribution to these areas. The other main works of his maturity are the Critique of Practical Reason, which concentrates on ethics, and the Critique of Judgment, which investigates aesthetics and teleology. Survives Kant defined the Enlightenment as an age shaped by the Latin motto Sapere aude - Dare to Know. Kant maintained that one ought to think autonomously, free of the dictates of external authority. Sapere aude, indeed! Kant's "Copernican revolution," placed the role of the human subject or knower at the center of inquiry into our knowledge, such that it is impossible to philosophize about things as they are independently of us or of how they are for us. Yes, but our senses and our tools and our reasoning can tell us very much about reality. Kant invented critical philosophy, the notion of being able to discover and systematically explore possible inherent limits to our ability to know through philosophical reasoning. Yes. The limitations of our senses within the size and scope of a changing universe do entail limits to our ability to know. Kant created the concept of "conditions of possibility," that is that things, knowledge, and forms of consciousness rest on prior conditions that make them possible, so that to understand or know them we have to first understand these conditions. From Plato to Descartes, what was presented by the senses was deemed illusory and denigrated. It was believed that the perceptions ought to be overcome to grasp the thing-in-itself, the essential essence, a la Plato’s allegory of the cave. With Kant comes a transition in philosophy from this dichotomy to the dichotomy of the apparition/conditions-of-appearance. There is no longer any higher essence behind the apparition. It is what it is, a brute fact, and what one must now examine is the conditions that are necessary for its appearance. Yes. And an understanding of these conditions necessary for appearance comes from the natural sciences. We must know them all in order to understand reality. Kant suggested that metaphysics can be reformed through epistemology. He suggested that by understanding the sources and limits of human knowledge, we can ask fruitful metaphysical questions. He concluded that all objects about which the mind can think must conform to its manner of thought. Therefore if the mind can think only in terms of causality – which he concluded that it does – then we can know prior to experiencing them that all objects we experience must either be a cause or an effect. However, it follows from this that it is possible that there are objects of such nature which the mind cannot think, and so the principle of causality, for instance, cannot be applied outside of experience: hence we cannot know, for example, whether the world always existed or if it had a cause. And so the grand questions of speculative metaphysics cannot be answered by the human mind, but the sciences are firmly grounded in laws of the mind. Kant believed himself to be creating a compromise between the empiricists and the rationalists. The empiricists believed that knowledge is acquired through experience alone, but the rationalists maintained that such knowledge is open to Cartesian doubt and that reason alone provides us with knowledge. Kant argues, however, that using reason without applying it to experience will only lead to illusions, while experience will be purely subjective without first being subsumed under pure reason. Kant’s thought was very influential in Germany during his lifetime, moving philosophy beyond the debate between the rationalists and empiricists. Yes. Senses are understood through reason. And the limits on our senses place limits on what we can know. We have developed tools to aid our understanding of the universe all the way back to the Big Bang, but we may not be able to conduct research into the metaphysical origins of the universe beyond that. We will try of course, but in the meantime, we should not allow speculations about gods that hide behind our knowledge to rule our lives in any way when there is no evidence for their existence, benevolence, or usefulness. Kant divides the feeling of the sublime into two distinct modes - the mathematical sublime and the dynamical sublime. The mathematical sublime is situated in the failure of the imagination to comprehend natural objects that appear boundless and formless, or that appear absolutely great. This imaginative failure is then recuperated through the pleasure taken in reason's assertion of the concept of infinity. In the dynamical sublime, there is the sense of annihilation of the sensible self as the imagination tries to comprehend a vast might. This power of nature threatens us but through the resistance of reason to such sensible annihilation, the subject feels a pleasure and a sense of the human moral vocation. This appreciation of moral feeling through exposure to the sublime helps to develop moral character. Given that the meaning of life is to perpetuate the long-term survival of life, it follows that we should feel awe when contemplating infinity and extinction. Exposure to both of these concepts does aid our judgment and moral character in choosing actions that comport with the meaning of life. Needs to Adapt Kant is known for his theory that there is a single moral obligation, which he called the "Categorical Imperative," and is derived from the concept of duty. Categorical imperatives are principles that are intrinsically valid; they are good in and of themselves; they must be obeyed by all in all situations and circumstances if our behavior is to observe the moral law. Regardless of recent relativist trends in philosophy, universality is essential to any viable moral philosophy. Yes, but Kant did not discover it. The single Categorical Imperative is that life must act to perpetuate the long-term survival of life. Kant asserted that because of the limitations of argumentation in the absence of irrefutable evidence, no one could really know whether there is a God and an afterlife or not. For the sake of society and morality, Kant asserted that people are reasonably justified in believing in them, even though they could never know for sure whether they are real or not. An enlightened approach and use of the critical method required that, "If one cannot prove that a thing is, he may try to prove that it is not. And if he succeeds in doing neither (as often occurs), he may still ask whether it is in his interest to accept one or the other of the alternatives hypothetically, from the theoretical or the practical point of view. Since we cannot know the entirety of the universe at one time, it is impossible to prove that something does not exist. This does not mean we should run our lives based on anything that might exist. The natural basis for morality (that which is good promotes the long-term survival of life) has been discovered. Society should be organized around this principle. It should not be based on any purported divine revelations that arose prior to scientific methods. As Kant said, we may ask which of the alternatives is in our best interest. Clearly, a rational society based on the natural laws of the universe is better than an irrational one split into irreconcilable camps by faith in unknowns. Kant states that beauty is not a property of an artwork or natural phenomenon, but is instead a consciousness of the pleasure that attends the free play of the imagination and the understanding. A pure judgment of taste is in fact subjective insofar as it refers to the emotional response of the subject and is based upon nothing but esteem for an object itself: it is a disinterested pleasure, and we feel that pure judgments of taste, i.e. judgments of beauty, lay claim to universal validity. It is important to note that this universal validity is not derived from a determinate concept of beauty but from common sense. Emotional responses were evolved to aid in the decision making of an animal so that it can better perpetuate the long-term survival of life. Given this objective fact, the apprehension of beauty is not entirely subjective. The relative strength of the emotional responses to beauty are relative to the emotional makeup of the individual and the cognitive appraisals the individual is focusing on, but it is true that that which promotes survival can be said to be beautiful. Objects and ideas can be said to contain greater or lesser beauty in relation to their power to promote survival to a greater or lesser extent. Physical beauty is fleeting. Beautiful knowledge lasts. Gone Extinct Kant is known for his transcendental idealist philosophy that time and space are not materially real but merely the ideal a priori condition of our internal intuition. Kant never concluded that one could form a coherent account of the universe and of human experience without grounding such an account in the "thing in itself.” Exactly how to interpret this concept was a subject of some debate among 20th century philosophers. Schopenhauer described transcendental idealism as a "distinction between the phenomenon and the thing in itself, and a recognition that only the phenomenon is accessible to us because "we do not know either ourselves or things as they are in themselves, but merely as they appear. Opposing Kantian transcendental idealism is the doctrine of philosophical realism, that is, the proposition that the world is knowable as it really is, without any consideration of the knower's manner of knowing. Modern physics investigates the nature of time and space. Modern neurosciences are helping to tease out the manner in which we gain knowledge of reality. Transcendental idealism fades away. See more below. Before discussing his theory of transcendental idealism, it is necessary to explain Kant's distinction between analytic and synthetic propositions. Analytic propositions are those that are true by definition; e.g., all bachelors are unmarried. Synthetic propositions are those whose predicate concept is not contained in its subject concept; e.g., all bachelors are happy. Analytic propositions require no further knowledge than a grasp of the language to understand them. On the other hand, synthetic statements are those that tell us something about the world. The truth or falsehood of synthetic statements derives from something outside of their linguistic content. Before Kant's first Critique, empiricists (e.g. Hume) and rationalists (e.g. Leibniz) assumed that all synthetic statements required experience in order to be known. Kant, however, contests this: he claims that elementary mathematics, like arithmetic, is synthetic a priori, in that its statements provide new knowledge, but knowledge that is not derived from experience. This becomes part of his over-all argument for transcendental idealism. Kant argues that once we have grasped the concepts of addition, subtraction, or the functions of basic arithmetic, we do not need any empirical experience to know that 100 + 100 = 200, and in this way it would appear that arithmetic is in fact analytic. However, that it is analytic can be disproved thus: if the numbers five and seven in the calculation 5 + 7 = 12 are examined, there is nothing to be found in them by which the number 12 can be inferred. Such it is that "5 + 7" and "the cube root of 1,728" or "12" are not analytic because their reference is the same but their sense is not - the mathematic judgment "5 + 7 = 12" tells us something new about the world. It is self-evident, and undeniably a priori, but at the same time it is synthetic. And so Kant proves a proposition can be synthetic and known a priori. No!! All 5’s plus 7’s are 12’s. Kant is being too reductionist here. He misses the point that the entire mathematical system of numbers and operations is analytic or understood by definition alone. Speaking in definitions alone does not get you to a reality beyond those definitions. Kant proves nothing about synthetic and a priori knowledge. Transcendental idealism rests on a falsehood. Sometimes one must dig deeper to uncover the inconsistencies behind an abstruse belief. Kant posited that objective experience is actively constituted or constructed by the functioning of the human mind. Objective experience is grasped by the human mind. Reality occurred long before the human mind came into existence and it would blindly continue on without us. Kant believed moral autonomy - which is generally understood to refer to the capacity to be one's own person, to live one's life according to reasons and motives that are taken as one's own and not the product of manipulative or distorting external forces - was central to humanity. Morality arises from nature. They are the rules that allow life to survive. That is not a manipulative or distorting force. We must use our reason to discover which actions allow life to survive in the long term, and our judgment to balance the needs of the short-term with the needs of the long-term. Moral conformity is central to life and therefore happiness. Kant asserted the principle that human beings should be treated as ends rather than as means. This is a dangerous belief that leads to selfish and relativistic individualism. Life is the end. Humans are a means for the existence of life. If, for example, it were known that human actions would destroy all other life, which would of course then end humanity, it would be necessary to stop humans. Life can go on without humans. Humans cannot go on without life. We serve life. And we would be happier if we understood that, instead of perpetuating the selfish viewpoint of the individual as if it were disconnected from life. Interior consciousness allows this myth to survive, but the bodily origins of consciousness and the worldly origins of the body show that it is a fallacy. Reason and understanding show us that this is a fallacy. Given this, it is important to stress that within a society, individuals are still ends. All members must be treated equally and with respect in order for all of society to cooperate, thrive, and survive. Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) was an English jurist, philosopher, and legal and social reformer. He is best known for his advocacy of utilitarianism. Survives Bentham's position included arguments in favor of individual and economic freedom, the separation of church and state, freedom of expression, equal rights for women, the end of slavery, the abolition of physical punishment (including that of children), the right to divorce, free trade, usury, and the decriminalization of homosexual acts. He also made two distinct attempts during his life to critique the death penalty. Bentham is widely recognized as one of the earliest proponents of animal rights - he argued that the ability to suffer, not the ability to reason, should be the benchmark in determining their proper treatment. The survival of all of these ideas into the modern age shows how Bentham’s philosophy was facing the right direction. Needs to Adapt Bentham was one of the main proponents of Utilitarianism - an ethical theory holding that the proper course of action is the one that maximizes the overall happiness. By happiness, he understood it as a predominance of pleasure over pain. Utilitarianism is a form of consequentialism, meaning that the moral worth of an action is determined only by its resulting outcome, and that one can only weigh the morality of an action after knowing all its consequences. Maximum happiness comes from the joy of long-term survival for life. This requires much wisdom of society and individuals. Once happiness is defined in this way, utilitarianism works well for an ethical theory. Long-term consequences of actions are often hard to determine though so we must be prudent in our experimentation and decisions. Bentham’s hedonic calculus shows "expectation utilities" to be much higher than natural ones, so it follows that Bentham does not favor the sacrifice of a few to the benefit of the many. It should not be overlooked though that Bentham's hedonistic theory, unlike Mill's, is often criticized for lacking a principle of fairness embodied in a conception of justice. Bentham instead laid down a set of criteria for measuring the extent of pain or pleasure that a certain decision will create. The criteria are divided into the categories of intensity, duration, certainty, proximity, productiveness, purity, and extent. Using these measurements, he reviews the concept of punishment and when it should be used as far as whether a punishment will create more pleasure or more pain for a society. He calls for legislators to determine whether punishment creates an even more evil offense. Instead of suppressing the evil acts, Bentham is arguing that certain unnecessary laws and punishments could ultimately lead to new and more dangerous vices than those being punished to begin with. Bentham follows these statements with explanations on how antiquity, religion, reproach of innovation, metaphor, fiction, fancy, antipathy and sympathy, begging the question, and imaginary law are not justification for the creation of legislature. In addition to the multiplier affect of utilities, no minorities should ever be sacrificed for the good of a majority, no matter how maximum their number, because such sacrifice undermines the social cohesion required of our cooperative species. Bentham is on the right track with his calculations for pain and pleasure in determining the correct course of punishment to take. He misses the weight of the required tit for tat strategy though that stops cheaters from winning and undermining the stability of the evolutionary system. Gone Extinct Bentham opposed the ideas of natural law and natural rights, calling them "nonsense upon stilts.” Bentham did not have the knowledge of scientific discoveries about nature that we have today. The source of nature for our morality is no longer nonsensical, but now indisputable. Georg Hegel (1770-1831 CE) was a German philosopher and one of the creators of German Idealism. His historicist and idealist account of the total reality as a whole was an important precursor to continental philosophy and Marxism. Survives Needs to Adapt Hegel's dialectic was most often characterized as a three-step process, "thesis, antithesis, synthesis" - namely, that a "thesis" (e.g. the French revolution) would cause the creation of its "antithesis" (e.g. the reign of terror that followed), and would eventually result in a "synthesis" (e.g. the constitutional state of free citizens). The three-step process is a nice way to characterize a methodical search for knowledge. Propose a thesis, find the antithesis, let them compete and form a synthesis. Repeated ad-infinitum, this leads to powerful understanding. Hegel misunderstands the causation though as coming from the thesis itself rather than from the search for knowledge, which found the thesis lacking and simply proposed a new idea. Hegel goes further off the rails after this. Gone Extinct The fundamental notion of Hegel's dialectic is that things or ideas have internal contradictions. From Hegel's point of view, analysis or comprehension of a thing or idea reveals that underneath its apparently simple identity or unity is an underlying inner contradiction. This contradiction leads to the dissolution of the thing or idea in the simple form in which it presented itself and to a higher-level, more complex thing or idea that more adequately incorporates the contradiction. Hegel's main philosophical project was to take these contradictions and tensions and interpret them as part of a comprehensive, evolving, rational unity that, in different contexts, he called "the absolute idea" or "absolute knowledge.” These contradictions and tensions are a process. They are not some rational unity. They are the hallmark of knowledge evolving towards the absolute knowledge. They are the hallmark of an evolution of philosophy. Hegel's philosophy has been labeled by some critics as obscurantist, with some going so far as to refer to it as pseudo-philosophy. His contemporary Schopenhauer was particularly critical, and wrote of Hegel's philosophy as, “a colossal piece of mystification which will yet provide posterity with an inexhaustible theme for laughter at our times, that it is a pseudo-philosophy paralyzing all mental powers, stifling all real thinking, and, by the most outrageous misuse of language, putting in its place the hollowest, most senseless, thoughtless, and, as is confirmed by its success, most stupefying verbiage.” Excellent summation from Schopenhauer. To look at the scientific method winnowing down hypotheses through an evolutionary battle of survival of the fittest ideas, and calling all the surviving and expiring ideas part of some unitary whole is just to re-label reality as “everything we have seen.” Hegel does nothing to further our understanding and fails to recognize the wisdom of the truths that survive. Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860 CE) was a German philosopher known for his pessimism and philosophical clarity. Schopenhauer's metaphysical analysis of will, his views on human motivation and desire, and his aphoristic writing style influenced many well-known thinkers. Survives Schopenhauer refused to conceive of love as either trifling or accidental, but rather understood it to be an immensely powerful force lying unseen within man's psyche and dramatically shaping the world. These ideas foreshadowed Darwin’s discovery of evolution, Freud’s concepts of the libido and the unconscious mind, and evolutionary psychology in general. Love, in its many forms, is one of the primary emotions we use to propagate the species and cooperate with each other for its long-term survival. It is immensely powerful. Needs to Adapt Gone Extinct Schopenhauer believed that humans were motivated only by their own basic desires, or Will to Live, which directed all of mankind. For Schopenhauer, human desire was futile, illogical, directionless, and, by extension, so was all human action in the world. For Schopenhauer, human desiring, willing, and craving cause suffering or pain. He therefore favored a lifestyle of negating human desires, similar to the teachings of ancient Greek Stoic philosophers, Buddhism, and Vedanta. But suppressing our desires leads to the death of the species! Striving for life is not futile. The direction is towards immortality for the species. We merely struggle with balancing short-term desires and long-term needs. A temporary way to escape the pain of life is through aesthetic contemplation since art diverts the spectator's attention from the grave everyday world and lifts him or her into a world that consists of mere play of images. This is the next best way, short of not willing at all, which is the best way. Escapism leads to stagnation and the extinction of the species. Art should instead be used to motivate the species. It is most powerful when it does this. Schopenhauer's moral theory proposed three primary moral incentives: compassion, malice and egoism. Compassion is the major motivator to moral expression. Malice and egoism are corrupt alternatives. Survival is the major motivator to moral expression. Egoism is feeling positive towards yourself. You are alive. This is worth celebrating and encouraging. Malice and compassion are negative and positive feelings towards others. They have their roles in a cooperative society that follows the tit for tat strategy to punish cheaters and remain stable over the long-term. Schopenhauer described himself as a proponent of limited government. He shared the view of Thomas Hobbes on the necessity of the state, and of state violence, to check the destructive tendencies innate to our species, but what he thought was essential was that the state should "leave each man free to work out his own salvation.” And so long as government was thus limited, Schopenhauer preferred "to be ruled by a lion than one of his fellow rats" - i.e., by a monarch, rather than a democrat. An unelected monarchy is much more likely to produce a rat than a democratic election conducted by an educated population. Auguste Comte (1798-1857 CE) was a French philosopher, a founder of the discipline of sociology and the doctrine of positivism. He may be regarded as the first philosopher of science in the modern sense of the term. His concept of sociologie and social evolutionism, though now outmoded, set the tone for early social theorists and anthropologists, evolving into modern academic sociology as practical and objective social research. Survives Positivism holds that in the social as well as natural sciences, sensory experiences and their logical and mathematical treatment are together the exclusive source of all worthwhile information. Introspective and intuitional attempts to gain knowledge are rejected. Comte saw the scientific method replacing metaphysics in the history of thought, observing the circular dependence of theory and observation in science. This has been a long-running theme, so again, yes. Introspection and intuition may guide directions for hypotheses and experimentation, but they cannot produce true knowledge on their own. Needs to Adapt Comte offered an account of social evolution, proposing that society undergoes three phases in its quest for the truth according to a general law of three stages. Comte's stages were (1) the theological, (2) the metaphysical, and (3) the positive. The theological phase was seen as preceding the Enlightenment, in which man's place in society and society's restrictions upon man were referenced to God. Man blindly believed in whatever he was taught by his ancestors. He believed in a supernatural power. Fetishism played a significant role during this time. By the "Metaphysical" phase, he referred not to the metaphysics of Aristotle or other ancient Greek philosophers. Rather, the idea was rooted in the problems of French society subsequent to the revolution of 1789. This metaphysical phase involved the justification of universal rights as being on a higher plane than the authority of any human ruler. This stage is known as the stage of investigation, because people started reasoning and questioning although no solid evidence was laid. The stage of investigation was the beginning of a world that questioned authority and religion. In the positive scientific phase, people could find solutions to social problems and bring them into force despite the proclamations of human rights or prophecy of the will of God. Science started to answer questions in full stretch. These three phases have occurred in the history of mankind, but not in a straight line, and often all at the same time. If we want to know real truth, we do have to follow these steps, but in the blindness of evolution there is no guarantee that we will figure this out. Comte proposed a Religion of Humanity for positivist societies in order to fulfill the cohesive function once held by traditional worship. He proposed a calendar reform called the positivist calendar in which months were named after history's greatest leaders, thinkers, and artists, arranged progressively in chronological order. Each day was dedicated to a thinker, in the manner of Catholic saint's days. In Système de Politique Positive, Comte stated that the pillars of the religion are: altruism, leading to generosity and selfless dedication to others; order: Comte thought that after the French Revolution, society needed restoration of order; progress: the consequences of industrial and technical breakthroughs for human societies. In Catéchisme Positiviste, Comte defined the Church of Humanity's seven sacraments: Introduction (nomination and sponsoring); Admission (end of education); Destination (choice of a career); Marriage; Retirement (age 63); Separation (social extreme unction); Incorporation (absorption into history three years after death). The Religion of Humanity was described by Thomas Huxley as "Catholicism minus Christianity.” Although much declined, the church survives in present day Brazil. Religion does need to be replaced, although its use of calendar reminders and ritual traditions to instruct humans is something that could be very useful. The word religion, however, connotes deity belief and worship. After evolutionary philosophy is honed, the Religion of Humanity could be replaced with something like a “Society for Life.” Some new atheists and secular humanists appear to be working along these lines already. I hope to contribute to their efforts. Gone Extinct Comte saw this new science, sociology, as the last and greatest of all sciences, one that would include all other sciences and integrate and relate their findings into a cohesive whole. This grand vision of sociology as the centerpiece of all the sciences has not come to fruition. The biologist E.O. Wilson uses the term consilience to describe the unity of knowledge. Based on that theory, I subsume sociology into the biological sciences, slotting in above organismic biology, but below ecology in terms of size and scope. Based on its MECE (mutually exclusive, collectively exhaustive) nature of inquiry, philosophy could be seen as the centerpiece of all the sciences, but only in the sense of categorizing and analyzing the rest of knowledge. John Stuart Mill (1806-1873 CE) was a British philosopher, political economist, and civil servant. He was also an influential contributor to social theory, political theory, and political economy. He has been called the most influential English-speaking philosopher of the nineteenth century. Survives Mill’s works on liberty justified freedom of the individual in opposition to unlimited state control. One argument that Mill develops further than any previous philosopher is the harm principle. The harm principle holds that each individual has the right to act as he wants, so long as these actions do not harm others. He does argue, however, that individuals should be prevented from doing lasting, serious harm to themselves or their property. Because no one exists in isolation, harm done to oneself also harms others, and destroying property deprives the community as well as oneself. This limited definition of liberty is correct. Unfortunately, many libertarians do not recognize their ties to society. We must be given the freedom to discover our own best roles for society, but we cannot be allowed to endanger society or the survival of life in general. Needs to Adapt Mill's famous formulation of utilitarianism is known as the "greatest-happiness principle.” It holds that one must always act so as to produce the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people, within reason. Mill's major contribution to utilitarianism is his argument for the qualitative separation of pleasures. Bentham treats all forms of happiness as equal, whereas Mill argues that intellectual and moral pleasures are superior to more physical forms of pleasure. Mill distinguishes between happiness and contentment, claiming that the former is of higher value than the latter, a belief wittily encapsulated in the statement that "it is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied. And if the fool, or the pig, are of a different opinion, it is because they only know their own side of the question.” As was said for Bentham, once the greatest happiness is defined as the joy of the survival of life (and all that entails for a cooperative society focused on the long-term), then utilitarianism tends to work well in developing a moral philosophy. But it is still merely a derivative of the principle of survival. Mill originally believed that "equality of taxation" meant "equality of sacrifice" and that progressive taxation penalized those who worked harder and saved more and was therefore "a mild form of robbery.” Given an equal tax rate regardless of income, Mill agreed that inheritance should be taxed. A utilitarian society would agree that everyone should be equal one way or another. Therefore, receiving inheritance would put one ahead of society unless taxed on the inheritance. In our modern economy, income is not tied merely to effort - income is generated far out of proportion to effort by the use of technology. In a hierarchical construction, those at the top are able to abuse their power by forcing their view on others that they “deserve” the lion’s share of this surplus income. But might never makes right. This surplus income is owed to the society whose rules and history created it. The efforts of even the best individuals are not worth exponentially more than their peers so their taxation should be more progressive. This also keeps society relatively more equal, which is vital to its need for cooperation and stability. The principle easily justifies a strong inheritance tax as well. Mill recognized wealth beyond the material, and argued that the logical conclusion of unlimited growth was destruction of the environment and a reduced quality of life. He concluded that a stationary state could be preferable to never-ending economic growth. Stationary size does not necessarily mean a lack of progress. Economic growth comes from expansion and differentiation. Mill is correct that expansion cannot be indefinite. Differentiation through the progression of knowledge and freedom, however, means that perpetual economic growth may still be possible. Gone Extinct Charles Darwin (1809-1882 CE) was an English naturalist who realized that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors, and proposed the scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection. He published his theory with compelling evidence for evolution in his 1859 book On the Origin of the Species. In 1871, he examined human evolution and sexual selection in The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, followed in 1872 by The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Darwin has been described as one of the most influential figures in human history. Has Adapted and Grown Just a quick note to insert Darwin into this timeline. It is obvious from the rest of this information that Darwin’s theory has had a major influence on mankind and our understanding of where we fit into this universe. It is hard to comprehend what it must have been like before Darwin to wonder, “Where did we all come from?” It is no wonder previous explanations ended up with something supernatural or silly. Evolution has made the history of our home known to us and new discoveries continue to unravel the meaning of life. Without this knowledge, prior philosophers had to overcome an enormous obstacle to the truth. Future ones will have no such excuse other than the momentum of history. Soren Kierkegaard (1813-1855 CE) was a Danish philosopher, theologian, and psychologist. His theological work focuses on Christian ethics, the institution of the Church, and on the differences between purely objective proofs of Christianity. Much of his philosophical work deals with the issues of how one lives, focusing on the priority of concrete human reality over abstract thinking and highlighting the importance of personal choice and commitment. Kierkegaard has been called the Father of Existentialism, both atheistic and theistic variations. Survives Needs to Adapt According to Kierkegaard, the idea of congregations keeps individuals as children since Christians are disinclined from taking the initiative to take responsibility for their own relation to God. Communities can be supportive, but when they support a mob mentality, they are harmful. Members of congregations would find the church’s god wanting if they examined it on their own. Gone Extinct One of Kierkegaard’s well-known ideas is the notion popularly referred to as “leap of faith.” The leap of faith is his conception of how an individual would believe in God or how a person would act in love. Faith is not a decision based on evidence that, say, certain beliefs about God are true or a certain person is worthy of love. No such evidence could ever be enough to pragmatically justify the kind of total commitment involved in true religious faith or romantic love. Faith involves making that commitment anyway. As Kierkegaard writes, "doubt is conquered by faith, just as it is faith which has brought doubt into the world.” Utter nonsense. We can get lots of actual evidence that a person is worthy of love. We talk to them and learn their actions. Nothing of the sort has ever been seen from a god. Doubt is a practical emotion in a world of probabilistic knowledge. Faith is an impractical, irrational response to that probability. Kierkegaard also stressed the importance of the self and its relation to the world as being grounded in self-reflection and introspection. He argued that "subjectivity is truth" and "truth is subjectivity.” This has to do with a distinction between what is objectively true and an individual's subjective relation (such as indifference or commitment) to that truth. People who in some sense believe the same things may relate to those beliefs quite differently. Two individuals may both believe that many of those around them are poor and deserve help, but this knowledge may lead only one of them to decide to actually help the poor. Kierkegaard primarily discusses subjectivity with regard to religious matters, however. He argues that doubt is an element of faith and that it is impossible to gain any objective certainty about religious doctrines such as the existence of God or the life of Christ. The most one could hope for would be the conclusion that it is probable that the Christian doctrines are true, but if a person were to believe such doctrines only to the degree they seemed likely to be true, he or she would not be genuinely religious at all. Faith consists in a subjective relation of absolute commitment to these doctrines. Exactly as I already described. Faith is an irrational response to a world filled with probabilities. The certainty that Kierkegaard calls for is reckless, dangerous, and promotes an unbridgeable chasm between rational and irrational humans. Perhaps the most oft-quoted aphorism from Kierkegaard's journals, and a key quote for existentialist studies, is: "The thing is to find a truth which is true for me, to find the idea for which I can live and die.” The motto of the suicide bomber. Karl Marx (1818-1883) was a German philosopher, economist, sociologist, historian, journalist, and revolutionary socialist. His ideas played a significant role in the development of social science and the socialist political movement. He published various books during his lifetime, with the most notable being The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (1867–1894). Revolutionary socialist governments espousing Marxist concepts took power in a variety of countries in the 20th century. Marx has been described as one of the most influential figures in human history. Survives Marx’s doctoral thesis, which he finished in 1841, has been described as a daring and original piece of work in which he set out to show that theology must yield to the superior wisdom of philosophy. In 1843, Marx published Contribution to Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right, in which he dealt more substantively with religion, describing it as "the opiate of the people.” Religion must give way to philosophy. Religious answers have been a soothing opiate that endangers humanity with calls for subservience or detachment that lead to stagnation. Truth comes from scientific discovery, not from divine revelation. Needs to Adapt Another famous Marx quote, from his Critique of Gotha Programme, was, "From each according to his ability, to each according to his need.” Abilities are diversely distributed through the population of a successful species. Need alone, however, is no basis for the distribution of wealth. This does nothing to provide incentives for work and progress, which are necessary for the survival of the species. From each according to his ability to each according to his effort. Gone Extinct Marx's theories about society, economics, and politics, which are collectively known as Marxism, hold that all societies progress through class struggle; a conflict between an ownership class which controls production and a lower class which produces the labor for such goods. Heavily critical of the current socio-economic form of society, capitalism, he called it the "dictatorship of the bourgeoisie," believing it to be run by the wealthy classes purely for their own benefit, and predicted that, like previous socioeconomic systems, it would inevitably produce internal tensions which would lead to its self-destruction and replacement by a new system, socialism. He argued that under socialism society would be governed by the working class in what he called the "dictatorship of the proletariat," the "workers’ state" or "workers' democracy.” He believed that socialism would, in its turn, eventually be replaced by a stateless, classless society called communism. Society progresses through class cooperation. Conflicts between the classes lead to inefficiencies and instability. Unchecked capitalism promotes class differences, class competition, and class struggle. Replacing a dictatorship of the bourgeoisie, who have money on their side, with a dictatorship of the proletariat, who have numbers on their side, is merely exchanging one form of class struggle for another. Putting people in charge who are led by a competitive outlook on life and have previously been squashed under that competition is a perfect recipe for what happened in the brutal communist regimes of the Soviet Union, the People’s Republic of China, Cambodia, Cuba, Angola, and others. Marx’s revolution was a cure far worse than the disease he diagnosed. In 1867 the first volume of Das Kapital was published, a work which analyzed the capitalist process of production. Here, Marx elaborated his labor theory of value and his conception of surplus value and exploitation, which he argued would ultimately lead to a falling rate of profit and the collapse of industrial capitalism. Labor is not the primary means of producing value - the use of technology and knowledge as the means of production are the primary creators of value. Surplus value comes about from capitalist owners having access to technology and knowledge that laborers do not have access to and cannot bargain for. Exploitation comes from this access, which arises after small differences in the rate of material accumulation become amplified through continued investment and inheritance of that material towards ever more expensive means of production. This does not lead to a collapse of profits as Marx forecasted; this leads to a concentration of profits, which can be used to fortify the owners’ access to the means of production, thus entrenching capitalism. What undermines capitalism is not the falling rate of profits, but the rising levels of inequality that foment revolution. This is a threat to the stability of society and the survival of the species. This is why access to the means of production must be shared. This is why employee-owned cooperatives are a more just and sustainable means of organizing corporations and the economy. These cooperatives must compete with one another, thus ensuring their continued investment in progress, but no few individuals capture an unfair portion of the profits to be used for exploitative means. The same principles of checks and balances of power that make government cooperative and tenable must be applied to corporations as well. Marx's tombstone bears the carved message of the final line of The Communist Manifesto: "Workers of all lands, unite!” It shouldn’t be just Marx’s workers. All humans, unite with each other for life! Herbert Spencer (1820-1903 CE) was an English philosopher, biologist, sociologist, and prominent classical liberal political theorist of the Victorian era. Spencer developed an all-embracing conception of evolution as the progressive development of the physical world, biological organisms, the human mind, and human culture and societies. He was an enthusiastic exponent of evolution and even wrote about evolution before Darwin did. Spencer is best known for coining the concept "survival of the fittest.” He was probably the first, and possibly the only, philosopher in history to sell over a million copies of his works during his own lifetime. Survives In 1858, Spencer produced an outline of what was to become the System of Synthetic Philosophy. This immense undertaking, which has few parallels in the English language, aimed to demonstrate that the principle of evolution applied in biology, psychology, sociology, and morality. He appeared to offer a ready-made system of belief, which could substitute for conventional religious faith at a time when orthodox creeds were crumbling under the advances of modern science. Hey, this guy sounds pretty promising. The first objective of the Synthetic Philosophy was to demonstrate that there were no exceptions to being able to discover scientific explanations in the form of natural laws of all the phenomena of the universe. Spencer’s volumes on biology, psychology, and sociology were all intended to demonstrate the existence of natural laws in these specific disciplines. Even in his writings on ethics, he held that it was possible to discover laws of morality that had the status of laws of nature while still having normative content. Yes. The physicalist view of the universe is correct. Also, Spencer is quite prescient to accept evolution as explaining the natural basis for morality. Needs to Adapt The second objective of the Synthetic Philosophy was to show that these same laws led inexorably to progress. In contrast to Comte, who stressed only the unity of the scientific method, Spencer sought the unification of scientific knowledge in the form of the reduction of all natural laws to one fundamental law, the law of evolution. Spencer posited that all structures in the universe develop from a simple, undifferentiated, homogeneity to a complex, differentiated, heterogeneity, while being accompanied by a process of greater integration of the differentiated parts. This evolutionary process could be found at work, Spencer believed, throughout the cosmos. It was a universal law, applying to the stars and the galaxies as much as to biological organisms, and to human social organization as much as to the human mind. The end point of the evolutionary process would be the creation of “the perfect man in the perfect society” with human beings becoming completely adapted to social life. Spencer didn’t have the cosmological science that we have today so his view of the starting point of undifferentiated homogeneity was certainly incomplete. In the sense that survivors have learned something new, then progress does occur, but it is by no means inexorable in a universe with asteroids, supernovae, and black holes ready to tear life apart. And as long as the universe exists and moves and changes, then evolution will have no endpoint. The early naïveté of believers in evolution is starting to show in Spencer’s thinking. Gone Extinct For evolution to produce the perfect individual it was necessary for present and future generations to experience the “natural” consequences of their conduct. Only in this way would individuals have the incentives required to work on self-improvement and thus to hand an improved moral constitution to their descendants. Hence anything that interfered with the natural relationship of conduct and consequence was to be resisted, and this included the use of the coercive power of the state to relieve poverty, to provide public education, or to require compulsory vaccination. Although charitable giving was to be encouraged, even it had to be limited by the consideration that suffering was frequently the result of individuals receiving the consequences of their actions. Hence too much individual benevolence directed to the undeserving poor would break the link between conduct and consequence that Spencer considered fundamental to ensuring that humanity continued to evolve to a higher level of development. And here is where Spencer’s understanding of evolution goes completely off the rails. He misunderstands the fact that cooperation, society, and even government are all “natural” outgrowths of a species trying to survive. Starting either from religious belief or from science, Spencer argued we are ultimately driven to accept certain indispensable but literally inconceivable notions. Whether we are concerned with a Creator or the substratum that underlies our experience of phenomena, we can frame no conception of it. Therefore, Spencer concluded, religion and science agree in the supreme truth that the human understanding is only capable of relative knowledge. This is the case since, owing to the inherent limitations of the human mind, it is only possible to obtain knowledge of phenomena, not of the reality underlying phenomena. Hence, both science and religion must come to recognize as the most certain of all facts that the Power, which the Universe manifests to us, is utterly inscrutable. He called this Awareness of the Unknowable and he presented worship of the Unknowable as capable of being a positive faith that could substitute for conventional religion. Indeed, he thought that the Unknowable represented the ultimate stage in the evolution of religion, the final elimination of its last anthropomorphic vestiges. Why deify that which we do not know? It only hurts us to worship our ignorance. We should instead continue to seek to know, or accept any true limitations that we do find and do what we can with the rest of our knowledge. Spencer's last years were characterized by a collapse of his initial optimism, replaced instead by a pessimism regarding the future of mankind. It’s not surprising given the way he advocated for the strict half of evolution characterized by competition. Given our understanding of the other half of evolutionary strategy - cooperation - there is much cause for optimism. Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900 CE) was a German philosopher and classical philologist. He wrote critical texts on religion, morality, contemporary culture, philosophy, and science, using a distinctive style and displaying a fondness for metaphor, irony, and aphorism. Nietzsche's influence remains substantial within and beyond philosophy, notably in existentialism, nihilism, and postmodernism. Survives Nietzsche called himself an "immoralist" and harshly criticized the prominent moral schemes of his day: Christianity, Kantianism, and utilitarianism. However, Nietzsche did not want to destroy morality, but rather to initiate a re-evaluation of the values of the Judeo-Christian world. He indicates his desire to bring about a new, more naturalistic source of value in the vital impulses of life itself. The vital impulses of life are the natural source of value and therefore morality. Analysis and time have shown some of the traditional morals of the Judeo-Christian world to contradict with the long-term survival of the species. Nietzsche was correct to challenge them vociferously. Needs to Adapt The statement "God is dead," has become one of Nietzsche’s best-known remarks. In his view, recent developments in modern science and the increasing secularization of European society had effectively “killed” the Christian God, who had served as the basis for meaning and value in the West for more than a thousand years. Nietzsche claimed the death of God would eventually lead to the loss of any universal perspective on things, and along with it any coherent sense of objective truth. Instead, we would retain only our own multiple, diverse, and fluid perspectives. This view has acquired the name "perspectivism.” Alternatively, the death of God may lead beyond bare perspectivism to outright nihilism, the belief that nothing has any importance and that life lacks purpose. Anthropomorphic, meddling gods are not only dead - they never existed. This is a good thing. The multiple, diverse, fluid beliefs in gods are what created conflicting perspectives of reality. Without religion, life can come together around the one true reality of a knowable universe. Without gods, we can find one true purpose - the long-term survival of life. There is nothing of greater importance. Nietzsche calls for exceptional people to no longer be ashamed of their uniqueness in the face of a supposed morality-for-all, which Nietzsche deems to be harmful to the flourishing of exceptional people. However, Nietzsche cautions that morality, per se, is not bad; it is good for the masses, and should be left to them. Exceptional people, on the other hand, should follow their own "inner law.” A favorite motto of Nietzsche, taken from Pindar, reads: "Become what you are.” It is not just “exceptional” people who should be unashamed of their uniqueness. Evolution requires species to be diverse to survive in a changing universe. All of life is dependent on each other and should be proud to play their part in the symphony. Everyone should become what they are - this is a message that is central in modern positive psychology. The only true “inner law” to be found is the universal joy over the survival of life. For anyone to selfishly believe they are above this law, they have to ignore their dependence on others, negate cooperation, and undermine their own happiness, peace, and stability - which is exactly what happened to Nietzsche. Gone Extinct In Thus Spoke Zarathustra, Nietzsche introduced the concept of a value-creating Übermensch. Zarathustra's gift of the superman is given to a mankind not aware of the problem to which the superman is the solution. From Zarathustra: “I teach you the overman. Man is something that shall be overcome. What have you done to overcome him? ... All beings so far have created something beyond themselves; and do you want to be the ebb of this great flood, and even go back to the beasts rather than overcome man? What is ape to man? A laughing stock or painful embarrassment. And man shall be that to overman: a laughingstock or painful embarrassment. You have made your way from worm to man, and much in you is still worm. Once you were apes, and even now, too, man is more ape than any ape. ... The overman is the meaning of the earth. Let your will say: the overman shall be the meaning of the earth. ... Man is a rope, tied between beast and overman - a rope over an abyss ... what is great in man is that he is a bridge and not an end.” Evolution is the term we use for the rules that govern the way that life survives. The end product of evolution then would be immortal life. Humans may have the intellectual capacity to achieve this. We can be the end. Nietzsche's notion of the will to power can be viewed as a response to Schopenhauer's will to live. Writing a generation before Nietzsche, Schopenhauer had regarded the entire universe and everything in it as driven by a primordial will to live, thus resulting in all creatures' desire to avoid death and to procreate. Nietzsche, however, challenges Schopenhauer's account and suggests that people and animals really want power; living in itself appears only as a subsidiary aim - something necessary to promote one's power. In defense of his view, Nietzsche appeals to many instances in which people and animals willingly risk their lives in order to promote their power, most notably in instances like competitive fighting and warfare. Nietzsche believed the will to power provided not only a basis for understanding motivation in human behavior, but he also suggested that the will to power is a more important element than pressure for adaptation or survival. In its later forms, Nietzsche's concept of the will to power applies to all living things, suggesting that adaptation and the struggle to survive is a secondary drive in the evolution of animals, less important than the desire to expand one’s power. Nietzsche eventually took this concept further still and transformed the idea of matter as centers of force, into matter as centers of will to power. Nietzsche wanted to dispense with the theory of matter, which he viewed as a relic of the metaphysics of substance. There are many examples of creatures giving up power in return for life or even just a better life. Life is the ultimate force. Power can now be seen for what it is - a strategy necessary to compete in a short-term-focused environment. There are times when this strategy is required - when enemies of life must be overpowered. But giving in to the emotional high that comes from gaining power is to relegate oneself to an insecure existence and death at the hands of another competitor. Nietzsche's view on eternal return is similar to that of Hume: the idea that an eternal recurrence of blind, meaningless variation - chaotic, pointless shuffling of matter and law - would inevitably spew up worlds whose evolution through time would yield the apparently meaningful stories of our lives. This idea of eternal recurrence became a cornerstone of his nihilism, and thus part of the foundation of what became existentialism. Nietzsche contemplates the idea of eternal recurrence as potentially horrifying and paralyzing, and says that its burden is the heaviest weight imaginable. The wish for the eternal return of all events would mark the ultimate affirmation of life. To comprehend eternal recurrence in his thought, and to not merely come to peace with it but to embrace it, requires amor fati, a love of fate. It is not clear if the universe is finite or infinite, but even if it were infinite, Nietzsche misses the other logical outcome of an eternal multiverse - that not only would our own stories come true, but all other possible stories would arise as well. Any and every possibility could be repeated eternally. This does not doom us to accepting or loving our fate, but rather to choose wisely for the life we know. Max Weber (1864-1920 CE) was a German lawyer, politician, historian, political economist, and sociologist, who profoundly influenced social theory and sociology. Survives Needs to Adapt Weber's most famous work is his essay in economic sociology, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, which also began his work in the sociology of religion. In this text, Weber argued that religion was one of the reasons for the different ways the cultures of the Occident and the Orient have developed. Weber argued that the redefinition of the connection between work and piety in Protestantism, and especially in ascetic Protestant denominations, particularly Calvinism, shifted human effort towards rational efforts aimed at achieving economic gain. Other notable factors included the rationalism of scientific pursuit, merging observation with mathematics, science of scholarship and jurisprudence, rational systematization of government administration, and economic enterprise. In the end, the study of the sociology of religion, according to Weber, merely explored one phase of the freedom from magic that he regarded as an important distinguishing aspect of Western culture. He noted the shift of Europe's economic center after the Reformation away from Catholic countries such as France, Spain, and Italy, and toward Protestant countries such as the Netherlands, England, Scotland, and Germany. Christian religious devotion had historically been accompanied by rejection of mundane affairs, including economic pursuit. Why was that not the case with Protestantism? Weber showed that certain types of Protestantism – notably Calvinism – favored rational pursuit of economic gain and worldly activities, which had been given positive spiritual and moral meaning. It was not the goal of those religious ideas, but rather a byproduct – the inherent logic of those doctrines and the advice based upon them both directly and indirectly encouraged planning and self-denial in the pursuit of economic gain. The Reformation view of a "calling" dignified even the most mundane professions as being those that added to the common good and were blessed by God, as much as any "sacred" calling could. This Reformation view, that all the spheres of life were sacred when dedicated to God and His purposes of nurturing and furthering life, profoundly affected the view of work. In Weber’s research on the competition of religions around the world, we see that it isn’t the choice of god that is the differentiator, but the view towards work and the economy that made Protestantism the “winner.” Their advocacy for effort everywhere leads to progress and long-term happiness for humans. The belief in the supernatural still acts as a retardant and is therefore a danger. Weber next posed the question why capitalism did not develop in China. He concentrated on the early period of Chinese history, during which the major Chinese schools of thoughts - Confucianism and Taoism - came to the fore. Weber argued that while several factors favored the development of a capitalist economy (long periods of peace, improved control of rivers, population growth, freedom to acquire land and to move outside of native communities, free choice of occupation) they were outweighed by others (mostly stemming from religion): technical inventions were opposed on the basis of religion, in the sense that the disturbance of ancestral spirits was argued to lead to bad luck, and adjusting oneself to the world was preferred to changing it; sale of land was often prohibited or made very difficult; extended kinship groups (based on the religious importance of family ties and ancestry) protected its members against economic adversities, therefore discouraging payment of debts, work discipline, and rationalization of work processes; those kinship groups prevented the development of an urban status class and hindered developments towards legal institutions, codification of laws, and the rise of a lawyer class. According to Weber, Confucianism and Puritanism represent two comprehensive but mutually exclusive types of rationalization, each attempting to order human life according to certain ultimate religious beliefs. Both encouraged sobriety and self-control and were compatible with the accumulation of wealth. However, Confucianism aimed at attaining and preserving "a cultured status position" and recommended adjustment to the world, education, self-perfection, politeness, and familial piety to achieve those ends. Puritanism used those means in order to create a "tool of God," creating a person that would serve God and master the world. Such intensity of belief and enthusiasm for action were alien to the aesthetic values of Confucianism. Therefore, Weber states that it was the difference in prevailing mentality that contributed to the development of capitalism in the West and the absence of it in China. Here we see the danger in a religion that advocates adjustment to the world. It led to stagnation and thousands of years of lost progress for billions of Chinese people. The Sociology of Hinduism and Buddhism was Weber's third major work on the sociology of religion. In this work he deals with the structure of Indian society, with the orthodox doctrines of Hinduism and the heterodox doctrines of Buddhism, with modifications brought by the influence of popular religiosity, and finally with the impact of religious beliefs on the secular ethic of Indian society. The ancient Indian social system was shaped by the concept of caste. It directly linked religious belief and the segregation of society into status groups. Weber describes the caste system, consisting of the Brahmins (priests), the Kshatriyas (warriors), the Vaisyas (merchants), and the Shudras (laborers). Then he describes the spread of the caste system in India due to conquests, the marginalization of certain tribes, and the subdivision of castes. Weber pays special attention to Brahmins and analyzes why they occupied the highest place in Indian society for so many centuries. With regard to the concept of dharma he concludes that the Indian ethical pluralism is very different both from the universal ethic of Confucianism and Christianity. He notes that the caste system prevented the development of urban status groups. Next, Weber analyses the Hindu religious beliefs, including asceticism and the Hindu worldview, the Brahman orthodox doctrines, the rise and fall of Buddhism in India, the Hindu restoration, and the evolution of the guru. Weber asks the question whether religion had any influence upon the daily round of mundane activities, and if so, how it impacted economic conduct. He notes the idea of an immutable world order consisting of the eternal cycles of rebirth and the deprecation of the mundane world, and finds that the traditional caste system, supported by the religion, slowed economic development; in other words, the "spirit" of the caste system militated against an indigenous development of capitalism. Weber concludes his study of society and religion in India by combining his findings with his previous work on China. He notes that the beliefs tended to interpret the meaning of life as otherworldly or mystical experience, that the intellectuals tended to be apolitical in their orientation, and that the social world was fundamentally divided between the educated, whose lives were oriented toward the exemplary conduct of a prophet or wise man, and the uneducated masses who remained caught in their daily rounds and believed in magic. In Asia, no Messianic prophecy appeared that could have given "plan and meaning to the everyday life of educated and uneducated alike.” He argues that it was the Messianic prophecies in the countries of the Near East, as distinguished from the prophecy of the Asiatic mainland, that prevented Western countries from following the paths of China and India, and his next work, Ancient Judaism, was an attempt to prove this theory. More evidence of the danger of stagnation that religion poses to society. The success of the asceticism of the Hindu and Buddhist leaders only lead to more stagnation, poverty, and disease for their people. Compared to the corrupt riches the Catholic church accumulated and the acceptance of wealth that engendered in its people, one can see that the more successful a church is at keeping to its original tenets, the worse it is for society! In the quest to survive, religion is evil. In Ancient Judaism, his fourth major work on the sociology of religion, Weber attempted to explain the combination of circumstances that resulted in the early differences between Oriental and Occidental religiosity. It is especially visible when the inner-worldly asceticism developed by Western Christianity is contrasted with mystical contemplation of the kind developed in India. Weber noted that some aspects of Christianity sought to conquer and change the world, rather than withdraw from its imperfections. This fundamental characteristic of Christianity (when compared to Far Eastern religions) stems originally from ancient Jewish prophecy. For the Jew, the social order of the world was conceived to have been turned into the opposite of that promised for the future, but in the future it was to be overturned so that Jewry could be once again dominant. Since the basic tenets of Judaism were formulated during the time of Israelite confederacy and after the fall of the United Monarchy, they became the basis of the prophetic movement that left a lasting impression on Western civilization. In the final comparison of religions, we see more of the benefits of advocating progress. To repeat, none of these religions “won” based on having a better concept of god, the creation of the universe, or the way the world worked. It was their prescriptions for “what to do about it” that led to positive or negative outcomes relative to one another. Society would do even better if it left the supernatural behind altogether. Weber was a central figure in the establishment of methodological antipositivism; presenting sociology as a non-empirical field which must study social action through resolutely subjective means. In modern practice, however, non-positivism may be equated with qualitative research methods, while positivist research is more quantitative. Positivists typically use research methods such as experiments and statistical surveys, while antipositivists use research methods that rely more on ethnographic fieldwork, conversation/discourse analysis, or open-ended interviews. While qualitative research methods are useful for gaining understanding and developing theories, a more quantitative scientific method is required to turn those hypotheses into true knowledge. Controlled studies of randomized societies is practically impossible though, so in some cases the theories are the best sociological explanations humans are likely to uncover. In Politics as a Vocation, Weber unveils the definition of the state that it is the entity that possesses a monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force, which it may nonetheless elect to delegate as it sees fit - a definition that became pivotal to the study of modern Western political science. The state’s actual role is to correct for inefficiencies in the markets. Force, being an element required for the provision of the public goods of defense and justice, must be provided for by the state. And though the state has a monopoly on force, the true transparent separation of powers within a state would ensure that no one person or group could continually wield that force in a hurtful way. Gone Extinct Weber is also well known for his critical study of the bureaucratization of society, the rational ways in which formal social organizations apply the ideal characteristics of a bureaucracy. Weber outlines a description, which has become famous, of rationalization (of which bureaucratization is a part) as a shift from a value-oriented organization and action (traditional authority and charismatic authority) to a goal-oriented organization and action (legal-rational authority). The result, according to Weber, is a "polar night of icy darkness," in which increasing rationalization of human life traps individuals in an "iron cage" of rule-based, rational control. Rational control does not have to be an iron cage of icy darkness. Rational thinking leads to right action, which leads to joyful emotions. Bureaucracy is problematic when it is run by irrational bureaucrats. This is the same problem all human organizations face. The solution is not a submission to traditional authority or charismatic authority - neither have a basis in truth. The solution is to teach humans the purpose and use of their reason - to achieve the goal of survival for life. 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‘Ik hou van jou’ is Dutch for what?	Dutch (language): What is the English translation of the phrase 'ik hou van jou'? - Quora Quora Written Aug 11, 2015 "I love you", though it is often not said as often as it is in English. It's meaning can therefore carry more weight, depending on the person who says it. As the saying goes, you only say "Ik hou van jou" twice: When you marry, and when you die. But this doesn't go for everyone, though. I once had a girlfriend who said it all the time, which, although sweet, made it sound a bit drawly and awkward. :S It means “I like (or love) you”. The English expression, ‘hold with’ (usually used in the negative form) is the equivalent. Dutch lacks the verb to like or love in the usual sense. 430 Views Written Aug 30 It means: I love you, but indeed carries a lot more weight than the English version. We are a bi-langual family Dutch/English and my kids only speak Dutch to me and only English to my husband. And its just too weird how often my son yells: Ik hou van jou mama! when he leaves the house. In Holland we don't throw it around that much. 246 Views	I Love You
The novels ‘The Tropic of Cancer’ and ‘The Tropic of Capricorn’ were written by which author?	Talk:ik zie u graag - Wiktionary Talk:ik zie u graag Jump to: navigation , search In Flemish (Dutch in the Dutch part of Belgium) it's just another way of saying "Ik hou van jou", which means: I love you. "U" kan also be replaced by "je": Ik zie je graag. From Requests for deletion[ edit ] Supposed to be Flemish - but has no definition. SemperBlotto 16:10, 29 September 2005 (UTC) Perfectly good Dutch/Flemish. The "u" may also be captialized, and it's really a whole sentence, as Ik zie U graag.. It would literally translate to "I like to see you," but I don't think that's really a good idiomatic translation. So ... I'll remove the RFD, as it clearly meets CFI. I would love to add a definition, but I can't provide a good one. So I'll leave it as a stub so that one of our more fluent Dutch/Flemish contributors can fill it in. We should pick a main spelling among "ik zie u graag", "Ik zie u graag", "ik zie U graag" and "Ik zie U graag". - dmh 16:23, 29 September 2005 (UTC) Pointless to keep if no English meaning is given. If kept the first word should definitely be capitalized since this is a whole sentence. Eclecticology 17:06, 29 September 2005 (UTC) This seems like a candidate for Category:Phrasebook , other than that are we becoming a translation database of sentences now? — Hippietrail 16:58, 30 September 2005 (UTC) Since this discussion is still open, is this a phrase , a sentence , or as Ec believes, an idiom ? Or instead of selecting which is accurate, how about going with what sounds best? — Hippietrail 01:55, 1 October 2005 (UTC) That's a fair enough question. We have this saying in several languages; several languages. Several call it an expression ; one even calls it a noun but that can't be right; several more avoid calling it anything. Structurally it is correct to say that it is a sentence, but I don't see what good that does us. I don't think that we have ever used "sentence" in a heading that way before, but that alone is not a very strong argument. Many of the underlying issues for this are not that different from what we have in relation to fictional character . Eclecticology 06:43, 1 October 2005 (UTC) Delete. I agree with Hippietrail, this is a sentence and not a set phrase. It may have different subjects, different objects, different tenses and moods, and so on. It belongs as an example of usage on the graag page and on the zien page, but it does not merit a page of its own. — Stephen 08:36, 1 October 2005 (UTC) Personally, I have no problem with that solution. The I love you page shows this as a Flemish translation for that phrase. To be consistent we should delete that page and all of its extant translations as well. Can we do that without raising a shitstorm of sentimentality? ;-) Eclecticology 03:30, 2 October 2005 (UTC) Leaving aside strange aversions to incomplete entries for well-documented phrases — perhaps stemming from the misapprehension that Wiktionary is analogous to the OED as opposed to Murray's scriptorium, or perhaps from a more fundamental failure to recognize a Wiki as a work in progress — I would tend to agree that this would be better filed under graag zien , from which one can spin "Ik zie U graag", "hij ziet haar niet graag" and so forth by the usual rules of Dutch grammar. Deleting the phrasebook category wholesale or in part should, of course, be done (if at all) after due deliberation, and not in a fit of pique by any particular party. - dmh 04:56, 6 October 2005 (UTC) Provisionally kept. Until we are ready to deal with the "I love you" pages as a group, the Flemish version should be kept and not singled out. This could be revisited in the future. Eclecticology 07:36, 11 January 2006 (UTC) Keep I would say, keep it in. I am Dutch, and in Dutch it means "I like it when I see you" (or about), however in Flemish it has the very special meaning of "I love you." This is not commonly known in the northern parts of The Netherlands, and often leads to misunderstandings. It is definitely not a funny alternative to "Ik hou van jou" ("I love you") it is actually the most common way to say "I love you" in Flanders and not just amongst lovers, but also, fore example, something a mother would say to her child. This is a very crucial and defining set phrase. Keep As per above. The Flemish meaning is very special and fascinating. 77.172.143.56 12:31, 20 September 2016 (UTC)	i don't know
How many emirates make up the Untied Arab Emirates?	United Arab Emirates country profile - BBC News BBC News United Arab Emirates country profile 28 September 2016 Read more about sharing. Close share panel The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a federation of seven states that has grown from a quiet backwater to one of the Middle East's most important economic centres. Though traditionally conservative, the UAE is one of the most liberal countries in the Gulf, with other cultures and beliefs generally tolerated. Politically it remains authoritarian, however. Relations with neighbouring Iran have been tense because of an ongoing territorial dispute over Gulf islands. The UAE was one of only three countries to recognise Taliban rule in Afghanistan. Before oil was discovered in the 1950s the UAE's economy was dependent on fishing and a declining pearl industry. But since oil exports began in 1962, the country's society and economy have been transformed. The UAE has diversified and has become a regional trading and tourism hub. UAE firms have invested heavily abroad. See more country profiles - Profiles compiled by BBC Monitoring FACTS LEADER President: Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Abu Dhabi President Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed, who has a reputation as a pro-Western moderniser, was named as president by the UAE Federal Council in November 2004, shortly after the death of his father, Sheikh Zayed Bin-Sultan Al Nahyan. Image copyright Getty Images Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Ajman, Fujairah, Ras al Khaimah, Sharjah and Umm al Quwain - the seven emirates that make up the UAE - maintain a large degree of independence. The UAE is governed by a Supreme Council of Rulers made up of the seven emirs, who appoint the prime minister and the cabinet. MEDIA Image copyright Getty Images The UAE is a regional and international centre for TV and media. Dubai Media City and twofour54, Abu Dhabi's media zone, were set up to attract key international players such as Reuters, CNN, Sony and Fox. There is strong regulatory and political control of media content and even foreign publications are censored before distribution. With 8.8 million users, the UAE has one of the highest internet penetration rates in the Arab world. But it is extensively filtered; targeted content includes opposition politics and religion. TIMELINE Some key dates in the UAE's history: 1971 December - After independence from Britain, Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujayrah, Sharjah, and Umm al Quwain come together as the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Sheikh Zayed Bin-Sultan Al Nuhayyan presides over the federation. 1972 - Ras al-Khaymah joins the federation. 2006 - First-ever national elections. A small number of hand-picked voters choose half of the members of the Federal National Council - an advisory body. 2015 - The UAE takes part in Saudi-led air strikes on Houthi rebels in Yemen.	seven
‘The Adventure Home’ is the sequel to which 1993 film?	United Arab Emirates Population (2017) - World Population Review World Population Review United Arab Emirates Population 2017 [[getCurrentPopulation()]] The United Arab Emirates (also called Emirates or just UAE) is an Arab country in the southeast region of the Arabian Peninsula. The UAE is a federation of 7 emirates, each governed by a hereditary emir who together form the Federal Supreme Council. The estimated 2014 population of the UAE is 9.15 million, up from 2014's estimate of 9.44 million. The population of the UAE in 2016 is 9,157,000,000 according to UN estimates. Other estimates are as low as 5.7 million but do not take into consideration the high population of immigrants, which are estimated to make up 90% of the population. The capital of the UAE is Abu Dhabi. Both Abu Dhabi and Dubai are considered two of the country's cultural and commercial centers.. The United Arab Emirates has a very diverse population, of which only 10% are UAE nationals and the remainder is made up of expatriates. The UAE has the 7th highest net migration rate in the world at 12.36, as any expatriate is allowed under law to apply for UAE citizenship after living in the country for twenty years, assuming they have not been convicted of a crime and can speak Arabic. The UAE also has the highest gender imbalance in the world with a male/female ratio of 2.2, or 2.75 for the 15-65 age group. The largest group of non-UAE nationals are South Asian (58%), followed by other Asians (17%) and Western expatriates (8.5%). There is an increasing presence of Europeans, particularly in cities like Dubai. Dubai is the largest city with a population of 2.4 million. Interestingly, Dubai is often misperceived as a country or a city-state. Sometimes, all of the UAE is described simply as "Dubai," which shows just how influential and well-known the city has become.	i don't know
Baldy Mountain is the highest peak in which range of mountains in New Mexico?	Baldy Mountain (NM) : Climbing, Hiking & Mountaineering : SummitPost Northern View Copper Park/French Henry, the North Ridge- The only camp used to access Baldy for the North Ridge is Copper Park. From Copper Park, you will begin to head west. Just outside of camp, you will see a sign directing you to the north, towards Greenwood Canyon and Baldy Follow this. A quick note about Greenwood Canyon is that, according to Mark Doiron , it used to be called "Cottonwood Canyon" on some of the older maps. Also, another note about Greenwood Canyon is that some crews will be in the the Valle Vidal and will have to come up and over the pass and down into Copper Park. This is particularly annoying because the next day, their itinerary will have them go back up to that same saddle to do Baldy. There are many many switch backs on this route. You will get to a pass/saddle on the ridge. The trail on the other side goes down to Greenwood Canyon. You want to head up the ridge. Take a left (west) up the ridge. Around tree line, you hit a very rock ridge-line. However, past this, the hiking is quite easy and very very enjoyable. You find yourself on a a beautiful alpine ridge with beautiful alpine tundra. Look out for marmots and elk too. Also, keep an eye out for old mining activity. The views are also endless and everywhere on this ridge. All in all, on this route, you spend about 1.5 miles above treeline, so keep an eye for the weather. At 12,100ft, you will reach an old mine (see the next section for information about that). From here, its a scree slope with 300ft of elevation gain. As said before, Baldy's summit is the western most of the two summits. From Copper Park to the summit, it is around 4 miles with just under 2,000ft of elevation gain. Note: I said it in the camping section later on, but this is the primary route up Baldy's north side. Philmont used to run a trail straight from Copper Park through the canyon up Baldy's North Face, which is an immense scree slope. However, due to the amount of injuries from the scree slope and from residual snow, Philmont closed it off around the 2007 season. The ridge is a much better and more scenic option to the direct route up the North Face. The North Ridge Note: As said before, most crews, no matter which side they start on, will either go up or down each route to make a big loop out of the day. Off Ranch, from Eagle's Nest- Because Philmont owns Baldy's summit and everything east of the ridge, this route is technically of limits. But if you were going to do it, there is an old mining road that goes up the west slopes of Baldy. That is really the only plausible way to access Baldy if you are not a camper or staff. From Maxwell Turnaround- This used to be a starting point for campers at Philmont, however, Philmont closed it down. If you are staff at Philmont, you can still drive to the turnaround. From here, it is easily possible to do Baldy in a day. Baldy from Miranda History of Baldy Mountain: A Gold Rush Mystic Lode Mine Baldy Mountain has seen EXTENSIVE mining over the years. Gold was discovered around 1867 on Baldy Mountain and mining operations began in the area. Gold wasn't the only precious metal on Baldy though; copper was also found in great quantities. At around 12,144ft on Baldy just below the north ridge, the Mystic Lode copper mine was developed, yielding vast amounts of copper. This mine is one of the more famous mines at Philmont because it is so close to Baldy's summit. Turquoise colored rocks (not actually turquoise, but copper and iron enriched) litter the scree slope to Baldy's summit above the mine. Even though there were large quantities of copper on the mountain, gold was definitely more sought after. The history of gold mining on what is now Philmont began around the end of the Civil War, around 1866. Many U.S. soldiers were stationed in the West as the U.S. Army was driving out the American Indians. The story is that one of these soldiers befriended an Indian, who happened to give him a shiny rock. The shiny material in the rock was found to be copper. Wanting to see where it came from, the soldier and two of his friends went up to investigate, and found gold. However, they could not stay for long to mine the gold. Unfortunately, by the time they returned the next year, the area was overrun by miners. Miners begin a rampage on the mountain by strip mining areas that they thought had gold. Also, some hydraulic mining took place at the base of Baldy's north face around French Henry. Claims popped up all over the mountain as everyone began to seek their fortune within Baldy Mountain. Elizabeth Town When many people think about the gold rush on Baldy, they only think about where it happened on Philmont property. True, much mining did occur on the east, north and south faces of Baldy, but there was also lots on the west face (off ranch). In fact, that was one of the key points in accessing the mountain. Located below Baldy's West Face sits Elizabethtown , which is a ghost town that used to serve as one of the main hubs for the gold mining activity on Baldy in it's hay-days. Roads used to (you can still see evidence of them today)lead up from Elizabeth town to the Mystic Lode mine at an elevation of around 12,100ft. Like most ghost towns, Elizabethtown began when the gold was found (1866) and then was abandoned once the gold began to diminish on Baldy in the 1930's. Old Mineshaft Baldy wasn't the only place on the Philmont that had gold. Many other mines were run and operated well into the early 20th century. However, Baldy Mountain did and still takes the award for having the most gold in the area. A large vein of gold is said to still lie under Baldy to this day, but extracting it has not been feasible. Estimates of the value of gold go well over 1 million dollars. Why don't they mine it? Well, they would have to tear apart the mountain to get the shiny stuff and that process would cost way more then it would yield. In fact, its a common joke at Philmont that some day the mines under Baldy will collapse and Mount Phillips will be the highest mountain on Philmont Scout Ranch. There are about 70 miles of mines in the whole mountain! All and all in the Baldy gold rush, around $4 million were made. Today the mining history is readily visible to those who visit Baldy's summit. On the ranch, Philmont has two mining themed staffed camp: Cyphers Mine (south country) and French Henry (north country, just below Baldy's north face). French Henry offers visitors to Philmont a mine tour into the Aztec Mine. Along with that, campers can use various basic mining techniques to try to find their own gold. Gold is found almost every week at French Henry during the summer. Most of it is gold dust, however, occasionally bigger pieces are found. I think it was 1995 when a scout found a chunk of gold worth around $250! The best thing about mining at Philmont: You find it you keep! The mining activities around Baldy Mountain ceased a few years before Philmont began to take place. By 1941, Waite Phillips had already donated 130,000 acres to the Boy Scouts. However, it wasn't till 1963 that Baldy Mountain became apart of Philmont when Norton Clapp donated around 10,000 acres. This addition of the Baldy Mountain made Philmont complete. However, with the addition of Baldy, Philmont had to deal with all the old mining remains; open mine shafts. To this day, Philmont is always on the lookout for open mine shafts. Old mine shafts are dangerous! Although this danger lurks in and around Baldy Mountain, this history of the old gold rush lives on and is vividly present to all those who gain Baldy's summit. Red Tape The summit of Baldy, along with the eastern half of the mountain, lies on Philmont property and technically is only open to scouts at Philmont. The western face, however, is accessible to anyone. While a quick dart to the summit wouldn't hurt, it is technically illegal unless you are a camper at Philmont, on staff or have special permission. This peak does see a fair amount of "off ranch" hikers due to it's elevation and prominence. Also, unlike other peaks in Philmont that are located deep inside of the ranch, Baldy lies at the NW corner, making it easier for other to hike. Now, if you are going to hike it and your not a camper or staff, just be respectful of those on or around the summit. Philmont has worked hard to make to make the ranch a place where it can instill memories that will last a life time upon those who visit it and for most, Baldy Mountain is thee apex of their experience at Philmont. Don't ruin it for them! Baldy and Touch-Me-Not Camping There is a private campground along Highway 64 in Eagle Nest that is a convenient place to stay in town. However, if you're feeling more adventurous, I would highly recommend finding a spot on the south ridge between Baldy and Touch-Me-Not. This is an excellent spot to stay and catch dazzling sunset and sunrise views. Also, the Carson National Forest is located all around Baldy Mountain. For camping information in the Carson National Forest, click THIS LINK . For Philmont scouts only, the camps closest to Baldy Mountain are Copper Park and Baldy Town. Baldy Town Baldy Town is a staffed camp located just at the base of the SE face at around 10,000ft. At this staffed camp, there is a commissary, back-country store, and SHOWERS! The activity at Baldy Town is Conservation Project (which each visiting crew is required to do. They can choose to do it at a variety of camps). The porch of the main cabin at Baldy Town boasts one of the best views on the entire ranch with endless views down south. When crews hike Baldy, they will have a two day layover at a camp. Baldy town does not have that many sites, so usually crews will camp at Miranda or Ute Meadows and just pass through Baldy Town. From Baldy Town, crews will head west up the mountain and then meet up with Baldy's South Ridge. From Copper Park Copper Park is a trail camp located at the base of Baldy's Eastern Ridge at around 10,500ft. The main trail to Baldy used to be located on the North Face of Baldy and would start right from Copper Park. However, Philmont has now shut down that trail (to dangerous for a BSA camp). The main route to Baldy now lies on Baldy's North Ridge (often called "O.A. Ridge". There used to just be a trail that went up and over the ridge for campers to access Greenwood Canyon. Now the trail follows the ridge towards Baldy. For those that go to Copper Park, the closest staffed camp is French Henry, which is a mining camp. There are mine tours there and a bunch of different mining activities such as gold panning. Keep an eye out for old mining cabins and mine shafts while in this area. Mountain Conditions Summer Monsoons Baldy Mountain along with the Sangre de Cristo Mountains are notorious for their brutal monsoonal seasons. This is the main issue with any peaks in this region above treeline. These storms bring lots of lighting and rain/hail. They aren't your average storm, they have the potential to kill people are not to be taken lightly. In 2007, lightening struck a crew on Baldy Mountain. Read more about it HERE . Philmont stresses this fact to all of their campers. Storms roll through the area almost everyday in mid to late summer. If you see clouds approaching, be ready for a fast descent. Don't put your life or others in jeopardy by trying to gain the summit with a storm approaching. Baldy Mountain will always be there. KNOW BEFORE YOU GO! Now this is a little harder to do while on a trek at Philmont in the summer, but you can still observe the weather. While at Baldy Town or French Henry, ask the staff about weather conditions. On your summit day, check the weather out for yourself-keep an eye out. Clouds aren't always a bad thing. BUT, if you see rain approaching or hear thunder, that is your signal to head down. Better to be safe then sorry! Most of these storms don't last very long anyways. So you can easily wait out a storm and still make the summit that day. Before you hike Baldy, you should have adequate knowledge of what to do in a lightning storm. Your ranger will inform you of Philmont's lightning procedure and will have most likely practiced it before hand to. But the basic fact is that in a summer monsoon with lightning, get down below treeline! For more information regarding lightning procedures, visit the Philmont Health and Safety Page . Enough of that... Getting There To Eagles Nest (closest town to Baldy mountain)- From either Denver or Albuquerque it will be about a 4-5 hour drive. Take the I-25 to exit 454 in Raton. Then take Highway 64 west, through Cimarron and Ute Park to Eagle Nest. This is the way you would have to approach if you don't have permission to hike this peak (ie you're not a camper, staff, or a V.I.P.). If you are a camper, you need to get to Cimarron and then to Philmont CHQ. To Philmont Camping Headquarters from Cimarron-Take Hwy 21 south for about five miles. Philmont Camping Head Quarters (CHQ) will be on the right side. This is where you will go if you are a camper at Philmont. Note: If you are staff or have special permission, you can drive up to the Maxwell Turnaround (close to Ute Park). The road isn't the best, but it is the shortest route to access Baldy. External Links	Sangre de Cristo Mountains
Attributed to Julius Caesar, what does the phrase ‘Alea iacta est’ translate to in English?	About: Baldy Mountain (Colfax County, New Mexico) About: Baldy Mountain (Colfax County, New Mexico) An Entity of Type : natural place , from Named Graph : http://dbpedia.org , within Data Space : dbpedia.org Baldy Mountain (official name), Baldy Peak, Mount Baldy, or Old Baldy is the highest peak in the Cimarron Range, a subrange of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains of New Mexico. It is located in Colfax County, about 6 miles (10 km) northeast of Eagle Nest. It rises abruptly, with 3,640 feet (1,110 m) of vertical relief (in 3 miles/4.8 km), from the Moreno Valley to the west and has a total elevation of 12,441 feet (3,792 m). Property	i don't know
In which year was the first FA Cup Final played?	FA Cup by numbers - Telegraph FA Cup by numbers By Christopher Lyles 12:01AM GMT 05 Jan 2008 0 The official attendance for two third-round replays that were played behind closed doors. The first was between Norwich City and Bradford City at Lincoln City's Sincil Bank ground in March 1915. Supporters were banned so as not to disrupt production at a nearby armaments factory. The second was between Leicester City and non-League Burton Albion at Coventry City's Highfield Road in 1985 when fans were banned because a missile had been thrown at the Burton goalkeeper in the first game. Football fans' forum 1 The number of clubs who have won the FA Cup at Wembley in the current millennium. Chelsea have done so twice, beating Aston Villa in 2000 and Manchester United last year. 1 Occasion that the FA Cup has been won by a non-League club, in 1901 when Southern League Tottenham Hotspur beat First Division Sheffield United in a replay at Bolton. 1 The number of non-English clubs who have won the FA Cup. Cardiff City became the first and only club to do so when they beat Arsenal 1-0 at Wembley in 1927. 1 Scottish club who have played in an FA Cup final. Queen's Park were runners-up in 1884 and 1885. 2 Clubs who have won the FA Cup in three successive years. Wanderers did so in 1876, 1877 and 1878 before Blackburn Rovers repeated the feat in 1884, 1885 and 1886. 3 Successive years (between 1956 and 1958) in which Leeds United were drawn at home to Cardiff City in the third round. Cardiff won all three matches 2-1. 3 Weeks between Wanderers winning the first FA Cup final in 1872 and being presented with the trophy at their annual dinner. 4 Times in seven seasons (including the current one) that Aston Villa and Manchester United have been drawn together in the third round. 4 FA Cup finals that have finished goalless. The last final without a goal was the 2005 contest between Arsenal and Manchester United, which Arsenal won 5-4 on penalties. The three previous goalless draws were in 1886, 1911 and 1912. 4 Players who have represented three different clubs in an FA Cup final. They are Harold Halse (Manchester United, Aston Villa and Chelsea), Ernie Taylor (Newcastle United, Blackpool and Manchester United), John Barnes (Watford, Liverpool and Newcastle United) and Dennis Wise (Wimbledon, Chelsea and Millwall). 5 FA Cup final winning teams that have been managed by Sir Alex Ferguson, more than any other manager. 5 Occasions that Tottenham Hotspur have won the FA Cup when the year has ended in a "1". Spurs lifted the trophy in 1901, 1921, 1961, 1981 and 1991 (with their three other winning finals coming in 1962, 1967 and 1982). 5 FA Cup final goals scored by Ian Rush, more than any other player. 6 Games that it took for Alvechurch to beat Oxford City in the fourth qualifying round in 1971, the scores being 2-2, 1-1, 1-1, 0-0, 0-0 and (finally) 1-0. The FA Cup's longest ever tie lasted for an aggregate of 11 hours. 6 The number worn by Manchester United's Kevin Moran when he became the first player to be sent off in a Cup final, against Everton in 1985. 7 Years that Portsmouth were the FA Cup holders between 1939 and 1946, because of the Second World War. 8 Times that the FA Cup has been won by a club playing outside the top flight of English football. The last time was in 1980 when West Ham United beat Arsenal thanks to Trevor Brooking's rare headed goal. 9 Finals in which the Hon Arthur Kinnaird, who would later become president of the FA, played, a feat that remains unsurpassed. Kinnaird won three times with Wanderers, scoring in the 1873 and 1878 finals, and twice with Old Etonians. 9 Goals that Ted MacDougall scored when Bournemouth beat Margate 11-0 in a first-round match in 1971. MacDougall's feat is still an individual goalscoring record for the competition proper. 10 Times that the FA Cup has been successfully defended - three times each by Wanderers and Blackburn Rovers, twice by Tottenham Hotspur and once each by Newcastle United and Arsenal. 11 Times that Manchester United have won the FA Cup, more than any other club. United have also reached a record 18 finals. 11 Years between Wimbledon being elected into the Football League in 1977 and winning the FA Cup in 1988. 13 Successive finals between 1911 and 1927 in which the losing finalists failed to score. 15 Clubs who entered the first FA Cup tournament in 1871-72. 15 Penalties that have been awarded in FA Cup finals. The first player to miss in a final was Charlie Wallace, for Aston Villa against Sunderland at Crystal Palace in 1913. The first player to miss a Cup final penalty at Wembley was John Aldridge, for Liverpool against Wimbledon in 1988. 15 Years and 233 days, the age at which Gillingham striker Luke Freeman became the youngest player to appear in the competition proper when he featured in a first-round match at Barnet this season. 17 Years and 119 days, the age at which Millwall's Curtis Weston became the youngest player to appear in a final, when he came on as a late substitute for Dennis Wise in the 2004 final against Manchester United. 18 Years and 19 days, the age at which Norman Whiteside became the youngest player to score in a final when he netted Manchester United's second goal in their 4-0 replay victory over Brighton in 1983. 19 FA Cup goals scored by Preston North End's Jimmy Ross in a single season (1887-88), a competition record. Preston's 26-0 win against Hyde in the first round - a game in which Ross scored eight times - is also the biggest ever FA Cup victory. 20 Pounds, the cost of the original trophy, which was made by Messrs Martin, Hall & Co and was less than 18 inches high. 20 The number of times that Yeovil Town, as a non-League team, have beaten Football League clubs in the FA Cup. 22 The number worn by the Manchester City goalkeeper Len Langford in the 1933 final against Everton, the first when numbers featured. Everton wore numbers 1-11, while City were 12-22. Langford was powerless to prevent Dixie Dean scoring Everton's opening goal on their way to a comfortable 3-0 victory. 23 Years and 20 days, the age at which the late, great Bobby Moore became the youngest FA Cup-winning captain, when West Ham United beat Preston North End 3-2 at Wembley in 1964. 25 The record number of times that Arsenal and Manchester United have each reached the semi-finals. 33 Years that have elapsed since a final did not feature at least one of Arsenal, Chelsea, Everton, Liverpool, Manchester United or Tottenham Hotspur. 40 Years that have elapsed since the 1968 final between West Bromwich Albion and Everton was the first to be televised in colour. 40 Years since West Bromwich Albion's Dennis Clarke became the first substitute to be used in a final. 42 Different clubs who have won the FA Cup. The last first-time winners were Wimbledon, in 1988. 48 Goals that Henry "Harry" Cursham, of Notts County, scored in the FA Cup proper between 1877 and 1887, a record that still stands. Cursham, who also played two first-class cricket matches for Nottinghamshire, recorded seven FA Cup hat-tricks. 53 Years since an FA Cup match was first played under floodlights. The first time was when Kidderminster Harriers played Brierley Hill Alliance in a preliminary round replay in 1955. 55 Years since a hat-trick was last scored in a final, by Blackpool's Stan Mortensen in the "Matthews Final". 66 Days that it took to complete the third round in 1963, the year of the "Big Freeze" that led to the formation of the Pools Panel. 94 Years since King George V became the first reigning monarch to attend a final. He watched Burnley beat Liverpool 1-0 at Crystal Palace in 1914. 126 Years since an amateur team - Old Etonians - won the FA Cup. 136 Years since the first final was played. 731 Teams that were accepted into this season's FA Cup, a competition record. 2,000 Spectators who attended the first final - at Kennington Oval in 1872 - with each of them paying one shilling. Wanderers beat Royal Engineers 1-0. 74,924 The record crowd for a third-round tie is believed to be the 74,924 who packed into Old Trafford for last year's 2-1 victory over Aston Villa when Manchester United substitute Ole Gunnar Solskjaer sneaked a late winner. Henrik Larsson marked his United debut with the first. 126,047 The official crowd figure for the first Wembley final, between Bolton Wanderers and West Ham United, in 1923. In reality, more than 200,000 were believed to have made their way into the stadium after barriers were broken down. 750,000 Pounds, the cost of the original Wembley Stadium, built in 1923. 757,000,000 Pounds, the cost of the new Wembley Stadium.	one thousand eight hundred and seventy two
In August 1960 Chad, in Central Africa, became independent from which country?	FA Cup by numbers - Telegraph FA Cup by numbers By Christopher Lyles 12:01AM GMT 05 Jan 2008 0 The official attendance for two third-round replays that were played behind closed doors. The first was between Norwich City and Bradford City at Lincoln City's Sincil Bank ground in March 1915. Supporters were banned so as not to disrupt production at a nearby armaments factory. The second was between Leicester City and non-League Burton Albion at Coventry City's Highfield Road in 1985 when fans were banned because a missile had been thrown at the Burton goalkeeper in the first game. Football fans' forum 1 The number of clubs who have won the FA Cup at Wembley in the current millennium. Chelsea have done so twice, beating Aston Villa in 2000 and Manchester United last year. 1 Occasion that the FA Cup has been won by a non-League club, in 1901 when Southern League Tottenham Hotspur beat First Division Sheffield United in a replay at Bolton. 1 The number of non-English clubs who have won the FA Cup. Cardiff City became the first and only club to do so when they beat Arsenal 1-0 at Wembley in 1927. 1 Scottish club who have played in an FA Cup final. Queen's Park were runners-up in 1884 and 1885. 2 Clubs who have won the FA Cup in three successive years. Wanderers did so in 1876, 1877 and 1878 before Blackburn Rovers repeated the feat in 1884, 1885 and 1886. 3 Successive years (between 1956 and 1958) in which Leeds United were drawn at home to Cardiff City in the third round. Cardiff won all three matches 2-1. 3 Weeks between Wanderers winning the first FA Cup final in 1872 and being presented with the trophy at their annual dinner. 4 Times in seven seasons (including the current one) that Aston Villa and Manchester United have been drawn together in the third round. 4 FA Cup finals that have finished goalless. The last final without a goal was the 2005 contest between Arsenal and Manchester United, which Arsenal won 5-4 on penalties. The three previous goalless draws were in 1886, 1911 and 1912. 4 Players who have represented three different clubs in an FA Cup final. They are Harold Halse (Manchester United, Aston Villa and Chelsea), Ernie Taylor (Newcastle United, Blackpool and Manchester United), John Barnes (Watford, Liverpool and Newcastle United) and Dennis Wise (Wimbledon, Chelsea and Millwall). 5 FA Cup final winning teams that have been managed by Sir Alex Ferguson, more than any other manager. 5 Occasions that Tottenham Hotspur have won the FA Cup when the year has ended in a "1". Spurs lifted the trophy in 1901, 1921, 1961, 1981 and 1991 (with their three other winning finals coming in 1962, 1967 and 1982). 5 FA Cup final goals scored by Ian Rush, more than any other player. 6 Games that it took for Alvechurch to beat Oxford City in the fourth qualifying round in 1971, the scores being 2-2, 1-1, 1-1, 0-0, 0-0 and (finally) 1-0. The FA Cup's longest ever tie lasted for an aggregate of 11 hours. 6 The number worn by Manchester United's Kevin Moran when he became the first player to be sent off in a Cup final, against Everton in 1985. 7 Years that Portsmouth were the FA Cup holders between 1939 and 1946, because of the Second World War. 8 Times that the FA Cup has been won by a club playing outside the top flight of English football. The last time was in 1980 when West Ham United beat Arsenal thanks to Trevor Brooking's rare headed goal. 9 Finals in which the Hon Arthur Kinnaird, who would later become president of the FA, played, a feat that remains unsurpassed. Kinnaird won three times with Wanderers, scoring in the 1873 and 1878 finals, and twice with Old Etonians. 9 Goals that Ted MacDougall scored when Bournemouth beat Margate 11-0 in a first-round match in 1971. MacDougall's feat is still an individual goalscoring record for the competition proper. 10 Times that the FA Cup has been successfully defended - three times each by Wanderers and Blackburn Rovers, twice by Tottenham Hotspur and once each by Newcastle United and Arsenal. 11 Times that Manchester United have won the FA Cup, more than any other club. United have also reached a record 18 finals. 11 Years between Wimbledon being elected into the Football League in 1977 and winning the FA Cup in 1988. 13 Successive finals between 1911 and 1927 in which the losing finalists failed to score. 15 Clubs who entered the first FA Cup tournament in 1871-72. 15 Penalties that have been awarded in FA Cup finals. The first player to miss in a final was Charlie Wallace, for Aston Villa against Sunderland at Crystal Palace in 1913. The first player to miss a Cup final penalty at Wembley was John Aldridge, for Liverpool against Wimbledon in 1988. 15 Years and 233 days, the age at which Gillingham striker Luke Freeman became the youngest player to appear in the competition proper when he featured in a first-round match at Barnet this season. 17 Years and 119 days, the age at which Millwall's Curtis Weston became the youngest player to appear in a final, when he came on as a late substitute for Dennis Wise in the 2004 final against Manchester United. 18 Years and 19 days, the age at which Norman Whiteside became the youngest player to score in a final when he netted Manchester United's second goal in their 4-0 replay victory over Brighton in 1983. 19 FA Cup goals scored by Preston North End's Jimmy Ross in a single season (1887-88), a competition record. Preston's 26-0 win against Hyde in the first round - a game in which Ross scored eight times - is also the biggest ever FA Cup victory. 20 Pounds, the cost of the original trophy, which was made by Messrs Martin, Hall & Co and was less than 18 inches high. 20 The number of times that Yeovil Town, as a non-League team, have beaten Football League clubs in the FA Cup. 22 The number worn by the Manchester City goalkeeper Len Langford in the 1933 final against Everton, the first when numbers featured. Everton wore numbers 1-11, while City were 12-22. Langford was powerless to prevent Dixie Dean scoring Everton's opening goal on their way to a comfortable 3-0 victory. 23 Years and 20 days, the age at which the late, great Bobby Moore became the youngest FA Cup-winning captain, when West Ham United beat Preston North End 3-2 at Wembley in 1964. 25 The record number of times that Arsenal and Manchester United have each reached the semi-finals. 33 Years that have elapsed since a final did not feature at least one of Arsenal, Chelsea, Everton, Liverpool, Manchester United or Tottenham Hotspur. 40 Years that have elapsed since the 1968 final between West Bromwich Albion and Everton was the first to be televised in colour. 40 Years since West Bromwich Albion's Dennis Clarke became the first substitute to be used in a final. 42 Different clubs who have won the FA Cup. The last first-time winners were Wimbledon, in 1988. 48 Goals that Henry "Harry" Cursham, of Notts County, scored in the FA Cup proper between 1877 and 1887, a record that still stands. Cursham, who also played two first-class cricket matches for Nottinghamshire, recorded seven FA Cup hat-tricks. 53 Years since an FA Cup match was first played under floodlights. The first time was when Kidderminster Harriers played Brierley Hill Alliance in a preliminary round replay in 1955. 55 Years since a hat-trick was last scored in a final, by Blackpool's Stan Mortensen in the "Matthews Final". 66 Days that it took to complete the third round in 1963, the year of the "Big Freeze" that led to the formation of the Pools Panel. 94 Years since King George V became the first reigning monarch to attend a final. He watched Burnley beat Liverpool 1-0 at Crystal Palace in 1914. 126 Years since an amateur team - Old Etonians - won the FA Cup. 136 Years since the first final was played. 731 Teams that were accepted into this season's FA Cup, a competition record. 2,000 Spectators who attended the first final - at Kennington Oval in 1872 - with each of them paying one shilling. Wanderers beat Royal Engineers 1-0. 74,924 The record crowd for a third-round tie is believed to be the 74,924 who packed into Old Trafford for last year's 2-1 victory over Aston Villa when Manchester United substitute Ole Gunnar Solskjaer sneaked a late winner. Henrik Larsson marked his United debut with the first. 126,047 The official crowd figure for the first Wembley final, between Bolton Wanderers and West Ham United, in 1923. In reality, more than 200,000 were believed to have made their way into the stadium after barriers were broken down. 750,000 Pounds, the cost of the original Wembley Stadium, built in 1923. 757,000,000 Pounds, the cost of the new Wembley Stadium.	i don't know
Who plays Bob Barnes in the 2005 film ‘Syriana’?	Ex-CIA Agent Robert Baer, Inspiration for 'Syriana' : NPR Ex-CIA Agent Robert Baer, Inspiration for 'Syriana' Embed Embed Ex-CIA Agent Robert Baer, Inspiration for 'Syriana' Ex-CIA Agent Robert Baer, Inspiration for 'Syriana' Embed Embed Former CIA officer Robert Baer's book See No Evil inspired the new film Syriana, about the Middle East, the oil industry and espionage. Baer discusses the film and separates cinematic fact from fiction. ROBERT SIEGEL, host: George Clooney's compelling new movie "Syriana" is about oil, the Middle East, corporate greed, oil, espionage, intrigue, oil, assassination, terrorism and--Did I mention?--oil. At the end of this movie, you want to go out and buy a hybrid car, and you also want to sit down with whomever you saw it with to try to figure out what screenwriter/director Stephen Gaghan has told interviewers is a purposely confusing narrative. "Syriana" was inspired by the book "See No Evil" by former CIA Agent Robert Baer. Bob Baer is the inspriation for George Clooney's character, CIA Agent Bob Barnes, who at one point goes to Beirut and meets with an old acquaintance to talk about a visitor from an oil-rich sheikdom. (Soundbite of "Syriana") Unidentified Man: He's traveling to Beirut. It's dangerous to travel. He'll disappear. Mr. GEORGE CLOONEY: (As Bob Barnes) I want you to take him from his hotel, drug him, put him in the front of a car and run a truck into it 50 miles an hour. Unidentified Man: It's good to have you back in town, Bob. SIEGEL: Well, when we heard that the real-life Bob Baer was back in our building, we thought we'd ask him about the movie that his writing inspired and help us sort out some CIA fact from cinematic fiction. Welcome back to the program. Mr. ROBERT BAER (Former CIA Officer): Thanks for having me. SIEGEL: First, how big a role did you have in writing this story of "Syriana"? Mr. BAER: Zero role. That was all done by Stephen Gaghan, who wrote "Traffic," as you know. I had more of a role in introducing him to that world. We traveled around the Middle East probably for almost two months--oil conferences. We saw the spiritual head of Hezbollah. We saw oil dealers in Nice(ph), arms dealers--everybody you can imagine, so he could pick up the voices. And then I told him a lot of stories that weren't in my book, which in one way or another found their way into the movie. SIEGEL: OK. Let's hear from you about some things that happened in the movie and whether they're historical or plausible. Bob Barnes, the George Clooney character--we just heard him in Beirut talking with an old acquaintance, I guess a former CIA contractor. And they're talking about the abduction of this independent-minded prince from an oil-producing state of the Middle East. Plausible--such things have really happened, or a good fiction writer's conceit? Mr. BAER: It's more than plausible. It happened to me. In 1997 when I left the agency, I resigned; showed up in Beirut, and there was a contract out on a Gulf prince. It was open, and people knew about it. He was hiding in Syria at the time. He opposed his government. He was a cousin of the emir of his government. He was a bit of a, you know, red-diaper prince. He tried a coup in 1995 and was trying again in 1997, and there was money being offered to whack this guy. So it is plausible. This is the way the Middle East works. SIEGEL: In this case, the character whom George Clooney is talking to is a former colleague from Beirut, but now he seems to be working for either Iran or Hezbollah or both. There are such people out there, Americans who are working for Iran or Hezbollah? Mr. BAER: There are people that are doing individual contracts in a place like Beirut, Damascus, Iraq now, where you can actually find--this is the netherworld CIA works in. Plausible, yes. SIEGEL: He tortures George Clooney--I don't want to give away the whole movie here, but this fellow does--you know, pulls out fingernails. Accurate? Plausible? Mr. BAER: This is a fictional story, OK? I mean, we've had Americans tortured in Beirut in the '80s and the rest by Hezbollah and Iranian agents. Bill Buckley, the chief of the station, was tortured to death. Yes, it does happen. But again, you have to remember that "Syriana"--that Stephen Gaghan has taken like real characters and fictionalized their stories, carried them out through the end, 'cause this--at the end of the day it's a thriller, a political thriller. SIEGEL: It is. Mr. BAER: And people are fascinated... SIEGEL: It's a very exciting movie. Mr. BAER: ...by it because it sounds so real, and it sounds real because Gaghan went and talked to these people. I mean, he changed faces and names and events, but--and that's why there's such an emotional wallop at the end of it. SIEGEL: The CIA in "Syriana," in the movie, uses what I assume is a Predator missile, a missile fired from a drone with a video image of its target. Now I've been told by people who work in national security that the CIA in particular was averse to this--they didn't like this weapon. Mr. BAER: Oh, they are adverse to it, but remember in Yemen in November, I think, 2002--you may want to go check this--but they killed an American citizen. It was fired from a Predator in a Hellfire missile. There were six guys in a car; one of them was thought to be Qaeda and they fired a missile. SIEGEL: CIA? Mr. BAER: CIA fired. It happens. SIEGEL: So the agency got over its inhibitions over this weapon. Mr. BAER: 9/11 changed everything. I mean, you--it changed the nature of intelligence. I mean, how do we know the intelligence they're operating off of, whether it's accurate, as in the movie? Often it's not, and this is the problem with targeted killings--is you're often basing it on bad information. SIEGEL: The biggest question I came out of the movie theater with after watching "Syriana" was: Why is it called "Syriana"? Mr. BAER: You know, you have to go back to Sykes-Picot, where the Europeans were sitting down and redrawing the borders... SIEGEL: This is post-World War I and... Mr. BAER: ...and calling countries--post-World War I. Iraq is a fake country. You know, it was three provinces of the Ottoman Empire. It was, you know, melded together. It's why we're having these problems there today. And `Syriana' is a think tank term--people want to create this fake country to help our oil interests, which does, at the end of the day. And I think it's just a metaphor that the Middle East is made up of countries with false borders. SIEGEL: But does Syriana--this is a serious question. Is Syriana the name of the country that the prince is the prince of? Mr. BAER: No, and... SIEGEL: No. ...(Unintelligible). Mr. BAER: ...to add to that confusion is intentional because the prince never mentions Syriana. No one mentions... SIEGEL: No. No one mentions Syriana in the entire movie. Mr. BAER: Well, that's the whole point. Have you ever heard `Syriana' before this movie? SIEGEL: No. Mr. BAER: Well, go to the think tanks. They'll tell you about it. and everybody'll have a different version of what Syriana is, and that's the whole point of the movie--is you have all these agendas running in together, running parallel, and no one knows what the guy next door's doing. ExxonMobil doesn't know precisely what our policy is in Saudi Arabia, but it has its own policy. SIEGEL: Bob Barnes, George Clooney's character, at least inspired by you, if not based on you--I don't know what's the best adjective here--he is disowned by the CIA. Mr. BAER: I was disowned by the CIA. In 1995 I was brought up on charges of attempting to kill Saddam Hussein. I was told not to have a lawyer, and I was--at the end of it, the FBI told me this was a capital crime and they could have brought charges against me had they wanted to. They chose not to. So Gaghan has taken this story and, of course, rejiggered it, and you do get cut loose. SIEGEL: Did you find the--when you saw the movie, did you find the narrative confusing? Did you feel that you had to sit down and rethink... Mr. BAER: This is the brilliance of it is I know all the stories. I know, for instance, about unitizing North Pars, you know, the North Field and South Pars. It's a famous gas field in the Gulf. I said, `How is he going to hook all these things into Kazakhstan and all this?' And I said `Damn'--in the middle, `he's doing all this on purpose. It's confusing. The guy at the Department of Justice doesn't know what's going on. That's why he can't bring indictments. The lawyer only sees a part of it--Jeffrey Wright. Clooney sees a part of it. In this whole world is what we come out with is consequences. If you sit in this movie and then you try to figure out how everybody fits together and when it--action turns, forget it. This is not "Elf II." SIEGEL: (Laughs) Well, I'm sure people who haven't seen the movie--we've even confused them further by now. But... Mr. BAER: That's the whole point. I mean, you had--it's a smart, smart movie and they want you to be confused, and you walk away with feeling the system's broken. SIEGEL: Well, Robert Baer, thanks a lot for talking with us. Mr. BAER: Thanks, Robert. SIEGEL: It's Bob Baer, whose 2002 book titled "See No Evil" was the inspiration for the new film "Syriana." It's showing now in New York, Los Angeles and Toronto, and it opens nationwide on Friday. You're listening to ALL THINGS CONSIDERED from NPR News. Copyright © 2005 NPR. All rights reserved. Visit our website terms of use and permissions pages at www.npr.org for further information. NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by Verb8tm, Inc. , an NPR contractor, and produced using a proprietary transcription process developed with NPR. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Accuracy and availability may vary. The authoritative record of NPR’s programming is the audio record.	George Clooney
Haw’s Syndrome is a common disease in which animal?	Syriana by Stephen Gaghan \|George Clooney, Matt Damon, Jeffrey Wright \| 12569807723 \| DVD \| Barnes & Noble® Videos Overview Oil drives greed in Oscar-winning Traffic screenwriter Stephen Gaghan's labyrinthine sophomore directorial effort that traces the corruption of the global oil industry from the backrooms of Washington, D.C., to the petroleum-rich fields of the Middle East. Based in part on the writings of former CIA case officer Robert Baer, Syriana combines multiple storylines to explore the complexities that befall a proposed merger between two U.S. oil giants. Reform-minded Gulf country prince Nasir (Alexander Siddig) is in favor of making his nation more self-sufficient rather than U.S.-reliant, and his money-minded Western connections couldn't be less pleased. Before settling into a cushy desk job for the remainder of his career, CIA agent Bob Barnes (George Clooney) is sent on one last assignment -- to assassinate Prince Nasir and reinstate U.S. ties in the oil-rich region. Though his loyalty dictates that Barnes carry out his current mission despite lingering doubts of a previous blunder, his mission goes horribly awry when his field contact goes turncoat and Barnes becomes a CIA scapegoat. Meanwhile, up-and-coming Washington attorney Bennett Holiday (Jeffrey Wright) attempts to walk a fine line in overseeing a tenuous merger between two oil giants that's plagued with shady business dealings. Hotshot energy analyst Bryan Woodman (Matt Damon) is in talks to form a lucrative partnership with Prince Nasir, though the death of his son during a party at the prince's estate makes him question his loyalty to business over family. Back in Washington, D.C., Bennet's boss Dean Whiting attempts to undermine Prince Nasir's attempts to make his country less reliant on the U.S. dollar by planting the seeds of dissonance between the progressive prince and his money-minded younger brother Prince Meshal (Akbar Kurtha). Advertising Editorial Reviews Barnes & Noble - Ed Hulse Provocative and engrossing, Syriana takes an uncompromising look at our nation's dependence on foreign oil and the inevitable consequences of that dependence. Oscar-winning Traffic screenwriter and sophomore director Stephen Gaghan explores the nexus of American business interests, foreign policy, and political intrigue, using multiple, intertwined story lines to explore how our national thirst for oil has produced a subculture of corruption that, in one way or another, touches us all. The film's tapestry of protagonists includes George Clooney in an Academy Award-winning turn as a jaded CIA operative sacrificed by superiors seeking to avoid responsibility for failed strategies. Matt Damon also impresses as the manipulative financial adviser to a progressive Arab sheik, Star Trek veteran Alexander Siddig, whose stated priorities make him a threat to Big Oil interests. The other main threads concern an ambitious corporate lawyer, played by Jeffrey Wright, who cuts deals with federal prosecutors investigating the suspicious merger of two petroleum companies; and an expatriate Pakistani youth (Mazhak Munir) driven by hopelessness into the arms of Islamic terrorists. Gaghan's sweeping criticism indicts the system that allows oil companies to reap huge profits and satisfy American consumers while disenfranchising Middle Easterners who feel increasingly powerless to control their own destiny. Syriana is a movie that demands much from its viewers; being marginally well informed about current international affairs can only help. Even so, you'll occasionally find it difficult to tell the good guys from the bad guys -- which is likely what Gaghan had in mind all along All Movie Guide - Perry Seibert Syriana utilizes topical subject matter in order to put a human face on complicated world events. The film tells a very intricate story in that the actions of over a dozen characters all impact the others. Putting all the pieces together might require more than one viewing, but the performances are so vivid and the filmmaking so assured that one never feels lost during a viewing. With this many characters and plot threads it is easy for directors to trip, but Stephen Gaghan manages to make each scene feel like it is in the right place at the right time. The film shows an obvious debt to not only Steven Soderbergh 's Traffic (which Gaghan scripted), but also such gritty, paranoid '70s films as All the President's Men . George Clooney plays very much against type as a burned-out CIA agent, based on a real CIA agent whose nonfiction book served as the jumping off point for the film. His performance exudes a weariness that he has never shown before. The most underappreciated actor of his time, Jeffrey Wright turns in yet another pitch-perfect performance as a lawyer who keeps his motivations hidden. Matt Damon does angry and articulate as well as anybody, and he benefits greatly from some outstanding speeches. These performers, and all of the others as well, help keep the sprawling film to a digestible experience. The political content of the film is pretty basic; Gaghan simply hopes to show the human price paid when government and big business are so closely intertwined as to be almost indistinguishable.	i don't know
Who wrote the 1939 novel ‘The Grapes of Wrath’?	The Grapes of Wrath: 10 surprising facts about John Steinbeck's novel The Grapes of Wrath: 10 surprising facts about John Steinbeck's novel John Steinbeck's 1939 novel The Grapes of Wrath won the Pulitzer Prize Credit: AP Martin Chilton , Culture Editor 16 September 2015 • 1:13pm John Steinbeck, who was born on February 27, 1902, was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1962. His 1939 book The Grapes of Wrath, published 75 years ago on April 14, has sold more than 14 million copies in the past 75 years. Here are 10 things about the novel that may surprise you. The book gave Route 66 its nickname In The Grapes of Wrath, Steinbeck became the first writer to refer to Route 66 – the two-lane, 2,448-mile-road that connects Chicago to Los Angeles – as the "Mother Road". In doing so, he helped capture the road’s image of redemption and turn it into a cultural icon. The fictional Joad family of the novel was an example of the thousands of people migrating to California to escape the despair of the Dust Bowl states, and many used Route 66. "66 is the mother road," Steinbeck wrote, "the road of flight." John Steinbeck in 1962 Credit: AP His novel was burned and banned The Associated Farmers of California dismissed the novel as a "pack of lies" and "communist propaganda". The book was briefly banned in the Soviet Union by Joseph Stalin, because the ruling Communist Party was troubled by the thought that it showed that even the most destitute Americans could afford a car. Steinbeck received death threats and the FBI put him under surveillance. The book was banned in many libraries and copies were symbolically burned in towns across America. When WB Camp, one of the most successful cotton producers in California, presided over its burning in Bakersfield, he said: ''We are angry, not because we were attacked but because we were attacked by a book obscene in the extreme sense of the word.'' It came out on a Friday The book was published on Friday April 14, 1939, on the same day that the film Wuthering Heights, starring Laurence Olivier, had its premiere in New York. It was also the day that President Roosevelt wrote to Hitler to say: "Are you willing to give assurance that your armed forces will not attack or invade the territory or possessions of the following independent nations?" with a list that included Poland, Belgium, France, Great Britain and Ireland. Writing the book stretched Steinbeck's nerves The novel was written over five months (June-October 1938) and his diaries (Working Days: The Journal of The Grapes of Wrath) show a man losing control and confidence. He was writing shortly after the death of his brother-in-law and it was a time in his life when he was plagued by doubts about the prospect of war and worries over the sale of his house in California. "Did ever a book get written under such excitement," he wrote. "My whole nervous system is battered. I hope I’m not headed for a nervous breakdown. My nerves are going fast. . . I wish I could just disappear for a while. So many things to drive me nuts. I’m afraid this book is going to pieces. If it does, I do too." When it was finished he wrote: "It isn't the great book I had hoped it would be. It's just a run-of-the-mill book." The run-of-the-mill book won the 1940 Pulitzer Prize for Literature. He was proud of his research While writing The Grapes of Wrath, Steinbeck visited Arvin Federal Government Camp near Bakersfield, portrayed as "Weedpatch Camp" in the novel. The camp is still used by migrant workers. You should have kept your first edition The first edition Viking Press hardback was 619 pages (260,000 words), cost $2.75 and had a dust jacket illustrated by Elmer Hader. There were around 50,000 printed and it became the bestselling book in America in 1939. By February 1940 the novel was already in its eleventh printing, and 428,900 copies had been sold. A mint condition first edition is now worth more than £15,000. How the title came about The title was taken from The Battle Hymn of the Republic (Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord/He is trampling out the vintage where the grapes of wrath are stored) written by abolitionist Julia Ward Howe in 1861. "I like the song because it is a kind of march and this book is a kind of march," said Steinbeck. The novel has been chosen only once as the Desert Island Discs book of choice, by former newspaper editor Derek Jameson, although singer Petula Clark picked his collected short stories. Steinbeck loved Henry Fonda's portrayal of Tom Joad Darryl Zanuck purchased the film rights for The Grapes of Wrath for $75,000. Concerned about controversy, Zanuck decided to hold the premiere of The Grapes of Wrath in New York. The film, directed by John Ford, received glowing reviews. Steinbeck said Henry Fonda's performance as Tom Joad made him "believe my own words". Steinbeck and Fonda remained friends and the actor read Alfred Lord Tennyson's poem Ulysses at Steinbeck's funeral in 1968. Henry Fonda, Jane Darwell and Dorris Bowdon in John Ford's film of John Steinbeck's novel The Grapes of Wrath Credit: Rex Features The Wrath of Grapes Steinbeck is not the only author to use the title The Grapes of Wrath for a book. In 1917 Boyd Cable (1878-1943) wrote a book of stories under that name, subtitled 'Twenty-four Hours in the Life of a Private Soldier', about the First World War. There was also a Twenties temperance book called The Grapes of Wrath. In 2003, Lewis Perdue wrote a book called The Wrath of Grapes, about the wine industry. Bruce bonus Bruce Springsteen is the proud owner of a bronze bust of John Steinbeck, presented to him with his Steinbeck Award in 1996 from the Steinbeck Centre at San Jose State University, in California. Springsteen, inspired by the songs of Woody Guthrie about the Dust Bowl era, had recorded a song based on The Grapes of Wrath called The Ghost of Tom Joad.	John Steinbeck
Sharm-el-Sheikh, Dahab and Taba are all resorts in which country?	The Grapes of Wrath (1940) - IMDb IMDb 17 January 2017 4:34 PM, UTC NEWS There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error The Grapes of Wrath ( 1940 ) Approved \| A poor Midwest family is forced off of their land. They travel to California, suffering the misfortunes of the homeless in the Great Depression. Director: Nunnally Johnson (screen play), John Steinbeck (based on the novel by) Stars: a list of 47 titles created 18 Aug 2011 a list of 21 titles created 17 Mar 2012 a list of 33 titles created 11 Dec 2014 a list of 35 titles created 09 May 2015 a list of 42 titles created 2 weeks ago Title: The Grapes of Wrath (1940) 8.1/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Won 2 Oscars. Another 7 wins & 5 nominations. See more awards » Videos Three World War II veterans return home to small-town America to discover that they and their families have been irreparably changed. Director: William Wyler Fred Dobbs and Bob Curtin, two Americans searching for work in Mexico, convince an old prospector to help them mine for gold in the Sierra Madre Mountains. Director: John Huston A naive man is appointed to fill a vacancy in the United States Senate. His plans promptly collide with political corruption, but he doesn't back down. Director: Frank Capra A private detective takes on a case that involves him with three eccentric criminals, a gorgeous liar, and their quest for a priceless statuette. Director: John Huston A spoiled heiress running away from her family is helped by a man who is actually a reporter in need of a story. Director: Frank Capra An ex-prize fighter turned longshoreman struggles to stand up to his corrupt union bosses. Director: Elia Kazan A stark, perverse story of murder, kidnapping, and police corruption in a Mexican border town. Director: Orson Welles An ingenue insinuates herself into the company of an established but aging stage actress and her circle of theater friends. Director: Joseph L. Mankiewicz An allegorical tale about a man fighting the good and evil within him. Both sides are made flesh - one a sophisticated woman he is attracted to and the other his wife. Director: F.W. Murnau When Union spies steal an engineer's beloved locomotive, he pursues it single-handedly and straight through enemy lines. Directors: Clyde Bruckman, Buster Keaton Stars: Buster Keaton, Marion Mack, Glen Cavender A self-conscious bride is tormented by the memory of her husband's dead first wife. Director: Alfred Hitchcock A senator, who became famous for killing a notorious outlaw, returns for the funeral of an old friend and tells the truth about his deed. Director: John Ford Edit Storyline Tom Joad returns to his home after a jail sentence to find his family kicked out of their farm due to foreclosure. He catches up with them on his Uncles farm, and joins them the next day as they head for California and a new life... Hopefully. Written by Colin Tinto <[email protected]> See All (117) » Taglines: The thousands who have read the book will know why WE WILL NOT SELL ANY CHILDREN TICKETS to see this picture! See more » Genres: 15 March 1940 (USA) See more » Also Known As: Mono (Western Electric Mirrophonic Recording) Color: Did You Know? Trivia The production had a fake working title, "Highway 66", so that the shoot of the controversial novel would not be affected by union problems. Much of the dire straits portrayed in the film continued during and after the release of the movie. See more » Goofs The same shot, from slightly different angles, of the Joads' truck crossing the desert at night is used twice, showing a single large cactus in the foreground and three sets of lights in a row on a mountain in the distance. See more » Quotes She'll Be Coming 'Round the Mountain (uncredited) User Reviews John Ford's stark portrayal of a poor family in the depression remains one of the most moving films in history. (Luoyang, China) – See all my reviews The Grapes of Wrath is the story of the Joad family, who are run off of their land in Oklahoma because of drought and poverty. I think that one of the most striking elements of this movie is the black and white cinematography. Obviously, there wasn't a lot of variation on this particular subject in 1940, but especially today, the lack of color enhances the feelings of poverty and desperation and emptiness due to the family's loss of their home. In this way, because it would not be nearly as noticeable in 1940 as it is today, this time-enhanced effect of the black and white film stock has allowed for the film's impact to actually grow with time. Henry Fonda plays the part of Tom Joad, a young member of the family who is released from prison at the beginning of the film, only to find that his family has been driven from their home and is staying at his uncle's house until they can figure out what to do about their sudden homelessness. It is by pure coincidence that Tom was released early on good behavior, otherwise he may very well never have seen his family again. He finds them in a state of near desperation, as they begin more and more to realize the predicament that they are in. Their trek across half of the country, on their way to California to assume jobs that they've heard about, provides for a substantial portion of the plot and is extremely well-structured. The family encounters every hardship imaginable on this journey, from family members dying to their struggle to feed themselves to their rickety old truck constantly breaking down. They run into disillusioned people who claim that they've been to California and there are really no jobs there, at least not nearly as many as there are people going to look for them. They are periodically and derogatorily referred to as `Okies,' a term which places them in a broad category of poor folks driven from there homes in middle America who are traveling to the coast to get jobs that aren't there. There is so much doubt and hardship presented that it is never really certain whether they really will find jobs. The audience is never able to assume a happy ending, because there is so much contrary foreshadowing throughout the film. The struggles do not abate once the family reaches California and takes up shaky residence in residential areas that would be more accurately referred to as shanty towns, and the rest of the film is dominated by the family's efforts to survive in a new and unfamiliar place, while working for wages that are barely sufficient to prevent starvation. Ma Joad spends the majority of the film stressing the importance of keeping the family together, seeing it as the only thing that they really had left, but this is eventually set aside in favor of each member of the family not only surviving but also flourishing, which provides for one of the many powerful messages that the film delivers. The Grapes of Wrath is not exactly an edge of your seat film, but it is a shockingly realistic portrayal of the suffering that so many people and families experienced during the Great Depression. The performances are flawless, and the experience is not only powerful and moving but also educational. It's no secret that most people do not watch movies to learn, but there comes a point, at least once in a great while, when a person should watch a film that requires a little mental thought processing, and in such cases, The Grapes of Wrath is an excellent choice. 108 of 126 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	i don't know
A pompano is what type of creature?	Fort Lauderdale Wildlife in Florida Rodent Snake Mouse Squirrel Bat Armadillo Types of Wildlife and Animal Problems in Fort Lauderdale, FL Fort Lauderdale Wildlife Control Info If you need a professional wildlife trapper in Fort Lauderdale, FL call TruTech, Inc.: 954-372-1195 FL State bird: Northern mockingbird State mammal: Florida panther, manatee, dolphin State reptile: Loggerhead sea turtle State amphibian: N/A State fish: Florida largemouth bass, Atlantic sailfish State insect: Zebra longwing Butterfly Florida is a warm, southern state with everything from orange trees to a large, central swamp known as The Everglades. As you might imagine, this makes for a variety of interesting creatures both land-loving and aquatic. In fact, Florida is so appealing to animals, species not native to the state have been able to move in and thrive. The perfect examples of this are the Burmese Python and the red-tail boa constrictors. These snakes are not native to North America, but so many were released of escape into the Florida wild that a breeding population was spotted in The Everglades. This is not necessarily a good thing, as many native creatures-raccoons and small mammals in particular-have begun to vanish from that region of the state. Not even a smaller alligator can always withstand an attack from the Burmese Python. Alligators are used to being at the top of the food chain, and because of this the large reptiles are often nuisances around homes, where people fear attacks on themselves and pets. Particularly dangerous are alligators over 8 feet, during the mating season in May. Florida's suburbs are often surrounded by water, and alligators make good use of the man-made channels and canals around the region. Another problematic reptile is the iguana, which is significantly smaller than the alligator but large enough in its own right. The warm climate in this state means reptiles and amphibians are plentiful. Florida has four venomous species of snakes, all of which can sneak into a yard at any moment. However, they are relatively rare. They include the Eastern Diamondback, the Pigmy Rattler, the Eastern Coral Snake, and the Cottonmouth, or Water Moccasin. Cottonmouth snakes are drawn to water-something most homes have in Florida. Thankfully, most snakes will move out of a lawn after a day or so. Some of these snakes like to live in the water, adding to the list of semi-aquatic animals that can become problematic. Other water-loving pests include beavers, otters, and muskrats. Nutria, another semi-aquatic rodent, are another example of a non-native species moving in and making itself at home. One animal people don't think much about when they think of Florida is the armadillo. This little creature is not just a problem for the south central states. Florida has armadillos, too, probably more per area than any other state, because they thrive in FL's sandy soil, and they will cause just as much damage in Florida as any other state. They keep several burrows, and dig up lawns as they search for worms and grubs. Due to the variety of landscapes in this state, Florida also has some large land predators. The Florida panther, an endangered species, is not usually a nuisance animal. It is rarely spotted. What the panther lacks in pest-ability, the black bear makes up for. The surge of tourists into the state has made black bears bold about raiding garbage cans and invading campgrounds. However, black bear attacks on people are rare. Fort Lauderdale Raccoons: This masked animal is fairly common in Fort Lauderdale, FL. They frequently raid trash cans and steal pet food. They also often choose to live in the attic or chimney of your home. One of Florida's beautiful animals, but often a nuisance. We offer Fort Lauderdale raccoon removal. Fort Lauderdale Squirrels: Squirrels are often a pest in Fort Lauderdale. They love to live in an attic, and will chew on wood or electrical wires. They are agile creatures, and live throughout the state of Florida. Call TruTech, Inc. if you need squirrel removal in Fort Lauderdale. Fort Lauderdale Opossum: You may spot this animal in Fort Lauderdale at night time, perhaps rooting through your garbage. This opportunistic animal will take your pet's food or live under your porch. The possum is a great Florida survivor, and not all that ugly. Fort Lauderdale Snakes: There are many species of snakes in Fort Lauderdale, but few are venomous. If you need help identifying snakes of Florida, browse this site or give us a call at 954-372-1195. We at TruTech, Inc. can provide Fort Lauderdale snake control any time you need us. Fort Lauderdale Rat Control: The Norway Rat, Roof Rat, and House Mouse inhabit most areas of North America that people inhabit, including most Florida cities. They contaminate food and love to live in the walls or attic of a home. TruTech, Inc. can get rid of them once and for all. Fort Lauderdale Bats: Bats are special animals, and found throughout Florida. They are good creatures and eat a lot of insects, but if you have an infestation of bats in your home or building, you can give us a call for professional Fort Lauderdale bat removal and control. We are experts with all kinds of FL wildlife. If you need Fort Lauderdale pigeon control, geese or other bird removal, we can help. We are experts with skunks and skunk problems, digging animals such as moles, armadillos, & groundhogs, and we offer Florida beaver control and removal. TruTech, Inc. also provides dead animal removal services. 954-372-1195 Trutech Inc. handles nuisance animals, including squirrels, rats, mice, raccoons, armadillos, opossums, snakes, bats, birds, moles and more. The company also addresses all stinging insect problems, including bees, wasps, hornets, and yellow jackets. Trutech Inc. carries workers' compensation and liability insurance. Our range includes North Lauderhill, Sunrise, Plantation, Weston, Davie, Lauderdale Lakes, north to Pompano Beach, Oakland Park, and Wilton Manors. Fort Lauderdale Wildlife Tip Can A Rodent Enter From Dryer Vent Into Your Home - While an attic is a popular nesting place for a rodent, they can also enter your home by making openings in walls throughout your home. If you have carefully secured your roof, a rodent will make sure to inspect other areas of your house as possible entry points. Thus, it is also common for a rodent to enter from a dryer vent. Here are few tips on how to remove a rodent from your dryer vent, and how you can prevent this from happening again. If a rodent gets into your dryer vent it can get stuck, depending on the size of the vent. You will probably hear scratching noises from the dryer, which is a signal that there is something stuck inside, trying to get out. Your priority is to safely remove the rodent from the vent. First make sure that the dryer is turned off. If the rodent is in the hose, try to get it back into the wall. Then, disconnect the vent hose from the dryer so that the rodent does not fall out of the wall. You can use the handle of a broom to push the rodent outside. After you remove the rodent, install mesh wiring. A mesh covering is an ideal solution as a covering for a dryer vent, since it will not prevent the flow of air. Fort Lauderdale, FL Wildlife News Clip: Wildlife Rehabbers in Fort Lauderdale, FL Rehabbers volunteer their own specialties, share referrals. It's feeding time at Ann Frederick the wild bird expert's house. She breaks mealworms in half for a yellow-throat warbler and thaws out frozen crickets in warm water for a cuckoo. Florida has an abundance of wildlife, and Fort Lauderdale is no exception. Ann Frederick the wild bird expert, you see, is the "bird lady," taking in birds that are injured or too Frederick the wild bird expert to fend for themselves. Frederick the wild bird expert is part of a group of people who care for animals of all types. There are probably seven or eight others like her in Central Florida. Although several species of wildlife roam Fort Lauderdale, only a few, such as raccoons and Eastern Gray Squirrels and rats, are considered pest wildlife. At least those are the ones who have state and federal permits to take in animals. There may be dozens more who just do it without proper licensing. Florida has many reptiles, and it's important to be able to identify Fort Lauderdale snake species and mammals. People such as Frederick the wild bird expert and Mary Jane The Wild Squirrel and Rat pro, who also lives in Altamonte Springs, don't advertise, but people seem to find them. They know their limitations and don't hesitate to refer people to someone better equipped to handle a hurt or abandoned critter. Ft. Lauderdale is sometimes called the "Venice of America", but it should be called the "Zoo of America" due to all of the wild animals. The Seminole Indians lived here before the European settlers, but the raccoons and opossums lived here before the Seminole Indians. The Seminoles are gone now, but there's more critters than ever! We are a professional nuisance wildlife control company serving southeast Florida & the Ft. Lauderdale area. We offer commercial pest control and animal control to safely and permanently take care of your wildlife problems. We are fully licensed and insured, and dedicated to the finest quality of work, which we back up with a guarantee. If you need to get rid of wildlife, or need expert and professional trapping services, just give us a call. We also service the towns of Hollywood, Lauderhill, Dania Beach, Coral Springs, North Lauderdale and also animal control in Oakland Park, Coconut Creek, Margate and pest control in Pembroke Pines, Pompano Beach, Davie, Tamarac and wild animal services in Weston, Sunrise, Parkland, Hallandale and wildlife management in Lauderdale Lakes, Plantation, Miramar, Deerfield Beach. You're still reading this page? We do not operate Fort Lauderdale wildlife rescue, but are a privately owned nuisance wildlife removal service company. If you need a pro in Fort Lauderdale to solve your problem for you, call TruTech, Inc.: 954-372-1195 and they can help you with your Fort Lauderdale wildlife problem. © 2000-2016 954-372-1195 Webmaster email Residential & Commercial Licensed & Insured	Fish
What is the US state capital of South Carolina?	pompano \| fish \| Britannica.com Pompano runner Pompano, (Trachinotus), any of several marine fishes of the family Carangidae (order Perciformes). Pompanos, some of which are highly prized as food, are deep-bodied, toothless fishes with small scales, a narrow tail base, and a forked tail. They are usually silvery and are found along shores in warm waters throughout the world. The Florida, or common, pompano (T. carolinus), considered the tastiest, is a valued commercial food fish of the American Atlantic and Gulf coasts and grows to a length of about 45 cm (18 inches) and weight of 1 kg (2 pounds). The blue and silver great pompano (T. goodei), or permit , is found off Florida and the West Indies . Snubnose pompano (Trachinotus blochii). © stephan kerkhofs/Shutterstock.com The African pompano, or threadfish, also of the family Carangidae, is Alectis crinitis of the Atlantic and eastern Pacific oceans. It is about 90 cm long and, especially when young, has very long, threadlike rays extending from the dorsal and anal fins. The Pacific pompano (Peprilus simillimus) is a food fish of the butterfish family. Learn More in these related articles: perciform any member of the largest group of fishes in the world, represented by more than 6,000 species placed in about 150 families. Perciforms are bony fishes that occur in abundance in both marine and freshwater areas of the world, ranging from shallow freshwater ponds to depths of more than 2,300 metres... butterfish any of the thin, deep-bodied, more or less oval and silvery fishes of the family Stromateidae (order Perciformes). Butterfishes are found in warm and temperate seas and are characterized by a small mouth, forked tail, and a single dorsal fin. Like the related rudderfishes (Centrolophidae) and... 1 Reference found in Britannica Articles Assorted Reference pompano - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up) The pompano is an ocean fish of the family Carangidae. It is considered commercially valuable along the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf coasts. Pompanos are toothless and have silvery bodies, small scales, and narrow tail bases. There are several species. The Florida, or common, pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) grows to a length of about 18 inches (45 centimeters) and a weight of 2 pounds (1 kilogram). The African pompano, or threadfish (Alectis crinitis), found in the Atlantic and eastern Pacific oceans, grows to nearly double that size. Article History Corrections? Updates? Help us improve this article! Contact our editors with your feedback. MEDIA FOR: You have successfully emailed this. Error when sending the email. Try again later. Edit Mode Submit Tips For Editing We welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles. You can make it easier for us to review and, hopefully, publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind. Encyclopædia Britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience. You may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered. Any text you add should be original, not copied from other sources. At the bottom of the article, feel free to list any sources that support your changes, so that we can fully understand their context. (Internet URLs are the best.) Your contribution may be further edited by our staff, and its publication is subject to our final approval. Unfortunately, our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions. Submit Thank You for Your Contribution! Our editors will review what you've submitted, and if it meets our criteria, we'll add it to the article. Please note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors, and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed. Uh Oh There was a problem with your submission. Please try again later. Close Date Published: June 11, 2010 URL: https://www.britannica.com/animal/pompano Access Date: January 01, 2017 Share	i don't know
What is the currency of Turkey?	TRY - Turkish Lira rates, news, and tools TRY - Turkish Lira Turkey, Lira The Turkish Lira is the currency of Turkey. Our currency rankings show that the most popular Turkey Lira exchange rate is the TRY to EUR rate . The currency code for Lira is TRY, and the currency symbol is . Below, you'll find Turkish Lira rates and a currency converter. You can also subscribe to our currency newsletters with daily rates and analysis, read the XE Currency Blog , or take TRY rates on the go with our XE Currency Apps and website.	Turkish lira
Sebastiano Carezo is credited with inventing which Spanish dance in 1780?	Turkish Lira Exchange Rates What's your money worth in Turkish Liras (₺, TL or TRY )? Use the currency exchange converter to find out the current foreign exchange rate for the Turkish Lira before you reach Istanbul .	i don't know
Who was the first US President to appear on colour television?	The Development of Color Television By Mary Bellis Updated August 16, 2016. Color television history goes back to 1904, when a German patent contained the earliest recorded proposal for a color television system. And in 1925, Vladimir K. Zworykin , a Russian inventor, filed a patent disclosure for an all-electronic color television system. Both of these systems were not successful, however, they were the first for color television. Color Televisions and RCA Between 1946 and 1950 the research staff of RCA Laboratories invented the world's first electronic, monochrome compatible, color television system. A successful color television system began commercial broadcasting, first authorized by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on December 17, 1953, based on a system designed by RCA. In 1940, prior to RCA, CBS researchers led by Peter Goldmark invented a mechanical color television system based on the 1928 designs of John Logie Baird. The FCC authorized CBS's color television technology as the national standard in October of 1950, despite the fact that the system was bulky, flickered, and was not compatible with earlier black-and-white sets. RCA sued to stop the public broadcasting of CBS-based systems. CBS had begun color broadcasting on five east coast stations in June of 1951. However, at that time 10.5 million black-and-white televisions (half RCA sets) had been sold to the public and very few color sets. Color television production was halted during the Korean war, with that and the lawsuits, and the sluggish sales, the CBS system failed. Those factors provided RCA with the time to design a better color television, which they based on the 1947 patent application of Alfred Schroeder, for a shadow mask CRT. Their system passed FCC approval in late 1953 and sales of RCA color televisions began in 1954. The Story of Color Television Early color telecasts could be preserved only on the black-and-white kinescope process introduced in 1947. But in September 1956, NBC began using color film to time-delay and preserve some of its live color telecasts. A company called Ampex made a color videotape recorder in 1958, which NBC used to tape An Evening With Fred Astaire, the oldest surviving network color videotape. And in 1958, President Dwight D. Eisenhower visited the an NBC station in Washington, D.C. and gave a speech dicussing the new technology's merits. His speech was recorded in color, and a copy of this videotape was given to the Library of Congress. NBC made the first coast-to-coast color broadcast when it telecast the Tournament of Roses Parade on January 1, 1954. But it was the premier of Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color in September 1961, that created a turning point, persuading consumers to go out and purchase color televisions. Television broadcasting stations and networks in most parts of the world upgraded from black-and-white TVs to color transmission in the 1960s and 1970s. By 1979, even the last of these had converted to color and by the early 1980s, black-and-white sets were mostly small portable sets or those used as video monitor screens in lower-cost consumer equipment. By the late 1980s, even these areas switched to color sets.	Dwight D. Eisenhower
In 1963, in which country did operatic tenor Luciano Pavarotti make his first appearance outside Italy?	TV ACRES: Broadcast Firsts > Political Broadcasts Broadcast Firsts Political Broadcasts - A special meeting of the Eisenhower administration cabinet held October 25, 1954 was the first time a US cabinet session was televised. The event featured then Secretary of State John Foster Dulles conveying his summary report on agreements signed in Paris, France. With the exclusion of vice-president Richard M. Nixon, all members were present. The meeting was carried over all ABC, NBC and CBS radio and television networks. (Congress) Television was first brought from Washington to the homes of the American people on the opening of the joint session of the 80th Congress on Jan 3, 1947. In 1986, television cameras were placed in the Senate chambers on a trial six month experiment, thus allowing the American public see their politician's earn their paycheck. This service came to be known as CSPAN. According to a survey conducted by the University of Maryland, 28% of the delegates who watched the political channel changed their opinion on either a candidate or an issue after hearing/viewing information on CSPAN. (Conventions) The Republican National Convention held in Philadelphia on June 24-29, 1940, became the first political convention to be televised. It broadcast the nomination of Wendell Lewis Willkie (New York) and Charles Linza McNary (Oregon) as the Republican Party's choice for president and vice-president. Broadcast was covered by New York City station W2XBS. (Debate) The first televised presidential political debate was telecast September 26, 1960 at 9:30 P.M.. The contestants included the Republican candidate, vice-president Richard M. Nixon and Democratic candidate, Senator John F. Kennedy. This face-to-face discussion originated live from Chicago and was telecast nationally into the homes of all American citizens lucky enough to own a television. Howard K. Smith of CBS Network was the moderator of these debates of which Kennedy opened and Nixon closed. (Inauguration) Dwight D. Eisenhower was the first president sworn in on national television on January 20, 1953. (Interviews) Edward R. Murrow the host of the popular 1950s televised interview program PERSON TO PERSON conducted an interview with Cuban Leader, Fidel Castro who appeared in his pajamas on February 6, 1959. On October 22, 1974 Castro gave his first in-depth interview since 1968 when Dan Rather visited with him on the CBS Network report "Castro, Cuba & the U.S.A." (Press Coverage) President John F. Kennedy's first press conference (covered by all three networks) was the first live telecast of a presidential news conference. Broadcast on January 25, 1961, the conference was held in the auditorium of the State Department building in Washington, D.C.. A total of 31 questions were asked over a 38-minute period. Before this press conference, the typical Presidential conferences had been filmed and scheduled for later broadcast to the public. The first such filmed news conference for television was held on January 19, 1955 in the treaty room of the State Department building.. It featured President Dwight D. Eisenhower talking to the press for the total of 33 minutes. The conference was edited to 28 minutes before the broadcast. (Presidential Appearances) Franklin Delano Roosevelt was the first President to appear on television. On April 30, 1939, Roosevelt spoke at the opening session of the New York World's Fair on the exposition grounds in Flushing, Long Island. The event was transmitted/received via two mobile vans owned by station WNBT of the National Broadcasting Company. President Harry S. Truman made his first "live" television appearance at a Navy Day speech in New York's Central Park on October 27, 1945. The first regular coast-to-coast telecast on September 4, 1951 was President Harry S. Truman's address at the opening of the Japanese Peace Treaty Conference in San Francisco. Broadcast by all four networks (ABC, DuMont, CBS, NBC). President Dwight D. Eisenhower was the first President to appear in "color" on television over the NBC network. This historic event occurred during his June 7, 1955 commencement address to the graduates of the Military Academy at West Point, New York. External Links	i don't know
What is the name of Mrs Pumphrey’s dog in the television series ‘All Creatures Great and Small’?	James Herriot's Animal Stories by James Herriot — Reviews, Discussion, Bookclubs, Lists Shelves: books-i-own , animals , 2012-bookshelf , non-fiction , books-darren-bought-me This was the third book that I read for my read-a-thon last weekend in the Goodreads group You'll love this one...!! A book club & more and it was by far my favourite read of the read-a-thon. Last year around this time I read my first James Herriot book and I've loved his writing ever since. In this short book James Herriot told some old stories as well as some new ones. I really enjoyed reading the stories I've already read about some of the animals Tricki Woo in particular I think that sto This was the third book that I read for my read-a-thon last weekend in the Goodreads group You'll love this one...!! A book club & more and it was by far my favourite read of the read-a-thon. Last year around this time I read my first James Herriot book and I've loved his writing ever since. In this short book James Herriot told some old stories as well as some new ones. I really enjoyed reading the stories I've already read about some of the animals Tricki Woo in particular I think that story is probably one of my favourites of his because it's such a cute story.As for the new stories, it was nice to be introduced to new animals because I think each of the different stories about his 4-legged patients is like a little gift. As always James Herriot's writing was a delight. Every time I pick up one of his books I know I will be entertained. His stories about his experiences as a Yorkshire vet are wonderfully heartwarming and charming and they are definitely books I will always turn too when I need a good old fashioned comfort read. I would recommend this book to everyone young or old. I think that this book would be a great read aloud book that both the reader and audience but most of all I think all animal lovers should give James Herriot's books a try because they'll make you appreciate your pets just a wee bit more. Plus this book and all the others I've read by him are quick reads and in my opinion are meant to be read on a day where snuggling up with a good book, a hot beverage and your pets is the only thing you want to do. I can't wait to read my next James Herriot book. Hopefully I can get to one before Christmas which by the way his books would make the perfect Christmas gift for! ...more Shelves: tear-jerkers , classics This review is for all the Harriot books I read. I first read All Creatures Great and Small in high school. I was intimidated at first because well, it starts out with the birth of a calf. I didn't know if I could continue on (He goes into a lot of detail about that birth!) I finished it, and got an A on the quiz for the book. Then, I decided to read more of his series, because they were just so comical and well written. Unfortunately, I couldn't read those for a grade... just entertainment. I'v This review is for all the Harriot books I read. I first read All Creatures Great and Small in high school. I was intimidated at first because well, it starts out with the birth of a calf. I didn't know if I could continue on (He goes into a lot of detail about that birth!) I finished it, and got an A on the quiz for the book. Then, I decided to read more of his series, because they were just so comical and well written. Unfortunately, I couldn't read those for a grade... just entertainment. I've read some of these stories to my children when they were young. They fell in love with the animals as well. I highly recommend this book, and all the other Harriot books for everyone. ...more Aug 17, 2014 Kalen rated it really liked it I received this book on Christmas 2000 but I don't think I ever read it. I had read other James Herriot books but I don't remember any of these stories. Herriot has a way of writing which makes inserting his hand into the birth canal of an animal to extract her offspring sound pleasant and almost whimsically romantic. He does a wonderful job at painting a screen an landscape where you can truly envision the surroundings whether its a cold, dank cow shed to the elegance and comfort of the home of I received this book on Christmas 2000 but I don't think I ever read it. I had read other James Herriot books but I don't remember any of these stories. Herriot has a way of writing which makes inserting his hand into the birth canal of an animal to extract her offspring sound pleasant and almost whimsically romantic. He does a wonderful job at painting a screen an landscape where you can truly envision the surroundings whether its a cold, dank cow shed to the elegance and comfort of the home of Tricki Woo. His story can be a bit repetitive, such as a farm animal is struggling to give birth was common in many of these stories. On the other hand I found his stories to be positive if not with a humorous at time where is chuckled out loud. ...more Nov 06, 2011 Jill rated it it was amazing My children and I listened to this book on CD as narrated by Jim Dale. What an enjoyable 90 minutes! I adore Mr. Dale's narrations immensely. His voice brought a sense of homey-neighborly-kindness to all the stories which are already brimming with kindness, gentleness and humor. We loved it. I am now ready to begin reading Mr. Herriot's other books....I wonder if Jim Dale narrates any of those? Shelves: comfort-reads , england , short-stories , read-in-2014 "Here are lambs, horses, cows, dogs, even a whimsical pig or two, along with their colorful human counterparts -- all brought vividly to life by [James] Herriot's storytelling magic. From a prickly horse young James encountered early in his veterinary-school experience, through Dorothy the goat -- star of the entrancing holiday tale 'There's Christmas -- and Christmas' -- we are reacquainted with all the charming companions of Herriot's Yorkshire menagerie. Once again illuminated by the radiant "Here are lambs, horses, cows, dogs, even a whimsical pig or two, along with their colorful human counterparts -- all brought vividly to life by [James] Herriot's storytelling magic. From a prickly horse young James encountered early in his veterinary-school experience, through Dorothy the goat -- star of the entrancing holiday tale 'There's Christmas -- and Christmas' -- we are reacquainted with all the charming companions of Herriot's Yorkshire menagerie. Once again illuminated by the radiant watercolors of Lesley Holmes, each of Herriot's animal friends is rendered with the kind of warmth and humor that comes with old, familiar friendship. With a special introduction by Herriot's own son Jim, the stories in this bright new collection will warm readers of every age," ~~front flap Another presentation of stories from the first books, with a couple of new ones thrown in just to make sure the reader shouldn't feel cheated. ...more Shelves: cadeau , elementary-school Excerpt from Grade 6 review ahoy: "The book I read today is a bunch of short stories about animals. The author is in all of the stories. He is a veterinarian. The book is very well written and the pictures are spectacular. The book is pretty exciting -- not like murder-every-five-seconds exciting, but a life-and-death struggle. The stories I've read so far mostly deal with all these animals having babies (eww), but in one of them, a bull had sunstroke and some calves got lead poisoning from paint." Excerpt from Grade 6 review ahoy: "The book I read today is a bunch of short stories about animals. The author is in all of the stories. He is a veterinarian. The book is very well written and the pictures are spectacular. The book is pretty exciting -- not like murder-every-five-seconds exciting, but a life-and-death struggle. The stories I've read so far mostly deal with all these animals having babies (eww), but in one of them, a bull had sunstroke and some calves got lead poisoning from paint." I went through a bit of a Herriot phase in middle school thanks to my grandma giving me her copies of his story collections, so these books bring back good memories. ...more Dec 26, 2012 Carolyn rated it really liked it Excellent stories of animals and the people who own them. The one title "There's Christmas --and Christmas" was so timely, and a perfect reminder of how wonderful the day can be even when you have to work. Herriot paints an idealized scene of the towns and countryside that only adds to the beauty of the story. This short volume was even more enhanced by the inclusion of beautiful watercolor paintings with each story, and an introduction written by Herriot's (Wight's) son that tells of his introd Excellent stories of animals and the people who own them. The one title "There's Christmas --and Christmas" was so timely, and a perfect reminder of how wonderful the day can be even when you have to work. Herriot paints an idealized scene of the towns and countryside that only adds to the beauty of the story. This short volume was even more enhanced by the inclusion of beautiful watercolor paintings with each story, and an introduction written by Herriot's (Wight's) son that tells of his introduction to a vet work at age four, and how he came to appreciate his father's work. ...more Jan 30, 2010 Karen rated it it was amazing What a beautiful little read this was. James Herriot's son compiled 10 of his best-loved stories into this little 145 page book. It's been on my bookshelf for several years. I finally dusted it off and read it in one day. Brought smiles and sadness to my heart, I would wish for animal lovers everywhere to snuggy in and read it. The copy I have is a first edition with beautiful illustrations and lovely smooth pages. Read it, you won't be sorry. (If you are unfamiliar with James Herriot, he author What a beautiful little read this was. James Herriot's son compiled 10 of his best-loved stories into this little 145 page book. It's been on my bookshelf for several years. I finally dusted it off and read it in one day. Brought smiles and sadness to my heart, I would wish for animal lovers everywhere to snuggy in and read it. The copy I have is a first edition with beautiful illustrations and lovely smooth pages. Read it, you won't be sorry. (If you are unfamiliar with James Herriot, he authored "All Creatures Great and Small" followed by several others.) ...more Sep 11, 2011 Jodie Hill rated it it was amazing There is just something that is so magical about James Herriot's writing... I always love how he describes his life as a country vet. I've read all his other books, but when I ran across this one, I picked it up because I thought it might be a good introduction for my kids to his writing and stories. I think it's still a little beyond them with the language/dialect specific writing with the patients' owners, but breezing through this one evening was so uplifting, I didn't mind rereading some of There is just something that is so magical about James Herriot's writing... I always love how he describes his life as a country vet. I've read all his other books, but when I ran across this one, I picked it up because I thought it might be a good introduction for my kids to his writing and stories. I think it's still a little beyond them with the language/dialect specific writing with the patients' owners, but breezing through this one evening was so uplifting, I didn't mind rereading some of his stories again. Great book for just a quick visit! ...more Apr 22, 2014 Laura rated it really liked it James Herriots book Animal stories is a good book for people of all ages. In each story he talks about some of his stories of being a vet in the English countryside. Some stories make you laugh, like Miss Pumphreys Pekineses Tricky-Woo, a dog with a pen pal, and others make you cry. I personally enjoyed his stories and would recommend them to people who love animals or who would like to become a vet. Apr 14, 2009 Emy rated it really liked it Also a great little quick read. If you've never heard of James Herriot before, he is famous for writing stories about his practice as a traveling veterinarian in rural England. His writing style is simple and warm and is not just about the animals he visits but the interesting farmers and owners of the animals he comes to know and love. Totally clean! Jun 01, 2014 Linda rated it really liked it Absolutely charming change of pace for me. Got this to read to my Mom and turned out to be very entertaining. Being a vet in Yorkshire provided fodder for a good read. We are going to get another very soon! Shelves: listened-to I just adore the James Herriot books. His writing is so desriptive, he paints just wonderful pictures, without being verbose. Some of these stories I had heard before - but I could listen to these over and over. Aug 07, 2008 Valerie rated it it was amazing I found this little treasure and bought it immediately. My children were raised on James Herriot stories. His stories are rich and delightful...they touch the best and most gentle side of our humanity. Grab his individual "children's" stories when you can. Feb 15, 2016 Lynn Farina rated it liked it Animal Stories was a cute little book. My therapist lent it to me because she knows how much I love animals. While it's not something I would have picked up on my own, I still liked it. There were some corny bits, but overall it was a nice, quick read. Apr 12, 2016 Papalodge rated it really liked it After fifteen years of seeing, but not seeing, this book on a shelf of our bookcase I read it. Thanks mostly to down sizing and packing books in preparation of moving. Most of you have known Herroit's stories for decades; I welcome myself to your ranks. As descriptive as a Dickens story and other such authors, the countryside, the farmers and the animals come to life with wit and common sense. The water colored illustrations animate the animals while othersa peacefully reflect the hillsides and v After fifteen years of seeing, but not seeing, this book on a shelf of our bookcase I read it. Thanks mostly to down sizing and packing books in preparation of moving. Most of you have known Herroit's stories for decades; I welcome myself to your ranks. As descriptive as a Dickens story and other such authors, the countryside, the farmers and the animals come to life with wit and common sense. The water colored illustrations animate the animals while othersa peacefully reflect the hillsides and villages. I am unable to pick out a favorite story as they reflect a variety of experiences. Life as it was meant to be...and no requirement for a referral from your PCP. Remember the days before insurance and your doctor made house calls and hospital visits; AND you didn't have to state your name and date of birth, endlessly. You've guessed correctly that I have just returned from a visit to the hospital. May 24, 2012 Ruby rated it really liked it I originally borrowed this book from the library for my daughter to read for her 4-H project, but she found it too confusing and realized early on that it wasn’t “her thing”. So I chose to read it instead. While I enjoyed reading about the many adventures of a large animal veterinarian living in Ireland, I have to admit that I got confused by some of the language differences and slang. Overall, though, I’m glad I read this book because it gave me a lot of chuckles, as Mr. Herriot wasn’t afraid t I originally borrowed this book from the library for my daughter to read for her 4-H project, but she found it too confusing and realized early on that it wasn’t “her thing”. So I chose to read it instead. While I enjoyed reading about the many adventures of a large animal veterinarian living in Ireland, I have to admit that I got confused by some of the language differences and slang. Overall, though, I’m glad I read this book because it gave me a lot of chuckles, as Mr. Herriot wasn’t afraid to tell the stories as they really happened, even though some had to have been fairly embarrassing. ...more Shelves: nonfiction This is a very sweet book, but I intended to read it to my four year old son and it's just not age appropriate. There's some cussing from the ranchers, he gets a little sloshed in each of the stories (before driving), and there's a general subtle humor to the whole book that I don't think he would get. I enjoyed it. Aug 28, 2011 glenda rated it it was amazing I can't say enough about this series of books. If you are a lover of animals, you will love them all. The fact that the books are true stories, written by an actual country vet , makes them all the more touching, hilarious, and heartbreaking. I loved every one! Jan 02, 2013 Maggie rated it it was amazing The very first James Herriot book that I read as a child. I believe he is very much the reason that I have a passion for animals today. A great man with great stories. A must read for animal lovers (and everyone!)	tricki woo
Which video game series follows the adventures of Sackboy?	James Herriot's Animal Stories by James Herriot — Reviews, Discussion, Bookclubs, Lists Shelves: books-i-own , animals , 2012-bookshelf , non-fiction , books-darren-bought-me This was the third book that I read for my read-a-thon last weekend in the Goodreads group You'll love this one...!! A book club & more and it was by far my favourite read of the read-a-thon. Last year around this time I read my first James Herriot book and I've loved his writing ever since. In this short book James Herriot told some old stories as well as some new ones. I really enjoyed reading the stories I've already read about some of the animals Tricki Woo in particular I think that sto This was the third book that I read for my read-a-thon last weekend in the Goodreads group You'll love this one...!! A book club & more and it was by far my favourite read of the read-a-thon. Last year around this time I read my first James Herriot book and I've loved his writing ever since. In this short book James Herriot told some old stories as well as some new ones. I really enjoyed reading the stories I've already read about some of the animals Tricki Woo in particular I think that story is probably one of my favourites of his because it's such a cute story.As for the new stories, it was nice to be introduced to new animals because I think each of the different stories about his 4-legged patients is like a little gift. As always James Herriot's writing was a delight. Every time I pick up one of his books I know I will be entertained. His stories about his experiences as a Yorkshire vet are wonderfully heartwarming and charming and they are definitely books I will always turn too when I need a good old fashioned comfort read. I would recommend this book to everyone young or old. I think that this book would be a great read aloud book that both the reader and audience but most of all I think all animal lovers should give James Herriot's books a try because they'll make you appreciate your pets just a wee bit more. Plus this book and all the others I've read by him are quick reads and in my opinion are meant to be read on a day where snuggling up with a good book, a hot beverage and your pets is the only thing you want to do. I can't wait to read my next James Herriot book. Hopefully I can get to one before Christmas which by the way his books would make the perfect Christmas gift for! ...more Shelves: tear-jerkers , classics This review is for all the Harriot books I read. I first read All Creatures Great and Small in high school. I was intimidated at first because well, it starts out with the birth of a calf. I didn't know if I could continue on (He goes into a lot of detail about that birth!) I finished it, and got an A on the quiz for the book. Then, I decided to read more of his series, because they were just so comical and well written. Unfortunately, I couldn't read those for a grade... just entertainment. I'v This review is for all the Harriot books I read. I first read All Creatures Great and Small in high school. I was intimidated at first because well, it starts out with the birth of a calf. I didn't know if I could continue on (He goes into a lot of detail about that birth!) I finished it, and got an A on the quiz for the book. Then, I decided to read more of his series, because they were just so comical and well written. Unfortunately, I couldn't read those for a grade... just entertainment. I've read some of these stories to my children when they were young. They fell in love with the animals as well. I highly recommend this book, and all the other Harriot books for everyone. ...more Aug 17, 2014 Kalen rated it really liked it I received this book on Christmas 2000 but I don't think I ever read it. I had read other James Herriot books but I don't remember any of these stories. Herriot has a way of writing which makes inserting his hand into the birth canal of an animal to extract her offspring sound pleasant and almost whimsically romantic. He does a wonderful job at painting a screen an landscape where you can truly envision the surroundings whether its a cold, dank cow shed to the elegance and comfort of the home of I received this book on Christmas 2000 but I don't think I ever read it. I had read other James Herriot books but I don't remember any of these stories. Herriot has a way of writing which makes inserting his hand into the birth canal of an animal to extract her offspring sound pleasant and almost whimsically romantic. He does a wonderful job at painting a screen an landscape where you can truly envision the surroundings whether its a cold, dank cow shed to the elegance and comfort of the home of Tricki Woo. His story can be a bit repetitive, such as a farm animal is struggling to give birth was common in many of these stories. On the other hand I found his stories to be positive if not with a humorous at time where is chuckled out loud. ...more Nov 06, 2011 Jill rated it it was amazing My children and I listened to this book on CD as narrated by Jim Dale. What an enjoyable 90 minutes! I adore Mr. Dale's narrations immensely. His voice brought a sense of homey-neighborly-kindness to all the stories which are already brimming with kindness, gentleness and humor. We loved it. I am now ready to begin reading Mr. Herriot's other books....I wonder if Jim Dale narrates any of those? Shelves: comfort-reads , england , short-stories , read-in-2014 "Here are lambs, horses, cows, dogs, even a whimsical pig or two, along with their colorful human counterparts -- all brought vividly to life by [James] Herriot's storytelling magic. From a prickly horse young James encountered early in his veterinary-school experience, through Dorothy the goat -- star of the entrancing holiday tale 'There's Christmas -- and Christmas' -- we are reacquainted with all the charming companions of Herriot's Yorkshire menagerie. Once again illuminated by the radiant "Here are lambs, horses, cows, dogs, even a whimsical pig or two, along with their colorful human counterparts -- all brought vividly to life by [James] Herriot's storytelling magic. From a prickly horse young James encountered early in his veterinary-school experience, through Dorothy the goat -- star of the entrancing holiday tale 'There's Christmas -- and Christmas' -- we are reacquainted with all the charming companions of Herriot's Yorkshire menagerie. Once again illuminated by the radiant watercolors of Lesley Holmes, each of Herriot's animal friends is rendered with the kind of warmth and humor that comes with old, familiar friendship. With a special introduction by Herriot's own son Jim, the stories in this bright new collection will warm readers of every age," ~~front flap Another presentation of stories from the first books, with a couple of new ones thrown in just to make sure the reader shouldn't feel cheated. ...more Shelves: cadeau , elementary-school Excerpt from Grade 6 review ahoy: "The book I read today is a bunch of short stories about animals. The author is in all of the stories. He is a veterinarian. The book is very well written and the pictures are spectacular. The book is pretty exciting -- not like murder-every-five-seconds exciting, but a life-and-death struggle. The stories I've read so far mostly deal with all these animals having babies (eww), but in one of them, a bull had sunstroke and some calves got lead poisoning from paint." Excerpt from Grade 6 review ahoy: "The book I read today is a bunch of short stories about animals. The author is in all of the stories. He is a veterinarian. The book is very well written and the pictures are spectacular. The book is pretty exciting -- not like murder-every-five-seconds exciting, but a life-and-death struggle. The stories I've read so far mostly deal with all these animals having babies (eww), but in one of them, a bull had sunstroke and some calves got lead poisoning from paint." I went through a bit of a Herriot phase in middle school thanks to my grandma giving me her copies of his story collections, so these books bring back good memories. ...more Dec 26, 2012 Carolyn rated it really liked it Excellent stories of animals and the people who own them. The one title "There's Christmas --and Christmas" was so timely, and a perfect reminder of how wonderful the day can be even when you have to work. Herriot paints an idealized scene of the towns and countryside that only adds to the beauty of the story. This short volume was even more enhanced by the inclusion of beautiful watercolor paintings with each story, and an introduction written by Herriot's (Wight's) son that tells of his introd Excellent stories of animals and the people who own them. The one title "There's Christmas --and Christmas" was so timely, and a perfect reminder of how wonderful the day can be even when you have to work. Herriot paints an idealized scene of the towns and countryside that only adds to the beauty of the story. This short volume was even more enhanced by the inclusion of beautiful watercolor paintings with each story, and an introduction written by Herriot's (Wight's) son that tells of his introduction to a vet work at age four, and how he came to appreciate his father's work. ...more Jan 30, 2010 Karen rated it it was amazing What a beautiful little read this was. James Herriot's son compiled 10 of his best-loved stories into this little 145 page book. It's been on my bookshelf for several years. I finally dusted it off and read it in one day. Brought smiles and sadness to my heart, I would wish for animal lovers everywhere to snuggy in and read it. The copy I have is a first edition with beautiful illustrations and lovely smooth pages. Read it, you won't be sorry. (If you are unfamiliar with James Herriot, he author What a beautiful little read this was. James Herriot's son compiled 10 of his best-loved stories into this little 145 page book. It's been on my bookshelf for several years. I finally dusted it off and read it in one day. Brought smiles and sadness to my heart, I would wish for animal lovers everywhere to snuggy in and read it. The copy I have is a first edition with beautiful illustrations and lovely smooth pages. Read it, you won't be sorry. (If you are unfamiliar with James Herriot, he authored "All Creatures Great and Small" followed by several others.) ...more Sep 11, 2011 Jodie Hill rated it it was amazing There is just something that is so magical about James Herriot's writing... I always love how he describes his life as a country vet. I've read all his other books, but when I ran across this one, I picked it up because I thought it might be a good introduction for my kids to his writing and stories. I think it's still a little beyond them with the language/dialect specific writing with the patients' owners, but breezing through this one evening was so uplifting, I didn't mind rereading some of There is just something that is so magical about James Herriot's writing... I always love how he describes his life as a country vet. I've read all his other books, but when I ran across this one, I picked it up because I thought it might be a good introduction for my kids to his writing and stories. I think it's still a little beyond them with the language/dialect specific writing with the patients' owners, but breezing through this one evening was so uplifting, I didn't mind rereading some of his stories again. Great book for just a quick visit! ...more Apr 22, 2014 Laura rated it really liked it James Herriots book Animal stories is a good book for people of all ages. In each story he talks about some of his stories of being a vet in the English countryside. Some stories make you laugh, like Miss Pumphreys Pekineses Tricky-Woo, a dog with a pen pal, and others make you cry. I personally enjoyed his stories and would recommend them to people who love animals or who would like to become a vet. Apr 14, 2009 Emy rated it really liked it Also a great little quick read. If you've never heard of James Herriot before, he is famous for writing stories about his practice as a traveling veterinarian in rural England. His writing style is simple and warm and is not just about the animals he visits but the interesting farmers and owners of the animals he comes to know and love. Totally clean! Jun 01, 2014 Linda rated it really liked it Absolutely charming change of pace for me. Got this to read to my Mom and turned out to be very entertaining. Being a vet in Yorkshire provided fodder for a good read. We are going to get another very soon! Shelves: listened-to I just adore the James Herriot books. His writing is so desriptive, he paints just wonderful pictures, without being verbose. Some of these stories I had heard before - but I could listen to these over and over. Aug 07, 2008 Valerie rated it it was amazing I found this little treasure and bought it immediately. My children were raised on James Herriot stories. His stories are rich and delightful...they touch the best and most gentle side of our humanity. Grab his individual "children's" stories when you can. Feb 15, 2016 Lynn Farina rated it liked it Animal Stories was a cute little book. My therapist lent it to me because she knows how much I love animals. While it's not something I would have picked up on my own, I still liked it. There were some corny bits, but overall it was a nice, quick read. Apr 12, 2016 Papalodge rated it really liked it After fifteen years of seeing, but not seeing, this book on a shelf of our bookcase I read it. Thanks mostly to down sizing and packing books in preparation of moving. Most of you have known Herroit's stories for decades; I welcome myself to your ranks. As descriptive as a Dickens story and other such authors, the countryside, the farmers and the animals come to life with wit and common sense. The water colored illustrations animate the animals while othersa peacefully reflect the hillsides and v After fifteen years of seeing, but not seeing, this book on a shelf of our bookcase I read it. Thanks mostly to down sizing and packing books in preparation of moving. Most of you have known Herroit's stories for decades; I welcome myself to your ranks. As descriptive as a Dickens story and other such authors, the countryside, the farmers and the animals come to life with wit and common sense. The water colored illustrations animate the animals while othersa peacefully reflect the hillsides and villages. I am unable to pick out a favorite story as they reflect a variety of experiences. Life as it was meant to be...and no requirement for a referral from your PCP. Remember the days before insurance and your doctor made house calls and hospital visits; AND you didn't have to state your name and date of birth, endlessly. You've guessed correctly that I have just returned from a visit to the hospital. May 24, 2012 Ruby rated it really liked it I originally borrowed this book from the library for my daughter to read for her 4-H project, but she found it too confusing and realized early on that it wasn’t “her thing”. So I chose to read it instead. While I enjoyed reading about the many adventures of a large animal veterinarian living in Ireland, I have to admit that I got confused by some of the language differences and slang. Overall, though, I’m glad I read this book because it gave me a lot of chuckles, as Mr. Herriot wasn’t afraid t I originally borrowed this book from the library for my daughter to read for her 4-H project, but she found it too confusing and realized early on that it wasn’t “her thing”. So I chose to read it instead. While I enjoyed reading about the many adventures of a large animal veterinarian living in Ireland, I have to admit that I got confused by some of the language differences and slang. Overall, though, I’m glad I read this book because it gave me a lot of chuckles, as Mr. Herriot wasn’t afraid to tell the stories as they really happened, even though some had to have been fairly embarrassing. ...more Shelves: nonfiction This is a very sweet book, but I intended to read it to my four year old son and it's just not age appropriate. There's some cussing from the ranchers, he gets a little sloshed in each of the stories (before driving), and there's a general subtle humor to the whole book that I don't think he would get. I enjoyed it. Aug 28, 2011 glenda rated it it was amazing I can't say enough about this series of books. If you are a lover of animals, you will love them all. The fact that the books are true stories, written by an actual country vet , makes them all the more touching, hilarious, and heartbreaking. I loved every one! Jan 02, 2013 Maggie rated it it was amazing The very first James Herriot book that I read as a child. I believe he is very much the reason that I have a passion for animals today. A great man with great stories. A must read for animal lovers (and everyone!)	i don't know
Which is the largest city in Canada by population?	Canada Population (2016) - World Population Review World Population Review Canada Population 2016 [[getCurrentPopulation()]] In 2016, Canada has an estimated population of 36.04 million, which ranks 38th in the world. Canada is the world's second-largest country by total area and the largest North American country. Canada extends from the Pacific to the Atlantic and north to the Arctic Ocean. The United States-Canadian border is the longest land border in the world. Canada's most recent census was conducted in 2016, but the official results will not be released until early 2017. Prior to 2016, the last census was completed in Canada on May 10 2011. Preliminary figures released on 8 February 2012 showed that the officially recorded population of Canada was 33,476,688. Canada is one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world, with much of its land inhospitable. The country's population density is under 4 people per square kilometer, which ranks 228th in the world. Rapid Population Growth As you can see from the chart below, Canada's population has tripled since the 1940s, growing from 11 million at the time of the second world war to over 36 million today. Population growth has been fairly consistent over the past fifty years and shows no sign of slowing. Between the last census in 2006 and 2011, the number of people in Canada increased by an impressive 5.9%. Current estimates show that the population has increased an addition 7.5% since 2011. Canada's growth is fueled largely by immigration. In fact, relative to its size, Canada is the largest importer of human capital in the Group of Eight, attracting even more immigrants per capita than the USA. Natural population growth, by contrast, accounts for only around one-tenth of Canada's overall population increase each year. Worldwide, Canada is 9th in crude net migration rate. Given the large geographical area of Canada and its relative affluence, it is likely that its population will continue to grow rapidly for decades to come, leading some to speculate as to what a Canada of 100 million people might look like, and whether increased population combined with unrivaled access to natural resources would make Canada a global superpower. Canada's Population by Province and Territory The census results also show the population of each Canadian province and territory. More than half of Canadians live in just two provinces; Ontario, where one in three Canadians live, and Quebec where almost a quarter of Canadians live. The combined population of Canada's three territories (Northwest, Yukon and Nunavut) is less than the population of Canada's smallest province (Prince Edward Island). Province/Territory 0.1% Largest Cities in Canada The largest city in Canada by population is Toronto, home to 2,615,060 people at the time of the 2011 census, and an estimated 2.8 million in 2016. The wider Toronto metropolitan area is over twice as populous, containing around 6 million people in total. Canada's second largest city is Montreal in Quebec, where 1,649,519 people live, followed in third place by Calgary in Alberta with 1,096,833. Calgary is growing at almost twice the Canadian average, so if current trends continue it will no doubt overtake Montreal in the future. Ottawa is Canada's fourth largest city – 883,391 people live in the capital city. The fastest growing large city between 2006 and 2011 was Brampton, Ontario. In the 5 year period, the city grew by nearly 21% en route to surpassing 500,000 residents. Montreal is the slowest growing major city in Canada, with growth of just 1.8% from 2006 to 2011. By comparison, Canada itself grew by 5.9% during the 5 year period. Canada Population Density As you can see from the map, the majority of Canadians live in a narrow Southern belt along the border with the United States. There are two main reasons for this. The first, and most important, is that the most hospitable part of Canadian territory is in the south. Summers are warm and winters are not too harsh, making the area suitable for agriculture. The second reason is the majority of Canada's trade (both import and export) is with its US neighbor, and it makes sense for the majority of Canadians to live as close to the US border as possible. Canada as a whole has a population density of just 4 people per square kilometers, which makes it the 228th most densely populated country. The population density is among the lowest in the world, mostly because a great deal of the country to the north is virtually uninhabited. Toronto, meanwhile, is one of the largest metropolitan areas in the world with a density of 2,930 people per square kilometer. Canada Demographics According to the 2011 census, the most common ethnic origins in Canada are: European (77%), Asian (14%), Aboriginal (4%), Black (3%), Latin American (1%), and Multi-racial (0.5%). 32% of Canadians considered their ethnic origin to be Canadian. Other major groups recorded were English (21%), French (15.8%), Scottish (15.1%), Irish (13.9%), German (10.2%) and Italian (4.6%). The largest ethnicities of non-European origin (other than Canadian) were Chinese (4.3%) and First Nations (4.0%). When reading these figures, you should bear in mind that census respondents could select multiple ethnic groups. Canada's aboriginal people are growing at twice the national rate. While 4% of the population claims an aboriginal identity, another 16% belongs to a non-aboriginal visible minority. More than 20% of the population is now foreign-born, and about 60% of new immigrants come from Asia, particularly China. English and French are the official languages of Canada. In 2006, 59.7% of Canadians reported that English was their first language and 23.2% reported that French was their first language. The only other language in Canada that is the mother tongue of more than a million people in Chinese. Although there are 11 aboriginal languages, only a few are spoken by enough people to ensure that they are safe from extinction. Data on religious belief is only collected in every other census. The last data, collected in 2001, indicated that 77% of Candians were Christian (43% Roman Catholic and 29% Protestant), 16.5% had no religion, 2% were Muslim. Other major religious groups were Jewish (1.1%), Buddhist and Hindu (1% each) and Sikh (0.9%). Canadian Diaspora An impressive 2.8 million Canadian citizens live outside of Canada itself ; that's equivalent to 9% of the overall Canadian population. For comparison, only 1.7% of US citizens live abroad but more than 20% of New Zealanders live abroad. Around 1 million Canadians live in the United States. The next most popular destination is Hong Kong, where approximately 300,000 Canadians are based . Around 4 in 10 Canadians living abroad were born in Canada, but a larger proportion (6 in 10) are naturalized Canadian citizens who have moved back abroad -- most, but not all, to their country of origin. Canada Population Growth Frank Trovato, a professor of population and demography studies at the University of Alberta, told CBS news that Canada's population is "showing that we are growing but not by too much or too little." As Trovato put it, Canada still needs a robust increase to keep up with demands in the workforce and maintain a strong economy. It may be time for policymakers in the country to consider ways to boost Canada's fertility rates, such as with "family friendly" policies that allow women to combine a family with a career. Source: Maria Azzurra Mugnai	Toronto
In June 1988, which British jockey was stripped of his OBE after he was jailed for tax evasion?	The Top 10 Largest Cities In Canada - YouTube The Top 10 Largest Cities In Canada Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Sep 24, 2011 A slideshow of the 10 largest metropolitan areas in Canada. Canada is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world. Canada is a federal state that is governed as a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy with Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state. It is a bilingual nation with both English and French as official languages at the federal level. One of the world's most highly developed countries, Canada has a diversified economy that is reliant upon its abundant natural resources and upon trade -- particularly with the United States, with which Canada has had a long and complex relationship. It is a member of the G7, G8, G20, NATO, OECD, WTO, Commonwealth of Nations, Francophonie, OAS, APEC, and UN. With the eighth-highest Human Development Index globally, it has one of the highest standards of living in the world. Canada occupies a major northern portion of North America, sharing the land borders with the contiguous United States to the south and the US state of Alaska to the northwest, stretching from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west; to the north lies the Arctic Ocean. Canada is the second-largest country in the world, after Russia. The population density, 3.3 inhabitants per square kilometre (8.5 /sq mi), is among the lowest in the world. The most densely populated part of the country is the Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor, situated in Southern Quebec and Southern Ontario along the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence River. Average winter and summer high temperatures across Canada vary according to the location. Winters can be harsh in many regions of the country, particularly in the interior and Prairie provinces, which experience a continental climate, where daily average temperatures are near −15 °C (5 °F) but can drop below −40 °C (−40 °F) with severe wind chills. In noncoastal regions, snow can cover the ground almost six months of the year (more in the north). Coastal British Columbia has a temperate climate, with a mild and rainy winter. On the east and west coasts, average high temperatures are generally in the low 20s °C (70s °F), while between the coasts, the average summer high temperature ranges from 25 to 33 °C (77 to 89 °F), with occasional extreme heat in some interior locations well exceeding 40 °C (105 °F). Canada has a total population of 34,682,937, an increase of 5.9 percent since 2001. Population in Canada increased from 1990 to 2008 with 5.8 million and 20.9% growth in population compared to 21.7% growth in the USA and 31.2% growth in Mexico. According to the OECD/World Bank population statistics between 1990--2008 the world population growth was 27 % and 1,423 million persons. Population growth is from immigration and, to a lesser extent, natural growth. About four-fifths of Canada's population lives within 150 kilometres (93 mi) of the United States border. Canada has one of the highest per-capita immigration rates in the world, driven by economic policy and family reunification, and is aiming for between 240,000 and 265,000 new permanent residents in 2011, the same number of immigrants as in recent years. New immigrants settle mostly in major urban areas like Toronto and Vancouver. Canada also accepts large numbers of refugees. The country resettles over one in 10 of the world's refugees. Canadian provinces and territories are responsible for education. Each system is similar, while reflecting regional history, culture and geography. The mandatory school age ranges between 5--7 to 16--18 years, contributing to an adult literacy rate of 99 percent. In 2002, 43 percent of Canadians aged 25 to 64 possessed a post-secondary education; for those aged 25 to 34, the rate of post-secondary education reached 51 percent. Canada's two official languages are English and French. Official bilingualism is defined in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, the Official Languages Act, and Official Language Regulations; it is applied by the Commissioner of Official Languages. English and French have equal status in federal courts, Parliament, and in all federal institutions. Citizens have the right, where there is sufficient demand, to receive federal government services in either English or French, and official-language minorities are guaranteed their own schools in all provinces and territories.	i don't know
Which country hosted the 1988 Summer Olympic Games?	1988 Seoul Summer Games \| Olympics at Sports-Reference.com 1988 Seoul Summer Games Host City: Seoul, South Korea (September 17, 1988 to October 2, 1988) Opening Ceremony: September 17, 1988 (opened by President Roh Tae-Woo) Lighter of the Olympic Flame: Won-Tak Kim Taker of the Olympic Oath: Heo Jae , Son Mi-Na (athlete) Closing Ceremony: October 2, 1988 Events: 237 in 27 sports Participants: 8,453 (6,249 men and 2,202 women) from 159 countries Youngest Participant: Nádia Cruz (13 years, 74 days) Oldest Participant: Durward Knowles (70 years, 323 days) Most Medals (Athlete): Soviet Union (132 medals) Overview In late September 1981, when the IOC awarded the 1988 Olympics to Seoul, the Olympic world was stunned. The choice was highly controversial as many prominent nations in the Olympic Movement, notably the Soviet Bloc nations, did not have diplomatic relations with the Seoul government. After the political problems that had marred the last few Olympics, there was widespread concern that another boycott would ensue because of this. » Click to show/hide rest of overview The problem became more complicated in July 1985 when DPR (North) Korea demanded that it be allowed to co-host the Games with the Republic of Korea. Over the next three years the IOC negotiated with North Korea and offered to allow it to stage several events. However, no IOC concession was ever enough for the North, who wanted equal co-host status and an equal number of events. They demanded this despite the fact that the Games were close at hand and they had no possible hope of building the necessary facilities in time. When the IOC would not concede further to the North's demands, North Korea announced that it would definitely boycott the Seoul Olympics. By then, however, most of the Eastern Bloc countries had agreed to compete in Seoul, making 1988 the first Summer Olympic competition in 12 years between the United States, the Soviet Union and the German Democratic Republic. After the North Korean's final boycott announcement, Cuba and Ethiopia also announced that they would not attend the Olympics, out of solidarity with North Korea. Nicaragua, Albania, and the Seychelles also did not attend the Olympics, though their reasons were less clear and may not have been directly related to any boycott. But the Seoul Games went on and saw the largest participation in Olympics history. There were more nations and more countries represented than ever before. The Games themselves were excellent and very well run. Controversies and political intrusions, unlike the Games of the last 20 years, were relatively few and comparatively minor. Three swimmers and one female track & field athlete dominated the sporting events. In the pool, the GDR's [Kristin Otto] broke all sorts of records by winning six gold medals. It was an unmatched performance by a woman at the Olympics. Her only rival for swimming supremacy was America's [Janet Evans] who won three gold medals. But they never raced each other, as Otto was a sprinter and Evans a distance swimmer. On the men's side of the pool, [Matt Biondi] was attempting to equal [Mark Spitz]'s record of seven gold medals. He failed in his first two events, taking a silver and a bronze. However, he then won gold in his last five events, to equal Spitz's haul of seven medals, though they had a bit less lustre. On the track, the world was stunned by the performances of [Florence Griffith Joyner]. A solid world-class sprinter for a decade, she had re-dedicated herself in 1988 and had shattered records at the American Olympic Trials. At the Olympics she won the [100] and [200], setting world records in the 200 finals. In the 100, she posted a time that was wind-aided, but was otherwise the fastest time ever recorded. She then helped the American women win a gold medal in the [4×100 relay]. Finally, she was asked by the American coaches to run anchor in the [4×400 relay]. She did so, and narrowly missed catching the Soviet's [Olha Bryzhina], as the Americans won a silver medal. Her total haul was three gold medals and one silver. The biggest media event of the 1988 Olympic Games was the disqualification of Canadian sprinter [Ben Johnson], after he had won the [100 metres] in the world record time of 9.79, and defeating [Carl Lewis] in the process. But a few days later, Johnson tested positive for stanazolol, an anabolic steroid, and was disqualified with Lewis receiving the gold medal. After the uproar of the scandal, the Canadian launched an inquiry into drug use in international sport, the Dubin Inqury. At the inquiry, Johnson admitted he had used steroids for several years. One of Seoul's legacies to the Olympic Movement was a new Olympic Flag. The main Olympic flag was termed the Antwerp flag, because it had been made in 1920 and donated to the IOC by the Antwerp organizing committee. But the flag was worn and it was soon to be retired to the Olympic Museum. Seoul provided the IOC with a replacement, fashioned from pure raw Korean silk, with the needlework done by skilled Korean craftsmen. Thus the Seoul legacy will literally fly over many future Olympic Games. Country Medal Leaders A Sports Reference Site : About SR/Olympics \| Privacy Statement \| Conditions & Terms of Service \| Use of Data Data provided by OlyMADMen , led by Hilary Evans, Arild Gjerde, Jeroen Heijmans, and Bill Mallon. Members: David Foster, Martin Frank, Jørn Jensen, Carl-Johan Johansson, Taavi Kalju, Martin Kellner, George Masin, Stein Opdahl, Wolf Reinhardt, Ralf Regnitter, Paul Tchir, Magne Teigen, Christian Tugnoli, Morten Aarlia Torp, and Ralf Schlüter. Sports Reference LLC and www.sports-reference.com are not sponsored by or affiliated with the Olympics, the United States Olympic Committee or the International Olympic Committee. Trademarks featured or referred to on this website are the property of their respective trademark holders and not Sports Reference LLC or www.sports-reference.com . Part of the	South Korea
Who succeeded Ronald Reagan as President of the US?	��ࡱ�>�� 79��6��7 ��bjbjUU &37\|7\|��l�� 8 4��TTTTTTTT\^^^^^^$� � ��TTTTT��TT��T^�T�T\�T\�x�\��\TH �c(�� \\�0�\��$�\��The Geography of the Olympics Name: Listed below are the city/countries where the Olympic games have occurred since their re-introduction in 1896. On the world map provided, locate each summer Olympic site by using a red dot. For each winter Olympic site, use a blue dot. Use your student atlas and any other classroom atlases for location purposes. THE SUMMER OLYMPIC GAMES THE WINTER OLYMPIC GAMES 1896 Athens, Greece 1900 Paris, France 1904 St. Louis, U.S.A. 1908 London, Great Britain 1912 Stockholm, Sweden 1920 Antwerp, Belgium 1924 Paris, France 1924 Chamonix, France 1928 Amsterdam, Netherlands 1928 St. Moritz, Switzerland 1932 Los Angeles, U.S.A. 1932 Lake Placid, U.S.A. 1936 Berlin, Germany 1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany 1948 London, Great Britain 1948 St. Moritz, Switzerland 1952 Helsinki, Finland 1952 Oslo, Norway 1956 Melbourne, Australia 1956 Cortina D'Ampezzo, Italy 1960 Rome, Italy 1960 Squaw Valley, U.S.A. 1964 Tokyo, Japan 1964 Innsbruck, Austria 1968 Mexico City, Mexico 1968 Grenoble, France 1972 Munich, Germany 1972 Sapporo, Japan 1976 Montreal, Canada 1976 Innsbruck, Austria 1980 Moscow, U.S.S.R. 1980 Lake Placid, U.S.A. 1984 Los Angeles, U.S.A. 1984 Sarajevo, Yugoslavia 1988 Seoul, South Korea 1988 Calgary, Canada 1992 Barcelona, Spain* 1992 Albertville, France 1996 Atlanta, U.S.A.* 1994 Lillehammer, Norway ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Answer the following questions based on the chart above and the map that you have created. 1. In what years were both the Summer and Winter Olympics held in the same country? Name each country and the year. 2. Why were there no Olympics held in 1916, 1940, and 1944? 3. Name the continents that have hosted the Olympic Games (either summer or winter). 4. Name the continents that have never hosted an Olympic Game (either summer or winter). 5. Speculate (give a brief list of reasons) as to why the continents in #4 have not hosted an Olympics. State at least five (5) reasons. 6. Observe the pattern that your dots have created on the world map. Where have most of the Olympic Games been held? Why do you think this is so? 7. What country has been the site for more Olympic Games (both summer and winter) than any other? Which country is second? How many for each? ------------------------------------------------------------------------ For questions 8 and 9, observe only the Summer Olympic sites dots. 8. How many sites have hosted the Olympic Games in the Southern hemisphere? Where? Why do you think there are so few Southern hemisphere sites? 9. How many summer Olympic sites are located within tropical regions? Where? Why are so few held in tropical regions? ----------------------------------------------------------------------- For questions 10, 11, and 12, observe only Winter Olympic sites dots. 10. Between what degrees of latitude are Winter Olympic sites located? Why? 11. What kind of landform features are most probably near these winter sites? Using your atlases, list the specific names of these landforms in the regions of the world where the Winter Olympics have been held. 12. Why have no Winter Olympics been held in the Southern hemisphere? ------------------------------------------------------------------------ CRITICAL THINKING SCENARIO Assume that the International Olympic Committee is considering the city of Indianapolis to host the Summer Olympic Games in the year 2,000. You are a representative of the city of Indianapolis in favor of hosting the games. Make a list of those features that a city like Indianapolis must provide to convince the Committee that Indianapolis would be the best location to hold the games. Your list should be extensive. A minimum of 7 items should be in your list. Chances are, Indianapolis will not be chosen. 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In December 1989 which Romanian dictator and his wife were executed after being found guilty for crimes against humanity?	BBC ON THIS DAY \| 25 \| 1989: Romania's 'first couple' executed About This Site \| Text Only 1989: Romania's 'first couple' executed Deposed Romanian president Nicolae Ceausescu and his wife Elena have been shot by a firing squad after a secret military tribunal found them both guilty of crimes against the state. They were charged and convicted of genocide and undermining the national economy among a series of other offences, officials said. News of their death was announced to the people of Romania on national television amid reports the couple had been found smuggling large amounts of money out of the country. A stunned reaction from the public gave way to scenes of delight and a public outpouring on the streets to celebrate. But there was some unrest from troops who supported the former leader. The deaths end the dictator's 24 years as communist party leader - 21 of them as Romania's president - during which he suppressed all opposition using brutal force. The National Salvation Front is now running Romania, and America and the Soviet Union have recognised the new government. But the White House said it was "regrettable" the trial had not been held in public. Christmas celebrated The new government has pledged democracy will replace the tyranny of Ceausescu's rule and promised to allow free speech, free thought and free enterprise in Romania. Party leaders called on the West to aid and support its new reform programme. The executions come after 10 tumultuous days of violence and an upsurge of mass protests against Ceausescu's regime. Demonstrations began in the western city of Timisoara against the harassment of a dissident ethnic-Hungarian priest, Laszlo Tokes. It led to protests about a lack of basic supplies such as bread but the backlash from Ceausescu's armed forces led to accusations many people were massacred. Demonstrators stormed Ceausescu's palace and he and his wife tried to flee Bucharest but they were captured by military forces who had turned against them.	Nicolae Ceaușescu
Which classic arcade game was released in Japan on 22nd May 1980?	Romanian Communist-era prison chief charged with genocide - Telegraph Romania Romanian Communist-era prison chief charged with genocide Romanian prosecutors on Tuesday charged a former Communist-era prison chief with genocide for beating and starving political detainees. He faces life in prison if found guilty. Photo: VADIM GHIRDA/AP By AFP 3:51PM BST 03 Sep 2013 Alexandru Visinescu, 88, was the commander of the Ramnicu Sarat prison in eastern Romania between 1956 and 1963, a period when Communist repression against dissidents reached its peak. Intellectuals, members of the clergy and politicians were detained there. "As commander of the Ramnicu Sarat jail, Alexandru Visinescu submitted prisoners to treatments leading to their physical destruction," prosecutors said in a statement. "Prosecutors... have charged Alexandru Visinescu with genocide," they added. Mr Visinescu declined to comment to reporters after he was presented with the charge at the prosecutors' office in Bucharest. Related Articles 19 Mar 2013 He faces life in prison if found guilty. The Romanian body investigating Communist-era crimes has said it has given prosecutors evidence showing his alleged involvement in the deaths of at least five political prisoners. More than 600,000 people were sentenced and jailed in Romania for political reasons between 1945 and 1989, according to the Sighet Memorial for the victims of Communism. Very few former Communist leaders and commanders have been prosecuted in Romania. Former dictator Nicolae Ceausescu and his wife were convicted of genocide in 1989 in a makeshift trial. They were executed on December 25, 1989. Genocide is defined by the United Nations as an "act committed with intent to destroy in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group." It was made an international crime under a 1948 UN treaty. Edited by Hannah Strange	i don't know
English musician Ian Curtis, who died on 18th May 1980, was best known as lead singer of which post-punk band?	Ian Curtis ( of Touching from a distance) Ian Kevin Curtis was an English musician and singer-songwriter. He is best known as the lead singer and lyricist of the post-punk band Joy Division. Joy Division released its debut album, Unknown Pleasures, in 1979 and recorded its follow-up, Closer, in 1980. Curtis, who suffered from epilepsy and depression, committed suicide on 18 May 1980, on the eve of Joy Division's first North American tour, resulting in the band's dissolution and the subsequent formation of New Order. Curtis was known for his baritone voice, dance style, and songwriting filled with imagery of desolation, emptiness and alienation. In 1995, Curtis's widow Deborah published Touching from a Distance: Ian Curtis and Joy Division, a biography of the singer. His life and death Ian Kevin Curtis was an English musician and singer-songwriter. He is best known as the lead singer and lyricist of the post-punk band Joy Division. Joy Division released its debut album, Unknown Pleasures, in 1979 and recorded its follow-up, Closer, in 1980. Curtis, who suffered from epilepsy and depression, committed suicide on 18 May 1980, on the eve of Joy Division's first North American tour, resulting in the band's dissolution and the subsequent formation of New Order. Curtis was known for his baritone voice, dance style, and songwriting filled with imagery of desolation, emptiness and alienation. In 1995, Curtis's widow Deborah published Touching from a Distance: Ian Curtis and Joy Division, a biography of the singer. His life and death have been dramatised in the films 24 Hour Party People (2002) and Control (2007). ...more	Joy Division
In November 1986, who won their first world boxing title by defeating Trevor Berbick in Las Vegas?	1000+ images about Ian Curtis / JOY DIVISION on Pinterest \| Ian curtis, Kevin o'leary and Lyrics Joy Division: Ian Curtis, at the band’s only show in Paris at the Bains Douches Club, photo by Danny Dupic, December 1979 More	i don't know
Who was elected leader of the British Social Democratic Party in July 1982?	No Headline - NYTimes.com No Headline By R.W. APPLE Jr., Special to the New York Times Published: July 3, 1982 LONDON, July 2— Roy Jenkins, the 61-year-old former President of the Common Market, was elected today as the first leader of Britain's new Social Democratic Party. In a mail ballot of 65,000 Social Democrats, three-quarters of whom cast votes, Mr. Jenkins defeated Dr. David Owen, his only rival, by a narrower margin than expected - 26,256 to 20,864. Dr. Owen's vigorous performance as the party spokesman during the Falkland crisis apparently won him the backing of many previously undecided members. With Mr. Jenkins as leader, the new party is expected to move rapidly toward a closer alliance with the Liberal Party, whose leader, David Steel, has said he would be willing to serve under Mr. Jenkins if the alliance won the next general election and Mr. Jenkins became Prime Minister. Mr. Steel, who is 44, and Dr. Owen, who turned 44 today, are seen as eventual rivals, and an Owen victory could have created friction. Mr. Jenkins's triumph also apparently presages a relatively moderate course for the Social Democrats. Although he left the Labor Party because he thought its policies too extreme on such issues as disarmament and European unity, Dr. Owen still considers himself a radical and sought to cast the new party in a radical image. Falkland War Hurt Party The Falkland crisis brought to an end a string of by-election victories for the new party, which was started 18 months ago after a meeting at Dr. Owen's riverside house in the run-down Limehouse section of London's East End. The founding members - known as the Gang of Four - were Mr. Jenkins, Dr. Owen, Shirley Williams and William Rodgers, all former Labor Cabinet ministers. Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher's successful prosecution of the war won her new popularity, and the flood of war news denied the Social Democrats the publicity that any new party needs. In quick succession, the party fared badly in local elections and in parliamentary by-elections in the London suburbs and in a Scottish constituency. Meanwhile, Mr. Jenkins, who won a key by-election in the Hillhead section of Glasgow this year, disappeared from public view, while Dr. Owen, in speeches in the House of Commons and in almost nightly television appearances, won widespread public acclaim. His experience as Foreign Secretary enabled him to project an image of calm competence. Because Dr. Owen hoped to take votes from the Labor Party, and because Mr. Jenkins appeals principally to members of Mrs. Thatcher's Conservative Party, Labor leaders welcomed Dr. Owen's defeat. A poll published Sunday by The Observer reflected Dr. Owen's heightened visibility, indicating that 47 percent of the electorate preferred Dr. Owen as against 29 percent who backed Mr. Jenkins. But that sentiment was not reflected among Social Democratic voters. Campaign Was Low-Key During the relatively low-key campaign, Dr. Owen accused Mr. Jenkins of resorting to ''the old politics'' by urging the early choice of an alliance leader. In turn, Mr. Jenkins said that Dr. Owen was risking the entire future of the middle-of-the-road coalition. Mrs. Williams supported Dr. Owen, and Mr. Rodgers backed Mr. Jenkins. It remains to be seen how well the rivals can work together in the future, although both promised before the campaign not to indulge in recriminations. They have widely differing personalities - Dr. Owen aggressive and hard-hitting, Mr. Jenkins diffident and avuncular - as well as differing philosophies of politics and party. Mr. Steel moved immediately to calm troubled waters. He said in a statement released shortly after the vote was announced at a crowded news conference this evening: ''I send my warmest congratulations to Roy Jenkins and I look forward to an early meeting with him. David Owen polled extremely well and, especially in these last weeks, he has shown how crucial he will be to any alliance government.'' Mr. Jenkins, whose father was also a Member of Parliament, has been a staunch supporter of the Common Market and an advocate of close cooperation with the United States. He served as Chancellor of the Exchequer, twice as Home Secretary and as deputy leader of the Labor Party before heading the Common Market in Brussels from 1977 to 1981. Illustrations: photo of Roy Jenkins	Roy Jenkins
On 1st March 1981, which Provisional Irish Republican Army member began a hunger strike for political status in Long Kesh prison, resulting in his death on May 5th?	British Social Democrat Asks For Shift in Election System - NYTimes.com British Social Democrat Asks For Shift in Election System Reuters Published: October 14, 1982 DERBY, England, Oct. 13— Roy Jenkins, the leader of the Social Democratic Party, called today for urgent changes in Britain's electoral system, which he said was dangerous, undemocratic and inimical to efficient government. Mr. Jenkins, who has been a senior Cabinet minister in Labor Governments, told Social Democrats that large differences in the sizes of electoral districts produced election results unfair to most minorities and also increasingly unfair to the majority because it produced governments elected by minorities. ''The system has become an unacceptable lottery, with the most bizarre results one way or the other becoming possible,'' he said at his party's annual conference in this large industrial center in the English Midlands. The Social Democratic Party, formed by Mr. Jenkins and other former Labor ministers last year, and its Liberal partners in a centrist electoral alliance have said introduction of a system of proportional representation would be their first priority if they were elected to power.	i don't know
Which British comedian suffered a heart attack on live television, and soon after died, in April 1984?	Died Onstage : snopes.com Died Onstage Died Onstage A quick romp through a list of various deaths that took place either onstage or in front of the cameras. Claim: Several actors have kicked the bucket in front of an audience. Status: True. Long part of the canon of contemporary lore is the tale of an unfortunate actor who expires on stage, his adoring audience unaware of his sudden deceasement because they think his collapse part of the show — while they clap and cheer at the brilliance of his death scene performance, unknown to them he is gasping his last. What follows is a quick romp through a growing list of those who died in the blaze of the footlights or on camera, or who were rumored to have met the Grim Reaper while treading the boards. At least one thespian death actually does match the legend (see if you can find it). Sports figures are not included in this compilation, even though a great many of them have expired while doing their thing as the public watched. Moliere (died 21 February 1673) This French playwright and actor-manager collapsed during the fourth performance of his newly penned Le Malade Imaginaire (The Hypochondriac). Overwhelmed by a coughing fit, he was carried to his home in the Rue de Richelieu, Paris, where he died. Felix Mottl (died 2 July 1911) This Austrian conductor died in Munich at the age of 55 while conducting Act II of Wagner's Tristan and Isolde. Alexander Woolcott (died 23 January 1943) During a radio show (a round table discussion with four others on Hitlerism), Woolcott suffered a heart attack at 7:15 p.m. and died in hospital four hours later. Hundreds of people tuned into the show were unaware anything was amiss. Indeed, listeners reported that the writer, known for his incisive and sometimes stinging comments, seemed to have taken less than his usual part in the broadcast. Johnny Ace (died 25 December 1954) Rhythm and blues recording star Johnny Ace died during a show he was giving in Houston, but did so offstage. During a five minute break, the singer was amusing himself with a game of Russian Roulette (one bullet in the chamber). He lost. Tyrone Power (died 15 November 1958) Tyrone Power suffered a heart attack during the filming of a fencing scene in Solomon and Sheba in Madrid, Spain. He died only minutes after being loaded into an ambulance. Harry Einstein (died 24 November 1958) As famed comedian Parkyakarkus, Harry Einstein expired while performing at a Friars Club roast for Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz. He collapsed onto Milton Berle's shoulder. Eduard van Beinum (died 13 April 1959) Chief conductor at the Royal Concertgebouw in Amsterdam, van Beinum was taken ill after rehearsing the first two movements of a Brahms symphony, and died immediately after stepping off the podium aged 58. Leonard Warren (died 4 March 1960) Just after he completed his second-act aria in Verdi's La Forza del Destino (The Force of Destiny) at the New York's Metropolitan Opera, Warren plunged face-forward onto the stage. The curtain was rung down, and it was announced a half hour later the singer had died of a massive stroke. Paul Mantz (died 8 July 1965) This aviation pioneer and legendary movie stunt pilot died in Yuma, Arizona, during the filming of The Flight Of The Phoenix. As three motion picture cameras ground away, his plane hit a small sand dune, overturned and disintegrated. Though semi-retired from stunt work, Mantz was covering for his partner, Frank Tallman, who'd six weeks earlier broken his leg pushing his son's go-cart. Nelson Eddy (died 6 March 1967) This famous actor and singer suffered a fatal stroke while performing onstage at the Doral Country Club in Miami at age 65. He died in hospital the next day. Joseph Keilberth (died 20 July 1968) This 60-year-old conductor died at the National Theatre in Munich while leading Tristan and Isolde. George Ostroska (died January 1970) While playing the lead in Macbeth at the Crawford Livingston Theatre in St. Paul, Minnesota, Ostroska dropped dead of a heart attack at the beginning of the second act. He was 32. David Burns (died March 12 1971) This 70-year-old actor died onstage of a heart attack during a performance of 70 Girls 70 in Philadelphia. Jerome Rodale (died 5 June 1971) In a New York Times Magazine interview, this 72-year-old longevity guru announced, "I'm going to live to be 100, unless I'm run down by a sugar-crazed taxi driver." A guest on the Dick Cavett Show the next day, while Cavett was discussing politics with journalist Pete Hamill, Rodale's head dropped to his chest and he was heard to let out what sounded like a snore. "Are we boring you, Mr. Rodale?" asked Cavett. There was no response — Rodale was dead. The show was never broadcast. Leslie Harvey (died 3 May 1972) The lead guitarist of the Glasgow band Stone the Crows died after being electrocuted onstage at Swansea's Top Rank Ballroom. Irene Ryan (died 26 April 1973) Best known as "Granny" on TV's Beverly Hillbillies, this spritely 71-year-old suffered a stroke while performing in the Broadway musical Pippin and died six weeks later. Carl Barnett (died 23 April 1974) This 59-year-old expired of a heart attack while conducting Bach's Come, Sweet Death at the Will Rogers High School in Tulsa. It was his first and last performance of that piece. Chris Chubbuck (died 15 July 1974) After surprisingly opening her morning community affairs talk show with a newscast, this 30-year-old reporter announced, "In keeping with Channel 40's policy of bringing you the latest in blood and guts and in living color, you are going to see another first — attempted suicide." She then drew a revolver and shot herself in the head. Chubbuck expired 14 hours later in a hospital. Sid James (died 26 April 1976) Best known for his Carry On roles, the grand old man of dirty laughter collapsed onstage at the Sunderland Empire during a performance of The Mating Game and died in hospital shortly thereafter. He'd suffered a heart attack. Cyril Ritchard (died 19 December 1977) This 83-year-old actor suffered a heart attack during a 25 November 1977 performance in Chicago of the musical Side By Side, causing him to slip into a coma from which he never recovered. Karl Wallenda (died 22 March 1978) This famed aerialist died at age 73 while attempting to walk a wire suspended 123 feet in the air between two hotels in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Bill Stewart (died 20 June 1979) While attempting to film war destruction in Nicaragua, this ABC television news correspondent and his interpreter, Juan Espinosa, were executed by a National Guard soldier. Surviving members of the ABC crew managed to catch the murder on tape, and the footage was later shown on news broadcasts. Arnold Soboloff (died 28 October 1979) This 48-year-old actor suffered a heart attack during a New York City performance of Peter Pan. Vic Morrow (died 23 July 1982) In Hollywood's most infamous on-set tragedy, Vic Morrow and two child actors in Twilight Zone, The Movie were killed when struck by a helicopter during the late-night filming of a mock Vietnam battle scene in Valencia, California. All exposed film was immediately seized, but some eventually made its way into the 1992 compilation film Death Scenes 2 . Jackie Wilson (died 23 January 1984) Eight years after collapsing on stage during a performance and slipping into a coma, this singer died. He'd been felled in Cherry Hill, N.J. on 25 September 1975 while touring with Dick Clark's touring rock-'n'-roll revival. Though Wilson emerged from the coma a year later, treatment in medical facilities failed to restore his health. Tommy Cooper (died 15 April 1984) Known as the fez-wearing magician whose tricks always seemed to go wrong, this British comedian suffered a heart attack during a televised performance. Given the usual nature of his act, the audience took some time to realize that this really wasn't part of it. He died later in hospital. Eric Morecambe (died 29 May 1984) This half of Britain's Morecambe and Wise comedy team died in hospital the day after suffering a heart attack during a curtain call of a performance in Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire. He was 58 years old. Jon-Erik Hexum (died 12 October 1984) Hexum died of a gunshot wound after he accidentally shot himself in the head with a .44-caliber magnum pistol loaded with blanks while on the set of the TV series Cover-Up. Wadding from the blank cartridge had been driven into his skull. Hexum was replaced in the series by Antony Hamilton, but the show didn't last all that long, running only from 22 September 1985 before being canceled. Yoshiuki Takada (died 10 September 1985) The Sankai Juku Dance Company of Toyko had been performing The Dance Of Birth And Death on the side of Seattle's Mutual Life building when Takada's rope broke and he plunged six stories to his death. The film of his demise was shown on the nightly news. Jane Dornacker (died 22 October 1986) Millions heard the final broadcast of this traffic reporter for WNBC radio in New York City as the helicopter she was in crashed into the Hudson River. She died on the way to the hospital. The pilot survived. This was Dornacker's second helicopter crash that year. Edith Webster (died 22 November 1986) After singing several choruses of "Please Don't Talk About Me When I'm Gone" during a performance of The Drunkard, this 60-year-old actress collapsed on stage for her scripted death scene and suffered an unscripted fatal heart attack. She was pronounced dead at the hospital. Nancy McCormick (died 25 November 1986) This Cincinnati reporter for radio station WKRC was killed along with the pilot in the crash of the station's helicopter. She was not broadcasting at the time. R. Budd Dwyer (died 22 January 1987) This Pennsylvania state treasurer staged the best-known televised suicide. About to be sentenced on charges of conspiracy, mail fraud, perjury, and racketeering for taking a $300,000 kickback on a state computer contract, Dwyer convened a press conference in his office. While the film rolled, he handed out a twenty-page press statement, made a few remarks, then placed the barrel of a .357 revolver in his mouth and pulled the trigger. The tape was shown on the nightly news. Dick Shawn (died 18 April 1987) While giving a comedy performance at the UC San Diego campus, Shawn fell and struck his head on the stage. The comedian lay there for nearly five minutes before the audience realized it was not part of his act and an ambulance was called. He died forty-five minutes later in hospital, apparently of a heart attack. Warne Marsh (died 18 December 1987) This jazz saxophonist died of heart attack after collapsing onstage while giving a performance at Donte's in North Hollywood. According to another member of the quartet, Marsh "just slipped off his stool." He was pronounced dead at the hospital. Brian Jewell (died 20 October 1990) Thrill seekers on "haunted hayride" in New Jersey got more of a thrill than they'd bargained for when it was discovered the teen playing the part of the hanged man was the real thing. The stunt had gone fatally wrong. William Anthony Odom (died 26 October 1990) This North Carolina 15-year-old who'd been staging a gallows scene at a Halloween party accidentally hanged himself when the noose somehow tightened. Joseph Burrus (died 30 October 1990) An amateur magician and resident of Fresno, California, Burrus came up with an escape stunt that would have done his idol Houdini proud — he'd be bound, confined in a plastic coffin, then buried under seven tons of soil and concrete. Handcuffed and chained, he was lowered into the hole. Assistants shoveled three feet of soil onto the casket, then a truck poured concrete into the hole. As they were topping up the cement, the level suddenly dropped eighteen inches. Fifteen minutes of excavating later, rescuers reached Burrus, but it was too late — he'd been crushed. Redd Foxx (died 11 October 1991) Actor/comedian Redd Foxx underwent a heart attack on the set of The Royal Family, a new sitcom he was to appear in. Best known for his curmudgeonly role in Sanford and Son, this time it really was the big one, Elizabeth. Brandon Lee (died 31 March 1993) A stunt gone wrong during the filming of The Crow cost the son of Bruce Lee his life. A blank fired from a .44 magnum revolver felled him. He died hours later in hospital. The metal tip of one of the dummy bullets had somehow pulled loose from its brass casing. When the dummies were unloaded and replaced with blanks, the metal tip remained behind in the gun's cylinder. As soon as the blank went off, its explosive force propelled the dummy tip through the gun barrel — and into Lee's body. Rumor to the contrary, footage of Lee's fatal accident is not included in The Crow. Tip Tipping (died 6 February 1993) While filming a segment for BBC's 999 (a show which dramatically reconstructs real-life narrow escapes), this veteran stuntman died when his main parachute and two reserves failed to open. Jack Spector (died 8 March 1994) This popular radio host suffered a fatal heart attack while broadcasting popular music on WHLI in Garden City, Long Island. Though he was rushed to the hospital, he was pronounced dead on arrival. The song playing at the time of his heart attack was I'm in the Mood For Love. Crash Morgan (died 6 October 1995) This drummer for the group Big Sugar died mid-number while performing in Waterloo, Iowa. He was 36. Daniel McLain (died 8 November 1995) Better known as Country Dick Montana of the underground rock band The Beat Farmers, McLain expired on stage of a heart attack during a sold out performance at the Longhorn Saloon in Whistler, B.C. Rob Harris (died 14 December 1995) During the filming of a Mountain Dew commercial, this sky surfer's parachute failed to open and he plunged to his death. Despite rumors to the contrary, though the finished commercial contains some footage of Harris, none comes from his final jump. Richard Versalle (died 5 January 1996) This 63-year-old tenor died onstage at New York's Metropolitan Opera immediately after delivering the line: "Too bad you can only live so long" in Janacek's The Makropulos Case. It was the first performance and Versalle, who was playing the legal clerk Vitek alongside Jessye Norman, climbed a 20 ft ladder to file a legal brief, but had a heart attack and plunged to the ground. Janacek's opera is about the secret of eternal life. Johnny "Guitar" Watson (died 17 May 1996) While performing at Yokohama's Blues Cafe, this 61-year-old rhythm and blues legend suffered a heart attack. He was pronounced dead upon arrival at the hospital. Herbert Khaury aka "Tiny Tim" (died 30 November 1996) Performing at a Minneapolis fund raiser, Tiny Tim cut short his rendition of "Tiptoe Through The Tulips." Turning to leave the stage, he was felled by a heart attack and was pronounced dead on arrival at the hospital. Gordon Williams (died 25 April 1997) This 63-year-old British magician died on stage during a charity show in Sheffield, Yorks. Antony Wheeler (died 17 August 1997) Playing Judas in a Greek production of Jesus Christ Superstar, Wheeler's performance was supposed to conclude with Judas hanging himself, a stunt he'd successfully negotiated 20 previous times. This time he forgot to fasten the rope to his safety harness. Antario Teodoro Filho (died 2 January 1998) During a live show, this Brazilian radio presenter and local politician was shot dead by a gunman who burst into the studio. He was hit by 10 bullets Owen Hart (died 23 May 1999) This professional wrestler lost his life when he fell from a height of 90 feet as he was being lowered into the ring for the "Over the Edge" sports entertainment event in Kansas City, Missouri. Mark Sandman (died 5 July 1999) Lead singer of the Boston-based rock band Morphine, 47-year-old Mark Sandman collapsed on stage during a concert in Rome. He had suffered a heart attack and was pronounced dead in the ambulance on the way to the hospital. Grover Washington Jr. (died 17 December 1999) This jazz saxophonist and composer suffered a heart attack and collapsed after taping four songs that Friday evening for The Saturday Early Show on CBS. He died in hospital in New York City. Ron Watson (died 17 March 2000) While putting on a magic show for a group of hospital patients at Tokoroa Hospital in New Zealand, "Uncle Ron the Magician" collapsed and was pronounced dead 45 minutes later. The patients at first believed his crumpling onstage was part of the act. Renato Di Paolo (died 22 April 2000) Another actor playing Judas mistakenly hanged himself in Camerata Nuova, a town 45 miles death was captured on film by someone shooting a video of the outdoor play. James Tuozzolo (died 31 December 2000) This principal trumpet player with the Greater Trenton Symphony Orchestra collapsed of a heart attack on stage just after performing a solo and died in hospital. Giuseppe Sinopoli (died 20 April 2001) This 54-year-old conductor collapsed and died of a heart attack in Berlin while conducting perhaps the most emotionally charged scene in Verdi's Aida. John Ritter (died 11 September 2003) During the taping of the TV sitcom 8 Simple Rules for Dating My Teenage Daughter, the 54-year-old actor was stricken by a previously undiagnosed heart problem. He died in hospital later that night. Darrell Abbott (died 9 December 2004) 'Dimebag' Darrell Abbott, formerly of the metal act Pantera, was shot by a jilted fan while performing with his new group, Damageplan. Barbara "curtain call" Mikkelson Last updated: 20 January 2007	Tommy Cooper
Which British pop group won the 1981 Eurovision Song Contest?	John Eric Bartholomew (1926 - 1984) - Genealogy John Eric Bartholomew Father of <private> Morecambe (Bartholemew ?); <private> Morcambe (Bartholemew ?) and <private> Morcambe (adopted) Managed by: Newspaper Archive Text: ... will be at 2 Wednesday in Church of the Brethren with the Rev John Bartholomew The body will be cremated No visitation is planned Flower... Date: Newspaper Archive Text: ... and Weldon Klepinger Rt 2 Peru and five grandchildren The Rev John Bartholomew will officiate at the service Arrangements were handled b... Date: Eric Morecambe From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Born John Eric Bartholomew 14 May 1926(1926-05-14) Morecambe, Lancashire, England, UK Died 28 May 1984(1984-05-28) (aged 58) Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, England, UK Cause of death Heart attack Nationality British Occupation Comedian, actor, entertainer Years active 1941–1984 Employer BBC (later ITV) Spouse Joan Bartlett (m. 1952–1984) «start: (1952-12-11)–end+1: (1984-05-29)»"Marriage: Joan Bartlett to Eric Morecambe" Location: (linkback://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Morecambe) (his death) Children 3 (1 adopted) (14 May 1926 – 28 May 1984), known by his stage name Eric Morecambe, was an English comedian who together with Ernie Wise formed the award-winning double act Morecambe and Wise. The partnership lasted from 1941 until Morecambe's death of a heart attack in 1984. Eric took his stage name from his home town, the seaside resort of Morecambe. He is best remembered for the television series The Morecambe & Wise Show, which for some of its Christmas episodes gained UK viewing figures of over twenty-eight million people.[1] The duo's reputation enabled them to have a number of prestigious guests on the show, including Angela Rippon, Princess Anne, Cliff Richard, Laurence Olivier, John Mills, the Dad's Army cast, Glenda Jackson, Tom Jones, Elton John, The Beatles and even former Prime Minister Harold Wilson Early life and childhood career Eric Morecambe was born as John Eric Bartholomew to George and Sadie Bartholomew. Sadie was determined to see her only child make a success of his life, and took work as a waitress to raise funds for his dancing lessons. He didn't enjoy these lessons at the time, although they were to come in handy during his later life. During this period, Eric Bartholomew won numerous talent contests, most notably in Hoylake in 1940, the prize for which was an audition with Jack Hylton. Also present was another young talent named Ernest Wiseman, already a familiar voice from Arthur Askey's radio series Band Waggon.[citation needed] This was the first meeting of what was to become one of the United Kingdom's most loved comedy partnerships, although it was to be a further two years before they would team up. Three months after the audition, Hylton invited Eric to join a revue called Youth Takes a Bow at the Nottingham Empire, where once more he encountered Ernie. The two soon became very close friends, and with Sadie's encouragement started to develop a double act. In 1940, Eric left school at the age of 14.[citation needed] When the two were eventually allowed to perform their double act on stage (in addition to their solo spots), Hylton was impressed enough to make it a regular feature in the revue. However, the duo split when they began their National Service during World War II. Wise served in the Merchant Navy. Morecambe was a Bevin Boy: conscripted to work in a coal mine in Accrington from May 1944. He was invalided out 11 months later because of a heart defect.[citation needed] '''Bartholomew & Wiseman''' After the war — and a chance reunion in London, where Sadie once again encouraged them to work together — Morecambe and Wise began to make a name for themselves on stage and radio, before managing to secure a contract with the BBC to make a television show. However, Running Wild (1954), their first series, was a critical failure. One reviewer gave a definition of television as "the box they buried Morecambe and Wise in". Morecambe was particularly upset by this, and carried a cutting of that review in his wallet for the rest of his life. It was several years before the pair would work on television again. They returned to the stage to hone their act, and eventually made well-received appearances on Sunday Night at the London Palladium and Double Six, raising their profile and increasing their popularity. Two of a Kind: 1961–68 Bronze bust of Eric Morecambe sculpted by Victor Heyfron in 1963On the back of their success on stage and on screen, in 1961 Lew Grade offered the duo a series for the London-based ITV station ATV. Entitled Two of a Kind and written by Sid Green and Dick Hills, the series fared poorly to start with. Early episodes saw Hills and Green writing for the comedians as if Morecambe and Wise were alter egos of the writers. There was an argument between the writers and the talent. This was ended by an Equity strike, which left the autumn television schedules in tatters. Green commented to Morecambe, "You're done for", to which Morecambe replied "Not at all, we belong to VAF" — a reference to The Variety Artists' Federation, then a separate trade union unaffiliated with Equity. Morecambe and Wise were not bound to participate in the strike. From then on, Morecambe and Wise got their way. The sketches began to reflect their stage work and the series became a success. Indeed, Hills and Green even appeared in the series as "Sid and Dick": two all-purpose stooges. The series introduced several popular catchphrases (such as "Get out of that!"; "That's not nice"; "I'll smash your face in"; and "More tea Ern?") which would stay with them throughout their careers. Also introduced was Morecambe's famous paper bag trick, as well as an original opening segment which saw the pair parody other series, such as The Man from U.N.C.L.E., Dixon of Dock Green and Take Your Pick. Morecambe and Wise were very popular in Blackpool, and while starring in Show Time, at the North Pier in Blackpool in 1963, Eric's portrait was sculpted by Victor Heyfron, MA. The show also attracted special guests, such as Pearl Carr, Teddy Johnson and The Beatles. The celebrities were generally teased by the pair, and especially by Morecambe's playful insults. Guests were not offended, however, recognising that the joke was not so much on them as on Morecambe's supposed failure to recognise them, or inability to get their names right. For example, during The Beatles' appearance he persistently addressed Ringo Starr as "Bongo". The sixth Morecambe and Wise series for ATV was planned from the start to be aired in the United Kingdom as well as exported to the United States and Canada. It was taped in colour and starred international guests, often American. Prior to its British run, it was broadcast in North America by the ABC network as a summer replacement for re-runs of The Hollywood Palace under the title The Piccadilly Palace from 20 May to 9 September 1967. The duo had appeared in the US on The Ed Sullivan Show and hoped to become stars there, but negotiations for a longer run broke down when the show's ratings were strong in Canada but weak in the US. Lew Grade, who represented the comedians in the negotiations, said in his autobiography that the disappointing American ratings were a result of the comedians' refusal to slow down their fast-paced act. In 1968, as a result of problems with contract negotiations with Lew Grade (they were not offered enough money or allowed to continue making their shows in colour), Morecambe and Wise left ATV to return to the BBC. First heart attack In his 2003 book, Life's Not Hollywood, It's Cricklewood, Gary Morecambe reveals that his father mentioned sporadically that he was suffering from pains in his back and arms in both 1967 and 1968 in his diaries. In one diary entry from 17 August 1967, when Morecambe and Wise were appearing in Great Yarmouth as part of a summer season, Morecambe noted, "I have a slight pain on the left side around my heart. It's most likely wind, but I've had it for about four days. That's a hell of a time to have wind." In retrospect, these pains may have been the first warning signs of the heart attack he was to suffer the following year. Morecambe was a hypochondriac, but he rarely wrote about his health concerns, until after his heart attack. At the time, Morecambe was smoking 60 cigarettes a day and drinking more than he should have. Combined with stress and overwork, and possibly the heart defect that led him to be invalided out of the coal mines, he was to suffer a massive heart attack in the early hours of 8 November 1968 at the age of 42, after a show, whilst driving back to his hotel outside Leeds. Morecambe had been appearing with Wise during a week of midnight performances at the Variety Club in Batley, Yorkshire. Morecambe and Wise appeared there in December 1967 for a week, making £4,000. After that, they were booked to play a New York nightclub, the Royal Variety Performance and then eight weeks in pantomime in winter. Morecambe had complained of pains in his right arm from the beginning of the week but thought little of it, thinking the pains were perhaps tennis elbow or rheumatism. Morecambe headed back to his hotel, and recounted in an interview with Michael Parkinson in November 1972 that, as the pains spread to his chest, he became unable to drive. He was rescued by a man named Walter Butterworth ("I'll never forget him," said Morecambe. "That wasn't his real name, but I'll never forget him"), as he stopped the car. It was now 1am and the streets were almost deserted. When Morecambe asked Butterworth to drive the car as he felt unable to, he received the reply, "I'm in the Territorials – I've only ever driven a tank!". The first hospital they found had no Accident and Emergency. At the second one, Butterworth left Morecambe in the car as he went to search for a wheelchair. Then Morecambe walked in himself. A heart attack was immediately diagnosed. Morecambe, by this time laid on a trolley, thanked Butterworth, who in return asked for an autograph, asking "before you go, can you sign this piece of paper? My mates will never believe me about this." Morecambe scribbled away, convinced it was the final autograph he would ever sign, before he was taken away. Upon his release from hospital, two weeks after the heart attack, Morecambe learned that Des O'Connor had told his audience in Paignton to pray for Morecambe's recovery as he was fighting for his life. When told, Morecambe's reply was "Tell him that those six or seven people made all the difference." After leaving hospital, Morecambe gave up his cigarette habit to start smoking a pipe, as he mentioned that he was trying to do in August 1967. He also stopped doing summer and winter seasons and reduced many of his public engagements. Morecambe took six months off, returning for a press call at the BBC Television centre in May 1969. In August of that year, they returned to the stage at the winter garden theatre in Bournemouth, and received a four minute standing ovation. With the BBC: 1968–78See also: The Morecambe & Wise Show (1968) and Morecambe & Wise Show (1968) Episodes The first series of The Morecambe and Wise Show was a success before Morecambe's heart attack. Though now a popular television star, Morecambe felt himself to be placed under a great deal of pressure. As Wise was, at that stage, very much a basic straight man, Morecambe felt the job of making Hills' and Green's writing sparkle was firmly on his shoulders. While Morecambe was recuperating, Hills and Green, who believed that Morecambe would probably never work again, quit as writers. Morecambe and Wise were in Barbados at the time and learned of their writers' departure only from the steward on the plane. John Ammonds, the show's producer, replaced Hills and Green with Eddie Braben, who had just parted from Ken Dodd. With Braben as chief writer, Morecambe and Wise became the most successful comedy duo the country had ever seen. The humour had always been largely derived from their on-stage relationship, but whereas Hills and Green had cast Morecambe as the comic and Wise as the straight man, Braben inverted the relationship; as theatre critic Kenneth Tynan noted, Braben made Wise's character a comic who was not funny, while Morecambe became a straight man who was funny. Braben made them less hostile to one another, even depicting them as sharing a bed. Originally Morecambe and Wise objected to sharing a bed (which would become one of their most popular and fondly remembered character traits), but Braben countered that if it was good enough for Laurel and Hardy it was surely good enough for Morecambe and Wise. Morecambe was appeased and congratulated Braben, saying, "It stays!" Morecambe and Wise became so popular that their annual BBC Christmas shows were almost mandatory viewing in the United Kingdom from 1968 to 1977. Despite his heart condition, he and Ernie still managed energetic song and dance routines and superbly timed visual comedy. So much effort was placed into their 1977 Christmas show that Eric and Ernie did not even do a television series that year. An estimated 28,385,000 viewers watched it. Des O'Connor was frequently the butt of their humour, often because of his allegedly awful singing. “ If you want me to be a goner, get me an LP by Des O'Connor ” O'Connor once asked Morecambe and Wise whilst appearing as a guest, if he could sing on their show. Morecambe replied, "Sing on our show? You can't even sing on your own show!". In reality, O'Connor was a close friend of both Morecambe and Wise and would meet them in later years to devise jokes about himself. With Thames Television: 1978–83See also: Morecambe & Wise Show (1978) Episodes In January 1978, just after their record breaking 1977 Christmas show, the pair left the BBC for ITV signing a contract with the London station Thames Television, which made front page news. Reasons given were a higher salary but crucially the clincher was the opportunity to make another movie, something Thames could offer through their Euston Films subsidiary. Eddie Braben, however, opted to remain at the BBC (signing an exclusive contract with the corporation shortly thereafter); Barry Cryer and John Junkin were brought in to contribute to the early Thames shows (Braben eventually made the switch when his BBC contract expired).[citation needed] However, once more the stress of being such a popular entertainer affected Morecambe and his health. His wife Joan recalled that he would start worrying about the Christmas Special in June, and would frequently worry himself about how a certain routine would work. As a result, and probably because his heart had been damaged by the first attack ten years earlier, he suffered a second heart attack at home in Harpenden, Herts in January 1979, which led to a heart bypass operation by Magdi Yacoub in June 1979. After the heart attack, Morecambe asked Yacoub what would happen if he did not have the operation, then in its infancy. Yacoub replied that he would not expect Morecambe to live for more than a few months. Morecambe answered, "What are you doing this afternoon?" Morecambe increasingly wanted to move away from the double act and into writing. In 1980 he played the Funny Uncle in a dramatisation of the John Betjeman poem "Indoor Games Near Newbury", part of an ITV special titled Betjeman's Britain that also starred Peter Cook and Susannah York. That saw the start of a relationship with producer/director Charles Wallace that led to a follow-up in 1981 for Paramount Pictures titled Late Flowering Love that saw Eric play a WWII major. The film was released in the UK with Raiders of the Lost Ark and many others, becoming the most successful UK short film ever. The project spawned two more solo performances. In 1981, Morecambe published Mr Lonely, a tragicomic novel about a stand-up comedian. He focused more on writing during what were to be the final years of his life. Morecambe and Wise made a series for showing during the autumns of 1980 to 1983. They also appeared together recalling their music hall days in a one-hour special on ITV on 2 March 1983, called Eric & Ernie's Variety Days. During this time Morecambe published two other novels: The Reluctant Vampire (1982)[2] and its sequel, The Vampire's Revenge (1983).[3] Morecambe and Wise's final show together was the 1983 Christmas special for ITV. Many believe that, had he lived longer, he would not have recorded another series because of worries about his heart disease. He was quoted as saying to his wife that "If I have another heart attack it will kill me, and if I do another Morecambe and Wise series, I will have another heart attack."[4] Morecambe and Wise worked on their much-desired film, a television movie in 1983, Night Train to Murder, with which both were unhappy: recorded on videotape using the new medium of lightweight ENG cameras instead of 16mm or 35mm film, they felt it looked "cheap". It was broadcast on ITV in January 1985. The final piece that Eric did (without Ernie) was a short comedy called The Passionate Pilgrim in which he was joined by Tom Baker and Madeline Smith. Again produced by Charles Wallace for MGM/UA, it was released in the cinema with the James Bond film Octopussy, and later Wargames. Wallace and Eric were half way through filming a fourth film when Eric died. It was never completed.[citation needed] Death Five months after the Christmas special, Morecambe took part in a show hosted by close friend and comedian Stan Stennett at the Roses Theatre in Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire on a Sunday evening. His wife, Joan, who was in the audience, recalled that Morecambe was "on top form".[5] He recounted, and joked to the audience about, the tales of his childhood, his career, the influence of his mother, Sadie, his time as a Bevin Boy, about Diana Dors, who had recently died, and Tommy Cooper, who had died of a heart attack live on stage six weeks earlier while appearing on television. Morecambe said he would hate to die like that. He discussed his first heart attack, and his open heart surgery five years earlier.[citation needed] After the show had ended and Morecambe had left the stage, the musicians returned and picked up their instruments. He rushed back onto the stage to join them and energetically played various instruments. He then left the stage only to return moments later. All in all, he made six curtain calls. Finally, he said "That's your lot!", waved to the audience, and left the stage. He walked into the wings and joked "Thank goodness that's over." A few moments later, Morecambe collapsed, dead of a heart attack. He was rushed to Cheltenham General Hospital.[6] Personal life This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2011) Eric Morecambe married Joan Bartlett on 11 December 1952. They had three children: Gail (born 14 September 1953); Gary (born 21 April 1956) and Steven (born 1969 and adopted in 1973). In his leisure time, Eric was a keen birdwatcher, and the statue of him at Morecambe shows him wearing his binoculars. He was also an enthusiastic football fan and a director of Luton Town, Luton being only a few miles from his home in Harpenden. Shortly after becoming a director of Luton, Morecambe briefly grew a rather sparse moustache of only about two dozen hairs, which he explained to his fans was "a football moustache: eleven a side!". He would often fondly tell the story of how once, when 2-0 down at half time, the Luton fans chanted, 'What do you think of it so far' to which Eric replied, 'Rubbish'. He also had a love of Long John Silver impressions, which never left him through his life (one can be seen in the 'Monty on the Bonty' sketch with Arthur Lowe). '''Legacy''' Statue of Eric Morecambe in Morecambe, Lancashire, EnglandA larger-than-life statue of Eric, created by sculptor Graham Ibbeson, was unveiled by the Queen at Morecambe in July 1999 and is surrounded by inscriptions of many of his favourite catchphrases and an exhaustive list of guest stars who appeared on the show. In the English town of Harpenden in Hertfordshire where Morecambe and his family lived from the 1960s until his death, the public concert hall is named after him, with a portrait of Morecambe hanging in the foyer. Eric often referred to Harpenden in his comedy, with a band once appearing on the show named The Harpenden Hot-Shots and in a Casanova sketch he introduced himself as Lord Eric, Fourth Duke Of Harpenden - and certain parts of Birkenhead! In 1999 Morecambe was voted the funniest person of the 20th century in a British internet poll; Eric pulled in 26% of the votes, beating his contemporary performer Tommy Cooper and Monty Python member John Cleese to the coveted position. A West End Show, The Play What I Wrote, appeared in 2001 as a tribute to the duo. Directed by Kenneth Brannagh, each performance featured a different guest celebrity, including Kylie Minogue, who was said to be particularly keen to participate. Guest stars included Roger Moore, Nigel Havers and most notably Prince Charles, who was a fan of the duo. The Play What I Wrote later transferred to Broadway, and was only moderately rewritten to allow for the fact that Eric and Ernie were virtually unknown in the U.S. save for a handful of performances on The Ed Sullivan Show in the 1960s, prior to their big success. The show toured the UK in 2003. In 2003, Morecambe's eldest son Gary released "Life's Not Hollywood, It's Cricklewood", a biography of his father from the point of view of his family, using family photos and extracts from previously unseen diaries. The book revealed Morecambe as a toned down version of his on-screen persona, prone to occasional bouts of mild depression and overwork. In a 2005 poll to find The Comedian's Comedian, he was voted as the fourth greatest comedy act ever by fellow comedians and comedy insiders. Kenilworth Road Stadium, the home of Luton Town F.C., has a suite named after Morecambe; he was a vociferous supporter and one-time president of the club and voiced his enthusiasm on the television, often shouting Luton For The Cup! and once brandishing a sign mid-way through a sketch with Glenda Jackson to much applause and cheers. He once appeared wearing a Luton rosette on the show. In 2007 the author William Cook produced the book Morecambe & Wise Unseen which charts many of the early career moves of both Morecambe and Ernie Wise. It focuses largely on their time struggling to make a living prior to their break into television in the 1960s and is illustrated with many personal family photographs and previous unseen views of the act. At the Roses Theatre in Tewkesbury, the Eric Morecambe Room is used by local and national companies for conferences and meetings. There is a bird hide named after him near Leighton Moss Nature Reserve, which is near to Carnforth in Lancashire. The play Morecambe was created as a celebration of the life of Eric Morecambe. It played at the Edinburgh fringe festival in 2009 and subsequently transferred to London's West End before embarking on a UK tour in 2010. Further reading Mister Lonely (Novel) by Eric Morecambe (1981) ISBN 0-413-48170-0 Morecambe & Wise - Graham McGann (1999) Life's Not Hollywood, It's Cricklewood - Gary Morecambe (2003) ISBN 0-563-52186-4 '''References''' 1.^ "Eric Morecambe: Growing up with a comic legend", The Guardian, 17 October 2009 2.^ "World Cat Org". Worldcat.org. http://www.worldcat.org/isbn/0416458106 . Retrieved 2010-09-19. 3.^ "World Cat". World Cat. http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59202900&referer=brief_results . Retrieved 2010-09-19. 4.^ Morecambe and Wife by Joan Morecambe (1985) 5.^ Joan Morecambe, Morecambe and Wife, p. 180 (1985) 6.^ Morecambe & Wise, Graham McGann, (1999), p. 300 External links The Morecambe & Wise Tribute Site The Morecambe & Wise homepage Morecambeandwise.com News Reviews And Information [hide]v · d · eMorecambe and Wise Stars Eric Morecambe · Ernie Wise Associates Eddie Braben (writer) · Anne Hamilton (co-star) · Dick Hills (writer) · Sid Green (writer) · Barry Cryer (writer) · John Junkin (writer) · Arthur Tolcher (co-star) · John Ammonds (producer) · Ernest Maxin (choreographer) · Janet Webb (co-star) · Rex Rashley (co-star) · Joseph McGrath (director) · Bill Cotton (executive) · Lew Grade (manager) · Michael Grade (manager) · Billy Marsh (agent) Television Running Wild (1954-1955) · Two Of A Kind (1961-1968) · The Ed Sullivan Show (1963-1968) · Piccadilly Palace (1967-1968) · The Morecambe & Wise Show (1968-1977) · The Morecambe & Wise Show (1978-1983) Film The Intelligence Men (1965, feature) · That Riviera Touch (1966, feature) · The Magnificent Two (1967, feature) · Simon, Simon (1970, cameos) · Night Train to Murder (1983, feature) The Passionate Pilgrim (1984, Morecambe only) Books by Eric & Ernie : The Autobiography Of Morecambe & Wise · Eric Morecambe On Fishing (Morecambe only) · Still On My Way To Hollywood (Wise only) · Morecambe & Wise : There's No Answer To That! The Reluctant Vampire (Morecambe only) · Mister Lonely (Morecambe only) · Stella (Morecambe only) Books about Behind The Sunshine (Gary Morecambe) · The Morecambe & Wise Joke Book (Compilation) · Morecambe & Wife (Joan Morecambe) · Morecambe & Wise: The Biography (Graham McCann) · Eric Morecambe Unseen (William Cook) · Memories Of Eric (Gary Morecambe) · Eric Morecambe: Funny Man (Gary Morecambe) · Morecambe & Wise: A Celebration · There's No Answer To That! (Jeremy Novak) Tributes Bring Me Sunshine (1984) · Bring Me Sunshine (1994) · I Worked With Morecambe & Wise...And Look What Happened To Me! (1995) · The Unforgettable Eric Morecambe (2001) · The Play What I Wrote · The Adventures Of Morecambe & Wise (1996) · Morecambe & Wise : Encore! (1995) · Morecambe & Wise: Greatest Moments (2008) · Morecambe (2009) · Eric and Ernie: Behind The Scenes (2010) Other List of joint projects · "Bring Me Sunshine" (Song) · "Positive Thinking..." (Song) · "Bingle Jells" (Song) The Importance Of Being Ernie (1990) · Morecambe & Wise : In Their Own Words (2007) · Morecambe & Wise : The Show What Paul Merton Did (2008) · Eric and Ernie (2010)	i don't know
Which former Gestapo boss was sentenced to life imprisonment in July 1987 for crimes against humanity during World War II	BBC ON THIS DAY \| 3 \| 1987: Nazi war criminal Klaus Barbie gets life About This Site \| Text Only 1987: Nazi war criminal Klaus Barbie gets life The former Gestapo chief in Lyon, Klaus Barbie, has been sentenced to life imprisonment for crimes against humanity. Nine jurors and three judges found Barbie - also known as the Butcher of Lyon - guilty of the 341 separate charges that were brought against him at the court in Lyon. The 73-year-old was accused of deporting 842 people - mainly Jews - to concentration camps in Germany during the Second World War. In one incident 44 children were rounded up from a farmhouse east of Lyon, at Izieu, and sent to their deaths. A total of 373 of the people transported under Barbie's command died. Surviving relatives of the victims filled the courtroom and heard Barbie's last-minute plea of innocence. France can try and shed its own responsibility Defence lawyer, Jacques Verges "Barbie has been promoted to the rank of an expiatory victim, a scapegoat so that France can try and shed its own responsibility", argued defence lawyer, Jacques Verges. Coverage of the trial in France has been exhaustive and crowds of people waited outside the court to hear the judgement. The editor of Le Monde newspaper, Andre Fontaine, said: "It's a time in France where people are more and more conscious of the necessity of knowing something about history and especially about recent history." The man they call the Butcher of Lyon has already been condemned to death twice for his war crimes. Both of these sentences lapsed as Barbie was living under an assumed name in Bolivia. He was found by barrister Serge Klarsfeld in 1972, but it was not until over 10 years later, in 1983, that the Bolivian government agreed to extradite him. Barbie's trial began on 11 May this year with Mr Klarsfeld as chief prosecutor. It took the judges and jury six-and-a-half hours to reach their final verdict after they retired at 0530 BST (0430 GMT) today. France gripped by the trial of the Nazi, Klaus Barbie In Context Born on 25 October 1913 in Germany, Barbie was a member of the Hitler Youth. In 1935 he joined a special branch of the SS. After serving with the German army in the Netherlands he was made chief of Gestapo Department IV in Lyon from 1942 to 1944. There is evidence that he personally tortured prisoners whom he interrogated and he is blamed for 4000 deaths and a further 7,500 deportations during the war. After the war the USA used him for counter-intelligence work (1947-51), for which they later apologised. He died in prison in Lyon on 25 September 1991. Stories From 3 Jul	Klaus Barbie
Which London-based independent airline went bankrupt in February 1982, leaving 6,000 stranded passengers?	Articles about Klaus Barbie - tribunedigital-orlandosentinel Documentaries October 20, 1989 - Hotel Terminus: The Life and Times of Klaus Barbie (Virgin Vision, 267 minutes on two cassettes, $99.95): Marcel Ophuls' Academy Award-winning documentary is about a German commander in France during World War II. Klaus Barbie was such a ruthless interrogator and torturer that he became known as ''the Butcher of Lyon.'' Advertisement Documentaries October 20, 1989 - Hotel Terminus: The Life and Times of Klaus Barbie (Virgin Vision, 267 minutes on two cassettes, $99.95): Marcel Ophuls' Academy Award-winning documentary is about a German commander in France during World War II. Klaus Barbie was such a ruthless interrogator and torturer that he became known as ''the Butcher of Lyon.'' ENTERTAINMENT Coming Soon October 13, 1989 Following is a partial schedule of upcoming movies on video. Release dates and suggested retail prices are subject to change.Scenes From the Class Struggle in Beverly Hills (Virgin), $89.95, Oct. 17.Dead Calm (Warner), $89.95, Oct. 18.Hotel Terminus: The Life and Times of Klaus Barbie (Virgin), $99.95, Oct. 18.Lawrence of Arabia (restored version, RCA/Columbia), $29.95, Oct. 19.Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (RCA/Columbia), $19.95, Oct. 19.No Holds Barred (RCA/Columbia), $89.95, Oct. 19.You Can't Take It With You (RCA/Columbia) LOCAL Holocaust By Russ White of the Sentinel Staff, April 9, 1988 THE ANNUAL interfaith commemoration of the Nazi Holocaust will be held at 7:30 p.m. Thursday at the Jewish Community Center, 851 N. Maitland Ave., Maitland. U.S. District Judge Patricia Fawcett is honorary chairwoman. The speaker will be John Loftus, former Justice Department attorney who has written exposes on Klaus Barbie, Kurt Waldheim and helped initiate investigations of Nazis in Canada and Australia. Details: 628-0555. LOCAL The Bolivian Supreme Court is... May 6, 1987 REQUEST FOR BARBIE'S RETURN. The Bolivian Supreme Court is studying a petition asking for the return of Klaus Barbie, now facing trial in France for alleged Nazi war crimes. Lawyer Raul Jimenez, working with Jacques Verges, Barbie's defense lawyer in France, argued that a legal measure that gave Barbie Bolivian nationality in 1957 supercedes the order used to expel him in 1983. Barbie is accused of having been the ''Butcher of Lyon,'' involved in the slaying of Jews during the Nazi occupation of France in World War II. LOCAL Rene Hardy, 75, Resistance Leader April 15, 1987 RENE HARDY, 75, a World War II Resistance leader whose reputation was besmirched by charges he betrayed French hero Jean Moulin, died Sunday after living for years as a recluse.Hardy was acquitted twice of charges that he had informed on several Resistance figures, including Moulin. But he never lived down suspicions by some Resistance members and historians that he provided the Gestapo with the information that led to Moulin's capture, torture and death.A prolific author, Hardy won the Deux Magots literary prize for his 1956 book Amere Victoire (Bitter Victory) LIFESTYLE Movies By Elizabeth Maupin of the Sentinel staff, April 21, 1989 Last month's winner of the Academy Award for best foreign film finds its way to Orlando today when Fashion Village 8 Theatres presents Hotel Terminus: The Life and Times of Klaus Barbie. Directed by Marcel Ophuls (The Sorrow and the Pity), Hotel Terminus is the story of Barbie, the Nazi war criminal who was tried in France in 1987 and sentenced to life imprisonment for ''crimes against humanity.'' The 4-hour movie focuses on Barbie's employment by U.S. counterintelligence during the 1950s and on his subsequent 30 years of involvement with military dictators, arms dealers and drug barons in Bolivia. ENTERTAINMENT Coming Soon October 13, 1989 Following is a partial schedule of upcoming movies on video. Release dates and suggested retail prices are subject to change.Scenes From the Class Struggle in Beverly Hills (Virgin), $89.95, Oct. 17.Dead Calm (Warner), $89.95, Oct. 18.Hotel Terminus: The Life and Times of Klaus Barbie (Virgin), $99.95, Oct. 18.Lawrence of Arabia (restored version, RCA/Columbia), $29.95, Oct. 19.Mr. Deeds Goes to Town (RCA/Columbia), $19.95, Oct. 19.No Holds Barred (RCA/Columbia), $89.95, Oct. 19.You Can't Take It With You (RCA/Columbia) LOCAL Testimony from a Nazi death camp survivor... June 5, 1987 BARBIE TRIAL. Testimony from a Nazi death camp survivor: Klaus Barbie told prisoners after D-Day that Germany was losing World War II and he would be saved by American intelligence. Fernand Hahn, a witness at Barbie's war crimes trial, testified Thursday that the man known as the Butcher of Lyon told him and other prisoners that U.S. Secret Service contacts would provide an airplane to take Barbie to South America. Hahn, 64, testified that Barbie said the prisoners were about to be sent to camps where they would be killed. LIFESTYLE Movies By Elizabeth Maupin of the Sentinel staff, April 21, 1989 Last month's winner of the Academy Award for best foreign film finds its way to Orlando today when Fashion Village 8 Theatres presents Hotel Terminus: The Life and Times of Klaus Barbie. Directed by Marcel Ophuls (The Sorrow and the Pity), Hotel Terminus is the story of Barbie, the Nazi war criminal who was tried in France in 1987 and sentenced to life imprisonment for ''crimes against humanity.'' The 4-hour movie focuses on Barbie's employment by U.S. counterintelligence during the 1950s and on his subsequent 30 years of involvement with military dictators, arms dealers and drug barons in Bolivia. LOCAL Holocaust By Russ White of the Sentinel Staff, April 9, 1988 THE ANNUAL interfaith commemoration of the Nazi Holocaust will be held at 7:30 p.m. Thursday at the Jewish Community Center, 851 N. Maitland Ave., Maitland. U.S. District Judge Patricia Fawcett is honorary chairwoman. The speaker will be John Loftus, former Justice Department attorney who has written exposes on Klaus Barbie, Kurt Waldheim and helped initiate investigations of Nazis in Canada and Australia. Details: 628-0555. LOCAL Barbie Jury: Guilty On All Charges 'Butcher Of Lyon' Draws Life Term For War Crimes By Los Angeles Times, July 4, 1987 Klaus Barbie, once the most feared Nazi in Lyon, was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment early today for a series of ''crimes against humanity'' committed when he was the Gestapo chief here in 1943 and 1944.With head slightly bowed, the 73-year-old Barbie showed no sign of emotion as he listened intently to an interpreter relay the verdict from Presiding Judge Andre Cerdini. The French court of three judges and nine jurors, by the required majority of ''at least eight votes out of 12,'' found him guilty of all charges. LOCAL 'Butcher Of Lyon' Case Shows How Long Justice Can Be Denied By Barry Mesch, Special to The Sentinel, June 21, 1987 Attorneys for Klaus Barbie, the former SS Gestapo chief of Lyon, France, began his defense last week against charges that he tortured and murdered thousands of Jews and French Resistance members in Nazi concentration camps.The defense is twofold: First, attorneys say Barbie's actions weren't so bad because such ''crimes against humanity'' happen during war. They say those crimes were no worse than atrocities the French committed during Algeria's 1954-1962 war for independence. Because French officials received amnesty for these wartime actions, Barbie wants the same consideration. LOCAL Barbie Turns His Back To Accusers Trial Reaches Midpoint With Ex-nazi Still Refusing To Appear By United Press International, June 7, 1987 As witnesses testified last week to the torture and cruelty they suffered at the hands of Klaus Barbie, the gray-haired ex-Nazi sat in his prison cell watching the French Open tennis tournament on television.At the halfway point of Barbie's trial on alleged crimes against humanity, the image of the ''Butcher of Lyon'' at St. Joseph prison watching tennis is testimony to Barbie's indifference to the tales of horror unfolding at the Lyon courthouse.Out of 18 court sessions in the first four weeks of what probably will be the last major Nazi trial in the Western world, Barbie, 73, has been present at only five, exercising his right as a defendant not to appear unless specifically ordered to.His absence has frustrated some of the lawyers representing victims who want Barbie in court to listen to the testimony of those who suffered under his reign as Gestapo chief in Lyon. LOCAL Testimony from a Nazi death camp survivor... June 5, 1987 BARBIE TRIAL. Testimony from a Nazi death camp survivor: Klaus Barbie told prisoners after D-Day that Germany was losing World War II and he would be saved by American intelligence. Fernand Hahn, a witness at Barbie's war crimes trial, testified Thursday that the man known as the Butcher of Lyon told him and other prisoners that U.S. Secret Service contacts would provide an airplane to take Barbie to South America. Hahn, 64, testified that Barbie said the prisoners were about to be sent to camps where they would be killed. LOCAL ''Get on the trucks, you'll arrive... June 2, 1987 IN A BIG HURRY. ''Get on the trucks, you'll arrive faster.'' That's what the German guards said over and over as they ordered the Jewish children and pregnant women onto trucks and told the other new arrivals to walk to the Auschwitz concentration camp. Edith Klebinder knows because she was ordered to translate into French the Nazi's commands. She said the Jewish children, taken from a foster home, allegedly on the orders of Klaus Barbie, were put to death immediately upon arrival at Auschwitz.	i don't know
Which former US pop singer was elected Mayor of Palm Springs, California, in April 1988?	What Happened in 1988? - Like Totally 80s What Happened in 1988? Posted By Pia Sooney on Aug 18, 2007 \| 0 comments 1988 was a politically active year with indictments handed down in the Iran-Contra affair, a presidential election in which George HW Bush beats out Michael Dukakis, and the election of Sonny Bono as the new mayor of Palm Springs. To escape the politics and the natural and manmade disasters, people flocked to the movies to see some great cinema. This was the year of Rainman, Coming to America, Die Hard, Beetlejuice, and A Fish Called Wanda. At the Oscars that year, The Last Emperor won an astounding 9 Academy Awards (what!?!). On the music scene, Rick Astley released “Never Gonna Give Up” allowing future generations to Rick Roll (not sure if that goes in the good or bad category), and George Michael convinced us that we had to have “Faith.” We all wished Michael Hutchence was talking to us personally when he sang “Need You Tonight” and Guns N Roses hit it huge with “Sweet Child O’ Mine.” Both Roseanne and The Wonder Years hit the small screen. The Winter Olympics were in Calgary, and the Redskins won Super Bowl XXII. Whatever 1988 brought us both good and bad, we heeded the advice of Bobby McFerrin – Don’t Worry, Be Happy. Jump directly to your area of interest using these links: History & Politics U.S. Vice President George H.W. Bush and CBS News anchor Dan Rather clash over Bush’s role in the Iran-Contra scandal, during a contentious television interview. Anthony M. Kennedy is appointed to the Supreme Court of the United States. Hustler Magazine v. Falwell: The Supreme Court of the United States sides with Hustler magazine by overturning a lower court decision to award Jerry Falwell $200,000 for defamation. Students at Gallaudet University (school for the advanced education of the deaf and hard-of-hearing) go on strike for the selection of a non deaf university president. Two U.S. Army helicopters collide in Fort Campbell, Kentucky, killing 17 servicemen. Iran-Contra Affair: Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North and Vice Admiral John Poindexter are indicted on charges of conspiracy to defraud the United States. The Last Emperor (directed by Bernardo Bertolucci) wins 9 Oscars. Former pop singer Sonny Bono is elected mayor of Palm Springs, California. The USS Samuel B. Roberts (FFG-58) strikes a naval mine in the Persian Gulf, while deployed on Operation Earnest Will during the Tanker War phase of the Iran-Iraq War. United States Navy forces retaliate for the Roberts mining with Operation Praying Mantis, in a day of strikes against Iranian oil platforms and naval vessels. PEPCON disaster in Henderson, Nevada: A major explosion at an industrial solid-fuel rocket plant causes damage extending up to 10 miles away, including Las Vegas’s McCarran International Airport. Bus disaster near Carrollton, Kentucky: A drunk driver going the wrong way on Interstate 71, hits a converted school bus carrying a church youth group from Radcliff, Kentucky. The resulting fire kills 27, making it tied for 1st in the U.S. for most fatalities involving 2 vehicles to the present day. Ironically, the other 2-vehicle accident involving a bus that also killed 27 occurred in Prestonsburg, KY 30 years prior. A report by U.S. Surgeon General C. Everett Koop states that the addictive properties of nicotine are similar to those of heroin and cocaine. Four workers are asphyxiated at a metal-plating plant in Auburn, Indiana, in the worst confined-space industrial accident in U.S. history (a fifth victim dies 2 days later). The Piper Alpha drilling platform in the North Sea is destroyed by explosions and fires, killing 165 oil workers and 2 rescue mariners. The first reported medical waste on beaches in the Greater New York area (including hypodermic needles and syringes possibly infected with the AIDS virus) washes ashore on Long Island. Subsequent medical waste discoveries on beaches in Coney Island and in Monmouth County, New Jersey force the closure of numerous New York-area beaches in the middle of one of the hottest summers in the American Northeast on record. Tompkins Square Park Police Riot in New York City: A riot erupts in Tompkins Square Park when police brutally attempt to enforce a newly-passed curfew for the park. Bystanders, artists, residents, homeless people and political activists are caught up in the police action that takes place on the night of August 6th and the early morning of August 7th. The Iran-Iraq war ends, with an estimated 1 million lives lost. NASA resumes space shuttle flights, grounded after the Challenger disaster, with Space Shuttle Discovery. United States presidential election, 1988: George H. W. Bush is elected over Michael Dukakis. War on Drugs: U.S. President Ronald Reagan signs a bill providing the death penalty for murderous drug traffickers. In Palmdale, California, the first prototype B-2 Spirit stealth bomber is revealed. A cyclone in Bangladesh leaves 5 million homeless and thousands dead. The Wonder Years Starring: Fred Savage, Jason Hervey, Alley Mills, Josh Saviano, Danica McKellar, & Olivia d’Abo An adult Kevin Arnold reminisces on his teenage years spent growing up during the 60’s. As he goes from adolescence to adulthood, he experiences, along with his best friend Paul and sometimes-girlfriend Winnie, the full range of trials and traumas that come in just about everyone’s life. Roseanne Starring: Roseanne Barr, John Goodman, Laurie Metcalf, Alicia Goranson, Sara Gilber, & Michael Fishman The Connors are a middle class family of five (DJ, Darlene, Becky, Roseanne and Dan) who struggle with life’s essential problems: Marriage, Children, Money and In-Laws. Mystery Science Theater 3000 Starring: Joel Hodgson When zany mad scientist Dr. Clayton Forrester and his loopy assistant Frank get bored with their work at the Deep Thirteen research center, they kidnap Joel the janitor and shoot him into orbit on the Satellite of Love. While in space Joel builds wacky robot sidekicks Tom Servo and Crow T. Robot to help him withstand an onslaught of grade ‘Z’ movies that the mad scientists force him to watch. The Looney Tunes Show China Beach Starring: Dana Delany, Concetta Tomei, Marg Helgenberger, Michael Boatman, Robert Picardo, Brian Wimmer, Jeff Kober, & Nancy Giles A drama series set at an American base during the Vietnam War that looked at the everyday lives of the people sent to serve their country. The doctors, nurses, soldiers and even USO entertainers stationed at the base must try to come to terms with the horrors and stresses of the war around them. Not all of them succeed. Garfield & Friends [cartoon] Animated television series based on the popular comic strip. Each show is divided into stories about Garfield, Odie, Jon and the trouble they get into, or Orson the Pig and his adventures on a farm with fellow farm animals Wade Duck, Roy Rooster, Bo and Lanolin the sheep, Booker the chick and Sheldon, an unhatched egg. Red Dwarf Starring: Craig Charles, Danny John-Jules, Chris barrie, & Robert Llewellyn Three million years ago, a radiation leak killed the crew of the mining ship, Red Dwarf. The only survivor was Dave Lister, the chicken soup machine repairman. He spends his time on the ship with a holographic projection of Arnold Rimmer (his dead bunkmate), Cat (a life-form that evolved from Dave’s cat), Holly (the ship’s senile computer), and Kryten (a service mechanoid). Rain Man Starring: Dustin Hoffman & Tom Cruise Selfish yuppie Charlie Babbitt’s father dies and leaves a fortune to Raymond, the institutionalized savant brother that Charlie didn’t know he had. They set out on a cross-country journey of discovery. Who Framed Roger Rabbit Starring: Bob Hoskins, Christopher Lloyd, Charles Fleischer, & Joanna Cassidy A toon hating detective is a cartoon rabbit’s only hope to prove his innocence when he is accused of murder. Coming to America Starring: Eddie Murphy & Arsenio Hall It is the 21st birthday of Prince Akeem of Zamunda and he is to marry a woman he never saw before. Now the prince breaks with tradition and travels to America to look for the love of his life. Big Starring: Tom Hanks When a boy wishes to be big at a magic wish machine, he wakes up the next morning and finds himself in an adult body literally overnight. Twins Starring: Arnold Schwarzenegger & Danny DeVito A physically perfect, but innocent, man goes in search of his twin brother, who is a short small-time crook. Crocodile Dundee II Starring: Paul Hogan & Linda Kozlowski Australian outback expert protects his New York love from gangsters who’ve followed her down under. Die Hard Starring: Bruce Willis New York cop John McClane gives terrorists a dose of their own medicine as they hold hostages in an LA office building. The Naked Gun: From the Files of Police Squad! Starring: Leslie Nielsen Incompetent cop Frank Drebbin has to foil an attempt to assassinate Queen Elizabeth II. Cocktail Starring: Tom Cruise, Bryan Brown, & Elisabeth Shue A talented New York bartender takes a job at a bar in Jamaica and falls in love. Beetle Juice Starring: Alec Baldwin, Geena Davis, Miachael Keaton, Winona Ryder, Catherine O’Hara, & Jeffery Jones A couple of recently deceased ghosts contract the services of a “bio-exorcist” in order to remove the obnoxious new owners of their house. Working Girl Starring: Harrison Ford, Sigourney Weaver, & Melanie Griffith When a secretary’s idea is stolen by her boss, she seizes an opportunity to steal it back by pretending she has her boss’s job. A Fish Called Wanda Starring: John Cleese, Jamie Lee Curtis, Kevin Kline & Michael Palin In London, four very different people team up to commit armed robbery, then try to doublecross each other for the loot. Scrooged A cynically selfish TV executive gets haunted by three spirits bearing lessons on Christmas Eve. Willow Starring: Val Kilmer, Warwick Davis, Joanne Whalley, & Jean Marsh In the dungeons of the castle of the evil Queen-sorceress Bavmorda, a prisoner gives birth to a child who, according to an ancient prophecy, will put an end to the reign of the Queen. A midwife saves the child from the wrath of Bavmorda, but is forced to throw her cradle in a river when reached by the Hounds of the Queen. The river brings the child near a village of nelwyns, and little Willow finds and adopts her. When the Hounds reach the village, Willow begins a difficult journey to bring the baby back to her people and to fulfill the prophecy. Beaches Starring: Bette Midler & Barbara Hershey A privileged rich debutante and a cynical struggling entertainer share a turbulent, but strong childhood friendship over the years. Oliver & Company A homeless kitten named Oliver, roams the streets of New York, where he is taken in by a gang of homeless mutts who survive by stealing from others. During one of these criminal acts, Oliver meets a wealthy young girl named Jenny Foxworth. This meeting will forever change his life. Bull Durham Starring: Kevin Costner, Susan Sarandon & Tim Robbins A fan who has an affair with one minor-league baseball player each season meets an up-and-coming pitcher and the experienced catcher assigned to him. Four orphan dinosaurs (Littlefoot, Petrie, Ducky & Cera) travel the ruins of their world, while grieving the loss of their families and banding together to face the odds of survival. Young Guns Starring: Emilio Estevez, Kiefer Sutherland, Lou Diamond Phillips, Charlie Sheen, Dermot Mulroney & Casey Siemaszko A group of young gunmen, led by Billy the Kid, become deputies to avenge the murder of the rancher who became their benefactor. But when Billy takes their authority too far, they become the hunted. Biloxi Blues Starring: Matthew Broderick & Christopher Walken A group of young recruits go through boot camp during the Second World War in Biloxi Mississippi. Dirty Rotten Scoundrels Starring: Steve Martin & Michael Caine Lawrence and Freddie are con-men; big-time and small time respectively. They unsuccessfully attempt to work together only to find that this town (on the French Mediterranean coast) aint big enough for the two of them. They agree to a “loser leaves” bet. The bet brings out the best and worst in the two. The Great Outdoors Starring: Dany Aykroyd & John Candy A Chicago man’s hope for a peaceful family vacation in the woods is shattered when the annoying in-laws drop in. Tequilla Sunrise Starring: Mel Gibson, Michelle Pfeiffer, & Kurt Russell A business on the line. A friendship on the edge. A woman caught in the middle. Midnight Run Starring: Robert De Niro & Charles Grodin A mafia accountant is chased by bounty hunters, the FBI, and the Mafia after jumping bail. Dangerous Liaisons Starring: Glenn Close, John Malkovich, Micelle Pfieffer, Swoosie Kurtz, Keanu Reeves, & Uma Thurman Rich and bored aristocrats in Rococo France play high-stakes games of passion and betrayal. Mississippi Burning Starring: Gene Hackman & Willem Dafoe Two FBI agents with wildly different styles arrive in Mississippi to investigate the disappearance of some civil rights activists. Child’s Play When serial killer Charles Lee Ray is mortally wounded in a police shoot-out, he uses a voodoo spell to transfer his soul into Chucky, a “Good Guys” doll. Andy receives the doll as a birthday gift, and Chucky soon resumes his killing spree. However, Charles doesn’t want to be trapped in the body of a doll forever. His only escape would be to transfer into the first human he revealed his true identity to . . . which places Andy in mortal danger. The Accidental Tourist Starring: William Hurt, Kathleen Turner, & Geena Davis Macon Leary is the author of a travel book for people who want to travel with the minimum fuss and as little impact as possible on their lives. Arriving back from a working trip, his wife announces she can no longer deal with the fact that he is dealing with the death of their son the same way that he travels: with minimum impact. Macon subsequently meets the quirky Muriel, who it seems is just the opposite to Macon. The Accused Starring: Kelly McGillis & Jodie Foster A rape victim, enraged at the light sentence her attackers received on account that she was of “questionable character” goads a female prosecutor to charge the men who literally cheered the attack on. Funny Farm Starring: Chevy Chase & Madolyn Smith Osborne Andy and Elizabeth are sick of life in the city, and decide to move to the country. Buying a home near a picturesque town, they soon discover (to their horror) that things are done differently in the country. They must deal with all of the local characters, the local animals, as well as any skeletons in the closet. Alien Nation Starring: James Caan, Mandy Patinkin, & Terence Stamp A few years from now, Earth will have the first contact with an alien civilisation. These aliens, known as Newcomers, slowly begin to be integrated into human society after years of quarantine but are victims of a new type of discrimination. When the first Newcomer police officer, Sam Francisco is assigned his new partner, he is given Matthew Sykes , a mildly racist veteran, the animosity between them soon gives way to respect as they investigate the Newcomer underworld, and especially Newcomer leader William Harcourt. Gorillas in the Mist Starring: Sigourney Weaver The story of Dian Fossey, a scientist who came to Africa to study the vanishing mountain gorillas, and later fought to protect them. License to Drive Starring: Corey Haim, Corey Feldman, & Heather Graham A teen decides to go for a night on the town with his friends despite flunking his driver’s test. Short Circuit 2 Starring: Fisher Stevens, Michael McKean, & Cythia Gibb When Number Five is sent from Newton and Stephanie’s ranch to the big city to help Ben with his electronics business, he finds that his robotic talents are wanted by city low-life who want to turn Number Five into profits. Married to the Mob Starring: Michelle Pfieffer, Matthew Modeine, & Dean Stockwell Angela deMarco is unhappily married to high Mafia member Frank deMarco. When Frank is killed, Angela takes the opportunity to break free of the Mafia world entirely and start a new life. But Frank’s boss, Tony Russo, begins to court the unresponsive Angela. The FBI begins surveillance on her, thinking her to be his new mistress. FBI agent Mike Downey goes undercover as Angela’s neighbor, but soon finds himself attracted to Angela himself. The 1988 Winter Olympics are held in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. In Super Bowl XXII, the Washington Redskins defeated the Denver Broncos, 42–10. Edmonton Oilers win the Stanley Cup. The Chicago Cubs play their first ever night game at home in Wrigley Field, defeating the New York Mets, 6-4. The Summer Olympic Games are held in Seoul, South Korea. Kirk Gibson, who could barely walk due to injuries, hits a dramatic homerun during Game 1 of the World Series to give the Los Angeles Dodgers a 5-4 victory against the Oakland Athletics. The Dodgers went on to win the World Series. Ted Turner Officially Buys Jim Crockett Promotions, known as NWA Crockett, and turns it into WCW or World Championship Wrestling. Winning Colors wins the Kentucky Derby with a time of 2:02.20. Rick Mears (for Penske Racing, Inc.) wins the Indy 500. Stefan Edberg defeats Boris Becker to win Men’s Singles & Steffi Graf defeats Martina Navratilova to win Lady’s Singles at Wimbledon. Pedro Delgado (Spain) wins the Tour de France. Mats Wilander defeats Ivan Lendl to win Men’s Singles & Steffi Graf defeats Gabriela Sabatini to win Women’s Singles at the US Open. Bill Elliott #9 won the NEXTEL Cup (formerly Winston Cup). Heather O’Rourke (b. 1975) – Actress – as Carol Anne in the Poltergeist films Joe Besser (b. 1907) – Actor / Comedian – as Stinky on The Abbott and Costellow Show Harris Glenn Milstead (b. 1945) – Actor – best known for his drag persona Divine; appeared in Pink Flamingos, Femal Trouble, & Hairspray; and played both Peggy Bundy’s Mother & her Uncle Otto on Married with Children Andy Gibb (b. 1958) – Singer – member of the Bee Gees & younger brother of Barry, Robin and Maurice Gibb Robert A. Heinlein (b. 1907) – Sci Fi Authror – wrote Starship Troopers & Stranger in a Strange Land Daws Butler (b. 1916) – Voice Actor – as Snap one of the Rice Krispies mascots, Beany Boy & Captain Huffenpuff on Time for Beany, Chilly Willy, Huckleberry Hound, Yogi Bear, Snagglepuss, Quick Draw McGraw, Loopy De Loop, Wimpy from Popeye, Augie Doggie, Elroy Jetson, Scooby-Dum, Cap’& n Crunch Chet Baker (b. 1929) – Jazz musician – Trumpeter & singer Nico (b. 1938) – Singer-songwriter / Model / Actress / Warhol superstar – part of The Velvet Underground and Nico Judith Barsi (b. 1978) – Child & Voice actress – Kids Don’t Tell; There Were Times, Dear; Eye of the Tiger; Jaws: The Revenge; voice of Ducky in The Land Before Time; & voice of Anne-Marie in All Dogs Go to Heaven Trinidad Silva (b. 1950) – Actor – best known as Martinez on Hill Street Blues Anne Ramsey (b. 1929) – Actress – as Mama Fratelli in The Goonies & Mrs. Lift in Throw Momma from the Train Gert Fröbe (b. 1913) – Actor – as Auric Goldfinger in the Bond movie Goldfinger & as Baron Bomburst in Chitty Chitty Bang Bang Roger Hargreaves (b. 1935) – Author / Illustrator of childrens books, most notable the Mr. Men and Little Miss series John Houseman (b. 1902) – Actor / Film producer – as Professor Charles Kinsfield in The Paper Chase & as grandfather Edward Stratton II on Silver Spoons John Carradine (b. 1906) – Actor – as Jim Casy in The Grapes of Wrath, Aaron in The Ten Commandments, Naveau “the singing-musketeer” in The Three Musketeers, Porter Rockwell in Brigham Young, & Maj. Cassius Starbuckle in The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance. Also the fauther of David, Bruce, Keith & Robert Carradine. Roy Orbison (b. 1936) – Singer – “Only The Lonely,” “Oh, Pretty Woman,” “Crying,” & “You Got It” People Who Were Born Haley Joel Osment – Actor – Cole Sear in The Sixth Sense, Trevor McKinney in Pay It Forward, David in A.I., & Walter Caldwell in Secondhand Lions Brooke Hogan – Reality Star / Singer – as herself on Hogan Knows Best; daughter of Hulk Hogan Nikki Reed – Actress / Writer – co-wrote & starred in Thirteen as Evie Zamora, as Kathy Alva in Lords of Dogtown, & Sadie Campbell on The O.C. Mae Whitman – Actress – as the president’s daughter in Independence Day, Maggie Taylor in One Fine Day, Bernice Pruitt in Hope Floats, Emma Grac McKee on State of Grace, Ann Veal on Arrested Development, voice of Katara on Avatar: The Last Airbender, & voice of Rose on American Dragon: Jake Long Rupert Grint – Actor – as Ron Weasley in the Harry Potter films Alexa Vega – Actress – as Carmen Cortez in the Spy Kids movies & Vanessa in Odd Girl Out Max Thieriot – Actor – as Gus in Catch That Kid, Seth Plummer in The Pacifier, & Ned in Nancy Drew Vanessa Anne Hudgens – Actress / Singer – as Gabriella Montez in High School Musical movies Carly Patterson – American Gymnist – Won Gold in the All-around and Silver in the Team competition & on the balance beam at the 2004 Summer Olympics Nikki Reed – Actress – as Rosalie Cullen in The Twilight Saga	Sonny Bono
How many people are in a curling team?	Sonny Bono page in Fuller Up, Dead Musician Directory Sonny Bono, Entertainer Turned Congressman, Dies in Skiing Accident By BERNARD WEINRAUB NYTIMES LOS ANGELES -- Rep. Sonny Bono, whose unexpected career in Republican politics followed an equally unexpected -- and successful -- career as a singer and television star with his former wife, Cher, was killed on Monday evening when he crashed into a tree while skiing in South Lake Tahoe, Calif. He was 62 and lived in Palm Springs, Calif. Bono was skiing with his wife, Mary Whitaker, and their two children when he left them about 1:30 p.m. to ski alone at the Heavenly Ski Rental Resort on the California-Nevada line, 55 miles south of Reno. Unaware that he had not made it down the hill, his wife, their son, Chesare, 9, and daughter, Chianna, 6, waited at the bottom of the slope. When he failed to appear after several hours, they reported him missing. Bono's body was found by the ski patrol about 6:45 p.m. Sheriff Ron Pierini of Douglas County said Bono skied into a wooded area and hit a tree. The sheriff said Bono died of massive head injuries. There was no evidence of drug or alcohol use, he said. Bono's death came less than a week after Michael Kennedy, the 39-year-old son of Robert F. Kennedy, was killed when he hit a tree while playing football on a ski slope in Aspen, Colo. Michael Kennedy's uncle, Sen. Edward M. Kennedy, D-Mass., said his family was "heartbroken" at Bono's death. Similarly, President Clinton echoed what many lawmakers, Democrats as well as Republicans, said about Bono. "His joyful entertainment of millions earned him celebrity, but in Washington he earned respect by being a witty and wise participant in policy-making processes that often seemed ponderous to the American people," Clinton said. Bono almost prided himself on never being taken, or taking himself, very seriously -- either in his successful entertainment career, as part of the team Sonny and Cher, in the 1960s and 70s, or in his recent political career. He once admitted that he had never voted until he was 53 years of age, when he contemplated running for mayor of Palm Springs, a desert resort city of more than 40,000 people, out of anger and frustration over the red tape he faced when he wanted to put a sign on his Italian restaurant. Bono was elected mayor in 1988 and served until 1992, when he ran unsuccessfully in the California Republican primary for a seat in the U.S. Senate that was eventually won by Dianne Feinstein, a Democrat. But he bounced back in 1994, winning his congressional seat in the Republican tide that wrested control of the House from the Democrats for the first time in 40 years. Bono, who represented the state's 44th Congressional District -- a heavily Republican area that sprawls across the desert in Southern California -- defeated his Democratic opponent, Steve Clute, by 56 percent to 38 percent, and was re-elected in 1996. "The last thing in the world I thought I would be is a U.S. congressman, given all the bobcat vests and Eskimo boots I used to wear," Bono told the Washington Press Club Foundation shortly after taking office in January 1995. "I love this game," he joked to the group. "I am so pleased that we are all so dedicated to mankind --unlike show business, where there you have egomaniacs and you have power mongers and you have elitists." It was Bono's self-deprecating style (he was the second most popular Republican fund-raiser behind House Speaker Newt Gingrich), and his casual bluntness that made him especially popular. At a Judiciary Committee session on the crime bill in 1995, Bono interrupted a colleague and complained that all they did was talk, talk, talk. "With all due respect to lawyers, it's wonderful that you have this intricate knowledge," he said. "You break down words to the nth degree. And sometimes I find it rather disgusting. And it goes on and on." Bono almost took pride in his lack of qualifications for Congress. "What is qualified?" he told The Los Angeles Times in 1992. "What have I been qualified for in my life? I haven't been qualified to be a mayor. I'm not qualified to be a songwriter. I'm not qualified to be a TV producer. I'm not qualified to be a successful businessman. And so, I don't know what qualified means." At other times, Bono was even more blunt. "People underestimate me, but I've always been a stretch runner," he once told The Washington Post. "If people would take a look -- and I don't mean this arrogantly -- if they would take a look at what I've done in my life, you can't be a dummy and have the achievements I've had in my lifetime." In Congress, Bono generally adhered to a conservative agenda, and focused on such issues as the environment, immigration and copyright questions. But unlike many of his conservative allies, Bono seemed to go out of his way to befriend stalwart liberals like Rep. Barney Frank, D-Mass. The two split over the issue of same-sex marriage in 1996, but Frank praised Bono for his candor and decency. At the time Bono said he loved his daughter, Chastity Bono, a lesbian activist, and respected gay people, but could not accept the notion of gay marriage. "I'm not homophobic, I'm not a bigot, I'm not pandering to hatred," he said. "I simply can't handle it. It's nothing else." Bono was born Salvatore Bono in Detroit on Feb. 16, 1935. His parents were impoverished Sicilian immigrants who moved to Los Angeles when he was 7. A poor student, Sonny Bono dropped out of high school and struggled to write songs while working as a waiter, a construction worker, a truck driver and a butcher's helper. In his 20s he immersed himself in the music business as a songwriter and singer with Specialty Records, where he worked with Sam Cooke and Little Richard. Soon he teamed up with the legendary record producer Phil Specter, where he wrote songs ("You Bug Me, Baby," and "Needles and Pins") and sang background for groups like the Righteous Brothers. The turning point of his career took place when a sloe-eyed and exotically beautiful 16-year-old named Cherilyn Sarkisian, who called herself Cher, drifted into his life. "She wanted to be an entertainer more than I've seen anybody want to be an entertainer in my life," he once said. The team -- she was a long-haired beauty; he was short, nasal and bumbling -- made several modestly successful recordings ("Baby, Don't Go," "Just You") before creating a giant hit in June 1965 with "I Got You, Babe," which Sonny had written as an expression of their feelings for each other. Bono divorced his first wife, Donna, shortly after he met Cher, but the two were not married until years later, after the birth of their daughter, Chastity. Bono also had a daughter, Christy, with his first wife, Donna Rankin. It was a guest spot on the Merv Griffin Show that convinced Fred Silverman, the head of CBS programming, to turn the bickering, irreverent and outrageously clad musical and comedy team into television stars. "The Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour," began as a five-week summer replacement series in August 1971. They were an immediate hit. Cher wore sequined and spectacular Bob Mackie outfits and was known for her sharp-tongued wit. He wore bell bottoms, had a droopy mustache and played the fall man. The show lasted until 1974, when the couple split up in a blaze of tabloid headlines over extramarital affairs. (Cher got the 54-room mansion, half the royalties for the duo's hits and had to pay him $750,000. Bono got a 32-room mansion.) Their solo television efforts floundered, as well as an attempt to revive the partnership on television in 1976-77. Bono virtually dropped out of show business after that, except for a few guest spots on shows like "Fantasy Island" and "The Love Boat." He went into the restaurant business in Palm Springs, while Cher's film career flourished for awhile. After his marriage to Cher, Bono was married to Susie Coehlo; that marriage ended in divorce in 1984. Bono met his fourth wife, Mary Whitaker, in 1985, when she walked into a restaurant he owned on Melrose Avenue in Los Angeles to celebrate her graduation from the University of Southern California. They were married a year later. Shortly after he became a congressman, Bono acknowledged that he was overwhelmed that a poor boy from Detroit could attain fame and fortune and also serve in the House of Representatives. Asked how he would like people to think of him, Bono replied: "As someone who is his own man, a maverick and really a person of substance like other people. Not necessarily the brilliant person, but recognize that there is substance there, you know." (b. Salvatore Bono, 12 February 1935, Detroit, Michigan, d. 5 January 1998) Although primarily associated with the '60s folk-rock boom, Bono's career began the previous decade as director of A&R at Specialty Records. He co-wrote She Said Yeah for Larry Williams, later covered by the The Rolling Stones, and also pursued a recording career with the first of several singles bearing numerous aliases, including Don Christy, Sonny Christy and Ronny Sommers. A fruitful period under the aegis of producer Phil Spector inspired Bono to found the ill- fated Rush label, but he achieved a greater fame when Needles And Pins, a collaboration with Jack Nitzsche, was successfully recorded by Jackie De-Shannon and the Searchers. In 1963 Bono met, and married, Cherilyn La Pierre, better known as Cher. Her fledgling singing career was subsequently augmented by their work as a duo, firstly as Caesar And Cleo, then Sonny And Cher. In 1965 the couple enjoyed an international smash with I Got You Babe, written, arranged and produced by Bono, who resurrected solo ambitions in the wake of its success. Although Laugh At Me reached the Top 10 in the US and UK, The Revolution Kind, Sonny's disavowal of the counter-culture, failed to emulate this feat. Bono's lone album, INNER VIEWS, was an artistic and commercial disaster and he subsequently abandoned solo recordings. Although Sonny and Cher sundered the personal partnership in 1974, they continued to host a popular television show. However, Bono later concentrated on an acting career with regular appearances on television and in several films, notably HAIRSPRAY. A registered Republican, he was voted mayor of Palm Springs in 1988, the day after his ex-wife won an Oscar for her role in MOONSTRUCK. In 1991, Bono announced his intention to run for the senate at the next election. From Music Central 96	i don't know
A sea nettle is what type of creature?	Sea Nettle Jellyfish \| Octonauts Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Friend None The sea nettles are a dangerous type of jellyfish that group up in a bloom, they can sting with their tentacles, and are poisonous enough for a human to possibly be severely injured. During the bloom in Octonauts and the Jellyfish Bloom, these creatures caused the bloom, clocking off Shellington's route to the Octopod .	Jellyfish
Which country hosted the 1988 Winter Olympics?	1000+ images about JELLYFISH & SEA creatures on Pinterest \| Bohol, Aliens and The pacific The term "jellyfish" encompasses about 1,500 species, ranging in size from microscopic to more than seven feet wide and 100 feet long. These are purple-lipped cross jellyfish. See More	i don't know
Which 1950’s UK television puppet’s catchphrase was ‘Aw, don’t embawass me!’?	Oldham News \| News Headlines \| Plaque honour for Lenny the Lion man Terry - Chronicle Online Chronicle Online Plaque honour for Lenny the Lion man Terry Date published: 14 September 2009 POPULAR children’s entertainer Terry Hall who shot to fame with puppet Lenny the Lion has been honoured in his home town. His wife, Dee, unveiled a blue plaque in Middelton Road, Chadderton, close to the spot where the ventriloquist and “real gentleman of showbusiness” was born. Dee was among 25 family members who travelled from as far as Germany for the celebration, organised by Chadderton Historical Society. Describing Friday’s event as emotional, Dee (65) said: “Terry would be astounded, delighted and very honoured. He was very proud of his roots and often mentioned Chadderton, the people he grew up with and his family here. “He was the ultimate professional — a real gentleman of showbusiness.” Terry, who went to St Patrick’s School, Oldham and played the accordion at Nimble Nook Working Men’s Club at the age of 12, left the borough in the 1950s to find fame and fortune . The keen Latics fan was one of the first ventriloquists to use an animal puppet. Lenny the Lion — whose catchphrase was “Aw don’t embawass me” — made his television debut on the variety show “Dress Rehearsal”, which also featured another famous Oldhamer, Eric Sykes. Terry and Lenny then fronted “The Lenny the Lion Show”, “Lenny’s Den” and “Pops and Lenny”, appearing with The Beatles in 1963. They also starred in the United States on the “Ed Sullivan Show” as their TV career continued into the 1980s. Terry died in 2007, at the age of 80. Terry lived at 635 Middleton Road, which has since been demolished. The plaque (inset) was erected near by, at the corner of Middleton Road and Broadway. Chadderton Historical Society worked closely with Terry’s sister, Kathleen Behan, and niece, Lesley Guilfoyle, on the project over the last 18 months. Kathleen (86) still lives in Chadderton. She said: “Terry was a smashing bloke and an extremely good brother to me. “Whenever he was in the North he used to come to Chadderton to stay with me. Children would queue outside the house to see Lenny the Lion. “He would have been astounded by this. He was the most unassuming person you could ever imagine.” Share:	Lenny the Lion
Which is the longest river in New Mexico, and runs through the entire length of the state?	Top 10 ventriloquist acts ever > Betfair Community > Chit Chat Report kenny mann • June 10, 2011 11:01 PM BST I didn't think this thread would take off when I read the header. I didn't think this thread would take off when I read the header. Report SkintofGreatYarmouth • June 10, 2011 11:02 PM BST PETER BROUGH - Archie Andrews ROD HULL - Emu NEVILLE KING - Used an old man dummy that he would substitute with a midget. Also proficient at distant voice ventriloquism. SANDY POWELL - Provided a parody of ventriloquism -- the world's worst ventriloquist. ARTHUR WORSLEY - Worsley and his talkative dummy Charlie Brown appeared regularly on British television from the 1950s to the 1970s. "Charlie Brown ... dominated the act with his forceful personality. He would criticize Worsley's appearance and jibe him with remarks such as 'Turn me round son!' and 'Look at me when I'm talking to you!'" PETER BROUGH - Archie AndrewsROD HULL - EmuNEVILLE KING - Used an old man dummy that he would substitute with a midget. Also proficient at distant voice ventriloquism.SANDY POWELL - Provided a parody of ventriloquism -- the world's worst ventriloquis Report kenny mann • June 10, 2011 11:05 PM BST Ray Allen was top class though. Died last year aged 80, which staggered me as he looked so young when I used to see his act. Oh hang on, I'm getting an old bugar myself. It's making sense now. Ray Allen was top class though. Died last year aged 80, which staggered me as he looked so young when I used to see his act. Oh hang on, I'm getting an old bugar myself. It's making sense now. Report kenny mann • June 10, 2011 11:06 PM BST I remember Arthur Worsley. He kept an excellent deadpan countenance. I remember Arthur Worsley. He kept an excellent deadpan countenance. Report SkintofGreatYarmouth • June 10, 2011 11:07 PM BST TERRY HALL - Lenny the Lion, whose catchphrase was "Aw, don't embawass me!" Hall is credited as being one of the first ventriloquists to use a non-human puppet. TERRY HALL - Lenny the Lion, whose catchphrase was "Aw, don't embawass me!" Hall is credited as being one of the first ventriloquists to use a non-human puppet. Report SkintofGreatYarmouth • June 10, 2011 11:21 PM BST DENNIS SPICER - Was all smiles and charm, a huge hit at the 1964 Royal Variety Performance; and he may have been the most technically accomplished of all. He had enough elan to select two members of the audience and use them as living dummies, "working" them with a tap on the shoulder. Tragically, Dennis was killed in a car crash shortly afterwards; his dummy, in the car with him, remained intact. DENNIS SPICER - Was all smiles and charm, a huge hit at the 1964 Royal Variety Performance; and he may have been the most technically accomplished of all. He had enough elan to select two members of the audience and use them as living dummies, "worki Report Nilsson Schmilsson • June 10, 2011 11:27 PM BST Ken Dodd - Ken Dodd -*end of thread* Report SEEDGIRL • June 10, 2011 11:34 PM BST roger de'courcy and Nookie bear - Saucy act for 1970s adults. He was facking useless. roger de'courcy and Nookie bear - Saucy act for 1970s adults. He was facking useless. Report thedikler • June 10, 2011 11:36 PM BST [smiley:crazy] gottle of gear gottle of gear can you see my lips moving gottle of gear gottle of gear can you see my lips moving Report I_got_12_points_again • June 10, 2011 11:36 PM BST SEEDGIRL 10 Jun 11 23:34 roger de'courcy and Nookie bear - Saucy act for 1970s adults. He was facking useless. Showing your age there, ya silly old chunt..... SEEDGIRL 10 Jun 11 23:34 roger de'courcy and Nookie bear - Saucy act for 1970s adults. He was facking useless.Showing your age there, ya silly old chunt..... Report SEEDGIRL • June 10, 2011 11:45 PM BST My age is under 100, but still twice your I.Q. My age is under 100, but still twice your I.Q. Report I_got_12_points_again • June 10, 2011 11:46 PM BST SEEDGIRL, Check your pacemaker please, we do not want you passing out now..... SEEDGIRL,Check your pacemaker please, we do not want you passing out now..... Report bix • June 11, 2011 8:03 AM BST Does anyone remember Saveen with the dog that you thought was a dummy until it jumped down off the table and ran off at the end? Does anyone remember Saveen with the dog that you thought was a dummy until it jumped down off the table and ran off at the end? Report Cobblaz • June 11, 2011 8:22 AM BST Comedian Barry Cryer has a section about ventriloquists in his book "Pigs Can Fly" One involves a topless female vent; he didn't notice her lips move once! The second, "There was a brilliant ventriloquist called Dennis Spicer. Barry was in Newcastle doing a show with Ted Ray and others on television, and Dennis, who was also appearing, arrived very late. He finally entered the dressing room, apologising profusely and put a case down on the table. He opened the case, took out his doll and hung it on a hook on the wall. Then he said "I must have a pee, I must have a cup of tea, I'll be back in a minute", and left the room. He'd left the case unfastened, and the lid was ajar, so Ted Ray said, "Oh let's have a look" and he opened the lid of the case, and there was a frog with rolling eyes and all sorts of interesting props and bits and pieces in there, and then Ted said, "We shouldn't be doing this". He closed the lid, and when Dennis Spicer entered the room the doll hanging on the wall said, "He's had a look in your case, Dennis". Comedian Barry Cryer has a section about ventriloquists in his book "Pigs Can Fly"One involves a topless female vent; he didn't notice her lips move once!The second,"There was a brilliant ventriloquist called Dennis Spicer. Barry was in Newcastle doi Report cooperman • June 11, 2011 8:27 AM BST Arthur Worsley is the guv'nor by a street. Arthur Worsley is the guv'nor by a street. Report man of many moods • June 11, 2011 8:41 AM BST SEEDGIRL 10 Jun 11 23:34 Roger de'courcy. . . He was facking useless. Yet another ridiculous statement from the daft old fcker. I remember when Roger De Courcey won New Faces back in the 70s. He was absolutely brilliant on that from an entertainment point of view, although not technically perfect. Despite having an excellent career after that I never thought he really lived up to the promise of that first appearance. But still very entertaining nonetheless. SEEDGIRL 10 Jun 11 23:34 Roger de'courcy. . . He was facking useless.Yet another ridiculous statement from the daft old fcker.I remember when Roger De Courcey won New Faces back in the 70s.He was absolutely brilliant on that from an entertainmen Report selina • June 11, 2011 9:37 AM BST Cameron and Clegg perhaps? Report Lee Ho Fooks • June 11, 2011 10:00 AM BST not an acy Selina, yhey're both dummies not an acy Selina, yhey're both dummies Report Lee Ho Fooks • June 11, 2011 10:01 AM BST *act Report SEEDGIRL • June 11, 2011 10:47 AM BST Jeff Dunham, and Achmed, the dead terrorist. . Jeff Dunham, and Achmed, the dead terrorist..http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YMfVtfqvP34&feature=related Report BillyBunnsLane • June 11, 2011 10:51 AM BST Pip and puppy. Report glory hornet • June 11, 2011 11:10 AM BST Anyone remember a guy called Paul Zerdin ? think he one a Britains got talent style programme he had a little ginger haired puppet Anyone remember a guy called Paul Zerdin ? think he one a Britains got talent style programme he had a little ginger haired puppet Report DStyle • June 11, 2011 11:13 AM BST Terry Fator. Report glory hornet • June 11, 2011 11:17 AM BST Found him , remember this Guy being very funny http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e3NINTQC0dQ Found him , remember this Guy being very funny http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e3NINTQC0dQ Report UTI • June 11, 2011 11:26 AM BST Stephen Hawking - doesn't even bother with a puppet. Talk about confidence. Stephen Hawking - doesn't even bother with a puppet. Talk about confidence. Report HH Sultan Vinegar • June 11, 2011 12:00 PM BST Ronald Reagan Report Jack Hacksaw • June 11, 2011 12:23 PM BST I forget his name, but the bloke that did Basil Brush was brilliant. Technically, very gifted. I forget his name, but the bloke that did Basil Brush was brilliant.Technically, very gifted. Report kincsem • June 11, 2011 12:35 PM BST Posh and Becks. I'll let you guess which is the dummy. Posh and Becks. I'll let you guess which is the dummy. Report bix • June 11, 2011 1:15 PM BST There used to be one on TV who'd had a sex change. A hefty looking "female" called Terri I think. There used to be one on TV who'd had a sex change. A hefty looking "female" called Terri I think. Report five leaves left • June 11, 2011 1:28 PM BST Mr Winkle and SEEDGIRL	i don't know
‘Good to the last drop’ is the advertising slogan for which brand of beverage?	Coca-Cola Slogans History \| Coca-Cola GB . W.C. D’Arcy was associated with Coca-Cola for the next four decades (he even served on the Board of Directors for a time) until his retirement in 1945. Together with his creative director, Archie Lee, he crafted some of the greatest slogans in advertising history. While “Delicious and Refreshing” was part of the plan D’Arcy’s first big change was to add an arrow to all the advertising and packaging while adding the slogan, “Whenever You See an Arrow, Think of Coca-Cola .” In 1907 they added the slogans “Good to the Last Drop,” (yes, we beat Maxwell House with this one) to the advertising. [JM1] The team hit their stride by the 1920s when they created the “Thirst Knows No Season” (1922) and our longest-running tagline, “The Pause That Refreshes” (1929). That campaign was used in one form or another for almost three decades. Advertising began to change after World War II, when music and sung jingles played an increasingly important role in campaigns. Slogans became shorter to fit into a catchy melody. By 1955, Coca-Cola began to look for another agency who specialised in the modern radio and television advertising. In 1956, McCann Erickson was named the lead worldwide advertising agency for Coca-Cola . The changes in advertising were dramatic, and when the McGuire Sisters sang “Be Really Refreshed,” the company was aligned with the times. In 1963, Bill Backer, creative director for McCann, penned the jingle “Things Go Better with Coke,” and had the Limeliters record a demo in a run-down apartment on 57th Street in New York City. Backer had to splice together several tapes, and you could still hear several flaws in the recording. The company loved it and used that demo for the next six years! Backer also developed the slogan, “It’s the Real Thing,” for which he and his team wrote “ I’d Like to Buy the World a Coke ” in 1971. By 1993, with the constant evolution of advertising, The Coca-Cola Company once again switched agencies. We hired CAA (Creative Artists Agency) to develop ads for Coca-Cola . CAA would hire the best and brightest producers and directors in the field to produce ads based on the slogan, “Always Coca-Cola Polar Bears ) and Rob Reiner created the ads, and the jingle became an instant classic. Animated ads have always been a staple of Coca-Cola advertising, and the “Coke Side of Life” (2006) and “Open Happiness” (2009) campaigns featured some of the best the company has ever produced, including “Grand Theft Auto,” “It’s Mine” and “Happiness Factory.” Slogans, by their very nature, are supposed to be “mindstickers” or “earworms.” The purpose of advertising is to make people associate a slogan with a brand. Coca-Cola is fortunate to have had some of the greatest creative talent in advertising work on our marketing. While the fictional Don Draper from Mad Men could always come up with a slogan, in the real world, industry giants like W. C. D’Arcy, Archie Lee and Bill Backer produced some of the greatest slogans, jingles and ads of all time. Ted Ryan is director of Heritage Communications at The Coca-Cola	Maxwell House
American criminal Albert Henry DeSalvo was better known by what nickname in the 1960’s?	Top 10 World’s Most Iconic Slogans \| Top Design Magazine - Web Design and Digital Content Top 10 World’s Most Iconic Slogans If you are trying to come up with a slogan, then you must learn from the best. From “Just do it” to “I’m loving it”, here you will see 10 of the world’s most memorable slogans. 1. Maxwell Coffee: “Good to the last drop” The advertisers have used the remark of a former US President. The legend says that Theodore Roosevelt just finished drinking his Maxwell coffe at “Hermitage”, a fine coffee shop, when he declared that this drink is “good to the last drop”. 2. “De Beers” diamonds : “A diamond is forever” This slogan made by “DeBeer”, one of the world’s biggest diamond producer, is also called “the best slogan of the XX century”. Since its creation in 1947, the phrase caught the public and it was used in the movie industry (James Bond series) and also in music (Kanye West – “Diamonds are forever”). 3. Wheaties cereals: “The breakfast of Champions” “Wheaties” has the same slogan since 1927, when they build a advertising post on which it was printed. The only thing that was changed in the following years, is the atlet (Lou Gehrig). 4. Nike: “Just do it” Nike’s slogan is one of the most famous slogan in the history of advertising. It was made during a meeting in 1988, between the advertisers from “Wieden and Kennedy” and a group of employees from Nike. The phrase actually belongs to Dan Wieden, which, talkind with admiration about the Nike team’s proactive attitude, said: You Nike guys, you just do it. 5. Got milk? Got Milk? is an American advertising campaign encouraging the consumption of cow’s milk, which was created by the advertising agency Goodby Silverstein & Partners for the California Milk Processor Board in 1993 and later licensed for use by milk processors and dairy farmers. It has been running since October 24, 1993. The campaign has been credited with greatly increasing milk sales in California though not nationwide. 6. State Farm Insurance Company: “Like a good neighbor, State Farm is there” In 1969, after the huricane Camillie struck the city of Galveston, a journalist wrote an article about how the inssured residents received compensations and how lucky they were. Two years after, the company used this article in order to create “Like a Good Neighbor, State Farm is There”. 7. McDonald’s: “I’m lovin’it” Other recognized slogans are: “The closest thing to home”(1967-1969), “You deserve a break today”(1971-1975), “It’s a good time for the great taste of McDonald’s” (1984-1988), “Did somebody say McDonald’s?”(1997-2000), “We love to see you smile”(2000-2003). After more than 22 slogans (in USA only), in 2003 McDonald’s launched the first global campaign called “I’m lovin’ it”. At the end of the year, Justin Timberlake recorded a song called “I’m Lovin’ It” which was used by the fast food company as the main theme. This contract made Justin $6 million richer. 8. FedEx: “When it absolutely, positively has to be there overnight”(1978-1983)…”The world on time”(2009 – to present) At the begining the wanted to point out the idea of security and on-time delivery, but, with the globalization of the economy from the ’90s, the company started to focus more on world like “world” and also to focus on the client. 9. Coca-Cola: “Great national temperance beverage”(1906)…“Make it real”(2005) Every few years, Coke seems to change its slogan to keep up with the times. While the company used to focus on the experience of drinking, the latest slogans emphasize something more permanent and indefinite, such as “Always Coca-Cola” and “Make it real.” 10. Pepsi: “Twice as much for a nickel”(1939 -1950)…“Every Pepsi refreshes the world”(2010-to present) Pepsi’s fundamental challenge has always been to distinguish itself from a superior competitor with a product so analogous that a blind taste test can barely establish a difference. The company compensated by aiming young and snagging Michael Jackson, Justin Timberlake and the Spice Girls to assist with its messaging. The Cola Wars no longer have the same fizz of the 1980s, now that the top two sodas in the U.S. are Coke and Diet Coke.	i don't know
How many nights are in the novel ‘Arabian Nights’?	The Arabian Nights: One Thousand and One Nights Summary \| GradeSaver The Arabian Nights: One Thousand and One Nights Summary The Arabian Nights: One Thousand and One Nights Buy Study Guide The Arabian Nights is a collection of tales from the Islamic Golden Age, compiled by various authors over many hundreds of years. Though each collection features different stories, they are all centered around the frame story of the sultan Shahrayar and his wife, Scheherazade . After finding out that his first wife is unfaithful, Shahrayar kills her and swears to marry a different woman each night before killing her the following morning to prevent further betrayal. Scheherazade, his vizier's daughter, concocts a plan to end this pattern. She marries Shahrayar, and then begins to tell him a story that night. However, she stops the story in the middle, so that he will be excited to hear the rest the following night. The next evening, she finishes that story and then begins another, following the same pattern for 1,001 nights, until Shahrayar has a change of heart. The stories she tells comprise the collection. " Aladdin 's Lamp" tells of a peasant boy who is tricked by an evil magician into retrieving a magic genie lamp from a cave. However, Aladdin outsmarts him, keeping the lamp for himself. Through the genie's power, Aladdin grows rich and marries the sultan's daughter. When the magician steals the lamp back, Aladdin and his wife thwart and kill the villain. The magician's brother then attempts to avenge the dead man, but is equally defeated, so that Aladdin lives happily ever after. In " Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves," hardworking Ali Baba stumbles upon a thieves' hideout full of treasure, protected by a magic entry. When Ali Baba accidentally reveals the secret to his richer brother Cassim , Cassim gets trapped in the hideout, and killed by the thieves. The villains then try to track down and kill Ali Baba, but their plans are consistently thwarted by the quick-witted slave Morgiana . In "The Three Apples," a fisherman finds a chest in the ocean containing a woman's body. Both her father and her husband try to take the blame, but the caliph discerns that the husband had killed her, believing her unfaithful. He had brought her three rare apples when she was sick, then got mad when he saw a slave with one of the apples, claiming he had received the fruit from his girlfriend. Believing the slave, he killed the woman. He then learned that his son had actually given the apple to the slave, who then lied to stir up trouble. The ruler's vizier Ja'far ascertains that his own slave is the culprit, and the caliph pardons everyone. "The Seven Voyages of Sinbad the Sailor" are told by a famous sailor to an impoverished porter, to explain the trials and tribulations that the sailor suffered at sea. Over the course of his seven voyages, Sinbad faced: various shipwrecks; strange beasts such as giant eagles, rocs, and giants; malicious figures such as the Old Man of the Sea ; and many other obstacles. Even though he dealt with danger on every voyage, Sinbad continued to sail, lured by the thrill and excitement of the sea. Finally, after seven voyages, he decided to settle down with his wealth. "The Fisherman and the Jinni" tells the story of a fisherman whose nets retrieve a yellow jar from the sea. He opens it to release a dangerous genie, who has been trapped for hundreds of years and had decided to kill the man who rescues him. The fisherman tricks the genie into returning to the jar, and then tells him the story of "The Vizier and the Sage Duban ," detailed below. After the story, the genie promises to reward the fisherman, and indeed shows him a magic lake full of strange fish. The fisherman sells the fish to the sultan, who explores the area of the lake to meet a sad prince who had been turned half to stone. He helps the prince, and then rewards everyone involved. In "The Vizier and the Sage Duban," a wise healer named Duban heals King Yunan 's leprosy, but Yunan's vizier convinces the king that Duban is out to kill him. Yunan has Duban executed on that suspicion, and Duban gifts him a magic book before he dies. After the wise man is beheaded, the king flips through the book, and then dies himself from a poison that Duban has left on its pages. Finally, "The Three Princes and the Princes Nouronnihar " details the journeys of three brother princes who each wants to marry their cousin Nouronnihar. Their father, the Grand Sultan, promises that whichever brother finds the most valuable item will win the woman's hand. They each find amazing items - a magic carpet that transports its owner, a tube that shows whatever the viewer wishes, and an apple that heals anyone. When the brothers learn that Nouronnihar is ill, they pool the items and manage to save her life.	1 001
English singer/songwriter Paloma Faith was born with which surname?	Book Review of The Arabian Nights (9781846861222) — Foreword Reviews Reviewed by Teresa Scollon January 21, 2011 In this book, author and translator Wafa’ Tarnowska retells the stories of The Thousand and One Nights, or The Arabian Nights in a large, generously illustrated volume that is meant to be a permanent part of a home or library collection. And rightly so, because this ancient collection of tales and fables from Persia, India, and the Arab world has, as Tarnowska writes in her foreword, “become a part of the world’s cultural heritage.” In them, the bride Shahrazade saves her own life, and that of countless other young women, by telling tales for one thousand and one nights to her new husband, the king Shahriyar. She begins with the tale of Aladdin and his wonderful lamp. For ages eight and older. Disclosure: This article is not an endorsement, but a review. The author provided free copies of his/her book to have his/her book reviewed by a professional reviewer. No fee was paid by the author for this review. Foreword Reviews only recommends books that we love. Foreword Magazine, Inc. is disclosing this in accordance with the Federal Trade Commission’s 16 CFR, Part 255.	i don't know
American Falls, Bridal Veil Falls and Horseshoe Falls are all part of which waterfall?	Bridal Veil Falls \| Marriott Niagara Falls Home › Bridal Veil Falls With a water trail that looks like a bride’s veil, the flowing waters of the Bridal Veil Falls in Niagara Falls, New York is a popular tourist attraction. The Niagara Falls consists of three falls–the mighty, crescent shaped Horseshoe Falls, the equally voluminous American Falls and the smallest of the lot, the Bridal Veil Falls. In the past, this waterfall has also been called Luna Falls and Iris Falls. 181 Feet High It is the only one among the three falls which visitors can get the closest to on land. The American and Bridal Veil Falls are located side by side with the Luna Island separating them, while Goat Island splits it from the Horseshoe Falls. The waterfall is around 55 feet wide and falls from a height of 181 feet, crashing into the Niagara River below. It is accessible from two places on the US side–Luna Island and the Cave of the Winds tour from Goat Island . An uninhabited place, Luna Island enables you to get close to the edge of the Bridal Veil Falls. Visitors can walk across the small island to a viewpoint that overlooks the falls. Cave of the Winds The Cave of the Winds Tour is very exciting as you are literally showered with the water from the Bridal Veil Falls as you stand below. An elevator takes you 175 feet down to the base of the gorge, after which wooden walkways lead you to the Hurricane Deck. This is the place where you can be unbelievably close to the falls and touch and feel the waters as it falls down on you from far above. The Hurricane Deck is so called because of the storm-like conditions there with the heavy winds, the thundering sound of the waterfall and the spray pouring down upon you. You understand the power and beauty of nature as you experience this waterfall at such close quarters. For people with disabilities and families with very young children, another deck 150 feet away enables a great view without getting wet. Maid of the Mist One more way to view the falls from a different angle is to take the thrilling Maid of the Mist boat ride. It takes you to all three falls and you can view the Bridal Veil Falls from the boat, cruising along the Niagara River. Bring along a waterproof camera to capture pictures from all these viewpoints as each one offers a different perspective. If you wish to have an aerial view of all three falls, head to the Prospect Point Observation Tower. You can see the Bridal Veil Falls from a height of 230 feet here, so it makes for a lovely panoramic view. Good things come in small packages is a saying that holds true for the Bridal Veil Falls–small it may be but experiencing it gives you a big thrill. Stay at the #1 ranked hotel in Niagara Falls, the Marriott Fallsview Hotel & Spa. For our best rates and valuable add-ons view our:	Niagara Falls
The Welsh town of Aberystwyth lies on which bay?	American Falls - Facts US Side of Niagra Falls American Falls American Falls American Falls American Falls, which can be best described as the American Side of Niagara Falls, is comparatively a small waterfall lies far left of the Horseshoe Falls in the US State territory, New York between Prospect Point and Luna Island. The American Falls looks like 'W' in shape light up in multi-colours every evening. The estimated water flow over the US side of Niagara Falls is 75,000 gallons per second, which comes just the 10% of Niagara Falls total water flow. As per the studies and researches, it has been concluded that the American Falls will transform into a succession of descending rapids due to natural forces of erosion. The high flow rate of water causes the fall of large sections of bedrock in the American Falls, which is composed of soft shale and limestone. In order to study the rock fall and to calculate the amount of rocks at the base of the cataract, scientists blocked the US side of Niagara Falls in 1969. Though the height of American Falls is higher than the Canadian counterpart, no daredevils ever preferred to go over the American Falls. All the stunts were done at the Canadian Horseshoe Falls , which is more popular with its immense water flow rate and shape. Facts about American side of Niagara Falls Height: 180 ft (56 metres) Crestline: 1075 ft (328 metres) wide Estimated Water Flow: Each second 75,000 gallons Recent Notable Rock Fall: 1954 (Fall at the north of Prospect Point) Find hotels accommodations and resorts in the American side of Niagara Falls.	i don't know
In which year did Prince Andrew marry Sarah Ferguson?	BBC ON THIS DAY \| 23 \| 1986: Prince Andrew weds Sarah Ferguson 1986: Prince Andrew weds Sarah Ferguson Prince Andrew and Sarah Ferguson have married at Westminster Abbey. Thousands of people lined the streets of London and a worldwide TV audience of 500 million tuned in to catch a glimpse of the pageantry. Miss Ferguson arrived at the 900-year-old church at 1130 BST - only a couple of minutes late - after riding from Clarence House in the Glass Coach with her father, Sir Ronald. Inside, 2,000 people, amid 30,000 flowers, watched the bride make her four-minute walk up the blue-carpeted aisle, sweeping a 17-foot train behind her. As well as the families of the bride and groom, guests included 17 members of foreign royalty, US First Lady Nancy Reagan and Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. Title deed The Queen conferred Prince Andrew with the title Duke of York - last held by King George VI and traditionally reserved for the sovereign's second son - just 90 minutes before the ceremony. Prince Edward was best man to his 26-year-old brother and Prince Charles read the lesson in a service conducted by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr Robert Runcie. As the couple exchanged their vows cheers could be heard from the crowd outside. The new Duchess of York mistakenly repeated Prince Andrew's middle name, Christian, and agreed to obey her husband - a clause omitted by Princess Diana in her 1981 marriage to Prince Charles. After they had signed the register the couple rode in the open-topped 1902 State Landau to Buckingham Palace. The Duchess looked radiant in her ivory duchesse satin dress, next to the Duke - four months her junior - in the ceremonial day dress of a naval lieutenant. A crowd of 100,000 clamoured to see their first public kiss as man and wife on the balcony of the Palace. Following their wedding party for 300 guests at Claridges Hotel, the couple will honeymoon in the Azores.	1986
The ‘Goose Fair’ is held annually in which English city?	Could Prince Andrew and Sarah Ferguson be about to remarry? \| Royal \| News \| Daily Express ROYAL Could Prince Andrew and Sarah Ferguson be about to remarry? THE Duke and Duchess of York are enjoying a romantic Mediterranean holiday amid growing rumours that they plan to remarry. 00:00, Sun, Sep 1, 2013 Lady in waiting: Fergie Prince Andrew and Sarah Ferguson have spent the past fortnight at a rented villa in the exclusive Spanish resort of Sotogrande. The pair, who separated in 1992 and divorced in 1996, have described themselves as the “world’s happiest unmarried couple”. The Queen invited the once-disgraced Fergie to stay at Balmoral Castle in Scotland last month for just the third time since she left the Royal Family. Although Her Majesty has a soft spot for her former daughter-in-law, Prince Philip has described her as “pointless” and “odd” and would never allow Andrew to remarry her while he is alive. Insiders have told how Sarah would love to do so once Philip has passed away and tells friends it is “only a matter of time”. The couple, both 53, were joined in Spain by daughters Beatrice, 25, and Eugenie, 23. Joking: Duke of York You would never know they are divorced because they are laughing and joking all the time and look so relaxed A source A source in Sotogrande said: “You would never know they are divorced because they are laughing and joking all the time and look so relaxed. It wouldn’t surprise me at all if they got married again.” Andrew and Sarah wed in 1986 and separated after six years when Fergie became disillusioned with his long periods at sea in the Royal Navy. She then began an affair with Texan oilman Steve Wyatt and they split when it became public in 1992. Later that year Fergie was photographed having her toes sucked by her American “financial adviser” John Bryan. She has spent much of the past 17 years living under the same roof as Andrew and her daughters. A spokesman for the Duchess denied reports that they would remarry. A friend said: “They don’t want to rock the boat while Prince Philip is still alive but we all feel it will happen in time.” Related articles	i don't know
Which circle of latitude on the Earth is also known as the Northern Tropic?	Understanding Longitudes and Latitudes The Equator passes through 14 countries, including Uganda, Kenya, Somalia, Indonesia, Ecuador, Colombia and Brazil. Imaginary Circles Often called parallels or circles of latitude, latitudes are imaginary circles parallel to the Equator. They are named after the angle created by a line connecting the latitude and the center of the Earth, and the line connecting the Equator and the center of the Earth. Latitudes specify the North-South position of a location on the globe. Locations in the Northern Hemisphere are identified by northern latitudes and are assigned a suffix of N for north. Southern Hemisphere locations, on the other hand, are on southern latitudes and are assigned a suffix of S for south. Notable Latitudes The Equator represents 0° latitude, while the North and South Poles represent 90° North and 90° South latitudes. In addition to the Equator, there are four other major latitudes that are usually found on maps and globes. The Arctic Circle is the latitude 66° 34′ North. All locations falling North of this latitude are said to be in the Arctic Circle. The Antarctic Circle on the other hand, is the latitude 66° 34′ south. Any locations falling south of this latitude are said to be in the Antarctic Circle. Places in both these circles experience extreme weather, and experience the midnight sun, as well as polar nights. The latitude 23° 26′ North is also known as the Tropic of Cancer. It marks the northern-most position on the Earth, where the Sun is directly overhead at least once a year. This happens during the June Solstice , when the Earth’s Northern Hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun. The Tropic of Capricorn is the latitude that lies at 23° 26′ South of the Equator. It is the southern-most position on the globe, where the sun is directly overhead during the December Solstice . Sometimes, latitudes north of the Equator are denoted by a positive sign. Latitudes south of the Equator are given negative values. This eliminates the need to add whether the specified latitude is north or south of the Equator. East-West Locations Longitudes are geographical positioning markers that run from the geographical North Pole to the geographical South Pole, intersecting the Equator. They meet at both Poles, and specify the East-West position of a location. Longitudes are therefore imaginary circles that intersect the North and South Poles, and the Equator. Half of a longitudinal circle is known as a Meridian. Meridians are perpendicular to every latitude. Unlike, latitudes, there is no obvious central longitude. However, in order to measure the position of a location based on the longitude, cartographers and geographers over the course of history have designated different locations as the main longitudinal reference point. Today, the meridian line through Greenwich, England is considered as the reference point for longitudes. This line is also known as the Prime Meridian The Prime Meridian is set as 0° longitude and it divides the Earth into the Eastern and the Western Hemisphere. All the other longitudes are measured, and named after the angle they make with respect to the center of the Earth from the intersection of the Meridian and the Equator. Since a sphere has 360 degrees, the Earth is divided into 360 longitudes. The meridian right opposite the Prime Meridian (on the other side of the Earth) is the 180° longitude. Modern timekeeping systems use longitudes as references to keep time. Time zones are defined by the Prime Meridian and the longitudes. An Easy Way to Remember One easy way to remember the orientation of latitudes and longitudes is longitudes are long, and latitudes are lateral. Did You Know? A Great Circle is any circle that is formed by a plane that passes through the center of the Earth. The Equator and the circles created by the meridians form Great Circles. A straight line connecting two Great Circles is the shortest distance between them. Because of this, they are important for the study of migration and other human interactions and activities including shipping and airline routes.	Tropic of Cancer
English statesman Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex, was executed during the reign of which English monarch?	Major Circles Of Latitude - worldfactsinc worldfactsinc Lines of latitude are imaginary east - west circles which connect the earth's locations. A locational position can then be determined along with the line of latitude's opposite counterpart, a line of longtitude. Lines of latitude - also known as parallels because they run parallel to one another - are the horizontal lines on a map and as the earth is spherical they appear with varying curvature and radii. Lines of latitude begin at 0 degrees at the point of the Equator and rise or fall at intervals of 15 degrees or every 69 miles / 111 kilometers, to their respective poles (which are situated at 90 or - 90 degrees) which is where both the North Pole (+) and South Pole (-) are located. There are five major circles of latitude which correspond with the axial tilt of the earth. Currently the earth's axis is set at 23.44 degrees, but this is not constant as the earth's axis shifts by between plus and minus 0.005 degrees. The earth's orbital plane, known as the Obliquity of the Ecliptic, causes the orbital axial tilt to spin 360 degrees around the Sun. One complete orbit - which travels in a counter clockwise direction - equals one year and defines the planet's seasons. The Equatorial Line is situated at 0 degrees, at the earth's widest point, which measures 40,066 kilometers. The Equator divides the earth into it's Northern and Southern Hemispheres and defines each hemisphere's season, which are exact opposites to each other. Other opposites which occur due to the north / south divide are large horizontal flows of air (hurricanes) which flow clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and anti - clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. The southern sun is seen passing from west to east or a right to left trajectory in the skies of the Northern Hemisphere and passes from east to west or on a left to right trajectory in the skies of the Southern Hemisphere. Falling projectiles veer in opposite directions on different hemispheres too, with a slight veer to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and a slight veer to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. Water draining through any type of drainage hole, such as a plug hole in a sink, also travel in opposite directions dependent upon which hemisphere they happen to be on. The areas of the world which lie along the line of the Equator are synonomous for having the quickest rate of sunset and sunrise in the world, have a constant year round 12 hour day / 12 hour night and have little distinction between their seasons, other than being wet or dry. Countries situated along the Equator are; Brazil - Colombia - democratic Republic of Congo - Ecuador - Gabon - Indonesia - Kenya - Sao Tome & Principe - Somalia - Uganda. Despite it's name, no part of Equatorial Guinea lies along the line of the Equator. Capital cities which are situated nearest to the Equatorial line are; Quito in Ecudor (24 km north). Libreville in Gabon (25 km south). Kampala in Uganda (32 km south). THE ARCTIC CIRCLE The Arctic Circle is situated at 66 degrees North of the Equator. The line of the Arctic Circle measures 39,992 kms. The area south of this line marks the Northern Temperate Zone and the area above is synonomous with Polar Day or The Midnight Sun, a 24 hour period of daylight during the time of the June Solstice, and Polar Night - a 24 hour period of darkness during the time of the December Solstice. The climate above the Arctic Circle is characterised by frigid Winters and cold Summers, although due to global warming temperatures are rising significantly resulting in polar shrinkage. The North Pole, an area where the earth's axis of rotation intersects with it's surface, is situated at 90 degrees North. Countries / Territories situated along or above the Arctic Circle line are ; Canada - Finland - Greenland - Iceland - Norway - Sweden - Russian Federation - Alaska, USA. THE ANTARCTIC CIRCLE The Antarctic Circle is situated at 66 degrees south of the Equator. The line of the Antarctic Circle measures 39,992 kms. The area above this line marks the earth's Southern Temperate Zone and the area below is synonomous with periods of 24 hours of daylight during the time of the December Solstice and a 24 hour period of darkness during the time of the June Solstice. The climate below the Antarctic Circle is characterised by year round frigid temperatures. Air pollution in this area of the world is low, giving rise to clear, clean, cold air. The continent of Antarctica is also the world's coldest, driest and windiest location. The South Pole, an area where the earth's axis of rotation intersects with it's surface, is situated at 90 degrees South. Only the continent of Antarctica is situated along and below the Antarctic Circle line. THE TROPIC OF CANCER The Tropic of Cancer is situated at 23 degrees north of the Equator, although this is not a fixed position, with the line drifting southwards at half a second of latitude or 15 meters a year. The Tropic of Cancer is dictated by the earth's axis of rotation relative to it's place of orbit. The area along this line marks the most northerly latitude in which the sun can be directly above the earth. This happens during the June, Summer Solstice, when the earth is tilted towards the sun at it's maximum extent. Areas situated between this line and it's southern counterpart, the Tropic of Capricorn, are known as the Tropics or the Torrid Zone, countries where all twelve months of the year have a mean temperature exceeding 18 degrees and their seasons are defined by a wet or dry season, rather than by Spring, Summer, Autumn or Winter. Countries / territories situated along the Tropic of Cancer line are; Algeria - Bahamas - Bangladesh - China - Egypt - India - Libya - Mali - Mauritania - Mexico - Myanmar - Niger - Oman - Saudi Arabia - Taiwan - United Arab Emirates. Capital cities situated nearest to the Tropic of Cancer line are Muscat in Oman and Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates. THE TROPIC OF CAPRICORN The Tropic of Capricorn is situated at 23 degrees south of the Equator, although this is not a fixed position, with the line drifting northwards at a rate of half a second of latitude or 15 meters a year. The Tropic of Capricorn is dictated by the earth's axis of rotation relative to it's place of orbit. The area along this line marks the most southerly latitude in which the sun can be directly above the earth.This happens during the December Solstice when the earth is tilted towards the sun at it's maximum extent. Areas situated between this line and it's northern counterpart, the Tropic of Cancer, are known as the Tropics or Torrid Zone, countries where all twelve months of the year have a mean temperature exceeeding 18 degrees and their seasons are defined by a wet or dry season, rather than Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter. Countries situated along the Tropic of Capricorn line are; Argentina - Australia - Botswana - Brazil - Chile - Madagascar - Mozambique - Namibia - Paraguay - South Africa. The only capital city situated nearest to the Tropic of Cancer line is Windhoek in Namibia. HOURS OF DAYLIGHT DURING THE JUNE SOLSTICE When the world's annual solstices and equinoxes occur - Northern Hemisphere's Spring Equinox - March 20 - Southern Hemisphere's Autumnal Equinox Northern Hemisphere's Summer Solstice - June 21 - Southern Hemisphere's Winter Solstice Northern Hemisphere's Autumnal Equinox - September 23 - Southern Hemisphere's Spring Equinox Northern Hemisphere's Winter Solstice - December 21 - Southern Hemisphere's Summer Solstice LIKE THIS? Show your friends - Tweet	i don't know
Dipsophobia is the irrational fear of doing what?	What is Dipsophobia? What is Dipsophobia? written by: jason1244 • edited by: Paul Arnold • updated: 3/8/2011 “My mother’s father drank and her mother was an unhappy, neurotic woman, and I think she has lived all her life afraid of anyone who drinks for fear something like that might happen to her" is a quote by John Hurt who is probably best known as the lead actor in “The Elephant Man". Can you relate? slide 1 of 5 What is Dipsophobia? Dipsophobia is an abnormal and persistent fear of drinking alcohol. If you have what might be considered an undue anxiety about becoming addicted to alcohol and you are concerned about the effect that it could have on your body, you could be suffering from dipsophobia. The opposite of dipsophobia is dipsomania or a strong desire or cravings for alcohol, but that’s another article. slide 2 of 5 What are the Causes of Dipsophobia? Like many phobias dipsophobia is caused by irrational thoughts about your situation or some object that you may be focused on, but actually presents no danger to you. The natural thing to do under these circumstances is to avoid the things that frighten you. If you are dipsophobic, you may try to avoid environments where people will be drinking or you may choose not to associate with drinkers at all in your personal life. The debate about the causes of phobic behavior in the mental health community are many, some believe it could be a result of trauma, or a learned behavior from your parents and/or a chemical imbalance in the brain. slide 3 of 5 What are the Symptoms of Dipsophobia? People who suffer from phobias often share the same or similar physical symptoms when they feel threatened or anxious. The symptoms can come simultaneously or be sequential. Take a look at the partial list below to see if you recognize any of the symptoms. Panic and fear (terror, extreme fright, feeling like you might die) Rapid heartbeat (you can actually feel your heart beat in your chest) Shortness of breath (tightness in your throat and/or chest) Trembling (shaking hands, weak knees and general nervousness) A strong desire to get away (all you can think about is the exit) Nausea (swirling feeling in your stomach, dizziness in your head) Sweating (sweaty hands, under arms, forehead and/or legs) slide 4 of 5	Ethanol
The world’s first vacuum bottling factory was opened in which European country in 1804?	What is Dipsophobia? What is Dipsophobia? written by: jason1244 • edited by: Paul Arnold • updated: 3/8/2011 “My mother’s father drank and her mother was an unhappy, neurotic woman, and I think she has lived all her life afraid of anyone who drinks for fear something like that might happen to her" is a quote by John Hurt who is probably best known as the lead actor in “The Elephant Man". Can you relate? slide 1 of 5 What is Dipsophobia? Dipsophobia is an abnormal and persistent fear of drinking alcohol. If you have what might be considered an undue anxiety about becoming addicted to alcohol and you are concerned about the effect that it could have on your body, you could be suffering from dipsophobia. The opposite of dipsophobia is dipsomania or a strong desire or cravings for alcohol, but that’s another article. slide 2 of 5 What are the Causes of Dipsophobia? Like many phobias dipsophobia is caused by irrational thoughts about your situation or some object that you may be focused on, but actually presents no danger to you. The natural thing to do under these circumstances is to avoid the things that frighten you. If you are dipsophobic, you may try to avoid environments where people will be drinking or you may choose not to associate with drinkers at all in your personal life. The debate about the causes of phobic behavior in the mental health community are many, some believe it could be a result of trauma, or a learned behavior from your parents and/or a chemical imbalance in the brain. slide 3 of 5 What are the Symptoms of Dipsophobia? People who suffer from phobias often share the same or similar physical symptoms when they feel threatened or anxious. The symptoms can come simultaneously or be sequential. Take a look at the partial list below to see if you recognize any of the symptoms. Panic and fear (terror, extreme fright, feeling like you might die) Rapid heartbeat (you can actually feel your heart beat in your chest) Shortness of breath (tightness in your throat and/or chest) Trembling (shaking hands, weak knees and general nervousness) A strong desire to get away (all you can think about is the exit) Nausea (swirling feeling in your stomach, dizziness in your head) Sweating (sweaty hands, under arms, forehead and/or legs) slide 4 of 5	i don't know
The AK Parti (the Justice and Development Party) is a political party in which country?	Justice and Development Party \| political party, Turkey \| Britannica.com Justice and Development Party Alternative Titles: Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi, AK Parti, AK Party, AKP Related Topics Turkey Justice and Development Party, Turkish Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi (AKP), also called AK Party or Turkish AK Parti, political party that came to power in Turkey in the general elections of 2002. In spite of the party’s nonconfessional mandate , the AKP draws significant support from nonsecular Turks and has faced objections from some segments of Turkish society that it harbours an Islamist agenda that could undermine Turkey’s secular foundation. The success of the AKP in the early 2000s can be traced to inroads made in the 1990s by the Welfare Party (WP; Refah Partisi), an Islamic party founded in 1983. Buoyed by the increasing role of Islam in Turkish life in the 1980s and ’90s—evidenced by changes in dress and appearance, segregation of the sexes, the growth of Islamic schools and banks, and support for Sufi orders—the WP won an overwhelming victory in the 1995 parliamentary elections and became the first Islamic party ever to win a general election in Turkey. In January 1998, however, the WP was banned by Turkey’s constitutional court on charges of disturbing the secular order. A number of its members joined another Islamic party, the newly formed Virtue Party (VP; Fazilet Partisi), but in June 2001 it too was banned. In August a group led by Abdullah Gül and Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (a former mayor of Istanbul [1994–98]) struck out to form the AKP—or AK Party, ak in Turkish also meaning “white” or “clean”—as a democratic, conservative , nonconfessional movement. Unlike its predecessors, the AKP did not centre its image around an Islamic identity; indeed, its leaders underscored that it was not an Islamist party and emphasized that its focus was democratization, not the politicization of religion. Nevertheless, the political roots of the AKP and its leadership, some of the party’s political endeavours (including proposed regulation of the display and advertisement of alcohol), and the head scarves worn by some AKP leaders’ wives—including Emine Erdoğan and Hayrünnisa Gül—meant that the AKP was viewed with suspicion by some segments of the Turkish population. Similar Topics Labour Party In spite of the fact that the AKP was a relatively new party, it won enough seats in the November 2002 parliamentary elections to earn an absolute majority in the 550-seat parliament. Although Erdoğan was legally barred from serving in parliament or as prime minister because of a 1998 conviction for inciting religious hatred—he had recited a poem that compared mosques to barracks, minarets to bayonets, and the faithful to an army—a constitutional amendment passed in December 2002 effectively removed Erdoğan’s disqualification. After he won a by-election on March 9, 2003, Erdoğan was asked by Pres. Ahmet Necdet Sezer to form a new government, and on May 14, 2003, Erdoğan took office as prime minister. At the AKP’s first general assembly, held in October of that year, members unanimously reelected Erdoğan as the party’s chairman. The next year the AKP was broadly successful in local elections. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, 2008. Photo by Serkan Eldeleklioglu-Bora Omerogullari-Ozan Atasoy/Copyright World Economic Forum (www.weforum.org) Tensions that had been simmering between Turkey’s secularist parties and the AKP were heightened in 2007, when attempts by the parliament to elect Gül to the country’s presidency were blocked by an opposition boycott . In response to the subsequent stalemate, early general elections were held in July of that year and yielded an overwhelming victory for the AKP. Gül was subsequently again put forth as a candidate for president, and on August 28, 2007, he was elected by parliament to the position. Abdullah Gül and his wife, Hayrünnisa, greeting AKP supporters at an election victory … Murad Sezer/AP World Organizations: Fact or Fiction? The AKP and its secular opponents clashed again in early 2008, when parliament passed an amendment that lifted a ban on head scarves—an outward sign of religion long contested in Turkey—on university campuses. Opponents of the AKP renewed their charges that the party posed a threat to Turkish secular order, and in March the constitutional court voted to hear a case that called for the dismantling of the AKP and the banning of dozens of party members, including Erdoğan, from political life for five years. In July 2008 the court ruled narrowly against the party’s closure but sharply reduced its state funding. Britannica Stories	Turkey
In which year was the Bank of England entirely nationalised?	Project MUSE - The Emergence of a New Turkey The Emergence of a New Turkey Democracy and the AK Parti Yavuz, M. Hakan Publication Year: 2006 The start of accession talks between Turkey and the European Union presents an important challenge for Europe and the Muslim world. Although Turkey has often been cited as a model for the accommodation of Islam and secularism, Islam is still a profound factor in Turkish politics. This book explores the conditions under which an Islamic movement or party ceases to be Islamic. The Emergence of a New Turkey explains the social, economic, and historical origins of the ruling Justice and Development Party, which evolved from Turkey's half-century-old Islamic National Outlook movement. It focuses on the interplay between internal and external forces in the transformation of political Islam into a conservative democratic party. The book also discusses the effect of neoliberal economic policies in Turkey, offering keen insight into one of the most successful transformations of an Islamic movement in the Muslim world. In addition to satisfying Turkish studies specialists, this lucidly written book is also suited for use in courses on comparative politics, social movements, and Middle East history and politics. Download PDF pp. ix-x This book owes many debts to friends and colleagues. Some of my preliminary ideas about the Justice and Development Party (JDP) were sketched out in my earlier book, Islamic Political Identity in Turkey (2003). When I decided to organize a workshop on the JDP, Ibrahim Karawan, the director of the Middle East Center of the University of Utah, supported the idea eagerly. ... Introduction Download PDF pp. 1-20 Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi (the Justice and Development Party; JDP) is also called AK Parti, meaning the “uncontaminated” or “pure” party to differentiate itself from the other political parties that were involved in widespread corruption before the November 2002 Turkish national elections. ... I. Identity, Ideology, and Leadership 1. Turkish Religious Market(s): A View Based on the Religious Economy Theory Massimo Introvigne Download PDF pp. 23-48 This chapter discusses the relevance of the sociological theory of religious economy for analyzing the competition in the semimonopolistic religious market of a country with a large Islamic majority such as Turkey. The theory of religious economy applied here was summarized by Rodney Stark and Roger Finke in their seminal book Acts of Faith.1 ... 2. The Meaning of Conservative Democratic Political Identity Yalçın Akdoğan Download PDF pp. 49-65 The Justice and Development Party (JDP; Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi; AK Party) views and projects itself as a conservative democratic party. It was founded under the leadership of the current prime minister, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, on August 14, 2001, and is the thirty-ninth political party established in the history of modern Turkey. ... 3. Christian Democracy and the JDP: Parallels and Contrasts William Hale Download PDF pp. 66-87 Ever since its foundation in 2001, the leaders of the Justice and Development Party (JDP) have stoutly maintained that their party is not based on religion, and is strictly a “conservative democratic party.” In an interview given shortly after the JDP government came into office in November 2002, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, the party chairman, admitted that “[s]ome people may think differently. ... 4. The Justice and Development Party: Identity, Politics, and Human Rights Discoursein the Search for Security and Legitimacy İhsan D. Dağı Download PDF pp. 88-106 Since its formation in 2001 under the leadership of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, the former mayor of Istanbul elected in 1995 from the pro-Islamic Welfare Party, the Justice and Development Party (JDP) has been seen as an outsider, an intruder, and even an anomaly by many secularists. This view is symbolically demonstrated by the exclusion of the prime minister’s headscarved wife from official occasions taking place at broadly defined “public places.” ... 5. A Pro-Islamic Party?: Promises and Limits of Turkey’s Justice and Development Party Sultan Tepe Download PDF pp. 107-135 Many observers of Islamic politics have viewed the rise of Turkey’s Justice and Development Party (JDP) as a litmus test of whether and how a party can successfully reconcile the forces of Islam and liberal democracy. In fact, the JDP’s rise to power in the November 2002 election has been remarkable and reveals both the resiliency of Islam as a political force and the extremely volatile nature of Turkish politics. ... 6. Reinterpretation of Secularism in Turkey: The Case of the Justice and Development Party Ahmet T. Kuru Download PDF pp. 136-159 On September 20, 2004, Turkish President A. Necdet Sezer stood before a symposium on religion and proclaimed, “Secularism is a way of life, which should be adopted by an individual. A ‘secular individual’ should confine religion in the sacred place of his conscience and not allow his belief to affect this world.” ... 7. The New Generation Pro-Islamists in Turkey: Bases of the Justice and Development Party in Changing Electoral Space Ali Çarkoğlu 8. Symbols and Shadow Play: Military-JDP Relations, 2002–2004 Gareth Jenkins Download PDF pp. 185-206 The landslide victory of the Justice and Development Party (JDP) in the November 3, 2002, general elections represented arguably the greatest challenge to the traditional concept of Turkish secularism since the foundation of the Republic in 1923.1 For the first time a party with explicitly Islamist roots had an overwhelming majority in Parliament. ... 9. The Political Economy of Turkey’s Justice and Development Party Ziya Öniş Download PDF pp. 207-234 The extraordinary electoral success of the Justice and Development Party (JDP) in the November 2002 general elections, following a decade of political instability under successive coalition governments, represented a major turning point in Turkey’s political and economic trajectory. ... 10. Labor Pains or Achilles’ Heel: The Justice and Development Party and Labor in Turkey Engin Yıldırım Download PDF pp. 235-257 The coming of the Justice and Development Party (JDP) to power in November 2002 initiated an interesting period in the annals of the Turkish Republic. The new government has created a momentum in the sphere of democratization. ... 11. Gender Politics of the JDP Edibe Sözen Download PDF pp. 258-280 This chapter seeks to address two issues. First it examines the gender politics of the JDP by using some face-to-face interviews conducted with female members of the party. Second, it investigates the place of women in political life and their relevant political identities within the context of the party and government practices. ... 12. JDP and Foreign Policy as an Agent of Transformation Burhanettin Duran Download PDF pp. 281-305 The Justice and Development Party’s (JDP) landslide victory in the November 2002 elections in Turkey has been considered a success of Kemalism by a prominent Turkish social scientist, Şerif Mardin. It is paradoxical that the new strength of Islam in Turkey has been the result of the Kemalist reforms that aimed at controlling Islam.1 ... 13. Turkey and the Iraqi Crisis: JDP Between Identity and Interest Saban Kardaş	i don't know
Apart from English, what is the official language of Pakistan?	Pakistani Languages \|Languages of Pakistan Nov 2, 2011 Pakistani Languages Languages of Pakistan.Pakistan is considered to be a special country where many languages are spoken. Every person knows that language shows the heritage, culture and identity of people. According to survey that almost 200 languages are spoken in Pakistan. Since many years, the official language of Pakistan was the Persian. But before the British came, Urdu language was created or developed. Pakistan has many distinctive and different languages such as Urdu, Punjabi, English, Sindhi, Pashto and balochi. Urdu is considered to be the national language of Pakistan and it is the perfect combination of many languages like Arabic, Persian and many local languages. It is very much similar to Hindi. If we talk about Sindhi language then it is spoken in the sindh province. According to survey that almost 26 million people speak Sindhi in Pakistan. It is considered to be an Indo-Aryan language. Moreover, Sindhi language has 15 vowels and 47 consonant phonemes. Furthermore, in case of Pashto language, it is spoken in the province of North West Frontier Province. This language is also known as pathani. This language is considered to be an Iranian language. Moreover, Punjabi language is spoken in the Punjab province. It is considered to be an indo-European language. Balochi language is spoken in the Baluchistan province and it is considered to be an Iranian language and it is much similar like Kurdish language. Apart from all these languages, English is considered to be an official language now a days. This language is used in order to communicate with other countries all over the world. It became the official and national language of Pakistan during the 11th century. If we talk about the history of Urdu language then the mughal leaders gave importance and significance to the Urdu language and made this language as an official language. Moreover, Urdu language uses the identical or similar letters as the Farsi and Arabic language. On the other hand, the Urdu speaker does not normally pronounce each letter in Urdu as Arabic speakers normally pronounce. Moreover, Urdu language has similar words as in Farsi language. Furthermore, during the 20th century, Pakistan plays a very important role in world events in order to promote the Urdu language. Apart from Urdu language, English also became an important and official language and now government officials use English language in order to conduct the business. On the whole after discussing the Pakistani languages it is easy to conclude that there are many languages spoken in Pakistan but the two most important are Urdu and English. Government of Pakistan should organize different events both at national and international events in order to promote the Urdu language. Finally, today Urdu language is getting rapidly popularity all over the world and now its become an identity that Urdu language is the national language of Pakistan.	Urdu
Which computer company was founded in 1983 as Control Video Corporation?	Official language: is it Urdu or English? - The Express Tribune The Express Tribune Share Tweet Email It was decided in 1973 that a decade from then on, Urdu will be declared as the official language of Pakistan. However, this did not happen. It is worth mentioning that upon approval of the Constitution in 1973, Balochistan kept Urdu as its official language. This step was taken by then chief minister Attaullah Mengal. In Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, where Imran Khan’s Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf is in the majority currently, the provincial assembly members took their oaths in Urdu, although most of them were pure Pashto, Hindko and Seraiki speakers. It was possible to take the oath in Pashto but the admired patriots took their oath in Urdu and did not allow race or other considerations to trump the national interest. On the contrary, the Sindh Assembly stood divided on the language basis, where the majority took their oaths in Sindhi, while others opted for Urdu and English. In Punjab, the oath was taken in English and Urdu. The Balochistan Assembly left everyone behind and took the oath in four different languages. The National Assembly members took their oath in English. It didn’t seem like Pakistan’s National Assembly where the national language was supposed to be Urdu. I remember that the Chinese prime minister’s speech to the Senate and National Assembly had been delivered in Mandarin, the official language of the People’s Republic of China and then translated into English. If development comes with the use of English, why has China seen rapid development in the past few years? Taking an oath is a matter of law, but when it comes to the language chosen to do so, the matter becomes political. It seems that the dislike for our national language will continue to rise and political parties, along with members of assemblies will conduct politics on the basis of their place of birth, language and race. I have one question for the upper class of this country: every other country in this world is proud of their mother language, why aren’t we? Published in The Express Tribune, July 27th, 2013. Read full story	i don't know
The Philippines were named after which king of Spain?	A Brief History of The Philippines A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINES By Tim Lambert The Early Philippines The Philippines is named after King Philip II of Spain (1556-1598) and it was a Spanish colony for over 300 years. Today the Philippines is an archipelago of 7,000 islands. However it is believed that during the last ice age they were joined to mainland Asia by a land bridge, enabling human beings to walk from there. The first people in the Philippines were hunter-gatherers. However between 3,000 BC and 2,000 BC people learned to farm. They grew rice and domesticated animals. From the 10th AD century Filipinos traded with China and by the 12th Century AD Arab merchants reached the Philippines and they introduced Islam. Then in 1521 Ferdinand Magellan sailed across the Pacific. He landed in the Philippines and claimed them for Spain. Magellan baptized a chief called Humabon and hoped to make him a puppet ruler on behalf of the Spanish crown. Magellan demanded that other chiefs submit to Humabon but one chief named Lapu Lapu refused. Magellan led a force to crush him. However the Spanish soldiers were scattered and Magellan was killed. The Spaniards did not gain a foothold in the Philippines until 1565 when Miguel Lopez de Legazpi led an expedition, which built a fort in Cebu. Later, in 1571 the Spaniards landed in Luzon. Here they built the city of Intramuros (later called Manila), which became the capital of the Philippines. Spanish conquistadors marched inland and conquered Luzon. They created a feudal system. Spaniards owned vast estates worked by Filipinos. Along with conquistadors went friars who converted the Filipinos to Catholicism. The friars also built schools and universities. The Spanish colony in the Philippines brought prosperity - for the upper class anyway! Each year the Chinese exported goods such as silk, porcelain and lacquer to the Philippines. From there they were re-exported to Mexico. The years passed uneventfully in the Philippines until in 1762 the British captured Manila. They held it for two years but they handed it back in 1764 under the terms of the Treaty of Paris, signed in 1763. The Philippines in the 19th Century In 1872 there was a rebellion in Cavite but it was quickly crushed. However nationalist feeling continued to grow helped by a writer named Jose Rizal (1861-1896). He wrote two novels Noli Me Tangere (Touch me Not) and El Filibusterismo (The Filibusterer) which stoked the fires of nationalism. In 1892 Jose Rizal founded a movement called Liga Filipina, which called for reform rather than revolution. As a result Rizal was arrested and exiled to Dapitan on Mindanao. Meanwhile Andres Bonifacio formed a more extreme organisation called the Katipunan. In August 1896 they began a revolution. Jose Rizal was accused of supporting the revolution, although he did not and he was executed on 30 December 1896. Yet his execution merely inflamed Filipino opinion and the revolution grew. Then in 1898 came war between the USA and Spain. On 30 April 1898 the Americans defeated the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay. Meanwhile Filipino revolutionaries had surrounded Manila. Their leader, Emilio Aguinaldo declared the Philippines independent on 12 June. However as part of the peace treaty Spain ceded the Philippines to the USA. The Americans planned to take over. War between American forces in Manila and the Filipinos began on 4 February 1899. The Filipino-American War lasted until 1902 when Aguinaldo was captured. The Philippines in the 20th Century American rule in the Philippines was paternalistic. They called their policy 'Benevolent Assimilation'. They wanted to 'Americanize' the Filipinos but they never quite succeeded. However they did do some good. Many American teachers were sent to the Philippines in a ship called the Thomas and they did increase literacy. In 1935 the Philippines were made a commonwealth and were semi-independent. Manuel Quezon became president. The USA promised that the Philippines would become completely independent in 1945. However in December 1941 Japan attacked the US fleet at Pearl Harbor. On 10 December 1941 Japanese troops invaded the Philippines. They captured Manila on 2 January 1941. By 6 May 1942 all of the Philippines were in Japanese hands. However American troops returned to the Philippines in October 1944. They recaptured Manila in February 1945. The Philippines became independent on 4 July 1946. Manuel Roxas was the first president of the newly independent nation. Ferdinand Marcos (1917-1989) was elected president in 1965. He was re-elected in 1969. However the Philippines was dogged by poverty and inequality. In the 1960s a land reform program began. However many peasants were frustrated by its slow progress and a Communist insurgency began in the countryside. On 21 September 1972 Marcos declared martial law. He imposed a curfew, suspended Congress and arrested opposition leaders. The Marcos dictatorship was exceedingly corrupt and Marcos and his cronies enriched themselves. Then, in 1980 opposition leader Benigno Aquino went into exile in the USA. When he returned on 21 August 1983 he was shot. Aquino became a martyr and Filipinos were enraged by his murder. In February 1986 Marcos called an election. The opposition united behind Cory Aquino the widow of Benigno. Marcos claimed victory (a clear case of electoral fraud). Cory Aquino also claimed victory and ordinary people took to the streets to show their support for her. Marcos's cronies deserted him and he bowed to the inevitable and went into exile. Things did not go smoothly for Corazan Aquino. (She survived 7 coup attempts). Furthermore the American bases in the Philippines (Subic Bay Naval Base and Clark Air Base) were unpopular with many Filipinos who felt they should go. In 1992 Mount Pinatubo erupted and covered Clark in volcanic ash forcing the Americans to leave. They left Subic Bay in 1993. In 1992 Fidel Ramos became president. He improved the infrastructure in the Philippines including the electricity supply. Industry was privatized and the economy began to grow more rapidly. However at the end of the 1990s the Philippine economy entered a crisis. Meanwhile in 1998 Joseph Estrada, known as Erap became president. Estrada was accused of corruption and he was impeached in November 2000. Estrada was not convicted. Nevertheless people demonstrated against him and the military withdrew its support. Estrada was forced to leave office and Vice-president Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo replaced him. She was re-elected in 2004. The Philippines in the 21st Century Today the Philippines is still poor but things are changing. Since 2010 the Philippine economy has grown at about 6% a year. Today there is reason to be optimistic for the future. Today the population of the Philippines is 103 million.	Philip II
Who made his ‘I Am Prepared to Die’ speech in 1964 at the opening of the Rivonia Trial in South Africa?	History of Philippines History of Philippines ___ History of the Philippines Early History: The Philippine archipelago was settled at least 30,000 years ago, when migrations from the Indonesian archipelago and elsewhere are believed to have occurred. Additional migrations took place over the next millennia. Over time, social and political organization developed and evolved in the widely scattered islands. The basic unit of settlement was the barangay (a Malay word for boat that came to be used to denote a communal settlement). Kinship groups were led by a datu (chief), and within the barangay there were broad social divisions consisting of nobles, freemen, and dependent and landless agricultural workers and slaves. Over the centuries, Indo-Malay migrants were joined by Chinese traders. A major development in the early period was the introduction of Islam to the Philippines by traders and proselytizers from the Indonesian islands. By A.D. 1500, Islam had been established in the Sulu Archipelago and spread from there to Mindanao; it reached the Manila area by 1565. In the midst of the introduction of Islam came the introduction of Christianity, with the arrival of the Spanish. Spanish Control: Ferdinand Magellan was the first European recorded to have landed in the Philippines. He arrived in March 1521 during his circumnavigation of the globe. He claimed land for the king of Spain but was killed by a local chief. Following several more Spanish expeditions, the first permanent settlement was established in Cebu in 1565. After defeating a local Muslim ruler, the Spanish set up their capital at Manila in 1571, and they named their new colony after King Philip II of Spain. In doing so, the Spanish sought to acquire a share in the lucrative spice trade, develop better contacts with China and Japan, and gain converts to Christianity. Only the third objective was eventually realized. As with other Spanish colonies, church and state became inseparably linked in carrying out Spanish objectives. Several Roman Catholic religious orders were assigned the responsibility of Christianizing the local population. The civil administration built upon the traditional village organization and used traditional local leaders to rule indirectly for Spain. Through these efforts, a new cultural community was developed, but Muslims (known as Moros by the Spanish) and upland tribal peoples remained detached and alienated. Trade in the Philippines centered around the “Manila galleons,” which sailed from Acapulco on the west coast of Mexico (New Spain) with shipments of silver bullion and minted coin that were exchanged for return cargoes of Chinese goods, mainly silk textiles and porcelain. There was no direct trade with Spain and little exploitation of indigenous natural resources. Most investment was in the galleon trade. But, as this trade thrived, another unwelcome element was introduced—sojourning Chinese entrepreneurs and service providers. During the Seven Years’ War (1756–63), British East India Company forces captured Manila. Although the Philippines was returned to Spain at the end of the war, the British occupation marked the beginning of the end of the old order. Rebellions broke out in the north, and while the Spanish were busy fighting the British, Moros raided from the south. The Chinese community, resentful of Spanish discrimination, supported the British with laborers and armed men. The restoration of Spanish rule brought reforms aimed at promoting the economic development of the islands and making them independent of subsidies from New Spain. The galleon trade ceased in 1815, and from that date onward the Royal Company of the Philippines, which had been chartered in 1785, promoted direct and tariff-free trade between the islands and Spain. Cash crops were cultivated for trade with Europe and Latin America, but profits diminished after Spain’s Latin American colonies became independent in the 1810s and 1820s. In 1834 the Royal Company of the Philippines was abolished, and free trade was formally recognized. With its excellent harbor, Manila became an open port for Asian, European, and North American traders. In 1873 additional ports were opened to foreign commerce, and by the late nineteenth century three crops—tobacco, abaca, and sugar—dominated Philippine exports. Rise of Nationalism: Also in the late nineteenth century, Chinese immigration, now with official approval, increased, and Chinese mestizos became a feature in Filipino social and economic life. So, too, did the growing Filipino native elite class of ilustrados (literally, enlightened ones), who became increasingly receptive to liberal and democratic ideas. Conservative Catholic friars continued to dominate the Spanish establishment, however. They resisted the inclusion of native clergy and were economically secure, with their large land holdings and control of churches, schools, and other establishments. Despite the bias against native priests, brothers, and nuns, some members of Filipino religious orders became prominent to the point of leading local religious movements and even insurrections against the establishment. Additionally, ilustrados returning from education and exile abroad brought new ideas that merged with folk religion to spur a national resistance. One of the early nationalist leaders was José Rizal, a physician, scientist, scholar, and writer. His writings as a member of the Propaganda Movement (intellectually active, upper-class Filipino reformers) had a considerable impact on the awakening of the Filipino national consciousness. His books were banned, and he lived in self-imposed exile. Rizal returned from overseas in 1892 to found the Liga Filipina (Philippine League), a national, nonviolent political organization, but he was arrested and exiled and the league dissolved. One result was the split of the nationalist movement between the reform-minded ilustrados and a more revolutionary and independence-minded plebeian constituency. Many of the latter joined the Katipunan, a secret society founded by Andres Bonifacio in 1892 and committed to winning national independence. By 1896, the year the Katipunan rose in revolt against Spain, it had 30,000 members. Although Rizal, who had again returned to the Philippines, was not a member of the Katipunan, he was arrested and executed on December 30, 1896, for his alleged role in the rebellion. With Rizal’s martyrdom, the rebels, led by Emilio Aguinaldo as president, were filled with new determination. Spanish troops defeated the insurgents, however, and Aguinaldo and his government went into exile in Hong Kon g in December 1897. When the Spanish-American War broke out in April 1898, Spain’s fleet was easily defeated at Manila. Aguinaldo returned, and his 12,000 troops kept the Spanish forces bottled up in Manila until U.S. troops landed. The Spanish cause was doomed, but the Americans did nothing to accommodate the inclusion of Aguinaldo in the succession. Fighting between American and Filipino troops broke out almost as soon as the Spanish had been defeated. Aguinaldo issued a declaration of independence on June 12, 1898. However, the Treaty of Paris, signed on December 10, 1898, by the United States and Spain, ceded the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico to the United States, recognized Cuban independence, and gave US$20 million to Spain. A revolutionary congress convened at Malolos, north of Manila, promulgated a constitution on January 21, 1899, and inaugurated Aguinaldo as president of the new republic two days later. Hostilities broke out in February 1899, and by March 1901 Aguinaldo had been captured and his forces defeated. Despite Aguinaldo’s call to his compatriots to lay down their arms, insurgent resistance continued until 1903. The Moros, suspicious of both the Christian Filipino insurgents and the Americans, remained largely neutral, but eventually their own armed resistance had to be subjugated, and Moro territory was placed under U.S. military rule until 1914. United States Rule: U.S. rule over the Philippines had two phases. The first phase was from 1898 to 1935, during which time Washington defined its colonial mission as one of tutelage and preparing the Philippines for eventual independence. Political organizations developed quickly, and the popularly elected Philippine Assembly (lower house) and the U.S.-appointed Philippine Commission (upper house) served as a bicameral legislature. The ilustrados formed the Federalista Party, but their statehood platform had limited appeal. In 1905 the party was renamed the National Progressive Party and took up a platform of independence. The Nacionalista Party was formed in 1907 and dominated Filipino politics until after World War II. Its leaders were not ilustrados. Despite their “immediate independence” platform, the party leaders participated in a collaborative leadership with the United States. A major development emerging in the post-World War I period was resistance to elite control of the land by tenant farmers, who were supported by the Socialist Party and the Communist Party of the Philippines. Tenant strikes and occasional violence occurred as the Great Depression wore on and cash-crop prices collapsed. The second period of United States rule—from 1936 to 1946—was characterized by the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines and occupation by Japan during World War II. Legislation passed by the U.S. Congress in 1934 provided for a 10-year period of transition to independence. The country’s first constitution was framed in 1934 and overwhelmingly approved by plebiscite in 1935, and Manuel Quezon was elected president of the commonwealth. Quezon later died in exile in 1944 and was succeeded by Vice President Sergio Osme a. Japan attacked the Philippines on December 8, 1941, and occupied Manila on January 2, 1942. Tokyo set up an ostensibly independent republic, which was opposed by underground and guerrilla activity that eventually reached large-scale proportions. A major element of the resistance in the Central Luzon area was furnished by the Huks (short for Hukbalahap, or People’s Anti-Japanese Army). Allied forces invaded the Philippines in October 1944, and the Japanese surrendered on September 2, 1945. Early Independence Period: World War II had been demoralizing for the Philippines, and the islands suffered from rampant inflation and shortages of food and other goods. Various trade and security issues with the United States also remained to be settled before Independence Day. The Allied leaders wanted to purge officials who collaborated with the Japanese during the war and to deny them the right to vote in the first postwar elections. Commonwealth President Osme a, however, countered that each case should be tried on its own merits. The successful Liberal Party presidential candidate, Manual Roxas, was among those collaborationists. Independence from the United States came on July 4, 1946, and Roxas was sworn in as the first president. The economy remained highly dependent on U.S. markets, and the United States also continued to maintain control of 23 military installations. A bilateral treaty was signed in March 1947 by which the United States continued to provide military aid, training, and matériel. Such aid was timely, as the Huk guerrillas rose again, this time against the new government. They changed their name to the People’s Liberation Army (Hukbong Mapagpalaya ng Bayan) and demanded political participation, disbandment of the military police, and a general amnesty. Negotiations failed, and a rebellion began in 1950 with communist support. The aim was to overthrow the government. The Huk movement dissipated into criminal activities by 1951, as the better-trained and -equipped Philippine armed forces and conciliatory government moves toward the peasants offset the effectiveness of the Huks. Populist Ramón Magsaysay of the Nacionalista Party was elected president in 1953 and embarked on widespread reforms that benefited tenant farmers in the Christian north while exacerbating hostilities with the Muslim south. The remaining Huk leaders were captured or killed, and by 1954 the movement had waned. After Magsaysay’s death in an airplane crash in 1957, he was succeeded by Vice President Carlos P. Garcia. Garcia was elected in his own right the same year, and he advanced the nationalist theme of “Filipinos First,” reaching agreement with the United States to relinquish large areas of land no longer needed for military operations. In 1961 the Liberal Party candidate, Diosdado Macapagal, was elected president. Subsequent negotiations with the United States over base rights led to considerable anti-American feelings and demonstrations. Macapagal sought closer relations with his Southeast Asian neighbors and convened a summit with the leaders of Indonesia and Malaysia in the hope of developing a spirit of consensus, which did not emerge. The Marcos Era: Nacionalista Party leader Ferdinand Marcos came to dominate the political scene for the next two decades, beginning with his election to the presidency in 1965. During his first term, Marcos initiated ambitious public works projects that improved the general quality of life while providing generous pork-barrel benefits for his friends. Marcos perceived that his promised land reform program would alienate the politically all-powerful landowner elite, and thus it was never forcefully implemented. He lobbied strenuously for economic and military aid from the United States while resisting significant involvement in the Second Indochina War (1954–75). In 1967 the Philippines became a founding member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Marcos became the first president to be reelected (in 1969), but early in his second term economic growth slowed, optimism faded, and the crime rate increased. In addition, a new communist insurgency, this time—starting in 1968—led by the new Communist Party of the Philippines-Marxist-Leninist and its military arm, the New People’s Army, was on the rise. In 1969 the Moro National Liberation Front was founded and conducted an insurgency in Muslim areas. Political violence blamed on leftists, but probably initiated by government agents provocateurs, led Marcos to suspend habeas corpus as a prelude to martial law. Marcos declared martial law on September 21, 1972, and did not lift it until January 17, 1981. During this time, he called for self-sacrifice and an end to the old society. However, in the “New Society” Marcos’s cronies and his wife, former movie actress Imelda Romualdez-Marcos, wilfully engaged in rampant corruption. With her husband’s support, Imelda Marcos built her own power base. She became governor of Metropolitan Manila and minister of human settlements. The previously nonpolitical armed forces became highly politicized, with high-ranking positions being given to Marcos loyalists. In 1979 the United States reaffirmed Philippine sovereignty over U.S. military bases and continued to provide military and economic aid to the Marcos regime. When martial law was lifted in 1981 and a “New Republic” proclaimed, little had actually changed, and Marcos easily won reelection. The beginning of the end of the Marcos era occurred when his chief political rival, Liberal Party leader Benigno “Ninoy” Aquino, who had been jailed by Marcos for eight years, was assassinated as he disembarked from an airplane at the Manila International Airport on August 21, 1983, following medical treatment in the United States. Marcos cronies were charged with this crime but were acquitted. Aquino, however, became a martyr and his murder the focus of popular indignation against a corrupt regime. The Catholic Church, a coalition of old political opposition groups, the business elite, the left wing, and even factions of the armed forces all began to exert pressure on the regime. There also was foreign pressure and, feeling confident with the support given by the Reagan White House, Marcos called a “snap” presidential election for February 7, 1986. When the Marcos-dominated National Assembly proclaimed Marcos the winner, Cardinal Jaime Sin and key military leaders (including Minister of Defense Juan Ponce Enrile and acting Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces Lieutenant General Fidel V. Ramos) rallied around the apparent majority vote winner, Aquino’s widow, Corazon Cojuango Aquino. The People Power Movement—a popular uprising of priests, nuns, ordinary citizens, and children, supported by defecting military units—ousted Marcos on the day of his inauguration (February 25, 1986) and brought Aquino to power in an almost bloodless revolution. The Aquino Years and Beyond: Corazon Aquino had wide popular support but no political organization. Her vice president, Salvador H. “Doy” Laurel, had an organization but little popular support. Enrile and Ramos also had large stakes in what they saw as a coalition government. The coalition unraveled quickly, and there were several attempts, including unsuccessful military coups, to oust Aquino. She survived her fractious term, however, and was succeeded in the 1992 election by Ramos, who had served loyally as chief of staff of the armed forces and secretary of national defense under Aquino. President Ramos worked at coalition building and overcoming the divisiveness of the Aquino years. Mutinous right-wing soldiers, communist insurgents, and Muslim separatists were convinced to cease their armed activities against the government and were granted amnesty. In an act of reconciliation, Ramos allowed the remains of Ferdinand Marcos—he had died in exile in the United States in 1989—to be returned to the Philippines for burial in 1993. Efforts by supporters of Ramos to gain passage of an amendment that would allow him to run for a second term were met with large-scale protests supported by Cardinal Sin and Corazon Aquino, leading Ramos to declare he would not run again. Joseph Estrada, who had served as Ramos’s vice president and enjoyed widespread popularity, was elected president in 1998. Within a year, however, Estrada’s popularity declined sharply amid allegations of cronyism and corruption and failure to remedy the problems of poverty. Once again, street rallies supported by Cardinal Sin and Corazon Aquino took place. Then, in 2000 Senate investigators accused Estrada of having accepted bribes from illegal gambling businesses. Following an abortive Senate impeachment trial, growing street protests, and the withdrawal of support by the armed forces, Estrada was forced out of office on January 20, 2001. Vice President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (the daughter of the late President Diosdado Macapagal) was sworn in as Estrada’s successor on the day of his departure. Her accession to power was further legitimated by the mid-term congressional and local elections, when her coalition later won an overwhelming victory, but the elections were fraught with allegations of coercion, fraud, and vote buying. Macapagal-Arroyo’s initial term in office was marked by fractious coalition politics as well as a military mutiny in Manila in July 2003 that led her to declare a month-long nationwide state of rebellion, as a result of which charges were filed against more than 1,000 individuals. Macapagal-Arroyo had declared in December 2002 that she would not contest the May 2004 presidential election, but she reversed herself in October 2003 and decided to run. She was reelected and sworn in for her own six-year term as president on June 30, 2004. With this new mandate, she was able to move with greater assurance on the political and economic reform agenda that had stalled during her first term in office. Source: Library of Congress Note: From books published in western Europe before Ferdinand Magellan landed in the southern Philippines in 1521, it is quite clear that the members of Magellan's 1521 expedition were not the first Europeans in the Philippines. Laguna Copperplate Inscription (900 CE) is the first written document found in a Philippine language. Ferdinand Magellan arrived in March 1521 in the Philippines during his circumnavigation of the globe. Tagalog Couple from the Boxer Codex, a manuscript written circa 1595 which contains illustrations of Filipinos at the time of their initial contact with the Spanish.	i don't know
In March 1975, which silent movie star was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II?	BBC ON THIS DAY \| 4 \| 1975: Comic genius Chaplin is knighted 1975: Comic genius Chaplin is knighted Silent film legend Charlie Chaplin has become Sir Charles after a ceremony at Buckingham Palace. The star of such films as The Kid and The Great Dictator was knighted in the New Year's Honours List. The ceremony took place just miles from the south London district where he spent much of his childhood. Sir Charles was accompanied to Buckingham Palace by his fourth wife, Oona, and the two youngest of his nine children. The slapstick legend, famed for his acrobatic routines, received his knighthood, from a wheelchair. It was a reflection of just how late in life - at the age of 85 - his honour had finally come. 'Dumbfounded' As he was pushed into the hall where the ceremony was taking place the band struck up his signature tune, the theme from his 1951 film, Limelight. He sat stiffly as the Queen tapped him on each shoulder and stooped to hang the KBE insignia around his neck. The two then chatted briefly before Sir Charles was wheeled to the front of the hall to watch the rest of the ceremony. Speaking to reporters afterwards Sir Charles said he had been "dumbfounded" by the occasion. He said the Queen had thanked him for what he had done and that his films had helped her a great deal. Sir Charles' knighthood follows years of calls for him to be honoured. In the 1940s and 1950s he was accused of "communist sympathies" and vilified in his adopted home of the United States. In 1952 his US visa was cancelled forcing Chaplin to relocate to Switzerland. Three years ago, in what was seen as an act of contrition, he was awarded a special Oscar by the US' Academy of Motion Pictures.	Charlie Chaplin
In the late 19th Century, who brought a libel action against the Marquess of Queensbury who won a counterclaim?	Charlie Chaplin's Golf Swing 1919 Forms United Artists with Pickford, Fairbanks and Griffith 1940 First talkie: The Great Dictator 1952 Denied re-entry into U.S.; settles in Switzerland 1972 Returns to U.S. to accept a special Oscar 1975 Knighted by Queen Elizabeth II 1977 Dies on Dec. 25 Charlie Chaplin was one of the greatest and widely loved silent movie stars. From "Easy Street" (1917) to "Modern Times" (1936), he made many of the funniest and most popular films of his time. He was best known for his character, the naive and lovable -- Little Tramp. The Little Tramp, a well meaning man in a raggedy suit with cane, always found himself wobbling into awkward situations and miraculously wobbling away. More than any other figure, it is this kind-hearted character that we associate with the time before the talkies. Born in London in 1889, Chaplin first visited America with a theater company in 1907. Appearing as "Billy" in the play "Sherlock Holmes", the young Chaplin toured the country twice. On his second tour, he met Mack Sennett and was signed to Keystone Studios to act in films. In 1914 Chaplin made his first one-reeler, "Making a Living". That same year he made thirty-four more short films, including "Caught in a Cabaret", "Caught in the Rain", "The Face on the Bar-Room Floor", and "His Trysting Place". These early silent shorts allowed very little time for anything but physical comedy, and Chaplin was a master at it. Chaplin's slapstick acrobatics made him famous, but the subtleties of his acting made him great. While Harold Lloyd played the daredevil, hanging from clocks, and Buster Keaton maneuvered through surreal and complex situations, Chaplin concerned himself with improvisation. For Chaplin, the best way to locate the humor or pathos of a situation was to create an environment and walk around it until something natural happened. The concern of early theater and film was to simply keep the audience's attention through overdramatic acting that exaggerated emotions, but Chaplin saw in film an opportunity to control the environment enough to allow subtlety to come through. Chaplin was known as one of the most demanding men in Hollywood. Regardless of the size the part, Chaplin walked each actor through every scene. Chaplin knew that a successful scene was not simply about the star, but about everyone on the screen. He demanded that the entire cast work together in every performance. Without this unity he could not express the subtlety of character that was so important to him. The only way to achieve that unity was to maintain complete control over every scene. This constant attention to detail ran many features over-time and over-budget, but the public reaction assured him and the studios that what he was doing worked. As his popularity increased he took more liberties with filming. Movies such as his 1925 hit, "The Gold Rush", demanded unending reworking of scenes and rebuilding of sets. Chaplin typically improvised his story in front of the camera with only a basic framework of a script. He shot and printed hundreds of takes when making a movie, each one a little experimental variation. While this method was unorthodox, because of the expense and inefficiency, it provided lively and spontaneous footage. Taking what he learned from the footage, Chaplin would often completely reorganize a scene. It was not uncommon for him to decide half-way through a film that an actor wasn't working and start over with someone new. Many actors found the constant takes and uncertainty grueling, but always went along because they knew they were working for a master. Though Chaplin is of the silent movie era, we see his achievements carried through in the films of today. With the advent of the feature-length talkies, the need for more subtle acting became apparent. To maintain the audience's attention throughout a six-reel film, an actor needed to move beyond constant slapstick. Chaplin had demanded this depth long before anyone else. His rigor and concern for the processes of acting and directing made his films great and led the way to a new, more sophisticated, cinema. . Below is a video of Chaplin's golf swing Please be patient while video loads - Cable and DSL is immediate whereas 56K or less is 20 - 60 seconds - Right click on the video for control options.	i don't know
How many ribs does a human have?	How Many Ribs Do Humans Have Health / How Many Ribs Do Humans Have How Many Ribs Do Humans Have Sep 18, 2011 It is widely known that all vertebral species have ribs1. Humans have a complex rib cage2 which comprises of the sternum3, ribs and some other parts. Every doctor knows how many ribs people have, but an ordinary man can have some difficulties with such a question. In fact, it is no difficult to memorize the answer: Every human (both men and women) has 24 coupled ribs (that is, 12 pairs) The first fourteen ribs (seven pairs) are directly connected to the breastbone (sternum). They are called "true ribs". The very first pair is difficult to distinguish from the rest of human ribs. These ribs are flat, short, and C-shaped. They are attached below the neck. The other six pairs of ribs look more usual. The next five pairs of ribs are called "false ribs". Three of them have a cartilaginous attachment to the sternum, and the last two (pairs eleven and twelve) are known as "floating ribs". Once in a while they are also termed vertebral ribs because they are connected solely to the vertebrae. Some humans miss one pair of floating ribs, and some have three pairs of them due to genetic mutations. As a rule, the length of ribs increases starting from pair one and decreases from the eighth pair. The diaphragm4 controlling breathing separates the rib cage from the abdomen. The diaphragm’s contraction makes the rib cage along with the thoracic cavity expand which reduces intrathoracic pressure and fills the lungs with air. The main purpose of the rib cage is to protect the internals (the heart, lungs, and kidneys) in the thoracic cavity. The ribs make a cage-like formation around them, playing an important role in the skeleton. That is why this structure is called the rib cage though it consists of some other bones too. Many people do believe than men and women have different number of ribs. The origin of this belief lies in the Bible, and we all know the story of Adam and created from his rib Eve. In point of fact, the quantity of ribs does not depend on sex. Both men and women have twelve pairs of ribs. If this statement cannot convince you, take X-ray pictures of several men and women. This will be the strongest visual proof. We hope that this piece of information is enough to give you the exhaustive answer to the question, "How many ribs do humans have?". A rib is one of the 24 slender curved bones forming the rib cage. They serve to protect internal organs in the thoracic cavity. The rib cage (also called the thoracic cage) is the structure formed by ribs and other bones. As a rule, a human rib cage has twenty four ribs, the sternum, the twelve thoracic vertebrae, and costal cartilages. The sternum is the long bone in the shape of the capital letter The diaphragm is a muscular partition extending across the rib cage’s bottom and separating the thoracic cavity from the abdomen in humans and mammals. It plays an important role in respiration because its contraction spreads the thorax and inflates the lungs.	24
US singer/songwriter Richard Wayne Penniman is better known by what name?	How Many Ribs do Humans Have How Many Ribs do Humans Have 20 Oct, 2011 how many 0 The ribs are long curved bones that are a part of the human skeleton and form a cage like structure called the ribcage. The ribcage is an important structure the provides protection for the organs, such as the heart and lungs, in the chest cavity (thoracic cavity). If you have ever wondered how many ribs a human has, keep reading to find out. How many ribs do humans have? Humans have 12 pairs of ribs, which makes a total of 24 ribs altogether. They are classified as true ribs, false ribs and floating ribs; depending on their attachment to the sternum (breastbone). True ribs are the first seven pairs of ribs and get their name from the fact that they are directly connected to the sternum. False ribs are the 8th to 10th pair of ribs and these are not directly attached to the sternum, but are instead attached to cartilage of the true ribs. The floating ribs are the last two pairs of ribs and these are attached only to the vertebrae in the back and not attached to the sternum or cartilage. Did you know? It was long thought that males had one less rib than females due to the Bible’s account of creation. However, when people found that this wasn’t true it caused much controversy. In some circumstances people may be born with one or more extra ribs which can cause neck, back, or arm pain. Related Articles	i don't know
In the nursery rhyme, who was unable to be put together again by all the kings men?	All the King's Men What's Up With the Title? NEXT Robert Penn Warren took the title, All the King's Men, from the famous nursery rhyme "Humpty Dumpty," featuring the egg who falls off a wall, gets broken, and can't be put back together. In case you blocked it out of your childhood memories, we reproduce it here: Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall. Humpty Dumpty had a great fall. All the king's horses and all the king's men Couldn't put Humpty together again. But anyway, what does a violent nursery rhyme have to do with corrupt southern politics, and a few people trying to do the right thing? One common interpretation is that Willie Stark is the king and that everybody else in the novel is one of his men (or women, as the case may be). When Willie gets shot by one of his men (Adam Stanton), none of his other men can put him back together. You could use that interpretation and write a paper about how ironic it is that Dr. Adam Stanton, the person most likely to put Willie back together, kills him. Still, when you know that Huey Long (on whom Willie is based) made a famous speech called " Every Man a King ," the Willie as king theory kind of falls down. But, you probably noticed another possible flaw. This theory requires that Willie be both the King, and Humpty Dumpty. Critic James Rouff argues that Willie is Humpty Dumpty, and not the King ( source ). He claims that the King is actually God, and that everybody in the novel is one of the God's men. Willie is the guy that tries to reach too high (i.e., to be like God) and ends up getting himself broken beyond repair. There is a fair amount of evidence to support this thesis. If you like this idea, pick some passages from the text that come to your mind and try to say something interesting about it. Still, we like the idea of King Humpty Dumpty. Let's break that idea out of its shell, and see if it works. First of all, notice how the King isn't featured in the nursery rhyme. The speaker makes us aware of the (absent) King only by talking about other things that are closely linked to him. If you hear the word "crown," you think of a royal person. In this case, we know the King is lurking somewhere in the vicinity because we see his horses and his men. The horses and men are symbols of the King. But isn't this story set in the United States of America? There are no kings in America, in the sense that there is no monarch. But there is a different understanding of "king" that might apply to All the King's Men. In America, everybody is supposed to be a king, right? This is the land of equality, or freedom, etc. The founders of America came here to get away from monarchy, to establish democracy. Is the moral here that if you try to be more of king in America, you'll get knocked off a wall? Well, lots of people try to be king in their own ways in this novel, and lots of people get smacked down. So you could call the title an ironic commentary on America's system of government. It gets even more ironic when we start thinking about the themes of slavery and race in the novel. But before we go there, we should mention that a "humpty dumpty" is also a not-so-nice term for a rather round person. This explains why the Humpty Dumpty from the nursery rhyme is often drawn as a kind of half man, half egg. They are also extremely fragile, and, once broken, can't be restored. So, we might ask ourselves, what does this novel show as broken? America, for one thing. The novel asks whether the pieces of America, broken by slavery and unequal distribution of wealth, can ever be put back together again. At the same time, the novel suggests that to put together a broken America, the institutions of slavery, racism, and unequal distribution of wealth also must be broken apart. This is what Judge Irwin means when he defends Willie by saying, "There's one principal [Willie has] grasped: you don't make omelettes without breaking eggs. […] He's broken plenty of eggs, and he may make omelettes" (3.113). By putting this cliché in a novel virtually devoid of clichés, Robert Penn Warren draws our attention to it, helping us to make sense of the title.	Humpty Dumpty
Which country’s football team was runner up in the 1970 FIFA World Cup?	Humpty Dumpty DLTK's Nursery Rhymes for Kids Humpty Dumpty Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall. Humpty Dumpty had a great fall. All the king's horses and all the king's men Couldn't put Humpty together again!	i don't know
Which actress played ‘Bond girl’ Honey Ryder?	Vote for your favourite Bond Girl: Pussy Galore, Honey Ryder, Jinx and Strawberry Fields \| Daily Mail Online comments Diamonds are forever - and so are Bond girls. The film franchise's 50-year-old history is packed with sultry seductresses with double-entendre names - from helpless heiresses to glamorous assassins. From the first shot of Ursula Andress in that now-iconic white bikini in Dr. No to Olga Kurylenko's appearance as Camille Montes in Quantum of Solace, only a select number of actresses have become members of one of the most exclusive groups in the film industry. Spectre, which hits UK cinemas on October 26, 2015, will see Daniel Craig once again reprise his role as the 007 action hero. SCROLL DOWN FOR POLL He's back: A new set of images for Daniel Craig's fourth James Bond movie Spectre have been released Spectre sees 007 on a rogue mission in Mexico City and Rome where he meets Lucia Sciarra (Monica Bellucci), the beautiful and forbidden widow of an infamous criminal A newly released behind-the-scenes set of images introduces Léa Seydoux's character Madeleine Swan He will be joined by new Bond girls, Monica Bellucci as Lucia Sciarra, the 'beautiful and forbidden widow of an infamous criminal', and Léa Seydoux as the 'soulful, feisty and complicated' Madeleine Swann. Ahead of the film's release, FEMAIL looks back at 15 of the action hero's leading ladies. RELATED ARTICLES Share 1. URSULA ANDRESS AS HONEY RYDER (DR NO, 1962) The original Bond girl is arguably still the best. When a bronzed Honey Ryder - played by Swiss actress Ursula Andress - stepped out of the sea in a white bikini, she set the standard for every fellow actress to follow. Honey's dripping wet hair and wonder woman physique in 1962's Dr. No is still one of the most memorable moments from the movie franchise. 1. Honey Ryder's dripping wet hair and wonder woman physique in 1962's Dr. No is still one of the most memorable moments from the movie franchise 2. Bolivian beauty Camille Montes played by Olga Kurylenko is the perfect match for Bond - and one of the first girls he doesn't hook up with. The pair have both lost loved ones and share a desire for revenge Poll However, despite the dramatic entrance, Honey was little more than a damsel in distress to Sean Connery's Bond. And - because of Ursula's thick accent - Honey's voice was actually provided by German actress Nikki van der Zyl. The famous scene was later referenced decades later in Daniel Craig’s Casino Royale – only then with Bond in the swimwear. 2. OLGA KURYLENKO AS CAMILLE MONTES (QUANTUM OF SOLACE, 2008) Bolivian beauty Camille Montes is the perfect match for Daniel Craig's Bond. Seductive Camille is also one of the first girls the British secret agent doesn't hook up with. In 2008's Quantum Of Solace, the vengeful pair have both lost loved ones and are on a mission to get justice. Producers put Ukrainian actress-model Olga through an extremely intense training regime to prep her for the role. Olga told Movies Online that she endured fight training for 'fours hours per day every day'. 'Then we learned how to sky-dive and we had to go into this wind tunnel which is outside of London,' she said. 'We did that two or three times a week too and then, also I learned how to use a gun, how to strip them apart, put them back together, how to aim, how to load a gun, all those things.' 3. BRITT EKLAND AS MARY GOODNIGHT (THE MAN WITH THE GOLDEN GUN, 1974) Mary Goodnight was Bond's naive field operative in the 1974 Roger Moore film The Man With The Golden Gun. Played by Swedish actress Britt Ekland - famous for her marriage to actor Peter Sellers - Mary might not necessarily be a vintage Bond girl but she had a sense of humour and good chemistry with Roger. But she also became understandably cross with the action, particularly after one scene in which she had to hide in a cupboard in his bedroom while he romanced another woman. Sample dialogue (from Bond): ‘I approve your uniform. Tight in all the right places, not too many buttons.’ Mary Goodnight was featured in several of the Ian Fleming novels, but only appeared once in the film series with her Wicker Man co-star Christopher Lee, who played bad guy Scaramanga. 3. Mary Goodnight was Bond's naive, clumsy assistant in the 1974 Roger Moore film The Man With The Golden Gun Bond girls Maud Adams, pictured left, and Britt Ekland, right, with Roger Moore, centre, as James Bond in promo for The Man With The Golden Gun 4. HONOR BLACKMAN AS PUSSY GALORE, GOLDFINGER, 1964 'I must be dreaming,' drawls Sean Connery's Bond when he first meets Pussy Galore in 1964's Goldfinger. Played by English actress Honor Blackman, the aviatrix-dominatrix is heralded as one of the coolest 007 women. Pussy Galore - a name that cued millions of teen-boy sniggers - is the captain of Auric Goldfinger's all-girl pilot squad, Pussy Galore's Flying Circus. 4. Played by English actress Honor Blackman, aviatrix-dominatrix Pussy Galore is heralded as one of the coolest 007 women She earned her cool points by being brave enough to turn against Goldfinger, one of the greatest Bond villians. Honor was one of the oldest Bond girls - being 39 when she starred in the hit movie. 5. HALLE BERRY AS GIACINTA 'JINX' JOHNSON (DIE ANOTHER DAY, 2002) Fresh from her best actress Oscar for Monster's Ball, American star Halle Berry donned a tangerine two-piece to play Giacinta 'Jinx' Johnson in 2002's Die Another Day. 5. Fresh from her best actress Oscar for Monster's Ball, American star Halle Berry donned a tangerine two-piece to play Giacinta 'Jinx' Johnson in 2002's Die Another Day US agent Jinx enjoyed bedroom dalliances with Pierce Brosnan's 007 but paid for it by being tortured by Bond villain Mr Kil. Believing that Bond girls have evolved from being eye-candy to having an active role in the movies, Halle told IGN: 'Year after year, they've gotten a little stronger, a little smarter, and more equally yoked with Bond, while still retaining their sexiness. 'Now they're Bond's intellectual equals and physical rivals. What better kind of Bond woman to be than one who keeps up with Bond?' 6. JANE SEYMOUR AS SOLITAIRE (LIVE AND LET DIE, 1973) Before becoming famous as Dr Quinn Medicine Woman, British actress Jane Seymour played Solitaire in 1973's Live And Let Die, which was Roger Moore's debut turn as the secret agent. Solitaire has the supernatural gift of reading Tarot cards - but her powers vanish when she sleeps with a man. The naive girl works for crime-lord Kananga, played by Yaphet Koto, but - of course - is seduced by Bond. 6. British actress Jane Seymour plays Solitaire in 1973's Live and Let Die, which was Roger Moore's debut turn as the secret agent On playing a Bond girl, Jane told FOX411: 'Usually they are looking for someone exotic, different, beautiful, someone that is a nemesis or a lover for (Bond). There is always a twist to it, there is always something exotic about a Bond girl. 'Being in that film I was just 20 and starting out, so it was a huge deal. I had a career afterwards, but I have never done anything remotely like that since then.' 7. EVA GREEN AS VESPER LYND (CASINO ROYALE, 2006) Played by French actress Eva Green, Vesper Lynd tells James Bond - Daniel Craig's debut turn as the hero - that she is 'the money' during their first meeting on a train. The British Treasury operative becomes 007's first love - but ends up paying dearly for the honour. 7. Played by French actress Eva Green, Vesper Lynd tells James Bond - Daniel Craig's first turn as the hero - that she is 'the money' during their first meeting on a train The British Treasury operative becomes 007's first love - but ends up paying dearly for the honour In Ian Fleming’s novel, Vesper says she was born on a ‘dark and stormy night’ and so was named after the Latin for ‘evening’. She’s also the origin of ‘shaken, not stirred’ – the Vesper Martini comes from her and was invented in the 1953 novel. Helping bring a bit of class to the role, Eva fought to keep her clothes on in 2006's Casino Royale, telling Guardian: 'In the shower scene they wanted me to strip down to my panties. We had a good fight about that. I used to go to Daniel and ask for his support.' 8. BARBARA BACH AS ANYA AMASOVA (THE SPY WHO LOVED ME, 1977) Bond's equal in every way, KGB agent Anya Amasova goes by the code name Triple X and isn't remotely afraid of bad guy henchman Jaws. 8. Bond's equal in every way, KGB agent Anya Amasova goes by the code name Triple X and isn't remotely afraid of bad guy henchman Jaws Played by American actress Barbara Bach - who later married Ringo Starr - she seeks revenge against Roger Moore's Bond for killing her lover. However, she becomes too fond of her enemy to pull the trigger. She may have been an intriguing character but she later dismissed Bond as a 'chauvinist' who used women to shield him 'from bullets'. 9. MAUD ADAMS AS ANDREA ANDERS (THE MAN WITH THE GOLDEN GUN, 1974) Maud Adams was bestowed the honour of starring in two Bond films - as Andrea Anders in 1974's The Man With The Golden Gun and as the eponymous character Octopussy in 1983. 9. Maud Adams was bestowed the honour of starring in two Bond films, pictured as Andrea Anders in 1974's The Man With The Golden Gun The Swedish actress played two very contrasting roles. As Andrea she played the doomed mistress of the villain with Roger Moore and Christopher Lee, a role that was described as 'tough but haunted'. Octopussy saw her take the lead as an an exotic and mysterious smuggler. Maud, who moved into acting after becoming a top model in the late Sixties, also popped up as an extra in 1985's A View To A Kill. 10. FAMKE JANSSEN AS XENIA ONATOPP (GOLDENEYE, 1995) With her sexually suggestive name Xenia Onatopp - played by Dutch beauty Famke Janssen - was the ultimate Bond femme fatale. The former Soviet air pilot got her sexual thrills from killing - specifically by squeezing the life from her male victims with her bone-crushing thighs. 10. Despite the rather peculiar name, Xenia Onatopp - played by Dutch beauty Famke Janseen - was the ulimate Bond femme fatale In 1995's GoldenEye Bond - played by Pierce Brosnan - asks, 'How do you take it?' to which she replies, ‘Straight up… with a twist.’ On playing the bad-girl, Famke told Den Of Geek: 'For me, the pressure was really to be as good as I possibly could. I saw that it’s tongue-in-cheek that entire franchise. It’s serious and funny and kind of silly and goofy all at the same time.' Unlike many of the Bond girls who went on to bit parts of vanished entirely, Famke found fame in another franchise as mutant Jean Grey in X Men. 11. DIANA RIGG AS TRACY DI VICENZO (ON HER MAJESTY'S SECRET SERVICE, 1969) 1969's On Her Majesty's Secret Service is the only film to star George Lazenby - and was also the one where James Bond got married. Bond girl Tracy Di Vicenzo - played by English actress Diana Rigg - didn't ruin 007's life; she made him happier than he could ever imagine. 11. Bond girl Tracy Di Vicenzo - played by English actress Diana Rigg - didn't ruin 007's life; she made him happier than he could ever imagine However, on the day the pair tied the knot, Tracy got gunned down by Blofeld’s henchwoman Irma Bunt. The moment Bond cradles his wife in his arms and whispers, ‘She’s having a rest. There’s no hurry, you see, we have all the time in the world’, is a real tearjerker. Yet behind the scenes there was little love lost between Diana and George, with the actress branding him 'stupid' and 'ghastly'. 12. GEMMA ARTERTON AS STRAWBERRY FIELDS (QUANTUM OF SOLACE, 2008) MI6 operative Strawberry Fields hops in the sack with Bond in alarming ease after meeting him at La Paz Airport in Bolivia. However, Strawberry - played by British star Gemma Arterton - faces a sticky end after being drowned in oil on the orders of baddie Dominic Guy. 12. MI6 operative Strawberry Fields hops in the sack with Bond in alarming ease after meeting him at La Paz Airport in Bolivia Strawberry - played by British star Gemma Arterton - faces a sticky end after being drowned in oil on the orders of baddie Dominic Guy On being seduced by Daniel Craig's Bond in the 2008 film Quantum of Solace, Gemma said: 'There is one scene where he is kissing up my back. It is really sexy and I didn't know he was going to do it. 'He started doing it and in the film you see me saying, whew, and that wasn't acting, that was really me thinking, whew, oh my goodness Daniel Craig is kissing my back! I really did. I had to stop and remind myself that I was playing a character and I was acting in a film.' 13. ROSAMUND PIKE AS MIRANDA FROST (DIE ANOTHER DAY, 2002) Long before she played psychotic Amy in thriller Gone Girl, Rosamund Pike was assisting James Bond in the 2002 film Die Another Day. Yet the character who seems as loyally British as Bond himself is in fact a double agent who has been turned by the North Koreans. 13. Long before she played psychotic Amy in Gone Girl, Rosamund Pike was assisting James Bond in the 2002 film Die Another Day The English actress played the glamorous Miranda Frost, who was Jinx's nemesis. Their rivalry ends in a sword fight aboard a descending plane. Miranda narrowly slices Jinx across the stomach, mocking Jinx by informing her that she can read her foe's every move, but Jinx manages to impale a dagger that was stuck on a copy of 'The Art of War' into Miranda's chest and kills her yelling, 'Read this, b****'. 14. JILL ST JOHN AS TIFFANY CASE (DIAMONDS ARE FOREVER, 1971) Named after her birthplace - luxury jewellers Tiffany & Co - Tiffany Case was a diamond smuggler working for Bond’s nemesis Blofeld. 14. Named after her birthplace - luxury jewellers Tiffany & Co - Tiffany Case was a diamond smuggler working for Bond’s nemesis Blofeld The character who spends much of the film in either her underwear, a bikini or a wig, reveals that she's more than just a brassy moll and has a heart of gold. The two eventually work together and share a luxury cruise – interrupted only by a cake-based assassination attempt. American actress Jill St John, who played Tiffany in the final Bond movie that starred Sean Connery, said of her character: 'She's a very smart lady. She's a survivor... In some ways, she's a lot like me.' 15. MARYAM D'ABO AS KARA MILOVY (THE LIVING DAYLIGHTS, 1987) Former model Maryam D'Abo was cast as Bond's love interest Czechoslovakian cellist and sniper Kara Milovy in the 1987 hit The Living Daylights. Former model Maryam D'Abo was cast as Bond's love interest Czechoslovakian cellist and sniper Kara Milovy in the 1987 hit The Living Daylights Starring opposite Timothy Dalton, Maryam was one of the last blonde leading ladies Bond fell for - before he later turned his attention to brunettes and red-heads. A few years before, Maryam - whose cousin Olivia d'Abo found fame in The Wonder Years - auditioned unsuccessfully for the role of Pola Ivanova in A View To A Kill and Barbara Broccoli included d'Abo in the audition for Kara. As a tie-in with the film, she also appeared in a Bond-themed Playboy cover and multi-page pictorial in the September 1987 issue. But the English actress later said, 'I wouldn't do those pictures now... I've learned a lot since then.' Meanwhile, Dalton's rather dour 007 has largely been overshadowed by Pierce Brosnan's charisma and sense of humour.	Ursula Andress
Which year saw the first ‘space tourist’ Dennis Tito, who paid a reported 20 million dollars to board the International Space Station?	The first Bond Girl: Stunning photographs of 1950s actress who played spy's temptress a decade before Ursula Andress \| Daily Mail Online The first Bond Girl: Stunning photographs of 1950s actress who played spy's temptress a decade before Ursula Andress comments After Ursula Andress walked out of the ocean wearing nothing but a white bikini and a dagger on her hips as Honey Ryder in the 1962 James Bond film Dr. No, she went down in history as the first Bond Girl. However another blonde bombshell, largely forgotten from the 1940's, actually lays claim to that title. A full-lipped Linda Christian starred in the decade earlier, 1954 television adaptation of Ian Fleming’s first Bond novel, Casino Royale, playing Valerie Mathis - a character later replaced by the infamous seductress, Vesper Lynd. Breakthrough Bond girl: Barely our of high school, a full-lipped Linda Christian starred in the 1954 television adaptation of Ian Fleming's first Bond novel, Casino Royale, playing Valerie Mathis According to LIFE.com , which has released these never before published images of Christian, it was Australian film star Errol Flynn - who starred alongside Olivia de Havilland in a handful of Thirties blockbusters - that discovered the teenager in her native Mexico and convinced her to move to Hollywood. RELATED ARTICLES Share this article Share In Christian's 1954 James Bond debut, Peter Lorre (of Casablanca fame) played villain Le Chiffre, while Bond was played by Barry Nelson, who later went on to have roles in the Twilight Zone series, as well as a small part in the Shining. Originally broadcast live, the television adaptation was believed lost until a kinescope emerged in the Eighties. It was subsequently released to home video, and is currently available on DVD as a bonus feature with the 1967 Casino Royale film adaptation - starring Ursula Andress. Before she was famous: LIFE magazine released these never before published images of Christian, taken in 1945 before her Bond Girl debut in 1954 Making of a star: The blonde bombshell moved Hollywood from Mexico where her brother already lived, and after she got a job modelling hats, she was singed by MGM Before landing her Bond Girl role, Christian was already a household name thanks to her high-profile marriage to Hollywood heartthrob Tyrone Power at age 26, which last seven years from 1949 to 1956. Born in Tampico, Mexico in 1922 to an oil executive father, she travelled widely with her family throughout her childhood. In 1941, she was evacuated to Mexico from Palastine with a bad case of malaria after a bomb scare. She recovered, moved to Hollywood where her brother already lived, and after she got a job modelling hats, she was singed by MGM. Road to fame: It was after she landed her supporting role in the 1948 film Tarzan that the fashion industry started to take note of the actress' powerful looks Hollywood wife: Before landing her Bond Girl role, Christian was already a household name thanks to her high-profile marriage to Hollywood heartthrob Tyrone Power which lasted seven years from 1949 to 1956 Christian, who died last year and whose real name is Blanca Rosa Welter, was uncredited in her first four films, and made her debut alongside Danny Kaye in the 1944 musical comedy Up in Arms. It was her stunning figure that led Life magazine to nickname her the 'anatomic bomb,' giving the starlet her first significant national exposure in its pages in 1945. In 1948, she landed the supporting role in Johnny Weissmuller’s last Tarzan movie, and the fashion industry began to take note of the actress' powerful looks. Casino Royale: In Linda Christian's 1954 James Bond debut (pictured), Bond was played by Barry Nelson, who later went on to have roles in the Twilight Zone series, as well as a small part in the Shining Forgotten from the Forties: Originally broadcast live, the television adaptation was believed lost until a kinescope emerged in the Eighties Timeless glamour: The TV adaption was released to home video in the 1980's, and is currently available on DVD as a bonus feature with the 1967 Casino Royale film adaptation - starring Ursula Andress First Bond Girls: After Ursula Andress walked out of the ocean as Honey Ryder in the 1962 James Bond film Dr. No (right), she falsely went down in history as the first Bond Girl, a title which belongs to Linda Christian (left) On January 1st, 1949 a now iconic photograph of the actress was published in Vogue, and that same year she wed Hollywood's popular leading man, Power, then 35 - which capitulated her into the public's collective conscious. The couple had two children before their divorce in 1956, and two years later, Power died of a heart attack at just 44 years old. The actress was married once more to another actor, Edmund Purdom, for a year in the early Sixties. She continued to appear in foreign films well into the Eighties. She died in 2011 in Palm Desert, California at the age of 87. Read more:	i don't know
What is the national plant of Ireland?	National, Native and Popular Flowers of Ireland National, Native and Popular Flowers of Ireland National Flower of Ireland The Shamrock, a three-leafed plant similar to a clover, which is an unofficial symbol of Ireland and Northern Ireland. Shamrocks are said to bring good luck and also used as a badge for sports teams, state organizations, and troops abroad from Ireland. This flower is related to an Irish tale of St. Patrick, which tells of how Patrick used the three-leafed shamrock to explain the Trinity. His followers adopted the custom of wearing a Shamrock on his feast day. Other Native and Popular Flowers of Ireland Since Ireland was completely covered by ice sheets during the most recent Ice Age, all native plant and animal life now extant originated from the natural migration of species, chiefly from other parts of Europe and especially from Britain. But still the land of Ireland grows some beautiful flower like Shell Flower (Molucca Balm), Easter Lilies, Amaryllis, Lilies, Roses, Chrysanthemums and Wild Flowers. While, Campanula rotundifolia, Cicuta virosa, Ulex europaeus, Saxifraga oppositifolia, Spring Squill, Globeflower and Bog-rosemary are some of the native flowers of Ireland. Lilies, Colorful Roses, Sunflowers, Orchids, Gerberas, Daffodils and Daisies are some of the flowers which are passionately liked by Irish people for the gift purposes on various occasions. from our stores - Pickupflowers - the flower expert Online Florists Ireland A few of the major online florists who cater to Ireland are Stems of Ireland and Flowers by Mulqueens, Brian Mulqueen florists have been serving Ennis and Co. Clare for the last 30 years as the largest florist business in County Clare, Ireland. For a list of Ireland florists who do business online, please visit our page on Online Florists in Ireland . Send Flowers to Ireland The Flower Expert has arrived at a few parameters on which florists can be compared so that the customers can select a good florist who suits their needs. You can go through the comparative analysis of the top florists presented in this table. This comprehensive table will help you decide which florist gives the best service when you want to send flowers to Ireland. Facts about Ireland Located at the northwest of Continental Europe, surrounded by hundreds of islands and islets, Ireland is the third largest island in Europe and the twentieth largest in the world. Ireland boasts the 2nd highest GDP per capita in the Europe, 4th highest Human Development Index in the world, 3rd highest economic freedom worldwide, and the best political rights and civil liberties. In 2005, Ireland was ranked the best place to live in the world, according to a "quality of life" assessment by Economist magazine. Ireland gave the world some of the greatest writers in the English language, including Jonathan Swift, Oliver Goldsmith, and George Bernard Shaw. Ireland is the only Europeon country where abortion is still illegal (except to protect the life of mother). Subscribe Get 10% off on pickupflowers.com explore	Shamrock
What is the name of the male character in French pantomime who usually wears a loose white costume and a pointed hat and has a sad white-painted face?	National Flower of Ireland: The Shamrock Share Shares 28 On seeing a Shamrock you almost always think of Ireland, so famous now is the association between the two. But what actually is a Shamrock and how did it become the National Flower of Ireland? The National Flower of Ireland: The Shamrock The names derives from the Irish word seamróg which means “Little Clover”. There is in fact no single species of flower called Shamrock. A Shamrock is basically any examples of Lesser Clover, White Clover,Red Clover, Black Medick and Wood Sorrel which have 3 more or less heart shaped leaves. And contrary to Irish folklore, they are grown all over the world and not just in Irish soil. Although disputed by some, the popularity of the Shamrock began back in the 18th Century, when the Patron Saint of Ireland, Saint Patrick, used it to show the people how God was in fact divided into 3 beings. Each of the 3 heart shaped leaves of the clover formed the Holy Trinity of “God of Father, God of Son and God of the Holy Spirit.Then during the turbulent political times of the late 18thCentury, the Shamrock was used as an emblem by the Republican Militia, the Irish Volunteers. This firmly rooted the Shamrock as the national symbol and flower of Ireland. Today it is used by Irish companies on their logos, it is worn by many on their lapel every St Patrick’s Day and it is added to bride’s bouquets to bring them luck. Sources of reference and for further information: http://www.irish-genealogy-toolkit.com/shamrock-plant.html The National Flower of Ireland: Shamrock Crafts and Recipes As part of our own St Patrick’s Day celebrations this year we made some Bubble wrap Salt Dough Decorations to display on a special tree in our home. Click here to find out to make some of your own. We also put a shamrock shaped twist onto our after school snacks in the run up to St Patricks Day. Click here for our recipe. We also compiled this Top 10 of Shamrock Crafts from some of our favourite bloggers. Today we have hopped onto the “Tour the World by Flower” blog hop hosted by Playground Parkbench. A celebration of flowers from all over the world, along with accompanying crafts to do with you kids, as you teach them about their origins. Click here to read about all of the other flowers featured in this blog hop. (Visited 521 times, 1 visits today) Related Posts	i don't know
Swedish actress Greta Gustafsson was better known by what name?	Greta Garbo (Author of Walking with Garbo) edit data Greta Lovisa Gustafsson, better known as Greta Garbo, was a noted Swedish actress and recluse. She was a major star in the United States during the silent film era and the Golden Age of Hollywood. In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Garbo fifth on their list of greatest female stars of all time, after Katharine Hepburn, Bette Davis, Audrey Hepburn, and Ingrid Bergman. Garbo launched her career with a major role in the Swedish film The Saga of Gosta Berling. Her performance caught the attention of Louis B. Mayer, who brought her to Hollywood in 1925 to work at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM). She became a star of silent films. Garbo was one of the few actresses to negotiate the transition to sound. Her first talking film was Anna Christie (1 Greta Lovisa Gustafsson, better known as Greta Garbo, was a noted Swedish actress and recluse. She was a major star in the United States during the silent film era and the Golden Age of Hollywood. In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Garbo fifth on their list of greatest female stars of all time, after Katharine Hepburn, Bette Davis, Audrey Hepburn, and Ingrid Bergman. Garbo launched her career with a major role in the Swedish film The Saga of Gosta Berling. Her performance caught the attention of Louis B. Mayer, who brought her to Hollywood in 1925 to work at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM). She became a star of silent films. Garbo was one of the few actresses to negotiate the transition to sound. Her first talking film was Anna Christie (1930), for which she was nominated for an Academy Award. MGM marketers enticed the public with the catchphrase "Garbo talks!" In 1932, her popularity allowed her to dictate the terms of her contract, and she became increasingly choosy about her roles. She received the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress for Anna Karenina (1935), but she considered her performance as the courtesan Marguerite Gautier in Camille (1936) her best performance; the role gained her a second Academy Award nomination. After working exclusively in dramatic films, Garbo turned to comedy with Ninotchka (1939) and Two-Faced Woman (1941). For Ninotchka, Garbo was again nominated for an Academy Award; Two-Faced Woman did well at the box office, but was a critical failure. After 1941, she retired after appearing in 27 films, and became increasingly reclusive. She has been indelibly linked to one of her lines from the film Grand Hotel: "I want to be alone". She later remarked, "I never said, 'I want to be alone.' I only said, 'I want to be let alone.' There is all the difference." To the end of her life, Garbo-watching became a sport among the paparazzi and the media, but she remained elusive up until her death in 1990 at the age of 84. ...more	Greta Garbo
Swiss National Day is celebrated during which month of the year?	GarboForever - Garbo - The Name Garbo - The Name Introduction Even after decades it is still not known where the name Garbo came from, who discovered it and what it means? Sometime, in late 1923, during a break of filming Gösta Berling saga (Sweden 1924), director Mauritz Stiller asked Greta to think about changing her name. Mauritz Stiller asked Greta to change her name Her Original Name Her orginal name was Greta Lovisa Gustafsson. Lovisa was the second name of her mother, Anna Lovisa. Many Garbo writers over the decades ï¿½ misspelled the family surname. Greta with 15 years old Gustafson with one "S" Many Garbo writers over the decades ï¿½ misspelled the family surname. When Greta signed a standard player's contract with Svensk Filmindustri on July, 1923. She changed her last name from Gustafsson (two ï¿½sï¿½) to Gustafson (one ï¿½sï¿½). This was the more contemporary spelling of her last name. Like her children, Anna Lovisa would follow Greta's lead and use the new spelling of her last name too. ï¿½As far as I know, it has always been spelled G-u-s-t-a-f-s-o-n. No one in the family (that I know of) ever spelled it any other way.ï¿½ says Gray Reisfield. From now on they were all Gustafson's (with one 's' !). Greta Gustaï¿½vï¿½son When Greta filled out an application for the PUB in Summer of 1920. She spelt her name as ï¿½Gustavsonï¿½. Greta decided to leave the PUB after nearly 2 years. On July 22, she had her last day in the department store and stated her reason for leaving as ï¿½To work on Filmï¿½. She was almost 16. Greta ï¿½Gustavsonï¿½ Garbo Sometime during the break of Gösta Berling saga in 1923, Mauritz Stiller asked Greta to think about changing her name. It was not the first time she had considered it ï¿½ in fact, many women during this period were adopting more distinctive surnames. After centuries of Adamsdotters and Karlssons, Sweden's youth looked for a new identity. Gustafsson was such a common name in Sweden, it filled countless pages in countless community directories; like many Swedes, the first thing Greta did was eliminate the superfluouss in her last name. Magda Hellberg, Greta's supervisor at PUB, recollected that the young hopeful did not think that Greta Gustafsson was refined enough for the stage: ï¿½She wanted a shorter name which could be pronounced easily in any language.ï¿½ On November 9 th , 1923, a document was drawn up and signed by Anna Gustafsson in presence of witnesses, Mona Mårtenson and Greta. This was a formal application to the Ministry of the Interior requesting permission for her daughter to adopt the legal name of Garbo. Less than a month later, on December 4th , permission was granted. On that day Greta Lovisa Gustafson died, and Greta Garbo was born. At this time Greta was working on the Gosta Berling Saga. Garbo, 1923 The Name Petition On November 9, 1923 Anna Gustafson signed a petition asking the ministry to allow her daughter to legally change her name to Greta Garbo. Interestingly, Mona Mårtenson witnessed Greta's signing as well as her mother's. The petition was formally approved by the Ministry of Justice on December 21, 1923. By that time, Greta Garbo was back at work on Gösta Berlings saga. The petition Where did it come from? There are at least nine versions of how Greta Gustafson became ï¿½Garbo'! 1. The Polish version The most absurd of which is that it derived from the Polish word wygarbowac ï¿½ 'to tan leather' ï¿½ an alleged twist on Stiller's desire to shape her psychic hide.The claim that her name had to be changed in order to fit on a marquee is likewise mythical: surname length didn't hinder such actors as Sixten Malmerfeldt or Jenny Öhrström-Ebbesen. Sweden had few Hollywood- style marquees anyway. 2. The Hungarian king version More plausible is the account by which Stiller wanted to follow up Erotikon with a similar vehicle for Tora Teje in which the heroine's name was ï¿½modern and elegant and international [and) says just as clearly who she is in London and Paris as in Budapest and New York'. His manuscript assistant Arthur Norden suggested ï¿½Mona Gabor', derived from Gabor Bethlen, the seventeenth-century Hungarian king. Stiller rather liked it but kept trying out different variations: Gabor, GabOR, Gabro ... Garbo! Tora Teje was soon abandoned, but when Greta Gustafson later fired his imagination, she had just the right Christian name to go with the surname he already had in mind. Gabor Bethlen 3. The Etymology version The most romantic etymology holds that garbon was an old Norwegian word for wood nymph or forest sprite, and that Stiller chose it to signify ï¿½a mysterious being that comes out in the night to dance in the moonlight'. There is, in fact, an ancient Nordic word gardbo, for ï¿½farm guardian', but garbo has no meaning in Swedish. It does have meaning in the Romance languages ï¿½ with which Stiller and Garbo were largely unfamiliar. 4. The Italian version Some claim Stiller knew the Italian musical term con garbo, ï¿½with grace'. Garbo is a rarely used word in Italian that means a peculiar kind of grace and charm. 5. The Spanish version Similar to the Italian definition of the word in Spanish: ï¿½gracefulness, elegant carriage', often applied to bullfighters. 6. The Arthur Nordén version Stiller's Scenarist Arthur Nordén related that the director wanted a name that was ï¿½modern and elegant and international.ï¿½ He suggested Stiller the name Gábor, which apparently delighted Stiller, who rolled it round his tongue appreciatively. He and Garbo were very sensitive to the sound of words, their imaginative stresses as much as their vocal ones. Mercedes de Acosta remembers mentioning a Russian word, ï¿½toscar', to Garbo ï¿½who repeated it many times, pronouncing it richly and turning it, as it were, round her tongue like someone who might be speaking a beloved name'.' Stiller apparently worked the same way, trying accent and spelling variations of Gabor until he lighted on ï¿½ Garbo. 7. The Mimi Pollak version And not to be dismissed out of hand is the claim of Mimi Pollack, who insists it was she and Greta ï¿½ not Stiller ï¿½ who came up with ï¿½Garbo'. According to Mimi Pollak, the director never mentioned the name to Greta before she went down to the Ministry of Justice to meet with Mimi's friend, Oscar Adelsson, to discuss the change. Mimi, late 1920 After looking through a stack of books and tossing around ideas with Mimi and friends, the name ï¿½Garboï¿½ was conceived as she and Mimi walked across Norrbro Bridge on the way to the government building. It was a combination of two different surnames. ï¿½Greta thought it was wonderful. ï¿½Now I don't have to change the initials on my towels,' she said.ï¿½ In Pollack's account, Greta herself felt Gustafson was too long and ordinary for a stage name. She consulted Mimi, who knew a registrar at the Ministry of justice, where one day they looked through thousands of names. They liked ï¿½Gar-' as a beginning, she said, and their fancy was caught by the ending ï¿½-bo' on another name. The pseudonym is said to be a mark of power ï¿½ a second chance for destiny, as well as anonymity; Coleridge said pseudonyms had to accommodate all meanings and connotations attached to them. 8. Stiller version Someone wrote that he derived it from the first letters of a sentence he wrote describing Greta Gustafsson: Gör alla roller berömvärt opersonligt (Plays all roles in a commendably impersonal fashion). Mauritz Stiller Even if Garbo didn't actually choose hers, she at least had to approve it. Whatever its genesis and its owner's feeling about it. Stiller had a name. 9. Erica Darbo version The name ï¿½Garboï¿½, many have said, was inspired by Erica Darbo, a Norwegian operetta performer who was much applauded in Stockholm at the time. Did you know? One rumour was that the Norwegian singer Erica Darbo wanted to sue Garbo because she was using her professional name. Louis B. Mayer wanted her to drop the name Garbo because he thought it sounded too much like garbage, but the lady proved durable. Lovisa was also the first name of the Princess of Sweden (1851 ï¿½ 1926). Stiller and Garbo were often referred to as Pygmalion and Galatea, Beauty and the Beast or Svengali and Trilby. Actor John Gilbert called Garbo "flicka", which means "girl" in swedish. Garbos Nicknames and Pseudonyms! Rather than be Greta Garbo she prefers to masquerade. All pseudonyms that she has used in an effort to lose her public identity. 01. Miss Harriet Brown 13. G. 14. James Emerson Her favourite was Miss Harriet Brown. Hiding behind that drab and faceless fiction, she strolled the streets of New York, Paris, London and Vienna, often stopping to browse in antique shops, where, if she asks that some piece be set aside for her (she almost never buys), she reluctantly gave her name as Miss Harriet Brown, fooling nobody, perhaps not even herself. Her favourite was Miss Harriet Brown But her desire to avoid playing the role of Greta Garbo before strangers was overpowering. She had never fully understood the part. In later years her friends and family only called herï¿½.GGï¿½ï¿½ Her Signature Letters were mostly unsigned, even when they were it was usually with a pseudonym, and the subterfuge even extended to a reluctance to date anything, so envelope postmarks are the only reliable clue as to when they were written. When a signature was included, she preferred to use one of many nicknames and pseudonyms. Harriet Brown was a favourite, so she would just sign H.B. or Harry Brown, but at other times her mood would dictate different persona's: "Mountain Boy" (M-Boy) for her secret, contradictory, but gentle masculine side; or "Eleanor" for her wistful, feminine side. They were mostly in pencil, and often on very inexpensive note-paper, where she would lightly scratch her initials- GG or just G. Her signature was a lifelong concern. More about her signature HERE ! Greta Gustafson Garbo During and after Gösta Berling, 1924 she kept up her studies at the Academy. Now, with increased prestige from the film, she was offered a contract as ï¿½leading pupil', with a thirty-dollar-a-month raise in her stipend. She signed herself ï¿½Greta Gustafson Garbo' this time Greta's Nicknames as a child and teenager 1. Kata Kata (spell: Keta) was her childhood nickname and also in later life by her family and friends. The name derived from the way she pronounced her name when she was very small. In 2005, Garbo's nephew Scott Reisfield said that t his was the nickname she was given as a childï¿½after Swedish suffragette Kata Dalstromï¿½presumably for her strong will. 2. Gurra Gurra, was a nickname she was given by her friends from the Royal Dramatic Theatre Academy. The name "Gurra" is related to the name ï¿½ Gustav. Greta is or was also known asï¿½. The legendary woman of mystery, Greta Garbo has baffled journalists at home and abroad. She has eluded them both in body and spirit. For more than a quarter of a century, Greta Garbo's admirers on six continents have contended with one another in trying to describe her particular spell. The Divine Their prolonged and enchanting verbal skirmish has been trippingly fought on the field of superlatives. Her most famous Description. Is Garbo and The Divine (in several languages).Greta Garbo has been called ï¿½The Divineï¿½ in several languages and not a few dialects. Groping for the revealing phrase that would provide a clue to the unguessed mystery, they have had to settle for something rather commonplace, such as: 01. The Swedish Sphinx 35. Sphinge du Nord (France) 36. Femme fantôme (France) To some of her worshippers she is simply ï¿½poetry, sunrise and great music.ï¿½ In England she has been characterized as ï¿½A superhuman symbol of The Other Woman,ï¿½ and in Germany as ï¿½The supreme symbol of inscrutable tragedy.ï¿½ America she has been hailed with majestic dizziness as ï¿½the mysterious, inscrutable, available but untouchable essence of the indefinable.ï¿½ At the peak of her film career, when she had just turned thirty, she was ï¿½every man's harmless fantasy mistress". Whatever else Greta Garbo may represented or still represent, she is undeniably the classic symbol of womanly beauty of the 20th century.	i don't know
Sam Walton founded which famous US retail chain in 1962?	Sam Walton Biography - Childhood, Life Achievements & Timeline Business People Sam Walton Biography Sam Walton was an American businessman who founded the Wal-Mart Stores Inc. This biography of Sam Walton provides detailed information about his childhood, life, achievements, works & timeline. Quick Facts Helen Walton (1943 â his death) children S. Robson Walton, Alice Walton, John T. Walton, Jim C. Walton education - Distinguished Eagle Scout Award Image Credit https://www.pinterest.com/kingofscots1968/wal-mart-my-jail-umm-job-lol/ Sam Walton was an American businessman who founded the Wal-Mart Stores Inc. which grew to be the worldâs largest corporation by revenue as well as the biggest private employer in the world. Founded in 1962, today the company has thousands of stores all over the world. Sam Walton had spent years in the retail management business before opening the first Wal-Mart store. Born into a humble farming family in the late 1910s, he grew up during the Great Depression when not just his own family, but everyone else around him struggled to make ends meet. Still a young boy, he took up a variety of jobs in order to contribute to his familyâs income and this taught him the value of hard work and determination at a young age. He attended the University of Missouri and graduated with a bachelorâs degree in economics. After working for a while at J. C. Penney, he went on to serve in the army during the war years before venturing into the retail management business. He took over management of his first variety store when he purchased a Ben Franklin variety store in Newport, Arkansas. Eventually he opened the first Wal-Mart store in 1962 which has now grown to include over 11,000 stores in 28 countries. Childhood & Early Life He was born as Samuel Moore Walton on March 29, 1918, in Kingfisher, Oklahoma, U.S. to Thomas Gibson Walton and Nancy Lee. He had one younger brother, James. His father was a farmer who later entered farm mortgaging as farming did not provide enough money to provide for his family. The family moved frequently during Samâs early childhood. He was a good student and he became the youngest Eagle Scout in Missouriâs history while studying in the eighth grade in Shelbina, Missouri. His family finally settled in Columbia, Missouri. He grew up during the Great Depression and took up numerous small jobs in order to help his family which was struggling to make ends meet. Among other chores, he sold magazine subscriptions and delivered newspapers. He also milked the family cow, bottled the surplus and sold it to customers. He attended David H. Hickman High School in Columbia where he was voted the "Most Versatile Boy" at the time of his graduation in 1936. He then went to the University of Missouri as a Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) cadet. He also joined the Zeta Phi chapter of Beta Theta Pi fraternity and served as President of Burall Bible Class, a large class of students from the University of Missouri and Stephens College. During his university days he became a member of QEBH, the well-known secret society on campus honoring the top senior men, and the national military honor society Scabbard and Blade. He graduated in 1940 with a bachelorâs degree in economics. Career Within days of his graduation, Walton joined J. C. Penney as a management trainee in Des Moines, Iowa. He resigned from the job in 1942 in order to serve in the World War II. Before joining the army, he worked at a DuPont munitions plant near Tulsa, Oklahoma for a while. He joined the U.S. Army Intelligence Corps and supervised security at aircraft plants and prisoner of war camps. He eventually reached the rank of Captain in his army career and returned to civilian life once the war was over. Married by now, he borrowed some money from his father-in-law and purchased a Ben Franklin variety store in Newport, Arkansas, in 1945. The store was a franchise of the Butler Brothers chain. He found considerable success in retail management with his pioneering concepts, and by the early 1960s, Walton, along with his brother James, owned 15 Ben Franklin franchises and one independent store. Walton now planned to open bigger stores in rural areas with discounted prices in order to attract more customers and achieve a higher sales volume. However, the Ben Franklin executives were not in favor of this concept and turned down the plan. Undaunted, Sam Walton went on to open the first Wal-Mart store on July 2, 1962, in Rogers, Arkansas. Around this time the Walton brothers teamed up with Stefan Dasbach whom they collaborated with in order to grow their business. Keeping the price of the products low was one of the major driving forces behind the success of the Wal-Mart stores. Walton focused his efforts on sourcing products from American manufacturers who could supply merchandise for the entire Wal-Mart chain at very low prices in order to meet the foreign competition. Over the next few years several Wal-Mart stores sprung up all over the nation and by 1967, the Walton family owned 24 stores, registering up to $12.7 million in sales! Within a couple of years Walton officially incorporated his company as Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. The company went public in 1970 and the first stock was sold at $16.50 per share. By 1972, Wal-Mart was listed on the New York Stock Exchange (WMT). By 1980, the company had reached $1 billion in annual sales. Ever the innovator, Sam Walton launched the first Sam's Club in the 1980s to serve small businesses and individuals. During the same decade, the first Wal-Mart Supercenter was also opened, combining a supermarket with general merchandise to provide one-stop shopping convenience. Wal-Mart enjoyed continued success in the years to come and by the early 1990s, the companyâs stock worth had surged to $45 billion. Wal-Mart became the nationâs largest retailer in 1991, surpassing even Sears, Roebuck & Company. Walton had stepped down as CEO in 1988, but remained active in the company until his death in 1992. Major Works Sam Walton is best remembered as the founder of the retail corporation, Wal-Mart. Founded in the United States in 1962, the company is now a multinational with over 11,000 stores in 28 countries, under a total 65 banners. Wal-Mart is also the world's largest company by revenue, as well as the biggest private employer in the world. Philanthropic Works Sam Walton had a strong belief in giving back to the society. The Walmart Foundation was established in 1979 to contribute to the underprivileged, focusing on the core areas of opportunity, sustainability and community. Along with his wife he supported various charitable causes and was active in the First Presbyterian Church in Bentonville where he served as a Ruling Elder and a Sunday School teacher. He also made considerable financial contributions to the church. Awards & Achievements From 1982 to 1988, âForbesâ magazine named Walton the wealthiest man in the United States. In 1992, Sam Walton was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honor, by President George H. W. Bush and hailed as "an American original" who "embodies the entrepreneurial spirit and epitomizes the American dream." In 1998, Walton was included in Time's list of 100 most influential people of the 20th Century. Personal Life & Legacy Sam Walton married Helen Robson on February 14, 1943. The couple had four childrenâthree sons and one daughter. Walton loved hunting, especially quail. Along with his wife he was active in the Church and also taught Sunday School. The Walton family also supported various charitable causes. He suffered from two types of cancer: hairy-cell leukemia and bone marrow cancer during the later years of his life. Sam Walton died on April 5, 1992, aged 74. Translate this page to Spanish, French, Hindi, Portuguese Pictures of Sam Walton	Walmart
In the game of Bingo, ‘Knock at the door’ is the nickname of which number?	Sam Walton Sam Walton (Created by Ruth Sanford, History 135, December 2002) How did Sam Walton change retail shopping in the United States? Background Sam Walton was born in Kingfisher Oklahoma in 1918. From his humble beginnings, he rose and founded the largest retail empire in the world. He attended the University of Missouri at Columbia, graduating in 1940 with a bachelor’s degree in economics. He served as a Captain in the Army Intelligence Corps from 1942 to 1945. He married his wife Helen in 1943, and they had four children over their 49 years together. Sam Walton was always interested in retail. He had early beginnings working at JC Penney as a management trainee before entering the Army. After World War II he decided to open his own business. In 1945 his father-in-law, a successful banker, loaned him $20,000 to open a Ben Franklin variety store. His initial store earned a profit as Sam introduced ideas of cutting costs that are still present in Wal-Mart today. He bought large volumes of goods directly from manufacturers and made his store more accessible to more customers with longer hours and a good central location. He opened his second store, which was also a franchise, named Walton’s 5 & 10 in 1950. The new store, located in Bentonville, Arkansas was a success and was followed by another shortly in Fayetteville, Arkansas. He introduced profit sharing for his employees, and arranged his stores in the modern style of having registers located only at the front, near the exit. Walton continued to expand, until he opened the first Wal-Mart in 1962. Wal-Mart was a success, and continued to grow. Sam Walton initially opened his stores in smaller communities than the other major retailers would touch. He added Sam’s Club to the business in 1983, and in 1985, Sam Walton was named the richest man in America by Forbes magazine. Wal-Mart became the nation’s top retailer in 1990. Sam Walton always said that the customer was right, and all his stores have customer friendly features such as greeters, and a friendly, family oriented environment. Behind the scenes though, Sam Walton was a brilliant and ruthless businessman. He worked very hard to keep his expenses low as possible, and as his business grew, he was able to buy even more merchandise at even lower prices. He believed that the best results in business were found through generosity with employees. Profit sharing has always been a benefit for Wal-Mart employees. By keeping his expenses down, building his stores in areas undesirable to his competition and introducing new concepts in retail practice, Sam Walton permanently changed the way the country shops. Despite his massive wealth, Sam Walton lived a consistent life. He still wore baseball caps, drove an old pick-up truck and enjoyed the outside in the company of his dogs He was always very charismatic, and was very popular from his school days on. He was class president of his high school and college classes, and was active in community activities such as the Rotary Club and chamber of commerce. He knew that he was not as smart as many others, but through hard work and dedication, he was able to push onwards to become the most successful man in retail worldwide. He has established many charitable operations, such as college scholarships. When you are the most successful you can expect to be disliked, and Sam Walton was no exception. He has been criticized and hated for competing with small retailers, and putting them out of business. Scandals about sweatshop conditions for makers of Wal-Mart merchandise haunted Sam, and still plague the management of Wal-Mart. There are also groups who dislike him and Wal-Mart for making the whole country a little more alike, and a little less individual. Then there are the rather drastic groups who feel he is evil, and leads a cult religion! Today Wal-Mart has over 1 million employees in the United States, and is expanding into the international market. Since 1991, over 2000 stores have opened outside the United States, and they employ over 280,000 people. The people who dislike Sam Walton’s style of retail management are a minority, and the popularity of his stores grows constantly. He was known for selling the most merchandise for the lowest prices, and as Wal-Mart expands, the chain is likely to encounter more resistance from people who are afraid of losing their identities to the large and generic super centers. Sam Walton’s legacy lives on in the ever-growing empire of retail, to which he dedicated his life. 1918-Born March 29, in Kingfisher, Oklahoma. 1940-Graduated from the University of Missouri at Columbia with a B.A. in economics. 1942 to 1945-Served as a Captain in the U.S. Army Intelligence Corps. 1943-Married his wife Helen, they have 4 children together 1951-Opened the land-mark Five & Dime in Bentonville, Arkansas 1962-Opened his first Wal-Mart in nearby Rogers, Arkansas 1970-Wal-Mart stock first traded over the counter as publicly-held company. 1971-First 100% stock split. Stock valued at $47 1979-First billion dollar year in sales, total sales: $1,248,000,000. 1983-The first SAM'S club was opened in April in Midwest city, Oklahoma. 1983-First one hour photo lab opened in Tulsa, Oklahoma. 1983-The "People Greeter" program is introduced in all stores. 1984-Sam does the hula on Wall Street after posting 8% profits in 1983. 1985-Forbes magazine name Sam Walton as the richest man in America. 1988-First Supercenter opened in Washington, Missouri. 1990-Wal-Mart positioned as the nation's #1 retailer. 1991-Opens first international store with Club Aurrera in Mexico City. 1992-Died on April 5 1993-Tenth 100% stock split. Stock valued at $63. December 1993-First billion dollar sales week. Return to top WWW Sites The life and work of Sam Walton touched many lives in the United Sates, as well as the rest of the world, therefore there are a limitless variety of websites related to him. Here are just a few: The University of Arkansas has a College of Business named for Sam that includes an informative and well-done site. Check out the list of Sam Walton’s 10 rules for success . A&E produced a televised Biography of Sam. The Walmart website includes a summary of Sam’s life, and links to buy a video of the biography. Wal-Mart is expanding globally, and an article from the BBC explains the impact in Europe, as well the history and style of Wal-Mart. Time magazine named Sam Walton to its list of the 100 Most Influential People of the 20th Century. The site includes information from their archives, an audio clip of Sam, and a nice biography. There is also a biographical work produced by a college student at the University of St. Francis. There are a number of sites dedicated to hatred of Sam Walton, inclusing a satyrical wiki-type entry . Still more:	i don't know
Who was the only US President not to be elected to office?	Presidential Election Facts - U.S. Presidents - HISTORY.com Presidential Election Facts A+E Networks Introduction With more than two centuries’ worth of U.S. presidential elections, the historical ledger is filled with an array of facts. For example, when Barack Obama was named the 44th president, he was really only the 43rd president because Grover Cleveland is counted twice. And with Article II, Section 1, Clause 5 of the U.S. Constitution stating that a citizen has to be at least 35 years old to become president, John F. Kennedy came the closest to that limit by earning election at age 43. Learn about the only bachelor to be elected president, the four candidates to have won the popular vote and lost the election and more. Google The 2000 election was not the first time a candidate won the popular vote but lost the election. It has happened four times in our nation’s history: In 1824 Andrew Jackson won the popular vote but got less than 50 percent of the electoral votes. John Quincy Adams became the next president when he was picked by the House of Representatives. In 1876 Samuel Tilden won the popular vote but lost the election when Rutherford B. Hayes got 185 electoral votes to Tilden’s 184. In 1888 Grover Cleveland won the popular vote but lost the election when Benjamin Harrison got 233 electoral votes to Cleveland’s 168. In 2000 Al Gore won the popular vote but lost the election to George Bush. In the most highly contested election in modern history, the U.S. Supreme Court stopped the Florida recount of ballots, giving Bush the state’s 25 electoral votes for a total of 271 to Gore’s 255. Grover Cleveland was elected president (1884) then lost his re-election campaign (1888) and came back again to win the presidency for a second time. (1892) Barack Obama is the nation’s 44rd president but in reality there have only been 43 presidents. Grover Cleveland is counted twice as our 22nd and 24th president because he was elected for two nonconsecutive terms. Only 12 U.S. Presidents have been elected to office for two terms and served those two terms. Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected to office four terms prior to the Twenty-second Amendment. Article II, Section 1, Clause 5 of the U.S. Constitution has only three requirements for a president. (1) Must be at least 35 years old, (2) have lived in the United States at least 14 years, and (3) be a natural-born citizen. John Kennedy is the youngest elected U.S. President at 43. Ronald Reagan is the oldest elected U.S. President at 73. (second term) The only President and Vice President to never be elected to the office was Gerald Ford . He became vice president when Spiro Agnew resigned and became president when Nixon resigned. The tallest U.S. President was Abraham Lincoln at 6’4″The shortest U.S. President was James Madison at 5’4″ Percent wise – the 1992 election was the biggest turnout since 1972 with 61.3 percent off the voter age population heading to the polls. James Buchanan is the only bachelor to be elected president. Eight presidents have died in office. William Henry Harrison (pneumonia) Franklin D. Roosevelt (cerebral hemorrhage) John F. Kennedy (assassin) Ronald Reagan is the only divorced man to be elected president. James Monroe received every electoral vote but one in the 1820 election. A New Hampshire delegate wanted George Washington to be the only president elected unanimously. The U.S. Marine band has played at every presidential inauguration since 1801. President John Tyler is believed to be the first to use “Hail to the Chief” as the official Presidential honors. President Bill Clinton was born William Jefferson Blythe but took his stepfather’s last name when his mother remarried. He formally changed his name to William Jefferson Clinton when he was 15. Victoria Woodhull became the first woman to run for President in 1872. Hillary Clinton became the first woman to be nominated for president by a major party ticket in 2016. Jeanette Rankin of Montana became the first woman elected to Congress in 1916. John Mercer Langston became the first elected black politician in the United States in 1855 when he was elected Town Clerk in Brownhelm, Ohio . Twelve of the 56 signers of the Declaration of Independence were 35 years or younger. Martin Van Buren was the first natural-born American to become president in 1837. Each of the seven previous presidents were born as British subjects.Article II, Section 1, of the Constitution states; Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation: “I do solemnly swear [or affirm] that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.” Access hundreds of hours of historical video, commercial free, with HISTORY Vault . Start your free trial today. Tags	Gerald Ford
The liqueur creme de cassis is made with which fruit?	Selection and Succession of the President [ushistory.org] 7c. Selection and Succession of the President The founders feared the masses. Cautious about granting powers to the general voting public, they created a safety valve against popular will. The American people do not technically elect their President. Electors do. Grover Cleveland, shown on a $20 Federal Reserve Note from 1914, won the popular vote in his second election, but lost the presidency because he failed to win the electoral college. Selection According to the Constitution, the President serves a four-year term of office. The 22nd Amendment further requires that a President may not be elected more than twice, nor serve more than a total of ten years. The Constitution also created an electoral college to select the President. Some of the founders wanted to select a President by popular vote, but others did not want to put that much power into the hands of the voters. Others believed that Congress should select the President, but then, what would happen to separation of powers and checks and balances? So they compromised and created a special body of electors to be selected by the states. The number of electors would be equal to the sum of a states Senators and Representatives, so that large states would have more electors than the small ones. Some people believe that the electoral college system gives some states more than their fair share of votes. For example, California's population makes up 11% of the total U.S. population, but they receive 20% of the nation's electoral votes. This map shows the changes made to the Electoral College based on the 2000 census. Today many people believe that the Electoral College is out of date and that Presidents should be chosen by direct election, just as members of Congress are selected. By convention, state electors vote for the candidate that the people select in the general election, but they are not necessarily bound to do so. Electoral College Courtesy of the Gerald R. Ford Library Gerald Ford assumed the presidency upon the resignation of Richard Nixon. He had been appointed Vice President on the resignation of Spiro Agnew, making Ford the only President in history not to have been elected to either office. Is the Electoral College system outdated? Should it be abolished? The Electoral College also adds one nettlesome wrinkle — it is possible for a President to win more of the popular vote and lose the election. For example, if the Republican candidate gets even one more vote than the Democrat, all the state's electoral votes go to the Republican. Therefore, if a candidate wins small states by large pluralities and loses large states by narrow margins, it is possible to gain more votes than an opponent and win fewer electoral votes. Four presidents — John Quincy Adams, Rutherford B. Hayes, Benjamin Harrison, and George W. Bush — have been elected in this fashion. Succession Vice President Dan Quayle became the butt of many jokes when he misspelled the word "potato" while judging an elementary school spelling bee. Like most Vice Presidents before him, Quayle failed to win the next presidential election. The Constitution originally said little about presidential succession. It only specified that powers and duties should "devolve on the Vice President." Numerous succession situations over the years have shaped the current policy, defined in the 25th Amendment, adopted in 1967. 25th Amendment Section 1. In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President. Section 2. Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses of Congress. Section 3. Whenever the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, and until he transmits to them a written declaration to the contrary, such powers and duties shall be discharged by the Vice President as Acting President. Section 4. Whenever the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive departments or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall immediately assume the powers and duties of the office as Acting President. Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that no inability exists, he shall resume the powers and duties of his office unless the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive department or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit within four days to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office. Thereupon Congress shall decide the issue, assembling within forty-eight hours for that purpose if not in session. If the Congress, within twenty-one days after receipt of the latter written declaration, or, if Congress is not in session, within twenty-one days after Congress is required to assemble, determines by two-thirds vote of both Houses that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall continue to discharge the same as Acting President; otherwise, the President shall resume the powers and duties of his office. What happens when the presidency is vacated before an election? The Vice President becomes President, and then selects a Vice President that must be confirmed by both houses of Congress. What if something should happen to the President and Vice President at the same time? Then the Speaker of the House takes the presidency, and the President pro tempore of the Senate becomes Vice President. The line of succession then goes to the Cabinet members, in the order of their creation. Order of Succession to the Presidency 1 — President of the United States 2 — Vice-President of the United States 3 — Speaker of the House of Representatives 4 — President of the Senate Pro Tempore (becomes VP when Speaker becomes President) (Cabinet Secretaries in Order of Post's Creation — see Unit 7) 5 — Secretary of State	i don't know
Which English author wrote the 1928 novel ‘Orlando: A Biography’?	SparkNotes: Orlando: Key Facts Key Facts Study Questions and Essay Topics full title · Orlando: a Biography author · Virginia Woolf genre · Fictional biography language · English time and place written · Woolf wrote Orlando from her home in London, 1927–1928, between To the Lighthouse and The Waves date of first publication · October 11, 1928, the date given in the last line of the novel publisher · Hogarth Press narrator · Third-person, omniscient narrator; an unreliable "biographer" who changes style and tone to suit the changes of Orlando's life climax · The climax occurs when Orlando finds herself in the present day, 1928, and she is forced to acknowledge her own nature as a multitude of selves and experiences within one person. protagonist · Orlando setting (time) · 1588 to 1928 setting (place) · Mostly in England (London and Kent), but 1660–1685 are spent on an excursion to Constantinople and the hills of Turkey point of view · Third-person omniscient; the narrator or "biographer" knows what each of the characters are thinking and inserts her own explanations into the text falling action · Orlando, having found love, now finds life in the present moment; standing by her oak tree, she looks over her manor and welcomes back her husband Shel. tense · Immediate past, real-time narration foreshadowing · Orlando's poem foreshadows that she will end up back at her oak tree; the appearance of Archduchess Harriet foreshadows that he will me a man; Orlando's troubles with the gypsies foreshadow that she will return to England. tone · Detached, philosophic, and poetic; although she attempts to include dates and facts making the book a real 'biography,' the narrator's work ends up as poetry. themes · Sex and gender, the differences between men and women; the quality of history; the 'spirit of the age;' time; interconnectedness; truth, fact, and poetry motifs · Poetry, dates, clothing, sex changes symbols · The oak tree, the clock, Orlando's manor house, clouds More Help	Virginia Woolf
Which 1956 film starring Burt Lancaster was shot in Paris, including at the Cirque d’hiver?	Orlando: A Biography \| The Book Dumpling Orlando: A Biography Tweet The inimitable Virginia Woolf wrote this classic novel in 1928: Orlando is a young man born into Elizabethan England who eventually transforms into a woman. He navigates both sexes throughout the 20th century in this wonderful exploration of gender identity and love. Great for: • Readers unfamiliar with Virginia Woolf • Anyone interested in a genre-bending novel (literally). • Those who enjoy creative plotlines combined with high-brow writing If you liked the book, rent the movie(s): Orlando New titles are added on a continuous basis. To recommend or suggest a book, please email me Leave a Reply Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked * Name * Website Comment You may use these HTML tags and attributes: <a href="" title=""> <abbr title=""> <acronym title=""> <b> <blockquote cite=""> <cite> <code> <del datetime=""> <em> <i> <q cite=""> <strike> <strong> Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Notify me of new posts by email.	i don't know
In which year was the Oxford English Dictionary first published in ten volumes?	History of the OED \| Oxford English Dictionary Home History of the OED History of the OED The Oxford English Dictionary has been the last word on words for over a century. But, as with a respected professor or admired parent, we count on its wisdom and authority without thinking much about how it was acquired. What is the history of the Oxford English Dictionary? Exploring its origins and development will give new insight into this extraordinary, living document. Toggle Content navigation How it began 1857: The Philological Society of London calls for a new English Dictionary More work than they thought 1884: Five years into a proposed ten-year project, the editors reach ant Keeping it current 1933-1986: Supplements to the OED Making it modern 1980s: The Supplements are integrated with the OED to produce its Second Edition Into the electronic age 1992: The first CD-ROM version of the OED is published The future has begun The present: The OED is now being fully revised, with new material published in parts online How it began When the members of the Philological Society of London decided, in 1857, that existing English language dictionaries were incomplete and deficient, and called for a complete re-examination of the language from Anglo-Saxon times onward, they knew they were embarking on an ambitious project. However, even they didn’t realize the full extent of the work they initiated, or how long it would take to achieve the final result. The project proceeded slowly after the Society’s first grand statement of purpose. Eventually, in 1879, the Society made an agreement with the Oxford University Press and James A. H. Murray to begin work on a New English Dictionary (as the Oxford English Dictionary was then known). More work than they thought Existing English dictionaries were incomplete and deficient The new dictionary was planned as a four-volume, 6,400-page work that would include all English language vocabulary from the Early Middle English period (1150 AD) onward, plus some earlier words if they had continued to be used into Middle English. It was estimated that the project would be finished in approximately ten years. Five years down the road, when Murray and his colleagues had only reached as far as the word ‘ant’, they realized it was time to reconsider their schedule. It was not surprising that the project was taking longer than anticipated. Not only are the complexities of the English language formidable, but it also never stops evolving. Murray and his Dictionary colleagues had to keep track of new words and new meanings of existing words at the same time that they were trying to examine the previous seven centuries of the language’s development. The English language never stops evolving Murray and his team did manage to publish the first part (or ‘fascicle’, to use the technical term) in 1884, but it was clear by this point that a much more comprehensive work was required than had been imagined by the Philological Society almost thirty years earlier. One step at a time Over the next four decades work on the Dictionary continued and new editors joined the project. Murray now had a large team directed by himself, Henry Bradley, W.A. Craigie, and C.T. Onions . These men worked steadily, producing fascicle after fascicle until finally, in April, 1928, the last volume was published. Instead of 6,400 pages in four volumes, the Dictionary published under the imposing name A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles – contained over 400,000 words and phrases in ten volumes. Sadly, Murray did not live to see the completion of his great work; he died in 1915. The work to which he had devoted his life represented an achievement unprecedented in the history of publishing anywhere in the world. The Dictionary had taken its place as the ultimate authority on the language. Keeping it current An exhilarating aspect of a living language is that it continually changes. This means that no dictionary is ever really finished. After fifty years of work on the first edition, the editors must have found this fact exhausting to contemplate. Nevertheless, as soon as the original ten volumes of the New English Dictionary were completed, Craigie and Onions, the two editors still involved with the project, began updating it. In 1933, a single-volume Supplement to the Dictionary was published. Also at this time the original Dictionary was reprinted in twelve volumes and the work was formally given its current title, the Oxford English Dictionary. Modern English was continuously monitored by the celebrated ‘reading programme’ The twelve-volume Oxford English Dictionary and the single-volume Supplement represented the final statement from Oxford for many years to come. However, in 1957, Robert Burchfield was appointed Editor for a new Supplement that would replace the 1933 volume and include much new information on the language (especially on twentieth century vocabulary) obtained in the intervening years. Modern English was continuously monitored by the Dictionary’s celebrated ‘reading programme’, more scientific and technical terms were added, and the scope of the Dictionary was broadened to include considerably more words from North America, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, South Asia, and the Caribbean. Substantially longer than the 1933 edition, this new Supplement was published in four volumes between 1972 and 1986. Making it modern In 1982, as Burchfield’s work on the Supplement came within sight of the completion, Oxford University Press debated how to bring this monumental dictionary into the modern age. It soon became clear that the traditional methods of compiling entries would have to be updated, and that the source material should be transferred from paper to an electronic medium. The enterprise must change to deploy project managers and systems engineers as well as lexicographers. The Press duly set about this with the formation of the New Oxford English Dictionary Project in 1984. The team was given the objective of publishing an integrated print edition in 1989 and also of providing a full, electronic text to form the basis of future revision and extension of the Dictionary. The most adventurous computerization project seen in the publishing industry How do you take a multi-volume, century-old, print-based reference work and turn it into a machine-readable resource? By spending $13.5 million over five years in the most adventurous computerization project seen in the publishing industry at that time. Bespoke computer systems were built for both pre-processing the text and editing it in electronic form; text was marked up in the (then) novel SGML encoding scheme; the pages of the old edition and the Supplement were typed again by 120 keyboarders; and more than 50 proofreaders checked the results of their work. In Oxford John Simpson and Edmund Weiner with a core group of lexicographers reviewed, corrected, and edited this new electronic dictionary, as well as adding 5,000 new words and senses to 400,000 definitions previously expressed in 60,000,000 words. In all, the Project team succeeded in accomplishing around 85 per cent of its work by software, but the remaining 15 per cent required the critical eye of the editors. The culmination of this mammoth task was the setting in type and subsequent printing of the Oxford English Dictionary , Second Edition. In 1989 this was published on time, to great acclaim. The finished work, edited by Simpson and Weiner, fills 22,000 pages which are bound in twenty substantial volumes. Into the electronic age In 1992 the Oxford English Dictionary again made history when a CD-ROM edition of the work was published. Suddenly a massive, twenty-volume work that takes up four feet of shelf space and weighs 150 pounds is reduced to a slim, shiny disk that takes up virtually no space and weighs just a few ounces. The Oxford English Dictionary on CD-ROM has been a great success. The electronic format has revolutionized the way people use the Dictionary to search and retrieve information. Complex investigations into word origins or quotations that would have been impossible to conduct using the print edition now take only a few seconds. Because the electronic format makes the Oxford English Dictionary so easy to use, its audience now embraces all kinds of interested readers beyond the confines of the scholarly community. The future has begun Today, once again, the Oxford English Dictionary is under alteration. Continuing the technological innovations, the Dictionary is now available as an online publication designed to take full advantage of this powerful and accessible medium. The content of the Dictionary is also being comprehensively revised. However, instead of adding new material in supplements to the main edition, or simply interspersing new information throughout the body of the old edition, the entire work is being updated. This is the first time material written by Murray and the early editors has been changed since they finished in 1928. The result of this ambitious undertaking will be a completely revitalized Oxford English Dictionary. At no period in its history has the Oxford English Dictionary been profitable commercially for Oxford University Press. However, the Press remains committed to sustaining research into the origins and development of the English language wherever it is spoken. This commitment to the cultural values embodied in the Dictionary is shown by the £34 million (US$55 million) funding of the current revision programme and the associated programme for new words. The remedial work of revising original 19th and early 20th century editorial material is in progress, and the results of the revision programme and additions of new words will be published online every three months. The ambitious goals which the Philological Society set out in 1857 seem modest in comparison with the phenomenal achievement which their initiative set in motion. The Oxford English Dictionary is a living document that has been growing and changing for 140 years. Far more than a convenient place to look up words and their origins, the Oxford English Dictionary is an irreplaceable part of English culture. It not only provides an important record of the evolution of our language, but also documents the continuing development of our society. It is certain to continue in this role as we enter the new century.	1928
First broadcast in the UK 1958, what is the world’s longest running children’s television programme?	OED editions \| Oxford English Dictionary Home History of the OED OED editions OED editions The Oxford English Dictionary was originally published in fascicles between 1884 and 1928. A one-volume supplement was published in 1933, and four further supplementary volumes were published between 1972 and 1986. In 1989, a complete Second Edition was published, consisting of the original OED amalgamated with the supplementary volumes, and together with 5,000 completely new entries. In 1993 and 1997, three volumes of Additions to the Second Edition were published. (For more details, see the history of the Dictionary .) The OED is now, for the first time, being completely revised, with the aim of producing an updated Third Edition. (For more details, see the preface to the Third Edition .) The online Dictionary contains the complete A to Z sequence of the Second Edition, its three-volume Additions Series, and also draft material from the revision programme, which represents the latest progress towards the Third Edition. More revised and new entries will be added to the online Dictionary every quarter, and these will eventually cumulate to form the complete new edition. The prefaces to the previous editions of the OED, and a list of staff and contributors to each edition, are archived on the following pages:	i don't know
Quentin Tarantino and George Clooney play brothers Seth and Richard Gecko in which 1996 film?	From Dusk Till Dawn (1996) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error From Dusk Till Dawn ( 1996 ) R \| Two criminals and their hostages unknowingly seek temporary refuge in an establishment populated by vampires, with chaotic results. Director: a list of 40 titles created 04 Jan 2011 a list of 47 titles created 14 May 2012 a list of 39 titles created 21 Sep 2012 a list of 35 titles created 08 Nov 2014 a list of 40 titles created 8 months ago Title: From Dusk Till Dawn (1996) 7.3/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. 4 wins & 9 nominations. See more awards » Videos A middle-aged woman finds herself in the middle of a huge conflict that will either make her a profit or cost her life. Director: Quentin Tarantino After an experimental bio-weapon is released, turning thousands into zombie-like creatures, it's up to a rag-tag group of survivors to stop the infected and those behind its release. Director: Robert Rodriguez Two separate sets of voluptuous women are stalked at different times by a scarred stuntman who uses his "death proof" cars to execute his murderous plans. Director: Quentin Tarantino Two victims of traumatized childhoods become lovers and psychopathic serial murderers irresponsibly glorified by the mass media. Director: Oliver Stone A gunslinger is embroiled in a war with a local drug runner. Director: Robert Rodriguez Directors: Robert Rodriguez, Eli Roth, and 3 more credits » Stars: Kurt Russell, Rose McGowan, Danny Trejo The Bride continues her quest of vengeance against her former boss and lover Bill, the reclusive bouncer Budd and the treacherous, one-eyed Elle. Director: Quentin Tarantino In Detroit, a lonely pop culture geek marries a call girl, steals cocaine from her pimp, and tries to sell it in Hollywood. Meanwhile, the owners of the cocaine - the Mob - track them down in an attempt to reclaim it. Director: Tony Scott A vampire tells his epic life story: love, betrayal, loneliness, and hunger. Director: Neil Jordan After being set-up and betrayed by the man who hired him to assassinate a Texas Senator, an ex-Federale launches a brutal rampage of revenge against his former boss. Directors: Ethan Maniquis, Robert Rodriguez Stars: Danny Trejo, Michelle Rodriguez, Robert De Niro Hitman "El Mariachi" becomes involved in international espionage involving a psychotic CIA agent and a corrupt Mexican general. Director: Robert Rodriguez Ichabod Crane is sent to Sleepy Hollow to investigate the decapitations of 3 people with the culprit being the legendary apparition, the Headless Horseman. Director: Tim Burton Edit Storyline After a bank heist in Abilene with several casualties, the bank robber Seth Gecko and his psychopath and rapist brother Richard Gecko continue their crime spree in a convenience store in the middle of the desert while heading to Mexico with a hostage. They decide to stop for a while in a low-budget motel. Meanwhile the former minister Jacob Fuller is traveling on vacation with his son Scott and his daughter Kate in a RV. Jacob lost his faith after the death of his beloved wife in a car accident and quit his position of pastor of his community and stops for the night in the same motel Seth and Richard are lodged. When Seth sees the recreational vehicle, he abducts Jacob and his family to help his brother and him to cross the Mexico border, promising to release them on the next morning. They head to the truck drivers and bikers bar Titty Twister where Seth will meet with his partner Carlos in the dawn. When they are watching the dancer Santanico Pandemonium, Seth and Richard fight with ... Written by Claudio Carvalho, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil How far can Too Far go? See more » Genres: Rated R for strong violence and gore, language and nudity \| See all certifications » Parents Guide: 19 January 1996 (USA) See more » Also Known As: Del crepúsculo al amanecer See more » Filming Locations: $10,200,000 (USA) (19 January 1996) Gross: Did You Know? Trivia The shotgun that Jacob uses at the end with is a Winchester Model 1912 with a Butler Creek tactical synthetic loop fore-grip. See more » Goofs When Seth and Richie are in the Fuller's hotel room holding Scott and Jacob at gunpoint, Kate opens the door and stops when Richie and Seth point their guns at her, Richie then closes the door with her behind it but in the next shot of the door she is front of it. See more » Quotes Pete Bottoms : What do ya know? Earl McGraw : Well, it's a hot goddam day Ernest Liu's opening credit is run off the screen by Seth and Richard's car. See more » Connections Robbers and Preachers and Vampires, oh my! 19 March 2001 \| by great_sphinx_42 (The Poppy Field, OZ 69666) – See all my reviews Anyone trying to do a 'serious review' of this movie needs to lighten up. George Clooney and Quentin Tarantino are the Gecko brothers, two bad, bad men on their way to Mexico. Along the way they pick up a preacher played by Harvey Keitel and his two kids. They're supposed to meet a partner at a bar called The Titty Twister, and once they get there madness ensues. From there it takes a turn that many seem to find infuriating but I personally find highly entertaining. It's humming along like a typical Tarantino picture, and then- BOOM. Out of nowhere, it becomes all too clear that these two bad, bad men are not by a longshot the baddest in this bar. All of this can- and will, given the right attitude on the part of the viewers- read as a loving high-five to 70s zombie flicks, a homage to the campy fun of those movies. The tough guy dialog continues throughout, the gore level is astounding, and we see via Kate- the preacher's daughter, played by Juliette Lewis- that sometimes a p***ed-off virgin with a crossbow can more than hold her own. On top of that, it has a hella-cool biker-bar soundtrack and Salma Hayek in a bikini. What's not to like? 56 of 73 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	From Dusk till Dawn
King John of England was the youngest son of which English monarch?	Movie Review - - FILM REVIEW;Enough Blood to Feed The Thirstiest Vampires - NYTimes.com FILM REVIEW;Enough Blood to Feed The Thirstiest Vampires By JANET MASLIN Published: January 19, 1996 The vampire western "From Dusk Till Dawn" raises more than the usual curiosity about who will come back from the dead. Quentin Tarantino, last seen doing himself serious harm in "Four Rooms," wrote this film's screenplay and plays a starring role. Robert Rodriguez, who made the only watchable "Rooms" segment after the fiery but uneven "Desperado," tries directing his most ambitious feature. And George Clooney, whose previous feature film credits include "Return of the Killer Tomatoes," goes from television stardom on "E. R." to another try at leading-man stature on the big screen. Not many television actors make the transition easily, but not many look this much like Cary Grant. So "From Dusk Till Dawn" has the feeling of high-stakes poker. And for a while it even holds a winning hand. Certain ground rules apply: This is violent, profane film making, just as "Pulp Fiction" was, and it revels in pitch-black satire that delights in meanness and mayhem. Much of Mr. Tarantino's sharpest dialogue involves gun-related threats, as when Mr. Clooney tells a hostage not to flee "because I got six little friends and they can all run faster than you can." For his part, Mr. Rodriguez has made his trademark the sight of unperturbed heroes walking away from burning buildings without looking back. During a promising if down-and-dirty first hour, "From Dusk Till Dawn" introduces two of these hard guys: the Gecko brothers, Seth (Mr. Clooney) and Richard (Mr. Tarantino), hoodlums on the run. Beginning in mid-holdup at the colorful desert outpost called Benny's World of Liquor, the film follows the Geckos as they head for Mexico. Played with grit and no apologies by the truly dashing Mr. Clooney (with flames tattooed across his neck), Seth is the brains of the operation. Richard, played by Mr. Tarantino in a sly, mercifully restrained mood, is the head case and convicted sex offender of the duo. He's had a hole shot clear through his hand -- thanks to deadpan special effects that Mr. Rodriguez treats as a comic asset -- before the opening credits are even over. Then these two (describing themselves as "a couple of real mean motor scooters" in the script's jokey pop argot) meet the film's innocent characters: the Fuller family, driving through the desert in a recreational vehicle and unlucky enough to stop at the Geckos' motel. It's one of the film's little jokes that Juliette Lewis is cast as the clean-living ingenue while Harvey Keitel, behind glasses and a bushy beard, plays the ex-pastor who is her solemn father. Ernest Liu nicely holds his own in this strange company as Mr. Keitel's son. Kidnapped by the Geckos, the Fullers wind up in Mexico at the sleazy, stripper-filled bar that becomes the film's principal set. It's here that "From Dusk Till Dawn," as if suffering the effects of a vampire's bite, turns into something entirely different. Suddenly the special effects come full throttle and the film becomes an all-out bloodbath, as the bikers and topless dancers at the bar morph into blood-sucking monsters, and the Fullers and Geckos have the chance to battle real evil. When Mr. Rodriguez stages a fight like this, the veins spurt and the eyeballs pop and the body parts wind up all over the floor. A bit of history: Mr. Tarantino originally wrote this screenplay while still a video store clerk, having been commissioned for the job by Robert Kurtzman, who ran a special-effects makeup company. (Mr. Kurtzman has a story credit here.) As that suggests, visual tricks are a lot of the finished film's raison d'etre. But they're tricks that narrow its audience to viewers who enjoy watching flesh melt. Mr. Rodriguez demonstrates his talents more clearly than ever -- he's visually inventive, quick-witted and a fabulous editor -- while still hampering himself with sophomoric material. The latter part of "From Dusk Till Dawn" is so relentless that it's as if a spigot has been turned on and then broken. Though some of the tricks are entertainingly staged, the film loses its clever edge when its action heats up so gruesomely and exploitatively that there's no time for talk. (To Mr. Rodriguez's credit, he does include such nonverbal witticisms as a nasty rock-and-roll version of "Mary Had a Little Lamb" and a groin-level automatic weapon that will have to be seen to be believed.) Wandering through the lurid free-for-all that reduces this promising film to cult horror status are Salma Hayek (dancing with a huge white snake), Fred Williamson (at one point holding a dripping heart in his hand), Cheech Marin (playing three roles, at least two more than necessary), a lot of the minor players from "Desperado" and the horror director and makeup expert Tom Savini (playing a character named Sex Machine). There are more notable walk-ons and minor touches here, but audiences will need the stamina to look. Mr. Keitel deserves special mention for playing a dull, quiet pastor with unassuming skill. The character may take a back seat to the flashier Geckos, but Mr. Keitel is not easily upstaged. "From Dusk Till Dawn" is rated R (Under 17 requires accompanying parent or adult guardian). It is violent, gory, sexist and exploitative in ways that, for all its facetiousness, are real. FROM DUSK TILL DAWN Directed by Robert Rodriguez; written by Quentin Tarantino; story by Robert Kurtzman; director of photography, Guillermo Navarro; edited by Mr. Rodriguez; music by Graeme Revell; production designer, Cecilia Montiel; produced by Gianni Nunnari and Meir Teper; released by Miramax Dimension Films. Running time: 100 minutes. This film is rated R. WITH: Harvey Keitel (Jacob Fuller), George Clooney (Seth Gecko), Quentin Tarantino (Richard Gecko), Juliette Lewis (Kate Fuller), Cheech Marin (Border Guard/Chet Pussy/Carlos), Fred Williamson (Frost), Salma Hayek (Santanico Pandemonium), Tom Savini (Sex Machine) and Ernest Liu (Scott Fuller).	i don't know
Pinkie, Cubitt and Ida Arnold are all characters in which Graham Green novel?	Brighton Rock Maximize this page Introduction This study guide is intended for students preparing for exams at GCE Advanced (A2) level and Advanced Supplementary (AS) level. But it is suitable for university students and the general reader who is interested in Brighton Rock. Please use the hyperlinks in the table above to navigate this page. If you have any comments or suggestions to make about this page, please e-mail me by clicking on this link. The purpose of this study guide is to help you find your way around the text, and to introduce subjects which may be set by examiners. It is not a substitute for close study of the novel. Ideas presented here need to be supported by textual reference (either summary of narrative detail or brief direct quotation, as appropriate; do not quote at length: you gain no credit for this in an "open book" exam, the point of the reference will not be clear, and you are wasting time!). Back to top It is assumed by the examiners that literature is a humane subject; that is, that books set for study explore and interpret values and attitudes in the real world, although they must also be judged in their own right as imaginative works depicting an alternative reality or alternative view of the world. Broadly speaking, students are asked to examine works in terms of their content (what they are about) and the author's technique (how they are composed). While examiners hope that students will enjoy studying these things, they recognize that this enjoyment will rarely be simple or immediate in the case of demanding texts. Students would do well to develop maturity as readers, to discover the historical and cultural diversity of western literature, with some of its history; to recognize different literary forms, genres and conventions. Personal and independent judgements are encouraged, but should be made against a background of familiarity with established or current attitudes. It is impossible to "teach" this entirely within lesson time; private reading, directed by a teacher or other well-read person, is essential. Because you cannot read everything, or even very much, try to profit from the experience of others. Back to top Brighton Rock: what is it about? At one level, this novel is a simple, if elegant, thriller: Ida Arnold, an unlikely heroine, pursues the evil but failed gangster Pinkie Brown; she seeks his punishment, while trying to save from his influence the young woman, Rose, whom Pinkie has married to buy her silence. In these terms, with vivid but usually straightforward characters and well-drawn locations, and the shocking conclusion (the reader is aware of Rose's imminent discovery of Pinkie's hatred) the novel shows why it achieved great popularity, and why it was successfully adapted for the cinema. Unlike some classic works, it obeys the convention of popular fiction, that there should be a well-paced and exciting story; "suspense" is also provided by the reader's concern for the perhaps doomed Rose. But why is the novel also considered to be serious fiction, or a "modern classic"? This is a little less obvious, but we can find reasons for this opinion, if we look. Like many writers from earlier times, Greene is deeply interested in what could be called metaphysical questions: about the real nature and purpose of this world, about the nature or existence, even, of God; about man's freedom, by his own efforts, to alter his circumstances - or lack of this freedom. In order to address these arguments, Greene depicts characters who are not at all complex, but who hold, profoundly in the case of Pinkie, radically differing views on these matters. Back to top Dallow, like Ida, sees only the immediate material world before him, as do the punters who see Brighton's jolly facade and gaiety, but not the squalor behind this. Pinkie, though, believes also in a world of unseen but eternal spiritual realities. Initially, he believes these to await him after death, and he aspires to better his status in this world; but he comes, gradually, to see what Prewitt, his bent lawyer, articulates for him, that "this (this world, generally; for Pinkie, Brighton) is hell, nor are we out of it". Brighton in its two aspects (the Palace Pier or Paradise Piece) becomes a metaphor for heaven and hell, while the novel begs the question: does Pinkie have a morbid and deluded imagination, or is he right in his view of the world? Ida is a likeable heroine, but Greene does not at all endorse her matter-of-fact view of the world. Greene's examination of these questions should also be seen in its historical perspective. The major English novelist of the inter-war years, D.H. Lawrence, presented a view of the world in which problems arise from personal, social and especially sexual relations. While ideas about religious belief might occasionally preoccupy the characters in Lawrence's novels the author does not seriously entertain belief in a supernatural God. Late Victorian writers, such as Thomas Hardy and George Eliot, followed by G.B. Shaw, have tried to replace religious values with social ethics. In Brighton Rock, Greene shows the continuing importance of religious belief. In Hale's funeral service and Ida's superstitious dabblings in the "spirit world" he ridicules the then fashionable compromise between religious faith and so-called "rationalism". Pinkie's rebuke to Dallow's "I don't believe in what my eyes don't see" ("They don't see much then"; p. 212 ) could reasonably be read as the author's gibe against the blindness, to eternal realities, of the modern materialist outlook. These ideas will be discussed more fully later. Back to top Heaven and hell Pinkie accepts the Roman Catholic teaching about heaven and hell, but in a rather perverted way. There may be heaven though he can form no idea of it; but he has a vivid idea of hell: "Of course there's Hell. Flames and damnation." (p. 52) Initially, Pinkie believes that hell awaits him after death, and there is no point in troubling about it beforehand: "Hell - it's just there. You don't need to think of it - not before you die" (p. 91) But his remark to Rose immediately prior to this ("I don't take any stock in religion") is not convincing. It is probably true, however, at this point, that Pinkie believes he can use his position as Kite's successor to gain status and influence, though it is not clear to the reader how he can achieve these, as Pinkie lacks imagination; his refusal to meet Colleoni's terms seems foolish. What Pinkie wants immediately is to obliterate his past in Paradise Piece, with the knowledge of his parents' sexual habits, and to escape from the room at Frank's, where strategic planning is made impossible by the interruptions of the other gang members and Judy. An idea of controlling the race track, resisting Colleoni and doing what he needs to, in order to silence Rose is Pinkie's vision of worldly success. The reader notes, first that the celibate, ascetic Pinkie is unfitted to enjoy the fruits of this success, other than the prestige it might bring; second, that Ida, effortlessly, achieves what is denied Pinkie: he is refused a room at the hotel on his wedding-night, while Ida uses the "unlucky" Hale's tip to pay her way in Brighton, and her charm to hitch a lift to the races in a luxury sports car. Back to top What Pinkie comes to realize about his original view of things is that it is mistaken, and that hell is all around us. In trying to silence Rose, he finds himself committing a sin more serious than murder (the corruption of an immortal soul). He also sees how the squalid domestic routines and the sexual relations he has hitherto sought to escape have now trapped him; the only way out is to arrange Rose's death. Pinkie sees this most vividly when he takes his bride back to Frank's place: Now it was as if he was damned already and there was nothing more to fear ever again. The ugly bell chattered, the long wire humming in the hall, and the bare globe burnt above the bed - the girl, the washstand, the sooty window, the blank shape of a chimney, a voice whispered, " I love you, Pinkie". This was hell then; it wasn't anything to worry about; it was just his own familiar room. (p. 182) Later, when he visits Prewitt (Part Seven, Ch. 3), this is articulated most clearly. Pinkie's fear of settled domesticity is alarmingly embodied in Prewitt's household. Prewitt is successful enough (or has been) to own a house and to employ a servant. But his house is near the railway line, "shaken by shunting engines" while soot settles "continuously on the glass and brass plate". The party wall is so thin, there is non-stop noise from the neighbour's radio. The wife in the basement and the girl with "grey underground skin" suggest the hell just beneath this world. Prewitt tells Pinkie that the Boy's danger of conviction is to be preferred to his own living death: "The worst that can happen to you is you'll hang. But I can rot". Finally, Prewitt tells Pinkie of Mephistopheles' words to Faustus: "Why, this is Hell, nor are we out of it" repeating the phrase soon afterwards. Pinkie would not be familiar with Marlowe's play, but the quotation expresses an idea to which his own thoughts have been tending. Back to top The reader sees that Pinkie is like Faustus: he has tried to make a deal, accepting his own damnation, in return for some advantage in this world. Like Faustus, he finds that the worldly gain is illusory and unsatisfying. We see further how Pinkie becomes aware more and more of a loss of control. When he confronts Hale, he is utterly confident he can kill him with impunity. Early in the novel (p. 7) Greene likens Pinkie to a hunter "before the kill". As he is drawn into closer relations with Rose, Pinkie sees how his scope for action is lessened. This becomes explicit when he visits Prewitt: "More than ever yet he had the sense that he was being driven further and deeper than he'd ever meant to go": he is now the hunted. This idea is central to the novel's conclusion: although Pinkie is fairly sure of his own damnation, he believes (in theory) that a Catholic can be saved if he repents before death, an idea he thinks of repeatedly in terms of the rhyme about the "stirrup" and the "ground". When he fears he may be about to die, after the attack on the race-course, he finds that this does not work, that his whole attention is given to trying to stay alive. But Greene is careful not to exclude the possibility of forgiveness for Pinkie. Driving with Rose to the country, to arrange her "suicide", Pinkie thinks of himself as pre-destined, unfairly, for damnation, because of the experiences of which "his cells were formed". He is stirred by "an awful resentment", and wonders why he should not "have had his chance, like all the rest, seen his glimpse of heaven, if it was only a crack between the Brighton walls". (p. 228) But as he looks back on his brief courtship of Rose, Pinkie has his chance. He discovers, to his surprise, that he remembers it "without repulsion" and the (slight) possibility of affection for Rose occurs to him; "somewhere, like a beggar outside a shuttered house, tenderness stirred, but he was bound in a habit of hate". Back to top The image is repeated (p. 237) as Pinkie feels almost protective of Rose in response to the boasting of the upper-class men in the bar: "Tenderness came up to the very window and looked in". The chance of repentance, twice refused, comes most vividly, the third and final time; as he drives away from the bar, Pinkie is aware of "an enormous emotion", likened to "something trying to get in; the pressure of gigantic wings against the glass. Dona nobis pacem...If the glass broke, if the beast - whatever it was - got in, God knows what it would do." (p. 239) The colloquial "God knows" here clearly has a serious literal meaning. Pinkie is aware of what is happening, this is the "crack" opening in Brighton's walls, but when it comes, he resists it. Having declined the threefold offer of mercy, Pinkie cannot escape the divine judgement. His death is presented very much as the action of supernatural punishment: "it was as if the flames had literally got him" (the burning of the vitriol anticipating and becoming a metaphor for the hell-fire which Pinkie is about to meet). When he goes over the cliff no sound is heard: "it was as if he'd been withdrawn suddenly by a hand out of any existence - past or present, whipped away into zero - nothing". (p. 243) The "hand" is a conventional anthropomorphism for the action of God, while the reference to time indicates how Pinkie's hell, as Prewitt correctly divines, begins before his death. Back to top In the depiction of Pinkie, Greene addresses many of the paradoxes of Roman Catholic doctrine. Pinkie seems to be doomed - both by his environment and by his temperament - to hell, and yet he is held accountable for his actions. His lack of imagination (of others' sufferings) and inability to value those for whom he has no affection (and he has affection for nobody) explain, but in Greene's eyes neither justify nor excuse, his crimes. He has the possibility of mercy but declines it. The reader is satisfied (with Ida) that justice has been done (though we understand it, as Ida does not, in the context of eternal damnation). Ida, like Dallow, believes in what she sees. She is superstitious, being quite ready to believe in a spirit world, but not seeing, as Pinkie does, the vivid reality of hell-fire. "She believed in ghosts, but you couldn't call that thin transparent existence life eternal". (p. 36) This is contrasted with Ida's hedonistic ideas about life, as a series of tangible material pleasures to be enjoyed without self-reproach: "She took life with a deadly seriousness". (p. 36) Ida has no belief in heaven or hell: "That's just religion...Believe me, it's the world we got to deal with". (p. 198) "Fred" has been deprived of life and Rose's life may be in danger; Ida, with her overwhelming sense of "right and wrong", of fair play, casts herself in the rôle of avenger. Back to top Greene explains Ida's popularity in terms of her understanding of ordinary people; her physical presence, her joie de vivre and her sentimentality all make her attractive; she is generous in every respect, and mixes common sense with commonplace superstition. In this, she is a kind of representative of the people, and of the popular world view. Many readers will see things as Ida does; most will admire the courage with which she responds to what she sees as her duty to "Fred". Whether we agree with Ida's belief that "it's the world we got to deal with" is another matter. It is possible to see Pinkie's theology as the morbid fantasy of a moral imbecile. But the conclusion of the novel appears more to endorse the supernatural than the worldly outlook. The "hand" which seems to withdraw Pinkie from existence, for example, is not in his mind (we have no insight into the dying man's thought) but in the narrative. Just as Ida sets out to save Rose's (mortal) life, so Rose hopes to save Pinkie's (immortal) soul. If this is impossible, she thinks, she would rather be damned with him. Though familiar with the Catholic doctrine in which she has been brought up, her understanding is very different from Pinkie's. She is quite ready to defer to his authority, even when he pretends not to believe the orthodox teaching on marriage, in order to persuade Rose that he and she are "to be married properly". Although Rose is conventionally "good" she has a sense of inhabiting a country where "good or evil" live together, speaking "the same language", coming together "like old friends"; Pinkie and she live in a common world, from which the non-Catholics are excluded. She sees Ida (in relation to Catholicism) as resembling "an Englishwoman abroad", as if "in a strange country" without a "phrase book". Back to top Rose rightly suspects that Pinkie's background is the same as hers; he denies this (p. 91) not least because his home is the thing of which he most wants to be free. Rose fails, at the last, to commit suicide; though she thinks of the voice prompting her to stay alive so she can plead for Pinkie "at the throne of grace" as speaking like a "devil", yet her hand is stayed long enough for her to be overtaken by events. When Ida and the policeman arrive, Rose throws away the revolver she is holding. Rose tells the priest (p. 246) that Pinkie was damned and knew it. The priest encourages her to believe it might be otherwise "if he (Pinkie) loved" her, and tells her to make her child a saint "to pray for his father". The novel's concluding sentence intimates that Rose will soon discover (from Pinkie's recorded message) that he hated her, thus giving the lie to the priest's suggestion. Back to top Brighton In the novel, Brighton is important as a well-drawn setting for the action; as a metaphorical device for depicting the eternal realities of heaven and hell; for its close identification with Pinkie, and for its atmosphere. The reader does not have to know the town through personal experience to follow the novel, though in fact Greene supplies very precise details at points (he identifies the Palace Pier, the West Pier, Old Steyne, Montpellier Road and neighbouring Rottingdean and Peacehaven, as well, of course, as the race track). The town could be any English seaside resort in its layout: a drab hinterland, known only to the locals extends back from the extensive promenades and piers with amusements, sideshows and kiosks selling confections and souvenirs. These sources of pleasure and entertainment are presented by Greene as essentially vulgar, for the common people. Ida, ever adaptable, is able to enjoy her day-trip, but Hale, down on his luck yet of more middle-class outlook feels isolated, different from the crowd which seems to exist only as a collective, to which individual differences are surrendered: it is likened, impersonally, to a "twisted piece of wire", uncoiling "endlessly past him". While the crowds enjoy the seaside, they do not know the impoverished streets behind it. Though Pinkie seems to know all of Brighton well, there are parts he wishes not to know. In seeking her parents' permission to marry Rose, Pinkie must return to the poor area from which he originates; he (like the reader) is directly confronted with the squalid detail of Nelson Place and Paradise Piece. Back to top The promenade and the piers, dedicated to amusement, parting people from small amounts of money saved, patiently, from what they have earned through real work are artificial, a veneer on reality, as it were. For the crowds of holiday-makers or day-trippers on bank-holidays they are a delightful illusion of the good life: With immense labour and immense patience they extricated from the long day the grain of pleasure: this sun, the music, the rattle of the miniature cars, the ghost train diving between the grinning skeletons under the Aquarium promenade, the sticks of Brighton rock, the paper sailors' caps. (p. 6) Greene indicates here how the crowd almost force themselves into a sense of enjoyment, as this is the only diversion they can know. But the reality of Brighton is Paradise Piece and Nelson Place, with their poverty and squalor; Mr. Prewitt's domestic hell; the room at Frank's place; the life Pinkie sees embodied in the clutter of a garage in which he takes refuge, or the sprawling development he and Rose look at from the bus. In every case, the place is associated with unhappiness, failure of one's plans and of one's relationships but chiefly with entrapment. Prewitt's quotation of Mephistopheles points the reader to Pinkie's apparent inability to leave Brighton. We may wonder why he does not simply run away from his troubles: the answer is that he cannot leave. Unlike the much-travelled Dallow, he knows he is doomed to stay there. He tells Dallow: "I'd feel a stranger away from here...I suppose I'm real Brighton" (pp. 219,220) He says this "as if his single heart contained all the cheap amusements, the Pullman cars, the unloving weekends in gaudy hotels, and the sadness after coition". Though he has tried to escape Paradise Piece, there is irony in his criminal actions (the intended means of escape) leading him, as he tries to silence Rose, back to the very slums from which he came. Back to top When Pinkie goes out into the country with Cubitt and Dallow he takes his past with him; confronted with Sylvie in the back of a Lancia he is as nauseated as ever by the physical reality of sex. Immediately before this we are told (p. 130): This was his territory, the populous foreshore, a few thousand acres of houses, a narrow peninsula of electrified track running to London, two or three railway stations with their buffets and buns. It had been Kite's territory, it had been good enough for Kite, and when Kite had died in the waiting-room at St. Pancras, it had been as if a father had died, leaving him an inheritance it was his duty never to leave for strange acres. Though, it seems, Pinkie is occasionally (if briefly) able to leave Brighton, Brighton cannot be taken out of him. Finally, Brighton is appropriate because of its atmosphere. Although a fashionable resort in its Regency heyday, the Brighton of the 1930s, which Greene knew was rather down-at-heel and extremely vulgar. The amusements are a series of clich�s: ghost-train and shooting-gallery; paper hats and sticks of rock. A supposedly festive location often, by way of contrast, as here, may prove highly effective as the setting for a story about evil and crime. On the day of the Whitsun bank holiday, though the sun shines there is a chill wind; the literal coldness becoming a metaphor for Hale's fear and sense of isolation and danger. Back to top Brighton Rock: why is the title apt? Brighton is (or was, in Britain, until recent times) very closely associated in the public mind with the sticks of rock sold there, and would have been so even more in the 1930s, when the rock would have been seen as a semi-luxury. Greene chooses it for his title, both because of its connection with the circumstances of Hale's death, and because of its use, by Ida, as a simile to explain the unchanging nature of the human heart. We do not learn at once how Hale died. We know that Pinkie and his gang believe they have killed him, yet are puzzled by the different conclusion of the coroner. Much later (p. 162) Cubitt hints to Ida about the killing: "I can't see a piece of Brighton rock without..." (without distress, evidently, at recalling his part in the killing; Ida presses him for more information, but he gives none). The mystery is resolved in the following chapter, where Pinkie sees a kind of diabolical leading of Rose, as she inadvertently retraces his steps on the day of Hale's death. The covered walk which Rose takes (in bad weather) because it is sheltered has been chosen, earlier, by Pinkie for discretion. When she reaches the kiosk where the killing took place, Pinkie asks Rose whether she wants winkles or rock "as if something important really depended on the answer". When she replies, "I'd like a stick of Brighton rock" he believes that "only the devil...could have made her answer like that". We learn that some rock is for sale cheaply because it has been broken (in the kiosk) by "some clumsy fools" (Pinkie and his gang, with Hale). He knows, before he turns around, that "the promenade" will be "shut out behind the rows of Brighton rock" (p. 178). Evidently, this place was chosen for the killing of Hale because few, if any, holiday-makers would see the men on the covered walk, and no-one would see the murder. (It is not clear whether the shop-assistant would be in the kiosk but unaware of what was happening or out, though her remark suggests that the murder may have occurred when the kiosk was unattended; Pinkie evidently knows every detail of the place.) Back to top The principal reason for Greene's choice of title, though, is that Brighton rock provides Ida with a topical but simple analogy to human nature. In response to Rose's statement that people change, Ida retorts: "Oh, no they don't....I've never changed. It's like those sticks of rock: bite it all the way down. That's human nature". (p. 198) In the case of Pinkie, Ida would appear to be correct. But whether Greene wishes us to endorse this view in every case is debatable; Pinkie, after all, is confronted with the possibility of change, but is unable to achieve it. This view is essentially pessimistic, suggesting that the only good people are those who are good to begin with. In the eternal context (in which Ida has no real belief) this would mean that the capacity of the individual to respond to God's mercy (and thus damnation and salvation) are determined in advance by God's will. Crudely, whether one is saved or damned, in terms of Ida's simile, depends on what God has written on one's character or soul. Back to top The narrative viewpoint Before considering this, it may be worth thinking generally about the idea of viewpoint in fiction. Conventionally, writers use first or third person narration for different effects: the one gives a more partial and subjective view, while the other allows more objective or shifting viewpoint. However, by regulating the reader's access to the thoughts of the imagined characters or by making judgements about them, the author may massage the reader's sensibilities and attitudes. Comments may also be provided by way of explanation, to clarify what would otherwise seem puzzling or to elicit sympathy for otherwise repellent characters. In Brighton Rock Greene limits the reader's view to scenes in which Pinkie, Ida and Rose appear, save for the opening, in which we follow Hale, and a brief episode in which Dallow is prominent. We are granted access to the thoughts of these characters, to their feelings about others, with the author's explanatory comment sometimes, seeing the story, as it were, through their eyes. One way of understanding this better would be to consider those characters to whom we are not given this kind of insight. Good examples would be Colleoni or Kite: both exert a great influence on Pinkie but their own outlook is not important to the novel, so much as the way that Pinkie sees them, and this is how they are presented to the reader; like Pinkie, we judge Colleoni by how he appears and what he says, while Kite is known only by a series of recollections, some general, some (such as their first meeting ) more vivid and precise. In episodes in which more than one of the principals is present Greene will often present the story through the eyes of one only. Occasionally, as in the set-piece description of the race day (Part four, Ch. 1; p. 99) Greene will adopt a neutral, impersonal view, not at all mediated by the subjective response of a character, but merely detailing what was to be seen and heard. Back to top One result of Greene's subjective limiting of viewpoint to that of Pinkie or of Ida, is to reinforce the idea of their mutual incomprehension: neither can make sense of the other's world; neither attempts understanding. Thus, when Ida appeals to Rose, she speaks in terms of worldly common sense, and cannot see why the younger woman is unmoved. An episode which shows well how Greene selects a partial viewpoint is the account of Pinkie's visit to the races with Spicer, at which both are attacked by Colleoni's men. We read what Spicer says, but see him through Pinkie's reactions, as when he blows "gaseous malted breath towards the bookies". Comments such as "It was as easy as shelling peas" are clearly not those of the author, but an indication of Pinkie's thoughts. Pinkie squeezes Spicer's arm, but there is no account of Spicer's pain or irritation; when the attack occurs, Spicer is seen and heard from afar, but Pinkie's pain is presented directly; although the surprise is said to be worse than the pain "at first", the account of the attack is graphic: we read the word "pain" repeatedly, as also references to razors and to slashing (of knuckles, twice, and of cheeks). Here, the reader is concerned with Pinkie's pain alone; Spicer is out of sight figuratively, as well as literally. Giving access to thoughts, with explanatory comment, Greene enables the reader to achieve imaginative sympathy with characters (Pinkie, Rose, Ida) whose views the author in no sense endorses. This does not, of course, mean that we are led to like them, but that we can understand them: even Ida, though we might like her for a neighbour, is depicted as narrow and worldly, while her tastes are snobbishly depicted as vulgar. This sympathy is most important in the case of Pinkie: if we saw him only as he appears to others, and without comment on the origins of his self-centred misanthropy, the novel would be repellent; as it is, Greene elicits some comprehension of (if not compassion for) how Pinkie has become what he has, by means of the repeated insights into his thoughts. Back to top Characterization This is not a novel in which "rounded" characters are depicted in the round: in fact, Greene is preoccupied with a limited range of human characteristics. What we learn of Pinkie is what has made him as he is (his revulsion at his parental home and his parents' ugly ritual of sex, his sadism at school and his Catholicism) and his present doomed struggle for advancement in the Brighton underworld. This could be seen to bring what is important (Pinkie's evil) into sharper relief, and to omit everyday detail suggestive of humanity; but the poverty of Pinkie's past and present experience, the absence of happy childhood recollection, might indicate that there is nothing else to say about Pinkie, that simple hostility has driven out complexity of character. Where Pinkie eschews experience, Ida is game for anything, especially modest material luxuries. Where Pinkie is alienated by his singularity and hostility to God and man, Ida is the epitome of the insider. She is a stereotype of decent humanity at its best, eating, drinking and making merry but consoling the weak and seeking justice she believes "Fred" has been denied. Her idea of right and wrong is far less profound and potent than Pinkie's sense of Good and Evil, but she is confident she is in the right, and inexorable in doing what she sees as her duty. There is some irony in the reader's awareness that this mixture of superstition and agnosticism should be the unwitting instrument of divine retribution for Pinkie. Rose is more impoverished of character and experience even than Pinkie, so that he appears to her as glamorous. She, too, seems motivated by a single idea, that of loyalty to Pinkie, and resists Ida's arguments with sullen perversity. Her commitment to Pinkie is an act of faith which she justifies by the will power with which she sustains it; she does not know him really, as appears (p. 195) as she attempts to explain her marriage to her friend, Maisie. The depiction of complex characters, showing development over time, is a legitimate purpose for a novelist, but in Brighton Rock we meet characters who are not complex and who do not undergo much development, in the short time which the principal narrative occupies. What Greene is interested in is the states of mind of Pinkie and Ida, and the nature of their conflict. Back to top Motifs and symbols In Brighton Rock Greene presents the reader with many motifs and symbols. In order to sort these out, we should note the following types of symbolism. First, there are symbols or metaphors which are understood as such by the characters in the novel: of these, the most obvious is that in the title. The reader is aware that the letters run right through a stick of rock, but we may be a little surprised to read of Ida's using this image to explain to Rose why, in her view, human nature is unchanging - the symbolism occurs to Ida as it does to us; second, we may consider things which the characters observe, and which suggest the characters' state of mind, although for them the symbolism is never articulated: thus, Pinkie's battered Morris and the sausage roll crumbs on his bed can be contrasted with Colleoni's gold cigarette lighter and limousine, as indicative of the status of the two men; finally, there are the images which are never explained but which recur throughout the novel, and which we may choose to interpret analogically - such as the sea, or music (of various kinds). As a writer whose work was frequently adapted for the cinema, Greene seems to think very much of what should be seen or heard at any time, but the context of these images suggests that they are at least ambiguous, if not obviously open to analogical interpretation. In your reading of the novel, you should look out for recurring details which Greene introduces to indicate meanings beyond the literal. Back to top To take one minor example, we might note the frequency with which Greene draws our attention to glass and windows (Rose outside her old place of employment, Pinkie looking in shop windows, "tenderness" coming to the window in the roadhouse and looking in, gigantic wings beating on the car's windscreen, references to glass breaking). Many of these can be seen as images of separation or isolation. They are also connected with a series of references to seeing or not seeing: Pinkie twice rebukes others for failing to see (first, literally, and later, speaking to Dallow about hell, metaphorically), we (twice) meet a blind band, Prewitt wants to act "like Samson" and sees his wife as a "mole" (p. 210), while even the name of Nelson Place suggests partial blindness or wilful failure to see the enemy (as Nelson did at Copenhagen by placing his telescope against his blind eye). Frank's ignorance of Dallow's affair with Judy is ultimately explained by Dallow's disclosure (p. 234), which we may have anticipated: "What Frank doesn't see, he doesn't mind...And he can't see much - he's blind" (which explains why, although he has "a wonderful hand with an iron", he does not notice the damp patch on Pinkie's suit, of which the Boy is so conscious, speaking to Colleoni at the Cosmopolitan). This recurrent motif is part of Greene's way of distinguishing the visible everyday world of material pleasures, in which Ida so firmly believes, from the unseen eternity behind or beyond it (see below) just as, to use another parallel, Pinkie knows the ugly "real" Brighton behind the facade of sea-front, promenade and pier, a Brighton which the day-trippers never see. Back to top Prewitt's seeing his wife as a "mole in the cellarage" is one of several subterranean references, depicting hell as the underworld (note that this word in its loose metaphorical sense [as used in the blurb on the novel's back cover] is avoided by Greene). Apart from the basement in Frank's house, we might note the cellar at Snow's where Rose tends the wounded Pinkie, the long tunnel (p. 177-8) under the parade (down which Hale is led to his death) or the likening of the blind musicians' eyes to those of pit ponies (p. 99). These references reinforce the reader's sense that Brighton is, like the world, but in a local and comprehensible sense: "the ravaged and disputed territory between the two eternities" (of heaven and hell; p. 139). Pinkie eventually is stirred by an "awful resentment" that he has never "seen his glimpse of heaven" (228) though he is disgusted by the romantic cliché (p. 48) "beautiful to hold and heaven itself" which confuses heaven with the object of sexual or amorous desire. This theological understanding is made explicit by Prewitt, as he quotes Mephistopheles ("this is Hell, nor are we out of it"; p. 210) as by Pinkie's earlier recognition on returning to his room at Frank's with his child bride: "This was hell, then; it wasn't anything to worry about: it was just his own familiar room" (p. 182). As Pinkie and Rose are turned away by the hotel clerk the reader senses a parody of the Holy Family finding no room at the inn. But the motif of Eden is one which Greene develops more fully: as the door of the "Crown" closes behind them, Pinkie and Rose feel "as if they [are] shut out from an Eden of ignorance" with "nothing to look forward to but experience" (p. 171). "Ignorance" here seems synonymous both with bliss and innocence. For Rose, especially, marriage is like a different country, which she thinks of as the country of "mortal sin". As she looks at Maisie on the other side of Snow's window (p. 194), she cannot return to the "Eden of ignorance". That the squalid slum from which Pinkie has fled should be called Paradise Piece is an irony which requires no comment beyond noting that it has not given Pinkie the "glimpse of heaven" he later wishes he had had! Back to top Pinkie knows and fears the sensual element in the violin music he hears as he walks on the Palace Pier - he thinks of "the catgut vibrating in the heart" or "grief in the guts" and is the nearest thing he knows to "sorrow". Sentimental love songs such as that crooned at Sherry's, suggest "stale romantic" convention, which leads to the double horrors of sexual intimacy and domestication: the lyrics allow Greene to invoke playfully Pinkie's sense of Rose's inadequacy ("lovely to look at"), his eternal perspective ("heaven itself"), serious poetry ("west wind...nightingale") and even Pinkie's way of life, as he would like it to be ("the gangsters gunning"). The dispassionate purity of the sung Mass is more acceptable to Pinkie, not least because he has learned by rote the Latin liturgy, while appearing not to notice its appropriateness to his own situation (does he know how the words translate?) as he sings, or thinks of, "dona nobis pacem" he is trying to find ways to secure peace of mind for himself, while he speaks to Spicer of peace with Colleoni's mob and of "a peace that lasts". Some motifs are obviously visual and cinematic: as we read, repeatedly, of the sausage roll crumbs on the bed or the gold lighter, we can see how these would be shown in close-up in the cinema. We are today quite familiar with the idea of the car as status symbol (indeed, the motif may now be too trite for a self-conscious writer to use it) but the contrast between the gang's Morris, rarely parted from the epithet "battered" and the "scarlet racing model" in which Ida cadges a lift, the sports car of which the wealthy young man boasts to his friend (p. 237) or the limousines which may or may not be driven by Colleoni, is made explicit by Sylvie, who describes the Morris as "no good to us", tries a Ford and finds it occupied, but cries (on finding one) "I love a Lancia", pulling up her skirt to show the truth of her remark (p. 134). Back to top Images of battle and conquest abound throughout the novel. Ida thinks in these terms (looking at the "heavy traffic of her battlefield, laying her plans, marshalling her cannon fodder", p. 81) while Pinkie tries, but fails, to find time and space to plan his "strategy". The world in which we live is seen as a battlefield where eternal powers struggle for the souls of men and women: this world, which "never move(s)" is seen as "the ravaged and disputed territory between two eternities". Pinkie and Rose, from "opposing territories", fraternize "like troops at Christmas" (p. 139). At times the images are nautical: Ida's mind, moving slowly but inexorably, is likened to a dredger (p. 72) while later she is compared to a "figurehead of Victory" (p. 244), an image which suggests both her triumph and her voluptuous figure (figureheads on sailing ships were conventionally carved in the form of bare-breasted women). Rose's poorly-concealed possessiveness towards Pinkie is likened (p. 138) to "the guns on a Q-ship". The comparison is interesting, as it is meant to give an insight into Pinkie's fear of Rose's attitude. Pinkie can plainly see what she is thinking, and may well have heard of Q-ships, but we feel the comparison is more the author's than one which would occur in this form to Pinkie! Later, as Ida fails to persuade Rose to save herself from Pinkie (p. 139), Rose's obstinacy appears to Ida in terms of a naval battle: "...all the fight there was in the world lay there - warships cleared for action and bombing fleets took flight between the set eyes and the stubborn mouth. It was like the map of a campaign marked with flags". Back to top The recurring motif which most defies clear or simple interpretation is the sea. Given the novel's setting in Brighton and the interest of the day-trippers, frequent reference to it need not invite any kind of symbolic interpretation. But the way both Ida and Pinkie think of the sea, or, at least, are repeatedly aware of it supports such a reading. For Ida, the sea is a metaphor for the exotic, for possibility, for romance: "It was the time of near-darkness and of the evening mist from the Channel and of love" (p. 146). Greene is always aware of the Channel, which links Brighton to other more romantic places: we read of its "continual whisper", of thunder coming down the Channel, of tides which come from Boulogne. Prewitt's wished-for escape is to involve a Channel-crossing. For Pinkie, the sea has no romance, but, in the lightning, as he shows Rose the effect of vitriol, seems more like part of the hell which lies about him. Later, as he is burned by this same vitriol, the sea claims him ("they couldn't even hear a splash", p. 243). It is almost as if the novel's characters embody mediaeval notions of the four elements and the corresponding vital humours: for the phlegmatic, earthy Ida, the sea is a comfortable alternative element, but for the fiery Pinkie it is threatening and hostile: as he disappears into it at the end of the novel, it is evidently the agent of his destruction. In effect, the sea is a kind of mirror, reflecting the ideas of the beholder. Back to top Details of the characters' physical appearance may be understood metaphorically: Pinkie's thinness and physical immaturity suggest his emotional underdevelopment, for example. But it is Ida whose physical presence is most clearly indicative of her character. Greene repeatedly refers to Ida's breasts to suggest her joie de vivre: "She liked a good time, her big breasts bore their carnality frankly down the Old Steyne" (p. 80). There is an interesting contrast here: the large-breasted Ida has no children but becomes a maternal figure for any number of men, such as Hale and Cubitt; but it is the immature Rose who terrifies Pinkie with the prospect of real maternity: "His thoughts came to pieces in his hand: Saturday nights: and then the birth, the child, habit and hate" (p. 224); as he looks at her Pinkie (p. 228) sees "a mouth which wanted the sexual embrace, the shape of breasts demanding a child". While the worldly Ida sees sex as a means to pleasure (and knows how to avoid conception) Pinkie understands that for Rose (a good Catholic) sex is a means to maternity, which also he dreads. Finally, one should note the image of human nature as like a stick of rock: "Bite it all the way down, you'll still read Brighton. That's human nature" (p. 198). Where Rose suggests that "people change", Ida cannot believe in this possibility, but sees the world as composed of people, like her, who have "never changed". This metaphor is central to our reading of the novel: at the end, Pinkie appears to be aware of a possibility of change but he is "bound in a habit of hate" and resists the impulse. He thus appears to be responsible for his own actions - but it is not at all clear whether Greene believes (or expects his readers to believe) that Pinkie has any real prospect of repentance. And this ambiguity is endorsed by the priest who tells Rose (and the reader): "You can't conceive...nor can I, or anyone...the appalling strangeness of the mercy of God" (p. 246). Beginning to study the novel Part One In Part One of the novel Greene introduces us to four characters; these are Pinkie (Brown) (aka "the Boy"), Ida Arnold, Charles Hale ("Fred") and Rose. Although we will meet other characters, these four are of most importance to the narrative, which is chiefly about Ida's attempt to bring Pinkie to justice (for Hale's death) and to save Rose from a dangerous association: we later see that though Ida is thinking of physical and moral danger, Rose is in far greater danger in a spiritual sense. Some questions you might like to consider as you read this first part are as follows: How does Greene present Brighton to the reader? Does it seem, already, to have any close or necessary association with the events narrated? (We know the novel is called Brighton Rock but do not yet know if this has any significance other than what is obvious, i.e. that Brighton, as a famous seaside resort, is associated with sticks of rock in the popular imagination.) What have we learned about the characters of Pinkie and of Ida in this part of the novel? The novel is narrated in the third person but the narrative viewpoint is not neutral or objective; we see things usually as they appear to Pinkie or Ida, although the first chapter is narrated very much as events appear to Hale. In what ways does Greene achieve this? Back to top A more general idea to consider is the novelist's choice of subject; given that any story could be told, why this one? Behind this question (impossible to answer certainly) lie many other questions: is the novelist merely documenting typical events naturalistically (what you mean when you say realistically) or is he trying to interpret/ make sense of the world by means of fiction? Is the novel written for a didactic purpose (that is to teach some moral or philosophical view)? On the surface, Brighton Rock looks like a fast-paced crime thriller, and it was a best-selling novel when it first appeared, so why is it considered a "modern classic" and worthy of close study by people like yourselves? What is the relationship between places in fiction and real places? Brighton, here, like Wuthering Heights, in Bront�'s novel of the same name is, arguably, as much a state of mind as a real place with streets and houses, even though Greene makes several precise references to the topography (layout) of the real town. You may be disappointed by Greene's depiction of character in this novel: the two principals are strong but not complex characters; and Greene considers morality and religious belief more closely than psychology. How far ought a novelist, as most of the Victorians do, provide judgements on characters for the benefit of the reader, and how far should he or she present simply actions and speech (and perhaps, but not necessarily, thoughts) and allow the reader to make his or her own judgements? Back to top Part Two In this part the focus is on Pinkie. In Chapter 1 he attempts to impress Rose, and subsequently how he threatens a bookie (Brewer) who has paid protection money to his rival Colleoni; in Chapter 2, he visits Colleoni, and is subsequently picked up by the police and given a warning. What do we learn of Pinkie's situation and outlook here? Consider the contrast between Pinkie's impressing the na�ve Rose and his meeting with Colleoni, which reveals his own inexperience. Discuss Greene's use of descriptive detail (of Pinkie's room at Frank's and Colleoni's hotel, say) to show differences of status and experience. What do we learn from the references to Colleoni's lighter? Back to top Part Three In Chapter 1, Ida figures more prominently in the narrative again: she has come to Brighton, and places a bet on Black Boy; if the horse wins, the payout will cover the expense of her investigation into Hale's death; in Chapter 2, Greene examines the fears of Spicer, while Chapters 3 and 4 follow Pinkie, first with Rose and subsequently with Spicer. While he moves to silence both of them (in different ways), he is unaware of Ida's moves, of which the first hint comes in Rose's account of a "big" woman with a "laugh", asking questions. How does Greene depict Ida in this part? Consider her ease in gaining access to the police inspector (who has just spoken to Pinkie), and enlisting the help of Phil. What do we learn from the description on p. 80 of "her friends"? Comment on Greene's imagery, as he likens Ida to a dredger (p. 72), who carries Phil along in her wake (p. 76) and in the extended metaphor of battle on p. 81. What do you find interesting about Spicer's tiredness and desire for escape? What moves does Pinkie make in this part to increase his security? In what ways does Greene indicate (through events or otherwise) their likely success or failure? On p. 80, Ida and Phil see the peepshow "A Night of Love"; on p. 93, Pinkie and Rose pass this and several other named shows. Examine how Greene presents the contrast between Ida's frankness and sexuality and Pinkie's horror of sex. In order to explain the latter, we read of Pinkie's recollections of his parents' intercourse. How does this increase (if it does) our understanding of Pinkie's motivation and character, in relation to sex, and more generally? Comment on Pinkie's recollection of his impoverished background (p. 90) and his "memory of Colleoni's luxury" (p. 91) as indications of what Pinkie is, in spite of what he aspires to. How is his denial of faith ("I don't take any stock in religion"; p. 91) contradicted by his recollection of the liturgy* (p. 98) after he telephones Colleoni? How does the last paragraph of Part Three summarize important themes from the preceding section of the novel (Parts Two and Three)? * "Liturgy" here refers to the words of the Mass (or Communion) which Pinkie learned to sing, as a choirboy: "Lamb of God, that takes away the sins of the world...grant us (your) peace". Back to top Part Four In this part, we have a detailed account of the day of the races; we see the thwarting of Pinkie's plans as Black Boy wins his race, Colleoni's men do not kill Spicer, but wound him and Pinkie, and the Boy find he is too young to marry Rose, whom Ida visits in the brief second chapter; finally, Pinkie silences Spicer for himself. Ida's ascendancy over Pinkie is shown symbolically as she travels to the races in a sports car, in style, while he chugs behind in the gang's battered Morris. Look out for other occasions where cars are used to suggest Pinkie's poverty and the luxury of others' lives. Consider the device of Spicer's speculating about his "retirement" and keeping a pub in Nottingham, while the reader is privy to Pinkie's intentions. It is Pinkie, however, and not Spicer, who is to receive a surprise (shared by the reader?) when Colleoni's mob strikes. Note how the narrative of events, and Pinkie's conversation and immediate perceptions, is interspersed with observations about death and hell, and recollections of Pinkie's past. What light do these shed on the narrative? As Pinkie takes shelter in a garage, he is fascinated but repelled by its contents. For him, as for the reader, they become a metaphor of a certain kind of life. Comment on the symbolic function of this descriptive detail. On page 112, Pinkie thinks of "tactics" and "strategy"; this is one of a number of images and other details which suggest to the reader the idea that both Pinkie and Ida are at war. See how many others you can find, and try to explain how they qualify our view of the narrative. Back to top Part Five This part has parallels with earlier chapters of the novel; the same blind band which appears at the start of Part Four is described at the start of this part; the contrast between Pinkie's room at Frank's and Mr. Colleoni's hotel (Part Two) is found in chapters 3 and 4: in the former, Pinkie returns to the squalor of the Catholic slum (to bribe Rose's parents into consenting to his marrying her), while in the latter, Ida, eating an �clair in the Pompadour Boudoir, decides to splash some of her winnings on a room at the Cosmopolitan; Spicer's disaffection (Part Four) is followed by Cubitt's loss of faith in Pinkie. We note how the description of Pinkie's "territory" (p. 130) is followed immediately by an account of one of his rare excursions outside the boundaries of that territory; this symbolically mirrors his failed attempt to venture into the metaphorical territory of adulthood, seen in terms of drinking and sexual experience, with Sylvie, Spicer's girlfriend. Comment on the contrast between Pinkie's and Ida's situations in this part of the novel. Places, real and metaphorical, can be seen clearly to have enormous importance in this part of the novel (and subsequently). Comment on this, with reference to particular details which you have found to be of interest (Brighton, roads out of it, the sea, for example). What indications can you find in this section of Pinkie's increasing sense of inevitability in events, and of his losing control of his own security? Discuss the idea of nemesis here. Comment on the importance of marriage (as an idea and a reality) in this part. Back to top Part Six In the first chapter of this part, we follow Cubitt who means to quit the gang and tries to join Colleoni, but is rejected by Crab (Colleoni's lieutenant), and subsequently consoled by Ida. The second chapter concerns Pinkie's marriage: he and Rose are refused a room at the Cosmopolitan, and pass time walking near the pier, before returning to Frank's, where the marriage is consummated. If the best marriages are made in heaven, is Pinkie's made in hell? (see p. 210). Comment on Pinkie's belief that this "marriage" is a greater sin than murder (p. 167), and on the repeated references to hell and damnation in this part. How does Pinkie's sense of his own damnation change (p. 182)? What is the sense of "This was hell then; it wasn't anything to worry about; it was just his own familiar room"? On p. 178, Pinkie, led by Rose, returns to the scene of Hale's killing. Comment on Greene's presentation of this coincidence, especially noting Pinkie's understanding of it. Back to top Part Seven This part of the novel has ten chapter divisions, but the important details of the plot concern Pinkie's growing desperation, his idea of a suicide pact (to rid himself of Rose) and Ida's concern to save the younger woman. Pinkie's chance of repentance is vividly depicted, but he rejects it, and dies (symbolically?) by his own hand. The grim sequel to this is Rose's confession, which concludes with her belief that she may have a child, and her mistaken hope that the child will hear a loving message from Pinkie on the gramophone record he has recorded for her. The chapter (3) in which Pinkie visits his lawyer (Prewitt) at home is one in which the idea of hell as all around us becomes most explicit; comment on this, with especial regard to Prewitt's comments and Pinkie's more profound understanding of them. The aptness of the novel's title becomes clear in Ida's words to Rose (p. 198) about sticks of rock: explain the metaphor, and comment on its relevance to the novel generally. Pinkie's words to Dallow (who doesn't believe in what his eyes don't see): "They don't see much then" remind us of the novel's general concern with differing views of the world - those that allow for, and those which exclude - the supernatural or spiritual. Comment on this theme, and its treatment here. Pinkie has three chances of repentance (the first two are expressed as "tenderness" trying to reach him, but the third is far more striking (p. 239). How do these explain what the priest (p. 246) calls the "appalling...strangeness of the mercy of God". In what sense is Pinkie's death perfectly just? What is meant by the priest's statement that "a Catholic is more capable of evil than anyone"? How far does the novel in its totality endorse this view? How satisfactory do you find the novel's ending in terms of the plot, situation and general themes of Brighton Rock? Back to top "Open book" style examination tasks For most syllabuses (e.g. AQA, formerly NEAB) alternative questions will be set, on two different parts of the text. You will answer one only of these. The exam paper will indicate where the set passage is to be found in your copy, which you must have with you. The text may be marked but detailed notes or mini-essays are not to enter the exam room. The examiners will require you, unless they clearly state otherwise, to discuss what is important in the specified passage and relate it to the rest of the novel (show how other parts anticipate or follow from the set passage). You may take some time to identify important ideas, but you should organize these in some way (by category or subject). For example, you might write about how a specified character is presented generally, then discuss motifs, then the viewpoint, then the way this section connects with other parts of the text (this is only an example: there are other plans you may use; if the examiners indicate categories or subjects you must include all of these). Do not write a "running commentary" and (even worse) do not retell the narrative in the specified section. You may summarize narrative information, but this should not occupy more than a sentence or two (see summary comments above in the section called Beginning to Study the Novel). The passages set for examination could reasonably come from anywhere in the novel. There are some parts which are of such obvious importance that you can expect to see questions on them, but there are others which could fairly be set. This is not a problem, for two reasons: first, as two passages are set, this gives you a chance of anticipating one; second, whatever passages appear, you should be able to discuss the text in its entirety, in relating the passage you choose to the whole novel. It is quite possible that you will have more things to write about than the time allows; so long as you keep writing and organize your work clearly, this is not a problem: do not confuse your essay in the attempt to cram everything in. It is reasonable to balance detailed discussion and brief reference to related material: thus, you might list military metaphors, as above, but explain one or two of them more fully. Be aware of the time, and ensure that you wrap up your discussion before the end of the exam. Back to top The best preparation, assuming you have read the complete novel several times, is to select your own passages, and prepare to discuss what is important in them. Be ready to discuss any of the things mentioned in this study guide (theme, motifs, characterization, viewpoint and so on) as these appear in the passage chosen, and how they connect with the rest of the novel. Post-It notes may be inserted and colour-coded to help you with cross-references, while page numbers may be noted in the margin for this purpose also. There is no merit in long quotation but frequent brief quotation or reference to detail is very much in order. Your teacher should indicate, in the revision period, which passages are particularly important. Some you might wish to consider are Part Two (both chapters) where Pinkie is fully presented to the reader, Part Four, Chapter 1 (the Day of the Races), Part Five, Chapters 2 to 4 (Pinkie and Rose; Nelson Place and Ida's enjoying the luxury of the Cosmopolitan; Part Six, Chapter 2 (Pinkie's wedding day) and Part Seven, Chapter 3 (the visit to Prewitt), Chapters 7 to 9 (the novel's climax) and, as an outside bet, the very last chapter (11) which reflects much of what has gone before it. Note that this is just a starting point, not an exhaustive list. Back to top Preparing for the exam The syllabus you are studying, and choices made by your teachers determine whether you are tested by questions requiring you to work from memory alone, or "open book" questions which allow you to use your copy of the text. The information which follows is appropriate to the exam papers for which you have been entered. Back to top Specimen examination questions for practice In theory, examiners can test your understanding of any idea in relation to a text. Questions may be very open, leaving you to supply your own agenda or plan (quite hard) or may indicate an outline to follow. You may be given a statement (either from the text, or from a critical work) and asked how far you agree with it. Usually, such statements will be reasonably close to some widely-held view, although certain texts (Shakespeare's plays, for example) have provoked extremely wide-ranging responses from critics. Always have a plan/structure before you write, and keep to it. Make your point, produce the evidence, and pass on. Use paragraphing and other presentational devices to make your answer clear. What follows are, of course, not the only essays which might be set for this novel, but a selection which address the principal critical issues in Brighton Rock. Traditional questions How, in Brighton Rock, does Greene present Ida's and Pinkie's contrasting views of the world? How, in the novel, does Greene examine the difference between Right and Wrong and Good and Evil? How far would you agree that the novel is not so much about Brighton, as about heaven and hell? Consider the importance of place in Brighton Rock. How far does the novel endorse the view of Rose's confessor, that "a Catholic is more capable of evil than anyone"? Examine Greene's use of contrast as a narrative device in Brighton Rock. "I don't believe what my eyes don't see." How far does Brighton Rock support or challenge Dallow's view of the world? "Ida's world is clearly marked and comfortable to live in; Pinkie's, because of his Catholic training, is a minefield of terrors and he is pathetic even in his nastiness." How far do you agree with this judgement? In what ways, if any, is Brighton Rock anything more than merely a well-written popular thriller with a clear plot and an exciting ending? "Open book" (contextual) questions Either (a) Re-read the section from Part Seven, Chapter 1, beginning at the start of page 194 [Penguin edition] ("In the world outside it was Sunday...") to the end of the chapter, on page 200. What is the relationship of this section to the rest of the novel? In answering the question, you should refer in detail to episodes before and after this one. Or (b) Look again at Part Seven, Chapter 7, from page 226 ("The old Morris was parked near the pier...") to the end of this chapter, on page 231. How does this chapter contribute to the reader's understanding of Pinkie both here and elsewhere? In answering the question, you should refer to Chapter 9 of this Part, and to passages from three or more of the earlier Parts of the novel.	Brighton Rock
Which British island group was hit by an egg shortage in February 2012?	Brighton Rock (1947) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Pinkie Brown is a small-town hoodlum whose gang runs a protection racket based at Brighton race course. When Pinkie orders the murder of a rival, Fred, the police believe it to be suicide. ... See full summary » Director: a list of 30 titles created 19 Jun 2011 a list of 40 titles created 24 Dec 2011 a list of 31 titles created 5 months ago a list of 33 titles created 2 months ago a list of 30 titles created 1 month ago Search for " Brighton Rock " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Charts the headlong fall of Pinkie, a razor-wielding disadvantaged teenager with a religious death wish. Director: Rowan Joffe An escaped convict tries to hide out at his former lover's house, but she has since married and is reluctant to help him. Director: Robert Hamer Residents of a part of London declare independence, when they discover an old treaty. This leads to the need for a 'Passport to Pimlico'. Director: Henry Cornelius Scottish islanders try to plunder 50,000 cases of whisky from a stranded ship. Director: Alexander Mackendrick Edit Storyline Pinkie Brown is a small-town hoodlum whose gang runs a protection racket based at Brighton race course. When Pinkie orders the murder of a rival, Fred, the police believe it to be suicide. This doesn't convince Ida Arnold, who was with Fred just before he died, and she sets out to find the truth. She comes across naive waitress Rose, who can prove that Fred was murdered. In an attempt to keep Rose quiet Pinkie marries her. But with his gang beginning to doubt his ability, and his rivals taking over his business, Pinkie starts to become more desperate and violent. Written by measham Graham Greene's Shocking Thriller of the RAZOR GANGS! See more » Genres: 12 December 1947 (UK) See more » Also Known As: $10,626 (USA) (19 June 2009) Gross: Did You Know? Trivia Richard Attenborough reprises his role from the stage version 3 years earlier. Hermione Baddeley and William Hartnell had also appeared in the theatrical production. See more » Goofs When Ida and her friend observe Pinkie and Rose from the hotel lobby balcony, their voices are heard speaking to one another while their mouths are closed. See more » Quotes Rose : People change. Ida : I've never changed. It's like those sticks of rock. Bite one all the way down, you'll still read Brighton. That's human nature. See more » Crazy Credits Opening credits: Brighton today is a large, jolly, friendly seaside town in Sussex, exactly one hour's journey from London. But in the years between the two wars, behind the Regency terraces and crowded beaches, there was another Brighton of dark alleyways and festering slums. From here, the poison of crime and violence and gang warfare began to spread, until the challenge was taken up by the Police. This is a story of that other Brighton - now happily no more. See more » Connections Overture from 'The Hebrides' (Fingal's Cave) (uncredited) A class adaptation of a classic novel 27 June 2006 \| by randombook (United Kingdom) – See all my reviews A sublime performance by Richard Attenborough as Pinkie Brown is the cherry on the cake in this fantastic adaptation of Graham Green's novel. Attenborough's chilling performance is in my opinion his best ever. Hermione Baddeley plays Ida Arnold exceptionally but sadly does not receive the recognition she deserves as she is out shone by Attenborough. The film is a disturbing insight into the Brighton's gangs that nobody wants to talk about. The film has that subtle edge that only black and white movies can and there is a classic twist at the end. This is a must for anybody who loves black and white movies and will have you on the edge of your seat. If you haven't seen this movie then make a point to do so you won't be disappointed. 26 of 28 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	i don't know
How many suicides are recorded in the Bible?	Seven Suicides in the Bible \| Bible.org Home Seven Suicides in the Bible 1. [Abimelech] called hastily unto the young man his armour-bearer, and said unto him, Draw thy sword, and slay me, that men say not of me, A woman slew him. And his young man thrust him through, and he died (Judges 9:54). 2. And Samson said, Let me die with the Philistines. And he bowed with all his might; and the house fell...upon all the people that were therein (Judges 16:30). 3. Saul took a sword and fell on it (1 Sam. 31:4). 4. When [Saul's] armour-bearer saw that Saul was dead, he fell likewise upon his sword, and died (1 Sam 31:5). 5. When Ahithophel saw that his counsel was not followed, he...got him home to his house, to his city, and put his house in order, and hanged himself, and died (2 Sam. 17:23). 6. It came to pass, when Zimri saw that the city was taken, that he went into the palace of the king's house, and burnt the king's house over him with fire, and died (1 Kings 16:18). 7. [Judas] cast down the pieces of silver in the temple, and departed, and went and hanged himself (Matt. 27:5). J. L. Meredith, Meredith's Big Book of Bible Lists, (Inspirational Press, NY; 1980), pp. 143-144	7
In which country was actor Yul Brynner born?	Passages relating to suicide in the Hebrew Scriptures Passages in the Hebrew Scriptures (Old Testament) that discuss suicide Sponsored link. Suicide in the Hebrew Scriptures (Old Testament): There are many stories of individuals who either pleaded with God to end their life, or who killed themselves, or who sought the assistance of another to kill them: Exodus 20 and Deuteronomy 5 contain two similar version of the Ten Commandments. Both Exodus 20:13 and Deuteronomy 5:17 appear in the King James Version of the Bible as "Thou shalt not kill." This obviously cannot be interpreted literally, because people continually kill plants and animals for food. It has generally been interpreted as meaning that one should not murder a human being, except in cases of self defense or warfare. Christians are divided over whether these verses include suicide. Religious conservatives tend to say that it does; many liberals believe that there are circumstances where suicide is morally justifiable. A decade of experience as a volunteer at a suicide prevention line has led me to believe that suicide is rarely justifiable; it is often a permanent solution to a temporary problem. However, it can bring an end to a life made intolerable by pain and loss of personal control caused by a terminal illness. Numbers 11:12-15 Moses was in despair because of the complaints of the Israelites whom he was leading. The burden of leadership was too heavy for him to bear. He asked God "If You treat me like this, please kill me here and now..." Judges 9:52-54: The warrior-king of Israel, Abimelech, was attacking a tower in Thebez, hoping to exterminate large numbers of unarmed civilians as he had just done in Shechem. As he attempted to burn the door to the tower, a woman dropped a piece of a millstone on Abimelech's head. He felt that he was mortally wounded. The king's contempt for women was so great that he quickly asked his armor bearer to kill him with his sword, in order that people not say that he had been killed by a woman. Throughout much of the Hebrew Scriptures, women were regarded as property. To be attacked and fatally injured by someone whom he considered so inferior was more than he could handle. Judges 16:29-30 Samson had been chained to the two middle pillars of a temple. He pushed them apart. thereby knowingly causing the collapse of the building, his own suicide and the death of a few thousand Philistines inside. The death toll exceeded the number of people that he had killed during the rest of his life -which was considerable. Samson had been blinded, and no longer wanted to live as a captive. By causing his own death, he had a chance to destroy many of the enemy. 1 Samuel 31:4-6 In a war against the Philistines, Saul's sons Johnathan, Abinadab, and Malchishua were killed, and Saul himself was seriously wounded. He asked his armor bearer to kill him, but his assistant refused. So he took a sword and fell on it. The armor bearer then also fell on his sword. Both ended up committing suicide. The same events are also described in a parallel passage: 1 Chronicles 10:3-7. Saul's justification for committing suicide was that because of his injuries, if the Philistines arrived, he would have been abused and killed by uncircumcised men. 2 Samuel 1:2-17 An unidentified Amalekike man described to David a very different account about Saul's death. The versions in 1 Samuel 31 and 1 Chronicles 10, describe how Saul committed suicide by himself, after his armor bearer refused to perform the task. In this version, Saul had the Amalekite, a stranger, kill him, in a form of assisted suicide. After hearing the story of how the Amalekike had carried out the wishes of Saul, David had him executed on the spot, because he had "slain the LORD's anointed." The implication is that one can assist in the suicide of a commoner, but not in the case of a king. There is no criticism of Saul asking for help in committing suicide. 2 Samuel 17:1-29 Ahithophel recommended that he be allowed to choose 12,000 men, to pursue King David immediately, and kill him. When his advice was not accepted, he became so depressed that he returned to his city, "put his household in order, and hanged himself, and died..." 1 King 16:15-20 Zimri, king of Tirzah, saw his city besieged and taken. He was distressed at the sins that he had committed. He "went into the citadel of the king's house and burned the king's house down upon himself with fire, and died..." I King 18:40 and 19:4 In an act of vicious religious intolerance, Elijah ordered 400 priests of Baal executed. Ahab went to Jezebel, telling her that Elijah had "executed all the prophets with the sword." She swore to kill Elijah within the next 24 hours. Elijah fled for this life to Beersheba, went into the wilderness, and "prayed that he might die." He said, "It is enough! Now, LORD, take my life, for I am no better than my fathers!" Jonah 4:1-11 God had threatened the destruction of the Nineveh, a city of 120,000 people. But the king and people of the city listened to Jonah, repented of their sins, and fasted. God changed his mind and did not destroy the city. Jonah was so angry at God's display of mercy that he asked God to kill him, "for it is better for me to die than to live!" He repeated the same request to God on the next day. Site navigation:	i don't know
Egyptian Naguib Mahfouz was the first Arabic language writer to win which Nobel Prize?	Naguib Mahfouz \| Egyptian writer \| Britannica.com Egyptian writer Luigi Pirandello Naguib Mahfouz, also spelled Najīb Maḥfūẓ (born December 11, 1911, Cairo , Egypt —died August 30, 2006, Cairo), Egyptian novelist and screenplay writer, who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1988, the first Arabic writer to be so honoured. Mahfouz was the son of a civil servant and grew up in Cairo’s Al-Jamāliyyah district. He attended the Egyptian University (now Cairo University), where in 1934 he received a degree in philosophy. He worked in the Egyptian civil service in a variety of positions from 1934 until his retirement in 1971. Mahfouz’s earliest published works were short stories. His early novels, such as Rādūbīs (1943; “Radobis”), were set in ancient Egypt , but he had turned to describing modern Egyptian society by the time he began his major work, Al-Thulāthiyyah (1956–57), known as The Cairo Trilogy . Its three novels—Bayn al-qaṣrayn (1956; Palace Walk), Qaṣr al-shawq (1957; Palace of Desire), and Al-Sukkariyyah (1957; Sugar Street)—depict the lives of three generations of different families in Cairo from World War I until after the 1952 military coup that overthrew King Farouk . The trilogy provides a penetrating overview of 20th-century Egyptian thought, attitudes, and social change. In subsequent works Mahfouz offered critical views of the old Egyptian monarchy, British colonialism, and contemporary Egypt. Several of his more notable novels deal with social issues involving women and political prisoners. His novel Awlād ḥāratinā (1959; Children of the Alley) was banned in Egypt for a time because of its controversial treatment of religion and its use of characters based on Muhammad, Moses, and other figures. Islamic militants, partly because of their outrage over the work, later called for his death, and in 1994 Mahfouz was stabbed in the neck. Mahfouz’s other novels include Al-Liṣṣ wa-al-kilāb (1961; The Thief and the Dogs), Al-Shaḥḥādh (1965; The Beggar), and Mīrāmār (1967; Miramar), all of which consider Egyptian society under Gamal Abdel Nasser ’s regime; Afrāḥ al-qubba (1981; Wedding Song), set among several characters associated with a Cairo theatre company; and the structurally experimental Ḥadīth al-ṣabāḥ wa-al-masāʾ (1987; Morning and Evening Talk), which strings together in alphabetical order dozens of character sketches. Together, his novels, which were among the first to gain widespread acceptance in the Arabic-speaking world, brought the genre to maturity within Arabic literature . Mahfouz’s achievements as a short-story writer are demonstrated in such collections as Dunyā Allāh (1963; God’s World). The Time and the Place, and Other Stories (1991) and The Seventh Heaven (2005) are collections of his stories in English translation. Mahfouz wrote more than 45 novels and short-story collections, as well as some 30 screenplays and several plays. Aṣdāʾ al-sīrah al-dhātiyyah (1996; Echoes of an Autobiography) is a collection of parables and his sayings. In 1996 the Naguib Mahfouz Medal for Literature was established to honour Arabic writers. Learn More in these related articles:	Literature
Which Looney Tunes cartoon character made their debut in April 1937?	Naguib Mahfouz - Telegraph Naguib Mahfouz 12:01AM BST 31 Aug 2006 Naguib Mahfouz, who died yesterday aged 94, was the first Arabic language writer to win the Nobel Prize for Literature, and is credited with transforming written Arabic into a vehicle for popular literature. Best known for the three books which comprise his Cairo Trilogy, published in the 1950s, Mahfouz became enormously popular all over the Arab world; but it was only after winning the Nobel Prize in 1988 that he became famous in the West. Late in life he aroused the wrath of Islamic militants, and was fortunate to survive an assassination attempt in 1994. Naguib Mahfouz was born on December 11 1911, the youngest of seven children of a minor civil servant, and grew up in the Gamaliyya quarter of Old Cairo. His childhood was coloured by the period of intense nationalist activity that led to the 1919 revolution, and he witnessed British troops firing on independence demonstrators outside his own home. In 1930 he enrolled as a philosophy student at the newly-established University of Cairo, and soon afterwards published his first article, which focused on the inevitable triumph of Socialism. He continued to publish theoretical articles and, since all lectures were conducted in English and French, set about improving his knowledge of these languages with his customary self-discipline. He soon completed an Arabic translation of James Baikies's Ancient Egypt, which was published in 1932; and, by the time he graduated, he could read Zola and Balzac in the original — though he particularly enjoyed Tolstoy, which he read in French. He never managed to finish a novel by Dickens. Related Articles Faten Hamama 18 Jan 2015 After graduating he decided both to enter the comfortable world of the civil service and to become a writer. He had soon completed 80 short stories, most of them in the cynical but witty style of Guy de Maupassant, and his first collection, A Whisper of Madness, was published in 1938. The next year he went to work for the Ministry of Religious Affairs, where he remained for the next 15 years. After three unsuccessful attempts his first novel, Games of Fate, was published in 1939. Heavily influenced by Walter Scott, it was a historical, romantic novel set in Ancient Egypt and featured an oppressive monarchy and the expulsion of foreign invaders. He had originally planned to write a series of similar novels, but the Second World War broke out and his outlook changed. New Cairo (1946) was the first of five novels set in contemporary Cairo. Written in a social-realist style most reminiscent of Balzac, this story of corruption at the University was soon followed by Khan al-Khalili (1945) and Midaq Alley (1947), a vivid evocation of the way in which the Second World War affected the inhabitants of the neighbourhood where Mahfouz was born. The characters, who included a beautiful prostitute, a dope-addicted paedophile and a "cripple-maker", were both fascinating and shocking for Egyptian readers — the mere thought of writing about such subjects had hitherto been taboo, and yet Mahfouz handled them with a candour unknown in Arabic literature. The Mirage (1949) and The Beginning and the End (1951) were characterised by a strong sense of family, concern for the underprivileged and more social realism. By this time Mahfouz was also working with a film director called Abou Seif on a series of hugely popular and highly successful screenplays that captured the flavour of contemporary Egyptian life. In 1947 he began his most ambitious work, the Cairo Trilogy, which he described as "a history of my country and myself". It was the eventual French translation of volume one in 1988 which is generally thought to have brought him the Nobel Prize, since none of the committee members could read Arabic. Palace Walk (1956) introduces the petty bourgeois family that he follows through three generations, from 1917 to 1944. It concentrates on the patriarch whose power fades away along with his traditional society. Palace of Desire (1957) focuses on his oldest son, whose dissolute lifestyle matches the corruption and failure of the nationalist movement; while Kamal, the youngest son, who is a self-portrait of the author, undergoes a similar crisis of faith. Sugar Street (1957) tells the story of the patriarch's grandchildren and shows a renewed hope in the modern world. The 1,500-page trilogy has become the best known piece of fiction in Arabic, and its use of the vernacular, its psychological detail and its sheer social scope were revolutionary. Such a book had never been seen in Arabic before and it was a huge and immediate success. By 1985 it had been reprinted 13 times, while a pirate Lebanese version had sold more than a million copies; Palace of Desire had won him the State Prize for Literature. After the 1952 revolution (which ended the monarchy and put Nasser into power) Mahfouz felt that the world he had chosen to chronicle had begun to disappear. For a time he worked on a number of screenplays. He also married, had two daughters and finally transferred to a post in the Ministry of Arts. By 1959, when he eventually resumed fiction writing, his style had changed again. Children of Gebelawi (1959, translated 1981) is an iconoclastic allegory containing 114 chapters (the same number as the Koran) which concludes with a vision of man searching in a rubbish dump for clues about his salvation. It was serialised in Al-Ahram, Egypt's biggest-circulation national newspaper, but was at once condemned as blasphemous and was not published in Egypt. Late last year a monthly magazine tried to publish the novel, but Mahfouz said that he would not agree without the consent of Al-Azhar university, Sunni Islam's oldest seat of learning. From 1960 onwards more than 30 of Mahfouz's novels and short stories were adapted for the screen, starting with The Beginning and the End, which won the National Film Prize in 1962, and his work began to be revered by cinema-going Egyptians who had never read his books. Between 1961 and 1967 he published six novel and short-story collections, all experimental and often anguished, reflecting his growing interest in European modernism and the works of Jean-Paul Sartre. The Thief and the Dogs (1961) concerned a victim driven mad by the desire for revenge, while Autumn Quail (1961) tackled the Nasser government's failure to rehabilitate the intellectuals of the old regime. Egypt's humiliation in the Six-Day War threw him into a new spiritual crisis which reached a peak with Miramar (1967), a bleak tale in which the lone figure of hope in a corrupt world is a peasant girl living in squalor in Alexandria. For several years after this he wrote only short stories and Absurd plays in which nameless characters pursue undefined quests with tragic results. After his retirement from the civil service in 1972 he completed the best received of his later novels, Wedding Song (1987), the story of the supposed suicide of a playwright after rumours that he has murdered his wife and child. During the late 1970s Mahfouz's work was attacked because of his support for the 1979 Israel-Egypt peace treaty. But the public continued to read his books, and his receipt of the Nobel Prize in 1988 was universally welcomed. He himself received the news with typical understatement: "I was not even aware that I had been nominated… I thought the world had forgotten us." After the award ceremony, his rather retiring life briefly became a whirlwind of chat-shows and public appearances but, though he was now a national symbol, none of this dented his modesty. Typically, he gave more than half the £250,000 prize money to his family and a large proportion of the remainder to a Palestinian charity. In December 1988 Children of Gebelawi was once again serialised in Al-Ahram, and publication set off a renewed barrage of abuse as well as a death sentence from one of Egypt's leading imams. Although Mahfouz was recognised everywhere (his portrait now adorned Egypt's postage stamps), he refused offers of government protection. His acceptance of the Nobel prize from the "godless" West, his condemnation of the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait and his defence of Salman Rushdie all exacerbated his situation and, in October 1994, he was the victim of a street attack near his home, during which he was stabbed twice in the neck. His writing hand was paralysed. Two Islamic militants were later hanged for attempted murder. By this time Mahfouz's obscurity in the West had lifted, and the rights to the Cairo Trilogy were finally sold in the United States, having been on the market there for 20 years. Renowned for his simplicity as well as his self-discipline, even after he found fame Mahfouz continued to live in a modest Cairo flat with his wife, Attiyat-Allah, and his two daughters. He suffered from chronic health problems, but he still lived up to his nick-name "Omega", a reference to the unvarying tick-tock of his schedule. Every morning he rose at 6am, went for a 60-minute walk through Cairo to the Ali Baba café, read through the morning's newspapers and then returned home to write for two hours. Every afternoon except Thursday he received visitors from all over the world at his office at Al-Ahram, for which he wrote a column. Apart from two government-sponsored visits to Yemen and Yugoslavia and a trip to London in 1991 for an operation, he never set foot outside Egypt. On his eighty-fifth birthday, in December 1996, the American University in Cairo inaugurated a literary prize in his name, while the Cairo Film Festival gave out a Naguib Mahfouz award. He also published a collection of aphorisms, parables and musings entitled Echoes of an Autobiography. Last year he published The Seventh Heaven, a collection of stories about the afterlife.	i don't know
In 1987, which airline was said to have made a saving of 40,000 dollars by omitting an olive from each salad served in first class?	nutrition - Did removing one olive lead to an airline saving thousands of dollars? - Skeptics Stack Exchange Did removing one olive lead to an airline saving thousands of dollars? up vote 39 down vote favorite 2 Quite a common story that gets brought up around airports or business meetings when someone wants to provide a famous example of small change for massive savings is the olive story. Apparently there was an airline that managed to save tens of thousands of dollars per year by removing a single olive from the salads in their meals, because it was hardly noticed by customers it was a massive win, tens of thousands of dollars without anyone noticing. How true is this story? Did this actually get implemented or was it something that someone brought up at a meeting and it was never actioned although it became famous? First place goes to American Airlines for the brilliant, yet simple cost cutting measure they implemented back in 1987. The airline was able to save $70,000 in 1987 by eliminating just one olive from each salad served in first class. Most references I can find link it to AA, but there is nothing backing this up on either their website and its not referenced in the AA wikipedia article. Is there any definitive proof that can confirm this (like a newspaper from 1987 with the story or a company flyer etc. that has this information)? 19 I find it hard to believe that they actually counted how many olives exactly they put into salads for each customer. Whats next, removing exactly 4 rice grains from sushi? :) – user288 Aug 25 '11 at 23:46 7 @Sejanus I can certainly imagine that an airline would weigh everything. If you cut the weight of each dish by a few grams, multiplied by hundreds of meals per flight and thousands of flights per year, it's not inconceivable that it could add up to significant savings. I'm more skeptical about the counting of olives claim, though. Are they supposed to have saved money directly on the cost of olives, on fuel savings, or a combination? – jozzas Aug 26 '11 at 1:15 8 This is not a cost saving measure. This is downsizing and devaluing your product. – Daniel Iankov Aug 26 '11 at 10:57 7 Many large food operations do indeed have portioning control (aka number-of-olives checklist) – horatio Aug 26 '11 at 17:47 25 How is this a “massive win”? $70,000 shouldn’t even be noticeable in an airline’s yearly turnover. In fact, I’m not sure that it’s reliably measurable. – Konrad Rudolph Aug 27 '11 at 11:28 up vote 37 down vote accepted This is attributed to Bob Crandall, the American Airlines CEO of that timeframe. He was indeed a very driven individual to reduce cost and make money. This particular exploit is covered in a book called Corporate Creativity: how innovation and improvement actually happen By Alan G. Robinson, Sam Stern. The story is detailed on page 107 , although there it is claimed it saved $500,000 annually! Which is significantly over most of the references I found claiming anywhere from $40,000 to $80,000 (more in line with your question). Maybe that's accounting for inflation? This is credible, but I can't find any original documentation yet. Please stand by. In the meantime, some additional discussion. (Still no reply from the museum. Please stand by.) I found a site that also ran the calculation and attempted to debunk or confirm this . This site mentions the more reasonable sum of $40,000 in savings, and says Probably True- I can't find a single good source on this, but many, many news stories mention this tidbit when discussing Bob Crandall, the former chief of American Airlines who supposedly instituted this change. Granted, being repeated often doesn't make a claim true, but this one seems reasonable enough. consider just how many flights a major airline like American has per year, and how many salads they were serving back when they still served food. Now consider how small $40,000 is in the grand scheme of things for an airline that big. It's only the cost of a single employee, even less if you consider higher paid employees like pilots. That site also references this article on MSNBC that starts off with It’s impossible to talk about cutting airline costs without mentioning Bob Crandall, the firebrand former chief of American Airlines. And so, let us revive the olive story. Most notorious among Crandall’s legendary cost-cutting was his idea to remove an olive from each salad served to passengers. A tiny garnish would never be missed, the reasoning went, and savings amounted to at least $40,000 a year. Given the age of this particular cost saving measure, I think microfiche may be the best way to find out for sure. I do have a question in to the C.R. Smith Museum (American Airlines history museum), and will report back here if I get a reply. In the meantime, let's do a little math. American Airlines flies over 3400 flights a day . A quick google search for olives yielded prices from $8 to $50 for olives . Assuming American Airlines gets them in bulk, and at a discount (wholesale), let's say that an olive is only $0.01 (given what I know of olives, seems low). That means that over 1,241,000 flights in a year, they need to eliminate 4,000,000 olives to save $40,000. Let's say that less than half the flights (a nice even 500,000) have first class service that serves a meal. And that there are a total of only 10 first class seats (which on many aircraft is very low). That gets you almost 5,000,000 olives on salads. Seems conceivable with those numbers which are probably very conservatives estimates on my part that a saving could be realized (and even a slight change in per olive pricing could have vast changes). It's not the weight in this case, it's simply a material expense that Bob Crandall figured the passengers wouldn't miss. Again, if the American Airlines history museum gets back to me, I will revisit this with a more definitive answer.	American Airlines
In humans, pericarditis affects which part of the body?	Jokes of the past weeks And Cat didn't care one way or the other. Top ten signs you’re getting older: 10.You and your teeth don't sleep together. 9. Your try to straighten out the wrinkles in your socks and discover you aren't wearing any. 8. At the breakfast table you hear snap, crackle, pop and you're not eating cereal. 7. You wonder how you could be over the hill when you don't even remember being on top of it. 6. When you're on vacation and your energy runs out before your money does.. 5. The pharmacist has become your new best friend. 4. Your back goes out but you stay home. 3. The twinkle in your eye is merely a reflection from the sun on your bifocals. 2. When you step off a curb and look down one more time to make sure the street is still there. And the number one sign you are getting older: 1. When you wake up looking like your driver's license picture!!! Something Went Wrong in Jet Crash, Expert Says Police Begin Campaign to Run Down Jaywalkers Drunk Gets Nine Months in Violin Case Iraqi Head Seeks Arms British Left Waffles on Falkland Islands Reagan Wins on Budget, But More Lies Ahead Plane Too Close to Ground, Crash Probe Told Stolen Painting Found by Tree Enfields Couple Slain; Police Suspect Homicide Red Tape Holds Up New Bridge Kids Make Nutritious Snacks British Union Finds Dwarfs in Short Supply New Vaccine May Contain Rabies What is the difference between a zoo in Texas and a zoo in Louisiana? The zoo in Texas has the cage, a picture of the animal, and a description of its habitat. The zoo in Louisiana has the cage, a picture of the animal, and a recipe. I want to go back to the time when..................... Decisions were made by going "eeny-meeny-miney-mo." Mistakes were corrected by simply exclaiming, "do over!" Money issues were handled by whoever was the banker in "Monopoly." Catching the fireflies could happily occupy an entire evening. It wasn't odd to have two or three "best" friends. Being old, referred to anyone over 20. The net on a tennis court was the perfect height to play volleyball and rules didn't matter. It was magic when dad would "remove" his thumb. It was unbelievable that dodgeball wasn't an Olympic event. Having a weapon in school, meant being caught with a slingshot. Nobody was prettier than Mom. Scrapes and bruises were kissed and made better. It was a big deal to finally be tall enough to ride the "big people" rides at the amusement park. Getting a foot of snow was a dream come true. Abilities were discovered because of a "double-dog-dare." Saturday morning cartoons weren't 30-minute ads for action figures. No shopping trip was complete, unless a new toy was brought home. Spinning around, getting dizzy and falling down was cause for giggles. The worst embarrassment was being picked last for a team. War was a card game. Water balloons were the ultimate weapon. Baseball cards in the spokes transformed any bike into a motorcycle. Ice cream was considered a basic food group. Older siblings were the worst tormentors, but also the fiercest protectors. The man took the Dallas Cowboy's bumper sticker off his car. Now is runs better and passes better. Why doesn't glue stick to the inside of the bottle? Can you be a closet claustrophobic? Why is the word abbreviation so long? Is it possible to be totally partial? What's another word for thesaurus? If a book about failures doesn't sell, is it a success? When companies ship styrofoam, what do they pack it in? If a stealth bomber crashes in a forest, will it make a sound? If the cops arrest a mime, do they tell him he has the right to remain silent? If a parsley farmer is sued, can they garnish his wages? What do you do when you see an endangered animal that eats only endangered plants? Do hungry crows have ravenous appetites? Isn't it a bit unnerving that doctors call what they do "practice"? When sign makers go on strike, is anything written on their signs? When you open a bag of cotton balls, is the top one meant to be thrown away? Where do forest rangers go to "get away from it all"? Why do they report power outages on TV? DUMBWAITER: one who asks if the kids would care to order dessert. FEEDBACK: the inevitable result when the baby doesn't appreciate the strained carrots. FULL NAME: what you call your child when you're mad at him. GRANDPARENTS: the people who think your children are wonderful even though they're sure you're not raising them right. HEARSAY: what toddlers do when anyone mutters a dirty word. INDEPENDENT: how we want our children to be as long as they do everything we say. OW: the first word spoken by children with older siblings PUDDLE: a small body of water that draws other small bodies wearing dry shoes into it. SHOW OFF: a child who is more talented than yours. STERILIZE: what you do to your first baby's pacifier by boiling it, and to your last baby's pacifier by blowing on it and wiping it with saliva. TOP BUNK: where you should never put a child wearing Superman jammies. TWO-MINUTE WARNING: when the baby's face turns red and she begins to make those familiar grunting noises. VERBAL: able to whine in words WHODUNIT: none of the kids that live in your house How many blonds does it take to screw in a light bulb? Just one. One to hold the bulb while the world revolves around her. 1. Home is where you hang your @. 2. The e-mail of the species is more deadly than the mail. 3. A journey of a thousand sites begins with a single click. 4. You can't teach a new mouse old clicks. 5. Great groups from little icons grow. 6. Speak softly and carry a cellular phone. 7. C:\ is the root of all directories. 8. Oh, what a tangled website we weave when first we practice. 9. Pentium wise, pen and paper foolish. 10. The modem is the message. 11. Too many clicks spoil the browse. 12. The geek shall inherit the earth. 13. There's no place like www.home.com 14. Don't byte off more than you can view. 15. Fax is stranger than fiction 16. What boots up must come down. 17. Windows will never cease. 18. Virtual reality is its own reward. 19. Modulation in all things. 20. Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day; teach him to use the Net and he won't bother you for weeks. The man took his Dallas Cowboy Bumper Sticker off his car.... now it runs and passes better. Dear God, Of all the people who worked for you, I like Noah and David the best. Rob Dear God, My brothers told me about being born, but it doesn't sound right. They are just kidding, aren't they? Marsha Dear God, If you watch me in church Sunday, I'll show you my new shoes. Mickey Dear God, We read Thomas Edison made light. But in Sunday school, we learned that you did it. So I bet he stole your idea. Sincerely, Donna Dear God, I do not think anybody could be a better God. Well, I just want you to know that I am not just saying this because you are God already. Charles Dear God, I didn't think orange went with purple until I saw the sunset you made on Tuesday. That was cool! Eugene Dear God, Maybe Cain and Abel would not kill each other so much if they had their own rooms. It works with my brother. Larry Why did the kid give a ghost a bandage? It had a boo-boo. Why do you measure snakes in inches? Because they have no feet. What's worse than a worm in your apple? Finding half a worm. What does a worm do in a cornfield? He goes in one ear and out the other. Did you know Noah was not the first person off the ark? It says in the Bible Noah came forth. What lights did they have on the ark? Flood lights. Noah's son was bored and went to Noah one day and asked if he could go fishing. Noah said that would be fine but remember you only have two worms. Decisions were made by saying "eeny-meeny-miney-mo." Mistakes were corrected by simply exclaiming, "do over!" "Race issue" meant arguing about who ran the fastest. Money issues were handled by whoever was the banker in "Monopoly." Catching the fireflies could happily occupy an entire evening. It wasn't odd to have two or three "best" friends. Being old referred to anyone over 20. The worst thing you could catch from the opposite sex was cooties. It was magic when dad would "remove" his thumb. It was unbelievable that dodge ball wasn't an Olympic event. Having a weapon in school meant being caught with a slingshot. Nobody was prettier than Mom. Scrapes and bruises were kissed and made better. It was a big deal to finally be tall enough to ride the "big people" rides at the amusement park. Getting a foot of snow was a dream come true. Abilities were discovered because of a "double-dog-dare." Saturday morning cartoons weren't 30-minute ads for action figures. No shopping trip was complete unless a new toy was brought home. "Oly-oly-oxen-free" made perfect sense. Spinning around, getting dizzy and falling down was cause for giggles. The worst embarrassment was being picked last for a team. War was a card game. Water balloons were the ultimate weapon. Baseball cards in the spokes transformed any bike into a motorcycle. Taking drugs meant orange-flavored chewable aspirin. Ice cream was considered a basic food group. Older siblings were the worst tormentors but also the fiercest protectors. My Oh My what does the "hands" of time really tell us? . A mother took her three-year-old daughter to church for the first time. The church lights were lowered, and then the choir came down the aisle, carrying lighted candles. All was quiet until the little one started to sing in a loud voice "Happy Birthday to you..." How come wrong numbers are never busy? Why doesn't Tarzan have a beard? Why is it called lipstick if you still move you lips? Why is it that night falls but day breaks? Why is the third hand on the watch called a second hand? Why is lemon juice made with artificial flavor, and dishwashing liquid made with real lemons? Are part-time band leaders semi-conductors? Do pilots take crash-courses? Do stars clean themselves with meteor showers? Have you ever seen a toad on a toadstool? How do you get off a non-stop flight? How do you write zero in Roman numerals? If athletes get athlete's foot, do astronauts get mistletoe? Why is the time of day with the slowest traffic called rush hour? Morris wanted to get his wife Sherry something nice for their wedding anniversary. So he decides to buy her a cell phone. She is all excited, she loves her phone. He shows her and explains to her all the features on the phone. The next day Sherry goes shopping. Her phone rings and it's her husband Morris, "Hi hon, "he says, "How do you like your new phone?" "I just love it, it's so small and your voice is clear as a bell but there's one thing I don't understand. How did you know I was at the mall ?" "Take notice: when this sign is under water, this road is impassable." Why did the teaddy bear stop eating? Because he was stuffed. On the way to driving her daughter to preschool, the doctor had left her stethoscope on the car seat, and her little girl picked it up. Her daughter began playing with it, and she thought: be still my heart, my daughter wants to follow in my footsteps! Then the child spoke into the instrument: "Welcome to McDonald's. - May I take your order?" Science test answers: "The body consists of three parts - the branium, the borax, and the abominable cavity. The branium contains the brain, the borax contains the heart and lungs, and the abominable cavity contains the bowels, of which there are five a, e, i, o, and u." "H2O is hot water, and CO2 is cold water." Science test answers: "The body consists of three parts - the branium, the borax, and the abominable cavity. The branium contains the brain, the borax contains the heart and lungs, and the abominable cavity contains the bowels, of which there are five a, e, i, o, and u." "H2O is hot water, and CO2 is cold water." Little Johnny's kindergarten class was on a field trip to their local police station where they saw pictures, tacked to a bulletin board, of the 10 most wanted criminals. One of the youngsters pointed to a picture and asked if it really was the photo of a wanted person. "Yes," said the policeman. "The detectives want very badly to capture him." Little Johnny asked, "Why didn't you keep him when you took his picture?" A kindergarten teacher was observing her classroom of children while they drew. She would occasionally walk around to see each child's artwork. As she got to one little girl who was working diligently, she asked what the drawing was. The girl replied, "I'm drawing God." The teacher paused and said, "but no one knows what God looks like." Without missing a beat, or looking up from her drawing the girl replied, "They will in a minute." Some boyscouts from the big city were on a camping trip for the first time.The mosquitoes were so fierce, the boys had to hide under their blankets to avoid being bitten. Then one of them saw some lightening bugs and said to his friend, "We might as well give up, now they're coming after us with flashlights!" A woman frantically calls the fire department to report a fire in the neighborhood. The dispatcher asks, "Well, lady how do we get there?" Confused she replies, "Don't you still have those big red fire trucks????" See them itty bitty feet Will I'll be Them are mice. A father was at the beach with his children when the four-year-old son ran up to him, grabbed his hand, and led him to the shore, where a seagull lay dead in the sand. "Daddy, what happened to him?" the son asked. "He died and went to Heaven," the dad replied. The boy thought a moment and then said, "Did God throw him back down?" OREO PSYCHO-PERSONALITY TEST ...... THIS IS A JOKE! Psychologists have discovered the ways people eat Oreo cookies provides great insight into their personalities. Choose which of the following best describes your favorite method of eating Oreo cookies: 1. The whole thing all at once. 2. One bite at a time 3. Slow and methodical nibbles examining the results of each bite afterwards. 4. In little feverish nibbles. 5. Dunked in some liquid such as milk, coffee, etc. 6. Twisted apart, the inside, then the cookie. 7. Twisted apart, the inside, and toss the cookie. 8. Just the cookie, not the inside. 9. I just like to lick them, not eat them. 10. I don't have a favorite way because I don't like Oreo's. Your Personality: 1. The whole thing. This means you consume life with abandon, you're fun to be with, exciting, carefree with some hint of recklessness. You're totally irresponsible. No one should trust you with their children. 2. One bite at a time. You are lucky to be one of the 5.4 billion other people who eat their Oreo's this very same way. Just like them, you lack imagination, but that's ok, not to worry, you're normal. 3. Slow and Methodical. You follow the rules. You're very tidy and orderly. You're very meticulous in every detail with every thing you do to the point of being anal retentive and irritating to others. Stay out of the fast lane if you're only going to go the speed limit. 4. Feverish Nibbles. Your boss likes you because you get your work done quickly. You always have a million things to do and never enough time to do them. Mental break downs and suicides run in your family. Valium and Ritalin would do you good. 5. Dunked. Every one likes you because you are always up beat. You like to sugar coat unpleasant experiences and rationalize bad situations into good ones. You are in total denial about the shambles you call a life. You have a propensity towards narcotic addiction. 6. Twisted apart, the inside, and then the cookie. You have a highly curious nature. You take pleasure in breaking things apart to find out how they work, though not always able to put them back together, so you destroy all the evidence of your activities. You deny your involvement when things go wrong. You are a compulsive liar and exhibit deviant, if not criminal, behavior. 7. Twisted apart, the inside, and then toss the cookie. You are good at business and take risk that pay off. You take what you want and throw the rest away. You are greedy, selfish, mean, and lack feelings for others. You should be ashamed of yourself. But that's ok, you don't care, you got yours. 8. Just the cookie, not the inside. You enjoy pain. 9. I just like to lick them, not eat them. You are sick. Please seek professional medical help -- immediately. 10. I don't have a favorite way, I don't like Oreo cookies. You probably come from a rich family, and like to wear nice things, and go to up-scale restaurants. You are particular and fussy about the things you buy, own, and wear. Things have to be just right. You like to be pampered. You are a prima donna. There's just no pleasing you. Teacher Debbie Moon's first graders were discussing a picture of a family. One little boy in the picture had a different color hair than the other family members. One child suggested that he was adopted and a little girl said, "I know all about adoptions because I was adopted." "What does it mean to be adopted?" asked another child. "It means," said the girl, "that you grew in your mommy's heart instead of her tummy." Two guys were out hunting and they got lost. The first guy says to the second guy, "What do you think we should do?" The second guy says, "Let's fire three shots into the air. It's the international distress code." They fire three shots into the air, wait an hour, and nobody comes. The first guy says to the second guy, "What do you think we should do now?" The second guy says, "Let's fire three more shots into the air." They fire three more shots into the air, wait an hour, and nobody comes. The first guy says, "What do you think we should do now?" The second guy says, "Let's fire three more shots into the air." The first guy says, "Well I sure hope someone comes soon, these are my last three arrows!" A father was at the beach with his children when the four-year-old son ran up to him, grabbed his hand, and led him to the shore, where a seagull lay dead in the sand. "Daddy, what happened to him?" the son asked. "He died and went to Heaven," the dad replied. The boy thought a moment and then said, "Did God throw him back down?" A highway patrol pulled alongside a speeding car on the freeway. Glancing at the car, he was astounded to see that the blonde behind the wheel was knitting! The trooper cranked down his window and yelled to the driver, "PULL OVER!" "NO!" the blonde yelled back, "SCARF!" These two Aggies were chasing an Ostrich. They almost caught him when the Ostrich stopped and stuck his head in the sand. The Aggies stopped and one asked the other looking around: "Where did he go?" The local sheriff was looking for a deputy, so a blonde went in to try out for the job. "Okay," the sheriff drawled, "what is 1 and 1?" "Eleven," she replied. The sheriff thought to himself, "That's not what I meant, but she's right." "What two days of the week start with the letter 'T'?" "Today and tomorrow." He was again surprised that the blonde supplied a correct answer that he had never thought of himself. "Now, listen carefully: Who killed Abraham Lincoln?" The blonde looked a little surprised herself, then thought really hard for a minute and finally admitted, "I don't know." "Well, why don't you go home and work on that one for a while?" So, the blonde wandered over to the beauty parlor, where her pals were waiting to hear the results of the interview. The blonde was exultant. "It went great! First day on the job and I'm already working on a murder case!" Did you ever wonder If a parsley farmer is sued, can they garnish his wages? Would a fly without wings be called a walk? If the funeral procession is at night, do folks drive with their lights off? If a stealth bomber crashes in a forest, will it make a sound? If the cops arrest a mime, do they tell her she has the right to remain silent? Why is the word abbreviation so long? What do you do when you discover an endangered animal that eats only endangered plants? What's another word for thesaurus? When companies ship Styrofoam, what do they pack it in? Why do kamikaze pilots wear helmets? What is the speed of dark? One Sunday morning, the pastor noticed little Johnny was staring up at the large plaque that hung in the foyer of the church. The seven-year-old had been staring at the plaque for some time, so the pastor walked up, stood beside the boy, and said quietly, "Good morning son." "Good morning pastor" replied the young man, focused on the plaque. "Sir, what is this?" Johnny asked. "Well son, these are all the people who have died in the service," replied the pastor. Soberly, they stood together, staring at the large plaque. Little Johnny's voice barely broke the silence when he asked quietly, "Which one sir, the 8:30 or the 10:30 service?" Dear God, Did you mean for the giraffe to look like that or was it an accident? Norma Dear God, Instead of letting people die and having to make new ones, why don't you just keep the ones you have now? Jane Dear God, Who draws the lines around the countries? Nan Dear God, I went to this wedding and they kissed right in church. Is that okay? Neil Dear God, Thank you for my baby brother, but what I prayed for was a puppy. Joyce A four year old was at the pediatrician for a check up. As the doctor looked down her ears with an otoscope, he asked, "Do you think I'll find Big Bird in here?" The little girl stayed silent. Next, the doctor took a tongue depressor and looked down her throat. He asked, "Do you think I'll find the Cookie Monster down there?" Again, the little girl was silent. Then the doctor put a stethoscope to her chest. As he listened to her heart beat, he asked, "Do you think I'll hear Barney in there?" "Oh, no!" the little girl replied. "Jesus is in my heart. Barney's on my underpants." What happened to the blonde ice hockey team? They drowned in Spring training. * Why did the blonde scale the chain-link fence? To see what was on the other side. * Why did the blonde stare at frozen orange juice? Because it said 'concentrate'. A blond was driving down the road and saw another blond out in the field rowing a boat in the dirt. She stopped the car and shouted "You dumb blond! You're the kind of blond that gives us all a bad name, and if I could swim I'd swim out there and slap you!" Three older ladies were discussing the travails of getting older. One said, "Sometimes I catch myself with a jar of mayonnaise in my hand in front of the refrigerator and can't remember whether I need to put it away, or start making a sandwich." The second lady chimed in, "Yes, sometimes I find myself on the landing of the stairs and can't remember whether I was on my way up or on my way down." The third one responded, " Well, I'm glad I don't have that problem; knock on wood," as she rapped her knuckles on the table, then told them, "That must be the door, I'll get it!" What do you call a boomerang that does not come back? A stick. More Church Bulletin Bloopers 1) Scouts are saving aluminum cans, bottles, and other items to be recycled. Proceeds will be used to cripple children. 2) The outreach committee has enlisted 25 visitors to make calls on people who are not afflicted with any church. 4) Evening massage - 6 p.m. 5) The Pastor would appreciate it if the ladies of the congregation would lend him their electric girdles for the pancake breakfast next Sunday morning. 6) The audience is asked to remain seated until the end of the recession. 7) Low Self-Esteem Support Group will meet Thursday at 7 to 8:30 pm. Please use the back door. 8) Ushers will eat latecomers. 9) The third verse of Blessed Assurance will be sung without musical accomplishment. 10) For those of you who have children and don't know it, we have a nursery downstairs. 11) The Rev. Merriwether spoke briefly, much to the delight of the audience. 12) The pastor will preach his farewell message, after which the choir will sing, "Break Forth Into Joy." 13) During the absence of our pastor, we enjoyed the rare privilege of hearing a good sermon when J.F. Stubbs supplied our pulpit. 14) Next Sunday Mrs. Vinson will be soloist for the morning service. The pastor will then speak on "It's a Terrible Experience." 15) Due to the Rector's illness, Wednesday's healing services will be discontinued until further notice. 16) Stewardship Offertory: "Jesus Paid It All" 17) The music for today's service was all composed by George Friedrich Handel in celebration of the 300th anniversary of his birth. 18) Remember in prayer the many who are sick of our church and community. 19) The eighth-graders will be presenting Shakespeare's Hamlet in the church basement on Friday at 7 p.m. The congregation is invited to attend this tragedy. 20) The concert held in Fellowship Hall was a great success. Special thanks are due to the minister's daughter, who labored the whole evening at the piano, which as usual fell upon her. 21) 22 members were present at the church meeting held at the home of Mrs. Marsha Crutchfield last evening. Mrs. Crutchfield and Mrs.Rankin sang a duet, The Lord Knows Why. 24) Hymn 43: "Great God, what do I see here?" Preacher: The Rev. Horace Blodgett Hymn 47: "Hark! an awful voice is sounding" 25) On a church bulletin during the minister's illness: GOD IS GOOD Dr. Hargreaves is better. 26) Potluck supper: prayer and medication to follow. 27) Don't let worry kill you off - let the church help. 28) The 1997 Spring Council Retreat will be hell May 10 and 11. 30) 8 new choir robes are currently needed, due to the addition of several new members and to the deterioration of some older ones. 31) The choir invites any member of the congregation who enjoys sinning to join the choir. 32) Please join us as we show our support for Amy and Alan in preparing for the girth of their first child. 33) Weight Watchers will meet at 7 pm. Please use large double door at the side entrance. The Texas Aggie parachute: It opens on impact. A mother and her young son returned from the grocery store and began putting away the groceries. The boy opened the box of animal crackers and spread them all over the table. "What are you doing?" his mother asked. "The box says you can't eat them if the seal is broken," the boy explained. "I'm looking for the seal." Two guys were out hunting and they got lost. The first guy says to the second guy, "What do you think we should do?" The second guy says, "Let's fire three shots into the air. It's the international distress code." They fire three shots into the air, wait an hour, and nobody comes. The first guy says to the second guy, "What do you think we should do now?" The second guy says, "Let's fire three more shots into the air." They fire three more shots into the air, wait an hour, and nobody comes. The first guy says, "What do you think we should do now?" The second guy says, "Let's fire three more shots into the air." The first guy says, "Well I sure hope someone comes soon, these are my last three arrows!" A grandmother was surprised by her 7 year old grandson one morning. He had made her coffee. She drank what was the worst cup of coffee in her life. When she got to the bottom, there were three of those little green army men in the cup. She said, "Honey, what are the army men doing in my coffee?" Her grandson said, "Grandma, it says on TV-'The best part of waking up is soldiers in your cup.'" As a senior citizen was driving down the freeway, his car phone rang. Answering, he heard his wife's voice urgently warning him, "Herman, I just heard on the news that there's a car going the wrong way on 280. Please be careful!" "You're telling me," said Herman, "It's not just one car. It's hundreds of them!" An anagram, as you know, is a word or phrase made by transposing or rearranging the letters of another word or phrase. The following are exceptionally clever. Someone out there either has way too much time to waste or is deadly at Scrabble. Dormitory -----------------> Dirty Room Desperation ---------------> A Rope Ends It The Morse Code ----------> Here Come Dots Slot Machines -------------> Cash Lost in 'em Animosity ------------------> Is No Amity Snooze Alarms -------------> Alas! No More Z's Alec Guinness ---------------> Genuine Class The Public Art Galleries -------> Large Picture Halls, I Bet A Decimal Point ---------------> I'm a Dot in Place The Earthquakes ---------------> That Queer Shake Eleven plus two ---------------->Twelve plus one Contradiction -------------------> Accord not in it Princess Diana ------------------> Ascend in Paris (freaky, right?) This one's truly amazing: " To be or not to be: that is the question, whether tis nobler in the mind to suffer the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune." And the Anagram: "In one of the Bard's best-thought-of tragedies, our insistent hero, Hamlet, queries on two fronts about how life turns rotten." And for the grand finale: "That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind." - Neil Armstrong ...... The Anagram: "Thin man ran; makes a large stride, left planet, pins flag on moon! On to Mars!" How much money did pirates in the old days charge to pierce ears? A buck-n-ear. When I stopped the bus to pick up little five year old Chris for preschool, I noticed an older woman hugging him as he left the house. "Is that your grandmother?" I asked Chris when he boarded. "Yes," Chris said. "She's come to visit us for Christmas." "How nice," I said. "Where does she live?" "At the airport," Chris replied. "Whenever we want her we just go out there and get her." Beware of Dog Upon entering the little country store, the stranger noticed a sign posted on the glass door saying: 'DANGER! BEWARE OF DOG!' Inside he noticed a harmless old hound dog asleep on the floor besides the cash register. He asked the store manager: "Is THAT the dog folks are supposed to beware of?" "Yep, that's him." He replied. The stranger couldn't help but be amused. "That certainly doesn't look like a dangerous dog to me. Why in the world would you post that sign?" "Because," the owner replied, "before I posted that sign, people kept tripping over him." A mother and her young son returned from the grocery store and began putting away the groceries. The boy opened the box of animal crackers and spread them all over the table. "What are you doing?" his mother asked. "The box says you can't eat them if the seal is broken the boy explained. I'm looking for the seal." An Aggie was working at construction of a house. He would pick up a nail and hammer it in and then the next one he would throw it on the ground. After awhile the Aggie supervisor asked him why he was wasting the nails. He said that the head of the nail was on the wrong end of some of the nails. The supervisor said: " You dumb Aggie, those nails are for the other side of the house." Coffee humor A sweet little boy surprised his grandmother one morning and brought her coffee. He made it himself and was so proud. He anxiously waited to hear the verdict on the quality of the coffee. The grandmother had never in her life had such a bad cup of coffee, and as she forced down the last sip, she noticed three of those little green army guys in the bottom of the cup. She asked, "Honey, why would three little green army guys be in the bottom of my cup?" Her grandson replied, "You know, Grandma, it's like on TV, "The best part of waking up is soldiers in your cup." Three Texas Aggies and three Texas University students(Tsips) were to travel on a train. the Aggies each bought a ticket. the three Tsips only bought one ticket for the three of them. The Aggie Asked them: "Hey. How are you going to ride the train with only one ticket?" The Tsips told them they had a plan and to watch. When they got on the train the three Tsips got into the bathroom together and when the conductor came by to collect tickets, he knocked on the door and said: "Tickets Please.". The Tsips cracked open the door and held out the one ticket. The Aggies were impressed and said they planned to try it coming back. On the way back the three Aggies bought one ticket but the Tsips did not buy any. Again the Aggies asked the Tsips how they were going to ride the train and again the Tsips told them they had a plan. When they boarded the train the three Aggies piled into one bathroom and the three Tsips got into the other bathroom. Then before the conductor came by, one of the Tsips came back out and knocked on the Aggies' bathroom door and Said: "Tickets Please!" Kid's rules for life Never trust a dog to watch your food. Patrick, Age 10 When you want something expensive, ask your grandparents. Matthew, Age 12 Never smart off to a teacher whose eyes and ears are twitching. Andrew, Age 9 Wear a hat when feeding seagulls. Rocky, Age 9 Sleep in your clothes so you'll be dressed in the morning. Stephanie, Age 8 Never ask for anything that costs more than five dollars when your parents are doing taxes. Carrol, Age 9 When your dad is mad and asks you, "Do I look stupid?" don't answer him. Heather, Age 16 Never tell your mom her diet's not working. Michael, Age 14 Don't pick on your sister when she's holding a baseball bat. Joel, Age 12 When you get a bad grade in school, show it to your mom when she's on the phone. Alyesha, Age 13 Never try to baptize a cat. Laura, Age 13 Never spit when on a roller coaster. Scott, Age 11 Never do pranks at a police station. Sam, Age 10 Beware of cafeteria food when it looks like it's moving. Rob, Age 10 Never tell your little brother that you're not going to do what your mom told you to do. Hank, Age 12 Remember you're never too old to hold your father's hand. Molly, Age 11 Every day more money is printed for Monopoly than the US Treasury It is possible to lead a cow upstairs but not downstairs. Smartest dogs: 1) Scottish border collie; 2) Poodle; 3) Golden retriever. Dumbest: Afghan hound. Hawaiian alphabet has 12 letters. Men can read smaller print than women; women can hear better. Amount American Airlines saved in 1987 by eliminating one olive from each salad served first class: $40,000 City with the most Rolls Royces per capita: Hong Kong State with the highest percentage of people who walk to work: Alaska Percentage of Africa that is wilderness: 28% Percentage of North America that is wilderness: 38% Barbie's measurements if she were life size: 39-23-33 Average number of days a West German goes without washing his underwear: 7 Percentage of American men who say they would marry the same woman if they had it to do all over again: 80% Percentage of American women who say they'd marry the same man: 50% Cost of raising a medium-size dog to the age of eleven: $6,400 Average number of people airborne over the US any given hour: 61,000. Percentage of Americans who have visited Disneyland/Disney World: 70% Average life span of a major league baseball: 7 pitches. Only President to win a Pulitzer: John F. Kennedy for Profiles in Courage Intelligent people have more zinc and copper in their hair. The world's youngest parents were 8 and 9 and lived in China in 1910. The youngest pope was I I years old. Iceland consumes more Coca-Cola per capita than any other nation. First novel ever written on a typewriter: Tom Sawyer. A duck's quack doesn't echo, and no one knows why. In the 1940s, the FCC assigned television's Channel I to mobile services (two-way radios in taxicabs, for instance) but did not re-number the other channel assignments. That is why your TV set has channels 2 and up, but no channel 1. The San Francisco Cable cars are the only mobile National Monuments. The only 15 letter word that can be spelled without repeating a letter is uncopyrightable. Hang On Sloopy is the official rock song of Ohio. Which is your Favorite Character? 1) Tasmanian Devil First chose which one is your favorite before you go on. Scroll down when you decide which one is your favorite. ..... If you Like ....... 1) Tazmanian Devil - You are wacky and crazy!!! You are the center of attention at parties. You love food and are always causing chaos. When you are on a date, you're the one that makes the 1st move. Love comes and goes for you. Can you say Player?!? 2) Tweety - Aaaaw you're soo CUTE!! Everyone loves you 'cause you're so adorable physically and mentally. Face it, people are jealous of you. Love is always there for you. You're the typical Long-Relationship kind of person. You LOVE cuddling but P.D.A. is not your style. If something goes wrong in relationships (family, etc...) you always go to your friends for the advice. Tweety-Lovers are great listeners. 3) Marvin the Martian - You are DEFINITELY in control of your life. People say you're a Control Freak. You're the kind of person who is ALWAYS paranoid with unimportant issues, but that's OK 'cause there is always someone there to relieve that paranoia. Love is very valuable to you. Relationships have been hardships for you but just remember that you're in control. 4) Scooby Doo - Let's face it, people around you find you quite annoying sometimes. Whether it'd be the whining or gagging, but it's driving your friends crazy. If you have problems in life, just keep them on the DL. To get on the positive side of things, you are very helpful and you love to solve mysteries and problems. Love is a condition far away from your mind. The best advice for Scooby Doo lovers is to deal with your problems on your OWN. 5) Daffy Duck - You are annoying in this cute way. People love being around you because of your utter goofiness. Making people laugh is your specialty. Daffy Lovers think there is a soulmate out there for everyone. Love is something you haven't found deeply yet but your soulmate will be there, CLOSER than you think. 6) Peppe le Pew - You are the sweetest and most lovable person there is. Guys/girls love being around your Charmed personality. When there is something you want, you will TRY to get it, no question about it, Peppe Lovers don't take NO for an answer. It's hard to please you but it's very easy for you to please others with your endearing inner-self. Love is here for you and always will be. Not only talking about boyfriends-girlfriends, but family or friends. If someone lets you down, there is always someone else that loves you and is there. I'd have to say that Peppe lovers are the luckiest. 7) Sylvester - You are very fun-loving and easy to please. People are always talking behind your back because of their utter jealousy. Laughing is what you do best. Crying comes once in a life time for you. You are very unique in a good way. People wanna be like you and find you as a Cool person. Love is easy for you to find. Your motto would probably be "Smile". 8) Speedy Gonzalos - You are ambitious and always heading for your goal. You are a very Fast thinker and intelligent. It's often enetic in Speedy-Lovers. Love comes once in a life-time, unfortunately, but you always have your family supporting you. For you, FAMILY always comes 1st. 9) Bugs Bunny - You are definetely the bestest friend a person can ever have. You're wise and always thinking of ideas. Bugs Lovers have nothing to worry about in life cause you always have solutions for everything. Love is ALWAYS there for you. Fooling around is your specialty. The word relationship is not in your dictionary meaning you are not a steady kind of person. Oh yeah, and you love things that have to do with sex. A first grade teacher collected old, well known proverbs. She gave each kid in her class the first half of a proverb, and had them come up with the rest: Better Be Safe Than . . . .. . . . . . .Punch A 5th Grader. It's Always Darkest Before. . . . . . Daylight Savings Time. Strike While The . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bug Is Close. Never Under Estimate The Power Of . . Termites. You Can Lead A Horse To Water But. . . How? Don't Bite The Hand That. . . . . . . . .Looks Dirty. No News Is. . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . Impossible. A Miss Is As Good As A . . . .. . . . .Mr. You Can't Teach An Old Dog New . . .. . Math. If You Lie Down With The Dogs, You'll. . . Stink in The Morning. Love All, Trust. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Me These are actual notes from parents to teachers. Dear Teacher: Please excuse Lisa for being absent. She was sick, and I had her shot. Dear School: I hope you will excuse John for being absent on Jan. 28, 29, 30, 31, 32 and also 33. Dear Miss Larson: Jack didn't go to school yesterday because he had 2 teeth taken out of his face. Mrs. Smith: Please excuse Jimmy for being. It was his father's fault. Dear Teacher: Please excuse Tommy for being absent yesterday. He had diarrhea, and his boots leak. Dear Mr. Brown: Please excuse for being absent yesterday. He had a cold and could not breed well. To Mary's Teacher: Please excuse Mary for being absent yesterday. She was in bed with gramps. Dear Mr. Anderson: Maryann was absent yesterday because she had a fever and upset stomach. Her sister was also sick, and her brother had a fever. I wasn't too well, either. There must be something going around. Her father even got hot last night. Dear Mr. Thomas: Jennifer missed school yesterday for a good reason. We forgot to get the Sunday paper off the porch, and when we found it Monday, we thought it was Sunday. John Jones, the head of the company asked his manager to write a detailed employment review describing Bob Smith, one of his programmers. 1. Bob Smith, my assistant programmer, can always be found 2. hard at work in his cubicle. Bob works independently, without 3. wasting company time talking to colleagues. Bob never 4. thinks twice about assisting fellow employees, and he always 5. finishes given assignments on time. Often Bob takes extended 6. measures to complete his work, sometimes skipping coffee 7. breaks. Bob is a dedicated individual who has absolutely no 8. vanity in spite of his high accomplishments and profound 9. knowledge in his field. I firmly believe that Bob can be 10. classed as a high-caliber employee, the type which cannot be 11. dispensed with. Consequently, I duly recommend that Bob be 12. promoted to executive management, and a proposal will be 13. executed as soon as possible. Signed ... Jim A MEMO WAS SOON SENT FOLLOWING THE LETTER: John, That idiot was reading over my shoulder while I wrote the report sent to you earlier today. Kindly read only the odd numbered lines above (1, 3, 5, etc...) for my true assessment of him. Regards ... Jim A lawyer and a blonde are sitting next to each other on a long flight from LA to NY. The lawyer leans over to her and asks if she would like to play a fun game. The blonde just wants to take a nap, so she politely declines and rolls over to the window to catch a few winks. The lawyer persists and explains that the game is really easy and a lot of fun. He explains "I ask you a question, and if you don't know the answer, you pay me $5, and visa-versa." Again, she politely declines and tries to get some sleep. The lawyer, now somewhat agitated, says, "Okay, if you don't know the answer you pay me $5, and if I don't know the answer, I will pay you $50!" figuring that since she is a blonde that he will easily win the match. This catches the blonde's attention and, figuring that there will be no end to this torment unless she plays, agrees to the game. The lawyer asks the first question. "What's the distance from the earth to the moon?" The blonde doesn't say a word, reaches in to her purse, pulls out a five-dollar bill and hands it to the lawyer. Now, it's the blonde's turn. She asks the lawyer: "What goes up a hill with three legs, and comes down with four?" The lawyer looks at her with a puzzled look. He takes out his laptop computer and searches all his references. He taps into the Airphone with his modem and searches the Net and the Library of Congress. Frustrated, he sends E-mails to all his coworkers and friends he knows. All to no avail. After over an hour, he wakes the blonde and hands her $50. The blond politely takes the $50 and turns away to get back to sleep. The lawyer, who is more than a little miffed, wakes the blonde and asks, "Well, so what IS the answer!?" Without a word, the blonde reaches into her purse, hands the lawyer $5, and goes back to sleep.	i don't know
What is the highest mountain in Australia?	Mount Kosciuszko - Facts on Highest Peak in Australia Elevation: 7,310 feet (2,228 meters) Prominence: 7,310 feet (2,228 meters) Most Prominent Mountain in Australia. Location: Great Dividing Range, New South Wales, Australia. Coordinates: -36.455981 S / 148.263333 W First Ascent: First ascent by an expedition led by Polish explorer Count Pawel Edmund Strzelecki, 1840. Highest Mountain in Australia Mount Kosciuszko is the highest mountain on the Australian continent . It is not, however, the highest mountain on Australian territory. Mawson Peak on Heard Island, an Australian territory in the Southern Ocean near Antarctica and between Australia and Africa, is the highest peak in any state and territory in Australia. Mawson Peak, a snow-covered volcano, rises to 9,006 feet (2,745 meters). High Point of Great Dividing Range Mount Kosciuszko is the high point of the Great Dividing Range , a long mountain range that runs along the entire eastern part of Australia from Queensland to Victoria. Mount Kosciuszko itself is in New South Wales a few miles from its border with Victoria. continue reading below our video The Fastest Miles Ever Run Glaciers chiseled out the mountain, leaving glacial features like cirques and moraines, during the Pleistocene Epoch over 20,000 years ago. Kosciuszko National Park Mount Kosciuszko is the centerpiece of 1,664,314-acre Kosciuszko National Park , Australia largest national park. The park was designated a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in 1977 for its many unusual alpine plants and animals. The alpine zone on Mount Kosciuszko includes many rare and endemic plants and flowers that are found nowhere else in the world. Snowiest Place in Australia The Mount Kosciuszko area is the coldest and snowiest part of Australia, which is mostly an arid and hot continent. Snow covers the mountain from June through October. The area also has Australia’s only ski areas , including Thredbo and Perisher ski resorts . Named for Polish Explorer Polish explorer Count Pawel Edmund Strzelecki named Mount Kosciuszko in 1840 for Polish hero General Tadeusz Kosciuszko . Kosciuszko (1746-1817) joined the American Army during the Revolution, eventually rising to the rank of General as well as being the Deputy Engineer for the army. He was a defensive expert who created fortifications for Saratoga , Philadelphia, and West Point. He later urged that the Military Academy be situated at West Point . He was also friends with George Washington and Thomas Jefferson. Kosciuszko returned to Poland in 1787 and waged war against neighboring countries for Polish independence. Later he retired to Switzerland, writing books about military strategy. After his death in 1817, Kosciuszko was hailed not only as a Polish patriot but also as a great American and a true citizen of the world. Name Often Misspelled The mountain name was misspelled in English as Kosciusko but changed by the Geographical Names Board of New South Wales to the proper Polish spelling Kosciuszko in 1997. How to Pronounce Kosciuszko The tongue-twisting name Kosciuszko is pronounced in Australia as: kozzy-OS-ko. The proper Polish pronunciation is: kosh-CHOOSH-ko. Aussies often just called the mountain "Kossy." Aboriginal Names for Mountain There are several native Aboriginal names associated with the mountain, with some confusion as to the exact sounds. These are Jagungal, Jar-gan-gil, Tar-gan-gil, Tackingal, all of which mean “Table Top Mountain.” Easiest of the Seven Summits Mount Kosciuszko, the lowest of the Seven Summits or the seven highest points on the seven continents, is also the easiest to climb. The main trail to the summit is an easy 5.5-mile-long hike that is crowded with trekkers all summer. As many as 100,000 people climb to the roof of Australia every year. Read Walking Tracks Australia for more information on hiking adventures down under. Is Kosciuszko or Carstensz Pyramid the High Point? Whether or not Mount Kosciuszko is one of the true Seven Summits is debated by all climbers attempting to climb the highest points on the seven continents . While Kosciuszko is the highest point on the Australian continent, many purists contend that the true high point is Carstensz Pyramid in Irian Jaya, which is part of Oceania and on the same continental plate as Australia. The difficulty of the two peaks also enters the discussion since Kosciuszko is basically just a hike while Carstensz Pyramid is technically the most difficult of the Seven Summits to climb. Many Seven Summitteers climb them both to negate the for-and-against argument. Australia's Highest Toilet Australia’s highest toilet is at Rawson’s Pass just below Kosciuszko’s summit to accommodate the masses and keep human waste from being a worse problem than what it already is.	Mount Kosciuszko
What colours are on the national flag of Thailand?	Australian rocks and mountains \| australia.gov.au Australian rocks and mountains National parks Australian rocks and mountains Australia is a very flat continent where the average elevation is just 330 metres, the lowest in the world. What Australia lacks in height is more that made up for in the variety, geological age and unique appearance of its mountains and rocky outcrops - some of the oldest and most interesting exposed rocks in the world. The highest point in Australia is Mount Kosciuszko (named by Sir Paul Edmund de Strzelecki in 1840 after the Polish patriot and democratic leader Tadeusz Kosciuszko) in New South Wales, at 2,228 metres above sea level. Mount Kosciuszko is part of the Great Dividing Range. The Great Dividing Range The Blue Mountains, New South Wales. Image courtesy of Tourism New South Wales The Great Dividing Range is one of Australia's most important geographical features. It divides the east coast from the inland and has a major influence on our climate, population spread and settlement patterns, economics and agriculture. It is home to an amazing array of plants and animals that don't exist anywhere else on earth. It is the source of our longest rivers and our highest mountains. The range runs parallel to the east cost of Australia, from Cape York in the North to Western Victoria in the south. Tasmania, Australia's island state which lies even further south, is also a part of this massive and ancient mountain range. The Great Dividing Range has it origins many millions of years ago when the continents of earth were fused together as the Gondwana land mass. A huge uplift in the earth's crust occurred over millions of years, during the Pliocene and the Pleistocene Epochs (between 5.4 million to 10,000 years ago). This was just after the extinction of the dinosaurs and during the time that modern humans first appeared. As the ranges eroded over millions of years, the high mountain tops became islands. Populations of animal species which used to live across large areas became concentrated on the mountains and groups became isolated from each other. Over many thousands of years, this isolation meant that species evolved independently and this led to many variations in species. The ranges are also home to some amazing species of animals and plants that are survivors of Gondwana. The Wollemi Pine, recently found growing in a gorge of the Blue Mountains, is a living dinosaur of the plant world. Twenty-three of the 35 known species of the carab beetle live on just one mountain top in northern Queensland, at the top of the Great Dividing Range. Rocky outcrops Other rock structures in Australia, like Uluru, Mount Augustus and Bald Rock, have been described as monoliths. However the term monolith, primarily used to describe buildings, is considered by geological experts to be inappropriate in describing these structures, as they do not meet the strict scientific geological criteria of it being made only of one stone and standing alone as demonstrated in the Sardires peak in the Vanoise massif of the Western French Alps. Uluru Uluru, Northern Territory. Photo courtesy of GeoScience Australia Uluru is located in the National Heritage Listed Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park about 335km to the south-west of Alice Springs in Northern Territory, Australia. It is part of a massive rock feature that stretches underground for many kilometres, and is part of the Kata Tjuka (Olgas) outcrop. Uluru is 9.4km around the base, and about 345 metres high (and is thought to be the tip of an old silt fan formation tilted up by geological movement, which extends kilometres below the surface). Above the ground it is 3.6km long, 2km wide, and is roughly oval in shape. It is made of sedimentary arkosic sandstone (less than 75% compressed lithified sand and more than 25% feldspar), and is renowned for the way it changes colour in the light and is particularly spectacular at sunrise and sunset. The colonial explorer William Gosse, who visited the area in 1873, named the rock feature Ayers Rock after Henry Ayers, then Governor of South Australia. Uluru was returned to the care and control the Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara people (also known as Anangu) in 1985 to whom it had been home for tens of thousands of years. In 1995 the name of the National Park was changed from Ayers Rock-Mount Olga National Park to Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park to acknowledge Anangu control and their relationship with the area. Mount Augustus Mount Augustus, Western Australia. Photograph by Malcolm Wells. The visible portion of the sandstone and conglomerate structure which makes up Mount Augustus, is twice the size of Uluru. Sitting on a bedrock of granite, the mountain stands 858 metres above the surrounding plain and 1105 metres above sea level and is eight kilometres long. It can be seen clearly from 160 kilometres away and is sometimes described as the world's largest monocline, part of Mount Augustus National Park. It is estimated that the rock of the mountain is some 1000 million years old. It was formed from an uplift which raised an ancient seabed of sandstone conglomerate and folded it into a dramatic anticline (like an inverted V shape). The granite rock which lies beneath Mount Augustus is said to be 1650 million years old. Francis Gregory, on his journey through the Gascoyne, became the first European to climb the mountain in 1858, and he named the rock after his brother, Sir Augustus Charles Gregory (1819-1905). It is called Burringurrah by local Wadjari people after a Dreamtime figure, a young boy, who was speared and turned into a rock. More than 100 species of birds can be seen on and around Mount Augustus. There are also many watering holes near Mount Augustus. Like Uluru, the colour of the rock changes during dawn and dusk. Bright pink, orange and red with the occasional green reflect the changes of its mood. Unlike Uluru, there is a great deal of plant growth on and around the mountain, dominated by wattles, cassias and eremophilas. Bald Rock Bald Rock. Photo used with permission from Henry Gold. Bald Rock is situated in Bald Rock National Park on the New South Wales-Queensland border. The park is accessed via the Mt Lindesay Highway. The ' Rock' is Australia's largest exposed granite surface, and rises to 1277 metres above sea level. It towers about 200 metres up out of the surrounding bushland, is 750 metres long and 500 metres wide. Useful links	i don't know
In May 1950, Celal Bayar became the third President of which European country?	Celal Bayar CHRONOLOGY Last Meeting of the Ottoman Parliament HIS LEGACY Celal Bayar occupies a monumental place in Turkish Political History -- as one of the founders of the Turkish Republic, the hero of the National Unity movement, leader and implementer of the Turkish economy, and as a great statesman. EARLY LIFE Mahmut Celal's family emigrated from Plevne, Bulgaria to Umurbey, Turkey during the Turkish-Russian war (1877-1878) as the Ottoman Empire was declining. His father, Abdullah Fehmi Efendi, was the Headmaster of the Berkofca School of Islamic Sciences in the Tuna province of Bulgaria. In Umurbey the Ottoman Ministry of Education appointed him Headmaster of the Bursa-Gemlik-Umurbey School system. After Fehmi Efendi's eldest son, Behzat, died while in the Military Academy in Edirne, and his second son died from malaria while in the Naval Academy, he decided to keep his third son, Mahmut Celal, in Umurbey, tutoring him in Arabic and Persian. BANKER After completing his higher education in Umurbey, Mahmut Celal worked at the Gemlik judicial courts and Administration departments, then went to Bursa to work at the Ziraat Bank. While at the Ziraat Bank he studied at the Silk Cultivation and Textile school and learned French at the Bursa branch of the "College Francaise de L'Assomption.ï¿½ In 1903 he married Reside Hanim, the daughter of Inegollu Rafet Bey, and his first son, Refi, was born in 1904. In 1905 he successfully completed the entrance examinations of the "Deutsche Orient Bank," proved his exceptional abilities, and rapidly rose to become a high executive. HERO OF THE UNITY MOVEMENT In 1907 at the urging of the Lieutenant Governor of Bursa, Hamza Bey, he joined the Party of Union and Progress and performed tasks that were vital to the activities of the party. During the 31 March 1909 uprising of the fanatic religious soldiers in Istanbul he formed a volunteer company to prevent its spread to Bursa. During the Balkan Wars (1912-1913), in which the Ottoman Empire lost substantial territory, the Greeks deployed their militant priests and successfully captured Macedonia. In World War I they attempted to employ the same tactics to capture the coastal areas and strategic Aegean centers from Mudanya to Fethiye. During this critical time the Party of Union and Progress assigned their trusted member, Mahmut Celal Bey, to the Izmir region, where his astute political and military defense activities in the Izmir region laid the foundation for the failure of the Greek master plan to capture the entire Aegean Region. In cultural activities Mahmut Celal founded the National Library, expanded the Higher Education School of the Party of Union and Progress and contributed to the dissemination of new concepts for the advancement of the people. In Izmir he founded the "Towards the People" society and published a newspaper of that name, calling on the people to unite against the foreign occupation. The Ottoman Cabinet later closed this newspaper and issued an arrest warrant for Mahmut Celal. In 1918, during the World War I armistice, he founded the Society for the Protection of Ottoman's Rights and was the first person to propose armed resistance to the allied occupation of the Aegean region. His wife, Reside Hanim, encouraged him in these activities. The Ottoman cabinet considered these activities rebellious and sent a company of soldiers to capture him. After Odemis and Tire were occupied by the Greeks, Mahmut Celal took refuge in the Dagyenice village near Germencik, taking the pseudonym of Galip Hoca, while continuing the resistance to the occupation. With the assistance of Yoruk Ali his forces took Aydin back from the Greeks. Together with Demirci Efe he formed groups of resistance fighters. At the request of the elders of the region he accepted the leadership of the resistance movement, becoming Regimental Commander of the Akhisar Front. A FOUNDER OF THE TURKISH REPUBLIC Mahmut Celal was elected to the last Ottoman Parliament as a member from Manisa. He and his nationalist colleagues proposed the establishment of a Turkish national boundary. These nationalist movements, started by Mahmut Celal, and the occupation of Istanbul by the Allies in 1920 led the Sultan to dissolve the Ottoman Parliament and order the arrest of all nationalist members of parliament. Mahmut Celal had to flee Istanbul and, at the invitation of Ataturk, went to Ankara to join the First Parliament of modern Turkey. His close association and friendship with Ataturk lasted until Ataturk's death. In his Great Speech to the Nation in 1927, Ataturk praised Mahmut Celal Bayar for his great efforts and the sacrifices he had made toward the building of the Republic. ARCHITECT OF ECONOMIC RECOVERY AND REPATRIATION In 1921, while Turkey was still at war, Mahmut Celal was elected by Parliament to become the Minister of Economy. He planned the economic recovery of Turkey, founded the first pension fund for workers in Zonguldak and drew up plans for upgrading mines and forests. He served as economic advisor to the Lausanne Conference delegation in 1922. In 1924 he was appointed Minister of Public Works and Housing and devoted himself to the repatriation and housing of the more than half a million Turks from the former Ottoman Empire who were resettled in Turkey and made productive citizens. NATIONAL BANKER After the proclamation of the Turkish Republic Ataturk assigned Mahmut Celal in 1924 the responsibility for establishing the first Turkish national bank. Mahmut Celal resigned from the Ministry, founded and became the director of the Turkiye Is Bankasi. In his speech on the ninth anniversary of the bank, Ataturk said: "Is Bankasi started with a modest capital. What was modest was only the cash capital, but its spiritual capital was very large because at the helm of Is Bankasi was the very able, determined and steadfast Celal Bey who worked with a small number of his talented friends. The Bank performed great services for our Country's economy. More than economic services the Bank's great success was the training of the young for the banking industry." MINISTER OF THE ECONOMY At Ataturk's request, Mahmut Celal once again became Minister of Economy, serving from 1932 to 1937. During this period of mixed economy with private initiative, textile, sugar, paper and steel factories as well as many industrial establishments, power plants, banks (such as the Halk Bank, Sumerbank and Eti Bank), and insurance companies were established. When the 1934 law requiring Turks to adopt a surname was passed, Ataturk gave the name of Bayar to Mahmut Celal. PRIME MINISTER Celal Bayar became Ataturk's last prime minister in 1937. Ataturk's comments on the government's program was: "Bayar, I read your program. It is very promising. May it serve its good purpose. I wish success to all of you and hope that you will find the best solutions to accomplish it." After Ataturkï¿½s death on 10 October 1938, Bayar remained prime minister until resigning in 1939, retaining his seat in Parliament representing Izmir until 1945. A FOUNDER OF THE DEMOCRAT PARTY In 1945, with three other members of Parliament (Refik Koraltan from Icel, Fuat Koprulu from Kars and Adnan Menderes from Aydin), Bayar submitted a proposal to the Republican Peoples Party group to amend the laws regarding party representation in the Parliament. At this time, only one party was represented in the Parliament. This proposal would have made the bylaws of the Parliament and the political rights and freedom of members and parties more compatible with the spirit of the Constitution. In the history of Turkish democracy this proposal, submitted on 12 June 1945, became known as the "Proposal of the Four." This proposal was wholly rejected by the Republican Peoples Party and on 25 September 1945 Fuat Koprulu and Adnan Menderes were expelled from the party. When Refik Koraltan was also expelled from the Party Celal Bayar resigned from Parliament and founded (with Fuat Koprulu, Refik Koraltan and Adnan Menderes) a new political party, the Democrat Party, in 1946. This was the beginning of a multi-party system in Turkey. In the general elections held On 14 May 1950 the Democrat Party won the majority of the seats in Parliament. PRESIDENT On 22 May 1950, Celal Bayar was elected President of the Turkish Republic, with Adnan Menderes his prime minister. Shortly thereafter Turkish troops fought in the Korean War and Turkey became a member of NATO. During this period of Democrat Party rule Ataturk's edict "Peace at Home, Peace on Earth" was the guideline, and relations with neighbors and other countries were improved by reciprocal contacts and visits. Celal Bayar visited the United States of America and addressed a joint session of Congress, the first Turkish statesman to address this body. Industrialization by joint government-private ventures became his economic policy between 1950 and 1960. While heavy industry was being created by the government the private sector was being encouraged to industrialize. During this period the Turkish gross national product rose by eight percent each year. The 1954 general elections increased the Parliamentary majority for the Democrat Party and in the early elections of 1957 the Democrat Party won more than two-thirds of the seats. Both times Celal Bayar was elected President of the Republic. IMPRISONMENT A military junta staged a coup in 1960 and dissolved the National Assembly. Celal Bayar was arrested, along with the other Democrat Party members of parliament. He is remembered for his dignity and courage at the fake trials of the junta that followed. The junta court passed a death sentence on him and 14 of his colleagues. The sentence of Celal Bayar was later commuted to life imprisonment because of his age, and he was sent to the Kayseri prison. He was released from prison due to ill health in 1964. LATER YEARS Celal Bayar remained an important figure in Turkish political life. Leaders and politicians of the center and the right consulted him and sought his advice and consent. He stood for the return of the political rights of the representatives of his party. He wrote his eight-volume autobiographical history, "And so I Wrote" (Bende Yazdim). He regained his political rights in 1974 and was invited to become a life Senator in the Parliament, as allowed by the 1961 Constitution. He declined this so-called right on the ground that a person represents one's people only when elected by the people. On the other hand, Bayar was the guest of honor at the ceremonies held in the Parliament in 1981 on the 100th anniversary of Ataturk's birth. He was also invited by the Chairman of the Parliament to the ceremonies on the 65th and 66th anniversaries of the founding of the Turkish Parliament, 23 April National Sovereignty Day, as a living member of the first Parliament. Bayar had three children, Refi, Turgut and Nilufer. During his lifetime he was blessed to have known his seven grandchildren, seven great-grandchildren and his grandson's grandson. Celal Bayar died in Istanbul on 22 August 1986 at the age of 103 after a short illness, having retained his sharp judgment and strong memory to the very last. His coffin was taken to Ankara for the State Funeral Ceremonies and the man who left an indelible mark in the hearts of his people was laid to rest in his village, Umurbey, attended by people from all walks of life from across Turkey, current and former members of Parliament, representatives and heads of political parties, and friends and family.	Turkey
Who came to the British throne in January 1936?	Oalib search Journal of Gazi Academic View , 2009, Abstract: The policies that Democrat Party carried out especially after 1957 elections has been much criticized until today. In that period the relations between the government and the opposition became considerably tense. n nü, leader of CHP, engaged in hard opposition activities against DP and collaborated with other parties. DP government made some anti-democratic laws sequentially in order to hinder the opposition and the press. As the economic difficulties and anxieties increased, the government became more aggressive. In consequence of political crisis, social polarization and student activities the military seized power on 27 May 1960. In this article, political activities of the 5th Menderes Government and their place in Turkish political life will be analyzed. Turkish Studies , 2009, Abstract: Impacts of important social events on literaturecan be determined and identified through researchesdone on literal works. The initial examples of violentactions in the period between 1960 and 1980 whenrebellious and terror actions made a peak in Turkey wereseen before 1960. During this period, the stateconfronted with the army and various groups (students,civil servants, labors etc) and the escalated tensionresulted in the May 27 military coup. The Prime Ministerof the time Adnan Menderes and the ruling DemocratParty were at the heart of the developments in this periodwhich have become subject to a number of researchesand studies from different disciplines. This study reviewssix novels which concern the May 27 era and seeks howthe authors of these novels treat Menderes and DemocratParty. The article concludes that the novels holdMenderes and his party liable for the political, social andeconomic crises in this period. History Studies : International Journal of History , 2013, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.9737/historys_682 Abstract: This article examines the Islam Democrat Party (IDP) and the ideas of its founder Cevat Rifat Atilhan. The party appealed to Islam for its political ends and was shut down by a court order because of its anti-secularist and “reactionary” discourse. This article argues that the Islam Democrat Party led the politicization of Islam in Turkey and paved the road for the rise of “National Outlook” Movement and Islamist politics in the 1970s. The anti-Semitic discourse of the National Outlook Movement and its “Islamic Unity” project were largely adopted from the thoughts of Atilhan and the IDP. History Studies : International Journal of History , 2012, Abstract: Celal Bayar assumed important responsibilities and duties during the National Liberation War and Single-Party Period. By founding the Democratic Party in 1946, Bayar contributed to the democratization of Turkey and a smooth transition to multi-party political life. Prior to May 14, 1950 elections, he established a common sense opposition. On May 14, Celal Bayar and DP won a huge election victory. Bayar became the third President of the Republic of Turkey on May 22, 1950, and he appointed the new Prime Minister, the Chairman of the Assembly and the DP General Secretary. Thus, Bayar led Turkey successfully at the convergence of an exceptional period in Turkey. History Studies : International Journal of History , 2012, Abstract: After the 1960 military coup, prominent Democrat Party (DP) leaders were tried because of their involvement in the Homeland Front. The Supreme Investigation Committee (SIC) conducted an investigation and filed indictment in this case in March 1961. In the indictment, the SIC claimed that the DP recruited most of the members to the Homeland Front (HF) by threats, intimidations and offering favors. Defendants rejected accusations regarding the HF and stated that the HF was a legal formation under the auspices of the DP. The Supreme Court of Justice found Sebati Ataman, Hadi Husman and Mukerrem Sarol innocent but decided to combine the case of HF with the case of Violation of Constitutional Law. This article examines the HF case along with the indictment of the SIC and the detailed decision of the Supreme Court of Justice. Romanian Journal of European Affairs (RJEA) , 2005, Abstract: The relevance of supranational parties in the European political life represents an increasing concern among practitioners and researchers. Their attributed place represents an important aspect of that problem. Based upon the current literature, this article wants to proceed to an institutional analysis of the 2001 and 2003 Regulations focusing upon the debate regarding the statute, financing and functions of the European parties. We will prove that the European institutions have permitted considerable advances regarding the statute and financing while they have stopped the progress as regards the functions, for instance, of electoral representation. Finally, our analysis will permit us to evaluate the attitudes of various European institutional actors, to diversify and refine the thesis of national parties' cartel and to confirm the importance of the problem of the deficit of partisan representation within the European Union. History Studies : International Journal of History , 2012, Abstract: This article examines the 6/7 September Incidents and the psychological and social impacts of these destructive attacks along with their spiritual dimension on the Greek community of Turkey. After the Ottoman conquest of Istanbul, the Greek community of Turkey lived for centuries in the Ottoman millet system. The Greeks, who mainly lived in stanbul, zmir, Bursa, G k eada and Bozcaada, enjoyed the religious and cultural freedoms granted to all non-Muslim subjects of the empire and maintained their presence in its social and economic life. While the religious and cultural differences between the Greek and Muslim population sometimes caused problems, no incident in Turkish history was as destructive as the 6/7 September Incidents of 1955 on the lives of Turkey s Greek community. History Studies : International Journal of History , 2012, Abstract: The tension between Turkey and the Soviet Union after World War II brought this country to the forefront of Turkey's perception of external threat. The Soviet Union's orientation towards the Middle East for expansionism increased Turkey's and her allies' interest in the Middle East. Turkey interpreted the beginning of good relations between the Soviet Union and Syria, with whom Turkey was not on good terms, as a counteraction against her. Along with Turkey, it was also known that the USA was discomforted by this convergence. This article focuses on the convergence which confronted the USA and the Soviet Union, the two big opponents in the Cold War, in the Middle East and Turkey's reaction to the events that occurred during this period. By focusing on the aforementioned events, this article aims to set forth the historical and political reasons and the results of the crisis that confronted Syria and Turkey in the year 1957.	i don't know

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