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Which city has the largest port in Europe? | The 10 Largest Ports in Europe - Europeish.com Europe Travel Blog - Capturing the Beauty of a Continent
The 10 Largest Ports in Europe
Written by: europeish | (2) comments
Several centuries ago, the Europeans were the first to sail their ships across the entire world. The economies of the Vikings, the English, the Dutch, the Portuguese and the Spaniards got enormous boosts because of their large ports and sailsmanship.
A lot has changed since then. Eight of the ten largest ports in the world are now to be found in China, but Europe still has quite a few very large harbors. Data via American Association of Port Authorities .
1. Rotterdam (the Netherlands)
This Dutch harbor was the largest in the world, until Shanghai and Singapore grew even larger in 1986. This satellite photo gives an indication of the size of the Port of Rotterdam.
(Image via Mannlines )
2. Antwerp (Belgium)
About an hour and a half to the south of Rotterdam is Antwerp, the largest port in Belgium. It’s around the same size as the harbor of Houston, which is the second-largest port in the USA.
(Image via S.Goovy )
3. Hamburg (Germany)
The German city of Hamburg may be nearly 50 miles from the coast, the river Elbe has allowed it to grow to be the third port in Europe.
| Rotterdam |
Pyrosis is the medical tern for which common complaint? | International Port Cities
International Port Cities
International Port Cities
The Word's Busiest Ports
Cranes and containers are seen at the Port of Shanghai, the world's busiest port based on container weight. Kim Steele/Getty Images
By Jordan R. Fisher, Geography Intern
Ports Linking International Cities
Our international trade system is composed of a multitude of developments and processes that work harmoniously to create and support a global economy. The international trade system functions in many ways like the human body, where organs operate in their unique ways to support the growth of a healthy human individual. In many ways, globalization represents a long period of growth and development in the human body.
Thus, each country represents one of our body's vital organs and specializes in producing or manufacturing useful goods to be exported and imported abroad. Exports and imports travel down navigable shipping routes that act as the veins that connect our world's countries. These "shipping veins" are connected by large port cities that act like the human heart to pump goods, capital, and services throughout each country. We will focus below on how port cities operate throughout the world as a main function to their geographies of place.
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The United States' Ports and Port Cities
The United States is one particular country whose large landmass, or size, makes it difficult to transport goods far and wide in an efficient manner. For comparison, the United Kingdom is approximately the size of the state of Oregon and Japan is approximately the size of the state of California. The size of the United States, combined with its amount of production and demand of imported goods, creates the need for multiple, large ports.
According to the American Association of Port Authorities, or AAPA, the largest port in the United States, by cargo weight, is the Port of South Louisiana. Also the largest port in the western hemisphere, the Port of South Louisiana sits on the mouth of the Mississippi River and incorporates both port cities of New Orleans and Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The significance of the port city of New Orleans made it the third largest United States city in 1840, behind New York and Baltimore, during the early growth of international and domestic shipping trade.
The current size of the port of South Louisiana is unique because it covers two port cities on the Mississippi River , which travels over 2500 miles before ending just before the border of the country of Canada. Today, the port cities of New Orleans and Baton Rouge, Louisiana, are oddly nowhere near the United State's most populated cities, unlike other countries whose port cities generally serve as their larger metropolises. The port of Houston and the port of New York City rank as the United States second and third largest ports, respectively. Houston and New York City also rank high relative to their population size, such that the port city of Houston is the fourth largest city in the United States and New York City is the most populated city in the U.S.
We can see that the amount of trade throughout ports does not necessarily relate to the size of the port cities. This is because port cities are often sprawling industrialized areas where manufacturing and transportation takes place. However, most port cities such as Houston, Texas, usually extend far way from their actual port's piers and into the hinterlands that they serve. A portion of a large populated port city, near the docks or shore, usually harbors the city's industrial or manufacturing area while business and service areas are located elsewhere in near vicinity.
The Panama Canal is a shipping route currently maintained by the Panama Government and once owned and operated by the United States, France, and Columbia. The Panama Canal is quite single-handedly the most prolific linkage between man's construction and the world's inherent geography. The canal is a tremendous contributing factor to globalization and the rise of international trade between hemispheres.
Asia & The Pacific Ports and Port Cities
The People's Republic of China is home to many of our world's largest ports, for the same reasons mentioned as the United States, though China is even larger in land area and in population count. In fact, China has seven of the world's top ten ports, measured by cargo weight. China harbors the world's largest port, the Port of Shanghai. Shanghai is a major metropolitan area with a population that likely surpasses 15 million people.
The Port of Shanghai is geographically located on three large and navigable shipping routes including the Yangtze River. The Yangtze is the third longest river in the world as it spans nearly 4,000 miles. In comparison, it is one and a half times the size of the United States' Mississippi River. The port and its thriving metropolis have mutually benefited to create an economic explosion of capital, goods, and services among the largest population-base in the world. While this is a feat within itself, the Port of Shanghai should be equally touted for supplying the developed hinterlands of China with access to economic trade. So not only is the Port of Shanghai an integral part of the port city's development, but it is the primary key to China's inland development.
Although Singapore is a country that dwarfs in size compared to China and the United States, it is home to the world's second largest port. After being surpassed by the Port of Shanghai in 2005, the Port of Singapore is the primary economic stimulus for the country of only five million people. Despite such a small population, the port city-state of Singapore relies on a tremendous amount of imports received through their port to produce a likewise amount of exports. This is because Singapore relies on refining natural resources, such as oil, received through imports and then re-exporting them abroad in a new form.
European Ports and Port Cities
Another former world-leading port, measured by cargo tonnage, is the port of Rotterdam located in the Netherlands. Once the largest in the world, and currently the third largest port, the port of Rotterdam is the heart of Europe's venous system because it pumps imports and exports to and from European hinterlands. The port of Rotterdam's geographical access to the North Sea helps goods travel to countries far inland. In addition, the geographical characteristics of the port, such as the ocean depths, allow ships of all sizes to navigate with ease. The port city of Rotterdam is the Netherlands' second largest city with a metropolitan area population of just over one million inhabitants.
Likewise, the European country of Belgium provides similar efforts with its Port of Antwerp in the port city of Antwerp, Belgium. Antwerp serves as Belgium's most populous city and as an economic hub to the nation. Not too far way from Antwerp is the Port of Hamburg in the port city of Hamburg, Germany. The Port of Hamburg is the European Union's second largest port behind Rotterdam and Hamburg is the sixth most populated city in the European Union. Together these three ports, although in different countries, help move goods throughout the lower European Union of Belgium, the Netherlands, France, and Germany.
While you may be wondering where the Port of London ranks in size, the Port of London cannot provide facilities large enough to support the current size of most transportation vessels presently because of its age. The response has led to most large-scale vessels steering south, or downstream, where they can be accommodated. Similarly, ports throughout Italy, Greece, and other countries of antiquity have trouble accommodating shipping vessels without risking the preservation of their historic coastlines.
Source: "American Association of Port Authorities (AAPA)." American Association of Port Authorities (AAPA). N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Oct. 2012. .
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The Oaks horse race is run at which British race course? | Epsom Derby - The greatest flat race in the world
The Greatest Flat Race in the World
Ladies' Day
Saturday 4th June
Friday 2nd June 2017
The vibrant atmosphere, roaring laughter and thundering hooves of top quality racing are what make the Investec Derby Festival an unmistakably British event and The Greatest Summer Celebration.
Rain or shine, every year on the first Friday of June, a multitude of ladies and gents head to Epsom Downs Racecourse to experience a day full of high octane racing, music, glamour and fashion. Across the Queen’s Stand to The Hill there is an air of excitement all round.
Dressed to impress, Ladies in the Queen’s Stand and Duchess’s Stand are invited to enter the Style Awards with the promise of not only taking the title but going home with some superb prizes. With a series of six races throughout the day and post racing DJ set in the Hyperion Bar it’s a day to mark the start of your summer.
Ladies' Day 2016 Highlights
Family Enclosure – Adult + car park pass
Prices from £15
Great British Hamper (for 2)
Prices from £215
Great British Picnic (for 2)
Prices from £165
Duchess’s Stand Private Box
Prices from £Please Enquire
Queen’s Stand Private Boxes
Prices from £Please Enquire
Access to our Premier Enclosure
Access to our premier bars and catering facilities
Viewing of the Parade Ring and Winners' Enclosure.
Entry into the Queen's Stand, our premier enclosure at Epsom Downs, located on the finish line with a prime view of the straight and Winners' Enclosure. Please note that a strict dress code applies for this enclosure.
Access to our Premier Enclosure
Access to our premier bars and catering facilities
Viewing of the Parade Ring and Winners' Enclosure.
Entry into the Queen's Stand, our premier enclosure at Epsom Downs, located on the finish line with a prime view of the straight and Winners' Enclosure. Please note that a strict dress code applies for this enclosure.
Entry into our largest enclosure which combines superb viewing with a relaxed atmosphere.
Access to viewing of the Parade Ring and Winners' Enclosure.
A guaranteed seat for the whole day in our purpose built stand.
A guaranteed seat for the whole day in our largest enclosure, with stunning views of the finishing straight and access to viewing of the Parade Ring and Winners' Enclosure.
Entry into our largest enclosure which combines superb viewing with a relaxed atmosphere.
Access to viewing of the Parade Ring and Winners' Enclosure.
A guaranteed seat for the whole day in our purpose built stand.
A guaranteed seat for the whole day in our largest enclosure, with stunning views of the finishing straight and access to viewing of the Parade Ring and Winners' Enclosure.
Entry into our largest enclosure which combines superb viewing with a relaxed atmosphere.
Access to viewing of the Parade Ring and Winners' Enclosure.
Our largest enclosure, with stunning views of the finishing straight and access to viewing of the Parade Ring and Winners' Enclosure.
Entry into our largest enclosure which combines superb viewing with a relaxed atmosphere.
Access to viewing of the Parade Ring and Winners' Enclosure.
Our largest enclosure, with stunning views of the finishing straight and access to viewing of the Parade Ring and Winners' Enclosure.
Trackside viewing in the final furlong
U18s FREE
Opposite the main stands the Lonsdale Enclosure is the grass enclosure where you can get right up the rails to see the horse thunder past. This is a very popular enclosure as you’re right in front of the all the action in the stands. Food and drink for own consumption can be taken into this area. There are catering, betting and toilet facilities in this enclosure.
U18s FREE
Trackside Viewing
U18s FREE
One of the faster growing enclosure is the Upper Tattenham Enclosure. With a trackside view all the way down to the pivotal Tattenham Corner, betting facilities and opportunity see the event in front of you it represents excellent value. Food and drink for own consumption can be brought into this area. There are catering, betting and toilet facilities in this enclosure.
Children U18 - FREE
FREE Kids' entertainment
A safe, family friendly environment
This area provides a safe family friendly environment on The Hill for families to enjoy the Investec Derby Festival. The private enclosure offers access to toilet facilities, bars and betting facilities, picnic tables and catering units serving a variety of options. Plus there is plenty of entertainment to keep the children occupied throughout the day. Food and drink for own consumption can be brought into this area.
Accompanied U18s go FREE (max 2 per adult)
FREE Kids' entertainment
A safe, family friendly environment
This area provides a safe family friendly environment on The Hill for families to the Investec Derby Festival. The private enclosure offers access to toilet facilities, bars and betting facilities, picnic tables and catering units serving a variety of options. Plus there is plenty of entertainment to keep the children occupied throughout the day. Food and drink for own consumption can be brought into this area.
Accompanied U18s go FREE (max 2 per adult)
Queen’s Stand entry badge
Car parking (1 per 2 guests)
Betting couriers
This centrally located suite is one of the most exclusive and intimate hospitality areas at Epsom Downs Racecourse. Exuding class and style, the Derby Suite has the feel of a private club and is an ideal place from which to entertain guests and soak up all the thrilling action.
Located above the Royal Box on the third floor of the Queen’s Stand, the Derby Suite offers one of our most exclusive fine dining experiences. The suite offers unrivalled views of both the finishing straight and parade ring from large private balconies. Soak up the views of the picturesque countryside from the luxury of your private balcony and spoil guests with a champagne reception and sumptuous 5-course menu with a choice of main course. Rub shoulders with royalty and celebrities with full access to the Queen’s Stand Enclosure.
Private tables of 2 and above available.
Roaming and fixed site betting service
Racecards and papers available
Car parking (1 per 4 guests) or valet parking (on request)
Treat guests to a fine dining experience at the races, within the Chez Roux @ Blue Riband restaurant. This stunning facility not only offers an exquisite 4-course a la carte menu, designed by legendary father and son chefs, Albert and Michele Roux Jr but also offers panoramic views overlooking the parade ring, winners enclosure and the winning post. Located on the first floor of the Queen’s Stand, at the heart of the racecourse, lies this stunning restaurant, which offers a fantastic hospitality offering.
Guests will indulge in a Champagne and canapé reception whilst taking in the breathtaking views of the horseracing from the balcony, before being seated for a gourmet a la carte menu, followed by traditional afternoon tea. You and your guests will also get to mingle with royalty and celebrities alike, as you gain access to the Queen’s Stand Enclosure.
Private tables of 2 and above available.
Car parking (1 per 4 guests)
Betting couriers
With spectacular, panoramic views of the racecourse, not to mention unobstructed views of the Parade Ring and Winner’s Enclosure, the Downs View Suite is the ideal place to entertain guests and soak up all of the pulsating racing action. Located on the second floor of the Duchess’s Stand with a unique curved glass balcony overlooking the course, the Downs View Suite has simply the most stunning views across the Downs.
This elegant suite allows guests to indulge in a Champagne and Pimm’s reception followed by a superb 4-course gourmet menu. Combining delicious food and drinks with impeccable service and beautiful views, you and your guests are in for an unforgettable experience at the Investec Derby Festival.
Tv’s throughout the restaurant
Party after racing
This brand new, uber-trendy and chic hospitality option is perfect for entertaining customers and colleagues alike. Mix the best in horse racing action with a prime viewing spot, close enough to cheer on favourites as they roar past the finishing line.
The Winning Post is a contemporary styled marquee which is located on the inside track, next to the finishing line, giving you unrivalled views of the racing. This ultra-chic restaurant offers guests hospitality like no other, including mixologists creating delicious concoctions, music and a unique dining experience, with elements of both self and silver service throughout the day.
Once the races draw to a close, you will get the opportunity to make a night of it as you access the official after party with live entertainment on the Epsom Downs. This after party is only available to guests within the Winning Post facility and will take place on both Ladies' Day and Derby Day. Please note a cash bar comes into effect 30 minutes after the last scheduled race, approximately at 6.20pm.
Private tables of 8 and above available with smaller groups being accommodated on shared tables.
Access to our Premier Enclosure
Access to our premier bars and catering facilities
Viewing of the Parade Ring and Winners' Enclosure.
Entry into the Queen's Stand, our premier enclosure, located on the finish line with a prime view of the straight and Winners' Enclosure. Please note that a strict dress code applies for this enclosure.
Access to our Premier Enclosure
Access to our premier bars and catering facilities
Viewing of the Parade Ring and Winners' Enclosure.
Entry into the Queen's Stand, our premier enclosure, located on the finish line with a prime view of the straight and Winners' Enclosure. Please note that a strict dress code applies for this enclosure.
Entry into our largest enclosure which combines superb viewing with a relaxed atmosphere.
Access to viewing of the Parade Ring and Winners' Enclosure.
A guaranteed seat for the whole day in our purpose built stand.
A guaranteed seat for the whole day in our largest enclosure, with stunning views of the finishing straight and access to viewing of the Parade Ring and Winners' Enclosure.
Entry into our largest enclosure which combines superb viewing with a relaxed atmosphere.
Access to viewing of the Parade Ring and Winners' Enclosure.
A guaranteed seat for the whole day in our purpose built stand.
A guaranteed seat for the whole day in our largest enclosure, with stunning views of the finishing straight and access to viewing of the Parade Ring and Winners' Enclosure.
Entry into our largest enclosure which combines superb viewing with a relaxed atmosphere.
Access to viewing of the Parade Ring and Winners' Enclosure.
Our largest enclosure, with stunning views of the finishing straight and access to viewing of the Parade Ring and Winners' Enclosure.
Entry into our largest enclosure which combines superb viewing with a relaxed atmosphere.
Access to viewing of the Parade Ring and Winners' Enclosure.
Our largest enclosure, with stunning views of the finishing straight and access to viewing of the Parade Ring and Winners' Enclosure.
FREE Kids' entertainment
A safe, family friendly enviroment
This area provides a safe family friendly environment on The Hill for families to enjoy Investec Derby Day. The private enclosure offers access to toilet facilities, bars and betting facilities, picnic tables and catering units serving a variety of options. Plus there is plenty of entertainment to keep the children occupied throughout the day. Food and drink for own consumption can be brought into this area.
Accompanied U18s go FREE (max 2 per adult)
FREE Kids' entertainment
1 x Car Park pass
This area provides a safe family friendly environment on The Hill for families to enjoy Investec Derby Day. The private enclosure offers access to toilet facilities, bars and betting facilities, picnic tables and catering units serving a variety of options. Plus there is plenty of entertainment to keep the children occupied throughout the day. Food and drink for own consumption can be brought into this area.
Accompanied U18s go FREE (max 2 per adult)
Queen’s Stand entry badge
Car parking (1 per 2 guests)
Betting couriers
This centrally located suite is one of the most exclusive and intimate hospitality areas at Epsom Downs Racecourse. Exuding class and style, the Derby Suite has the feel of a private club and is an ideal place from which to entertain guests and soak up all the thrilling action.
Located above the Royal Box on the third floor of the Queen’s Stand, the Derby Suite offers one of our most exclusive fine dining experiences. The suite offers unrivalled views of both the finishing straight and parade ring from large private balconies. Soak up the views of the picturesque countryside from the luxury of your private balcony and spoil guests with a champagne reception and sumptuous 5-course menu with a choice of main course. Rub shoulders with royalty and celebrities with full access to the Queen’s Stand Enclosure.
Private tables of 2 and above available.
Roaming and fixed site betting service
Racecards and papers available
Car parking (1 per 4 guests) or valet parking (on request)
Treat guests to a fine dining experience at the races, within the Chez Roux @ Blue Riband restaurant. This stunning facility not only offers an exquisite 4-course a la carte menu, designed by legendary father and son chefs, Albert and Michele Roux Jr but also offers panoramic views overlooking the parade ring, winners enclosure and the winning post. Located on the first floor of the Queen’s Stand, at the heart of the racecourse, lies this stunning restaurant, which offers a fantastic hospitality offering.
Guests will indulge in a Champagne and canapé reception whilst taking in the breathtaking views of the horseracing from the balcony, before being seated for a gourmet a la carte menu, followed by traditional afternoon tea. You and your guests will also get to mingle with royalty and celebrities alike, as you gain access to the Queen’s Stand Enclosure.
Private tables of 2 and above available.
Car parking (1 per 4 guests)
Betting couriers
With spectacular, panoramic views of the racecourse, not to mention unobstructed views of the Parade Ring and Winner’s Enclosure, the Downs View Suite is the ideal place to entertain guests and soak up all of the pulsating racing action. Located on the second floor of the Duchess’s Stand with a unique curved glass balcony overlooking the course, the Downs View Suite has simply the most stunning views across the Downs.
This elegant suite allows guests to indulge in a Champagne and Pimm’s reception followed by a superb 4-course gourmet menu. Combining delicious food and drinks with impeccable service and beautiful views, you and your guests are in for an unforgettable experience at the Investec Derby Festival.
Tv’s throughout the restaurant
Party after racing
This brand new, uber-trendy and chic hospitality option is perfect for entertaining customers and colleagues alike. Mix the best in horse racing action with a prime viewing spot, close enough to cheer on favourites as they roar past the finishing line.
The Winning Post is a contemporary styled marquee which is located on the inside track, next to the finishing line, giving you unrivalled views of the racing. This ultra-chic restaurant offers guests hospitality like no other, including mixologists creating delicious concoctions, music and a unique dining experience, with elements of both self and silver service throughout the day.
Once the races draw to a close, you will get the opportunity to make a night of it as you access the official after party with live entertainment on the Epsom Downs. This after party is only available to guests within the Winning Post facility and will take place on both Ladies' Day and Derby Day. Please note a cash bar comes into effect 30 minutes after the last scheduled race, approximately at 6.20pm.
Private tables of 8 and above available with smaller groups being accommodated on shared tables.
Access to tote betting service
Racecards and racing papers
Car parking
Entertain in style enjoying all the action on the course, from your own private balcony. Our private box hospitality packages give you
an opportunity to take in the atmosphere and panorama of the Downs, which combined with our exquisite cuisine and service, means
you can relax and enjoy hosting your guests. There’s no better way to impress than in a private box at the Investec Derby Festival.
If you are interested in booking a private box in the Duchess's Stand, please call our Sales Team on 01372 477 747.
If you are interested in booking a private box in the Queen's Stand, please call our Sales Team on 01372 477 747.
| Epsom Downs |
Turkey, Clover, Nadler and Gutter are all terms used in which game? | Famous horse racing courses in England
Famous horse racing courses in England
Updated on November 7, 2011
All the months of planning, sleepless nights and heartaches are finally put in their true perspective when horses are put to the test on the course. There are 61 race-courses in Britain, all different, all with their own special qualities - some on hallowed ground, some with industrial backcloths, but all bustling with action and atmosphere.
Although the British courses all have grass surfaces, their conformations differ in the degree of the tightness of the bends, both left and right-handed, while some are practically level and others have varying undulations. This makes for a variety to racing unequalled anywhere else in the world.
The peculiarities of the weather mean that there can be a wide difference in the state of the going, ranging from concrete-like conditions to almost a bog. The choice of course is really so big that somewhere in the country there is one to suit every horse. Most of the leading courses in other countries, while generally having better facilities, do not offer this kind of variety, and as a result the racing often becomes stereo-typed and repetitious.
The majority of the courses in the United States have the same type of dirt running surface — ideal for centralised racing and training, but one which only caters for certain types of horses and causes more injuries than those experienced in Europe. It is not uncommon for horses in America to develop leg trouble during their two-year-old days. As a result, the vast majority of them have been fired or blistered at some stage of their careers. There are some courses steeped in history and others modern by comparison. This is a brief summary of the better known ones, plus the famous races by which they are known.
ASCOT
Although accepted as Britain's premier flat-race course, it does not stage one of the five classic races. Yet, the richest race in the country is held here during July and the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Diamond Stakes has, since its conception in 1951, come to be recognised as the major test between three-year-olds and their elders during the summer.
The course is steeped in history, having held its first meeting in 1711 by the command of Queen Anne. In modem times the Royal meeting, spread over four days in June, is regarded as the highlight of the racing calendar, and visitors from all over the world flock to this delightful Berkshire course.
Horses and jockeys come around the bend in front of the stands at Ascot racecourse
Each day‘s racing is preceeded by a drive down the course by the Royal party in open landaus. The atmosphere created is more in keeping with an aftemoon garden party—strawberries and all, but, despite all the counter attractions, such as the outlandish hats, the racing is usually so competitive that it makes compulsive watching.
ln prize money the Gold Cup is the pinnacle, yet all but the purists enjoy trying to solve the problems of the tricky handicaps which make up the Royal Hunt Cup and Wokingham Stakes. The Queen Alexandra Stakes, lirst run in 1865, is the longest race under jockey Club Rules in Britain (2 miles 6 furlongs) and is held at this meeting, while the five-furlong King's Stand Stakes attracts all the best sprinters in Europe.
EPSOM DOWNS
The home of the Derby and Oaks is unique in the world, for no other racecourse has so many different characteristics. Horses must be able to gallop both up and downhill and also keep on a true line in the straight where the ground slopes towards the inside rail.
The Derby was first run in 1780 and won by Sir Charles Bunbury's Diorned, who was later exported to the United States as a stallion and sired one of America's first great racehorses, Sir Archie (foaled 1805). Sir Charles Bunbury and the Earl of Derby instituted both Epsom classics — the Oaks is named after the Earl’s house — and the first Derby was run over a mile. It stayed at this distance for the first four years before being switched to its present mile and a half and the first winner over 12 furlongs was Col. D. O’Kelly’s Serjeant, by Eclipse.
The present Derby course was used for the first time in 1872 when the winner was Mr. H. Savile's Cremorne, who beat 22 rivals in a time of 2 min 45.1sec. Mahmoud holds the distinction of being the fastest winner when clocking 2 min 33-4/5 sec (35.06 mph.) in 1936. Fastest modern winner is Nijinsky, who recorded 2 min 34.68 sec in 1970.
Women lay out picnic blankets next to the track at Epsom
The present Derby course was used for the first time in 1872 when the winner was Mr. H, Savile's Cremorne, who beat 22 rivals in a time of 2 min 45 sec. Mahmoud holds the distinction of being the fastest winner when clocking 2 min 33-4/5 sec (35.06 m.p,h.) in 1936.
Proof that Epsom is one of the speediest courses in the world is that both horses credited to be the fastest over five furlongs by both hand timing and electric timing set their records there. Indigenous, when four-year-old, carried 9 st 5 lb to victory on june 2nd 1960, in 53-3/5 sec (41.97 m.p,h.) and Raffingora, when five, carried 10 st to victory on june Sth 1970, in 53.89 secs (41.75 m.p.h.) .Both were, incidentally, ridden by Lester Piggott, who set a Derby record in 1976 when Empery became his seventh winner of the race.
VOTE for your favourite race course
What's your favourite English racecourse?
Ascot
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Cricketer Herschelle Gibbs was born in which country? | Herschelle Gibbs | South Africa Cricket | Cricket Players and Officials | ESPN Cricinfo
T20
Profile
Herschelle Gibbs, who once owned up, with perverse pride, to never having read a book, has essayed enough incendiary innings to fill a fat volume and, in the field, cut down many a batsman with all the electric grace of an enraged poet. Though he might not bother with many more words than yes, no, wait, and mine, Gibbs inspires superlatives from those who marvel at his appetite for the spectacular. Ordinary he is not.
Gibbs has played some of the most outrageous strokes yet seen. How many other batsmen practice, seriously, cutting fast bowlers for six? Or drive throat balls down the ground? Or make pulling off the front foot look everyday? That goes for whether he is batting in the middle of the order or at the top, and whether the ball is old or new. Gibbs has put all that together so many times that he can't be accused of being some charlatan who deals in fluke and luck.
He did so in the grandest of manner at the Wanderers in 2006 to score 175 off 111 balls and help South Africa clinch a one-day series against Australia. The battleground scenes of this extraordinary match, that delivered totals of 434 for four and 438 for nine, swirled all about. But Gibbs batted with the glee of a teenager armed with his father's credit card in a strip club. Pressure? That's what other people feel.
When South Africans wondered who would replace Jonty Rhodes as a fielder of the most predatory type, Gibbs answered the call.
However, not all of the superlatives attached to him are positive, for when too much talent trips over itself, demons often also lurk. Alas, so it is with Gibbs. He is perhaps as gifted as any sportsman can be. He is also as poorly equipped for the trials of daily life as any human being can safely be. Dark tales of marijuana smoking, drunk driving and match-fixing have blotted his career. Gibbs is about as close as cricket has come to producing a punk rocker, a figure who veers too close to self-destruction too often for the likes of those who prefer their cricketers unblemished by the real world.
They can rest assured, because Gibbs' time at the top is nearing its end. A first-class career that began when he was just 16 is now into its 20th summer. As his 40s loom, he may even pick up a book or two.
Telford Vice
| South Africa |
The Athabasca oil sands are large deposits of heavy crude oil located in which country? | Herschelle Gibbs on the lifestyle of a freelance Twenty20 star - BBC Sport
BBC Sport
Herschelle Gibbs on the lifestyle of a freelance Twenty20 star
By Jimmy Smallwood
Read more about sharing.
Herschelle Gibbs has been called many names in his time.
He is a dashing opening batsman with an eye for a big score, or a Hansie Cronje crony who "dropped a World Cup". It depends on your perspective.
But at this stage of his career, as a man in his late thirties who hasn't played for his country since 2010, it seems very clear why he still wields a bat in anger.
"Cricketers are all entertainers," the 38-year-old tells BBC Sport. "Especially limited-overs, where you've got to try and put on a show."
Gibbs is a dynamic, six-smashing, hard-running, batting globe-trotter, careering around the international Twenty20 scene, opening for franchises from West Indies to Australia and getting rewarded handsomely.
Gibbs's highs and lows
Born 23 February 1974, Cape Town
Makes South Africa ODI debut v Kenya, 3 Oct 1996
Makes Test debut v India, 27 November 1996
Debut Test century, and double century, of 211 not out v New Zealand, 1999
Drops catch in 1999 World Cup Super Six finale v Australia. The Aussies go on to win tournament
Dropped from tour to Sri Lanka in 2000 after admitting involvement in match-fixing
Fined in 2001 for admitting smoking cannabis on a tour to West Indies in 2001
Scores second double century in Test cricket v Pakistan in 2003
Hits 175 against Australia in 2006 one-day international
Banned for a Test in 2007 after stump microphone picks up racist remarks made during Test v Pakistan
Plays final Test in 2008 v West Indies
Makes final ODI and T20 appearances for his country in 2010 series against India and Pakistan respectively
"I play for the Perth Scorchers in Australia in the Big Bash," begins the Cape Town native who played 90 Tests for South Africa over 12 years.
"I went to play for the Khulna Royals in Bangladesh in March and February of this year. Then I came home and played for the Cape Cobras, then on to the IPL [Indian Premier League] where I played for the Mumbai Indians. Then I jetted off to the UK and played for Durham Dynamos.
"I've been on the road for five months non-stop, week-in week- out. The body needs a break as well as the mind."
Gibbs took some time off before the Champions League and will then move on to the Big Bash, which ends in the second week of January.
This hectic lifestyle is the new reality for an increasing number of players, as they chase the exposure and riches offered by a growing and lucrative T20 market.
Competing franchises scrabble over the big-name signings, which in turn drives up prize money and salaries. Before you know it, big names are reappearing from the woodwork to participate.
Matthew Hayden played in the inaugural Big Bash aged 39, and Muttiah Muralitharan and Adam Gilchrist, both 40, performed in the IPL earlier this year. Shane Warne, now 43, appeared in the IPL and Big Bash in 2011.
Alongside those veterans who have returned and current Test players who take time out to play franchise Twenty20, a new breed of freelance cricketer has emerged - the likes of Dirk Nannes, Azhar Mahmood and Gibbs.
They are unrestrained by central contracts, unburdened by the weight of an international career but equipped with the skills, physiques and mindsets that allow them to dazzle crowds, win matches and boost bank balances.
It's a nomadic, challenging lifestyle, but one Gibbs says he relishes.
"I've taken it upon myself to keep myself busy playing the T20 format as much as I can," he says. "If you have a bubbly, outgoing personality you tend to gel quite well.
"Having been around for some time, I'm used to any conditions I face wherever I play. I've always wanted to try to put on a show and Twenty20 is the ideal stage to do that."
Twenty20 around the world
T20 Big Bash League (Australia)
Bangladesh Premier League (Bangladesh)
Indian Premier League, Indian Cricket League (India)
T20 Challenge (South Africa)
Sri Lanka Premier League (Sri Lanka)
Caribbean Twenty20 (West Indies)
Champions League Twenty20 (various: South Africa in 2012)
Without the support offered by a contracted position with a national side - a fixture list, coaches, training facilities, physiotherapists - it is up to the freelancer to go it alone. For Gibbs, this presents a challenge rather than a problem.
"My independence is not a burden or an issue for me. I watch what I eat. I enjoy my fitness. At home I have a few net sessions a week, just to stay in good nick," he explains.
"If I'm free then I make myself available to play. I know what my schedule is like and when all the competitions around the world are supposed to start and finish. Logistically it can be done."
For a young, talented cricketer, these opportunities might tempt them to ignore international cricket and focus on developing a Twenty20 career.
West Indies spinner Sunil Narine, 24, signed for Kolkata Knight Riders for £450,000 earlier in the year and helped propel them to the IPL title. He was the second most economical bowler in the competition - all before making his Test debut.
For Gibbs, becoming a professional T20 specialist could prove an attractive prospect for a developing, youthful cricketer.
"Freelancing could be an option for a lot of aspiring international cricketers in the future, and maybe even those who don't play internationally," he says.
"The amount of T20 that is played these days, I think some players can become very good T20 specialists. There are going to be a lot of opportunities and it's a real option for future players."
And what of the future for a South African veteran, plying his trade in the twilight of his career, yet still opening the batting for teams from Bangalore to Brisbane?
"I'd like to play for at least another three or four years," Gibbs says. "I'm 38 now. I've never believed age is an issue with me. I've been blessed with physique and speed. I have the body of a 28-year-old.
"There's no reason why I can't play. I want to keep on going."
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Disco Volante is the name of Emilio Largo’s yacht in which James Bond film? | Disco Volante | James Bond Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Weight
100 tons
The Disco Volante is a fictional ship in the James Bond novel Thunderball (novel) (1961) and its 1965 film adaptation of the same name. It was a hydrofoil craft owned by Emilio Largo , an agent of
SPECTRE
. A luxurious craft, it was decked out with sleeping quarters, living areas and many other luxuries. It was purchased with
SPECTRE
funds for £250,000. The craft plays a pivotal role in the seizure and transportation of two nuclear warheads. It is a high-tech ship that possesses a number of smaller underwater submarine craft. The crew in the movie wear shirts that say "M.Y. Disco Volante". The "M.Y." presumably stands for the ship prefix "Motor Yacht."
Contents
Novel appearance
Film appearance
The Disco Volante was used primarily for the seizure and transportation of two nuclear warheads stolen from a hijacked Vulcan bomber. As part of
SPECTRE
's plan, the Vulcan bomber would fly to the prearranged rendevous point with the Disco Volante and make a difficult landing on water, using the underwater landing lights which had been set up nearby. Frogmen would then recover the warheads and return to the ship through its underwater hatch. Once onboard, the bombs would be relocated to an atoll hiding place; awaiting the time when Largo would return with the Disco Volante to move the weapons to their target: Miami.
In the movie adaptation of Thunderball, the ship is destroyed during a pitched battle between Largo and Bond. With no one at the helm and the steering jammed, the ship ran aground at full speed and burst into flames.
The Disco Volante consisted really of two vessels, a front hydrofoil and a rear attached "cocoon", this enabled the hydrofoil to be detached and move independently at high speed. It included an underwater hatch for loading the bombs and giving access for divers.
Behind the scenes
The real craft used in the film was a hydrofoil ferry, The Flying Fish, built by Rodriquez Cantieri Navali, who had built the first successful one at Freccia del Sole. The "cocoon" was built on set. It was purchased for the film for $500,000 and brought from Puerto Rico to Miami for refitting and refurbishment. The hydrofoil never sailed again after the filming. It was rented as a stationary houseboat, docked at a marina on Miami's MacArthur Causeway, until it sank at the dock in the early 1980s.
Unofficial appearances
The Kingdom 5KR.
In the non-Eon Productions 1983 James Bond film Never Say Never Again, the ship was renamed The Flying Saucer, the English translation of Disco Volante, and owned by Maximillian Largo . In real life, the 282-foot yacht that was used in long shots for the film was known as the Nabila and was built for Saudi billionaire Adnan Khashoggi. The yacht was later sold to Donald Trump, who renamed it Trump Princess. Later Trump sold it to Prince Alwaleed bin Talal bin Abdul Aziz al Saud, who renamed it the Kingdom 5KR. These days Kingdom 5KR can usually be found in Antibes, France or cruising the French Riviera during the summer months.
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Who wrote the 1952 book ‘The Borrowers’? | Thunderball (1965) - IMDb
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Won 1 Oscar. Another 3 wins & 5 nominations. See more awards »
Videos
Agent 007 and the Japanese secret service ninja force must find and stop the true culprit of a series of spacejackings before nuclear war is provoked.
Director: Lewis Gilbert
James Bond willingly falls into an assassination ploy involving a naive Russian beauty in order to retrieve a Soviet encryption device that was stolen by SPECTRE.
Director: Terence Young
Investigating a gold magnate's smuggling, James Bond uncovers a plot to contaminate the Fort Knox gold reserve.
Director: Guy Hamilton
A resourceful British government agent seeks answers in a case involving the disappearance of a colleague and the disruption of the American space program.
Director: Terence Young
A diamond smuggling investigation leads James Bond to Las Vegas, where he uncovers an evil plot involving a rich business tycoon.
Director: Guy Hamilton
James Bond woos a mob boss's daughter and goes undercover to uncover the true reason for Blofeld's allergy research in the Swiss Alps that involves beautiful women from around the world.
Director: Peter R. Hunt
007 is sent to stop a diabolically brilliant heroin magnate armed with a complex organization and a reliable psychic tarot card reader.
Director: Guy Hamilton
James Bond investigates the hijacking of British and Russian submarines carrying nuclear warheads with the help of a KGB agent whose lover he killed.
Director: Lewis Gilbert
James Bond is led to believe that he is targeted by the world's most expensive assassin while he attempts to recover sensitive solar cell technology that is being sold to the highest bidder.
Director: Guy Hamilton
Agent 007 is assigned to hunt for a lost British encryption device and prevent it from falling into enemy hands.
Director: John Glen
James Bond investigates the mid-air theft of a space shuttle and discovers a plot to commit global genocide.
Director: Lewis Gilbert
A fake Fabergé egg and a fellow agent's death lead James Bond to uncover an international jewel-smuggling operation, headed by the mysterious Octopussy, being used to disguise a nuclear attack on N.A.T.O. forces.
Director: John Glen
Edit
Storyline
James Bond continues on his fourth mission, with his aim to recover two stolen warheads. They have been taken by the evil SPECTRE organization. The world is held hostage and Bond heads to Nassau. Here, he meets the beautiful Domino and is forced into a thrilling confrontation with SPECTRE agent Emilio Largo, on board his boat, the Disco Volante. Will 007 prevent the killing of millions of innocent victims? Written by simon_hrdng
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Taglines:
Look Out!...Remember there is only one James Bond and Thunderball's the Biggest of them All! (Australian theatrical daybill poster) See more »
Genres:
22 December 1965 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
Did You Know?
Trivia
The only Bond film where we get a glimpse of all 00 agents in one shot. They are summoned to M's briefing and 007 is the last to join in. He sits down in the only available chair - the seventh from the left. Only one of the other 00's faces are revealed, however, as they are filmed from behind or their faces are hidden, and Bond is seen in close-up. See more »
Goofs
When James gets the gadgets he is told that the watch was a geiger counter and the camera would takes 8 pictures quickly when the button was held down. Later 007 tells Domino that the camera is the geiger counter and will work when she presses the button. See more »
Quotes
Madame LaPorte : The coffin - it has your initials: J.B.
Bond : At the moment, rather him than me.
Madame LaPorte : At least you've been saved the effort of removing him. Colonel Bouvar passed away in his sleep, so they tell me.
Madame LaPorte : You sound disappointed you did not kill him yourself.
Bond : I am. Jacques Bouvar murdered two of my colleagues.
Sir, I'd respectfully request that you change my assignment to Nassau.
24 April 2012 | by Spikeopath
(United Kingdom) – See all my reviews
Thunderball is directed by Terence Young and adapted to screenplay by Richard Maibaum and John Hopkins from a story by Kevin McClory, Jack Whittingham and Ian Fleming. It stars Sean Connery, Adolfo Celi, Claudine Auger, Rick Van Nutter and Martine Beswick. Music is scored by John Barry and cinematography by Ted Moore.
The fourth outing for James Bond (Connery) sees 007 assigned to the Bahamas to try and thwart SPECTRE's number 2 operative, Emilio Largo (Celi). Largo has hijacked two atomic bombs from NATO and sets about extorting huge ransoms of money. If his terms are not met he will blow up major cities.
It was meant to be the first James Bond film, but Thunderball became part of a long drawn out legal battle between Kevin McClory, Jack Whittingham and Ian Fleming. Eventually an out of court settlement was reached and Thunderball rolled into theatres in 1965. After the colossal success of Goldfinger, and Bond as a pop culture phenomenon, producers Albert Broccoli & Harry Saltzman knew that they had to try and up the ante to keep Bond on top. They were also acutely aware that many imitators were springing up on film and TV. These facts led Bond to go epic, with the producers going for a more is more approach, however, Thunderball is a considerable step down from Goldfinger.
As with many other Bond movies, Thunderball polarises opinions amongst the fans. Some are happy to laud the pure entertainment value on offer, the reliance on hardware and gadgets viewed as an aid to the Bond persona and not a hindrance to his humanistic worth. Technically the film is often exceptional, be it on or under the water, director Young really crafts some Bondian quality. The exotic Bahamas locale is beautifully realised by Ted Moore, Barry's blunderbuss score is one of his best for a Bond movie and Connery has charisma in abundance. The girls, too, are delightful, particularly Auger who positively sizzles with sexuality. Bond's by play with M, Q and Felix Leiter (Nutter very enjoyable and more charismatic than Cec Linder in Goldfinger) is well scripted and performed. While for those who adore the gadgets and daring stunts? Thunderball excels with its assortment of trick vehicles, under water weaponry and aids and radioactive pills! Without doubt the near $6 million budget is all up there on the screen.
Yet for other fans, and this is the category I fall into, it's a film of too many flaws to be considered one of the greats. Whilst it's undeniable that when it hits the high points it excites royally (the extended underwater battle is eye popping brilliance), but there's too much languid passages in the overlong running time. Young himself lamented that he couldn't get the pace right on account of the plot structure. The other major problem for me is Celi as Largo. Visually he's striking, with his white hair and eye patch, he well looks villainous, but physically he's wrong and someone you can't buy into as a man able to not only take on Bond, but to overcome him as well! While the finale lacks a grandness to reward those having sat for over 2 hours with the film. But what do I know? Film made a stunning $141 million at the box office! And the fanaticism that began with Goldfinger reached epic proportions here.
The more is more approach worked for the makers, and it ensured that for the time being Bond was going to stay in this epic, gadget, effects strewn groove. Connery wasn't happy, he had voiced his concerns about Bond becoming characterless, while he hated the mania surrounding the films and his role within them. He would return for the next instalment, You Only Live Twice, question was, would it be his last performance as Bond? 7/10
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‘The curfew tolls the knell of parting day’ is the first line of which poem? | 453. Elegy written in a Country Churchyard. Thomas Gray. The Oxford Book of English Verse
453. Elegy written in a Country Churchyard
THE Curfew tolls the knell of parting day,
The lowing herd wind slowly o'er the lea,
The plowman homeward plods his weary way,
And leaves the world to darkness and to me.
| Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard |
Former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher was Member of Parliament for which London borough? | Poetry & Remembrance: Thomas Gray's Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard
Poetry & Remembrance: Thomas Gray's Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard
Professor Belinda Jack
Download this lecture
There are two versions of Gray’s famous ‘Elegy written in a Country Churchyard’. They are both about how we may be remembered, a thought that often comes to us when we’re in a graveyard reading gravestones. But the poem is also about more common experiences, of isolation, of family, of ambition. Why did Gray write two versions?
Professor Belinda Jack
Belinda Jack is Fellow and Tutor in French at Christ Church, University of Oxford. She features regularly in the press and media thanks to the popularity and insight of her published works, including books such as The Woman Reader, George Sand: A Woman’s Life Writ Large and Negritude and Literary Criticism: The History and Theory of "Negro-African" Literature in French.
Professor Jack obtained her D.Phil. in Negritude and Literary Criticism at St John’s College, University of Oxford in 1989, having earlier obtained a degree in French with African and Caribbean Studies from the University of Kent. Her academic career over the past twenty years has been at Christ Church, University of Oxford, where she is an ‘Official Student’ (Fellow and Member of the Governing Body) and Tutor in French. Her main interest lies in French literature of the 19th and 20th centuries.
As well as her five books, Professor Jack is widely published through her many articles, essays, chapters and reviews. Her recent articles and reviews have appeared in The Wall Street Journal, Literary Review, Times Literary Supplement, Times Higher Education Supplement, BBC History Magazine and Littérature. She is a regular on the BBC and international radio and television, as well as a frequent speaker at literary festivals throughout the British Isles and beyond.
In 2013 Professor Jack was appointed the Gresham Professor of Rhetoric. In her first year of appointment, her Gresham College lectures were on The Mysteries of Reading and Writing . She writes of her appointment and the series:
“Reading is a subject which has long fascinated me, not least because of my role in teaching undergraduate students to read ‘difficult’ literature with the greatest attention to detail, structure and internal connections. My most recent book, The Woman Reader, is a history of women’s reading from ancient times to the present day, and the writing of it deepened my interest in the subject of reading more generally. My Gresham lectures will draw on some of the material on which I based my book, including material that I didn’t have space to treat, and on the research I am currently undertaking. My primary aim will be to encourage informed reading of a wide range of material, which will make us reconsider literature, ourselves and the society in which we live.”
In 2015/16, Professor Jack continues her professorship with her third lecture series entitled The Mysteries of Writing Poems and Plays.
Professor Jack's previous lecture series' are as follows:
This is part of the series: The Mysteries of Writing Novels and Poems
Subjects
Poetry & Remembrance: Thomas Gray's Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard
Professor Belinda Jack
Thomas Gray’s Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard
Professor Belinda Jack
Good evening and welcome. For those who haven’t been before, this is eleventh of a series of sixteen lectures on ‘the mysteries of reading and writing’. In the first six I explored reading as an activity, its history and how the manner in which we red and what we read has changed over time. I then gave four lectures on the novel as a genre, a peculiarly ‘baggy’ genre into which all sorts of human experience and ideas can be bundled. We considered various themes in relation to the four novels – morality, political history, idealism and human psychology. Tonight I will be giving the first of four lectures on poetry. Unlike the language of prose, the language of poetry is endlessly flexible. Prose is generally grammatically correct whereas poetry can break all the rules. Prose is linear – words make sense read across the page from left to right. In poetry, techniques like rhyme create links within lines or between lines – in the case of terminal rhymes. So tonight we embark on an exploration of Gray’s ‘Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard’ asking two seemingly simple questions: ‘In what sense is the elegy about ‘remembering’ and ‘remembrance’, and why is it deemed such a great poem?’
Thomas Gray was born in Cornhill, London on December 26, 1716. His father, Philip Gray, was a scrivener here in the City of London (arranging for the loan of money to others) and his mother, Dorothy Antrobus, was a milliner . He was the fifth of 12 children, but the only one to survive infancy. He lived with his mother after his parents separated. He was educated at Eton College where two of his uncles were schoolmasters. Gray was studious and disliked sports. At Eton he made three important friends: Horace Walpole , writer, politician and antiquarian, son of the Prime Minister Robert Walpole [Horace Walpole by Joshua Reynolds 1756, National Portrait Gallery, London], and Richard West, who went on to be a brilliant lawyer, son of another Richard West , briefly Lord Chancellor of Ireland . In 1734 Gray went up to Peterhouse, Cambridge which he didn’t much enjoy. He thought the teaching poor and spent most of his time, as he had at Eton, reading literature both classical and modern – and playing the harpsichord! [You heard a recording of Scarlatti on harpsichord at beginning and will hear Vivaldi on harpsichord at end]
In 1738 he and Walpole set off on a Grand Tour of Europe but in Tuscany the two young men quarreled and went their separate ways. They were reconciled some years later and it was to Walpole that Gray first sent his famous Elegy and Walpole sent it on to several magazines.
Gray began writing poems in earnest in the 1740s. He moved back to Cambridge and embarked on a systematic study of literature, history and political writings. His contemporaries considered him one of the most learned men of his generation. He became a Fellow of Peterhouse , and later of Pembroke Hall (now Pembroke College).
Gray is generally considered to be one of the outstanding English poets of the eighteenth century yet his oeuvre is small, fewer than 1,000 lines. His published poetry amounts to only thirteen pieces. This is usually explained in terms of Gray’s highly self-critical nature and his acute fear of failure. In 1768 he was elected Regius Professor of Modern History at Cambridge. He died on 30 July, 1771 in Cambridge, and was buried beside his mother in the St Giles churchyard at Stoke Poges , the setting some commentators claim to have been the inspiration for his famous Elegy. [Constable’s watercolour of Stoke P, 1833; victorian prints:Muttering his wayward Fancies, would he rove by John Dawson Watson. Wood-engraving by the Dalziels, 3 13/6 x 3 1/2 inches. 1862. An illustration for Thomas Gray's "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard.Robert Tanner, 1980]
Let’s hear a reading of the Elegy by Michael Burrell:
http://www.thomasgray.org.uk/texts/diglib.shtml#avm
Why did Gray choose ‘elegy’; form?
The Greek term elegeia (from the Greek , elegos, ‘lament’) originally referred to any verse written in elegiac couplets (gloss) and covering a wide range of subject matter (death, love, war).
In English literature, the more modern and restricted meaning of a lament for a departed loved one or for a tragic event, comes in during the sixteenth century.
Elegy is generally considered to be a form of poetry which lends itself to contemplation or reflection. Its subject can be various but it must be treated not for itself but always in relation to the poet. The emphasis is on an absence, either a regret for something or someone lost in the past or a desire for an as yet unfulfilled future. Elegy presents things as lost and past, or absent and future.
The dating of the composition of the published Elegy is a source of considerable scholarly debate. The most convincing theory, it seems to me, attempts to establish allusions in the ‘Elegy’ to other poems of the 1740s: Young’s ‘Night Thought’(1742-45); Blair’s ‘The Grave’ (1743); James Hervey’s ‘Meditations among the Tombs’ (1746)
It has also been argued that there is some relationship between the ‘Elegy’ and Gray’s fragment entitled ‘Education and Government’ (‘47/’48). Both poems deal with the subject of genius which has been prevented from flourishing because of circumstance, and both may be related to Plato’s discussion of education and its effect on ‘virtue’, which Gray was reading at the time.
What we do know for certain is that Gray sent the completed poem to Horace Walpole on 12 June, 1750; and that it was published that year.
The most important exegetical fact or piece of interpretive evidence, by no means always taken into consideration by commentators on the ‘Elegy’ is that it exists in the two distinct versions. The first is known as ‘The Eton manuscript’ and is entitled ‘Stanza’s Wrote in a Country Church-Yard’. It was never published and having passed through the hands of various salerooms, ended up a gift to Eton College. The first 18 stanzas are substantially the same as the published Elegy. The last 4 stanzas of ‘Stanza’s Wrote in a Country Church-Yard’ were rejected by Gray and replaced in the ‘Elegy’.
Some critics have claimed that the first version is arguably complete and in some ways more balanced than the final Elegy. The first three stanzas set the poem and the poet in the graveyard. Then follow four balanced stanzas:
The lives of the humble villagers
The lives of the famous
The ways in which the villagers are prevented from becoming famous
The crimes inextricably involved in ‘success’ as the ‘thoughtless world’ understands it, from which the villagers are immune.
The last three balance with the first three. There is a return to the poet as subject, ‘making clear that the whole poem has been a debate within his [the poet’s] mind as he meditates in the darkness’ (Roger Lonsdale, p. 114).
The poet then makes his choice: his preference for obscure innocence over the hazards of the ‘great world’. This establishes the poet’s desire to share the obscure destiny of the villagers.[ ; this that makes Marxist readings of the Elegy suspect?]
There are allusions in ‘Stanzas…’ to 3 classical poems that celebrate rural retirement from the corruption of the court and the city: Virgil’s Georgics ii 458 ff (‘O fortunatos nimium’) and Horace’s second Epode (Beatus ille…). In the concluding, ‘rejected’, stanzas of the first version, the classical praise of retirement is successfully blended with the Christian consolation that this world is nothing but vanity and that comfort for the tormented will come in the next, although G’s handling of the Christian vision is reserved.
So why was G dissatisfied with this finely-balanced, restrained Augustan poem?
There are a number of possible answers:
It was too explicitly personal for publication?
Or it could also be that the very symmetry and order of the poem suggest a reductiveness and over-simplification of his predicament, of his life, and how he wanted it to be seen by society. The great Gray critic and editor Roger Lonsdale writes, ‘A simple identification with the innocent but uneducated villagers was mere self-deception’.(Lonsdale, p.115) All readings of Gray’s poetry are indebted to Lonsdale’s wonderful edition which provides a page of footnotes for each line or two of poetry.
The ‘Elegy’ is complicated by Gray’s attempt to integrate his role in society with the social role played by poetry or the Poet, almost as abstracts. In re-writing the poem some of the straightforward antithetical pairings between rich and poor, between vice and virtue, between life and death, are replaced by a preoccupation with the desire to be remembered after death, a concern that draws together rich and poor, making both the extravagant monuments and ‘frail memorials’ equally pathetic.
This is a departure from the earlier resignation to obscurity and ‘eternal peace’, and making common cause with the poor. Now he contemplates how he may be remembered – or the Poet with whom he identifies – may be remembered after death – and the assessments he gives in the words of the ‘hoary-headed swain’ and of the ‘Epitaph’ (not necessarily one and the same) also evaluate the role of poetry and the Poet in society. The Poet is cast as an outsider, with a particular sensibility, imagination and consciousness at once uniquely creative but, equally, burdensome. In mid- and late eighteenth- century England poetry had no real social function and this leads to a search for inspiration from the past. There are borrowings from the classics, from Spenser, Shakespeare and Milton most notably. The Swain’s perspective is respectful, if lacking in real understanding; the Epitaph at the end of the poem explores the relationship between sensibility and certain social virtues like pity, sympathy, and benevolence.
The poem ends with an assertion that whilst there is an inseparable connection between poetry and liberty in society, there are forces hostile to poetry. The venture is isolated and ultimately doomed.
However, the poem proved to be extraordinarily successful. The Monthly Review iv 309, Feb. 1751 commented that, ‘This excellent little piece is so much read, and so much admired by everybody, that to say more of it would be superfluous.’ 12 editions by 1763.
I’ll begin with an analysis of the poem. Here I’d like to acknowledge a debt to an excellent article by W. Hutchings, ‘Syntax of Death: Instability in Gray’s Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard’ (University of North Carolina Press, 1984), although my conclusions differ from his. And also, as I mentioned earlier, to Roger Lonsdale’s scholarly edition.
‘The curfew tolls the knell of parting day,’ [‘knell’, the sound of a bell, especially when rung solemnly for a death or funeral
Here four words serve to reinforce each other – curfew, tolls, knell, parting day - rather than qualifying each other’s meaning.
The tolling of a bell had become, by Gray’s time, associated with the ‘parting bell’, the bell which sounds at a funeral. In Shakespeare’s Henry IV, part 2 there is a bell ‘tolling a departing friend’.
There is a degree of superfluity in the line.
Wouldn’t ‘The curfew tolls the knell of day’ be sufficient; or even, ‘The curfew tolls for parting day’, or even, ‘The curfew tolls the day’ or simply, ‘The curfew tolls’?
There are other peculiarities about this opening line. The verb ‘tolls’ can be read as both a transitive and an intransitive verb; as George Watson notes, the verb has the ‘odd property of facing both ways’ (George Watson, ‘The Voice of Gray’, CritQ XIX (1977), 53) Or as Hutchings remarks, ‘The curfew tolls something; and yet what it tolls is, in effect, itself.’ (W.Hutchings, p.497).
So in addition to the superfluities of the first line we have the ambiguities of the main verb.
There are surprises in the use of language in the third line too:
‘The ploughman homeward plods his weary way’.
Here we have what is known, in the language of Rhetoric, as a ‘transferred epithet’: the epithet ‘weary’ surely describes the ploughman, not ‘the way’ he treads. Conventional syntax (gloss) would render the line: ‘The weary ploughman plods his way homeward’. The word order, in short, is highly flexible. So too is the line order.
It has been suggested that the first stanza could equally be arranged as two rhyming couplets:
The curfew tolls the knell of parting day.
The ploughman homeward plods his weary way.
The lowing herd wind slowly o’er the lea ‘lea’ (an open area of grassy or arable land,
And leaves the world to darkness and to me.
But the a,b,a,b rhyme scheme gives the poem a grandeur – and a greater sense of complication.
We could exchange the first and third lines:
The ploughman homeward plods his weary way,
The lowing herd wind slowly o’er the lea,
The curfew tolls the knell of parting day.
And leaves the world to darkness and to me.
The curfew tolls the knell of parting day,
The lowing herd wind slowly o’er the lea,
The ploughman homeward plods his weary way,
And leaves the world to darkness and to me.
The syntax of each line is a grammatically-correct sentence (with subject and verb), even if the word order, as we’ve seen, is loose. Structurally, the syntax of the stanza as a whole allows each of the first three lines to act as a clause reliant on the verb ‘leaves’; each line can constitute the subject of the main verb ‘leaves’: the tolling bell, the lowing herd, and the ploughman; each ‘leaves the world to darkness and to me’. Furthermore the two datives, ‘to darkness’ and ‘to me’, creates something of a syllepsis (from Gk ‘a taking together’; zeugma) likening ‘darkness’ to the ‘poet’, and suggesting his melancholy in the presence of death, in the graveyard, and contemplating his own death as a mortal creature. The world of light and life is receding and, as Hutchings notes, ‘Gray’s syntax intensifies the isolation of the elegist before complete blankness. The darkness is both immediately physical and a warning image of the final darkness of death, the poem’s central preoccupation.’ (Hutchings, p.501).
Some might argue that a ‘herd’ is a singular noun therefore requiring the singular form ‘winds’, rather than the plural form ‘wind’. Gray was a knowledgeable classicist and in Latin, more than one nominative can take a singular verb. Milton, another classicist, copies this in these lines from his ‘Lycidas’:
Bitter constraint, and sad occasion dear,
Compels me to disturb your season due (Milton, ‘Lycidas’, lines 6-7)
In the first version of the poem Gray had ‘wind s slowly’ but the double ‘s’ might be considered infelicitous. In addition the ‘wind slowly’ may sound to the ear like ‘winds lowly’, anticipating the ‘lowly bed’ of line 20.
The same might be said of the phonetic relationships in ‘tolls’ and ‘knell’ which may allow the ear to hear ‘knoll’. A ‘knoll’ is a hillock and this adds to the scenery of ‘lea’ of the second line and ‘glebe’, ‘afield, and ‘woods’ (in lines 26, 27 and 28). But the most famously ambiguous lines are these:
Now fades the glimmering landscape of the sight,
And all the air a solemn stillness holds
It is unclear whether the abstract noun should hold or be held by something insubstantial: ‘the air holds a solemn stillness’ or ‘a solemn stillness holds the air’? If these lines were in Latin, the inflexions (word endings) would indicate what was subject and what was object, but not in English. Ambiguity, or rather interchangeability, and fluidity characterise the language of the poem.
The last line of the quatrain is uncertain in a different way: ‘And drowsy tinklings lull the distant folds’. Metonymy, in the language of Rhetoric, substitutes, in this case, one noun for another. ‘Fold’ could be a metonym for the sheep enclosed within it. It would be odd for the enclosures themselves to be ‘lulled’. But this creates a circularity of ideas as the ‘tinkilings’ are presumably of the sheep bells. So the ‘tinklings’ which lull the sheep are created by the sheep. ‘Drowsy’ can also be read as a transferred epithet similar to the ‘weary’ of the first quatrain. ‘Drowsy’ can be read as either ‘sleepy’ or ‘soporific’ (sleep-inducing); tinklings could be soporific, or the sheep could be sleepy. Ambiguity follows ambiguity. Just as there is an instability of syntax, so the use of metonymy adds to the sense of ambiguity. The ‘trophies’ of line 38 refer to the victorious. In the famous line, ‘Some Cromwell guiltless of his country’s blood’ (60), ‘his country’s blood’ refers us to those that have been killed. There are many examples of metonymy in the poem.
So we have a number of techniques which conspire to create a sense of instability: ambiguous syntax, transferred epithets and metonymy.
A further complicating factor is the poem’s frequent allusions to itself.
Take the following two quatrains:
The breezy call of incense-breathing morn,
The swallow twittering from the straw-built shed,
The cock’s shrill clarion or the echoing horn,
No more shall rouse them from their lowly bed.
For them no more the blazing hearth shall burn,
Or busy housewife ply her evening care:
No children run to lisp their sire’s return,
Or climb his knees the envied kiss to share.
The first quatrain is structurally reminiscent of the first: the ‘call’, the ‘swallow’s ‘twittering’, the cock’s ‘clarion’ and the ‘horn’, all these are the subject of the verb ‘rouse’. The ‘lowly bed’ of the poor has been presaged in the ‘lowing’ of the first stanza (and the possible reading of ‘wind slowly’ as ‘winds lowly’). The ‘blazing hearth’ of the second quatrain refers us back to the ‘curfew’; etymologically the word derives from the French ‘couvre- feu’ (cover the fire), the hour for extinguishing fires. Incense is combusted and is mentioned again in line 72. The ‘blush’ of line 55 is repeated in line 70, and so on.
So what exactly is the effect of these various techniques of instability?
Let’s consider the ambiguous syntax first. In particular why are there so many instances where subject and object can be swapped or verbs can be read as transitive or intransitive?
Hutchings argues that the unstable syntax mirrors the fact that death can be both active and passive: death comes to take us away, actively, and we submit, passively.
And we might therefore expect the closing epitaph to resolve the tensions of the preceding stanzas. But, as W.Hutchings argues:
a comforting epitaph would imply certainty about the nature of death… Gray even avoids this certainty: ‘Here rests his head upon the lap of earth’ (line 117). This is the conventional epitaphic ‘hic jacet’: the head reposes peacefully upon the consoling lap of mother earth. But take this line together with the next, and the result is disturbing: ‘Here rests his head upon the lap of earth/A youth to fortune and to fame unknown.’ (lines 117-18). The head which is the subject if the first line taken in isolation becomes the object of the two lines, “rests” being converted from an intransitive to a transitive verb, and “youth” taking over the role of subject… The verb “rests” hovers uneasily between transitive and intransitive, so that we are uncertain of the extent of active or passive being implied. This continues the whole poem’s concern with the possibility of action; but now the action is within the realm of death. (W. Hutchings, p.511)
In death, the subject becomes an object. It is the poet’s recognition of this that leads him to need another to remember him. Hence, in line 97 we read:
Haply some hoary-headed swain may say,
‘Oft have we seen him at the peep of dawn
Brushing with hasty step the dews away’
…
So the poet becomes the object of the swain’s remembering of him in life, and then death: ‘Slow through the church-way path we saw him borne.’
And it is the swain who invites us to read the epitaph on the poet’s grave.
So the poem is above all about our need to be remembered – and to remember. In our remembrances we transcend death. The Elegy is about the nature of life and death, of mortality and immortality, but it is also about the nature of memory and memorialisation.
I’d like to take things one step further and suggest some further ways in which remembrance works.
There are additional fluid instabilities in the poem which are a function of myriad allusions to other poems, or borrowings from other poets, or to put it another way, intertextual exploitation. The living poet (Gray) revivifies the words of the dead poets in references and allusions. Inscribed into Gray’s poem are the words of others who have come before him.
Take the first stanza:
The curfew tolls the knell of parting day,
The lowing herd wind slowly o’er the lea,
The ploughman homeward plods his weary way,
And leaves the world to darkness and to me.
In a letter (Aug. 1756) Gray acknowledged his debt to Dante, Purgatorio viii 5-6:
Se ode squilla di lontano,/ che paia il giorno pianger che si muore (from afar he hears the chimes which seem to mourn for the dying day)
Also reminiscent of Inferno ii 1-3:
Lo giorno se n’andava, et l’aer Bruno/ toglieve gli animai, che sono in terra,/ dale fatiche loro; ed io sol uno (The day was departing, and the brown air taking the animals, that are on earth, from their toils; and I, one alone…)
Shakespeare: ‘To hear the solemn curfew’, Tempest V I 40.
Shakespeare: ‘A sullen bell/ Remembered tolling a departing friend’, Henry IV I I 102-3.
T.Warton, Pleasures of Melancholy (1747), 282-3: ‘Where ever to the curfew’s solemn sound/ Listening thou sit’st’
Dryden, ‘That tolls the knell for their departed sense’, Prologue to Troilus and Cressida 22
The phrase ‘lowing herd’ was commonly used:
Pope, Odyssey X 485-7: ‘As from fresh pastures and the dewy fields…/ The lowing herds return’; or again, ‘As the tired ploughman, spent with stubborn toil,/ Whose oxen long have torn the furrowed soil,/ Sees with delight the sun’s declining ray,/ When home with feeble knees he bends his way. (XIII, 39-42).
There is also an allusion to Milton, ‘’what time the labour’d Oxe/ In his loose traces from the furrow came’.
All literature is in some sense a re-writing. But the density of intertextuality in Gray’s Elegy is remarkable. The Epitaph draws on lines from James Hervey’s popular Meditations among the Tombs (1746) and his Meditations and Contemplations (1748), the latter a work which acknowledged the influence of Young’s slightly earlier Night Thoughts (1742-5).
As Lonsdale writes, ‘Certain features of the Elegy, in particular the churchyard setting, the silent darkness, the graves, the bell and the owl, although found in other writers, are exploited with sensational effect by Hervey.’ (Lonsdale, p.140)
So the Elegy belongs in a long line of what are, in effect, re-writings. The allusions are acknowledgements, even as they are re-written to say something new. The dead poets’ work is at once shown respect while at the same time being plundered for the sake of the vision of the subsequent generation. The whole Elegy (including the Epitaph) could thus be read as itself constituting an Epitaph, a hic jacet to a great many dead poets. In reading Gray we are also re-reading others. And poetry, far from being a doomed project, becomes the means of its own survival – as long as there are readers. When OUP decided no longer to publish new poetry because of its poor financial performance there was an outcry. [add]
Even without readers, the words – and therefore the thoughts - of great poets live on. They live on in our everyday language, even if they become ineffectual clichés, a hieroglyph rather than vivid language. So what has Gray left in our language?
Perhaps most famously, ‘Far from the madding crowd’. It comes to us via Thomas Hardy, of course, whose novel of the same name launched his career as a novelist. But we quote Gray’s line, whether or not we know it is his. And we quote perhaps only guessing at what ‘madding’ means [frenzied]. By hieroglyph I mean a group of words which we instantly translate into something else, here it might be ‘away from if all’; we don’t read and consider the constituent words, ‘madding’ in particular.
What else has Gray bequeathed? His was the first use of the phrase ‘Paths of Glory’, which also deserved some consideration. Does it suggest that we only achieve ‘glory’ by going on a journey, whether literal or metaphorical. Gray also left us the notion of ‘Celestial fire’, ‘the unlettered muse’ and ‘kindred spirit.’ These are all intriguing linguistic utterances that deserve some reflection. (gloss films and bands…)
Rather than ending on what might be understood as an optimistic note, I’d like to open up a further area that we might consider: that is the relationship between our abilities seemingly effortlessly to use syntax and human memory. Hutchings has persuasively demonstrated some of the syntactical instabilities of the poem and sees this as an ally of the poem’s great theme: our knowledge of our mortality and consequent desire to be remembered. This is a convincing argument. But I think that there is a further hypothesis to be proposed about the effect of the unstable syntax on our reading of the poem. It creates an extraordinary uneasiness which is the dominant mood of the poem. It begins as the light is fading (the ‘parting day) and this is when our vision begins to play tricks on us. What appears to be one thing turns out to be another – although one can’t be certain. This is precisely what the unstable syntax (as well as other techniques I’ve explored) also achieves.
Memory also plays tricks on us. It is, almost by definition, unstable and fluid. The poem is also about the power of memory, but also its frailty. Neurologists tell us what we know: as we age our linguistic competence diminishes. We begin to forget words, the names of people and places. But according to recent neurological research what we don’t lose is our syntactic competence [‘Memory for Syntax despite Amnesia’, Victor S. Ferreira, Kathryn Bock, Michael P. Wilson and Neal J. Cohen, Psychological Science, Vol. 19, No. 9 (Sep., 2008), pp. 940-946. We don’t start to jumble our words up. Even in the late stages of dememtia, people don’t come up with sentences like: ‘Breakfast I soon would for like cornflakes.’ (‘Soon I would like cornflakes for breakfast.’) What remains quite extraordinarily stable is our grasp of syntax. So could it be that the syntactical instabilities of Gray’s use of language has a profoundly disconcerting effect because syntax is so hard-wired, it would seem, in our brains? For the time being, this is only speculation. I leave it to you to decide how convincing the idea is.
So, to conclude, "Gray's Elegy," wrote Leslie Stephen (the father of Virginia Woolf), "includes more familiar phrases than any poem of equal length in the language." Its 32 stanzas burst with celebrated passages: "The Curfew tolls the knell of parting day"; "Full many a flower is born to blush unseen"; "Far from the madding crowd's ignoble strife"; and so on. Robert L. Mack, Gray's definitive biographer, has observed that a recent edition of the Oxford Dictionary of Quotations draws from 15 stanzas and reproduces 13 of them whole.
So we ‘remember’ Gray in our language – he lives on – and so deservedly.
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A seismograph is an instrument which measures and records details of what? | seismograph - definition of seismograph in English | Oxford Dictionaries
Definition of seismograph in English:
seismograph
An instrument that measures and records details of earthquakes, such as force and duration.
Example sentences
‘Noaa would record the earthquake on seismographs and issue bulletins about the progress of a tsunami.’
‘A series of digital seismographs installed around the volcano provide a continuous stream of data to the observatory.’
‘Each country affected by the disaster is to set up a tsunami warning centre to receive information from the pressure gauges, seismographs and wave sensors that will survey the ocean basin.’
‘Just as a scientist reads a seismograph to measure movements in the ground, the character of a government can be judged by the way it treats the most disadvantaged layers of society.’
‘Tremors had been recorded in 1908 on a seismograph 4,000 kilometers west of St. Petersburg.’
‘Later, earthquake seismographs were developed that recorded digitally, and today virtually all modern seismic recordings are digital and thus involve some sort of signal processing.’
‘This is similar to seismologists using seismographs on Earth to detect earthquakes.’
‘Richter, who worked in southern California, using data from seismographs - which measure earth movement - devised a method to calculate where an earthquake began, or its epicenter, and its magnitude.’
‘What comes out of the laboratory and what is measured in the real world by surface seismographs leaves a gap.’
‘Aftershocks continued for several years, and small earthquakes still waggle seismographs in the region.’
‘Since there were no seismographs operating in Alaska at that time and no reports of surface faulting in the remote Alaska Range, the location of the 1912 shock is poorly known.’
‘Eventually the parties agreed on a strict monitoring plan relying on seismographs and strain gauges to assess the effect on the structure as crews installed the caissons.’
‘All told, 1,200 seismographs - including 800 borrowed from the United States - are being used in the $423,000 project.’
‘The seismographs recorded the waves from that earthquake and from magnitude 2.1 and 2.8 earthquakes beneath the Cascade Mountains, even though the shaking was too small to be felt by residents.’
‘A seismograph at Ferris High School showed the trembling lasted for more than 30 seconds with two distinct spikes in intensity.’
‘With more earthquakes, more and better seismographs recording quakes, and more comprehensive compilations of seismic data, seismologists are sharpening their view of the African plume.’
‘Traditional seismographs record straight-line movements, for example shaking, whereas ring lasers measure rotational movements like rolling or twisting.’
‘A series of digital seismographs around the volcano provide a continuous stream of data to the observatory in Goma.’
‘Old-style seismographs recorded the jiggling of an earthquake on a rotating drum.’
‘The observatory contained a seismograph to record mining tremors, an evaporation pan and a device to record lightening strikes which are particularly virulent on the Witwatersrand.’
Pronunciation
Which of the following is a type of wild cat?
cheater
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Pallas's cat
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polecat
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ring-tailed cat
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manul
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hunting cat
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ounce
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bandicoot
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clouded leopard
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puna
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| Earthquake |
Who played Sir James bond in the 1967 comedy spy film ‘Casino Royale’? | Seismograph an instrument that records the seismic waves of - GEOL - 1001
Seismograph – an instrument that records the seismic waves of an earthquake. Seismic waves P waves – are compressional waves. They travel through solids, liquids, and gases. They are push-pull waves.
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Chapter 13: Earthquakes 16:29 S waves – are shear waves. Travel through solid rock, but not liquids or gases. They displace material at right angles to the direction of propagation. L waves or surface waves – are confined to Earth’s surface. They are like waves on the ocean. Most destructive. They make the ground roll, and they make it shake from side to side. Figure 13.5 page 303 Locating an epicenter The time interval between the arrival of P and S waves depends on the distance the waves have traveled from the focus. Measuring the size of an earthquake Richter magnitude – in 1935, Charles Richter, a California seismologist, devised a simple procedure to determine the size of an earthquake. The logarithm of the largest ground motion registered by a seismograph as his measure of earthquake size. He accounted for the distance between the seismograph and the fault rupture by correcting for the weakening of the seismic waves as they spread away from the focus. A magnitude 3 earthquake has ground motions 10 times larger than a magnitude 2 quake Each step of magnitude releases 33 times the energy of one below it: A magnitude 5 quake releases 33 time more energy than a 4 quake. Moment magnitude – scientists now use the “moment” of the earthquake to measure magnitude. The moment of an earthquake is defined as the product of are and the average slip across the fault break; the corresponding moment magnitude increases by about one unit for every 10 fold increase in the area of faulting. (A 2 is 10x bigger than a one, a 3 is 100x bigger than a one…) It produces roughly the same results as magnitude, but it is more precise and accurate.
Chapter 13: Earthquakes 16:29 Shaking intensity – earthquake magnitude does not describe fully the hazards of earthquakes. A magnitude 8 quake in a remote area is not going to cause much damage, while at 6 underneath a city will. Table 13.1 Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale Determining fault mechanisms from earthquake data The pattern of ground shaking also depends on the orientation of the fault rupture and the direction of slip, which together specify the fault mechanism of an earthquake. The fault mechanism tells us if the quake was caused by a normal, reverse, or strike-slip fault. It also tells if the fault was right lateral or left lateral if it was a strike slip fault.
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What is Madame Bovary’s first name in the 1856 novel by Gustave Flaubert? | SparkNotes: Madame Bovary: Plot Overview
Madame Bovary
Context
Character List
Madame Bovary begins when Charles Bovary is a young boy, unable to fit in at his new school and ridiculed by his new classmates. As a child, and later when he grows into a young man, Charles is mediocre and dull. He fails his first medical exam and only barely manages to become a second-rate country doctor. His mother marries him off to a widow who dies soon afterward, leaving Charles much less money than he expected.
Charles soon falls in love with Emma, the daughter of a patient, and the two decide to marry. After an elaborate wedding, they set up house in Tostes, where Charles has his practice. But marriage doesn’t live up to Emma’s romantic expectations. Ever since she lived in a convent as a young girl, she has dreamed of love and marriage as a solution to all her problems. After she attends an extravagant ball at the home of a wealthy nobleman, she begins to dream constantly of a more sophisticated life. She grows bored and depressed when she compares her fantasies to the humdrum reality of village life, and eventually her listlessness makes her ill. When Emma becomes pregnant, Charles decides to move to a different town in hopes of reviving her health.
In the new town of Yonville, the Bovarys meet Homais, the town pharmacist, a pompous windbag who loves to hear himself speak. Emma also meets Leon, a law clerk, who, like her, is bored with rural life and loves to escape through romantic novels. When Emma gives birth to her daughter Berthe, motherhood disappoints her—she had desired a son—and she continues to be despondent. Romantic feelings blossom between Emma and Leon. However, when Emma realizes that Leon loves her, she feels guilty and throws herself into the role of a dutiful wife. Leon grows tired of waiting and, believing that he can never possess Emma, departs to study law in Paris. His departure makes Emma miserable.
Soon, at an agricultural fair, a wealthy neighbor named Rodolphe, who is attracted by Emma’s beauty, declares his love to her. He seduces her, and they begin having a passionate affair. Emma is often indiscreet, and the townspeople all gossip about her. Charles, however, suspects nothing. His adoration for his wife and his stupidity combine to blind him to her indiscretions. His professional reputation, meanwhile, suffers a severe blow when he and Homais attempt an experimental surgical technique to treat a club-footed man named Hippolyte and end up having to call in another doctor to amputate the leg. Disgusted with her husband’s incompetence, Emma throws herself even more passionately into her affair with Rodolphe. She borrows money to buy him gifts and suggests that they run off together and take little Berthe with them. Soon enough, though, the jaded and worldly Rodolphe has grown bored of Emma’s demanding affections. Refusing to elope with her, he leaves her. Heartbroken, Emma grows desperately ill and nearly dies.
By the time Emma recovers, Charles is in financial trouble from having to borrow money to pay off Emma’s debts and to pay for her treatment. Still, he decides to take Emma to the opera in the nearby city of Rouen. There, they encounter Leon. This meeting rekindles the old romantic flame between Emma and Leon, and this time the two embark on a love affair. As Emma continues sneaking off to Rouen to meet Leon, she also grows deeper and deeper in debt to the moneylender Lheureux, who lends her more and more money at exaggerated interest rates. She grows increasingly careless in conducting her affair with Leon. As a result, on several occasions, her acquaintances nearly discover her infidelity.
Over time, Emma grows bored with Leon. Not knowing how to abandon him, she instead becomes increasingly demanding. Meanwhile, her debts mount daily. Eventually, Lheureux orders the seizure of Emma’s property to compensate for the debt she has accumulated. Terrified of Charles finding out, she frantically tries to raise the money that she needs, appealing to Leon and to all the town’s businessmen. Eventually, she even attempts to prostitute herself by offering to get back together with Rodolphe if he will give her the money she needs. He refuses, and, driven to despair, she commits suicide by eating arsenic. She dies in horrible agony.
For a while, Charles idealizes the memory of his wife. Eventually, though, he finds her letters from Rodolphe and Leon, and he is forced to confront the truth. He dies alone in his garden, and Berthe is sent off to work in a cotton mill.
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Who is the Roman goddess of the dawn? | Gustave Flaubert | French author | Britannica.com
Gustave Flaubert
Samuel Beckett
Gustave Flaubert, (born December 12, 1821, Rouen , France —died May 8, 1880, Croisset), novelist regarded as the prime mover of the realist school of French literature and best known for his masterpiece, Madame Bovary (1857), a realistic portrayal of bourgeois life, which led to a trial on charges of the novel’s alleged immorality.
Gustave Flaubert, detail of a drawing by E.F. von Liphart, 1880; in the Bibliothèque …
Courtesy of the Bibliothèque Municipale, Rouen; photograph, Ellebe
Early life and works
Flaubert’s father, Achille Cléophas Flaubert, who was from Champagne, was chief surgeon and clinical professor at the Hôtel-Dieu hospital in Rouen. His mother, a doctor’s daughter from Pont l’Évêque, belonged to a family of distinguished magistrates typical of the great provincial bourgeoisie .
Gustave Flaubert began his literary career at school, his first published work appearing in a little review, Le Colibri, in 1837. He early formed a close friendship with the young philosopher Alfred Le Poittevin, whose pessimistic outlook had a strong influence on him. No less strong was the impression made by the company of great surgeons and the environment of hospitals, operating theatres, and anatomy classes, with which his father’s profession brought him into contact.
Flaubert’s intelligence, moreover, was sharpened in a general sense. He conceived a strong dislike of accepted ideas (idées reçues), of which he was to compile a “dictionary” for his amusement. He and Le Poittevin invented a grotesque imaginary character, called “le Garçon” (the Boy), to whom they attributed whatever sort of remark seemed to them most degrading. Flaubert came to detest the “bourgeois,” by which he meant anyone who “has a low way of thinking.”
In November 1841 Flaubert was enrolled as a student at the Faculty of Law in Paris . At age 22, however, he was recognized to be suffering from a nervous disease that was taken to be epilepsy , although the essential symptoms were absent. This made him give up the study of law , with the result that henceforth he could devote all his time to literature . His father died in January 1846, and his beloved sister Caroline died in the following March after giving birth to a daughter. Flaubert then retired with his mother and his infant niece to his estate at Croisset, near Rouen, on the Seine. He was to spend nearly all the rest of his life there.
On a visit to Paris in July 1846, at the sculptor James Pradier’s studio, Flaubert met the poet Louise Colet . She became his mistress, but their relationship did not run smoothly. His self-protecting independence and her jealousy made separation inevitable, and they parted in 1855.
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In 1847 Flaubert went on a walking tour along the Loire and the coast of Brittany with the writer Maxime du Camp , whose acquaintance he had made as a law student. The pages written by Flaubert in their journal of this tour “over fields and shores” were published after his death under that title, Par les champs et par les grèves. This book contains some of his best writing—e.g., his description of a visit to Chateaubriand’s family estate, Combourg.
Mature career
Some of the works of Flaubert’s maturity dealt with subjects on which he had tried to write earlier. At age 16, for instance, he completed the manuscript of Mémoires d’un fou (“Memoirs of a Mad Man”), which recounted his devastating passion for Elisa Schlésinger, 11 years his senior and the wife of a music publisher, whom he had met in 1836. This passion was only revealed to her 35 years later when she was a widow. Elisa provided the model for the character Marie Arnoux in the novel L’Education sentimentale . Before receiving its definitive form, however, this work was to be rewritten in two distinct intermediate versions in manuscript: Novembre (1842) and a preliminary draft entitled L’Éducation sentimentale (1843–45). Stage by stage it was expanded into a vast panorama of France under the July Monarchy—indispensable reading, according to Georges Sorel , for any historian studying the period that preceded the coup d’etat of 1851.
Exploring France: Fact or Fiction?
The composition of La Tentation de Saint Antoine provides another example of that tenacity in the pursuit of perfection that made Flaubert go back constantly to work on subjects without ever being satisfied with the results. In 1839 he was writing Smarh, the first product of his bold ambition to give French literature its Faust. He resumed the task in 1846–49, in 1856, and in 1870, and finally published the book as La Tentation de Saint Antoine in 1874. The four versions show how the author’s ideas changed in the course of time. The version of 1849, influenced by Spinoza ’s philosophy, is nihilistic in its conclusion. In the second version the writing is less diffuse, but the substance remains the same. The third version shows a respect for religious feeling that was not present in the earlier ones, since in the interval Flaubert had read Herbert Spencer and reconciled the Spencerian notion of the Unknown with his Spinozism. He had come to believe that science and religion, instead of conflicting, are rather the two poles of thought. The published version incorporated a catalog of errors in the field of the Unknown (just as Bouvard et Pécuchet was to contain a list of errors in the field of science).
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From November 1849 to April 1851 Flaubert was travelling in Egypt , Palestine, Syria, Turkey, Greece , and Italy with Maxime du Camp. Before leaving, however, he wanted to finish La Tentation and to submit it to his friend the poet Louis Bouilhet and to du Camp for their sincere opinion. For three days in September 1849 he read his manuscript to them, and they then condemned it mercilessly. “Throw it all into the fire, and let’s never mention it again.” Bouilhet gave further advice: “Your Muse must be kept on bread and water or lyricism will kill her. Write a down-to-earth novel like Balzac’s Parents pauvres. The story of Delamare, for instance. . . .”
Eugéne Delamare was a country doctor in Normandy who died of grief after being deceived and ruined by his wife, Delphine (née Couturier). The story, in fact that of Madame Bovary , is not the only source of that novel. Another was the manuscript Mémoires de Mme Ludovica, discovered by Gabrielle Leleu in the library of Rouen in 1946. This is an account of the adventures and misfortunes of Louise Pradier (née d’Arcet), the wife of the sculptor James Pradier, as dictated by herself, and, apart from the suicide, it bears a strong resemblance to the story of Emma Bovary . Flaubert, out of kindness as well as out of professional curiosity, had continued to see Louise Pradier when the “bourgeois” were ostracizing her as a fallen woman, and she must have given him her strange document. Even so, when inquisitive people asked him who served as model for his heroine, Flaubert replied, “Madame Bovary is myself.” As early as 1837 he had written Passion et vertu, a short and pointed story with a heroine, Mazza, resembling Emma Bovary. For Madame Bovary he took a commonplace story of adultery and made of it a book that will always be read because of its profound humanity. While working on his novel Flaubert wrote: “My poor Bovary suffers and cries in more than a score of villages in France at this very moment.” Madame Bovary, with its unrelenting objectivity—by which Flaubert meant the dispassionate recording of every trait or incident that could illuminate the psychology of his characters and their role in the logical development of his story—marks the beginning of a new age in literature.
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Madame Bovary cost the author five years of hard work. Du Camp, who had founded the periodical Revue de Paris , urged him to make haste, but he would not. The novel, with the subtitle Moeurs de province (“Provincial Customs”), eventually appeared in installments in the Revue from October 1 to December 15, 1856. The French government then brought the author to trial on the ground of his novel’s alleged immorality, and he narrowly escaped conviction (January–February 1857). The same tribunal found the poet Charles Baudelaire guilty on the same charge six months later.
To refresh himself after his long application to the dull world of the bourgeoisie in Madame Bovary, Flaubert immediately began work on Salammbô , a novel about ancient Carthage, in which he set his sombre story of Hamilcar’s daughter Salammbô, an entirely fictitious character, against the authentic historical background of the revolt of the mercenaries against Carthage in 240–237 bc. His transformation of the dry record of Polybius into richly poetic prose is comparable to Shakespeare’s treatment of Plutarch’s narrative in the lyrical descriptions in Antony and Cleopatra. A play , Le Château des coeurs (The Castle of Hearts, 1904), written in 1863, was not printed until 1880.
Later years
Eyjafjallajökull volcano
The merits of L’Éducation sentimentale, which appeared a few months before the outbreak of the Franco-German War of 1870, were not appreciated, and Flaubert was much disappointed. Two plays, Le Sexe faible (“The Feeble Sex”) and Le Candidat (The Candidate, 1904), likewise had no success, though the latter was staged for four performances in March 1874. The last years of his life, moreover, were saddened by financial troubles. In 1875 his niece Caroline’s husband, Ernest Commanville, a timber importer, found himself heavily in debt. Flaubert sacrificed his own fortune to save him from bankruptcy. Flaubert sought consolation in his work and in the friendship of George Sand , Ivan Turgenev , and younger novelists—Émile Zola, Alphonse Daudet , and, especially, Guy de Maupassant , who was the son of his friend Alfred Le Poittevin’s sister Laure and who regarded himself as Flaubert’s disciple .
Flaubert temporarily abandoned work on a long novel, Bouvard et Pécuchet, in order to write Trois Contes , containing the three short stories “Un Coeur simple,” a tale about the drab and simple life of a faithful servant; “La Légende de Saint Julien l’Hospitalier”; and “Hérodias.” This book, through the diversity of the stories’ themes, shows Flaubert’s talent in all its aspects and has often been held to be his masterpiece.
The heroes of Bouvard et Pécuchet are two clerks who receive a legacy and retire to the country together. Not knowing how to use their leisure, they busy themselves with one abortive experiment after another and plunge successively into scientific farming, archaeology, chemistry, and historiography, as well as taking an abandoned child into their care. Everything goes wrong because their futile book learning cannot compensate for their lack of judgment.
The profound meaning of Bouvard et Pécuchet, which was left unfinished by Flaubert and which was not published until after his death, has been seriously misunderstood by those critics who have regarded it as a denial of the value of science. In fact it is “ scientism ” (and by analogy the confusion of doctrines) that Flaubert is arraigning—i.e., the practice of taking science out of its own domain, of confusing efficient and final causes, and of convincing oneself that one understands fundamentals when one has not even grasped the superficial phenomena. Intoxicated with empty words, Bouvard and Pécuchet awake from their dream only when catastrophe overtakes all of their efforts.
Flaubert has been accused of presenting them as imbeciles, but in fact he expresses his compassion for them: “They acquire a faculty deserving of pity, they recognize stupidity and can no longer tolerate it. Through their inquisitiveness their understanding grows; having had more ideas, they suffered more.” Flaubert’s satire is thus to some extent the history of his own experience told with a sad humour.
Flaubert died suddenly of an apoplectic stroke. He left on his table an unfinished page and notes for the second volume of his novel. Bouvard and Pécuchet, tired of experimenting, were to go back to the work of transcribing and copying that they had done as clerks. The matter that they chose to transcribe was the subject of the notes: it was to be a selection of quotations, a sottisier , or anthology of foolish remarks. There has been much controversy about this bitter conclusion, as the form that it was to take was left undetermined in the notes Flaubert left, though the materials were gathered and have been published.
Method of composition
Flaubert’s aim in art was to create beauty, and this consideration often overrode moral and social issues in his depiction of truth. He worked slowly and carefully, and, as he worked, his idea of his art became gradually more exact. His letters to Louise Colet, written while he was working on Madame Bovary, show how his attitude changed. His ambition was to achieve a style “as rhythmical as verse and as precise as the language of science” (letter of April 24, 1852). In his view “the faster the word sticks to the thought, the more beautiful is the effect.” He often repeated that there was no such thing as a synonym and that a writer had to track down le seul mot juste, “the unique right word,” to convey his thought precisely. But at the same time he always wanted a cadence and a harmony of sounding syllables in his prose , so that it would appeal not only to the reader’s intelligence but also to his subconscious mind in the same way as music does and thus have a more penetrating effect than the mere sense of the words at their face value. Composition for him was a real anguish.
Flaubert sought objectivity above all else in his writing: “The author, in his work, must be like God in the Universe, present everywhere and visible nowhere.” It is paradoxical, therefore, that his personality should be so clearly discernible in all his work and that his letters, written casually to his intimates and full of disarming sincerity, delicate sensibility, and even exquisite tenderness—side by side with jovial coarseness of expression—should be considered by some critics as his masterpiece.
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A Silver Jubilee is the anniversary of how many years of a significant event? | The Queen's Diamond Jubilee in United Kingdom
Home Calendar Holidays United Kingdom The Queen's Diamond Jubilee
The Queen's Diamond Jubilee in United Kingdom
Tuesday, June 5, 2012, was a bank holiday to celebrate Queen Elizabeth II’s Diamond Jubilee in the United Kingdom.
Queen Elizabeth II surrounded by members of her family on a Buckingham Palace balcony in June 2015.
Queen Elizabeth II surrounded by members of her family on a Buckingham Palace balcony in June 2015.
©iStockphoto.com/cheekylorns
What Do People Do?
Moreover, the late May bank holiday was moved to Monday, June 4, 2012, giving people across the UK a four-day long weekend. Many people had a day off work or school to celebrate the bank holiday on June 5, 2012.
The celebrations of the Queen’s 60-year reign included:
A Diamond Jubilee Medal was commissioned.
A UK-wide competition for towns to bid for city status.
Royal Borough status was granted to Greenwich, which has a long-standing association with the Windsor family.
Buckingham Palace organized many events centered on the Queen’s Diamond Jubilee, while the UK’s Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) coordinated government-led activities in celebrating this special occasion.
Public Life
Government offices, schools, post offices and most businesses are closed on UK bank holidays.
Background
Queen Elizabeth II is the head of state of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK) and 15 other Commonwealth realms. She is the daughter of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth.
Born in 1926 in London, Elizabeth Alexandra Mary was named after her mother, while her two middle names are those of her paternal great-grandmother, Queen Alexandra, and her paternal grandmother, Queen Mary.
She is the great-great-granddaughter of Queen Victoria (1819–1901). Queen Victoria, who reigned from 1837, is the only other British monarch to celebrate a Diamond Jubilee, in 1897.
Wartime Wedding
Elizabeth married Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten–now Prince Philip, the Duke of Edinburgh–at Westminster Abbey on November 20, 1947. The event was simple, as Britain was still recovering from World War II.
The Queen came to the throne on February 6, 1952, and her coronation took place on June 2, 1953.
She celebrated her Silver Jubilee in 1977 (25 years on the throne) and her Golden Jubilee in 2002 (50 years on the throne). In 2002, she visited 70 cities and towns in England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland over 38 days from May to August. People all over the world held street parties, garden parties, and other events to celebrate the Golden Jubilee.
The Queen and Prince Philip have four children, with Prince Charles–now the Prince of Wales–as heir apparent to the throne.
Symbols
British flags, stamps, and coins all represent the Crown in different ways. The most notable symbols of the monarchy in the UK are the Crown Jewels and Regalia, the Honours of Scotland (the Scottish Crown Jewels) and the Principality of Wales. Other symbols include the Great Seal and the monarch’s personal emblems such as the Royal Standard and Coats of Arms. Buildings such as Buckingham Palace, Windsor Castle and the Palace of Holyroodhouse are also seen to represent the monarchy in the UK.
The Queen's Diamond Jubilee Observances
The Queen's Diamond Jubilee was only observed in the year 2012.
Weekday
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What is the young of a giraffe called? | BIG BEAD LITTLE BEAD | Wedding Anniversary Gemstone Chart & Guide
Wedding Anniversary Guide
Wedding Anniversary Chart And Guide
For each year of married life there are traditional Wedding Anniversary stones and metals to be offered as gifts between husband and wife, usually in the form of jewellery. Certain anniversary years like the 25th Silver Jubilee Wedding Anniversary, the 50th Golden Jubilee Wedding Anniversary, and the 60th Diamond Jubilee Wedding Anniversary are considered to be the more significant milestones. The traditional anniversary gemstone or metal for these anniversary years therefore reflects this – the simple logic being that marriage longevity deserves recognition and reward and the greater the longevity the greater the reward!
The list of Wedding Anniversaries precious stones provided below details the stones or metals typically exchanged, as well as an indication of the wider traditional Wedding Anniversary gifts list for the earlier years of marriage.
History Of Wedding Anniversaries
Historically gifts exchanged between spouses, or given as gifts by family and friends, in the early years of marriage were practical household items to help the couple build up their home. Luxury gifts were then given later in life when the couple were assumed to have most things they needed and were perhaps more financially secure. Some of these items have lost their significance or apparent value through changes in fashion but with imagination the spirit of the chosen material can be recognised. For example paper, which would have proven more of a gift when keeping a journal and writing were more central to our lives, could now encompass paper beads jewellery, theatre tickets, stocks and shares, notification of a hot air balloon ride, or even a certificate for naming a star!
Before the mid 1930s, not all years had a symbol or material representing the anniversary. Only the 1st and subsequent milestone anniversaries, namely the 10th, 20th, 25th, 50th and 70th, were represented by a symbol, gift or stone, and it is likely that the Victorians were instrumental in introducing or reintroducing these. It wasn’t until 1937, when the retail sector in America saw an opportunity to increase sales that the American National Retail Jeweller Association filled in the blanks. They provided a list of Wedding Anniversary gifts for every year of marriage up to the 15th year and then every 5 years thereafter up until the 60th wedding anniversary. They performed a similar exercise in 1912 with a definitive list for Birthstones !
An historical anomaly means there are actually two Diamond Jubilee Anniversaries, one at 60 and one at 75 years of marriage. The 75th anniversary is the original Diamond Anniversary, with the 60th anniversary being added by the Victorians when in 1897 Queen Victoria celebrated her Diamond Jubilee on the 60th anniversary of her accession to the throne. This was then adopted as a Wedding Anniversary. To read a further example of Queen Victoria’s influence over jewellery trends have a look at our History of Charms where she was instrumental in bringing charms and charm bracelets back to the fore.
Going further back to medieval times, the actual tradition of presenting wedding gifts seems to lie geographically in the area we now call Germany. Only two anniversaries were recognised, namely the 25th and 50th years. To mark the occasion of the Silver or 25th Wedding Anniversary a husband would crown his wife with a wreath or garland of silver. The silver symbolized the harmony that was assumed to be necessary to make so many years of matrimony possible. Likewise, he would crown her with a wreath of gold on a Golden or 50th Wedding Anniversary – hence we now have Silver Wedding Anniversaries and Golden Wedding Anniversaries.
Wedding Anniversary Chart
This Anniversary list can also be downloaded as a free PDF file by clicking on the icon at the foot of the page. This file also includes the traditional Wedding Anniversary gifts guide alongside the precious stones and metals for each year of marriage. If you would like more information about a particular stone have a look at our Gemstone & Minerals Guide .
1st Wedding Anniversary - Gold Jewellery (No Associated Stone)
2nd Wedding Anniversary - Garnet
List of Wedding Anniversaries By Year – Free Adobe PDF Download
ADDITIONAL ARTICLE KEYWORDS & THEMES:
Wedding Anniversary By Year, Wedding Anniversary Symbols
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Anna Weller of Big Bead Little Bead
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The Blisworth Canal Tunnel is in which English county? | Blisworth Tunnel - Graces Guide
Grace's Guide
British Industrial History
Grace's Guide is the leading source of historical information on industry and manufacturing in Britain. This web publication contains 121,787 pages of information and 182,008 images on early companies, their products and the people who designed and built them.
Blisworth Tunnel
North end.
South end.
Blisworth Tunnel is a canal tunnel on the Grand Union Canal in Northamptonshire, England between the villages of Stoke Bruerne at the southern end and Blisworth at the northern end.
The northern end is about 18 miles from the northern end of the Grand Junction Canal at Braunston, Northamptonshire and the southern end about 20 miles .
At 3,076 yards long it is the third-longest navigable canal tunnel on the UK canal network after Standedge Tunnels and Dudley Tunnel . At its deepest point it is c143 feet below ground level.
Work began in 1793 or 1794, but errors by contractor left a wiggle in the tunnel, and after three years work it collapsed due to quicksand, claiming the lives of 14 men. It was then decided to begin again with a new tunnel.
By the time the rest of the Grand Junction Canal had opened between London and Braunston, Northamptonshire in 1800, apart from the crossing of the River Great Ouse, the section of canal from Blisworth to the lower end of Stoke Bruerne locks was the only section unfinished. This was despite the tunnel having been under construction for seven years: the gap was filled by a temporary horse-drawn tramway over the top of the hill, with goods being transported from boat to wagon and back again. The tramway, built in 1801, was Northamptonshire's first railway.
In 1802 they tried again, although William Jessop proposed a flight of locks instead of a tunnel, but James Barnes the resident engineer insisted on the tunnel.
In March 1805, the tunnel was finally opened and the rails were used to connect the main line of the canal to the River Nene until the branch canal to Northampton was constructed.
There was some major rebuilding of the tunnel in the 1980s, with sections lined with pre-cast concrete rings. It was also used to test out the materials that were later used on the Channel Tunnel. One of the unused rings is on display just outside the south portal.
This tunnel is 3056 yards long and still in use.
See Also
| Northamptonshire |
What was the maiden name of Prince Charles’ second wife Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall? | About: Blisworth Tunnel
About: Blisworth Tunnel
An Entity of Type : architectural structure , from Named Graph : http://dbpedia.org , within Data Space : dbpedia.org
Blisworth Tunnel is a canal tunnel on the Grand Union Canal in Northamptonshire, England between the villages of Stoke Bruerne at the southern end and Blisworth at the northern end.
Property
Blisworth Tunnel is a canal tunnel on the Grand Union Canal in Northamptonshire, England between the villages of Stoke Bruerne at the southern end and Blisworth at the northern end.
(en)
De Blisworth Tunnel is een scheepvaarttunnel tussen Stoke Bruerne en Blisworth in het Engelse graafschap Northamptonshire. De tunnel maakt deel uit van het Grand Union Canal, dat Londen met Birmingham verbindt. De tunnel is 2813 m lang, en daarmee de op twee na langste kanaaltunnel van het Verenigd Koninkrijk, en de op acht na langste kanaaltunnel ter wereld. De tunnel werd gebouwd tussen 1793 en 1805. In de jaren 1980 werd de tunnel grondig gerenoveerd. Op verschillende plaatsen werden prefabbetonringen geplaatst. Bij de renovatie werden nieuwe materialen uitgetest, die later werden gebruikt bij de aanleg van de Kanaaltunnel. Een van de ongebruikte prefabbetonringen is te zien bij het zuidelijke tunnelportaal.
(nl)
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Atonement, Enduring Love and Solar are all novels by which Author? | Books by Ian McEwan (Author of Atonement)
Books by Ian McEwan
Average rating 3.71 · 690,655 ratings · 45,938 reviews · shelved 1,175,535 times
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3.87 avg rating — 352,520 ratings — published 2001 — 149 editions
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3.40 avg rating — 32,518 ratings — published 1998 — 22 editions
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3.57 avg rating — 17,205 ratings — published 1978 — 82 editions
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3.75 avg rating — 10,054 ratings — published 2016 — 26 editions
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3.45 avg rating — 9,836 ratings — published 1981 — 66 editions
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3.59 avg rating — 7,313 ratings — published 1987 — 56 editions
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3.43 avg rating — 7,595 ratings — published 1992 — 53 editions
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3.68 avg rating — 6,548 ratings — published 1990 — 68 editions
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3.68 avg rating — 3,868 ratings — published 1975 — 37 editions
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3.72 avg rating — 3,012 ratings — published 1994 — 59 editions
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3.37 avg rating — 2,385 ratings — published 1977 — 27 editions
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3.58 avg rating — 116 ratings — published 1975 — 12 editions
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3.66 avg rating — 67 ratings — published 1985
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3.79 avg rating — 24 ratings — published 1977
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| Ian McEwan |
Which composer wrote the ‘Bridal Chorus’, popularly known as ‘Here Comes the Bride’? | Ian McEwan | LibraryThing
Boulder Book Store , Tuesday, August 27, 2013 at 7pm
From Our Shelves Fiction Bookclub is open to the public and meets at 7pm in the Upper North Room of Boulder Book Store on the fourth Tuesday of the month. Unless otherwise noted, the author will not be present at the discussion. Please join us!
For August, we will be reading and discussing Sweet tooth by Ian McEwan on Tuesday, August 27th at *7:00pm*
Location: Street: 1107 Pearl St City: Boulder, Province: Colorado Postal Code: 80302 Country: United States (added from IndieBound)… ( more )
Aug
Paperback Fiction Book Club: SWEET TOOTH
Avid Bookshop , Sunday, August 18, 2013 at 6:15pm
August Book: Sweet tooth August Book Author: Ian McEwan Buy the book online here: http://www.avidbookshop.com/book/9780345803450 When We Meet: Third Sunday of the month, 6:15pm to 7:15pm, at Avid Bookshop, 493 Prince Ave., Athens, GA 40601 What We Read: The Paperback Fiction Book Club reads fiction paperback books. Book club members decide what books to read by voting either in person or via email. How to Join: Email Rachel Watkins ([email protected]) or call the shop (706-352-2060) to join our book clubs. We may have to limit participation so it's important that you tell us if you would like to join. Why Buy the Book From Avid: While we don't charge a Book Club membership fee, the only way we can offer you this free service is if you buy the book club books from Avid. If this is a month that you borrowed the book from the library or a friend, we ask that you remember us as you purchase gifts.
Location: Street: 493 Prince Ave Additional: City: Athens, Province: Georgia Postal Code: 30601 Country: United States (added from IndieBound)… ( more )
Apr
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How many bottles of champagne in a Jeroboam? | Wine Bottle Sizes
Holds 375 ml or one half of the standard bottle size.
Bottle
Holds 750 ml - the standard size.
Magnum
Two bottles or 1.5 litres.
Double Magnum
Twice the size of a magnum, holding 3.0 litres, or the equivalent of 4 bottles.
Jeroboam
There are two sizes of Jeroboams: the sparkling wine Jeroboam holds 4 bottles, or 3.0 litres: the still wine Jeroboam holds 6 regular bottles, or 4.5 litres.
Rehoboam
Champagne only - 4.5 litres or 6 bottles.
Imperial
Holds 6 litres or the equivalent of 8 bottles. Tends to be Bordeaux shaped.
Methuselah
Same size as an Imperial (6 litres) but is usually used for sparkling wines and is Burgundy-shaped.
Salmanazar
Holds 12 regular bottles (one case), or 9.0 litres.
Balthazar
Holds 16 bottles or 12.0 litres.
Nebuchadnezzar
Holds 20 bottles of wine or 15.0 litres. According to my colleague John Ager, quoting from Fogwells Wine Guide , it is equivalent to 20 standard bottles (15 litres, 3.96 US gal., 3.3 UK gal.). Bill Tighe says that the Nebuchadnezzar, according to the "Random House unabridged Dictionary of the English language, as she is spoken here in the colonies, is 20 quarts, or 18.9 liters". I suspect something amiss here! The Concise Oxford doesn't mention the word. The Encarta World English Dictionary refers only to the Babylonian king.
| 4 |
Salix Babylonica is the Latin name for which tree? | Champagne Magnums, Jeroboam, Methuselah, Salmanazar
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In which country is Lake Onega? | Lake Onega | lake, Russia | Britannica.com
Lake Onega
Alternative Titles: Onezhskoye, Ozero Onezhskoe
Related Topics
Leaders of Muscovy, Russia, the Russian Empire, and the Soviet Union
Lake Onega, Russian Onezhskoye, Ozero Onezhskoe, second largest lake in Europe , situated in the northwest part of the European portion of Russia , between Lake Ladoga and the White Sea . It covers an area of 3,753 square miles (9,720 square km). It is 154 miles (248 km) long; its greatest width is 50 miles (80 km); and its greatest depth is about 380 feet (116 m).
Lake Onega, Russia
MIR Agency
The hollow of the lake was formed by movements of the Earth’s crust, but Quaternary glaciers (those from the past 2.6 million years) elongated it from northwest to southeast. The shores to the north and northwest are high and rocky, built of layered granite and covered with forest. There are deep bays at Petrozavodsk , Kondopoga, and Povenots. The southern shores are narrow, sandy, and often marshy or flooded. Onega has about 1,650 islands covering a total of approximately 100 square miles (260 square km), mostly in the northern and northwestern bays.
Fifty rivers enter Onega, the largest being the Shuya and Suna in the northwest and the Vodla in the east. In the southeast and east are the Andoma, Vytegra, and Megra rivers. Lake Onega itself empties into the Svir River. The water level reaches its highest point in the summer and its lowest in March–April, varying about 24 inches (60 cm) annually. The water circulates in a twisting pattern within the lake because of differences of temperature between the coastal and the open regions. During autumn gales, waves sometimes reach 14 or 15 feet (about 4.5 m).
The region has a cold climate. The coastal parts of the lake and the small bays begin to freeze at the end of November, and the deeper central parts in the middle of January, although in some years the central parts do not freeze. Thawing begins at the end of April.
Similar Topics
| Russia |
Which planet has 687 Earth days to one year? | Karelia – Travel guide at Wikivoyage
Cities[ edit ]
Petrozavodsk — the capital city, the biggest city of Karelia, with a fine collection of neoclassical architecture and a summer hydrofoil service to Kizhi
Kem — a small town on the coast not far from Solovki with a spectacular 18th century wooden cathedral
Kostomuksha — a large town built as Finnish-Russian cooperation 1977–1985 for iron ore mining, functions also as a dacha-style resort mostly for Finns every summer and hosts a yearly summer chamber music festival
Olonets — a small historic town near the Alexander-Svirsky Monastery; the only town of size in Karelia where ethnic Karelians constitute a majority
Povenets - small town, here begins Belomorsko-Baltiyskiy Kanal (White Sea-Baltic Channel)
Sortavala — the marble canyon of nearby Ruskeala Park is beautiful, the city of Sortavala has interesting architecture, having been the Finnish showcase of functionalism and Carelianism.
Lake Ladoga — the largest lake of Europe
Valaam Archipelago — famous for its monastery
Lake Onega — second-largest lake in Europe
Kizhi island — famous for beautiful wooden church and other buildings, the whole architectural ensemble of Kizhi island is a UNESCO Wold Heritage Site
Besov Nos Cape — famous for ancient drawings, hammered in the rocks
Martial waters spa
Understand[ edit ]
Karelia is known as "the country of lakes." One quarter of Karelia's surface is covered by water including about sixty thousand lakes. The second-largest lake of Europe, Lake Onega, is located in Karelia. The largest lake of Europe, Lake Ladoga, is partly located in Karelia (together with Leningrad Oblast). Wherever there is land, there are dense forests covering the ground.
Karelia has strong cultural connection with Finland and the Karelians, after whom the republic is named, are a Finno-Ugric group very closely related to the Finns. Much of the Finnish national epic Kalevala was collected here. The border between Sweden (which Finland was part of) and Russia has crossed the lands of the Karelians since medieval times, being moved several times. The parts Finland lost to Russia in the Second World War are still a bit of a sore spot for the Finns.
Talk[ edit ]
Everybody understands and speaks Russian , although many are bilingual in Karelian, Finnish , and, on smaller scale, Veps. A traveler could get by with only knowledge of Finnish, as many native ethnic Russians understand a good deal of the language.
Basic English is widely understood by young people. Swedish is relatively popular foreign language too.
By plane[ edit ]
As of February 2014, there only flights to Karelia from outside are from Moscow (Domodedovo) 5 times a week and from Saint-Petersburg 2 times a week to Petrozavodsk(Besovetc). The timetable changes often though (every 2-3 months lately).
By train[ edit ]
There are several trains to Petrozavodsk from Saint Petersburg (7 hours; both overnight and day-time) and from Moscow (16 hours, overnight). Trains that go through main Karelian transport corridor: Svir–Petrozavodsk– Medvegjyegorsk – Belomorsk , are almost always bound to Petrozavodsk or Murmansk . Most popular, long-known and comfortable trains are 15/16 Moscow–Saint-Petersburg–Murmansk "Arktika", 17/18 Moscow–Petrozavodsk "Kareliya" (bypassing Saint-Petersburg), 5/6 Saint-Petersburg–Petrozavodsk (evening trains that runs 5 hours to Petrozavodsk without stops), 657/658 Saint-Petersburg–Petrozavodsk (overnight), 21/22 Saint-Petersburg–Murmansk (arriving to Petrozavodsk from Saint-Petersburg just after midnight and leaving back very early in the morning). There are several more trains from both capitals, some often seasonal or extra services. Seasonal and extra services trains, as usual, are more close to traditional Russian less comfortable style.
Other trains to Kareliya run only several times a week and ofter are seasonal, or going on and off. As of January 2014, following routes are operational: Minsk–Murmansk (pass Petrozavodsk south Tu,Sa, north Tu,Th). Saint-Petersburg–Sortavala–Kostomuksha (leaves Saint-Petersburg We,Fr, arrives to Saint-Petersburg Th,Su), Murmansk–Vologda (starts from Murmansk Fr,Su, from Vologda We,Fr).
By bus[ edit ]
Petrozavodsk is connected by buses with Joensuu in Finland (from Joensuu at 16:00 Th–Su, from Petrozavodsk at 6:00 Th–Su, transfer tickets to Finland buses are available), Saint-Petersburg (4–5 times a day), Cherepovets through Tikhvin (from Cherepovets at 7:30 on Fr), Vologda through Voznesenje ferry (from Vologda at 8:10 Mo,Sa), daily from Vytegra through Pudog, and on Tu,Fr,Sa from Vytegra through Voznesenje. There are also buses from Saint-Petersburg to Pudog, Pitkyaranta and Sortavala. Complete (and subject to change) timetables are on Petrozavodsk bus station site [dead link].
By car[ edit ]
By car there are 2 main routes to Kareliya: through M-18 from Saint-Petersburg (from Moscow you can get to M-18 bypassing Saint-Petersburg through A114 Zuevo–Volkhov–Novaya Ladoga), and by M-8 and R-5 from Moscow via Vologda. An alternate route is via R-37 Lodeinoe Pole–Vytegra and then on to R-5 (this route is informally called Arhangelsk trakt), but this route contains enough unpaved stretches. If you will choose any route except M-18, do note that most Karelian roads are in bad state, rather bumpy (this includes Karelian part of R-5, though not Vologda region part), and often include unpaved stretches. There are several border crossings from Finland, most in very sparsely populated areas.
Get around[ edit ]
Most public transport in Karelia runs along part of bus and train routes from Saint-Petersburg to Murmansk: on M18 from Olonets, and by rail from station Svir' near Podporogye further north through Petrozavodsk, Kondopoga, Medveg'yegorsk, Segezha, Belomorsk and Kem'. M18 runs to the west of most of those towns, with distance of 3 to 20km from them.
Other relatively popular bus routes are to Sortavala (through Olonets, or via more direct route through A121), Suoyarvi and Spasskaya Guba. There are quite a number of suburb buses, starting from Petrozavodsk.
Apart from these routes transport (including buses to Kostomuksha and Pudozh among others) is quite scarce, and number of local buses is small.
To get to Valaam you'll have to get on public or private boat from Sortavala. To get to Kizhi in navigation period, you can get on boat or hydrofoil from Petrozavodsk or Velikaya Guba village. In winter there may be occasional connection to Kizhi via cushioncraft or helicopter from airport "Peski" in Petrozavodsk. Sometimes there may be a helicopter to Pudozh, or in summer a boat to the opposite shore of Onega not far from Pudozh.
An abandoned Finnish dam at a waterfall near Ruskeala, Karelia
See[ edit ]
Valamo Monastery - the monastery of the Finnish Orthodox Church. Originally Valamo was placed on an island of lake Ladoga in Karelia but was evacuated whilst in war with the Russians in the 1940s. The monks fled with their icons and rebuilt Valamo close to Heinävesi a bit west of Joensuu . The monastery is visited by many Finns, orthodox or not, and is featured in most tourist guides as well. Pilgrims come to see the ancient icons from the old Valamo monastery. Boats full of tourists leave during the summer months from Sortavala , Lakhdenpokhya , and Pitkyaranta , as well as big river cruise boats from Saint Petersburg and Moscow . It's also possible to travel here by helicopter from Petrozavodsk . The trip by boat from Sortavala costs 750 rubles one way. The journey takes 40 minutes. A boat leaves at 9.00 am. You get an excursion for 1500 rubles (boat leaves at 9.30 am), which includes visits to other sketes. There is a marshrutka on Valaam, which charges 70 rubles for the 6 km between the Monastirskaja landing and Nikolovskaja landing. Walks on Valaam, visiting the sketes and crossing the bridges to some islets are pleasant. There is a small fjord north of the Nikolovskaja landing.
Go next[ edit ]
The Solovetsky Islands and Monastery on the White Sea are another nearby UNESCO World Heritage Site in Arkhangelsk Oblast and can be reached by boat from Karelia.
Trains head north from Petrozavodsk to Murmansk .
This region travel guide to Karelia is an outline and may need more content. It has a template , but there is not enough information present. If there are Cities and Other destinations listed, they may not all be at usable status or there may not be a valid regional structure and a "Get in" section describing all of the typical ways to get here. Please plunge forward and help it grow !
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Heath Ledger and Jake Gyllenhaal played two sheep herders in which 2005 film? | Brokeback Mountain (2005) - IMDb
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The story of a forbidden and secretive relationship between two cowboys, and their lives over the years.
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Two young men, Ennis Del Mar and Jack Twist, meet when they get a job as sheep herders on Brokeback Mountain. They are at first strangers, then they become friends. Throughout the weeks, they grow closer as they learn more about each other. One night, after some heavy drinking, they find a deeper connection. They then indulge in a blissful romance for the rest of the summer. Unable to deal with their feelings for each other, they part ways at the end of the summer. Four years go by, and they each settle down, Ennis in Wyoming with his wife and two girls, and Jack in Texas with his wife and son. Still longing for each other, they meet back up, and are faced with the fact that they need each other. They undeniably need each other, and unsure of what to do, they start a series of "fishing trips", in order to spend time together. The relationship struggles on for years until tragedy strikes. Written by maisie stewart
Love Is A Force Of Nature
Genres:
Rated R for sexuality, nudity, language and some violence | See all certifications »
Parents Guide:
13 January 2006 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
Secreto en la montaña See more »
Filming Locations:
$547,425 (USA) (9 December 2005)
Gross:
Did You Know?
Trivia
Director Ang Lee gave Heath Ledger and Jake Gyllenhaal copies of the book, "Farm Boys: Lives of Gay Men from the Rural Midwest", by Will Fellows, a book that had been mentioned by both Annie Proulx and Diana Ossana as an excellent reference source, to help them understand their characters. Noting what he learned from his reading, Gyllenhaal said, "I don't think that these two characters even know what gay is." See more »
Goofs
During the scene in the supermarket where Alma works in the 1960s, plastic cranberry juice bottles with yellow, plastic twist lids on a shelf are visible behind Ennis' head. These bottles would have been glass until the early 1990's. See more »
Quotes
Angel Went Up in Flames
Written, Produced and Performed by Gustavo Santaolalla
An amazing piece of cinema..
12 September 2005 | by qball_82
– See all my reviews
I was fortunate enough to see the North American premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival. That was two days ago, and this film just wont leave my mind. Not that I'm complaining because this is what good cinema is all about.
Ennis and Jack, two cowboys who fall in love. As others have touched on, Brokeback Mountain is so much more than merely a "gay cowboy movie". It perfectly captures what true, unbridled love is all about and this love transcends any issues of sexuality or gender. "Love is a force of nature". Unfortunately for many people and indeed the protagonists of our story, society doesn't always view it that way.
Kudos to Ang Lee who has not shied away from the material at all. This adaptation stays true to the original short story and the two lead actors fit the roles perfectly. Ledger and Gyllenhaal give incredibly strong performances but the supporting cast shouldn't be overlooked either, particularly a somewhat unrecognizable Michelle Williams. Solid work all around and with Mr Ang Lee's vision they have created an amazing piece of cinema that should not be missed by anybody. Without giving anything away, you are going to be moved by this one.
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| Brokeback Mountain |
What is the Silver Streak in the 1976 film of the same name starring Gene Wilder and Richard Pryor? | Watch Brokeback Mountain Online Free with Verizon Fios®
Brokeback Mountain
2006 | 134 min
In 1963, rodeo cowboy Jack Twist (Jake Gyllenhaal) and ranch hand Ennis Del Mar (Heath Ledger) are hired by rancher Joe Aguirre (Randy Quaid) as sheep herders in Wyoming. One night on Brokeback Mountain, Jack makes a drunken pass at Ennis that is eventually reciprocated. Though Ennis marries his longtime sweetheart, Alma (Michelle Williams), and Jack marries a fellow rodeo rider (Anne Hathaway), the two men keep up their tortured and sporadic affair over the course of 20 years.
Available: Fios On Demand
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Who played Charlie Croker in the 2003 film ‘The Italian Job’? | The Italian Job (2003) - IMDb
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After being betrayed and left for dead in Italy, Charlie Croker and his team plan an elaborate gold heist against their former ally.
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Storyline
Led by John Bridger ( Donald Sutherland ) and Charlie Croker ( Mark Wahlberg ) a team is assembled for one last heist to steal $35 million in gold bars from a heavily guarded safe in Venice, Italy. After successfully pulling off the heist, a team member, Steve ( Edward Norton ), driven by greed and jealousy, arranges to take the gold for himself and eliminate the remaining members of the group. Thinking the team dead, he returns to L.A. with the gold. Charlie and the survivors of this betrayal follow Steve L.A. to exact revenge against the traitor. Charlie enlists the help of John Bridger's daughter, Stella ( Charlize Theron ) - a professional safe cracker, to get revenge. With Stella and the hacking skills of Lyle (Seth Green), the explosives skills of "Left Ear" ( Yasiin Bey ), and the driving skills of "Handsome" Rob ( Jason Statham ) this new team plans and executes a daring heist that weaves through the freeways and subways of L.A. Written by CKnapp
Steal The Day 5.30.03 See more »
Genres:
Rated PG-13 for violence and some language | See all certifications »
Parents Guide:
30 May 2003 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
La estafa maestra See more »
Filming Locations:
$19,457,944 (USA) (30 May 2003)
Gross:
Did You Know?
Trivia
For the first time in cinematic history, the production shut down Hollywood Boulevard and Highland for seven days for the shooting, according to director F. Gary Gray in an interview featured in the DVD. See more »
Goofs
Obvious stunt double when Charlie hits Steve. See more »
Quotes
Stella : [on the phone] Hello.
John Bridger : [on the phone] Hello, sweetie.
Stella : [on the phone] Daddy, it's early.
See more »
Crazy Credits
At the very end of the credits, the sound of coins falling and tinkling can be heard. See more »
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Slick, amusing caper film; Gray's best movie featuring Davis' best soundtrack
11 December 2005 | by lemon_magic
(Wavy Wheat, Nebraska) – See all my reviews
My reaction to this remake of "The Italian Job" is probably hopelessly mixed up with the events occurring in my life when I saw it; This is the first movie I saw after I had just landed a job after 8 months of unemployment and going back to school for retraining. Money was still tight, but I no longer had to choose between seeing a movie in the theaters and paying bills (or eating lunch), and the sense of relief and gratitude I was feeling at the time was enormous. In consequence, my enjoyment of "Italian Job" was probably far out of proportion to its actual worth.
Still, I picked it up used on DVD a few weeks ago and watched it again, and I still enjoyed it immensely. I have never seen the original (though I have heard it is an absolute classic), but its modern day counterpart is eminently watchable if you have a taste for modern day production values applied to older films plots and themes.
What initially won me over to this movie was the soundtrack - IMO Don Davis writes some of the most supple, textured and aurally pleasing soundtracks around. IJ opens with a sly, witty, pulsing arrangement that combines strings, guitar harmonics, brush work and quiet moments - it won me over completely from the opening seconds. And the whole movie is like this - I haven't heard this kind of ringing, chiming, pulsing soundtrack music since Stewart Copeland left the Police and started doing soundtracks for movies like "Rumble Fish". There are at least a dozen irresistibly scored motifs in here, along with some pop song remakes that range from "all right" to "inspired". For people to whom the soundtrack is important, this movie is a delight.
On to the movie: I can take or leave Mark Wahlberg, but he's okay here as the leading man, and the movie doesn't ask him to do anything he can't do well. He's the weakest "major" actor in the film, but that's because the rest of supporting cast is so strong, especially Donald Sutherland in a bit part. Mos Def, Jason Steadham, Ed Norton, Seth Green and Charlize Theron all turn in solid, fat-free performances. Norton seems to mostly be phoning it in (rumor has it that he didn't really want to be in the film), but he's still a natural even at 1/2 power. My one quibble with the casting and acting is with the character "Wrench", who seems to be a male model pretending to be an actor. His part seems to be shoehorned into the movie, and he has little chemistry with the rest of the cast (although you can blame some of that on the size of the part and the "late walk on" nature of the character). If I were a cynical sort,I would wonder who the actor slept with to get put into this movie in such a supernumerary role? Nah, never happen...
Production values, camera work, stunts, plot...everything cooks along quite nicely and Gray and his production crew pull things together pretty seamlessly (with the exception of the "Wrench" character, see above).
The dialog has a nice, light touch that rewards your indulgence, and there are several satisfying major and minor plot payoffs along the way. (My favorite moment - when Norton's character tells Wahlberg's character that he's just lost the element of surprise. Wahlberg proceeds to cold cock Norton with a right cross, and then asks him, "Were you surprised??" Hmmm, maybe you had to be there...)
Of course the movie requires a certain level of "suspension of disbelief" to work, but if you just relax and go along with it (and don't think too hard about the mechanics of cracking a safe underwater, or the likelihood of anyone being able to successfully hack and manipulate LA traffic via a laptop, etc), you'll have a fun ride.
"The Italian Job": it's lightweight summer fluff, but it's very good for what it is, and it doesn't try to be anything else. It isn't good enough for an "8" but I'd give it a "7.5".
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| Mark Wahlberg |
Which sport is the subject of the 1992 film ‘The Mighty Ducks’? | The Italian Job - Microsoft Store
The Italian Job
2003 • Action/Äventyr • 1 t 50 min •
11
The plan was flawless. The execution was perfect. Charlie Croker pulled off the crime of a lifetime. The one thing that he didn't plan on was being double-crossed. Now he wants more than the job's payoff... he wants payback. Mark Wahlberg is electrifying as Croker in this "fast and furious action-adventure." Along with a drop-dead gorgeous safecracker (Charlize Theron), Croker and his team take off to re-steal the loot and end up in a pulse-pounding, pedal-to-the-metal chase that careens up,...
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The plan was flawless. The execution was perfect. Charlie Croker pulled off the crime of a lifetime. The one thing that he didn't plan on was being double-crossed. Now he wants more than the job's payoff... he wants payback. Mark Wahlberg is electrifying as Croker in this "fast and furious action-adventure." Along with a drop-dead gorgeous safecracker (Charlize Theron), Croker and his team take off to re-steal the loot and end up in a pulse-pounding, pedal-to-the-metal chase that careens up, down, above and below the streets of Los Angeles. With an ensemble all-star cast that also includes Edward Norton, Seth Green, Jason Statham, Mos Def, Franky G and Donald Sutherland, The Italian Job is "Hot!"
Skådespelare
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What is the title of the 1975 film in which a party of schoolgirls are on a day out on St Valentine’s Day in 1900 where three girls and their teacher go missing? | Picnic at Hanging Rock (1975) - IMDb
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Picnic at Hanging Rock ( 1975 )
PG |
During a rural summer picnic, a few students and a teacher from an Australian girls' school vanish without a trace. Their absence frustrates and haunts the people left behind.
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Title: Picnic at Hanging Rock (1975)
7.6/10
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Won 1 BAFTA Film Award. Another 3 wins & 11 nominations. See more awards »
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Three students and a school teacher disappear on an excursion to Hanging Rock, in Victoria, on Valentine's Day, 1900. Widely (and incorrectly) regarded as being based on a true story, the movie follows those that disappeared, and those that stayed behind, but it delights in the asking of questions, not the answering of them. Written by David Carroll <[email protected]>
A recollection of evil See more »
Genres:
2 February 1979 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
El enigma en las Rocas Colgantes See more »
Filming Locations:
$27,492 (USA) (26 June 1998)
Gross:
Did You Know?
Trivia
The opening lines spoken by Miranda, "What we see and what we seem are but a dream, a dream within a dream" are a paraphrase of lines from the poem A Dream within a Dream, by Edgar Allan Poe. The lines appear as the last two lines of each of the two verses of the poem, with a slight rearrangement in the wording. See more »
Goofs
Miranda cuts the Valentine's Day cake with a clean kitchen knife. However, the next shot shows the cake cut down the middle, and the same knife lying beside it clean and bare, as if it had never been used. See more »
Quotes
[first lines]
Miranda : What we see and what we seem are but a dream, a dream within a dream.
See more »
Connections
(Canada) – See all my reviews
Even though this has been described as a film about sexual repression (and Peter Weir may have thought he was making such a film), I don't think it is--rather, it is a celebration of the dreamy, self contained sexuality (or rather pre-sexuality) of young adolescent girls just before they seriously turn their attention to men. Sure, they may be living in a society straitjacketed by Victorian mores, but the girls really don't seem to be the unhappier for this, non withstanding the earthy maid's comments that she feels sorry for them. Miranda and her friends seem completely content and at ease in their languid, hothousey world of poetry, pink and white bedrooms, and mutual crushes (I was reminded of the similarly dreamy, self contained little universe of the sisters in "The Virgin Suicides--another film that is supposedly about repression). During the noon day nap at Hanging Rock, the girls, heads resting in one another's laps, are in a state very much resembling post coital bliss--far from seeming repressed, they are among the most content women I've ever seen on screen. It is quite arguable that Victorian morality had something to do with their sexuality turning inward like this, but all this does is lend credence to the truism that repression intensifies sexuality--which may explain the lingering fascination the Victorian era has for the modern age, and why one of its most striking symbols of its oppressiveness--the corset--is also very erotically charged. The girls' disappearance into the eerie black land form (that seems to have faces at times, bringing to mind fairy tales about trolls who steal golden haired children) suggests that at in their present state they are so contented that anything else life might hold for them could only be a letdown, that only whatever dark force (death? nothingness?) is haunting Hanging Rock could possibly be a worthy enough lover for these girls who are already so supremely self fulfilled.
There are, unfortunately, aspects of this film that don't work, or rather jar with the elements discussed above, the most prominent of these being the Dickensian subplot of the persecuted orphaned pupil Sarah. The actress herself is affecting in her part and her boyish beauty contrasts well with Miranda's ethereal femininity (she looks like a young Renaissance prince at times), but her story really belongs in another movie because at heart "Picnic at Hanging Rock" is more Gothic than socially conscious.
Maybe Weir really was aiming to make a movie about the evils of sexual repression, class inequality or even colonization, but such possible themes are blown away by the languid, ethereal images of the young adolescent girls at the beginning of the film, floating contentedly through their hours like clusters of Monet lilies.
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| Picnic at Hanging Rock |
In which 1968 film did Benny Hill play the toymaker? | Picnic At Hanging Rock (1975)
Picnic At Hanging Rock (1975)
December 5th, 2006 · 5 Comments
“On Saturday 14th February 1900 a party of schoolgirls from Appleyard College picnicked at Hanging Rock near Mt. Macedon in the state of Victoria. During the afternoon several members of the party disappeared without a trace.”
After this mesmerizing title card, we’re introduced to several teenage girls who live a pastoral, 19th century existence in the Australian bush. Miranda (Anne Lambert) is the class beauty, so beguiling that the school’s young teacher of deportment (Helen Morse) compares her to a Botticelli angel.
Orphaned Sara (Margaret Nelson) has developed an attachment to Miranda, but the school’s dry headmistress Mrs. Appleyard (Rachel Roberts) has decided to keep Sara from participating in a class field trip to the mysterious Hanging Rock.
Though warned that the area is dangerous – with its snakes and biting ants – it doesn’t seem that way at first. An English family, their teenage nephew and their young valet enjoy the afternoon lazing nearby. The schoolgirls nap on the rocks, read poetry and the only thing out of the ordinary is the watch of their chaperone, which has stopped.
Sara and her friends Edith, Irma and Marion set off to explore Hanging Rock. They wind higher and move through tight passages, and the rock seems to breathe as a living thing. Marion complains that she’s tired, but the others remove their shoes and without saying a word, disappear deeper into the rock. Marion starts screaming and takes off running.
This is the last anyone sees of the three girls, as well as their chaperone. Police and citizens of the nearby town mount a search, but no trace of the missing girls is found. Marion later remembers their chaperone passing her on the trail without her dress on, but everyone at Hanging Rock appears at a loss to remember or clearly explain what happened.
Police suspect the Englishman after he gives contradictory statements to authorities about when he last saw the girls. Haunted by the disappearance, he and the valet go back up onto the rock to look for them. Back at the school, Mrs. Appleyard and Sara also spiral into depression after the disappearances.
Directed by Peter Weir and adapted by Cliff Green from the 1970 novel by Joan Lindsay, Picnic At Hanging Rock is entirely fictional, though many readers and viewers have assumed the disappearances actually happened. Neither Lindsay nor the filmmakers did much to dispel the myth, and the movie version became the first Australian film to reach an international audience.
This reminded me of Stanley Kubrick’s Eyes Wide Shut. Both are extremely uneasy films that defy categorization or patience. Anyone who hated the Cruise-Kidman film will not stand for this either, although the 103 minute running time makes it much easier to sit through. After I thought about this later, I liked it, as opposed to when I had to sit down and actually watch it.
The movie starts off with Miranda quoting Edgar Allan Poe, and with a strange Alice In Wonderland feel, the film drifts further and further away from reality. Director of photography Russell Boyd – who later won an Academy Award for Weir’s Master and Commander – is architect of the film’s ethereal look, which is so superlative, it looks like it could have been shot last year.
The problem is that by going down the road of art film, Picnic At Hanging Rock didn’t have characters I cared about. There is no clear point of view here. Weir seems to want us to be vested in Miranda, Sara and Mrs. Appleby at various points, but since this is all a dream, I never cared. I spent the time admiring the lighting and trying to figure out what was going on.
Weir went on to direct Gallipoli, The Year of Living Dangerously, Witness, The Mosquito Coast, Dead Poets Society, Green Card and The Truman Show, films about outcasts venturing to places where they are not welcomed. This one shares that theme and could spearhead a thick term paper on the subject. I also recommend it for fans of Peter Weir, or people who don’t mind the absence of a coherent narrative.
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Robert Redford and Jane Fonda play newlyweds Paul and Corie Bratter in which 1967 film? | Barefoot in the Park (1967) - IMDb
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Paul, a conservative young lawyer, marries the vivacious Corie. Their highly passionate relationship descends into comical discord in a five-flight New York City walk-up apartment.
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Title: Barefoot in the Park (1967)
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New Yorkers Paul Bratter and Corie Bratter née Banks have just gotten married. He is a stuffed shirt just starting his career as a lawyer. She is an independently minded free spirit who prides herself on doing the illogical purely out of a sense of adventure, such acts as walking through Washington Square Park barefoot when it's 17°F outside. Their six day honeymoon at the Plaza Hotel shows that they can get to know each other easily in the biblical sense. But they will see if they can get to know each other in their real life when they move into their first apartment, a cozy (in other words, small), slightly broken down top floor unit in a five story walk-up. While Corie joyfully bounds up and down the stairs, Paul, always winded after the fact, hates the fact of having to walk up the six flights of stairs, if one includes the stairs that comprise the outside front stoop. Beyond the issues with the apartment itself, Paul and Corie will have to deal with an odd assortment of neighbors... Written by Huggo
Broadway's barest, rarest, unsquarest love play See more »
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25 May 1967 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
Barfuß im Park See more »
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Did You Know?
Trivia
The film role of 'Corie Bratter' was originally offered to actress Natalie Wood who had already played opposite Robert Redford in two movies. Wood declined the offer though, because she wanted to take time off. See more »
Goofs
When arguing after dinner, Paul comes out of the bedroom, and is standing in front of the matador poster. In next cut, he is in front of the bathroom door. See more »
Quotes
Corie Bratter : You're almost nearly perfect!
Paul Bratter : That's a rotten thing to say!
Romantic comedy as lightweight as they come.
18 October 2002 | by jckruize
(North Hemis) – See all my reviews
This film version of one of Neil Simon's early Broadway hits coasts on the likability of its cast and a lot of classic Simon banter. The gossamer-thin plot, about newlyweds who find out they don't know each other as well as they thought, is only a framework to hang a bunch of running gags about drafty New York flats, endless stairs, oddball neighbors and the like.
Laughs are plentiful, although as in the rest of Simon's work, one is acutely aware that nobody is so quick with the one-liners in real life.
Boy, were they young back then! Robert Redford underplays charmingly as Paul Bratter, up-and-coming lawyer and all-round stick-in-the-mud; Jane Fonda is his new bride Corie, sexy, fun-loving and relentlessly cute to the borderline of annoyance. When you find her schtick getting a little hard to take, concentrate instead on veteran character actors Charles Boyer and Mildred Natwick, who lend spirit and class to their comedic roles.
Perhaps the direction by Gene Saks is a tad stagebound (he directed the Broadway version), and the cinematography a bit muddy, but Neal Hefti contributes another sprightly score that does a lot to compensate. Overall, an undemanding, undeniable pleasure.
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| Barefoot in the Park |
Who played the fire chief Michael O’Hallorhan in the 1974 film ‘Towering Inferno’? | Barefoot in the Park
Remind Me
Barefoot in the Park
Barefoot in the Park began as a Neil Simon Broadway play in 1963. A romantic comedy about a couple of newlyweds trying to make it in New York, it was Simon's first solo effort, and it was an astounding success. Robert Redford starred as Paul Bratter in the play, and Elizabeth Ashley played his free-spirited wife Corie. When the decision was made to adapt the play to the screen, Simon wrote the screenplay himself so it would be as true to the original version as possible. Redford, who was also cast as the lead in the film, was surprised by the offer. He believed it was standard for Broadway actors to be passed up by Hollywood for the role they originally created on the stage. Still, Redford wasn't completely sure he wanted the role - he didn't like to repeat himself.
Fortunately, Barefoot in the Park turned out to be Redford's first commercially successful movie and the start of a great film career. Paul Bratten was actually not a favorite character of Redford's. Gene Saks, the first-time director of the film, later said that Redford hated wearing a suit and tie all day. He wanted people on the set to know that he wasn't really like Paul, and would wear a black western hat and cowboy boots off-camera. He did enjoy making the film, however, partly due to the rapport he developed with his leading lady.
Jane Fonda was chosen to play Corie in the film version of Barefoot in the Park (1967). At the time she was fighting a losing battle against being typecast: She was promoted as a sexpot in Europe in films like Roger Vadim's remake of La Ronde (1964), and as the girl next door in U.S. movies such as Any Wednesday (1966). Luckily, the role in this film would allow her to play off both screen images, with some comedy thrown into the mix. Noted by many was the great onscreen chemistry Fonda shared with Redford. The two leads became close friends during the filming, sharing a mutual interest in liberal politics. "Bob and I", Fonda later said, "We share the same causes."
The film focuses on conventionality versus unconventionality. Corie, the unconventional woman, is constantly trying to get Paul to loosen up a little, to go "barefoot in the park." Charles Boyer stars as Victor Velasco, the kooky neighbor of the Brattens who must go through their apartment in order to enter his own. Mildred Natwick, who appeared in the stage version with Redford, stars as Mrs. Banks, Corie's mother, who gets a second chance at romance, thanks to her daughter's matchmaking efforts. Natwick's delightful performance was nominated for a Best Supporting Actress Oscar®¨for her performance in this film. The film's popularity later inspired a TV series with an all-black cast.
Director: Gene Saks
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What is the occupation of Richard E Grant in the 1995 film ‘Jack and Sarah’? | Jack And Sarah Trailer 1995 - YouTube
Jack And Sarah Trailer 1995
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Published on Nov 10, 2014
Jack And Sarah Trailer 1995
Director: Tim Sullivan
Starring: Ian McKellen, Imogen Stubbs, Judi Dench, Richard E. Grant, Samantha Mathis, Cherie Lunghi
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All alone with the frightening task of bringing up his baby daughter, a busy lawyer hires a nanny. It's a perfect, businesslike relationship until their hearts get in the way.
Movie, Jack And Sarah Movie,Jack And Sarah Trailer,Jack And Sarah 1995, Tim Sullivan,Ian McKellen, Imogen Stubbs, Judi Dench, Richard E. Grant, Samantha Mathis, Cherie Lunghi
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Who played the title role in the 1980 film ‘American Gigolo’? | Jack & Sarah (Full Movie 1995 ) - YouTube
Jack & Sarah (Full Movie 1995 )
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Published on May 21, 2013
After the death of the wife, successful lawyer finds himself in trouble to take care of his own daughter, the baby Sarah. He decides to hire Amy to help him, and ends up falling in love with the sweet babysitter.
Após a morte da esposa, um advogado bem-sucedido se vê em apuros para cuidar sozinho de sua filha, a neném Sarah. Ele decide contratar Amy para ajudá-lo, e acaba apaixonando-se pela doce babá.
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Who directed and starred in the 1992 film ‘Unforgiven’? | Unforgiven (1992) - IMDb
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Retired Old West gunslinger William Munny reluctantly takes on one last job, with the help of his old partner and a young man.
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Famous Directors: From Sundance to Prominence
From Christopher Nolan to Quentin Tarantino and every Coen brother in between, many of today's most popular directors got their start at the Sundance Film Festival . Here's a list of some of the biggest names to go from Sundance to Hollywood prominence.
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The town of Big Whisky is full of normal people trying to lead quiet lives. Cowboys try to make a living. Sheriff 'Little Bill' tries to build a house and keep a heavy-handed order. The town whores just try to get by.Then a couple of cowboys cut up a whore. Dissatisfied with Bill's justice, the prostitutes put a bounty on the cowboys. The bounty attracts a young gun billing himself as 'The Schofield Kid', and aging killer William Munny. Munny reformed for his young wife, and has been raising crops and two children in peace. But his wife is gone. Farm life is hard. And Munny is no good at it. So he calls his old partner Ned, saddles his ornery nag, and rides off to kill one more time, blurring the lines between heroism and villainy, man and myth. Written by Charlie Ness
It's a hell of a thing, killing a man
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Rated R for language, and violence, and for a scene of sexuality | See all certifications »
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7 August 1992 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
The Cut Whore Killings See more »
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Did You Know?
Trivia
Clint Eastwood 's mother Ruth Wood toiled through an uncomfortable day (wearing a heavy dress) as an extra, filming a scene where she boards a train; but the scene was eventually cut, with her son apologizing that the film was "too long and something had to go." All was forgiven when he brought her to the Academy Awards and thanked her prominently in his acceptance speech. See more »
Goofs
In the scene where they are going to look for Munny, a cowboy states that they bought all for the 30-30 shells. The 30-30 cartridge did not come out until the mid 1890s. See more »
Quotes
See more »
Crazy Credits
Instead of the usual Warner Bros. closing logo, it shows the Warner Bros. shield in black and white without a banner. See more »
Connections
An old man reconnects with his wicked past
10 December 2004 | by whstrock
(Southeast Georgia) – See all my reviews
I enjoy the transformation of Clint Eastwood's character throughout the movie. In the beginning he reluctantly becomes a gunfighter but as the movie progresses you see how he slides down the slippery slope of wickedness to become the cold-blooded killer needed for the task. Morgan Freeman's reaction to the transformation is well played also. Richard Harris' character is colorful as is his sidekick. Gene Hackman's sheriff is pleasantly atypical of the role. All these actors and their characters effectively leave the viewer with a myriad of directions from which the movie expertly entertains. If you are expecting anything like Clint's "spaghetti westerns" you will be disappointed. If you are looking for an excellent story with characters that all have varying degrees of wickedness, you will be satisfied when its all said and done.
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| Clint Eastwood |
Ray Winstone and Ian McShane starred in the 2009 crime drama ’44 Inch ‘what’? | 1000+ images about Unforgiven - Los Imperdonables on Pinterest | Bobs, Movie of the week and Pop art
Unforgiven (1992) - directed by Clint Eastwood, starring Clint Eastwood, Gene Hackman and Morgan Freeman,
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What are the first names of the Roses played by Kathleen Turner and Michael Douglas in the 1989 film ‘The War of the Roses’? | The War of the Roses (1989) - IMDb
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The War of the Roses ( 1989 )
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A married couple try everything to get each other to leave the house in a vicious divorce battle.
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Title: The War of the Roses (1989)
6.8/10
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The Roses, Barbara and Oliver, live happily as a married couple. Then she starts to wonder what life would be like without Oliver, and likes what she sees. Both want to stay in the house, and so they begin a campaign to force each other to leave. In the middle of the fighting is D'Amato, the divorce lawyer. He gets to see how far both will go to get rid of the other, and boy do they go far.. Written by Rob Hartill
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Taglines:
Once in a lifetime comes a motion picture that makes you feel like falling in love all over again. This is not that movie.
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8 December 1989 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
Did You Know?
Trivia
The amount of time that the Roses, Oliver Rose ( Michael Douglas ) and Barbara Rose ( Kathleen Turner ), had been married was seventeen years. See more »
Goofs
After Barbara runs over Oliver's car, we see a view from the left side of the crushed car. Then, after a shot of the dinner guests followed by a close-up of Barbara in the truck, there is a shot showing the front of the car, with steam suddenly rising from the engine. Since the car was not running, the engine would not have been hot, so there would have been no steam. See more »
Quotes
[first lines]
Gavin : [Gavin is talking to a client] You have some valid reasons for wanting a divorce.
[blows his nose with a handkerchief]
Gavin : Excuse me. My sinuses are very sensitive to irritants.
[sprays nasal decongestant up his nostrils]
Gavin : In the past five months, I think I've breathed freely with both sides working maybe a week total.
[pulls a cigarette out of a pack]
Gavin : I gotta cut this out. It's gonna kill me.
[lights his cigarette]
Gavin : I hadn't smoked for thirteen years. I kept the last cigarette from my last ...
[...]
| barbara and oliver |
What is the title of the song in the 1981 film ‘Arthur’ that won the Academy Award for Best Song? | The War of the Roses (1989) Starring: Michael Douglas, Kathleen Turner, Danny DeVito - Three Movie Buffs Review
Reviewed on: October 6th, 2011
Kathleen Turner and Michael Douglas in War of the Roses
In their third film together, Michael Douglas, Kathleen Turner and Danny DeVito tackle the subject matter of divorce. This dark dramedy is told in flashback by a divorce lawyer to a client. We never know if this is a true story, within the story, or a fable. Either way, the characters come across very realistic.
Barbara and Oliver met on a rainy day at a Nantucket auction. They were immediately attracted to each other. They ended up in bed that same day. Barbara said to Oliver, "If we end up together-then this is the most romantic evening of my life. And if we don't, then I'm the world's biggest slut." Oliver smiled and said, "This is a story we are going to tell our grandchildren."
Oliver is an insecure Harvard student, while Barbara is a gymnast who freely admits that her body has grown too big to be a good one. They get married and have two children. Barbara works while Oliver finishes school. He eventually becomes a lawyer, and makes partner in a firm. She quits working and they buy a large house which Barbara spends great amounts of money and time redecorating.
One day, Barbara gets an epiphany that she no longer loves Oliver and wants a divorce. Oliver yells, "I think you owe me a solid reason. I worked my ass off for you and the kids to have a nice life and you owe me a reason that makes sense. I want to hear it." Barbara snaps back, "Because. When I watch you eat. When I see you asleep. When I look at you lately, I just want to smash your face in."
During the first half of the movie we are on Barbara's side. Oliver belittles her often. He does not plan it or make a point to do it, he just does it without thinking. This is best exemplified in the dinner scene when he is trying to impress his boss. It is also Barbara that is making the money and buys Oliver his treasured car.
After she asks Oliver for a divorce I was on his side. She is the one who wants the marriage to end, but expects to keep the house and everything in it. We clearly see her closet full of shoes and her fur coat. She has more than been financially remunerated by this marriage. Oliver is still in love with her, while she no longer has any feelings for him. She wants out, then she should take the walk, not him.
Both Oliver and Barbara want the house and it becomes the center of contention in the divorce. Both refuse to move out. They bicker constantly. "Stinking bitch!" "Dumb bastard!" "Slut!" "Fuckface!" They go about sabotaging each other to get the other to move out. This leads to such things as killing a cat, peeing on dinner and one running the other over. Nothing works. The irony being that they end up destroying the one thing they are fighting over, the house.
The one area that seems unrealistic, and unexplored, is how this affects their 17 year old children. During one argument Oliver yells to Barbara, "You weren't even multiorgasmic before you met me, were you?" Barbara yells back, "You really expect me to keep on reassuring you sexually even now when we disgust each other?" We then see that unknown to them, their kids and the maid were standing right next to them and heard every word.
The cast is perfect in their roles. Douglas can play arrogant in his sleep. Turner can be awkward in one scene, angry in the next, and when she wants to turn it on, she can become the sexiest woman walking with the mere change of expression. War of the Roses's greatest accomplishment though, is that it does not wimp out at the end. This is a dark comedy and the ending is completely appropriate.
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+11
Reviewed on: May 1st, 2012
Michael Douglas and Kathleen Turner in The War of the Roses.
Gavin, the divorce attorney played by Danny DeVito, gets the best dialogue as he tells his cautionary tale to a prospective client. First he sets the stage: “There are two dilemmas that rattle the human skull. How do you hold onto someone who won't stay? And how do you get rid of someone who won't go?” Later, in the story himself, he offers this pearl of wisdom to Oliver, “There is no winning! Only degrees of losing!” And finally, he sums up all that Oliver stands to lose when he tells this man who's contemplating divorce, “My father used to say there are four things that tell the world who a man is: his house, his car, his wife and his shoes.” This battle between husband and wife will center on material things, most notably house, car and shoes.
The story begins pleasantly. It isn't until the dinner party scene, after Barbara first asks for a divorce, that it becomes clear things are about to get really ugly. As the violence and petty backstabbing escalates Turner and Douglas really sink their teeth into the parts, until the inevitable moment when they are dangling 30 feet above the floor from that amazing chandelier.
As Eric wrote, director DeVito doesn't pull any punches. The ending is classic. Barbara and Oliver each get what they had coming. I get what you are saying about their kids Eric, but as this is a black comedy it didn't bother me. The point being that these are two such shallow and bitter people that they are horrible parents. Barbara, earlier in the movie, thinks it's good parenting to give her small children all the sweets they want. Not surprisingly they are both obese the next time we see them.
Although Gavin gets the most memorable lines, Oliver and Barbara each get their share as well. My favorite line from Oliver is when he tells his wife, “You have sunk below the deepest layer of prehistoric frog shit at the bottom of a New Jersey scum swamp.” And when the formerly happy couple pass each other on the stairs they greet each other with a series of insults. Him: “Stinking bitch!” Her: “Dumb Bastard!” Him: “Slut!” Her: “Scum!” Him: “Filth!” Her: “Faggot!” Then as she passes the maid, Barbara greets her in a sunny voice, “Morning Susan.”
The War of the Roses takes an over-the-top but quite funny look at divorce. Although it embodies the essence of the 80's yuppie era, it features three timeless performances and remains as entertaining today as when it first came out.
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+10
Reviewed on: May 1st, 2012
Danny DeVito in War of the Roses.
Ian Fleming wrote a short story called "Quantum of Solace". In it, the Governor of Jamaica tells James Bond the story of a married couple whose marriage disintegrated until the point where they are living in the same divided house. The title refers to this line from the story, which is quite apt in regard to War of the Roses, "They [relationships] can survive anything so long as some kind of basic humanity exists between the two people. When all kindness has gone, when one person obviously and sincerely doesn't care if the other is alive or dead, then it's just no good...I've invented a rather high-sounding title for this basic factor in human relations. I have called it the Law of the Quantum of Solace."
Actually, I have to disagree with my brothers on one point. The movie does pull one punch. When Barbara serves Oliver the pate made out of "dog", the camera then cuts to the dog so that we know she didn't actually kill it. It's one of those odd things in movies that killing or injuring humans can be played for laughs, but deliberately killing a dog is never allowed to be funny. According to DeVito, he always intended to include a shot of the dog, but it is popularly believed that it was inserted after test audiences reacted badly.
I also disagree with you Eric in that in the second half I wasn't on Oliver's side. I wasn't on either of their sides, because frankly they're both selfish and petty people, who deserve exactly what they get. I understand your point Eric, that she's the one who wants out, so she should leave, but she also makes him a very generous financial settlement and the house means more to her than it does to him. He holds on to it to spite her, but neither one ever offers to compromise.
Barbara is crueler to Oliver than he is to her. She stays in the marriage for years past her desire to be in it. Her resentment has been building for years by the time she works up the nerve to ask for the divorce. By waiting, her love doesn't just die, it turns into hate. Oliver, on the other hand, is still in love with Barbara right up until the end. It is she who doesn't have even a Quantum of Solace for him.
Because both of them are such selfish people, it was difficult for me to become emotionally invested in their story. Parts of it are quite funny and I agree with both of you that the dialogue is sharp and funny. DeVito does deliver some of the best lines.
He also does a nice job of direction. I like his use of shadows and especially his use of deep focus. There are several scenes where either Oliver or Barbara is in focus in the foreground, while at the same time the other spouse is in focus in the background. Perhaps DeVito did this to not show bias to either of the Roses.
The cast is terrific. The fact that Douglas and Turner had played a couple twice before and we're used to seeing them together, gives weight to their breakup. DeVito is also good, playing a bit of a slimy lawyer, but not a caricature of one. By the film's end he has become the voice of reason.
I didn't enjoy this movie quite as much as my brothers. It definitely has its moments, but it runs a little long and I disliked both main characters so much that I didn't care what happened to their relationship. I didn't posses a quantum of solace for either of them.
Did you enjoy Scott's review?
+7
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In the 2000 film ‘Serendipity’, John Cusack and Kate Beckinsale meet in which New York shop? | Serendipity : Watch online now with Amazon Instant Video: John Cusack, Kate Beckinsale, Molly Shannon, Jeremy Piven, John Corbett, Bridget Moynahan, Eugene Levy, Peter Chelsom: Amazon.co.uk
By GratuitousViolets TOP 1000 REVIEWERVINE VOICE on 20 Jan. 2007
Format: DVD
This is one of those movies that while completely predictable and very unlikely to happen, is still unique and captivating in it's own way.
It's a wonderful love story about Jonathan and Sara, two people who meet by chance trying to buy the same pair of Cashmere gloves in Bloomingdales just before Christmas. Both are in a relationship with different people yet, on this one chance meeting and spending a day together, are quite taken with each other.
Although Jonathan wants to continue seeing Sara, Sara - as a firm believer in fate - thinks they should let it be fates decision whether they should end up together, and so, Sara writes her name and number in a book which she will give to charity, and Jonathan writes his name and number on a five dollar bill which Sara uses at a Kiosk to buy something. Her logic is that if they should happen upon each others names and numbers in future, it's obvious they should be together again.
Some years pass after they depart from each other - both have moved on and are now engaged to other people, and yet, they still have thoughts about each other. Jonathan has been endlessly searching for the book with Sara's number, and as he's soon to be wed, he decides to take one last stab at finding her before it's too late. Sara is also soon to marry, and decides to take off to New York in order to find him.
Throughout their search for each other, a huge number of coincidences weave in and out of their lives linking them unknowingly to the other, physically being blocks away and unaware the other is searching, and seredipity is working to bring them together.
A wonderful romance with some great comic moments from Molly Shannon, Eugene Levy and Jeremy Piven, and some brilliantly delivered scenes from John Cusack and Kate Beckinsale. You won't be sorry you bought this.
| Bloomingdale's |
Which 1961 film, set in New York, is based on Shakespeare’s ‘Romeo and Juliet’? | Serendipity - Film4
Film4
Serendipity
Synopsis
A will they/won't they romantic comedy, set in a familiar winter wonderland New York. Starring John Cusack and Kate Beckinsale, itmakes up in charm and occasional oddball humour for what it lacks in originality
About
Christmas in New York and amid the melee of Bloomingdales two strangers - Jonathan Trager (Cusack) and Sara Thomas (Beckinsale) - fight over the last pair of mittens. Whereas in real life such encounters tend to be rude or banal, in Hollywood they spell romance. So before we know it the cuddly pair are drinking hot chocolate, skating in Central Park and talking soppily about serendipity. Jonathan is ready to hook up right away, but kooky Sara leaves the decision to a make-or-break game of chance in a lift ("If we're meant to meet again, we will."). Her stupid idea gets its just rewards, and she leaves the building without him.
Fast forward 10 years. Jonathan and Sara, who have never seen each other again, are both getting married. Trouble is, they're still fixated on that magical meeting a decade before...
We've seen this premise - Mr and Mrs Right buffeted by fate before they finally get it together - many times, not least in Sleepless In Seattle. After the disaster that was Town And Country, British director Peter Chelsom is clearly taking no chances: this is romantic comedy by numbers. Nevertheless, the result is quite engaging, a fact due less to the leads (merely serviceable), than to a quirky script and a likeable supporting cast that includes Jeremy Piven as Dean, Jonathan's manic obituary-writing friend, and Eugene Levy (Best In Show) as the shop assistant from hell.
Actor: Lucy Gordon, John Corbett, Eugene Levy, Jeremy Piven, Kate Beckinsale, Molly Shannon, Bridget Moynahan, John Cusack
Director: Peter Chelsom
Producer: Peter Abrams, Simon Fields, Robert L Levy
Photographer: John De Borman
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What does Fe represent in the Periodic Table? | Iron»the essentials [WebElements Periodic Table]
Element News
Iron: the essentials
Iron is a relatively abundant element in the universe. It is found in the sun and many types of stars in considerable quantity. Iron nuclei are very stable. Iron is a vital constituent of plant and animal life, and is the key component of haemoglobin.
The pure metal is not often encountered in commerce, but is usually alloyed with carbon or other metals. The pure metal is very reactive chemically, and rapidly corrodes, especially in moist air or at elevated temperatures. Any car owner knows this. Iron metal is a silvery, lustrous metal which has important magnetic properties.
CAS Registry ID : 7439-89-6
Iron filings salts cause sparks in flames. The picture above shows the result from adding iron filings to a burning mixture of potassium chlorate and sucrose. Do not attempt this reaction unless are a professionally qualified chemist and you have carried out a legally satisfactory hazard assessment.
This sample is from The Elements Collection , an attractive and safely packaged collection of the 92 naturally occurring elements that is available for sale.
Iron: historical information
Iron was discovered by known since ancient times in unknown at not known. Origin of name : from the Anglo-Saxon word "iron" or "iren" (the origin of the symbol Fe comes from the Latin word "ferrum" meaning "iron"). Possibly the word iron is derived from earlier words meaning "holy metal" because it was used to make the swords used in the Crusades..
Iron was known in prehistoric times. Genesis says that Tubal-Cain, seven generations from Adam, was "an instructor of every artificer in brass and iron." Smelted iron artifacts have been identified from around 3000 B.C. A remarkable iron pillar, dating to about A.D. 400, remains standing today in Delhi, India. This solid pillar is wrought iron and about 7.5 m high by 40 cm in diameter. Corrosion to the pillar has been minimal despite its exposure to the weather since its erection.
Sometime prior to the autumn of 1803, the Englishman John Dalton was able to explain the results of some of his studies by assuming that matter is composed of atoms and that all samples of any given compound consist of the same combination of these atoms. Dalton also noted that in series of compounds, the ratios of the masses of the second element that combine with a given weight of the first element can be reduced to small whole numbers (the law of multiple proportions). This was further evidence for atoms. Dalton's theory of atoms was published by Thomas Thomson in the 3rd edition of his System of Chemistry in 1807 and in a paper about strontium oxalates published in the Philosophical Transactions. Dalton published these ideas himself in the following year in the New System of Chemical Philosophy. The symbol used by Dalton for iron is shown below. [See History of Chemistry, Sir Edward Thorpe, volume 1, Watts & Co, London, 1914.]
Iron around us
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Iron compounds are essential to all life. For example, it is an iron atom in haemoglobin that is responsible for carrying oxygen around the blood stream.
Iron is not found as the free metal in nature. The most common ore is haematite (iron oxide, Fe203). Iron is found in other minerals such as magnetite, which is seen as black sands along beaches. The core of the earth, more than 2000 in radius, is composed largely of iron. The metal is the fourth most abundant element by weight in the earth's crust.
Iron is found native in meteorites known as siderites.
Abundances for iron in a number of different environments. More abundance data »
Location
Second ionisation energy : 1561.9 kJ mol‑1
Isolation
Isolation : it is not normally necessary to make iron in the laboratory as it is available commercially. Small amounts of pure iron can be made through the purification of crude iron with carbon monoxide. The intermediate in this process is iron pentacarbonyl, Fe(CO)5. The carbonyl decomposes on heatingto about 250°C to form pure iron powder.
Fe + CO → Fe(CO)5 (250°C) → Fe + 5CO
The Fe(CO)5 is a volatile oily complex which is easily flushed from the reaction vessel leaving the impurities behind. Other routes to small samples of pure iron include the reduction of iron oxide, Fe2O3, with hyrogen, H2.
Nearly all iron produced commercially is used in the steel industry and made using a blast furnace. Most chemistry text books cover the blast furnace process. In essence, iron oxide, Fe2O3, is reduced with with carbon (as coke) although in the furnace the actual reducing agent is probably carbon monoxide, CO.
2Fe2O3 + 3C → 4Fe + 3CO2
This process is one of the most significant industrial processes in history and the origins of the modern process are traceable back to a small town called Coalbrookdale in Shropshire (England) around the year 1773.
Iron isotopes
Read more »
Iron isotopes are mainly used in nutritional studies, with Fe-57 and Fe-58 being the two most commonly used Fe isotopes. Studies have included iron-loss by human adolescents, conditions for effective iron absorption, interventions for anemia and genetic iron control. The Fe-54 isotope is used for the production of radioactive Fe-55 which in turn is used as an electron capture detector and in X-ray fluorescence. Fe-56 can be used for the production of radioactive Co-55 which is used as a tumor seeking agent in bleomycin.
| Iron |
Which bean is the main flavour of the liqueur Tia Maria? | Iron - Element information, properties and uses | Periodic Table
Chemistry in its element: iron
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You're listening to Chemistry in its element brought to you by Chemistry World, the magazine of the Royal Society of Chemistry.
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Chris Smith
Hello, this week we turn to one of the most important elements in the human body. It's the one that makes metabolism possible and don't we just know it. There are iron man challenges, iron fisted leaders and those said to have iron in the soul. But there's a dark side to element number 26 too because its powerful chemistry means that it's also bad news for brain cells as Nobel Laureate Kary Mullis explains
Kary Mullis
For the human brain, iron is essential yet deadly. It exists on Earth mainly in two oxidation states - FeII and FeIII. FeIII is predominant within a few meters of the atmosphere which about two billion years ago turned 20% oxygen - oxidizing this iron to the plus three state which is virtually insoluble in water. This change from the relatively plentiful and soluble FeII, took a heavy toil on almost everything alive at the time.
Surviving terrestrial and ocean-dwelling microbes developed soluble siderophore molecules to regain access to this plentiful, but otherwise inaccessible essential resource, which used hydroxamate or catechol chelating groups to bring the FeIII back into solution. Eventually higher organisms including animals, evolved. And animals used the energy of oxygen recombining with the hydrocarbons and carbohydrates in plant life to enable motion. Iron was essential to this process.
But no animal, however, has been able to adequately deal, in the long run - meaning eighty year life spans - with the fact that iron is essential for the conversion of solar energy to movement, but is virtually insoluble in water at neutral pH, and, even worse, is toxic.
Carbon, sulfur, nitrogen. calcium, magnesium, sodium, maybe ten other elements are also involved in life, but none of them have the power of iron to move electrons around, and none of them have the power to totally destroy the whole system. Iron does. Systems have evolved to maintain iron in specific useful and safe configurations - enzymes which utilize its catalytic powers, or transferrins and haemosiderins, which move it around and store it. But these are not perfect. Sometimes iron atoms are misplaced, and there are no known systems to recapture iron that has precipitated inside of a cell.
In some tissues, cells overloaded with iron can be recycled or destroyed - but this doesn't work for neurons.
Neurons sprout thousands of processes during their existence - reaching out to form networks of connections to other neurons. During development of the adult human brain a large percentage of cells are completely eliminated, and some new ones are added. It is a learning process. But once an area of the brain is up and running, there is nothing that can be done biologically, if a large number of its cells stop working for any reason.
And the slow creep of precipitating iron over many decades is perhaps most often that reason. In less sophisticated tissues, like the liver, new stem cells can be activated, but in the brain, trained, structurally complex, interconnected neurons are needed, with thousands of projections that are accumulated over a lifetime of learning. So the result is slowly progressive neurodegenerative disease, like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.
This same basic mechanism can result in a variety of diseases. There are twenty or thirty proteins that that deal with iron in the brain - holding iron and passing it from place to place. Every new individual endowed with a new set of chromosomes is endowed with a new set of these proteins. Some combinations will be better than others and some will be dangerous individually and collectively.
A mutation in a gene that codes for one of these proteins could disrupt its function - allowing iron atoms to become lost. These atoms that have been lost from the chemical groups that hold them will not always be safely returned to some structure like transferrin or haemoferritin. Some of them will react with water and be lost forever. Only they aren't really lost. They are piling up in the unlucky cell types that were the designated locations for expression of the most iron-leaky proteins. And oxides of iron are not just taking up critical space. Iron is very reactive. The infamous "Reactive Oxygen Species" which have been suspected of causing so many age related illnesses may just derive from various forms of iron.
It is time for specialists trained in chemistry, and with an eye to the chemistry of iron, to pay some attention to neurodegenerative disease.
Chris Smith
Kary Mullis telling the story of iron, the element that we can't do without, but which at the same time could hold the key to our neurological downfall. Next time on Chemistry in its Element Johnny Ball will tell the story of Marie Curie and the element that she discovered and then named after her homeland.
Johnny Ball
Pitchblende, a uranium bearing ore, seemed to be far too radio active than could be accounted for by the uranium. They sieved and sorted by hand ounce by ounce through tons of pitchblende in a drafty, freezing shed, before eventually tiny amounts of polonium were discovered.
Chris Smith
So be radioactive or at least podcast proactive and join us for the mysterious story of Polonium on next week's Chemistry in its Element. I'm Chris Smith, thank you for listening, see you next time.
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Chemistry in its element is brought to you by the Royal Society of Chemistry and produced by thenakedscientists.com . There's more information and other episodes of Chemistry in its element on our website at chemistryworld.org/elements .
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In medicine, an Amsler grid is used for examining which part of the body? | Macular Degeneration: Save your sight
Home > Macular Degeneration
Macular Degeneration
Macular degeneration definition, symptoms, treatments and help. Nutrition, diet, supplements and products from alternative medicine. Info on frequency specific microcurrent FSM for eyes. HBOT (hyperbaric oxygen therapy) for AMD. More.
Definition
The macula is a small spot located on the retina that is necessary for your central vision, that is, the ability to see straight ahead.
There are two forms of the condition. About 90 percent of people with AMD have the dry form, while the remaining ten percent have the wet form. In the dry form, there is loss of pigment in the retina, and small, yellowish deposits form within the layers of the retina. These deposits result in loss of central vision, which makes it difficult to do such simple tasks as reading or driving. The dry form usually progresses slowly, causing a gradual disruption of vision. Wet macular degeneration is more aggressive, and may cause faster or even sudden loss of central vision.
Before reading any further,
see our medical disclaimer .
Although straight ahead, central vision is impaired by the disorder, patients usually retain peripheral vision, so they are not completely blind.
Note that the terms age-related macular degeneration (which is what we're discussing here), AMD, and ARMD are used interchangeably to mean the same thing here.
Causes and symptoms
Most cases happen in older people. The causes have not been nailed down yet, but it is known that the disorder is more common in whites, in women, in those who smoke or are overweight. It is suspected there may be a genetic factor, since a family history increases the risk.
Although it is often referred to as macular degeneration disease or macular degenerative disease, AMD is not a disease.
Macular Degeneration Symptoms
Lines that are straight look wavy
Objects appear different in shape or color in each of the eyes
Detecting Early AMD: The Amsler Grid Macular Degeneration Test
You can get some indication of whether you should see your doctor by using the Amsler Grid macular degeneration chart. A simple Amsler Grid explanation is that it is a printed grid, with vertical and horizontal lines and a dot in the middle. To take the Amsler Grid test, simply stare at the dot. If the lines surrounding the dot bulge or are wavy, you should see a doctor. Here's the definition of an Amsler Grid with directions for use with macular degeneration . You can find printable Amsler Grids on the Internet; for example, there's a printable Amsler Grid here .
Dry Macular Degeneration Help
Information on treatments from alternative medicine is more available for the dry form than for the wet form, which is treated mainly with surgery and drugs.
Macular degeneration aids can take the form of foods, that is nutrition or diet. There are also very promising supplements, vitamins, minerals and other products. In addition, there are treatments, such as hyperbaric oxygen therapy and frequency specific microcurrent stimulation, that show significant success in stopping and even reversing AMD.
Macular degeneration treatments
Frequency Specific Microcurrent (FSM)
Another alternative therapy is frequency specific microcurrent stimulation, or FSM, for people with macular degeneration. FSM delivers two specific frequencies simultaneously, one for the tissue involved, the other specific to the condition.
According to Robert Jay Rowen, M.D., frequency specific microcurrent for eyes was pioneered by ophthalmologist Ed Kondrot, M.D., of Phoenix (602-631-4504). When Dr. Kondrot started using microcurrent stimulation with frequencies specific to eyes, he got extraordinary results. Dr. Rowen said that his father, who has macular degeneration, was able to read three more lines on the reading eye chart in just minutes after treatment with frequency specific microcurrent stimulation.
Says Dr. Rowen, "FSM is completely legal and even approved by the FDA. FSM machines are a class-2 (safe) device approved for sale by the FDA as a TENS unit (which is very commonly used for pain). And it's becoming more widely available. Several hundred practitioners have been trained. You can find a doctor who uses FSM at the treatment's official website." The Web site is at www.frequencyspecific.com. Home units, at $1,300 to $4,000 are available by prescription from a trained doctor.
In-office treatments last an hour and cost, as this is written in 2007, $100 to $150.
In his April 2011 newsletter, Alternatives, medical researcher Dr. David Williams references a two-year study of 46 patients done by three doctors of optometry of the Indiana University School of Optometry. The patients were treated with a TENS device.
In addition, the patients took the following supplements, half in the morning and half in the evening:
Beta-carotene 40,000 IU
Natural vitamin E 400 IU
Vitamin C 1,500 mg
Citrus bioflavonoid complex 250 mg
Quercetin 100 mg
Vitamin B1 100 mg
Vitamine B2 15 mg
The vision of patients with AMD would normally deteriorate over two years, but these patients improved, showing and whopping average of 8.5 letters of acuity per eye.
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
Looking for new treatments for macular degeneration? One alternative treatment is hyperbaric oxygen therapy, also known as HBOT.
Oxygen deficiency is part of the cause of AMD, because lack of oxygen hampers the cells in pumping out toxins, resulting in inflammation that hinders the generation of new blood vessels in injured tissues. This in turn results in more inflammation and swelling that causes increased oxygen deficiency, a vicious cycle.
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy infuses needed oxygen into damaged cells under pressure. HBOT dissolves oxygen into your body, diffusing it everywhere, even into hard-to-reach inflammed and swollen areas. It brings hyperbaric oxygen to the retina and to the macula.
Robert Jay Rowen, M.D., says that his friend, David Steenblock, DO, of Mission Viejo, California has had success with hyperbaric oxygen therapy for AMD.
Dr. Rowen mentions a report by Drs. Jansen and Nielson from Copenhagen, Denmark, which details two case histories of ARMD patients improving with HBOT. Both patients had cystoid macular degeneration. One patient, a type-2 diabetic, went from a visual acuity of 0.5 (difficulty reading), to 1.0, where he could read normally, with just one treatment.
The second patient’s visual acuity was only 0.2; he could not read at all. After five sessions of HBOT in three days, his acuity was 0.9, where he could read normally.
These Denmark doctors saw a "very rapid," day-by-day improvement in the macula and recommend that treatment be started as early as possible, before there is irreversible damage.
Dr. Rowen says that current medical thinking has abandoned the idea that high pressure in a metal chamber is necessary for good results, because improvement is also seen with new fabric "mild" hyperbaric chambers. Some doctors think lower pressure is better for some conditions.
Dr. Rowen uses the Oxy Health mild chamber. (www.oxyhealth.com) He says it’s lightweight, portable and relatively inexpensive. He says that a typical series of office treatments would be twenty sessions at $75 up, so if you need lots of treatments, purchasing your own unit could prove economical in the long run.
To find a doctor who uses hyperbaric oxygen therapy, contact ACAM, the American College for the Advancement of Medicine at www.acam.com or 1-888-439-6891.
In his April 2010 newsletter, Dr. Rowen says, re macular degeneration: "from the groundbreaking research of Italian researcher Velio Bocci, M.D. , I'd suggest a visit to a physician who offers ozone therapy (www.oxygenhealingtheraphies.com). It can work wonders on this eye disease," he says.
Intravenous nutrient therapy
In his August 2010 issue of Bottom Line Natural Healing, Mark Stengler, licensed naturopathic medical doctor, discusses intravenous nutrient therapy for macular degeneration. Although no clinical studies have been done, some anecdotal results have been impressive, for example, seeing more clearly after one 90 minute treatment.
During intravenous (IV) nutrient therapy, a cocktail of vitamins and other nutrients go directly into the bloodstream via the IV, providing much higher levels of nutrients than a patient could get from taking supplements by mouth. Nutrients include vitamin C, selenium, zinc, chromium and l-carnitine. Patients must take tests to make sure their kidneys and liver can handle the treatments.
Patients who have had this IV therapy claim positive results, including getting back most of the sight they had lost to either wet or dry macular degeneration. IV therapy also stops progression of the disease.
Dr. Stengler notes that Paul Anderson, ND, a professor of naturopathic medicine at Bastyr University near Seattle, created the IV nutrient therapy for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Dr. Anderson gives patients at least six to 12 infusions depending on their age. Each treatment takes 90 to 120 minutes and costs $150 to $200 as this is written in 2010.
After finishing the treatments, patients can maintain their good results by eating healthy foods and taking oral supplements.
Macular Degeneration Treatments With A Money-Back Guarantee
Jonathan Wright, M.D., who specializes in nutritional treatments in his practice near Tacoma, Washington, gives a money-back guarantee on his intravenous nutritional treatment for dry ARMD. Either they stop the progression of the disease, or reverse it. They insist on before-and-after exams by independent eye doctors to assess the result. If you continue to get worse, you get your money back. Since they started the treatment in 2001, they've had a 70 percent success rate.
The treatment can take several months, although most see some improvement in four to six weeks.
Guaranteed Treatment For Both Dry And Wet AMD
A physician in Santa Fe, New Mexico claims to have a treatment that will reverse both dry and wet macular degeneration. He also offers a money-back guarantee. Dr. Lundgren says he is "so confident in the results of this protocol that all charges will be refunded if after four treatments there is not objective improvement in visual acuity. As measured on National Eye Institute EDTRS charts, one eye must test at least one line better in either near or distant vision. Most patients show much greater improvement." Read this article: The Santa Fe Protocol to Reverse the Vision Loss of Macular Degeneration .
Macular Degeneration Diet
For alternative healing, there’s nothing like eating the right foods! Good macular degeneration nutrition can prevent and may even reverse AMD.
Olives Prevent AMD?
Researchers from the University of California, Irvine, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and DSM Nutritional Products found that the main antioxidant compound in olives, hydroxytyrosol (HTS), protected against the oxidative damage that causes AMD. This HTS compound in olives can also protect against acrolein, a chemical in cigarette smoke that may make smokers at much greater risk of AMD (1.9 times the risk of nonsmokers).
Working with retinal cells, the researchers treated cells with HTS before exposing them to acrolein. There was less damage to the treated cells than to cells not pretreated with HTS.
However, you'd have to eat about 50 olives a day to get the protective effect. So eat olives and use olive oil as part of your total nutritional protocol for ARMD, which may also include foods and supplements described below.
Low Glycemic Foods
The glycemic index is a chart that rates how fast a food raises your blood sugar. A study examined the diets of 4,099 people between the ages of 55 and 80 as to how their intake of high glycemic foods affected their risk of developing ARMD.
People whose diets showed them in the top 20% of the dietary glycemic index (as compared to the lowest) showed a 49% increased risk for advanced macular degeneration. To change to more low-glycemic foods, go to www.glycemicindex.com to find out how foods rank on the glycemic index. Clue: vegetables and meats rate the lowest.
Fruit
Boston hospital researchers studied 77,562 women in the Nurses Health Study and another 40,866 men in the Health Professionals Followup Study to find out how diet affected the health of their eyes. The study found that participants who ate three or more servings per day of fruit had a 36 percent lower risk of the worst kind of AMD compared to those eating only 1.5 servings per day.
The researchers think it’s the pigments found in highly colored fruit that protect against ARMD. These pigments are flavonoids, which are potent antioxidants and vascular protectors. Eat at least three servings a day.
Macular Degeneration Supplements
Lutein, Zeaxanthin and Astaxanthin
A macular degeneration diet would include foods containing lutein and zeaxanthin, which are carotenoids—major components of retinal pigments, which enable vision. Studies show that people with the highest intake of lutein and zeaxanthin have a 57 percent lower risk of developing AMD.
A 1994 the Journal of the American Medical Association published a paper revealing that people who got six milligrams of lutein daily had a 43 percent prevalence reduction in ARMD.
A study by researchers at the University of Wisconsin in Madison involved examining the diets of more than 1,700 women ages 50 to 79. Those younger than 75 who ate a diet rich in the carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin, which block free radical damage to the retina, appear to have lowered their risk of intermediate AMD.
You can get lutein and zeaxanthin from foods or supplements. Good food sources are leafy green vegetables, such as kale, collard greens, and spinach.
A related nutrient, astaxanthin, also "retards the progress of degenerative eye diseases and benefits the vistion of the individuals suffering from degenerative eye diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration," according to University of Illinois researchers. Astaxanthin is found in pink fish and seafood, such as shrimp, crawfish, crab, lobster, trout, and salmon, especially free-range, North Pacific sockeye salmon. It is also found in certain kinds of algae.
Phenols
The phenols in red and white wine act as antioxidants to reduce retinal damage as well.
Zinc
Our retinas contain high concentrations of zinc, and zinc has been shown to somewhat slow the progression of macular degeneration. In a 1988 trial, people with macular degeneration who took 45 milligrams of zinc orally each day lost significantly less vision than those who took placebos.
Oysters are the best source of zinc. Red meat, shellfish and fish (low mercury) are also good sources, as are pumpkin seeds, other nuts and seeds, beans, and whole grains, wheat germ and poultry.
Selenium
In 1977, Dr. Joseph Bittner was a resident of eastern Washington state, an area with selenium deficient soils. When he took selenium and vitamin E supplements, his macular degeneration improved. Dr. Wright heard about this and told his AMD patients. Some got a lot better; one got so much better that his opthamologist said his original diagnosis must have been a mistake. But some did not get better.
Studies show that people with macular degeneration have significantly lower selenium levels than age-matched individuals who don’t have AMD.
Good sources of selenium include liver and kidney (organic only), brewer’s yeast, ocean fish (low-mercury), and red meat. Other good sources are some vegetables grown in soil with adequate selenium, including onions, garlic, mushrooms, and broccoli are good sources.
B vitamins
Studies have shown that riboflavin (vitamin B2) helps maintain normal retina function.
Good sources of riboflavin include liver and kidney, as well as brewer’s yeast. Almonds, mushrooms, wheat bran, and dark green leafy vegetables are also good sources.
The risk of progression from early macular degeneration to a more serious condition known as geographic atrophy can be decreased by taking the B vitamins thiamine, riboflavin and folate, says Frank Shallenberger, M.D. in his newsletter, Second Opinion, 12/16.
Omega-3
Studies show you can reduce your risk of early onset ARMD by up to 40% by eating one to three servings of omega-3 rich fish. Wild Alaskan salmon is especially recommended. Or, you can take a good fish-oil supplement. Look for fish oils that say "contaminate-free" and that are molecularly distilled.
Vegetarians can get omega-3s from nuts, ground flaxseeds, and green leafy vegetables, but
fish is the only source that contains both eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docohexaenoic acid (DHA).
OcuDyne
Jonathan Wright, M.D., who specializes in nutritional medicine, recommends Ocudyne II, the newest 2005 version, which he formulated with Dr. Alan Gaby. He claims it has a 70 percent success rate in arresting or reversing early AMD. It contains over thirty nutrients, including lutein, zeaxanthin, vitamin A, C, D, and E, selenium, zinc, riboflavin, taurine and ginkgo biloba. You can find it at your health food store or on the Internet. Search on "jonathan wright ocudyne ii" without the quotes.
Here’s a link in case you’re curious about the entire ingredient list of OcuDyne II .
Dr. Wright also says to eliminate all refined sugar, refined carbohydrates, partially hydrogenated fatty acids, non-food chemicals, and all other forms of junk food. Easier said than done, right? One baby step at a time.
I don't have macular degeneration, but I've had a lot of trouble with my eyes, which were uncorrectable to 20/20 until I had surgery to replace the natural lenses inside my eyes with plastic lenses. I also had cataracts and a detached retina. Altogether, I had five surgeries on my eyes. I take Vision Essentials from Julian Whitaker, M.D. This is not a recommendation; it's just another product to check out. If you're going to take a product like this, consider doing a comparison among products. Find out about Vision Essentials here, and see a list of ingredients here.
Vitamin D
Dr. Rowen puts a high value on Vitamin D for AMD. He says that Vitamin D may be useful as a treatment for wet macular degeneration. Vitamin D not only stops the underlying process of wet AMD, called neovascularization, it can reduce it and also reduce abnormal retinal endothelial cell proliferation. Dr. Rowen recommends 5,000 IU of vitamin D3 daily, summer and winter. Make sure it’s D3; look on the container.
Macular degeneration risk factors
Homocysteine
One of the risk factors of macular degeneration is a chemical called homocysteine, which your body produces normally. Homocystiene, can build up and cause increased risk of macular degeneration.
In one study, scientists measured the fasting homocysteine levels of 934 subjects. Of that group, 547 people had AMD and 387 did not. The researchers found that homocysteine levels above 12 mmol were associated with a higher risk of macular degeneration.
You can bring homocysteine levels down with a cocktail of vitamins B6 (100 mg), B12 (by injection), folic acid (800 mcg), and DMG (100 mg) or TMG (500 mg) taken daily.
Dr. Rowen, who practices in Santa Rosa, California, has found that supplemental vitamin B12 is the most beneficial of the group, and he uses B12 injections.
More macular degeneration treatments
In his April 2010 newsletter, Dr. Rowen describes a study by Italian researchers who combined omega-3 fatty acids, co-enzyme Q-10 and acetyl-L-carnitine for patients with early age-related macular degeneration. "The randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial found statistically significant improvements in central visual field and visual acuity. It also found improvements in eye alterations after three to six months of treatment."
There is a variety of macular degeneration products and supplements available.
Robert Jay Rowen, M.D., recommends vitamin C (500 mg), vitamin E (400 IU), beta-carotene (15 mg), zinc (80 mg) and copper (2 mg) daily, which can slow down AMD. A Johns Hopkins study showed that these nutrients can reduce ARMD's progression by 25% and reduced vision loss by 19%.
Talking about macular degeneration vitamins, Dr. Rowen also says that vitamin A is even better than beta-carotene. High doses of vitamin A can cause toxicity, but it’s reversible by discontinuing consumption of vitamin A. He recommends 25,000 units daily of Vitamin A for those who have been diagnosed with AMD.
Dr. Rowen says that you must take along with this much vitamin A 4,000 to 8,000 units of vitamin D, because vitamin A can interfere with vitamin D functions. DO NOT use this much vitamin A if you are pregnant, or could get pregnant, says Dr. Rowen, since it can cause harm.
Sources:
Bottom Line Natural Healing with Dr. Mark Stengler, August 2010
The Most Urgent Health Discoveries of the Year, from Health Sciences Institute, 2002
Second Opinion newsletter, by Robert Jay Rowen, M.D. November 2002, February 2005, November 2005, February 2006, March 2006
Second Opinion Health Alert, May 16 2007, August 1, 2007, October 12, 2007
Nutrition & Healing newsletter, by Jonathan Wright, M.D., February 2005
Nutrition & Healing Health e-Tips, by Jonathan Wright, M.D., October 12, 2006, Oct 26 2006
Emedicinehealth.com
Secondary References
"Olive extract may protect against AMD," NutraIngredients (www.nutraingredients.com), 2/13/08
"Hydroxytyrosol protects retinal pigment epithelial cells from acrolein-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction," Journal of Neurochemistry 2007; 103(6): 2,690- 2,700.
"Capturing the power of olives," Asia Food Journal (www.asiafoodjournal.com), accessed 2/14/08, as summarized by Jonathan Wright, M.D. at wrightnewsletter.com.
"Nutritional Factors in Degenerative Eye Disorders: Cataract and Macular Degeneration," by Alan R. Gaby, M.D., and Jonathan Wright, M.D.
Archives of Opthalmology, June 2004; Stroke, July 2, 2004
Flood, V.M., B. Chua, et al. "Dietary fatty acids and the five year incidence of age-related maculopathy," 2005; 14 Suppl:S82
"Association between dietary glycemic index and age-related macular degeneration in nondiabetic participants in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study," Chiu CJ, Taylor A, et al, J Clin Nutr07; 86(1): 180-188
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2007; 16(5): 929-33; Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2007; 48(5)
American Journal of Ophthalmology, January 2006
New England Journal of Medicine, February 9, 2006
Cheng, Gnok. Journal of Clinical Orthopedics, 1982, vol. 171
Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavia, 2004, 82(4)
"Cigarette smoking, fish consumption, omega-3 fatty acid intake, and associations with age-related macular degeneration: The U.S. twin study of age-related macular degeneration," Archives of Ophthamology 2006;124:995-1001
Prayer
"Come to Me, all of you who are weary and carry heavy burdens, and I will give you rest." Matthew 11:28.
A number of studies have linked prayer to healing, and although the results have been inconclusive, what could it hurt to talk to the omnipotent creator of the universe? A prayer for healing might go something like this:
"Dear Lord, please hear me now as I pray for your help with (name your problem). I pray you’ll cleanse my body and heal me completely. In Jesus’ name I pray; Amen."
Curious about the Christian religion? What is Christianity?
What is a Christian? What is Christian faith?
To see the answers and find out how to become a Christian,
| Eye |
Mieszko I was the first historically documented ruler of which modern-day European country? | Eylea Injection Treatment of Macular Degeration - AMDF
Eylea Injection Treatment of Macular Degeration
Eylea Injection Treatment
Currently, the most common and effective clinical treatment for Advanced Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration is anti-VEGF therapy – which is periodic intravitreal (into the eye) injection of a chemical called an “anti-VEGF”. Eylea (Eylea/VEGF Trap-Eye from Regeneron/Bayer) is one form of anti-VEGF therapy, and recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration. Other variants of anti-VEGF injections include ranibizumab (Lucentis, made by Genentech/Novartis), and bevacizumab (off label Avastin from Genentech). Each of these chemicals works in a different way to inhibit blood vessel growth.
Regeneron Pharmaceuticals announced that the FDA has approved its Eylea injection treatment for wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The treatment, known in the scientific literature as VEGF Trap-Eye, was approved at a recommended dose of 2 mg every four weeks for the first twelve weeks, followed by 2 mg dose every two months (1 & 2).
How it Works
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) is a naturally-occurring protein in the body, and its normal role is to trigger formation of new blood vessels, supporting the growth of the body’s tissues and organs. However, in certain diseases, such as wet age-related macular degeneration, it is also associated with the growth of abnormal new blood vessels in the eye, which results in scarring and loss of central vision. Eylea works to inhibit the binding and activation of VEGF receptors. Treatments are administered as an intraocular shot. Having regular shots in the eye may take some getting used to, but the treatment is actually short and pain-free because your eye will be anesthetized.
How it’s Better
“The approval of Eylea offers a much needed new treatment option for patients with wet AMD,” said the chair of the steering committee for the phase 3 trial, Jeffrey Heier, M.D., also a clinical ophthalmologist and retinal specialist at Ophthalmic Consultants of Boston and Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology at Tufts School of Medicine. “Eylea offers the potential of achieving the efficacy we’ve come to expect from current anti-VEGF agents, but with less frequent injections and no monitoring requirements. This may reduce the need for costly and time-consuming monthly office visits for patients and their caregivers” (3).
Safety of Eylea
Eylea is not recommended for patients with ocular or periocular (around the eye) infections, active intraocular inflammation, or known hypersensitivity to aflibercept or to any of the excipients in Eylea. Intravitreal injections, including those with Eylea, have been associated with endophthalmitis (inflammation of tissues with in the eye) and retinal detachments. Patients should be instructed to report any symptoms suggestive of endophthalmitis or retinal detachment without delay and should be managed appropriately. Acute increases in intraocular pressure have been seen within 60 minutes of intravitreal injection, including with Eylea. Intraocular pressure and the profusion of the optic nerve head should be monitored. There is a potential risk of nonfatal stroke, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or vascular death. Serious adverse reactions related to the injection procedure have occurred in less than 0.1% of intravitreal injections with Eylea, including endophthalmitis, traumatic cataracts, and increased intraocular pressure. The most common adverse reactions reported in patients receiving Eylea were conjunctival hemorrhage, eye pain, cataract, vitreous detachment, vitreous floaters and increased intraocular pressure.
Results and Experiences with Eylea
Joe Peloso avoided losing his eyesight while doing his part for science. The Naples retiree is proud that he was among 30 Southwest Florida residents who participated in a local clinical trial through Retina Health Centers. “When I was in the trial, it curbed my macular degeneration,” the 74-year old said. “At the time, it basically stopped it in its tracks.” “This is a monumental step forward,” Dr. Alexander Eaton, director of Retina Health Centers, said of its final approval. “This is the next big advancement, and it will be a couple more years before we see another big step forward,” Eaton said. When Peloso spoke to Eaton about taking part in the clinical trial, he hesitated because of the injection in the eye. In his case, his left eye. “It wasn’t that bad,” Peloso said. “You feel a little bit of pressure.” He later developed macular degeneration in his right eye, so he has had the injections in his right eye. “It was either that or go blind,” he said, which also motivated to him to quit smoking Smoking increases the odds of developing macular degeneration. “I’m 20/20 in my right eye and 20/40 in my left,” Peloso said. “I fish and read. I do a lot of exercise. I run and walk 5 miles a day” (4).
A few years ago, Roberta Davidson was terrified to discover that she was losing her vision. “I called a doctor at Harvard who referred me to Dr. Ronald Frenkel. Dr. Frenkel diagnosed me with new onset of wet macular degeneration, a blinding disease.” Davidson entered a clinical trial for the new drug Eylea, and her vision cleared and her life improved due to the treatment. “Joining the clinical trial was an easy decision; to be able to have the chance to be treated with a medicine that could mean fewer injections for me was great!” said Davidson, a patient at East Florida Eye Institute who first got the treatment. Without Eylea, Davidson would have had to receive an injection every month with another medication. “I have gone as long as 11 months between treatments and initially only required 7 injections in over 24 months,” Davidson stated. “My vision has been maintained at 20/20 for 6 years! Being able to have injections less often has been so much better for my lifestyle – I can go out of town or even leave the country and not worry about scheduling around my eye treatments” (5).
Other Options
Aside from other variants of anti-VEGF injections, there are other treatments to explore, as well as lifestyle changes, sight tracking, and other ways to work with your doctor to ensure the best possible outcome for you.
Here are some other sections of our site you might find helpful:
• KeepSight Journal – We provide a free KeepSight journal to anyone suffering from AMD. This will help you monitor and track changes in your sight in a fun way, while giving you clear data to discuss with your doctor.
• Care and Services Directory – A comprehensive Service Directory of doctors and centers who cater to those diagnosed with AMD. You can search by center type and geographic location.
References
1. Regeneron shares rise as FDA gives green light for Eylea eye disease treatment, Proactive Investors, Ltd., Nov 21, 2011.
2. Singh, Vinay, Regeneron Challenges Genentech’s Lucentis, The Burrill Report, Seeking Alpha, November 23, 2011.
3. Maisel, M.D., James M, Retinal Group of New York, Eylea Treatment Available for Leading Cause of Blindness in Elderly – Wet Macular Degeneration Stabilized for 95% of Patients with Fewer Treatments, PRWeb.com, November 28, 2011.
4. Freeman, Liz, Region had 30 take part in trial for new macular degeneration drug, NaplesNews.com, Thursday, November 24, 2011.
5. Local patient is thankful for new vision saving medication,TCPalm.com, November 23, 2011.
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Avarua is the capital of which island group? | Avarua, capital city of Cook Islands
All...
Avarua, capital city of Cook Islands
The Cook Islands are a dream come true for any traveler who has fantasized about escaping from the modern world's hustle and bustle. The 15 remote islands are home to some of the world's most spectacular natural scenery, and the capital of Avarua is a great jumping off point for exploring it all. Located on Rarotonga, the largest island, Avarua is an intoxicating blend of Polynesian culture, natural wonders and a laid-back atmosphere that runs on island time. It is truly paradise, and there is no other place in the world quite like it.
Much of life in Avarua centers around the beaches, and Muri Beach is one of the best. The clear, shallow water is perfect for beginner snorkelers to explore, revealing countless coral formations and sea cucumbers just steps from the shore. If you have fins, you can easily swim out to a small island not far from the coast, but glass-bottom boats can take you there too for a barbecue lunch or sunset cultural show.
The Aroa Lagoon Marine Reserve is another excellent place for snorkeling and diving. It is the island's oldest dedicated marine reserve, and hundreds of species of tropical fish gather there to breed each year. This is a real treat for divers, who can swim with thousands of fish each time they enter the crystalline waters. Expect to see huge schools of butterfly fish, moray eels, wrasse, trevally and sea bream in addition to clams and octopi.
Avarua is also a hiker's paradise. The surrounding area teems with wildlife, and even a short trek through the jungle will reveal many waterfalls, fresh water swimming holes and small peaks.
On land, visit the Sir Geoffrey Henry National Culture Center to get a grasp of the country's history and culture. The complex is actually comprised of six different cultural treasures: the National Archives, the National Auditorium, the National Library, the National Performing Arts Center, the National Anthropology Unit and the National Museum. The National Museum's collection features traditional island handicrafts, including clothing, tools, canoes and other interesting artifacts.
The nearby Peace Garden is one of the capital's finest gems. Serene and lush, the garden is the perfect place to relax among the swaying palm trees and vibrant, sweetly-aromatic flowers that bloom year-round.
The Cook Island Christian Church is also worth a visit. The mid-19th-century white-coral building is a fine example of the islands' architectural style, and the surrounding graveyard contains a monument to Papeiha, a pioneering Polynesian missionary. The grave of the country's first prime minister, Albert Henry, is to the left of the church, marked by a life-sized bust of the leader.
There is never really a bad time to visit the islands, but the best time is during the annual Te Maeva Nui Festival. The arts and culture extravaganza takes over Avarua for one week in July, starting with a whimsical float parade and ending with an island-wide celebration. In between are drum circles on the beach, costume parties, food festivals, free performances and a celebratory vibe that permeates the city.
Avarua Geographical Location
Avarua is located in the central north of Rarotonga Island and is the largest city in the Cook Islands.
Avaruta’s approximate population is 5,600.
Avarua Language
English and Maori are the official languages of the Cook Islands while there are several other languages spoken solely on individual islands.
Avarua Predominant Religion
56% Cook Islands Christian Church
17% Roman Catholic
| Cook Islands |
A ‘prie-dieu’ is a narrow desk-like bench on which to kneel and do what? | CSB Home
Business Overview
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A Capital Security Bank cash account will give you access to 25+ different currencies, fixed deposits and world wide money transfers all under the umbrella of a single account number. Click the link below to find out more.
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Gain access to fully allocated physical metals such as Gold, Silver and Platinum stored in your choice of either Liechtenstein or Singapore. Click the below link to find out more
Metals Accounts
Why Consider Offshore Banking?
The raising of taxes to fund a failing economy, local courts and administrations encouraging a culture of legal actions aimed at asset confiscation, the prevalence of divorce, malicious prosecution, and our unstable political world. These political and social factors that you cannot control could effect assets held domestically in your home jurisdiction and all make their own argument each for relocating assets offshore.
The offshore environment, on the other hand, delivers freedom from the above concerns and freedom from red tape.
Offshore banking with CSB, however, isn't only about protecting assets. Offshore banking with CSB also equals access to investment products and opportunities that might not be available from your domestic bank, as well as an effective level of privacy/secrecy usually unheard of "onshore."
In short, doing at least some of one's banking offshore makes financial sense. Isn't it time you tried, too?
Contact our team of specialists on [email protected] or use the contact form and live chat options below to find out more.
Online Banking Security
Important message for Online Banking customers
Bank customers around the world are being targeted with a hoax emails leading to false bank websites, click the link below to find out more.
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Meet the team that will help drive your offshore banking goals in the right direction. Click the link below to find out more.
Quick Facts About The Cook Islands
The Cook Islands has an active offshore banking sector
The confidentiality laws of the Cook Islands prohibit the disclosure of trust and banking relationships except with the consent of the customer, ensuring that no creditor or foreign government can gain access to bank or trust information except in cases of preventing money laundering or averting the financing of terrorism.
Taxation in the Cook Islands including stamp duty, capital gains tax and capital duty are exempt to entities established within the offshore jurisdiction.
Supported by a strong judicial precedent the Cook Islands "Asset Protection Trusts" legislation is highly regarded and since its inception has been adopted by other offshore centers.
Still wondering why the Cook Islands?, click the link below to find out more.
| i don't know |
‘Wot a lot I got’ was the advertising slogan for which confectionery items? | 56 Catchy Candy Slogans and Popular Taglines | BrandonGaille.com
56 Catchy Candy Slogans and Popular Taglines
56 Catchy Candy Slogans and Popular Taglines
Jun 6, 2013
A list of over 50 catchy candy slogans that sweeten these brands a little more. These popular taglines can be given credit for creating some of the most memorable advertising on television.
A lighter way to enjoy chocolate.
A Little Something For Everyone.
A Mars a day helps you work, rest and play.
A palatable confection and a most nourishing food.
And All Because The Lady Loves Milk Tray.
Are you a Cadbury’s Fruit and Nut Case?
At work, rest and play, you get three great tastes in a Milky Way.
Bet You Can’t Put A Fruit Pastel In Your Mouth Without Chewing It.
Blow Your Own Bubble.
Break out of the ordinary.
Ch-a-a-a-w-clit!
Cleans your teeth while it cleans your breath.
Comfort in every bar.
Don’t Forget The Fruit Gums, Mum.
Don’t let hunger happen to you.
Double your pleasure, double your fun.
For That Stormy Breath.
For the Kid in you.
Get some nuts!
Handles your hunger so you can handle, well…anything.
Have a break, have a Kit Kat.
Have you felt the bubbles melt?
How many licks does it take to get to the center of a….
Hungry? Why wait?
If he kissed you once, will he kiss you again?
Isn’t life juicy.
It’s all in the mix.
It’s more than a mouthful…
It’s Not For Girls.
It’s too good for the kids.
Life’s good between Reese’s Peanut Butter Cups.
Lot’s of things have changed, but Hershey’s goodness hasn’t.
Made to make your mouth water.
Makes mouths happy.
Melts in your mouth, not in your hands.
N-E-S-T-L-E-S, Nestles makes the very best!
Nobody better lay a finger on my Butterfinger!
Only Smarties Have the Answer.
Put a Tic Tac in your mouth and get a bang out of life.
Roses Grow on You.
Say it with a KISS.
Smoking prohibited. PEZing allowed.
Sometimes you feel like a nut. Sometimes you don’t.
Taste the explosion.
There’s no wrong way to eat a Reese’s.
To make that tough job easier you deserve.
Two for me, none for you.
Two great tastes that tastes great together.
You got chocolate in my peanut butter!
You got peanut butter in my chocolate!
Go here to see some more slogan examples and find out the perfect slogan formula for creating a catchy slogan that brings in more customers.
The infographic below looks at some of the most popular candy brands on social media. Their advertising strategy is a combination of both contented and continued engagement with consumers.
Here are the secret tactics I used to build my website traffic to over 2 million monthly visitors and grow my email list to over 100,000 subscribers:
| Smarties |
Which fruit is the international symbol of hospitality? | UK television adverts 1955-1985
Blue Bird – Blue Bird – Blue Bird Liquorice Rolls.
Blue Riband
I’ve got those — can’t get enough of those Blue Riband blues,
Blue Riband’s the chocolate wafer biscuit I always choose,
When my woman treats me right,
She buys me Blue Riband wafer biscuits, crisp and light,
I’ve got those — can’t get enough of those Bl-u-u-u-e….
Oh! thank you!
Voice-over: Buy Blue Riband — the biscuit to beat the blues.
Bounty (1)
I’d rather have a Bounty.
Bounty brings you tender coconut.
The taste of paradise!
They came in search of paradise.
Bounty (2): 1984
You know I’m waiting,
Just anticipating
Things I may never possess,
While I’m without them
Try a little tenderness …
Bounty — the taste of paradise!
[Tune: “Try a Little Tenderness”]
BubbleYum: 1977
(City gents on a train)
Bubblegum old chap?!
Spearmint BubbleYum actually. I chew BubbleYum because it’s soft and juicy — the flavour lasts such a long time!
How long exactly?
(Go on, blow a bubble — go on!)
Voiceover: LIFESAVERS BubbleYum — the long lasting flavour. You don’t have to blow bubbles.
(Bet you will!)
Butter Snap: c.1970
Man at the kiosk cannot remember the name of what he wants, says things like “it’s a … er …. snappy, snappy taste” to the bewildered kiosk lady; cue a schoolboy swiftly into view “Butter Snap, please, thanks!” and out again, and the chap remembers too late as the kiosk lady pulls down the shutter
Voiceover: Sharp’s Butter Snap, a name to remember!
Cadbury’s Amazin’ Raisin bar
It’s amazing what raisins can do!
Full of goodness and it’s all for you,
It’s got two kinds of chocolate (and caramel too!)
And it’s got raisins and they’re good for you
It’s amazin’ what raisins can do,
All that goodness and it’s all for you,
So just do what you have to do,
It’s amazin’ what raisins can do-oo-oo.
Cadbury’s Big One: 1971
[launched in Tyne Tees and Yorkshire areas in Sep.1971, withdrawn in 1972/73]
(Cowboy looking out across the desert)
If you like your Big One to last a long time,
Big one, sticks out a mile.
Cadbury’s Boost
What can fill the Watford Gap?
What ties up a crocodile’s snap?
What makes policemen drop their hats?
A Boost, a Boost, and Cadbury’s Boost!
Cadbury’s Bournville chocolate: c.1970
For adults only.
Cadbury’s Caramel: early 1980s
(A cartoon rabbit speaks to a cartoon beaver)
Hey Mister Beaver, why are you beavering around?
Haven’t you heard of Cadbury’s Caramel?
Soon as that thick Cadbury’s milk chocolate melts with that dreamy caramel — you just have to take things really easy!
Looks like somebody else could do with some!
Take it easy with Cadbury’s Caramel.
Cadbury’s Chocolate Buttons (1): c.1970
Buy some buttons, jolly, jolly buttons,
Buy some buttons, they’ll last you all the day.
When you’ve sixpence to spend
You’ll have buttons to lend,
And buttons to last you while you play!
Voiceover: Cadbury’s Chocolate Buttons – sixpence!
Cadbury’s Chocolate Buttons (2): c.1984
Sing a song of sixpence,
The king he gave a sigh,
He wasn’t even partial
To blackbirds in a pie,
But when the pie was opened,
Much to his surprise,
His favourite Cadbury’s Buttons
Were right before his eyes.
Cadbury’s Buttons — dairy milk chocolate for beginners!
[Tune: Sing a Song of Sixpence]
Cadbury’s Contrast: early 1960s
I like a man who likes me enough to buy me Cadbury’s Contrast.
Cadbury’s Creme Eggs (1): 1983
You can’t resist them!
Cadbury’s Creme Eggs (2): 1985
How do you eat yours?
Cadbury’s Curly Wurly (1): 1973
Cadbury’s Curly Wurly outchews everything for three pence!
Cadbury’s Curly Wurly (2)
My brother and my friends are very bright, Mr Ghost Train driver. But don’t worry, they won’t be able to scream, ’cos I’ve given them a Curly Wurly. All those miles of chewy toffee covered in creamy Cadbury’s chocolate will keep them quiet.
Ooh, aargh, help — oh crumbs, let me out of here!
Right, confess! Which one of you screamed?
[with Terry Scott as the schoolboy — at the fair]
Cadbury’s Curly Wurly (3)
Hands off my Curly Wurly!
Curly Wurlies, only 10p.
Cadbury’s Curly Wurly (3): 1973
Cadbury’s Curly Wurly outchews everything for three pence!
Cadbury’s Dairy Milk chocolate (1): c.1970
In the supersonic, scientific, psychedelic ’seventies
Isn’t it nice to know …
There’s still the same great taste
Of Cadbury’s Dairy Milk.
Chocolate as it used to be,
Chocolate as it always will be! —
Cadbury’s Dairy Milk.
Cadbury’s Dairy Milk chocolate (2): 1965
Mother just about manages to close a jam-packed suitcase - then child brings teddy bear. She awards herself the CDM for closing it.
Voiceover: Have you been sent packing today? Award yourself the CDM!
Cadbury’s Dairy Milk chocolate (3): 1965
Man at tailor’s being measured for a suit.
Voiceover: Have you had a trying day? Award yourself the CDM!
Cadbury’s Dairy Milk chocolate (4)
A glass and a half of full-cream milk in every half pound.
Cadbury’s Dairy Milk chocolate (5)
Nothing tastes nicer — you tell ’em, Cilla!
Cadbury’s Dairy Milk chocolate (6): 1970s
One chunk (leads to another),
One chunk (one chunk),
Just a glass and a half in every half-pound,
One chunk (one chunk) leads to another.
Cadbury’s Double Decker
Get on board, get on board,
Get on board with the Double Deckers!
Cadbury’s Flake (1)
What rings the bell with ice-cream eaters? Cadbury’s 99 Flake!
Cadbury’s Flake (3): 1959 onwards
[Series showing girls eating a Flake in exotic settings, e.g. sitting in a gipsy caravan in 1981, and rowing a boat through a waterfall into a cave in Jamaica in 1983]
Only the crumbliest, flakiest chocolate,
Tastes like chocolate never tasted before.
Cadbury’s Flake (4): 1969
Cadbury’s Flake. Fold upon fold of creamy milk chocolate.
Cadbury’s Flake (5): 1970s
Cadbury’s Flake — and nothing else matters.
Cadbury’s Fruit & Nut (1): 1976
Everyone’s a Cadbury’s Fruit and Nut case.
It’s the nuts and raisins!
They’re all after those crunchy nuts and juicy raisins —
wrapped up in lovely dairy milk chocolate.
Isn’t it strange how the simple combination of —
nutty nuts, juicy raisins, and Cadbury’s chocolate —
can affect people?
Are you a Cadbury’s Fruit and Nut case?
[Frank Muir; Tune: “Return to Django”]
Cadbury’s Fruit & Nut (2): 1977
Everyone’s a Fruit and Nut case
It keeps you going when you toss the caber,
Whatever you are doing.
It’s nutricious and beauticious
To judiciously be chewing.
Everyone’s a Fruit and Nut case
If only it could help improve my singing,
A healthy recreation.
Cadbury’s — Fruit and Nut.
(We make these up as we go along, you know.)
[Frank Muir; Tune: Tchaikovsky’s “Dance of the reed flutes”]
Cadbury’s Fruit & Nut (3): 1977
Everyone’s a Fruit and Nut case
I find it very healthy for my ego
It makes one feel more vital
As if one had a title!
Lots more fun than plumbing —
Or a saxophone recital.
Everyone’s a Fruit and Nut case
For bathing and ballooning it’s essential
For any recreation
Cadbury’s — Fruit and Nut.
(They don’t make commercials like this any more!)
[Frank Muir; Tune: Tchaikovsky’s “Dance of the reed flutes”]
Cadbury’s Fruit & Nut (4): 1970s
Everyone’s a fruit and nut case,
Crazy for those Cadbury’s nuts and raisins,
When you’ve got your feet up
What a joy to eat up,
City gents of consequence and blokes who dig the street up:
Everyone’s a fruit and nut case,
Crazy for those Cadbury’s nuts and raisins,
When you’ve got your feet up,
What a joy to eat up,
Cadbury’s Fruit and Nut!
Cadbury’s Fudge
A finger of Fudge is just enough to give the kids a treat,
A finger of fudge is just enough until it’s time to eat.
It’s full of Cadbury goodness, and very small and neat,
A finger of fudge is just enough to give the kids a treat.
Cadbury’s Lucky Numbers: Late 1950s
Lucky Numbers, Lucky Numbers — chocolate and chew.
I’ll be lucky, you’ll be lucky … they’ll be lucky too!
Cadbury’s Milk Tray (1)
Cadbury’s Milk Tray,
With Cadbury’s Milk Tray,
With Cadbury’s Milk Tray
Cadbury’s Milk Tray (2): 1968
And all because the lady loves Milk Tray!
[starring “man in black” Gary Myers]
Cadbury’s Milk Tray Calypso: 1974
A calypso steel band sails to chocolate islands in a chocolate sea
Why don’t you stop what you’re doing and come with me
To fourteen islands in a chocolate sea,
Fourteen … that you’ll love to eat,
… chocolate treat?
Marzipan and a chocolate ice,
A nutty one from the nutty nut tree,
Each a different island in a chocolate sea.
Oh … It’s a different experience every time”
Cadbury’s Monsters, Laughs, and Furry Friends: 1971
We’ve just arrived from Cadbury Land,
Monsters, Laughs, and Furry Friends,
Milk chocolate bars from Cadbury’s,
We’re such a happy band.
You’ll find us now in your sweetshop,
This is Cadbury Land!
Cadbury’s Old Jamaica: 1970s
Don’t ’ee knock it all back at once!
Cadbury’s Picnic: 1970s [later Lion Bar]
Cadbury’s Picnic has so many nutty bits it won’t stand up on its end! Look!
[with Kenny Everett]
Cadbury’s Roses (1): 1958
There’s more to enjoy in Cadbury’s Roses.
Cadbury’s Roses (2): 1964
Roses grow on you!
They say that roses grow on you,
They seem so nice it must be true,
They say that roses grow on you,
Roses grow on you.
Cadbury’s Roses (4): 1979
Say “thank you” with Cadbury’s Roses
Cadbury’s Roses (5): 1982
Thank you very much for the care they needed,
Thank you very much, thank you very, very, very much!
Cadbury’s Roses chocolates with all your favourite centres!
Thank you very much for doing the dishes,
Thank you very much, thank you very, very, very much!
Thank you very much just for being my missis,
Thank you very, very, very — very, very, very, very,
Thank you very, very, very much!
[Tune: “Thank You Very Much” by the Scaffold]
Cadbury’s Rumba: 1973
You’ll succumba to Rumba!
Cadbury’s Snack (1): 1960s
Bridge that gap,
Cadbury’s Snack (2): 1973
It’s Snack time!
Bridge that gap with Cadbury’s Snack Biscuits galore!
One biscuit — two biscuits — three biscuits — four
Five biscuits — six biscuits — biscuits galore!
Cadbury’s Whole Nut (1)
Whole nuts, not crunched or halved
Cadbury’s Whole Nut (2): 1970s
Nuts! Who-o-le Hazelnuts!
Cadbury’s take them and they cover them in chocolate!
[Tune: “The Banana Boat Song”]
Cadbury’s Wispa : 1983 relaunch [now Dairy Milk Bubbly]
(with Hi-de-Hi Stars Ruth Madoc and Simon Cadell)
Ruth: Simon — can I interest you in an amazing new experience?
Simon: Well, that rather depends.
Ruth: It’s called Wispa, and it’s made entirely from milk chocolate, but it tastes very different.
Simon: How odd: I thought that chocolate was just chocolate.
Ruth: Oh no. This is from Cadbury, see. It has this yielding velvety texture to it which can only be described as “indescribable”.
Simon: Absolutely extraordinary. That’s the most pleasurable experience I’ve ever had.
Ruth: I can well believe that….
Voice-over (whispered): Cadbury’s new Wispa. The ultimate chocolate experience. Bite it and believe it!
Chipitos crisps (formerly Wotsits): late 1960s
Tune: Chick, Chick, Chick, Chick, Chicken (Lay a Little Egg for Me)
Chip Chip Chip Chipitos,
Buy another bag for me.
Chip Chip Chip Chipitos,
I’ve seen them on TV.
I haven’t had a bite since lunchtime,
and now it’s nearly three.
Chip Chip Chip chipitos
Buy another bag for me.
Chipsticks: 1976
Young man: Come on, darlin’!
Girl: No!
Young man: You don’t know until you’ve tried it.
Girl: Oh, all right, I’ll try anything once (eats a Chipstick). ’Ere, they’re smashin’ (Young man looks at her cleavage and sighs Yeah). Oh, Chipsticks. They look like chips, don’t they? They’re all crunchy, ain’t they?
Young man: Right. Say when.
Girl: Wait till I’ve finished the Chipsticks.
Smack your chops, lick your lips,
Eat a lovely bag of Chipsticks.
Cornetto (1): 1977
I a taking no chances,
I bring all si-i-x.
Serenader: Si! Now there’s a-neapolitan with a-strawberry and a ….
Just one Cornetto … from Walls ice cream.
[Tune: “O sole mio”]
Oooh, Duncan’s Walnut Whips!
Fox’s Glacier Mints (1)
Fox: Why is there a bear on Fox’s Glacier mints?
Polar bear: There’s a bear on Fox’s Glacier Mints because they’re so clear and cool and minty.
Fox’s Glacier Mints (2): 1983
Clearly minty!
Fry’s Chocolate Cream (1)
Seven pieces of heaven, that’s Fry’s Chocolate Cream,
Seven pieces of heaven, that’s Fry’s Chocolate Cream.
Fry’s Chocolate Cream (2)
I want to be alone, I want to be alone,
Me myself at home sweet home,
Leave the oysters in their bed,
…
Tell the casino that I’ll miss the next game,
I don’t want to dress up, I dont want to dine,
Come up and see me some other time,
I want to be alone with Fry’s Chocolate Cream.
Fry’s Chocolate Cream (3): 1979
Scene: A railway platform. A man is saying ’bye to his lady friend through the train window.
Man: Daphne – here’s something for the journey.
Daphne: Fry’s Chocolate Cream! You remembered!
Man: It will always remind me of you … slim, dark, sophisticated … yet, underneath it all … a soft heart … and a sweetness that will hold me all my life.
Daphne: If only you’d told me before!
[The train doors slam and Daphne is shown seated … reading a magazine. The carriage door opens…]
Man: Can we start all over again?
Voiceover: Fry’s Chocolate Cream … the bittersweet experience!
Fry’s Chocolate Cream (3)
Fry’s Chocolate Cream — make the moment last.
Fry’s Crunchie (1): 1960s
Crunchie makes exciting biting!
Fry’s Crunchie (2): 1969
Crunchie … the taste bomb!
(later changed to “Crunchie … your taste bomb!”)
Fry’s Crunchie (3)
I get a certain feeling
I get it every day
And when I get that feeling
A Crunchie comes my way
It’s that Friday feeling
Thank Crunchie it’s Friday
Get that Friday feeling any day of the week!
Fry’s Crunchie (4): 1976
Bite into a golden Crunchie.
Fry’s Five Boys
(Too early for television advertising? The following newspaper/magazine advert dates from 1902)
Five girls want Five Boys and will have no other.
Fry’s Medley: c.1963
Do yourself a favour — have a Medley …
Chocolate bar with the fruit surprise.
Do yourself a favour — have a Medley!
Real fruit flavour — NEW FROM FRY’s!
Milky chocolate covered — that’s a Medley!
Real fruit too — that’s the fruit surprise!
Do yourself a favour — have a Medley!
Fruity Medley … NEW FROM FRY’s!
Fry’s Turkish Delight: 1957
Fry’s Turkish Delight is a rich red secret —
A rare Eastern essence slowly mingles with smooth milk chocolate —
to give you a long luxuriant taste of the East.
Fry’s Turkish Delight … full of Eastern promise!
[with harem girls]
Fry’s Turkish Delight (2)
Fry’s Turkish Delight, Fry’s Turkish Delight,
From the fabulous east
So full of milk, it almost moos!
Galaxy chocolate (2): 1987
Background music = George Gershwin’s “Rhapsody in Blue”
A lady (over-elegantly dressed (for the hot climate) swans in and seats herself on a couch, beneath a ceiling fan, and reaches for a bar of Galaxy, slipping off her high heels as she unwraps it
Voiceover: Why have cotton when you can have silk?
After unwrapping and tasting the first piece, the lady drifts off into her own world.
Glees: c.1965
T wo sweets in one!
Golden Wonder crisps (1): c.1969
Golden Wonder — they’re Jungle Fresh…
Golden Wonder — real Jungle Fresh…
When a fellow isn’t feeling very strong
Give a nut a nut….
Look out! People go wild…
Golden Wonder — they’re Jungle Fresh…
Golden Wonder — real Jungle Fresh….
[Tune: The Peanut Vendor]
Golden Wonder are the crispiest crisps!
Golden Wonder crisps (3): 1970
The crisp with the light touch.
Golden Wonder peanuts
Golden Wonder Rock ’n’ Rollers crisps: 1970s
New from Golden Wonder — they’re called Rock ’n Rollers
Betcha gonna like ’em!
There’s a million ways to eat a Wotsit!
Hanky Panky sweet popcorn
Arthur Lowe sitting on a park bench beside a girl:
Would you care for a bit of Hanky Panky?
(SLAP! )
I was only offering you a little nibble!”
( BIG SLAP!)
Harvest Chewy Bars: early 1980s
You’re witnessing a very dangerous experiment.
This man will attempt to eat a cereal bar within earshot of — the squirrels!
Is he barmy?
No, he’s chewing a new Harvest Chewy Bar.
(The squirrels take no notice)
Yes, conclusive proof new moist and chewy Quaker Harvest Chewy Bars are extremely quiet.
Uh-oh!
They’ll be around for ever.
It’s so happy crunching Hula Hoops,
Crisper than a crisp — they’re Hula Hoops,
Hula Hoops, Hula Hoops, Hula Hoops,
Crispy Hula Hoops,
It’s crunchy when you’re munching Hula Hoops.
You should come and stay with Hula Hoops,
New potato rings — they’re Hula Hoops,
Hula Hoops, Hula Hoops, Hula Hoops,
Crispy Hula Hoops,
It’s crunchy when you’re munching Hula Hoops,
So crunchy when you’re munching Hula Hoops.
Ipso
(Small fruit- and mint-flavoured sweets in a boxes with sides like Lego bricks that could be joined together)
Ipso Ipso, Ipso calypso.
So refreshing, lots of flavour …
“Come one, you’ll miss your train!”
Jacob’s Club biscuit (1): 1972
If you like a lot of chocolate on your biscuit join our club,
If you like a lot of chocolate on your biscuit join our club,
If you like a lot of chocolate on your biscuit join our club.
Jacob’s Club — have you ever seen more chocolate on a biscuit?
If you like a lot of chocolate on your biscuit join our club!
Jacobs Club Biscuits (2): 1980
Scene: A Courtroom
Teddy Boy (taking oath): … nothing but the truth.
Judge : Does the accused usually frequent The Blue Lagoon Gentlemen’s Club?
Teddy Boy and the rest of the courtroom sing to the tune of Barbara Ann:
A Bar-bar-bar, bar-bar-a Club,
A Jacobs Club in my hand, bar-a Club (bar-bar-a Club),
I’ll be munchin’ and a crunchin’, crunchin’ and a munchin’
Bar-a-Club, bar-bar,bar-bar-a Club,
Thick chocolate to excite, thick biscuit to bite,
See a Jacob’s Club….
Voiceover: Jacob’s Club-the biscuit bar, bar none!
Jacob’s Club biscuit (3): 1984
When they’ve gone off the bite at the Angling Club,
And it’s gone all wobbly down the Pottery Club,
If your partner’s waltzed off at the Dancing Club,
They’ve found a club
They really love.
Well, you couldn’t have a biscuit that’s as chocolatey as Club,
Well, you couldn’t have a biscuit that’s as chocolatey as Club,
So come and be a member of the Club Fan Club!
Jacob’s Club biscuit (4)
(With characters from the Wizard of Oz)
Scarecrow: Oh, I wish I had a brain!
Tin-man: I wish I had a heart!
Lion: I wish I had c-c-c- …
Dorothy: Courage?
Lion: No, a c-c Club!
If you like a lot of chocolate on your biscuit join our Club!
Lion: Jacob’s Club … oh-oh … all that thick chocolate drives me wild!
If you like a lot of chocolate on your biscuit join our Club!
Kit-Kat (1): 1957
Have a break — Have a Kit Kat!
Kit Kat (2): 1984
(Record deal: a dreadful looking group is singing dreadfully)
Lead singer: This is the best bit …
Record producer: I think we’ll take a break!
Voice-over: Have a break, have a Kit Kat!
Lead singer: What do you think?
Record producer: You can’t sing, you can’t play, you look awful!! … You’ll go a long way!!
KP Good ’n’ Crunchy Crisps: 1984
It’s so good and they’re so crunchy …
And nothing even like it’s ever happened before!
They’re so good — Good ’n’ Crunchy Crisps ….
The salt ’n’ vinegar flavour — that’s the one I adore!
You’ve never crunched a crisp that’s tastier or tasted a crisp that’s crunchier than new KP Good ’n’ Crunchy crisps!
It’s so good ’cos they’re so crunchy and….
… I may like lots of crisps!
I bet you’ll like these lots more!
KP Discos
They’re Discos, They’re Discos,
They’re KP Discos,
They’re different, they’re rounder, won’t you take a look,
They’re Discos, They’re Discos,
They’re KP Discos,
And they taste as different as they look-look-look.
KP Discos taste as different as they look!
KP Nuts: c.1970
I’m dancing at this party,
Lettin’ it all hang out,
I’m looking for some peanuts,
But there’s none about.
I’ve got my Number Ones!
My lucky Number Ones (he’s got KP!).
KP nuts are fresh and tasty — in the bag,
They give you lots of protein — which can’t be bad,
They’re irresistible,
They’re really beautiful (we’re having so much fun!)
With Britain’s Number One (he’s got KP!).
My lucky Number Ones!
KP Wigwams. The light-as-a-crisp, munchy-as-a-biscuit snack.
Lee’s Macaroon Bars: c.1960
Lee’s, Lee’s,
Scores of us beg on our bended knees,
For piccaninnies and grandpapas
It’s Lee’s for luscious macaroon bars!
Logger chocolate bars
Lumberjack: I truly love a Logger!
Girlfriend: What, love one more than me?
Lumberjack: The Logger that I truly love’s got marks on, like a tree!
Lovell’s Milky Lunch
Lovell’s Milky Lunch is lov-er-ly, lov-er-ly
Lovells Milky Lunch is lov-er-ly
Lovell’s Milky Lunch is lov-er-ly, lov-er-ly
Lovell’s Milky Lunch is lov-er-ly!
Lovells toffees
Lovells are lovely, lovely, lovely,
Lovells are lovely!
Lyon’s Maid ice-cream: c.1970
With Lyons Maid, you’re laughing!
Lyon’s Maid Cornish ice-cream
Dairy ice cream, like a dream.
Mackintosh’s Reward Chocolates: 1965
Man puts diamond earrings in one space in a box of Reward chocolates ready for his girlfriend
Man: What are you doing now?
Lady: Thinking.
Mackintosh’s [now Nestle’s] Quality Street (1): c.1971
Quality Street was made for sharing
Mackintosh’s [now Nestle’s] Quality Street (2)
Quality, Quality, Quality Street,
Bang the drum and a great big gun,
All the fun of the share.
Made for sharing, made for sharing,
Bang the drum and a great big gun,
All the fun of the share.
Mackintosh’s [now Nestle’s] Quality Street (3): Christmas 1973
Quality Quality Quality Street — Quality Quality Quality Street
All of the sparkle, all of the flair
All of the fun of the share!
Mackintosh’s Mint Cracknel
[To the tune of Jimmy Crack Corn]
Gimme Mint Cracknel and I don’t care
Gimme Mint Cracknel and I don’t care
Gimme Mint Cracknel and I don’t care …
It’ll chase those blues away!
McVitie’s Taxi
Taxi (honk), follow that taxi (honk, honk),
It’s the bumper bargain biscuit of today.
Taxi (honk), follow that taxi (honk, honk),
There’s much more for the fare that you pay.
Taxi, when you’re feeling snack-si,
It’s got that chocolate satisfaction guaranteed,
It’s the bumper bargain, chocolate-flavoured, coated wafer, crispy biscuit
Snack bar … on four wheels (honk, honk)!
Maltesers (1): Late 1950s
Friend: Chocolates, with a figure like yours to take care of?
Woman: Those aren’t chocolates, they’re Maltesers.
Announcer: Maltesers, the chocolates with the less fattening centres.
Maltesers (2): 1980
When you’re giving the boys a lead there’s nothing more tempting than Maltesers.
“Chocolates!?”
“No! Maltesers!”
Inside that delicious coating of milk chocolate is a light, crisp, honeycomb centre. Together they make a winning combination.
“Chocolates!?”
Maltesers — it’s the honeycomb middle that weighs so little.
Marathon [now renamed Snickers] (1): 1976
With the then unknown Keith Chegwin (just prior to the launch of “Swap Shop”)
Hey! New Marathon’s arrived!
New Marathon?!
New Marathon because now the peanuts are greater roasted for extra peanut taste!
Hey! smashing new peanut taste!
New lighter centre (mmm smooth!) super chocolate, golden caramel, peanuts!
New Marathon! Comes up peanuts slice after slice!
New extra flavour — MARATHON!
Marathon [now renamed Snickers] (2): 1976
(Five people in street — each holding a Marathon bar)
1: Marathon is marvellous! You can eat it in the street, in the office — anywhere!
Marathon is marvellous
2: When I’m really hungry Marathon is just right — it’s absolutely perfect!
3: Fills the old tum you know!
Marathon is marvellous
4: It’s very nutty — very filling!
5: Keeps your hunger at bay.
Marathon is marvellous
[With Bob Monkhouse, Richard Murdoch, Vera Lynn, Petula Clark]
Mars Bar (2): 1965
Life is full of fun if you know how to enjoy it, and a Mars bar helps you to enjoy life even more.
You see Mars gives you energy while you work, nourishes you while you relax, keeps you going while you play.
A Mars a day helps you work rest and play — because glucose and sugar, milk and chocolate are all in Mars!
Yes a Mars a day helps you work rest and play.
Maynard’s Wine Gums (1)
Let the juice loose!
Maynard’s Wine Gums (2)
Hoots mon, there’s juice loose aboot this hoose.
Meltis New Berry Fruits (1): 1957
The only sweet with these lovely fruit liqueur centres.
Meltis New Berry Fruits (2): 1950s/1960s
Pineapple, Gooseberry, Strawberry, …………, ………… [order of fruits not known]
Meltis New Berry Fruits with lovely fruit liqueur centres!
Midland Counties ice cream (1): early 1960s
(A family out for a drive in their Morris Minor convertible)
Daughter: There’s one, Dad!
(Dad stops the car and enters a shop displaying a “Midland Counties ice cream” sign)
Dad: Here’s something for everyone!
Daughter: Raspberry Ripple please, Daddy!
Son: Orange bar for me, Dad!
Mum: Ooh! A choc ice!
Dad: And I’m taking home a family brick for tea!
Mum: We always stop when we see this sign.
All: Mmm — Midland Counties!
Midland Counties ice cream (2): 1966
This morning when you’re out shopping,
Pass the Midland Counties cooler without stopping,
And you’ll hear this muffled appeal:
Liberate a lolly from the Counties cooler today,
Free a frantic ice cream from a Counties cooler today.
Reprieve young Raspberry Ripple,
Aid Big Cake to make his break,
Restore Pop Sticks to the people,
Smoothe young Strawberry Jack’s escape.
Liberate a lolly from the Counties cooler today!
(Lyrics by Mike Isaacson / music by Mike Batt)
Milky Way (1)
The sweet you can eat between meals without spoiling your appetite.
Milky Way (2)
The red car and the blue car had a race
All Red wants to do is stuff his face.
He eats everything he sees
From trucks to prickly trees
But smart old Blue he took the Milky Way.
He’s looking for a chocolate treat – fluffy and light
’Cos he knows it won’t spoil his app-e-tite (mm mm MMMM!).
Oh no! the bridge has gone, poor old Red can’t carry on!
But smart old Blue, he took the Milky Way.
This advert made a comback on E4/satellite in 2009 with a couple of changes. “Smart old Blue” was changed to “Good old Blue”, and “’Cos he knows it won’t spoil his appetite” was changed (post-Trades Description Act) to “’Cos he knows it tastes just right”.
Mint Cracknel: 1973
Chap eating a Mint Cracknel in pouring rain, singing to the tune of “Blue Tail Fly”:
Gimme Mint Cracknel and I don’t care,
Gimme Mint Cracknel and I don’t care,
Gimme Mint Cracknel and I don’t care,
It’ll chase those blues away!
Monster Munch (Smith’s): 1977
This Monster is having his favourite dream —
The one where Monster Munch grows on trees —
Giant trees of course!
There’s one tree for Pickled Onion flavour,
One tree for Saucy flavour,
And one tree for Roast Beef flavour —
Which is all very nice and fun for him —
But not so for his somewhat smaller friends!
However, while he’s enjoying his dream —
Guess who’s enjoying his Monster Munch?
Monster Munch from Smith’s in three flavours
The biggest snack pennies can buy!
Murray Mints (1): 1955
The too good to hurry mints.
Why make haste when you can taste,
The hint of mint in Murray Mints?
Murray Mints, Murray Mints,
The too good to hurry mints.
Treat yourself to Murray Mints — The too good to hurry mints.
Murray Mints (2)
You can never hurry a Murray!
Nestle’s Breakaway
If I eat my sister’s Breakaway she’ll burst my new balloon….
(The balloon pops!).
Well, once you’ve seen one balloon, you’ve seen them all!
Don’t take away my Breakaway!
Nestle’s Dairy Box (1): 1956
With Una Stubbs dancing
My girl is sent by Dairy Box centres!
Nestle’s Dairy Box (2): 1950s
Man (after calling out “Judy” to wake sleeping girl):
Judy’s pretty and Judy’s good,
But little Judy never never could
Resist the chocs in Dairy Box,
So lovely centres in Dairy Box!
Judy:
Fresh butter makes it taste so well,.
Sugar and milk, you’re bound to fall
For just the dreamiest sweet of all.
Man:
Blended in as smooth as silk,
You’ll love the chocs in Dairy Box
With all those lovely centres, centres, centres, centres [fades away]
Nestle’s Dairy Box (2): 1970s
What the world needs now is love, sweet love,
It’s the only thing that there’s just too little of.
What the world needs now is love sweet love,
No not just for some but for everyone.
Dairy Box milk chocolates — for everyone.
Nestle’s Milkybar: 1961
The Milky Bar Kid is tough and strong,
The Milky Bar Kid just can’t go wrong,
The Milky Bar Kid only eats what’s right,
That’s Milky Bar, it’s sweet and white,
Nestle’s Milky Bar.
The Milky Bar Kid is strong and tough
And only the best is good enough,
The creamiest milk, the whitest bar,
The goodness that’s in Milky Bar
Nestle’s Milky Bar.
The Milky Bars are on me!
Nestles Secret Chocolate Bar: late 1970s
(Young lady on train eats her Secret … in secret)
I see her face everywhere I go …
Have you seen her?
Opal Fruits [now renamed Starburst]
Want something fresh?
Made to make your mouth water,
Fresh with the tang of citrus,
Four refreshing fruit flavours,
A chewing gum ever had
And it’s kind to your teeth —
And that ain’t bad.
Orbit ice-cream
The big ice-cream on a stick.
Pacers
Voiceover: Now you can enjoy new Pacers — wait till you taste that fresh chewy spearmint. Now striped with peppermint!
Ice-skater: Striped?
Voiceover: Yes, peppermint stripes. Stripes of peppermint in refreshing chewy spearmint that mingle in your mouth to give a new two-mint freshness.
Ice-skater: Stripes?
Voiceover: Enjoy a new kind of freshness — new striped Pacers: peppermint stripes for two-mint freshness.
Pascall sweets: mid-1950s
Children skip down the road, over a stream on a bridge, and into a sweet shop while singing. Someone who took part as young child adds: “It was filmed in the Cotswolds, in the villages of Lower Slaughter, where we ran through the village and over the bridge and Fifield where the shop was filmed. We children were mostly from Lower and Upper Slaughter and we had to run around singing the song while patting our heads and rubbing our stomachs simultaneously”
Pascalls sweets, Pascalls sweets are the best.
Yes the best are the sweets made by Pascalls.
Don’t you wish that you had for yourself,
Those lovely jars upon the shelf.
Pascalls sweets, Pascalls sweets are the best….
Pascall Murray sweets: 1960s
The flavour lingers longer and longer,
Pascall Murray super sweets,
The flavour lingers longer and longer and longer and longer….
Pascall's White Heather chocolates: 1960s
You can't resist – White Heather!
Pendleton’s Twicer ice-cream: 1950s
There was a young girl of Southend
Who had only twopence to spend,
So what could be nicer
Than a Pendleton’s Twicer?
Ice cream — with a lolly each end!
[Recited by Cyril Fletcher]
Rolo. More fun to have around.
Rolo (5): 1980
Do you love anyone enough to give them your last Rolo?
Rowntree’s Aero
Every bubble’s passed its test.
Rowntree’s Black Magic (1): 1950s
[Cartoon of young man and girl in a park]
Voiceover: Wonderful day, wonderful world…. Uh huh, something’s gone wrong with the reception. What magic could be missing to make it really perfect?
Aah, good thing he remembered: Black Magic. Nothing sweetens the atmosphere so quickly as a box of Black Magic chocolates. There’s a certain something about those centres that’s irresistible; so many, so marvellous: liquid cherry for brightening her eyes, montelimar for parting her lips, orange creme to make her heart beat faster, hazel cluster, coffee cream. They are all so, so delicious.
Black Magic chocolates will win anyone’s heart – yours too. Try them soon.
Rowntree’s Black Magic (2): c.1960
Woman: I remember the first time we met.
That old black magic has me in its spell,
That old black magic that you weave so well …
Man: I couldn’t take my eyes off you!
… the same old witchcraft when your eyes met mine.
Man: I knew I had to see you again!
Woman: Black Magic! It was the first thing you ever gave me!
That old black magic called love.
Rowntree’s Black Magic (3)
Who knows the secret of the Black Magic box?
Rowntree’s Cabana: c.1984
Come, mister tally-man, tally me Cabana,
I want a Cabana and I want one now,
Coconut, caramel, cherries and milk chocolate,
I want a Cabana and I want one now!
Cab-a-a-na, Cab-a-a-a-na,
I want a Cabana and I want one now!
[Tune: Banana Boat Song]
Rowntree’s Fruit Gums (1): 1956
Don’t forget my fruit gums, Mum,
I just love those fruit gums, Mum,
Thruppence buys a tube of fruit gums,
Gums that last all day.
Bring me home some fruit gums, Mum,
All my pals love fruit gums, Mum,
Rowntree’s fruit gums last the longest,
That’s why we all say:
They’re smashing! They’re Rowntree’s!
[With a young Dennis Waterman. Later changed to “Don’t forget the fruit gums, chum” to stop mums from being coerced]
Rowntree’s Fruit Gums (2)
Rowntree’s fruit gums,
In your tum, tum, tum!
Rowntree’s Fruit Gums (3)
Rowntree’s Fruit Gums will last as long as the day.
Rowntree’s Fruit Gums (4): 1960s
[A boy wins his race at a school sports day, and his proud father has a flashback of Roger Bannister completing the first four-minute mile. The disheartened losers are given fruit gums, and one by one they break into huge smiles]
It’s the four-minute smile.
The longest lasting fruit gums in the world.
Rowntree’s Fruit Gums (5): mid-1970s
We got plenty of fruit gums,
Raspberry, lemon and lime.
Taste the orange and blackcurrant fruit gums,
’Cause fruit gums last a long, long time.
Rowntree’s Fruit Pastilles (1): 1959
[The first ever advert for these sweets. The tubes were priced 3d and the boxes 1/-]
(A young couple enter a sweet shop)
She: Look! Rowntree’s pastilles!
He: Would you like some?
She: Ooo please!
Shopkeeper: Yes, only Rowntree’s know how to get the best out of fruit — that’s why you get the real fruit taste in Rowntree’s pastilles. Soft, juicy … there’s nothing like the taste of fruit in Rowntree’s pastilles!
Voiceover: There are plenty of Rowntree’s pastilles in the shops now — be sure to ask for Rowntree’s pastilles! Yes, now you too can enjoy the best sweets in the world…. Rowntree’s Fruit Pastilles!
Rowntree’s Fruit Pastilles (2): 1961
(A housewife is tidying the lounge)
Men! They’re all the same … untidy, lazy … especially when it comes to doing something around the house!
(She spots a tube of Rowntree’s pastilles on the mantelshelf, next to a picture of hubby)
Still, Bill’s not so bad really I suppose. You know, it’s funny the things you remember … little things, like these pastilles he brings me — he knows I like them. Sounds a bit silly I suppose — it’s not to me!
Voiceover: Rowntree’s Fruit Pastilles with the tingle tongue taste — just a thought!
Rowntree’s Fruit Pastilles (3): 1972
(A mother tiptoes downstairs, picks up a tube of Rowntree’s pastilles, and is caught in the act by the children)
Put those pastilles down, ma,
Put those pastilles down,
Pastille pickin’ mama,
Pass those pastilles round!
Mum says she buys fresh, fruity Rowntree’s pastilles for us, but sometimes I’m not so sure!
Pastille pickin’ mama,
Rowntree’s Fruit Pastilles (4)
All you can do is chew.
Rowntree’s Lion Bar
Bite it! Crunch it! Chew it!
Rowntree’s Nutty bar: 1970s
Nuts, nuts — lots of nuts! You get them in a Nutty bar!
Rowntree’s Striper
Four times the flavour, four times the chew.
Rowntree’s Tots
Jelly Tots — your favourite sweet,
Candy Tots — made to eat,
And Teddy Tots — all shiny bright,
Tiger tots — liquorice for you to bite.
Four to choose from on the shelf,
Rowntree’s Tots — please yourself!
Rowntree’s Jelly Tots (1): 1973
Sung by Joe Brown
There’s twenty, thirty, forty or more,
Red ones, yellow ones, colours galore
In the Jelly Tots bag.
Rowntree’s Jelly Tots (2): 1970s
Sung as skipping tune
’Cos they’re small and sweet,
Bags I Jelly Tots,
They’re nice and soft to eat.
Bags I Jelly Tots
Jelly Tots, Rowntree’s Jelly Tots.
Rowntree’s Jelly Tots (3)
Rowntree’s Jelly Tots fill small hands,
And the mum who buys them understands
That in small hands they’re nice to eat,
Jelly soft, and jelly sweet.
And there’s 20, 30, 40, or more,
Red ones, yellow ones, colours galore,
In the Jelly Tots bag
To fill small hands.
“I’ve got just one thing to say to you Jenkins …
You get a lovely lot of Savors in a bag!”
Cheese Savors — they’re made with real cheeses.
You get a lovely lot of Savors — crisp cheese Savors —
A lovely lot of Savors in a bag!
Sharp’s Extra Strong Mints: 1978
Two adverts (1) Launderette (starring Sheila Bernette);
(2) Barber’s Shop (starring Andrew Sachs)
They’ve got to be strong to be good.
Sharp’s toffees
Sharp’s the word for toffee
Smarties (1): 1960s
A tube of Smarties means, lots and lots of chocolate beans!
Yes you get lots and lots and lots and lots, of Smarties!
Buy some for Lulu!
When you eat your Smarties
Do you eat the red ones last?
Do you suck them very slowly?
Or crunch them very fast?
Eat that candy-coated chocolate
But tell me when I ask —
When you eat your Smarties
Do you eat the red ones last?
Smarties (3): 1970s
Hey guys! Check this out!
Here’s how every way-cool chocolate Smartie starts its life
They wait, and when they all come out of their candy-coated shells —
Who knows what awesome things they become!
Nestlé Smarties … wotalotigot!
Only Smarties have the answer!
Smith’s Crisps (1)
Farmer (in potato field): These potatoes are for the crisp makers! (He tugs and tugs at the plants) ’Ere — they won’t come up!
Potatoes: We’re too good to be any old crisps!
We wanna be Smi-iths crisps, we wanna be Smi-iths crisps,
We’re not coming until we make you see …
That if we were Smi-ths crisps, if we were Smi-iths crisps,
What tasty, light, and golden crisps we’d be!
Farmer: I’d better phone Smiths!
We wanna be Smi-iths crisps, we wanna be Smi-iths crisps….
Voiceover: Smiths crisps — so good, every potato wants to be one!
[Tune: “I wanna be Bobby’s Girl”]
Smiths Crisps (2): c.1965
See the face you love light up
With Terry’s All Gold.
Terry’s Chocolate Orange (1)
Unpeel a Terry’s Chocolate Orange today!
Tap it and unwrap it!
Terry’s Chocolate Orange (2): late 1970s
(Wife goes out leaving husband indoors — meets neighbour at the gate)
Neighbour: Do you think it’s all right to leave George there on his own?
Wife: Oh yes!
Neighbour: But aren’t you afraid he might find your chocolate orange?!
Wife: No! (chuckles) I think it’s quite safe!
(George opens a revolving bookcase which leads to a secret tunnel. He triggers and escapes from lots of booby-traps before discovering the chocolate orange)
Voiceover: Terry’s Chocolate Orange — smooth chocolate with real oil of orange. How safe is yours?!
Texan bar (1): 1978
A cowboy faces a Mexican firing firing squad.
Mexican soldier: A last request, gringo!
Cowboy: Guess I’ll finish this chewy Texan Bar …por favor.
Bite through that chocolate …and chew … real slow.
Everybody knows a Texan takes time to chew.
Can you you boys come back next week?
Voiceover: Texan – it sure is a mighty chew!
Texan Bar (2): c.1979
Texan Cowboy: Hold on there Bald Eagle. You wouldn’t fire a man ’til he’d finished his Texan bar would you?
Bald Eagle: Whoah!
Texan Cowboy: Bite through the chocolate and chew. Real slow.
(Indians exhaust themselves dancing)
Texan Cowboy: Someone should have told them a Texan takes time a’chewin’
Tic Tac (1)
A man’s gotta chew what a man’s gotta chew….
Toffo (3):
Sheriff to small boy: “If you wanna be my deputy, you gotta think fast.” He produces three flavours of Toffos and puts them on a little table, saying, “Gonna cover ‘em up and switch ‘em round!”, putting cups over the toffees and moving them about on the table and then asking the boy which is which – “Chocolate?" “Banana?" “Strawberry?”
The boy correctly picks them all and the sheriff says, “Are you after my job?”, and the little boy spins round in his chair and says, "Yup!”
Topic (1)
A Topic munching, cartoon character named Toby (voice = Bill Oddie) is asked a few very simple general knowledge questions (voiceover = Graham Garden?) which he gets wrong.
Voiceover: What’s got a hazelnut in every bite?
Toby: Topic!
Voiceover: Yes, funny how you always remember right at the end!
Topic (2)
What has a hazelnut in every bite? — TOPIC
Thick milk chocolate for your delight,
Nougat, caramel golden light,
And don’t forget a hazelnut in every bite.
Trebor Mints (1)
Trebor Mints are a minty bit stronger!
Trebor Mints (2): 1973
Trebor. More flavour than the common mint.
Trebor Softmints: early 1980s
Mr So-oft, won’t you tell me why the world in which you’re living is so strange…
Oh, Mr So-oft, how come everything around you is so soft and rearranged?…
Voiceover: Bite into the shell of a Trebor spearmint Softmint and everything turns chewy and soft! Mmm — they’re crispy on the outside and chewy on the inside!
[Tune: Mr Soft by Cockney Rebel 1974]
Treets [now renamed Minstrels]
The milk chocolate melts in your mouth, not in your hands.
Sealed in a crispy shell.
Trio: early 1980s
Tri-i-i-o, Tri-i-i-i-o, I want a Trio and I want one now!
Not one, not two, but three things in it!
Chocolate, biscuit and de caramel too!
Tri-tri-tri-tr-i-i-i-ii-o
I want a Trio and I want one now!
No three things are quite as good together as the three things in Trio!
[Tune: “Day-O!”, aka “The Banana Boat Song”]
Trio (2): 1985
Scene: An escape by two musicians to the Arctic / the Trio girl arrives by air balloon singing:
Tr-i-o, Tr-i-i-i-o
“Hey man, where does a man have to go to get a little peace?”
Trio girl:
Tr-i-i-o! I want a Trio and I want one now! (ouch!)
Not one, not two, but three things in it!
A chocolaty biscuit and a toffee flavour too!
“Like a man’s gotta do what a man’s gotta do, man!”
Voice-over: No three things are quite as good together as a …
(“TRI-I-I-I-O”)
[Tune: “Day-O!”, aka “The Banana Boat Song”]
Trio (3)
A third advertisement with the same characters ended with the line:
When a duo won’t do-o, have a … TRI-O!
[Tune: “Day-O! “, aka “The Banana Boat Song”]
Tudor Crisps (1970s)
Tudor: the crisp that’s really worth its salt.
Twister
You can’t resist the twist!
Twix (1): 1973
Voiceover with jingly jokey musical background:
Ah! Twix! The three course snack. Chocolate … biscuit … toffee.
Twix (2): 1977
Some people find that most quick snacks are a little too quick —
Snap! and they’re gone!
Twix gives you more to bite into,
Crunchy shortcake biscuit topped with caramel, covered in creamy milk chocolate.
Deliciously satisfying!
Next time, get the longer lasting snack,
Twix — the longer-lasting snack.
It’s all in the mix — Twix!
United biscuit bars
“I am Stan, I am a fan
And I’m delighted to eat United.”
“We are the fellas,
And some things make me cross,
But even I’m delighted
To eat United.”
“We’re all delighted to eat United!”
Wagon Wheels (1)
It’s so big, you’ve gotta grin to get it in!
Wagon Wheels (2)
Wagon Wheels are a treat for me (Wagon Wheels)
They’re the biggest biscuit
You ever did see (Wagon Wheels),
Marshmallow filled, they taste so grand,
A biscuit filled to beat the band.
Walkers Crisps: 1970s
Can you resist Walkers Crisps?
Wall’s ice cream (1)
Stop me and buy one
Wall’s ice cream (2)
More than a treat — a food!
Walls Jolly Jelly ice cream
Wall’s Jolly Jelly,
Wall’s Neapolitan ice cream: 1970s
It’s-a-lovely!
Wall’s Refresher: 1969
Voiceover It may look like a chocolate snack, but when you bite it, you'll know why it's called … the Refresher.
The Refresher: Let's get away on a sunny day: the Refresher
Voiceover: It's chocolate coating around golden vanilla ice cream, and what it does – [image of girl lying on ground].
Our snack is Wall's ice cream snack bar – the Refresher.
White Heather chocolates (Pascall): c.1960
You can’t resist White Heather,
You can’t resist White Heather,
Chocolates and toffees, they’re sensational,
So temptional,
Everybody knows, you can’t resist White Heather.
Wilkinson’s toffees
Wilkinson’s – have you ever tried them?
Wilkinson’s – with liquorice inside them.
Wrigley’s Doublemint chewing gum
Wrigleys Doublemint chewing gum
Double the flavour, double the fun!
Double your pleasure, double your fun,
With Doublemint, Doublemint, Doublemint Gum!
Double delicious, double smooth too,
Doublemint doubles delight as you chew.
So double your pleasure, double your fun
With Doublemint Doublemint Doublemint gum.
Wrigley’s — For a cleaner whiter smile.
Refreshes your breath, naturally Wrigley’s Double Mint!
Wrigley’s Juicy Fruit chewing gum
Juicy fruit adds to your fun
It’s a hit with everyone.
Fine fruit flavour, what a treat,
Makes your mouth feel fresh and sweet,
Juicy fruit adds to your fun,
Juicy fruit chewing gum.
Wrigley’s Spearmint Gum (1)
Carry the big fresh flavour:
Wrigley’s Spearmint Gum.
Wrigley’s Spearmint Gum (2): c.1970
Almost anything you do,
You do a little better when you chew
Wrigley’s Spearmint Gum.
Voiceover: Try some yourself … and see!
Wrigley’s Spearmint Gum (3): c.1979/80
End of jingle::
Call it Wrigley’s, call it spearmint, call it gum.
Wrigley’s Spearmint Gum (4): 1984
When you need a lift but you just can’t take a break —
chew Wrigley’s Spearmint Gum!
The cool refreshing feeling of Wrigley’s Spearmint Gum
Puts a little lift in everything you do —
That good smooth chewing, that crisp clean taste —
That Wrigley’s Spearmint pick-up is going for you!
Wrigley’s Spearmint Gum really keeps you buzzin’
Wrigley’s Spearmint Gum keeps you buzzin’ along —
Wrigley’s Spearmint Gum really keeps you buzzin’
Wrigley’s Spearmint Gum keeps you buzzin’ along!
Wrigley’s Spearmint Gum (5)
Clap hands, one, two,
Let’s take a trip to the Wrigley zoo,
Chitter chatter, yakety yak,
When you talk to the animals they talk back.
We’ll talk to Melvin Monkey today,
Let’s hear what Melvin has to say:
“My mummy says I should realize
That monkeys all need exercise,
But teeth need exercising too
And my mum makes it fun to do,
For when I swing she gives me some
Delicious WRIGLEY’s SPEARMINT GUM
It helps to keep teeth clean and bright
And never spoils my appetite.
My mum’s my favourite swinging chum,
We both like Wrigley’s spearmint gum.”
Let’s talk to Buster Beaver today,
Lets hear what Buster has to say:
“My teeth have lots of work to do
Like gnawing tree trunks right in two.”
Now please remember this:
There’s always fun at the Wrigley zoo
And Wrigley Spearmint is fun to chew,
Younger folk and grown ups too,
Enjoy it while it’s helping you.
Yorkie (1)
Long and thick, a real chocolate brick.
Yorkie (2)
I’ve pounded the roads from coast to coast,
Yorkie and me rolling on —
’Cos a long day’s run can be short on fun
Without Yorkie to help me along.
Good, rich and thick, a milk chocolate brick
— each bite a chunky big mouthful,
Yorkie’s the shape that real milk chocolate ought to be …
So when I still that big old mill there’s plenty more in store for me …
From that chunky bar of mine.
Rowntree’s Yorkie chunky milk chocolate.
YZ Chewing Gum
This gum (with a wise owl on the packet) was sold from a machine and a free packet was given every fourth time, when the arrow on the knob pointed forward.
Buy some YZ Chewing Gum,
Smashing you’ll agree,
With the fourth you get one more,
An extra packet free!
5—4—3—2—1, 5—4—3—2—1
First bite into real milk chocolate, 5—4—3—2—1
Then crunch into light crispy rice, 5—4—3—2—1
Chew, chew, chew the caramel topping, 5—4—3—2—1
Uh huh — wafer and fondant too, 5—4—3—2—1
5—4—3—2—1, 5—4—3—2—1.
[Tune: Manfred Mann’s “54321”]
Notes
Bassett’s took over Wilkinson’s in 1961, Barrett’s in 1966, and Jameson’s in the 1980s.
Cadbury’s took over Fry’s in 1916, and both Trebor and Bassett’s in 1989 (calling the latter Trebor Bassett).
Rowntree took over Mackintosh’s in 1969.
Nestle’s took over Rowntree Mackintosh in 1988.
In the 1960s, “Nestle’s” did not have an acute accent. It rhymed with “wrestles”, and was never pronounced “Nestlé”. And “Cadbury” was always known as “Cadbury’s”.
Kraft took over Terry’s in 1993, and Cadbury in 2010.
Barrett’s Sherbert Fountain
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Serial and Parallel are ports found in what? | serial port Definition from PC Magazine Encyclopedia
Definition of: serial port
serial port
A socket on a computer used to connect a modem, data acquisition terminal or other device via a serial interface (one data bit following the other). Serial ports provide very slow speeds and have been superseded by USB and other faster interfaces for peripheral connections to desktop computers. Although still widely used in data acquisition, the serial port is no longer found on new computers. Earlier PCs used the port for the mouse, and earlier Macintoshes used it to attach a printer.
DB (D-Sub) Connectors and COM Ports
If present, the serial port on the back of a PC is a male 9-pin connector (DE-9 D-sub connector). Earlier PCs may have had two 9-pin connectors or one 9-pin and one 25-pin (DB-25). On a PC, serial ports are called "COM ports," identified as COM1, COM2, etc. See COM1 and D-sub connectors .
Serial, Parallel and Game
In earlier PCs, one or two serial ports, one parallel port and one game port were included on the motherboard. On the first PCs, these ports were contained on a stand-alone expansion card plugged into the ISA bus. Contrast with parallel port . See serial interface and RS-232 .
Faster, But Still Serial
The USB and FireWire (IEEE 1394) interfaces were added to PCs in 1998, offering a quantum jump in transfer rate, plus the ability to daisy chain large numbers of devices on the same bus. Like the legacy serial port, USB and FireWire are also serial interfaces. See USB and FireWire .
In Transition
As USB ports (left) began to proliferate, the serial and parallel ports (right) were included for a while, but eventually gave way entirely to USB.
| Computer |
The Painted Desert lies in which US state? | Communication Networks/Parallel vs Serial - Wikibooks, open books for an open world
Communication Networks/Parallel vs Serial
Communication Networks
In a digital communications system, there are 2 methods for data transfer: parallel and serial. Parallel connections have multiple wires running parallel to each other (hence the name), and can transmit data on all the wires simultaneously. Serial, on the other hand, uses a single wire to transfer the data bits one at a time.
Contents
Parallel Data[ edit ]
The parallel port on modern computer systems is an example of a parallel communications connection. The parallel port has 8 data wires, and a large series of ground wires and control wires. IDE hard-disk connectors and PCI expansion ports are another good example of parallel connections in a computer system.
Serial Data[ edit ]
The serial port on modern computers is a good example of serial communications. Serial ports have either a single data wire, or a single differential pair, and the remainder of the wires are either ground or control signals. USB, FireWire, SATA and PCI Express are good examples of other serial communications standards in modern computers.
Which is Better?[ edit ]
It is a natural question to ask which one of the two transmission methods is better. At first glance, it would seem that parallel ports should be able to send data much faster than serial ports. Let's say we have a parallel connection with 8 data wires, and a serial connection with a single data wire. Simple arithmetic seems to show that the parallel system can transmit 8 times as fast as the serial system.
However, parallel ports suffer extremely from inter-symbol interference (ISI) and noise, and therefore the data can be corrupted over long distances. Also, because the wires in a parallel system have small amounts of capacitance and mutual inductance, the bandwidth of parallel wires is much lower than the bandwidth of serial wires. We all know by now that an increased bandwidth leads to a better bit rate. We also know that less noise in the channel means we can successfully transmit data reliably with a lower Signal-to-Noise Ratio, SNR.
If, however, we bump up the power in a serial connection by using a differential signal with 2 wires (one with a positive voltage, and one with a negative voltage), we can use the same amount of power, have twice the SNR, and reach an even higher bitrate without suffering the effects of noise. USB cables, for instance, use shielded, differential serial communications, and the USB 2.0 standard is capable of data transmission rates of 480Mbits/sec!
In addition, because of the increased potential for noise and interference, parallel wires need to be far shorter than serial wires. Consider the standard parallel port wire to connect the PC to a printer: those wires are between 3 and 4 feet long, and the longest commercially available is typically 25 meter(75 feet). Now consider Ethernet wires (which are serial, and typically unshielded twisted pair): they can be bought in lengths of 100 meters (300 feet), and a 300 meters (900 feet) run is not uncommon!
UART, USART[ edit ]
A Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART) peripheral is used in embedded systems to convert bytes of data to bit strings which may be transmitted asynchronously using a serial protocol like RS-232.
A Universal Synchronous/Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (USART) peripheral is just like a UART peripheral, except there is also a provision for synchronous transmission by means of a clock signal which is generated by the transmitter.
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Rapper/songwriter Eminem made his official film debut in which 2002 film? | 8 Mile Official Trailer #1 - (2002) HD - YouTube
8 Mile Official Trailer #1 - (2002) HD
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Uploaded on Sep 2, 2011
8 Mile movie clips: http://j.mp/1CM8Nah
BUY THE MOVIE: http://amzn.to/rShjp3
Don't miss the HOTTEST NEW TRAILERS: http://bit.ly/1u2y6pr
CLIP DESCRIPTION:
A young rapper (Eminem) struggles to seize an opportunity within his bleak life but his problems threaten to weigh him down.
FILM DESCRIPTION:
Controversial rap star Eminem makes his acting debut in this hard-edged urban drama, inspired in part by incidents from the musician's own life. Jimmy Smith (Eminem), known to his friends as Rabbit, is a young man trying to make his way out of the burned-out shell of inner-city Detroit. Rabbit's entire life has been a hard climb, and it certainly hasn't gotten any easier lately; Rabbit has just been dumped by his girlfriend, forcing him to move back in with his emotionally unstable mother, Stephanie (Kim Basinger), and he's getting along especially poorly with Stephanie's new boyfriend. Rabbit has a factory job that's tough, demeaning, and doesn't pay especially well, and he's convinced his skills as a rapper are his only real hope at a better life. Rabbit makes music with a crew of DJ's and MC's who call themselves Three One Third, among them his close friend Future (Mekhi Phifer), but his status as a white kid making music in a predominantly African-American community and culture is extremely intimidating, and after Rabbit freezes up in the midst of an MC battle, he's convinced he's missed his chance and that he's doomed to lead a marginal life as a factory rat for the rest of his days. With the help of his friends, and his new girlfriend Alex (Brittany Murphy), Rabbit struggles to work up the courage and the confidence to take one more shot at making his dream a reality. 8 Mile was shot on location in Detroit; the name refers to 8 Mile Road, a thoroughfare along the city's perimeter which effectively separates the middle-class suburban neighborhoods from the lower-class inner-city.
CREDITS:
Cast: Eminem, Mekhi Phifer, Kim Basinger, Brittany Murphy
Director: Curtis Hanson
Producers: Carol Fenelon, Gregory Goodman, Brian Grazer, Curtis Hanson, Jimmy Iovine, Stuart Parr, Paul Rosenberg, James Whitaker
Screenwriter: Scott Silver
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| 8 Mile |
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Eminem attracted more attention when he developed Slim Shady, a sadistic, violent alter ego. The character, "a drug-dealing, bloodthirsty thug who spits furious rhymes about murder, rape, drugs and living by the law of the urban jungle", allowed him to express his anger. Read Less
In the spring of 1997 he recorded his debut EP, the Slim Shady EP, which was released that winter by Web Entertainment. … Read More
The EP, with frequent references to drug use, sexual acts, mental instability and violence, also explored the more-serious themes of dealing with poverty and marital and family difficulties and revealed his direct, self-deprecating response to criticism. Hip-hop magazine The Source featured Eminem in its "Unsigned Hype" column in March 1998. Read Less
After he was evicted from his home, Eminem went to Los Angeles to compete in the 1997 Rap Olympics, an annual, nationwide battle rap competition. … Read More
He placed second, and Interscope Records staff in attendance sent a copy of the Slim Shady EP to company CEO Jimmy Iovine. Iovine played the tape for record producer Dr. Dre, founder of Aftermath Entertainment and founding member of hip-hop group N.W.A. Dre recalled, "In my entire career in the music industry, I have never found anything from a demo tape or a CD. When Jimmy played this, I said, 'Find him. Now. Although his associates criticized him for hiring a white rapper, he was confident in his decision: "I don't give a fuck if you're purple; if you can kick it, I'm working with you." Eminem had idolized Dre since listening to N.W.A as a teenager, and was nervous about working with him on an album: "I didn't want to be starstruck or kiss his ass too much... I'm just a little white boy from Detroit. I had never seen stars, let alone Dr. Dre." He became more comfortable working with Dre after a series of productive recording sessions. Read Less
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After his debut album Infinite (1996), Eminem achieved mainstream popularity in 1999 with The Slim Shady LP, which earned him his first Grammy Award for Best Rap Album. … Read More
His next two releases, 2000's The Marshall Mathers LP and 2002's The Eminem Show, were worldwide successes, with each being certified diamond in U.S. sales and both winning Best Rap Album Grammy Awardsâmaking Eminem the first artist to win the award for three consecutive LPs. They were followed by Encore in 2004, another critical and commercial success. Eminem went on hiatus after touring in 2005, releasing Relapse in 2009 and Recovery in 2010. Read Less
Eminem released The Slim Shady LP in February 1999. … Read More
Although it was one of the year's most popular albums (certified triple platinum by the end of the year), he was accused of imitating the style and subject matter of underground rapper Cage. The album's popularity was accompanied by controversy over its lyrics; in "'97 Bonnie and Clyde" Eminem describes a trip with his infant daughter when he disposes of his wife's body, and in "Guilty Conscience" which encourages a man to murder his wife and her lover. Guilty Conscience marked the beginning of a friendship and musical bond between Dr. Dre and Eminem. The label-mates later collaborated on a number of hit songs ("Forgot About Dre" and "What's the Difference" from Dr. Dre's album 2001, "Bitch Please II" from The Marshall Mathers LP, "Say What You Say" from The Eminem Show, "Encore/Curtains Down" from Encore, and "Old Time's Sake" and "Crack a Bottle" from Relapse), and Dre made at least one guest appearance on each of Eminem's Aftermath albums. The Slim Shady LP has been certified quadruple platinum by the RIAA. Read Less
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The Marshall Mathers LP was released in May 2000. It sold 1,760,000 copies in its first week, breaking US records held by Snoop Dogg's Doggystyle for fastest-selling hip hop album and Britney Spears' Baby One More Time for fastest-selling solo album. The first single from the album, "The Real Slim Shady", was a success despite controversies about Eminem's insults and dubious claims about celebrities (for example, that Christina Aguilera had performed oral sex on Fred Durst and Carson Daly). In his second single, "The Way I Am", he reveals the pressure from his record company to top "My Name Is". Although Eminem parodied shock rocker Marilyn Manson in the music video for "My Name Is", they are reportedly on good terms; Manson is mentioned in "The Way I Am", appeared in its music video and has performed a live remix of the song with Eminem. In the third single, "Stan" (which samples Dido's "Thank You") Eminem tries to deal with his new fame, assuming the persona of a deranged fan who kills himself and his pregnant girlfriend (mirroring "'97 Bonnie & Clyde" from The Slim Shady LP). Q magazine called "Stan" the third-greatest rap song of all time, and it was ranked tenth in a Top40-Charts.com survey. The song has since been ranked 296th on Rolling Stone magazine's "500 Greatest Songs of All Time" list. Read Less
In July 2000, Eminem was the first white artist to appear on the cover of The Source magazine. … Read More
The Marshall Mathers LP has been certified 11Ã platinum by the RIAA. Read Less
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It was another success, reaching number one on the charts and selling over 1.332 million copies during its first full week. The album's single, "Without Me", denigrates boy bands, Limp Bizkit, Dick and Lynne Cheney, Moby and others. Read Less
The Eminem Show (certified 10Ã platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America) examines the effects of the rapper's rise to fame, his relationship with his wife and daughter and his status in the hip-hop community, addressing an assault charge brought by a bouncer he saw kissing his wife in 2000. … Read More
Although several tracks are clearly angry, Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic found The Eminem Show less inflammatory than The Marshall Mathers LP. L. Brent Bozell III, who had criticized The Marshall Mathers LP for misogynistic lyrics, noted The Eminem Shows extensive use of obscenity and called the rapper "Eminef" for the prevalence of the word "motherfucker" on the album. Read Less
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In 1999 Eminem's mother sued him for about $10 million for slandering her on The Slim Shady LP, receiving about $1,600 in damages in 2001. On June 3, 2000, Eminem was arrested during an altercation with Douglas Dail at a car-audio store in Royal Oak, Michigan, when he pulled out an unloaded gun and pointed it at the ground. The next day, in Warren, Michigan, he was arrested again for assaulting a bouncer John Guerrera in the parking lot of the Hot Rock Café when he saw him kissing his wife. Eminem recreated the Guerrera assault in "The Kiss (Skit)" on The Eminem Show. The rapper was charged for a possession of a concealed weapon and assault, pleaded guilty and received two years' probation; Guerrera's assault charge was dropped as part of the plea agreement. Read Less
On July 7, 2000, Kim attempted suicide, slashing her wrists, and later sued Eminem for defamation after he described her violent death in "Kim". … Read More
On October 26, 2000, the rapper was scheduled to perform at Toronto's SkyDome when Ontario Attorney General Jim Flaherty said that Eminem should not be allowed to enter the country. "I personally don't want anyone coming to Canada who will come here and advocate violence against women", he said. Flaherty said he was "disgusted" when he read the lyrics of "Kill You", which includes the lines "Slut, you think I won't choke no whore / Till the vocal cords don't work in her throat no more?" Although public reaction to Flaherty's position was generally negative, with barring Eminem from the country considered a free-speech issue, Liberal MPP Michael Bryant suggested that hate crime charges be brought against the rapper for advocating violence against women in his lyrics. Robert Everett-Green wrote in a Globe and Mail editorial, "Being offensive is Eminem's job description", and the rapper's Toronto concert went on as planned. Read Less
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Eminem performed with Elton John at the 43rd Grammy Awards ceremony in 2001, with the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (GLAAD, an organization which considered Eminem's lyrics homophobic) condemning John's decision to perform with Eminem. … Read More
Entertainment Weekly placed the appearance on its end-of-decade "best-of" list: "It was the hug heard 'round the world. Eminem, under fire for homophobic lyrics, shared the stage with a gay icon for a performance of "Stan" that would have been memorable in any context." On February 21, the day of the awards ceremony, GLAAD held a protest outside the Staples Center (the ceremony's venue). Read Less
In 2001 Eminem appeared in the Up in Smoke Tour with rappers Dr. Dre, Snoop Dogg, Xzibit and Ice Cube and the Family Values Tour with Limp Bizkit, headlining the Anger Management Tour with Papa Roach, Ludacris and Xzibit.
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After Eminem's multi-platinum record sales, Interscope offered him his own label; the rapper and Paul Rosenberg founded Shady Records in late 1999. Eminem signed his Detroit collective, D12, and rapper Obie Trice to the label and signed 50 Cent in a 2002 joint venture with Dr. Dre's Aftermath label. In 2003, Eminem and Dr. Dre added Atlanta rapper Stat Quo to the Shady-Aftermath roster. DJ Green Lantern, Eminem's former DJ, was with Shady Records until a dispute related to the 50 Cent-Jadakiss feud forced him to leave the label. The Alchemist is currently Eminem's tour DJ. In 2005 Eminem signed another Atlanta rapper, Bobby Creekwater, and West Coast rapper Cashis to Shady Records. <br /><br />On December 5, 2006, the compilation album Eminem Presents: The Re-Up was released on Shady Records. The project began as a mixtape, but when Eminem found the material better than expected he released it as an album. The Re-Up was intended to introduce Stat Quo, Cashis and Bobby Creekwater. While he was recording Infinite, Eminem, Proof and Kon Artis assembled a group of fellow rappers now known as D12, short for "Detroit Twelve" or "Dirty Dozen", who performed in a style similar to Wu-Tang Clan. Read Less
In 2001 D12's debut album, Devil's Night, was released. … Read More
The first single from the album was "Shit on You", followed by "Purple Pills" (an ode to recreational drug use) and "Fight Music". "Purple Pills" was rewritten for radio and television, removing many of the song's references to drugs and sex, and renamed "Purple Hills".<br /><br /> After their debut, D12 took a three-year break from the studio. They reunited in 2004 for their second album, D12 World, which included the hit singles "My Band" and "How Come". " American pshyco 2" featuring Cypress Hill member, B-Real, was another popular hit. According to D12 member Bizarre, Eminem was not featured on his album Blue Cheese & Coney Island because "he's busy doing his thing".<br /><br /> In January 2014, Bass Brothers announced that D12 had returned to record at F.B.T. Studio and they were working on an album with Eminem on at least three songs. Bizarre reported that he was still part of the group and that the album was scheduled for a 2014 release. Read Less
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He appeared at the 2011 Grammy Awards on February 13, performing "Love the Way You Lie (Part II)" with Rihanna and Adam Levine and "I Need a Doctor" with Dr. Dre and Skylar Grey. … Read More
That month it was announced that "Space Bound" would be the fourth single from Recovery, with a music video featuring former porn star Sasha Grey; the video was released June 24 on the iTunes Store. Read Less
Eminem was featured on Royce da 5'9s "Writer's Block", released on April 8, 2011. … Read More
On May 3 they released the lead single "Fast Lane" from their upcoming EP, and a music video was filmed. Read Less
In March 2011, within days of each other, The Eminem Show and The Marshall Mathers LP were certified diamond by the RIAA; Eminem is the only rapper with two diamond-certified albums. … Read More
With more than 60 million "likes" he was the most-followed person on Facebook, outscoring Lady Gaga, Justin Bieber, Rihanna and Michael Jackson. Eminem was the first artist in five years with two number-one albums (Recovery and Hell: The Sequel) in a 12-month period. Read Less
Early in 2011 he leaked "2. Boys", on which Yelawolf and Slaughterhouse collaborated when they signed with Shady Records in January, and performed it in April. … Read More
Bad Meets Evil released their next single, "Lighters", on July 6 and its music video in late August. On August 6, Eminem performed several songs from throughout his career at Lollapalooza with the artists who had been featured on each song. Read Less
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Eminem's eighth album, 2013's The Marshall Mathers LP 2, won two Grammy Awards, including Best Rap Album; it expanded his record for the most wins in that category and his Grammy total to 15. … Read More
Eminem has developed other ventures, including Shady Records with manager Paul Rosenberg. He has his own channel, Shade 45, on Sirius XM Radio. In November 2002, Eminem starred in the hip hop film 8 Mile. He won the Academy Award for Best Original Song for "Lose Yourself", the first rap artist to win the award. Eminem has made cameo appearances in the films The Wash (2001), Funny People (2009), The Interview (2014) and the television series Entourage (2010).<br /><br /> Mathers was born on October 17, 1972, in St. Joseph, Missouri. He is the only child of Marshall Bruce Mathers, Jr. (born June 30, 1951; known as Bruce) and Deborah Rae "Debbie" Nelson (born January 6, 1955). He is of English, German, Scottish, and Swiss descent. Debbie was 14 when she met 18-year-old Bruce; at age 17, she nearly died during her 73-hour labor. Eminem's parents were in a band called Daddy Warbucks, playing in Ramada Inns along the Dakotas-Montana border before their separation. Bruce left the family, moving to California and having two other children: Michael and Sarah (born c. 1982). Debbie later had a son, Nathan Kane Samara, born February 3, 1986 also known as Nate. During his childhood Eminem and Debbie shuttled between Missouri and Michigan, rarely staying in one house for more than a year or two and living primarily with family members. Read Less
On February 11, 2013, Shady Records president and Eminem manager Paul Rosenberg announced that the rapper's eighth album would be released after Memorial Day. "We fully expect to be releasing a new Eminem album in 2013. … Read More
He's been working on it for some time", said Rosenberg. "It's safe to say that it will be post-Memorial Day at some point, but we're not exactly sure when. We've got some dates locked in for him to perform live in Europe in August, so we're trying to see what else lines up." The album remained untitled. On March 22, Dr. Dre said that he worked with Eminem on the album and it was nearly finished; No I.D. was confirmed as producer.<br /><br /> On August 14 "Survival", featuring Liz Rodrigues and produced by DJ Khalil, premièred in the multi-player trailer for the video game Call of Duty: Ghosts. According to a press release, the first single from Eminem's eighth album would be released soon. During the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards, it was announced that the album would be entitled The Marshall Mathers LP 2 (following The Marshall Mathers LP) and was scheduled for release on November 5. Read Less
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Its lead single, "Berzerk", was released on August 25 and debuted at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. Three more singles followed: "Survival" (appearing on the Call of Duty: Ghosts trailer), "Rap God" and "The Monster" (with Rihanna). <br /><br />The album was released on November 5 by Aftermath Entertainment, Shady Records and Interscope Records. Its standard version had 16 tracks, and the deluxe version included a second disc with five additional tracks. The Marshall Mathers LP 2 was Eminem's seventh album to debut atop the Billboard 200, and had the year's second-largest first-week sales. The rapper was the first artist since The Beatles to have four singles in the top 20 of the Billboard Hot 100. <br /><br />In the United Kingdom The Marshall Mathers LP 2 debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart. The first American artist with seven consecutive UK number-one albums, he is tied with The Beatles for second place for the most consecutive chart-topping UK albums. Read Less
The album secured Eminem's position as Canada's best-selling artist, and was 2013's best-selling album.
On November 3 Eminem was named the first YouTube Music Awards Artist of the Year, and a week later he received the Global Icon Award at the 2013 MTV EMA Music Awards. … Read More
On June 10, it was announced that the rapper was the first artist to receive two digital diamond certifications â sales and streams of 10 million and above â by the RIAA (for "Not Afraid" and "Love the Way You Lie"). On July 11 and 12, Eminem played two concerts in Wembley Stadium. At the 57th Grammy Awards, he received Best Rap Album award for The Marshall Mathers LP 2 and Best Rap/Sung Collaboration (with Rihanna) for "The Monster". Read Less
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In June 2014, Eminem and Rosenberg began using the hashtag #SHADYXV on social-networking sites, and the rapper wore a T-shirt with the hashtag onstage. … Read More
According to an August 25 press release on Eminem's website, the hashtag was the name of an upcoming Shady Records compilation: Shady XV. That day, the first single from the album ("Guts Over Fear", featuring singer-songwriter Sia Furler) was released and the album's track list was released on October 29. Shady Records released a cypher to promote the album, in which Eminem did a seven-minute freestyle. "Detroit Vs. Everybody" (the album's second single), with Eminem, Dej Loaf, Royce da 5'9", Danny Brown, Big Sean and Trick-Trick, was released on November 11. Shady XV, released on November 24 during Black Friday week, consists of one greatest-hits disc and one disc of new material by Shady Records artists such as D12, Slaughterhouse, Bad Meets Evil and Yelawolf. The album debuted at number three on the Billboard 200 chart, with first-week sales of 138,000 copies in the United States. Read Less
In his 2014 song "Headlights", Eminem apologized to, and reiterated his love for, his mother.
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The Official Eminem Box Set, a career-spanning, 10-disc vinyl box set, was released on March 12, 2015. … Read More
The set includes seven of Eminem's eight studio albums (excluding Infinite), the 8 Mile soundtrack, the compilation Eminem Presents: The Re-Up, and the greatest hits collection Curtain Call: The Hits. Early in the year, it was announced that he would appear on Tech N9ne's "Speedom (Worldwide Choppers 2)". The song, also featuring Krizz Kaliko, was released on April 20. Eminem also appeared on Yelawolf's "Best Friend", the single from Love Story.<br /><br /> Eminem is the executive producer of the soundtrack on the sports drama Southpaw, with Shady Records. The first single from the soundtrack called 'Phenomenal' was released on June 2, 2015. Read Less
Another single, "Kings Never Die" by Eminem featuring Gwen Stefani, was released on July 10, 2015 on YouTube via Eminem's Vevo account. … Read More
Eminem was the first interview of Zane Lowe in Beats 1. The interview streamed online on the Beats 1 radio on July 1, 2015. Read Less
Eminem appeared on the public access show Only in Monroe, produced in Monroe, Michigan, and was interviewed by guest host Stephen Colbert for an episode that aired July 1, 2015. … Read More
In the episode Eminem sang snippets of Bob Seger songs at Colbert's prompting and briefly discussed Southpaw. Read Less
In June 2015, it was revealed that he will serve as the executive producer and music supervisor on the TV series Motor City whose premise will be based upon the 2002 film Narc.
| i don't know |
Which colour represents Line 11 of the Paris Metro rail system? | Line 12 of the Paris Metro | The Global Transit Guidebook by HARTride 2012
The Global Transit Guidebook by HARTride 2012
hartride2012tampa 1 Comment
Greetings everyone! As promised, I will be discussing Line 12 of the Paris Metro in this post. Line 12 is one of several vital north-south subway routes that traverse the wonderful city of Paris.
Line 12 starts in the southwestern suburbs of Issy, traveling northeastward through the neighborhood of St. Lambert, and making a brief southeast curve towards the rail station of Gare Montparnasse. After servicing Gare Montparnasse, the line curves northwestward along Boulevard Raspail towards the Seine. Before arriving at the Seine, Line 12 takes a curve towards the north, where it eventually reaches Gare St. Lazare (another major rail station of Paris). Between Gare St. Lazare and Abbesses stations, the line twists and turns several times, making the journey rather unpleasant at times (however, most commuters don’t seem to notice). Beyond Abbesses station are the northern suburbs of Clignancourt and La Chapelle, by which the station of Porte de la Chapelle served as the line’s northern terminus for nearly a century. A new northern terminus at the southern fringe of Aubervilliers opened on December 18, 2012.
Method of construction:
Some of you will probably be able to tell just by the description in the last paragraph that Line 12 is a very curvy line. In fact, there are only a handful of straight segments along the route, since construction of the line was done using the “cut and cover” method, by which the street is dug out to make way for the subway tunnel, and then covered over when the tunnel is complete. This method is used frequently with subway construction and is a money saver over methods that have the subway tunnels built at a much lower depth. However, this method often leaves subway lines to be quite close to the surface and isn’t practical in environments where you have a lot of buildings in the area [1].
To see just how curvy Line 12 is, I’ve created a Google Map that depicts where the route travels.
A brief history:
Line 12 opened in 1910 as the Line A of the Nord-Sud Company, which was a private subway company. The Nord-Sud at the time was competing with the CMP (which stands for Compagnie du chemin de fer métropolitain de Paris), which was another private subway company. As the name would imply, the Nord-Sud had constructed subway lines that ran on a north-south axis, rather than the east-west axis of the various CMP lines. However, Nord-Sud only constructed two lines, with a third still under construction when the company was absorbed by the CMP during the 1930s. In 1948, the CMP in-turn, was absorbed by the the state-operated organization that is now known as the RATP (which stands for Régie Autonome des Transports Parisiens).
The three Nord-Sud lines were originally known as Lines A, B, and C, while the CMP utilized a numbering convention for their lines. The first segment of Line A opened in 1910 between Porte de Versailles and Notre-Dame-de-Lorette. The line was then gradually extended northward to Jules Joffrin and southward to Mairie d’Issy. In 1916, the northern terminus at Porte de la Chapelle had opened. From that point until 2012, the configuration of Line A remained relatively unchanged. When Nord-Sud was absorbed by the CMP in the 1930s, the lines were re-numbered as 12, 13, and 14. Line 14 was eventually immersed into the current Line 13, when a tunnel underneath the Seine was constructed to link the two lines together [2].
Stations:
Unlike many of the CMP-built lines, the Nord-Sud built lines are distinguished by their vaulted station ceilings and markings over the tunnel entrances that signal the direction of the terminus. These markings would read “Direction Montparnasse” to the south and “Direction Montmartre” to the north. Wall tiling was also very eloquent and distinct compared to some of the other subway lines. Originally, trains along Line 12 were powered by overhead wires instead of a third rail, like they are today [3].
Another highlight of Line 12 is the curved stairwell of station Abbesses and its colorful mural. At station Concorde, one can read the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, which is spelled out along the tiled walls of the Line 12 platforms.
Northern Extension:
As I mentioned earlier; between 1916 and 2012, the configuration of Line 12 remained relatively unchanged. Plans to extend the line northward to Aubervillers and eventually towards La Courneuve surfaced during the 2000s. This project was separated into phases; with the first phase to Front Populaire to be built first. This phase began in 2008 and was completed in December of 2012. The press, RATP staff, and government officials were invited to the station on December 17, 2012 for the formal opening ceremonies. However, the public opening was not until a day later on December 18.
The second phase of the northern extension will take Line 12 to stations Aimé Césaire – Pont de Stains and Mairie d’Aubervilliers, going through the heart of the municipality of Aubervilliers. This phase is scheduled for completion in around 2017. A third and final phase will bring the line to La Courneuve, with stations at La Courneuve – Aubervilliers and La Courneuve – 6 Routes. The third phase will allow connections to the RER Commuter Rail Line B and Light Rail (Tramway) Line 1, and will allow for two subway lines to traverse through the municipalities of Aubervillers and La Courneuve (the other line is Line 7, which passes through these municipalities along the southern and eastern sides) [4][5].
A very spacious and modern station – Front Populaire:
Station Front Populaire is the 302nd station of the Paris Metro system. It is also the very first modernized subway station along the line. Again, no other segments have been built for Line 12 since 1916, so all of the other stations comprise of architecture that is reminiscent of the Metro of the 1910s.
Originally called station Proudhon – Gardinoux (to represent the intersection of Rue Proudhon and Rue des Gardinoux); station Front Populaire represents a marvelous yet comfortable environment. The color scheme used throughout the station comprise of mostly white, gray, brown, and green tones. A huge skylight allows for as much natural lighting as possible to reduce energy consumption. The station is also equipped with air conditioning to keep temperatures elevated at comfortable levels. The configuration of Front Populaire is very much in line with many modern Metro stations, in the sense that the station relies more on unified stairs and escalators to descend from ground level to subway level, rather than a maze of convoluted corridors that older stations possess. Elevators are also available to those who wish to use them, as well as those who would otherwise be unable to use the stairs or escalators [4][5].
As I was planning out this wonderful post; the Sound Landscapes Blog was already publishing their blog post regarding the new Front Populaire station. I invite you to check out the sounds of the MF 67 stock train as it wooshes through the new tracks of the extension. Compare that sound to the sound of the trains as they make their arrival at the southern terminus at Issy. You’ll notice the difference rather quickly.
Citations:
Once again, I’ve made a listing of formal citations of websites/blogs by which I’ve pulled information from to make this blog posting possible. I really don’t like to use Wikipedia as a “source” because of reliability (or lack thereof). However, the article that Wikipedia has on Line 12 is probably the most detailed out of all of the articles that discuss each of the Paris Metro lines. Plus, some of the references used in the Wikipedia article were pulled from books by which I have no access to.
All citations listed below are formatted in the MLA format via Citation Machine. I’ve also numbered each source listing to represent the in-line citation within the blog post itself.
[1] “Buliding Big – The Tunnel Challenge – Cut and Cover Technique.” Building Big. Public Broadcasting Service, n.d. Web. 11 Feb 2013. < http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/buildingbig/tunnel/challenge/sand/cut.html> ;.
[2] “Paris Métro Line 12.” Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 22 Jan 2013. Web. 11 Feb 2013. < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Métro_Line_12> ;.
[3] “Les lignes du métro Parisien.” Symbioz. Symbioz Corp, 19 Oct 2012. Web. 11 Feb 2013. < http://www.symbioz.net/index.php?id=13> ;
[4] “”Front Populaire”, un nouvel horizon pour la ligne 12.”PARIS.fr. le département Paris numérique de la Direction de l’information et de la communication (DICOM), 174 Dec 2012. Web. 11 Feb 2013. < http://www.paris.fr/accueil/deplacements/front-populaire-un-nouvel-horizon-pour-la-ligne-12/rub_9648_actu_123742_port_23738> ;.
[5] “Métro Line 12 Extended to Front Populaire.”Soundlandscapes’ Blog. N.p., 26 Jan 2013. Web. Web. 11 Feb. 2013. < http://soundlandscapes.wordpress.com/2013/01/26/metro-line-12-extended-to-front-populaire/> ;.
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Which Stephen King novel is said to have been rejected by 30 different publishers? | Paris Metro | The Global Transit Guidebook by HARTride 2012 | Page 3
The Global Transit Guidebook by HARTride 2012
hartride2012tampa 1 Comment
Greetings everyone! As promised, I will be discussing Line 12 of the Paris Metro in this post. Line 12 is one of several vital north-south subway routes that traverse the wonderful city of Paris.
Line 12 starts in the southwestern suburbs of Issy, traveling northeastward through the neighborhood of St. Lambert, and making a brief southeast curve towards the rail station of Gare Montparnasse. After servicing Gare Montparnasse, the line curves northwestward along Boulevard Raspail towards the Seine. Before arriving at the Seine, Line 12 takes a curve towards the north, where it eventually reaches Gare St. Lazare (another major rail station of Paris). Between Gare St. Lazare and Abbesses stations, the line twists and turns several times, making the journey rather unpleasant at times (however, most commuters don’t seem to notice). Beyond Abbesses station are the northern suburbs of Clignancourt and La Chapelle, by which the station of Porte de la Chapelle served as the line’s northern terminus for nearly a century. A new northern terminus at the southern fringe of Aubervilliers opened on December 18, 2012.
Method of construction:
Some of you will probably be able to tell just by the description in the last paragraph that Line 12 is a very curvy line. In fact, there are only a handful of straight segments along the route, since construction of the line was done using the “cut and cover” method, by which the street is dug out to make way for the subway tunnel, and then covered over when the tunnel is complete. This method is used frequently with subway construction and is a money saver over methods that have the subway tunnels built at a much lower depth. However, this method often leaves subway lines to be quite close to the surface and isn’t practical in environments where you have a lot of buildings in the area [1].
To see just how curvy Line 12 is, I’ve created a Google Map that depicts where the route travels.
A brief history:
Line 12 opened in 1910 as the Line A of the Nord-Sud Company, which was a private subway company. The Nord-Sud at the time was competing with the CMP (which stands for Compagnie du chemin de fer métropolitain de Paris), which was another private subway company. As the name would imply, the Nord-Sud had constructed subway lines that ran on a north-south axis, rather than the east-west axis of the various CMP lines. However, Nord-Sud only constructed two lines, with a third still under construction when the company was absorbed by the CMP during the 1930s. In 1948, the CMP in-turn, was absorbed by the the state-operated organization that is now known as the RATP (which stands for Régie Autonome des Transports Parisiens).
The three Nord-Sud lines were originally known as Lines A, B, and C, while the CMP utilized a numbering convention for their lines. The first segment of Line A opened in 1910 between Porte de Versailles and Notre-Dame-de-Lorette. The line was then gradually extended northward to Jules Joffrin and southward to Mairie d’Issy. In 1916, the northern terminus at Porte de la Chapelle had opened. From that point until 2012, the configuration of Line A remained relatively unchanged. When Nord-Sud was absorbed by the CMP in the 1930s, the lines were re-numbered as 12, 13, and 14. Line 14 was eventually immersed into the current Line 13, when a tunnel underneath the Seine was constructed to link the two lines together [2].
Stations:
Unlike many of the CMP-built lines, the Nord-Sud built lines are distinguished by their vaulted station ceilings and markings over the tunnel entrances that signal the direction of the terminus. These markings would read “Direction Montparnasse” to the south and “Direction Montmartre” to the north. Wall tiling was also very eloquent and distinct compared to some of the other subway lines. Originally, trains along Line 12 were powered by overhead wires instead of a third rail, like they are today [3].
Another highlight of Line 12 is the curved stairwell of station Abbesses and its colorful mural. At station Concorde, one can read the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, which is spelled out along the tiled walls of the Line 12 platforms.
Northern Extension:
As I mentioned earlier; between 1916 and 2012, the configuration of Line 12 remained relatively unchanged. Plans to extend the line northward to Aubervillers and eventually towards La Courneuve surfaced during the 2000s. This project was separated into phases; with the first phase to Front Populaire to be built first. This phase began in 2008 and was completed in December of 2012. The press, RATP staff, and government officials were invited to the station on December 17, 2012 for the formal opening ceremonies. However, the public opening was not until a day later on December 18.
The second phase of the northern extension will take Line 12 to stations Aimé Césaire – Pont de Stains and Mairie d’Aubervilliers, going through the heart of the municipality of Aubervilliers. This phase is scheduled for completion in around 2017. A third and final phase will bring the line to La Courneuve, with stations at La Courneuve – Aubervilliers and La Courneuve – 6 Routes. The third phase will allow connections to the RER Commuter Rail Line B and Light Rail (Tramway) Line 1, and will allow for two subway lines to traverse through the municipalities of Aubervillers and La Courneuve (the other line is Line 7, which passes through these municipalities along the southern and eastern sides) [4][5].
A very spacious and modern station – Front Populaire:
Station Front Populaire is the 302nd station of the Paris Metro system. It is also the very first modernized subway station along the line. Again, no other segments have been built for Line 12 since 1916, so all of the other stations comprise of architecture that is reminiscent of the Metro of the 1910s.
Originally called station Proudhon – Gardinoux (to represent the intersection of Rue Proudhon and Rue des Gardinoux); station Front Populaire represents a marvelous yet comfortable environment. The color scheme used throughout the station comprise of mostly white, gray, brown, and green tones. A huge skylight allows for as much natural lighting as possible to reduce energy consumption. The station is also equipped with air conditioning to keep temperatures elevated at comfortable levels. The configuration of Front Populaire is very much in line with many modern Metro stations, in the sense that the station relies more on unified stairs and escalators to descend from ground level to subway level, rather than a maze of convoluted corridors that older stations possess. Elevators are also available to those who wish to use them, as well as those who would otherwise be unable to use the stairs or escalators [4][5].
As I was planning out this wonderful post; the Sound Landscapes Blog was already publishing their blog post regarding the new Front Populaire station. I invite you to check out the sounds of the MF 67 stock train as it wooshes through the new tracks of the extension. Compare that sound to the sound of the trains as they make their arrival at the southern terminus at Issy. You’ll notice the difference rather quickly.
Citations:
Once again, I’ve made a listing of formal citations of websites/blogs by which I’ve pulled information from to make this blog posting possible. I really don’t like to use Wikipedia as a “source” because of reliability (or lack thereof). However, the article that Wikipedia has on Line 12 is probably the most detailed out of all of the articles that discuss each of the Paris Metro lines. Plus, some of the references used in the Wikipedia article were pulled from books by which I have no access to.
All citations listed below are formatted in the MLA format via Citation Machine. I’ve also numbered each source listing to represent the in-line citation within the blog post itself.
[1] “Buliding Big – The Tunnel Challenge – Cut and Cover Technique.” Building Big. Public Broadcasting Service, n.d. Web. 11 Feb 2013. < http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/buildingbig/tunnel/challenge/sand/cut.html> ;.
[2] “Paris Métro Line 12.” Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 22 Jan 2013. Web. 11 Feb 2013. < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Métro_Line_12> ;.
[3] “Les lignes du métro Parisien.” Symbioz. Symbioz Corp, 19 Oct 2012. Web. 11 Feb 2013. < http://www.symbioz.net/index.php?id=13> ;
[4] “”Front Populaire”, un nouvel horizon pour la ligne 12.”PARIS.fr. le département Paris numérique de la Direction de l’information et de la communication (DICOM), 174 Dec 2012. Web. 11 Feb 2013. < http://www.paris.fr/accueil/deplacements/front-populaire-un-nouvel-horizon-pour-la-ligne-12/rub_9648_actu_123742_port_23738> ;.
[5] “Métro Line 12 Extended to Front Populaire.”Soundlandscapes’ Blog. N.p., 26 Jan 2013. Web. Web. 11 Feb. 2013. < http://soundlandscapes.wordpress.com/2013/01/26/metro-line-12-extended-to-front-populaire/> ;.
hartride2012tampa 5 Comments
Happy New Year everyone! With the start of 2013, I would like to let everyone know what I am working on for the month of January. Some of the posts that I am planning out include:
Ventra: An innovative common-use transit payment system that is being implemented this year throughout the Chicago transit system.
Paris Metro Line 12: From it’s beginnings as the Nord-Sud Line A, to its recent extension towards the northern Parisian suburb of Aubervillers, Line 12 is a vital north-south axis for the city’s growing subway system.
Part 3 of my fantasy subway system for Norfolk, VA: Where I focus on Line 3 of the fictional subway system, which connects the military hubs of Naval Station Norfolk and Naval Air Station Oceana near Virginia Beach. The fictional line also passes by Norfolk International Airport.
Part 1 of my fantasy rail system for Tampa Bay, FL: Since I’ve been talking quite a bit about my fantasy subway for Norfolk, I thought about reviving my fantasy rail system for Tampa. I originally sketched up a map of possible light rail and commuter rail lines prior to the defeat of the 2010 sales tax referendum.
Plus: Updates on HART MetroRapid, and MLK Holiday transit services.
In the next couple of days, I hope to have a poll question posted as well. This question will be in regards to the medians of Interstate 275 in Tampa. I won’t go too in depth, as to not spoil the surprise. However, some of you may have an idea of what I’ll be asking.
In the meantime, I invite you to check out Zac Ziegler’s latest post on Tampa’s light rail ambitions . This post comes not very long after a recent poll showed that many Tampanians now support a sales tax increase that would help fund light rail…something that seemed unclear just two years ago. If you haven’t read up on his other post regarding the 1% sales tax for transit , which he describes what could have happened if the 2010 sales tax referendum in Hillsborough County had passed, then I invite you to read that post as well, as I found it to be a very good read.
Also, I’ve made some updates to the About and Projects pages.
I hope that your 2013 is filled with joy and prosperity!
Warmest Regards:
hartride2012tampa Leave a comment
Hi everyone!
I know that I’ve been lagging behind on posting as of late. I’ve been trying to get into a regular schedule, but November and December have been much busier than I thought. Holiday event planning is definitely no easy task, and I’ve been having to help my family out with several different events that took place during the past couple months. Add to that; my computer problems during August and September, and my hiatus from earlier in the year. I know that in the end, I probably let down some of my viewers, and I sincerely apologize for that. I hope that with the new year, I can finally devote some time to make some major updates.
For those of you who celebrate Christmas, I would like to wish you, and your family a very Merry Christmas! I certainly hope that you are able to enjoy this wonderful day, no matter where you are located!
With all this said, I would like to take some time to reflect back on some of the major transit-related developments that occurred in 2012. I have grouped everything by month, and color coded each event as they pertain to the particular focus region that I cover in my blog.
BLUE: Tampa Bay (HART, PSTA, MCAT, SCAT, PCPT, Hernando THEbus, Citrus County Transportation)
GREEN: Orlando Area (LYNX, SunRail)
RED: Hampton Roads, VA (HRT)
TEAL: New York City, NY (NYCMTA)
PURPLE: Paris, France (RATP, STIF, SNCF)
hartride2012tampa Leave a comment
For several weeks, I had been planning a blog post regarding the extension of Line 4 of the Paris Subway towards the suburb of Montrouge. Unfortunately, construction work has delayed the opening of the new extension until at least March of 2013; the station Mairie de Montrouge had been tentatively scheduled to open by December 31, 2012.
Why the delay? From what I am hearing from Parisians in the SkyScraperCity and Symbioz forums (the latter one is in French; you can use Google Translate or Yahoo BabelFish to translate); it is taking much longer than expected to dig through the numerous quarries that lie underneath Montrouge. In fact; the entire routing of the subway extension towards Bagneux (planned to begin construction in 2014) had to be altered in order to avoid massive quarries that would otherwise undermine the stability of the ground above. You can see in these photos how complex some of these quarries are.
Sadly; the tentative date of December, 2012 for the opening of the new Montrouge station was quite unrealistic given the many surprises that lurked underneath Montrouge. No one could really know the stability of the quarries until the digging commenced. On the flipside however; it is better to delay work, than to rush things and have something disastrous happen during operation of the subway line. We certainly don’t want to imagine any such scenarios.
With this said; I hope to be able to report back towards the end of 2012 as to the status of the Line 4 extension. I will also post at the time; an update of the extension of Line 12, which is still expected to open in December, 2012.
Warmest Regards;
HARTride 2012
hartride2012tampa 1 Comment
Back in 2009, I embarked on a week-long trip to Belgium & France. During my stay in Paris, I became fascinated with the city’s subway system. The system, unlike many here in the US, operates rubber-tyred subway trains. That’s right, the trains run on rubber tires (although each outside tire is reinforced by a steel wheel on the inner axle to allow the train to run if a tire goes flat). One such example is pictured below.
MP 89CC stock train at Bastille Station – Line 1 – Paris Metro
Pictured here is the MP 89CC rubber-tyred subway train. For those of you who may not be familiar with the naming conventions that the Parisian transit authority (the RATP) uses for their subway fleet, I have a brief description in the next paragraph. Notice in the photo that the train is equipped with rubber tires on the outside of each axle. Behind the tires is a steel wheel, which again helps keep the train on track if a tire goes flat. One of the reasons why the RATP and many other transit agencies use rubber tyred subway trains is because they tend to have a much better grip to the tracks than the traditional steel wheeled trains. This is especially the case on lines where there are steep grades because traditional trains tend to have a harder time braking. The rubber tyred trains on the other hand can stop in a similar nature to that of a car or bus.
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In the Bible, what is the surname of Judas, who kissed Jesus in the garden of Gethsemene? | Bible Fun For Kids: Jesus in the Garden of Gethsemane
Saturday, November 1, 2014
Jesus in the Garden of Gethsemane
This week is Jesus in the garden. I hand out the Malchus mask and the kids loved it when they saw the ear was removable! While I taught the lesson, I had a plastic ear in my pocket and when I came to the Malchus part, I used my sword and cut of my right ear! Oh, they love that! You can see the ears here . There is a praying hands printable.There are a lot of different things to learn about prayer, but for this lesson, I decided to discuss what to pray for and how to pray. I used it as a conversation starter to discuss prayer and this can be used for several different lessons.
Last week we learned about Jesus entering into Jerusalem. The Disciples had found the donkey that wasn't ridden before. Jesus rode on the donkey and the people had cut down palm trees and laid them on the ground. The people had thrown their coats on the ground too! (Mt. 21:8) The crowd shouted Hosanna! They were praising Jesus as the Savior!
We also talked about the Lord's supper. In the evening, Jesus gathered His Disciples in the upper room. Jesus took the bread, prayed and tore it. They all ate some, then Jesus did the same with the cup. They sang a hymn, and then they left the upper room and went to the mount of Olives. You can find today's lesson in Matthew 26:30-56; Mark 14:32-52; Luke 22:39-52; John 18:1-12
Jesus told His Disciples that two days after the Passover, He would be crucified. Some of the Chief Priests and Scribes were discussing how to get Jesus killed, but they wanted to wait until after the Passover. One of the 12 Disciples named Judas Iscariot met with the Chief Priests and agreed to deliver Jesus to them for 30 pieces of silver.
Remember it was at night. When they had finished in the upper room, they went to a place called the Garden of Gethsemane and Jesus asked His Disciples to wait while He went to pray.
Jesus told the Disciples (not Judas) to "Stay here while I go over there and pray. Jesus took Peter, James and John with Him. Jesus was very sad and upset. Jesus told Peter, James and John to stay and keep watch for Him. Jesus walked a little further away and with His face bowed, He prayed to God. Jesus asked God if it is possible, for him to not have to go through what is coming. But, Jesus would do what God wanted. Jesus was so upset, an angel came to give Him strength. (Luke 22:43)
When Jesus want back to the Disciples, Jesus saw them asleep! Jesus asked Peter "Couldn't you keep watch just for one hour?" Jesus told Peter to watch and pray. Jesus went to pray again. He asked God again to "Let this pass. But, Your will be done." Jesus went back to the Disciples and they were sleeping again! Jesus left and went back and prayed asking God for the same thing.
Jesus went back to the Disciples and they were sleeping again! Jesus left and went back the third time and prayed asking God for the same thing. (Mt. 26:44)
While Jesus was praying, Judas came with a detachment of soldiers (Usually 600 soldiers) with the Chief Priests and Pharisees. They had lanterns, torches and weapons. Judas kissed Jesus, and by doing that, he confirmed to the soldiers who Jesus was.
Peter, a Disciple, took his sword and cut off a servant of the High Priest's right ear! (John 18:10) His name was Malchus. Jesus touched Malchus' ear, and he was healed. (Luke 22:51) Another miracle! Jesus told them that this is the prophecy being fulfilled. They arrested Jesus and tied Him up! All the Disciples left Jesus and ran! (Mt. 26:56) Next week we will learn about some of the trials that Jesus went through.
I created this for today's lesson to talk more about prayer. A large part of today's lesson is Jesus praying. I had these cut and stapled together so we could use the time to study prayer more. This more of a discussion starter for your students with scriptures and fill in the blanks. Each person's will be different and is meant for them to think about what, who, why they are praying. The hands are in color or black & white. The questions are black & white. I suggest printing the hands on cardstock and the inserts on regular paper. Click here to download it.
I used a knife and 'cut' off the Velcro ear on the Malchus above, then said Jesus touched the ear and I put it back on! Click on the picture to print.
Click on the picture to print the worksheet.
Click on the picture to print the NKJV Bible Verse & Teacher's Visual.
Scripture taken from the New King James Version®. Copyright © 1982 by Thomas Nelson.
Used by permission.
| Judas Iscariot |
A biped is an animal with how many feet? | Gethsemane Crossword Puzzle
what Jesus did in the garden
7.
what the disciples did instead of watch
8.
Judas ____ Jesus to identify him to his enemies.
9.
what Peter wanted to do to defend Jesus
10.
the name of the garden
Down
Jesus was betrayed to the priests and rulers ____.
2.
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Egg, Barcelona, Ball and Korum are all types of which item of furniture? | Egg Swivel Chair, Egg Swivel Chair Suppliers and Manufacturers at Alibaba.com
egg swivel chair
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46664 was the prison number of which famous political figure? | Top Sale Executive Modern Chair, Top Sale Executive Modern Chair Suppliers and Manufacturers at Alibaba.com
top sale executive modern chair
US $211.0-260.0 / Piece | Buy Now
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Who plays David Starsky in the 2004 film ‘Starsky and Hutch’? | Starsky & Hutch (2004) - IMDb
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Two streetwise cops bust criminals in their red-and-white Ford Torino with the help of police snitch called Huggy Bear.
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3 wins & 9 nominations. See more awards »
Videos
At the end of his career, a clueless fashion model is brainwashed to kill the Prime Minister of Malaysia.
Director: Ben Stiller
A group of misfits enter a Las Vegas dodgeball tournament in order to save their cherished local gym from the onslaught of a corporate health fitness chain.
Director: Rawson Marshall Thurber
Three friends attempt to recapture their glory days by opening up a fraternity near their alma mater.
Director: Todd Phillips
John Beckwith and Jeremy Grey, a pair of committed womanizers who sneak into weddings to take advantage of the romantic tinge in the air, find themselves at odds with one another when John meets and falls for Claire Cleary.
Director: David Dobkin
In 2002, two rival Olympic ice skaters were stripped of their gold medals and permanently banned from men's single competition. Presently, however, they've found a loophole that will allow them to qualify as a pairs team.
Directors: Josh Gordon, Will Speck
Stars: Will Ferrell, Jon Heder, Amy Poehler
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 6.6/10 X
#1 NASCAR driver Ricky Bobby stays atop the heap thanks to a pact with his best friend and teammate, Cal Naughton, Jr. But when a French Formula One driver, makes his way up the ladder, Ricky Bobby's talent and devotion are put to the test.
Director: Adam McKay
Jackie Moon, the owner-coach-player of the American Basketball Association's Flint Michigan Tropics, rallies his teammates to make their NBA dreams come true
Director: Kent Alterman
Two mismatched New York City detectives seize an opportunity to step up like the city's top cops whom they idolize -- only things don't quite go as planned.
Director: Adam McKay
Male nurse Greg Focker meets his girlfriend's parents before proposing, but her suspicious father is every date's worst nightmare.
Director: Jay Roach
All hell breaks loose when the Byrnes family meets the Focker family for the first time.
Director: Jay Roach
Ron Burgundy is San Diego's top-rated newsman in the male-dominated broadcasting of the 1970s, but that's all about to change for Ron and his cronies when an ambitious woman is hired as a new anchor.
Director: Adam McKay
A buttoned up newlywed finds his too organized life falling into chaos when he falls in love with an old classmate.
Director: John Hamburg
Edit
Storyline
Set in the 1970s in a metropolis called "Bay City," this is the tale of two police detective partners, Ken "Hutch" Hutchinson, and Dave Starsky, who always seem to get the toughest cases from their boss, Captain Dobey, rely on omniscient street informer Huggy Bear and race to the scene of the crimes in their souped-up 1974 Ford Torino hot rod, telling the story of their first big case (as a prequel to the TV show), which involved a former college campus drug dealer who went on to become a white collar criminal. Written by [email protected]
The original partners in crime. See more »
Genres:
Rated PG-13 for drug content, sexual situations, partial nudity, language and some violence | See all certifications »
Parents Guide:
5 March 2004 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
Starsky et Hutch See more »
Filming Locations:
$28,103,367 (USA) (5 March 2004)
Gross:
Did You Know?
Trivia
Todd Phillips was having a hard time finding a blueish 1976 Lincoln for Huggy Bear. When he revealed this to Snoop Dogg , he was surprised to learn that Snoop actually owned a car of the right color and it's his car that appears in the movie. See more »
Goofs
When Huggy Bear is being caddie for Feldman, and Starsky and Hutch are in Hutch's camper/pick-up truck, Hutch's earphones disappear between shots. See more »
Quotes
[first lines]
Kitty : Don't stress. Just relax.
Reese Feldman : I don't understand man, I don't understand. You can lose keys, ya know, you can lose your wallet. How... how do you lose a plane?
Terrence Meyers : Reese, come on. What do you want me to do? You got three out of four planes in. That's still a lot of coke.
Reese Feldman : Now, see that? That's the kind of winning attitude that's gonna take this enterprise straight to the top.
Shot on location in Bay City See more »
Connections
Courtesy of Rhino Entertainment Company/EMI Records Ltd.
By Arrangement with Warner Strategic Marketing
immaculately produced 70s light comedy homage
7 April 2004 | by Chris_Docker
(United Kingdom) – See all my reviews
The tale of two oddball police detectives who have a habit of getting stuck in awkward situations even with the best of intentions. Starsky (Ben Stiller) is very much by-the-book embarrassingly so whereas Hutch has a laid back rather hippy' approach to the rules. One of the films great strengths is that it plays on satire and keeps the action secondary. The two main characters are ably aided and abetted by Huggy Bear (Snoop Dogg) and, although there is a big-drugs-bust plotline, the movie's main intention seems to be to make a homage to the style and clichés of certain 70s filmmaking (and the original TV show); car chases, for instance, focus on tongue-in-cheek action rather than adrenalin, and the cops' love of empty-headed curvaceous women combined with a homophobia towards each other and gay men is portrayed laughingly as an echo of the attitudes of the times rather than appealing to those sentiments. Not the sort of comedy I expected to enjoy so much personally, but I quickly warmed to this movie and found the feelgood factor continued unabated till the end.
11 of 15 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you?
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| Ben Stiller |
Columbus Day in the US is celebrated during which month? | Super Reviewer
½
Starsky and Hutch is a diverting and inventive waste of time. No attempt was made to create a serious take (like Michael Mann's horrendous Miami Vice film version) on the iconic TV show, but instead to use it as fodder for frothy, pointless retro fun, jam packed with some of the 70's cheesiest pop classics, (Afternoon Delight, That's the Way I Like It and the David Soul classic 'Don't Give Up on us Baby, sung by the musically challenged Owen Wilson). Talented comedy director Todd Phillips shows his directing chops here pre-Hangover. Phillips knows how to direct a scene for laughs, he's one of the best out there right now. The star studded cast are all welcome visitors to the party, including Snoop Dogg as Huggy Bear, bad ass blacksploitation veteran Fred Williamson, the always welcome comedic anarchist Will Ferrell, and Vince Vaughan as the fu manchu-ed drug kingpin. Starsky's red stiped Gran Torino is used to comic effect here. Owen Wilson and Ben Stiller employ their generic personas very effectivelyl (i.e. laid back amoral California dude, uptight stupid Jewish dude who takes himself WAY too seriously). I watched this with my teenaged nephew, who loved it. It's a good suggestion for guys who are looking for something funny to watch with their male kids that's edgy enough to be cool, but ultimately harmless. Look out for original TV pair Paul Michael Glazer and David Soul at the end. On the depressing side, they look like old grandpas, but are still in good shape, and seem to be having fun.
Josh Morris
Super Reviewer
½
The story sometimes feels like its a bit flimsy and it certainly doesn't provide much action or the man-childedness of Hot Fuzz. But it benefits from chemistry between Stiller and Wilson and it did make me laugh.
Directors Cat
Super Reviewer
½
Starsky & Hutch is a fairly decent comedy with nothing too special or memorable going for it. The film loses its fire after a few repeated viewing, but for what it is, Starsky & Hutch is a fun comedy. I enjoyed this film even though it's nothing remarkable. The comedy is good, but never quite excellent. There are quite a few good laughs in this film, and there's a few laugh out loud moments, but it never becomes real good for that matter. The film is decent and manages to be entertaining, but the film is one that you can watch only a few times, and forget about it. For what it is, Starsky &Hutch can be seen as a guilty pleasure almost. There are a few very funny moments in the film, but the film could have been done better than it is. This is a fun film to watch, with plenty of mindless humor to enjoy, just forget the TV show, and you might like it. I did, but after a while, the film got old and I didn't enjoy it as much. Will Farrell's cameo is what made the film funny, if only he had more screen time. Starsky & Hutch is a funny film for the most part, but it definitely isn't a strong one at that. The film could have been much better than it is. For mindless comedic fun, Starsky & Hutch is a good view, but for the die-hard fans of the show, they definitely should skip this one as it has barely anything similar to the classic show.
Alex roy
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Mombasa is the chief port of which country? | Google Map of Mombasa, Kenya - Nations Online Project
About Mombasa
Satellite view is showing Mombasa, second largest city and chief port of
Kenya . The city is located on Mombasa island at a bay of the Indian Ocean on the southern tip of the country, about 480 km (300 mi) south east of Nairobi , Kenya's capital.
Moi Avenue in Mombasa with the Mombasa "Tusks" portal, the memorial was built to commemorate the visit of Queen Elizabeth to Mombasa in 1952.
Image: Collins432
History (short version)
Before Mombasa became an Arab trading center in the 8th century until the 18th century, the area was originally inhabited by the African Bantu people. The Portuguese (namely Vasco da Gama), became the first known Europeans to visit the port of Mombasa in 1498, but were met with hostility and soon departed.
The Portuguese eventually controlled the city from 1529 to 1698, when a three-year siege of Fort Jesus by Arabs ended with their expulsion. In the 18th century Mombasa was again briefly held by the Portuguese but then became subject to Oman , whose local representative eventually became the independent ruler of Zanzibar . In 1887 it passed to the British and became capital of the British East Africa Protectorate of Kenya until 1907.
Today Mombasa has a population of about 900,000 inhabitants. Spoken languages are Swahili and English.
Main attractions in Mombasa are Fort Jesus, the Portuguese fort built in the end of the 17th century, Mombasa Marine Park, a national reserve established in 1986 to protect the biodiversity and the general environment of the area. Shimba Hills National Reserve is near the city, the area of coastal rainforest, woodland and grassland offers the highest density of African elephant in Kenya.
Just zoom in (+) to see the remains of Fort Jesus, built by the Portuguese in 1593-1596 to protect the port of Mombasa, today a UNESCO World Heritage Site
.
The map shows a city map of Mombasa with expressways, main roads and streets, and the location of Moi International Airport ( IATA code : MBA).
To find a location use the form below.
To find a location type: street or place, city, optional: state, country.
Local Time Kenya:
Time zone: Eastern Africa Time (EAT) :: UTC/GMT +3 hours
φ Latitude, λ Longitude (of Map center; move the map to see coordinates):
,
Google Earth: Searchable Map and Satellite view of Mombasa, Kenya.
City Coordinates: 4°3′ S, 39°40′ E
| Kenya |
What was the middle name of former US President Richard Nixon? | Political Map of Kenya - Nations Online Project
Index of Maps
___ Political Map of Kenya
Kenya is a country in East Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean in south east, neighboring countries are Ethiopia , Somalia , South Sudan, Tanzania , and Uganda .
With an area of 580,000 km², the country is somewhat larger than Metropolitan France or slightly more than twice the size of the U.S. state Nevada.
Kenya has a population of 43 million people (2014). Spoken languages are Swahili and English (both official), and numerous indigenous languages mainly Kikuyu and Luhya.
Largest and most populous city and the national capital of Kenya is Nairobi . Second largest city and the country's chief port is Mombasa.
Kenya's climate varies from tropical along the coast to arid in interior. Kenya's landscape varies from low plains near its coast at the Indian Ocean, to a fertile plateau in west. The country's interior is dominated by the central highlands with the country's highest point Mount Kenya at 5,199 m. The highlands are bisected by the Great Rift Valley, a large natural depression that runs through Kenya with a north to south orientation, within the Valley is a chain of volcanoes, some of them are still active.
North of the Kenyan Rift Valley lies Lake Turkana, formerly known as Lake Rudolf. It is the world's largest permanent desert lake. The Lake Turkana area is regarded by many anthropologists as the cradle of humankind due to the abundance of hominid fossils.
Map is showing Kenya and the surrounding countries with international borders, the national capital Nairobi, province capitals, cities, main roads, railroads and major airports .
You are free to use this map for educational purposes, please refer to the Nations Online Project.
Map based on a UN map. Source: UN Cartographic Section
Cities and towns in Kenya
Map shows the location of following cities and towns in Kenya:
Archer's Post, Banissa, Banya, Baragoi, Buna, Bura, Busiaezi, Butere, Dif, El Wak, Eldoret (pop. 200,000; has a large market and is home to the Moi University and Eldoret International Airport, IATA code : EDL), Embu, Garissa, Garsen, Gilgil, Girito, Habaswein, Hagadera, Hola, Homa Bay, Isiolo, Kajiado, Kakamega, Kakuma, Kericho, Kibw, Kilifi, Kinna, Kisii, Kisima, Kisumu (third largest city in Kenya; pop. 400,000), Kitale, Kitui, Kolbio, Laisamis, Lamu, Liboi, Lodwar, Loiyangalani, Lokichar, Lokichokio, Lokori, Lokwa Kangole, Londiani, Lorule, Machakos, Mado Gashi, Magadi, Malindi (Tourism city at Malindi Bay), Mandera, Maralal, Mariakanii, Marigat, Marsabit, Meru, Migori, Molo, Mombasa (major port and second-largest city in Kenya), Moyale, Mtito Andei, Murang'a, Mwingi, Nairobi (capital city), Naivasha, Nakuru (capital of Kenya's Rift Valley province; pop. 300,000), Namanga, Nanyuki, Narok, Nguni, North Horr, Nyahururu (Thomson's Falls), Nyeri, Ramu, Sabarei, Solai, Sultan-Hamud, Takaba, Tarbaj, Taveta, Thika, Todenyang, Tot, Tsavo, Voi, Wajir, and Webuye.
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Who was the last Tudor monarch of England? | The Tudors - Monarchs | HistoryOnTheNet
The Tudors
The Tudors - Monarchs
Last Updated: 08/04/2014 - 09:09
The Tudors reigned from 1485 until 1603. There were 5 crowned monarchs and Lady Jane Grey reigned as Queen for just 9 days. The Tudor kings and queens were very powerful and they are noted for the numbers of people executed during the period.
Henry VII came to the throne after defeating Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. He was a serious man and faced many challenges to his place on the throne, the most notable being from Lambert Simnel and Perkin Warbeck. He married Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV uniting the houses of Lancaster and York and ending the Wars of the Roses. Henry successfully established the Tudor dynasty and when he died in 1509, his son's succession was not challenged and England was a rich and prosperous country.
Henry VIII is the best known of the Tudor Monarchs, he was the second son of Henry VII and became King because his brother, Arthur had died. He married his brother's widow, Catherine of Aragon when he became King, but divorced her when she did not produce a male heir to the throne. In order to gain his divorce, Henry had to establish the Church of England and end Catholicism. Henry went on to marry another five wives - Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Katherine Howard and Katherine Parr. Anne Boleyn and Katherine Howard were executed for treason. He died in 1547.
Edward VI came to the throne at the age of 9 years. He was a sickly child and the country was run by his protectors: firstly, the Duke of Somerset, his mother's brother, then by the Duke of Northumberland. Edward died at the age of 15 in 1553.
Lady Jane Grey was chosen to be Queen by the Duke of Northumberland in an attempt to keep England a Protestant country. Next in the line of succession was Henry VIII's eldest daughter, Mary. Mary was a Catholic and had sworn to return England to Catholicism. The public did not approve of Jane's succession and supported Mary's claim to the throne. Queen Jane reigned for just 9 days before Mary successfully took the throne. Jane and her husband, Guildford Dudley, son of the Duke of Northumberland, were beheaded.
Mary I was the daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon and was a committed Catholic . When she came to the throne she vowed to return England to Rome and Catholicism. She is known as Bloody Mary because of the numbers of people who were executed for being Protestants. She made herself even more unpopular by marrying Philip of Spain and losing Calais, England's last possession in France. Mary died in 1558, probably of cancer of the womb.
Elizabeth I became Queen after her sister Mary I died without an heir. She was the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. She upheld Protestantism in England and her will was the law. She did not marry and was known as the Virgin Queen. During Elizabeth's reign the age of exploration began with explorers such as Francis Drake claiming new lands for England and introducing new materials and foods. The American State , Virginia, is named after her. When Elizabeth died in 1603 the Tudor line ended.
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| Elizabeth I of England |
What colour was the medal ribbon on the Naval Victoria Cross until 1918? | English Monarchs - A complete history of the Kings and Queens of England.
English Monarchs
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Welcome to English Monarchs
This site is designed to bring to life, as vividly as possible, the history of the Kings and Queens of England from Egbert, first King of the English, who reigned 802-839 A.D., through over a thousand years of the rich and varied tapestry of England's history to the throne's present occupant, Elizabeth II. It contains a short biography of each English monarch along with many illustrations, maps (where applicable) and genealogical tables, in an easy to follow format arranged by dynasties. We also take a look at the Tower of London, the Crown Jewels and the royal residences.
This history covers all England's early Anglo-Saxon and Danish kings, including Alfred, the only English monarch ever to be called the Great.
Our section on the Normans includes the tumultuous events of 1066, which changed the course of English history. The reign of the stark and ruthless William I, the Conqueror and the Civil War which engulfed England as two of his grandchildren, Stephen and Matilda, became locked in a bitter struggle for the crown.
The Plantagenets, who followed the Normans, were a remarkable family, they produced such characters as the energetic Henry II, arguably one of the ablest of English Monarchs and his son, the legendary Richard the Lionheart who led the Third Crusade into the Holy land.
The Plantagenets finally destroyed themselves in a bloody dynastic struggle which we know of as the Wars of the Roses. This section also looks at the evidence and historical controversy as to whether England's last Plantagenet monarch, Richard III, actually murdered his nephews, the so-called Princes in the Tower, to gain possession of the crown.
Our history of the Tudors includes that best known of English Monarchs, the tyrannical and bloodstained Henry VIII, who is famous for marrying six wives and executing two of them. His great daughter, Elizabeth I, highly astute and wily she survived an appalling childhood and adolescence to emerge as the ablest of the Tudors and led England to victory over the Spanish, the greatest power of the age.
Our history of the Stuarts, that highly romantic but luckless dynasty, who were to rule over the joint kingdoms of England and Scotland includes, amongst much more, the English Civil War, the execution of Charles I by Oliver Cromwell and the Restoration of Charles II, the Merry Monarch, famous for his many mistresses and his long liaison with Nell Gwynne. It also contains a section on the Stuart Pretenders, one of whom was the courageous but impulsive Bonnie Prince Charlie.
Our biographies of the German Hanoverian dynasty includes an examination of the madness of George III and puts forward modern claims that he suffered from a metabolic condition, porphyria. This section of our history also covers the long reign of that endearing if stubborn British Monarch, Queen Victoria, which saw Britain rise as a world power.
Last but not least our history culminates in the story of Britain's modern day dynasty, the House of Windsor (formerly Saxe-Coburg-Gotha). We take a close look at the large family of Queen Victoria and the eight of her grandchildren who sat on the thrones of Europe. This section also includes a page on the popular Diana, Princess of Wales and the the enquiry into her tragic death.
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Who became head of the KGB in May 1967? | web page template
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Abstract
The KGB, or Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti (Committee for State Security), is the best known name for the terror and espionage organization that operated within the Soviet Union during the twentieth century. This agency underwent a series of name changes and modifications since the Russian Revolution of 1917. In fact, the KGB was only the official name for forty-six years, between 1954 and 1991. Though the name is relatively modern, terror organizations have long been a part of Russia�s political structure. The functions of these organizations were expanded from the political police role that was played by the Okhrana played during Tsar Nicholas II�s reign. In 1917, Illich Vladimir Lenin created the Cheka out of the remnants of the Ohkrana. This new organization, which eventually evolved into the KGB, held broad responsibilities including espionage, the protection of Soviet secrets, and the isolation of the Soviet Union from Western goods, news, and ideas. In 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed, leading to the fragmentation of the KGB into many subsidiary organizations that are the last remnants of a legacy that began nearly a century ago.
The Origins of the KGB
In 1880, Tsar Alexander II formed the Department of State Police, known to the Russian population as the Okhrana (Andrew, 20). This organization was used primarily to investigate, infiltrate and deactivate the various radical factions within Russia during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. By placing Okhrana members within the various revolutionary groups, the tsar remained constantly aware of the movement of these organizations and could thwart any potential attack with relative ease. In fact, between 1908 and 1909, four of the five members of the St. Petersburg committee of the Bolshevik Party were Okhrana officials (Freemantle, 17). Nicholas II was so secure in his infiltration of these groups that he chose to ignore warnings in November 1916 of imminent revolution from other members of his collapsing government.
In February 1917, over 400,000 industrial workers in St. Petersburg spontaneously revolted in response to hunger and poor working conditions (Freemantle, 18). This strike caught Tsar Nicholas completely off guard because none of the revolutionary groups that the Okhrana had been tracking were involved. Compounding the uprising, the Russian army sided with the civilian population against the government. As the government crumbed, the Russian parliament, or Duma, became the provisional government and the tsar abdicated.
During the nine months of uncertain democracy that ensued, Illich Vladimir Lenin and his Bolshevik party secretly organized their forces. After one failed coup in July 1918, the Bolshevik-controlled Military Revolutionary Committee stormed the WinterPalace on October 25, 1918. They seized control after very little resistance and Lenin became the head of the new government (Andrew, 38).
Lenin strongly believed in the use of terror and admired the Jacobins, the most radical of the French revolutionaries of 1790 (Freemantle, 21). He appointed Feliks Dzerzhinsky as the chairman of the People�s Commissariat for Internal Affairs, the NKVD (Freemantle, 21). The primary objective of this organization was to combat counter-revolution and sabotage throughout the nation.To do this more effectively, The Vecheka was formed as a subsidiary of the NKVD on December 20, 1917 (Freemantle, 21). Shortened to �Cheka� by the people, this organization was the original basis for the more recent KGB.Dzerzhinsky, a Polish nobleman who had served an eleven year prison term resulting from his involvement in anti-Tsarist terrorism activities before the Russian Revolution, was Lenin�s immediate choice for Chairman.
As Dzerzhinsky became acclimated to his new position, he began to make changes to the Cheka�s format.In December 1920, the location of the Cheka�s headquarters was moved from St. Petersburg to the former offices of the All Russian Insurance Company in Moscow (a site in which it has remained, in one form or another, until this day) (Freemantle, 21 The organization expanded from an investigative body to one that encompassed the powers of summary arrest (arrest without due cause), trial and execution. Eventually, the Cheka acquired the ability to incarcerate criminals in concentration camps.
The Cheka was responsible for over 500,000 Russian deaths between its creation in 1917 and its renaming in 1922
(Freemantle, 22). One common practice became known as the �Red Terror.�Twenty to thirty hostages were selected from an agricultural community and were held until any surplus food that was grown there had been distributed to other areas in an effort to combat both famine and a capitalistic system. If the food was not distributed appropriately, these hostages were shot (Freemantle, 22). Though this process and others like it were effective in spreading and maintaining Lenin�s ideology, they were not looked upon highly by the outside world.In order to improve economic relations with the West, the Cheka was disbanded and replaced with the more positive sounding � but no less oppressive � State Political Administration (GPU).
Originally, the GPU, still under the jurisdiction of the NKVD, operated with less absolute power than the Cheka had maintained. However, with Lenin�s urging, Dzerzhinsky remained the Chairman of the GPU and over time it became as powerful as it had been under the Cheka name. With the adoption of the Soviet constitution in July 1923, the GPU underwent another name change, this time to the OGPU, or Unified State Political Administration (Freemantle, 24). This new name implied the solidarity that Lenin was striving to achieve within his Communist state.
In 1924, Lenin died and was succeeded by Joseph Stalin.Dzerzhinsky, who had sided with Stalin during the battle for succession, retained his position as the Chairman of the OGPU. When Dzerzhinksy died in 1926, he was replaced by Vyacheslav Menzhinsky (Andrew, 108).One of the primary tasks of the OGPU during this time was maintaining order amongst Soviet citizens as Stalin turned fourteen million peasant properties into collective farms. To meet export demands, the OGPU physically removed bread and grain from these farms, creating a famine that ultimately killed more than five million people (Freemantle, 25-26).
Menzhinsky died under mysterious circumstances in 1934 and was replaced by Genrikh Yagoda, a trained pharmacist.Under his control, the OGPU expanded its laboratory facilities and began scientific research into biological and chemical extermination. Yagoda himself liked to conduct human experiments on captured criminals.He was executed during Stalin�s reign after he confessed to killing Menzhinsky in an effort to acquire the Chairmanship of the OGPU.
During the administration of Nikolai Yezhov, Yagoda�s successor, terror within the Soviet Union reached its height.In fact, three thousand of Yezhov�s own men were executed between 1936 and 1938. Stalin, wary of the extent of Yezhov�s control, had him tried and shot in 1938 (Freemantle, 27).
Following Yezhov, Lavrenti Beria served as KGB Chairman for fifteen years. He was a brilliant leader who expanded the NKVD, the parent organization under which the OGPU operated, to such an extent that the security arm of it was transferred into a separate organization in 1941 (Dziak, 105). This new branch, the NKGB, was responsible for internal security, counter-espionage, frontier guards, administration of corrective labor camps, and guerilla and underground activities against the Germans during World War II (Freemantle, 28). The man who headed the NKGB, Vseveolod Merkulov, was under Beria�s control, which effectively kept the NKGB tied to Beria.In 1950, Merkulov was replaced by Viktor Abakumov, who had no allegiance to Beria.As a result, Beria convinced Stalin to convict Abakumov of plotting against him. In 1951, Abakumov was killed by a firing squad (Freemantle, 29).
When Stalin died in 1953, Beria attempted to take his place as dictator of the Soviet Union.However, several key members of the Soviet army worked with Stalin�s successor, Nikita Khrushchev, to bring Beria to trial and he was executed in 1953 (Andrew, 425). After Khrushchev assumed control of the Soviet government, the state security organization assumed its final name.In March 1954, it became the KGB and was made responsible for the control of police, clandestine operations, border patrols and internal security.
History of the KGB (1954-1991)
On March 13, 1954, the Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti, or the Committee for State Security, was formed. Ivan Serov was named the first Chairman of this organization (Freemantle, 30).
The initial task of the newly formed KGB, as ordered by the new Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev, was to �purge� the government of any person with association or allegiance to Lavrenti Beria, who had tried to seize control of the Soviet Union after Stalin�s death on March 5, 1953. Under Khrushchev�s leadership, the Soviet Union made several policy changes.It underwent legal reform, reduced the size of prison/camp populations, and selectively relaxed the censorship of cultural and literary expression (Dziak, 140). While granting several minor accessions in an attempt to differentiate itself from Stalin�s reign, during the Khrushchev administration the KGB developed a more involved role in foreign affairs.
Beginning in 1958 with the appointment of Aleksandr Shelepin as the new KGB Chairman (Serov was moved to the Chairmanship of the GRU, the KGB�s sister organization), Khrushchev made several changes to the operational functions of the KGB. His ultimate goal was to return the Soviet Union � and the KGB in particular � to a positive, creative political focus similar to that of Dzerzhinsky�s Cheka during the early 1920�s. Several Western nations were named as the main �enemies� of the Soviet Union, including the United States, Britain, and Japan. These countries were to be destabilized and their alliances weakened.As a result, assassinations and Soviet-sponsored terrorism actually increased under Khrushchev�s leadership (Dziak, 141).
During this time, the KGB also struggled to change the oppressive image that Stalin�s dictatorship had imparted. Several literary works were released that stressed the heroic contributions that had been made by the KGB on behalf of the Soviet Union and postage stamps bearing the likeness of Dzerzhinsky were released (Dziak, 152).
In December 1961, Shelepin resigned as the KGB Chairman in order to become the Chairman of the new Committee of Party and State Control (Andrew, 456).Vladimir Semichastny became the new KGB Chairman.
On October 11, 1964, several prominent Soviet leaders arranged a meeting with Khrushchev at his Black Sea resort. By October 15, he had �resigned� from his position as the Soviet leader.Behind the resignation, a clandestine conspiracy had taken place. Leonid Brezhnev, the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet, became the head of the Communist Party on October 15, 1964 (Andrew, 478).
Semichastny was fired from his position as KGB Chairman because of several key misjudgments he made while in power (Andrew, 479-80). Immediately afterward, in May 1967, Yuri Andropov, the head of the Department for Liaison with Socialist Countries, accepted Semichastny�s position. He served the longest term of any KGB Chairman, from 1967 until his resignation in May 1982 (Dziak, 157).
During his time as Chairman, Andropov continued the restructuring of the KGB that had been initiated by Khrushchev and Shelepin in the 1950�s. He worked steadily against political, intellectual, minority group and religious dissidence; expanded the labor camp system and internal exile; and increased the use of psychiatric wards for captured criminals (Dziak, 159). In addition, his administration improved the scientific and technological intelligence acquisition by helping to build an organizational infrastructure for the funding and supervision of military, defense industry, and aviation industry research (Dziak, 160-1). Under Andropov�s direction, the KGB improved in forgery, worked on the anti-neutron warhead campaign, and expanded its use of agents in foreign arenas. In May 1982, Andropov became the leader of the Soviet Party and the KGB Chairmanship was given to Vitaly Fedorchuk, the former Chairman of the Ukrainian�s regional KGB (Dziak, 164).
After serving as the KGB Chairman for only seven months, Fedorchuk resigned from the position to become the Minister of Internal Affairs (Andrew, 588). In December 1982, Viktor Chebrikov, the first deputy KGB Chairman under Fedorchuk, stepped up into the vacated position.He served from 1982 until October 1988, when he was replaced by Vladimir Kryuchkov, who had been Chairman of the First Chief Directorate, a division of the KGB (Andrew, 625).
Kryuchkov served as the Chairman of the KGB until August 18, 1991, when he and seven other key members of the Soviet government attempted an ultimately unsuccessful coup against Mikhail Gorbachev, leader of the Soviet party from 1985 until the party�s dissolution on December 25, 1991.
The Organization and Operation of the KGB
In 1954, the Soviet Union�s political police organization officially became the KGB, or Committee for State Security.It was during this name change that the KGB also adopted its basic organizational structure.
When the KGB was formed in March 1954, the organization was demoted from a ministry to a state committee � a significant reduction in status. However, despite this change in hierarchical importance, the KGB retained more autonomy than most other Soviet government departments and was primarily independent from the Council of Ministers, the body that delegated power within the Soviet Union. As a state committee, the KGB was technically subject to the Council of Ministers� authority as issued through a statute that outlined its basic organizational structure. Interestingly, the statute of the KGB was never published, unlike most other Soviet statutes. Many aspects of the KGB were, however, revealed through various Soviet textbooks and individual disclosures of guarded information.
The KGB was an umbrella organization that encompassed corresponding state committees in each of the fourteen non-Russian Soviet republics. Within each republic were KGB administrations that operated separately from, though in accordance with, the central KGB. In the RussianRepublic, however, there was no regional organization.Instead, the KGB administrations throughout Russia reported directly to the central KGB in Moscow (Knight, 120).
The central KGB was directed by a Chairman who was confirmed by the Supreme Soviet (the figurehead Parliament of the USSR) but selected by the Politiburo (a policy-making body). In addition to the Chairman, there was also one or two First Deputy Chairmen and four to six Deputy Chairmen. These men, along with the chiefs of certain KGB directorates (see below), formed the KGB Collegium, a leadership body that made important decisions regarding the KGB�s actions (Knight, 121).
The KGB�s major tasks encompassed four areas:protection of the state against foreign spies and agents, the exposure and investigation of political and economic crimes by citizens, the protection of state borders, and the protection of state secrets (Aftergood (1), 1). In order to fulfill these obligations, between 390,000 and 700,000 Soviets served in the KGB in six chief directorates.
The First Chief Directorate (�First� was a titular designation and was neither sequential nor did it indicate power level) was responsible for all foreign operations and intelligence gathering activities in the KGB.Within this organization were several sub-groups, categorized both by functional operations (i.e. � intelligence training, gathering, and analysis) and worldwide geographical regions. Due to the nature of this line of work, the First Chief Directorate recruited the best-qualified personnel of all the directorates; these recruits had a strong academic record, knowledge of one or more languages, and a strong belief in the Communist ideology (Knight, 122).
The Second Chief Directorate handled the internal political control of Soviet citizens and foreigners residing in the Soviet Union. This directorate worked to prevent foreign diplomats from interacting with Soviet citizens; investigated political crimes, economic crimes, and informant networks; and monitored tourists and foreign students (Knight, 123).
The Third Chief Directorate dealt with military counterintelligence and the political surveillance of the Soviet armed forces. This Directorate was subdivided into twelve departments that oversaw all the various military and paramilitary formations of the Soviet government (Knight, 123).
The Fifth Chief Directorate, along with the Second Chief Directorate, focused on internal security.Created in 1969 to combat political dissent, it was specifically responsible for discovering and routing out opposition amongst religious factions, national minorities, and the intellectual elite (including the literary and artistic community) (Knight, 123).
The Eighth Chief Directorate was responsible for communications within the Soviet system. Specifically, it monitored foreign communication, created the cryptology used by KGB divisions, transmitted communications to KGB stations abroad, and developed secure communication equipment (Knight, 124).
The Chief Directorate of Border Troops protected Soviet land and sea borders.It was divided into nine border districts that covered the 41,600 miles of the USSR border. The basic duties of these troops included repulsing potential attacks on the Soviet Union; preventing the illegal crossing of the border by persons, weapons, explosives, contraband, or subversive literature; monitoring Soviet and foreign ships; and working to protect the environment from pollution (Aftergood (1), 1).
In addition to these six Chief Directorates, there were at least three directorates that were smaller in size and scope than the Chief Directorates. The Seventh Directorate handled surveillance and provided personnel and technical equipment to monitor the activities of foreigners and suspect Soviet citizens. The Ninth Directorate supplied bodyguards for key Soviet Party leaders and their families inside the Kremlin and other government facilities throughout the nation.The Sixteenth Directorate maintained the telephone and radio lines used by the Soviet government agencies (Knight, 123-24).
As a vast and intricate organization, the central KGB had, in addition to these branches, an expansive bureaucracy to help it deal with day-to-day functions. These additional organizations included a personnel department, a secretariat, a technical support staff, a finance department, an archives, an administration department, and a party committee.Along with the major directorates, these groups helped to ensure a smooth transition between Chairmen and kept the KGB efficient and successful throughout its thirty-seven year existence.
The Demise of the KGB
On August 18, 1991, the leader of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev, was confronted by several plotters at his vacation home on the Black Sea in the Crimea. These conspirators, including Lieutenant General Yuri Plekhanov, Chairman of the Presidential Bodyguard, and Vlery Boldin, Gorbachev�s Chief of Staff, felt that communism was threatened under Gorbachev�s progressively capitalistic rule. They ordered him to either resign or surrender Presidential authority to Vice President Gennadi Yanayev.When Gorbachev refused to comply, KGB guards surrounded his home, preventing him from leaving or contacting the outside world.
At the same time in Moscow, the KGB�s Seventh Directorate�s �Alpha Group� was instructed to attack the Russian Federation Building and seize control of it. Their orders included the undertaking of covert reconnaissance on the building beginning on August 19, followed by an infiltration and seizure of the building during August 20 and 21. Contrary to the coup members� expectations, the group, led by Mikhail Golovatov, decided not to carry out the attack.Instead, they postponed the operation until opposition forces, led by Boris Yeltsin, gathered to defend the Russian Federation Building (Ebon, 7).
After realizing that the coup was badly planned and would be ultimately unsuccessful, the conspirators tried to negotiate with Gorbachev, who was still being held captive. Gorbachev refused to meet with the coup members.When Soviet loyalists arrived at his summer home, several of the usurpers were arrested and the coup was effectively suppressed.
Eight key coup members, called the �Gang of Eight,� were responsible for the attempted uprooting of Gorbachev�s rule.It included the Vice President of Russia; the Chairman of the KGB; the Defense Minister; the Russian Prime Minister; a member of the Soviet Defense Council; a Soviet Parliament member; the President of State Enterprises, Industrial Construction, Transport, and Communications; and the Minister of the Interior (Russia.net, 1). Of these eight, seven were arrested and stood trial.The eighth shot himself in the head before he could be arrested.
After this major upheaval in the Soviet Government, which included the necessary replacement of these eight key governmental positions, Gorbachev began to make serious reforms that ultimately led to the disbanding of the Soviet Union and the end of Communist rule in Russia. Among those replaced within his administration was Vladimir Kryuchkov, who had served as the Chairman of the KGB for three years.In his place, the Supreme Soviet assigned Vadim Bakatin to become the new Chairman. Bakatin had served as the Minister of the Interior from 1988 to 1990 and had called for the dismantling of the KGB during that time. In fact, his vocal opinion on the matter directly led to his replacement in 1990 by Boris Pugo, who ultimately became a conspirator in the August coup (Ebon, 55).
Bakatin, with his strong anti-KGB sentiments, was, ironically, exactly the kind of person Gorbachev was looking for to fill the position of KGB Chairman. He was a man of integrity and respectability, so the government saw him as the perfect candidate to see the KGB through until its end. He was responsible, from late August until late October, for analyzing and organizing the several branches of the KGB.Ultimately, on October 24, 1991, the KGB � the Soviet Union�s Committee for State Security � was officially dissolved.
Does the KGB Exist Today?
The Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti officially existed from March 13,1954 until October 24, 1991. Under the leadership of Vadim Bakatin and Mikhail Gorbachev, the organization was dismantled and no longer exists as such within the Russian Federation�s governmental hierarchy. However, as happened quite frequently in the years before 1954, the KGB was not actually destroyed in 1991. Instead, it was broken apart into several smaller factions that assumed, collectively, many of the same functions that the KGB was once responsible for. In the Russian Federation, though, these smaller organizations are of a narrower scope, which prevents them from becoming as all encompassing and ruthlessly powerful as the old KGB.
The Foreign Intelligence Service was created directly after the demise of the KGB in October 1991. It incorporates most of the foreign operations, intelligence gathering and intelligence analysis activities that once comprised the KGB�s First Chief Directorate (Aftergood (2), 1).
The Federal Agency for Government Communications and Information was formed from the combination of the Eighth Chief Directorate and the Sixteenth Directorate. It is responsible for communications security and signals intelligence (Aftergood (2), 1).
Eight thousand to ten thousand troops that once constituted the KBG�s Ninth Directorate joined the Federal Protective Service and the Presidential Security Service. These groups are responsible for guarding the Kremlin and all of the important offices of the Russian Federation (Aftergood (2), 1).
The Federal Security Service was created after the Ministry of Security was disbanded in 1993. This organization absorbed 75,000 people from the Second, Third and Fifth Chief Directorates. It is responsible for internal security functions within the Russian Federation (Aftergood (2), 1).
After years of invoking terror in Soviet citizens who never knew when they might be brutally interrogated by a KGB officer or sentenced to the harsh conditions of a forced labor camp, the KGB no longer exists under its official name. Yet, many Russian people still live in fear of this harsh and repressive organization. Writers whose work was deemed anti-Soviet never saw their accomplishments in print, a result of the censorship of the Fifth Chief Directorate. Families were broken up as KGB agents arrested, convicted and condemned millions of people to labor camps in Siberia or, in the most extreme cases, to death. Most of these people had committed no crime � they were targeted due to unfortunate circumstances that put them in the wrong place at the wrong time or because of a careless comment they may have made in their own homes. Some were killed simply because KGB agents had to meet their quotas � if they had not found enough legitimate spies within their jurisdictions, they simply rounded up innocent people, who were often tortured until they confessed to crimes they did not commit. These atrocities no longer occur within the Russian Federation, but for the generations who grew up under this oppressive system, the nightmares never go away. As the former political prisoner Lev Timofeyev wrote, �The KGB is a state of society, an illness of the public conscience. The healing process has begun, but Society will heal only when the KGB is destroyed� (Albats, 359). The KGB has been dismantled, but for the millions of people who were affected by it, the scars will never fade and forgiveness comes slowly.
References
| Yuri Andropov |
What does the Latin phrase ‘Ars gratia artis’ translate to in English? | KGB: Debriefing - THE KGB v THE CIA: THE SECRET STRUGGLE
The KGB vs. The CIA: The Secret Struggle
his program sets out to look at the Cold War not as a political conflict but as a clash between two intelligence services which, because of their very nature, often had more in common with each other than with the governments that employed them.
The story of this deadly battle can now be told because the collapse of communism has brought KGB files into the public domain and some senior KGB officers out of the shadows.
So far no one has taken full advantage of this to look back on the battle between the KGB and the CIA and ask the crunch questions--who won and why?
THE MOST IMPORTANT AMERICAN TRAITOR WAS NEVER CAUGHT
This is the story of the most important American traitor, the man who gave away the secret of the atomic bomb. The FBI claims that it caught all the atomic traitors. It did not. The main one was never caught and no one has any idea who he is. He is known only by his code name--PERCY.
The theft of America's atom bomb secrets was the KGB's greatest coup. It made no difference to the balance of atomic terror--the Soviet Union would have developed its own bomb sooner or later anyway--but it changed the course of American social history.
It discredited the CIA, which had assured the government that the Soviet Union would take at least eight years to make its own bomb. It discredited the FBI, which had failed to uncover the Soviet atomic spy ring until it was too late. It broke the special relationship between the United States and Britain because Klaus Fuchs, the spy blamed for the theft had been sent to Los Alamos by the British. It ended all possibility of a free international exchange of atomic knowledge. It destroyed American innocence when it became apparent that American citizens could be ideological spies, and it ushered in the McCarthy era.
The FBI says today that it caught every single member of the Soviet atomic spy ring. This is not true. The main member of the ring, an American scientist, known to the KGB as PERCY, has never been identified and the KGB says that he is still alive and free today. And the husband and wife team who recruited PERCY died peacefully in Moscow a few years ago after the British, who had them in jail on another charge, exchanged them--one of the great blunders of espionage history. They were known as the Krogers, a New Zealand couple who dealt in antique books. But their real names were Morris and Lona COHEN, two New Yorkers who had worked for the KGB since 1936.
In 1967 I wrote with others a series of newspaper articles on the British traitor Kim Philby. The moment the articles appeared, the KGB mounted an operation to secure the release of the KROGERS who were serving twenty years in a British jail for their role as communications officers in the spy ring run by the KGB colonel Conon Molody ("Gordon Lonsdale") at the Portland naval base, Britain.
The first hint of this operation--the existence of which has been confirmed to me by several former KGB officers involved in it--came from Philby himself in conversation with Murray Sayle, a British journalist who had gone to Moscow to consider buying Philby's own book, "My Silent War". "That was an interesting suggestion in The Economist ," Philby said to Sayle, "the idea that I would be prepared to withdraw my manuscript if the Krogers were exchanged for Brooke [an Englishman in jail in the Soviet Union for distributing anti-Soviet pamphlets]. If that were in fact a condition of the Krogers being released, of course I would withdraw my book."
Philby then went on to try to convince Sayle that the Krogers were innocent. "We don't dispute that people like Gordon and Colonel Abel [a KGB officer caught in the United States] were our agents, highly-skilled professionals, but we cannot agree that the Krogers were the top level agents that they are being represented as, or indeed our agents at all except in the sense of being friends of Lonsdale's."
Again, we did not know it at the time but this was nonsense--the Krogers were two of the KGB's most respected and highly-valued agents who had been key players in Moscow's atomic spy ring in the United States and had worked with Abel. Our ignorance can be forgiven because SIS and the CIA, too, did not know then how important the Krogers were, otherwise they might not have gone ahead only 19 months later with the exchange of the Krogers for Brook, a very minor figure in the intelligence war. And yet . . . did it not occur to the Western services to wonder why the KGB was negotiating for the release of the Krogers, two non-Soviet citizens --something it had never done before?
I became interested in this husband and wife spy team when, while visiting Moscow in 1990, I learnt from Igor Prelin, a former KGB colonel, that they were living in a state retirement home outside Moscow, and that a KGB film unit had been recording their life stories. I asked if I could see them but instead I was invited to help adapt the Kroger interviews for a Russian-British TV documentary eventually shown in the West under the title "Strange Neighbours". It concentrated on the Kroger's life in London, and told how they pretended to be New Zealand antiquarian books dealers, whereas in reality they were busy transmitting Gordon Lonsdale's spy reports to Moscow either on their concealed radio transmitter or with a micro-dot system. But there was another story the documentary did not touch. I had seen the uncut film of the Krogers talking to the KGB and had finally realised why Moscow had gone to such lengths to get them released from their British prison, and why Kim Philby was so eager to play a role in this release.
The Krogers were really Morris and Lona Cohen, two New Yorkers who had joined the American Communist Party in 1935 and, full of idealism almost to the last, served the party cause for more than 50 years. In the KGB film, faces alight with memories--"We were going to help build a better world for the masses"--they gave the impression of being locked away in a Communist time warp. Morris, the son of a New York peddler, joined the Mackenzie-Papineau battalion of the International Brigades under the name of Israel Pickett Altman and went off to the Spanish Civil war to fight for the Republicans. Recovering in hospital after being wounded by machine gun bullets in both legs, he was recruited by Soviet intelligence officers and sent to a spy school in Barcelona. Back in the United States he married Lona, a high school sweetheart, in 1941. They were such good Communists that Lona checked with the party first to see if it would prefer her to marry Morris or a rich lawyer who had been courting her. "I told the CP official, 'The party always needs money and I can get a lot of it for you without him knowing about it. I know how to do things like that.' And he said, 'If you marry a rich man you'll have servants, you'll have everything you want, and you'll forget about communism.' And I replied, 'Never'. And he said, ' No, marry the poor man and you can work together'."
The following year Morris joined the American army. But the couple had both been working for Soviet intelligence since 1938, running a seven-man spy ring. Lona recalls on the uncut film how this ring identified secret Nazis supporters in the United States, stole weapon parts from American arms factories, succeeded in recruiting an agent (never identified) in the Office of Strategic Services and worked with Abel for ten months in 1948. But their most valuable service for Moscow was to do with the Soviet atomic spy. Lona Cohen, then only 27, made several trips to New Mexico to collect material from someone working at Los Alamos and then brought the material to her KGB controller, Anatoly Yatskov, in New York. Yatskov said in 1991 that the material was a detailed description and drawing of the world's first atomic bomb which had just been dropped on Hiroshima. In the film interview Lona does not identify the spy at Los Alamos who gave her this priceless information.. But in the uncut KGB film, Morris Cohen talks about him at length. However in "Strange Neighbours", all these references were edited out by the Soviet co-producers. Fortunately, I could remember most of them.
Cohen said he had met a young American in his battalion in the International in Brigades in Spain, that after the Spanish war this young American had become a nuclear scientist and had eventually gone to work at Los Alamos. Morris said that Moscow had given him the job of approaching this old comrade-in-arms to see if he were willing to spy for the Soviet Union. Morris said he had met his friend at Alexander's restaurant in Manhattan and the recruitment had been successful. This was the source in Los Alamos who had provided the material that Lona had couriered to the KGB in New York. Further, Morris said that this scientist had never been suspected and that he was still alive, although not now living in the United States. Yatskov gave other clues. In an interview on the same film as the Krogers he said that his atomic spy ring at Los Alamos was ten strong--five agents he described as "sources of information", three who collected the material from them, and two senior KGB officers in overall charge. The FBI had caught only seven of them. Did they include the scientist who provided Lona Cohen with the material she couriered to New York? "The people she had contact with were never exposed," said Yatskov in 1991, "and they are living peacefully in their own country now."
Then with the collapse of the Soviet Union and the KGB under threat, there was a concerted effort by the service to boost its image to help its chances of survival. Articles about the service's successes began to appear in Russian publications. One, in Novoe vremia (23 April and 30 April 1991) by Vladimir Chikov, a KGB colonel, was headed "How the Soviet Secret Service Split the American Atom". Chikov's article quoted a message from a Soviet intelligence officer in the United States sent to Moscow in 1942 or 1943 about Morris Cohen's recruitment of his Spanish Civil War colleague. "The physicist . . . contacted our source 'Louis', an acquaintance from the Spanish Civil War. . . We propose to recruit him through 'Louis'. 'Louis' has already carried out a similar task and very successfully." Chikov went on to say that the recruitment went ahead and that the physicist became the chief Soviet source within Los Alamos. Since Morris Cohen was in Moscow and safe from the FBI, Chikov had no hesitation in identifying him as the agent 'Louis'. But, significantly, he did not name the American physicist.
Although in Chikov's version it is the physicist who first approaches Morris Cohen, the rest of his account served to confirm what Morris Cohen had said in those parts of his uncut film interview. It seemed now only a matter of time before the physicist was identified. Michael Dobbs of the Washington Post led the hunt but it was not until 25 February 1996 that he announced that the Soviet agent was Theodore Alvin Hall, a Harvard-educated physicist, now aged 70, who had worked at Los Alamos in 1944-45. He had been investigated for espionage by the FBI in 1950-52 but was not prosecuted. He left the United States in 1962 for Britain and at the time of writing lives in Cambridge. He has an inoperable cancer and refuses to confirm or deny any involvement in espionage activities.
But is Hall the right man? He is a physicist, which fits Chikov's description of his profession. But that is all. He was born in 1926, which means that he would have been only ten years old at the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War and thirteen when it finished, so he was certainly not in the International Brigades. Yet both Morris Cohen in his KGB film and Chikov in his article are positive that the physicist did serve in Spain. Morris Cohen died in Moscow in 1993, a year after his wife. Anatoly Yatskov, the Soviet intelligence officer who ran them, also died in 1993. No one has seriously taken up the hunt for PERCY. And no one has realised his link with those Cold War icons of the Left, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg.
In 1950, when Philby was British intelligence's liaison officer with the CIA and the FBI, his Washington office was in an annexe of the British embassy. But he also had a small office in the FBI where he would go to read FBI material too sensitive to be allowed out of the building. A lot of this related to the Venona decrypts, the radio traffic from the Soviet Consulate in New York in 1944-5, which American code-breakers had been working on since the end of the war. The Venona material offered a window into the running of the Soviet espionage apparatus in the United States. Of course, it did not reveal names. But it did offer clues to the identity of Western agents recruited by the KGB and by painstakingly putting these clues together the FBI could narrow down a list of suspects and, hopefully, finally pinpoint the traitor. American experts who have studied the Venona story, say that this one code-breaking success was responsible for nearly all the major spy cases of the postwar period.
Being party to the Venona material put Philby in a difficult and dangerous position--what should he do as he followed the FBI homing in on his Soviet intelligence service comrades? He discussed this with his Soviet control and they made some brutal decisions. If Philby were to use what he had learned from Venona to tip off those Soviet agents under suspicion so as to allow them to flee, then the FBI would suspect a leak. It would immediately ask: who has had access to Venona? Philby would be included in any such list and he would be automatically investigated. There would be no proof against him but he would be compromised, and J. Edgar Hoover who did not trust the British anyway, would make certain that Philby would never again enjoy the same degree of confidence. This could imperil Philby's lifelong plan--that he should become the chief of the British Secret Intelligence Service, a coup without precedent in the history of espionage and one which would allow the KGB virtually to control the espionage Cold War. So Philby's knowledge of Venona would have to be used sparingly. This meant that those agents who were of most importance to Moscow would be helped but all the others would have to be sacrificed. Donald Maclean would be helped because he had provided excellent intelligence from Washington and the KGB hoped he would continue to rise in the British Foreign Office. (He did. In November 1950 he became head of the American Department in London and passed to Moscow, among other things, the assurance obtained from President Truman by Prime Minister Attlee that the United States would not use the atom bomb in the Korean war.)
So Philby kept his Soviet control appraised of the progress the FBI was making towards identifying Maclean and at the right moment tipped off Maclean in time for him to flee to Moscow in May, 1951. Philby also told his Soviet control that the FBI was getting close to identifying the Cohens. "In the summer of nineteen-fifty we had information from a comrade that the best thing would be for us to leave," Morris Cohen recalled in his Moscow KGB interview. That comrade was Yuri Sokolov. "I had orders from Moscow to tell them to get out immediately," he remembered in Moscow in 1991. "I went to their flat and in case it was bugged I wrote out the order on a piece of paper. They were gone within the hour."
But no one tipped off Julius and Ethel Rosenberg until it was too late. Why? Simply because the Soviets did not consider them to be sufficiently important. The KGB's assessment of the Rosenbergs was that they were "minor couriers, not significant sources, who provided no valuable secrets and who were absolutely separate from major networks gathering atomic secrets". They were not part of Yatskov's ten strong atom team. The fact is that in spy Cold War the Rosenbergs were considered expendable, especially as neither Philby nor his bosses in Soviet intelligence ever expected that even if the Rosenbergs were caught and convicted, the Americans would execute them. But there were counter-espionage pressures influencing the Rosenberg's fate that Moscow did not know about.
The FBI wanted to smash the entire Soviet espionage apparatus in the United States without revealing that it had been doing it through Venona--the fact that it had been breaking the Soviet code. So Hoover reasoned like this: if Julius Rosenberg could be persuaded to make a general confession, then the FBI could then arrest all the other agents they knew about only through Venona, but claim publicly that it had been Rosenberg's confession that had led them to these people--even though it had not . Julius Rosenberg knew nothing about Venona or the FBI's aims but he resolutely refused to confess so the Justice Department decided to increase the pressure on him. Assistant U. S. Attorney Myles Lane told the Joint Congressional Committee on Atomic Energy, "The only thing that will break this man Rosenberg is the prospect of a death penalty or getting the chair, plus that if we can convict his wife too, and give her a sentence of 25 or 30 years, that may serve to make this fellow disgorge and give us the information on these other individuals." The judge at the Rosenberg's trial went further. After consulting the Justice Department he sentenced not only Julius Rosenberg to death in the electric chair but Ethel Rosenberg as well, thus offering Rosenberg the chance of saving his wife's life with his confession. But both refused to budge and were executed on 19 June 1953 after a worldwide campaign failed to convince President Eisenhower to grant them clemency.
So no wonder that when Murray Sayle saw Philby in Moscow in 1967 he formed the impression that Philby "seemed to feel a personal responsibility to the Krogers to get them out of jail." It was too late to help the Rosenbergs but Philby felt he could somehow redeem himself by sacrificing his book--which meant a lot to him--on behalf of another husband and wife spy team. On the last night of our talks in Moscow I said to Philby, "Looking back on your life, do you have any regrets?" He gave general answers and then suddenly said, "Professionally I could have done better. I made mistakes and I paid for them." At the time I thought he was talking about his friendship with Guy Burgess. I now think he was talking about the Rosenbergs, sacrificed by the KGB in order to protect the COHENS, the only ones who could identify the greatest atomic spy of all, PERCY.
There is a postscript to this story. The FBI claims that there never was a PERCY and that the whole story was invented by the Krogers at the instigation of the KGB as a disinformation exercise. Like so many aspects of the secret world, you will have to make up your own mind as to where the truth lies.
THE CUBA MISSILE CRISIS AND THE SPY NO ONE WANTED
In Russia, Colonel Oleg Vladimirovich PENKOVSKY, executed in Moscow 34 years ago is regarded as a traitor. In the West he is hailed as "the spy who saved the world". Now new evidence emerging from the old KGB suggests that Penkovsky need not have died at all--he was betrayed by his friends, the British Secret Intelligence Service.
His story is one of high if dirty drama, a battle of wits in which a British triumph--not only over the KGB but over their American "cousins", the CIA--was soured by the fact that the game cost one brave man his life and another, a patriotic Englishman, his emotional sanity. And it made many a CIA officer determined never to collaborate with the British again.
It began on the night of August 12, 1960 when two young American tourists, strolling back to their hotel in Moscow, were approached by a well-dressed Russian who said he had valuable information he wanted them to pass on to the American embassy.
Gary Powers, the American U-2 spy plane pilot, shot down over the Soviet Union the previous May, was to go on trial in Moscow in four days' time. The Russian said he could expose the Soviet version of the incident as a lie: the U-2 had not been brilliantly brought down by a single missile, as the Soviet leader Khrushchev had claimed, but by 14, not one of which had been able to score a direct hit.
One of the Americans decided that the Russian was probably a police provocateur, so he shook him off and returned directly to his hotel. But the other American was impressed by the Russian's apparent sincerity. He accepted an envelope the Russian pressed on him and took it to the American embassy, where, after some bureaucratic difficulty, it was accepted and passed by diplomatic bag to the CIA in Washington.
The letter was from Oleg Penkovsky, a colonel in the GRU (Soviet military intelligence) and it offered his services to the West as a spy. "I wish to pass materials to you immediately for study and analysis and subsequent utilisation . . .You will determine the manner of transmittal of this material yourself. It is desirable that the transfer be effected not through personal contact but through a dead letter drop."
The CIA was intrigued but suspicious. Penkovsky was not unknown to Western intelligence services. In 1955, when stationed in Ankara as assistant military attaché, he had approached various intelligence officers and military attaches to offer them his knowledge of Soviet plans for the Middle East. Everyone turned him down. His war record, his marriage to a Russian general's daughter, and his steady progress up the Soviet promotion ladder did not fit a defector's profile.
But by 1960 the atmosphere in Washington had changed. The Cold War had intensified and the CIA was hungry for information from a live military source in Moscow. After studying the debriefing of the two tourists who had met Penkovsky, the CIA sent a special officer to the Moscow embassy to handle the initial contact with him.
The officer bungled it. He complained in his reports that he could not set foot on the streets of Moscow without being followed by the KGB. In the end, all he could suggest was that he should get a message to Penkovsky to throw his material over the 12ft wall of the American bachelor quarters after first practising with snowballs. Four months after Penkovsky had made his offer, the CIA had failed to get back to him.
In the middle of January, the CIA reviewed the Penkovsky case and decided to try a new approach. With great reluctance and against the advice of many of its officers, it approached the British for help. Those who argued against this course insisted that the British were unreliable, that SIS had been penetrated, and recalled the Philby, Burgess and Maclean cases. Others pointed out that the British already knew about Penkovsky because he had been approaching British businessmen in Moscow and to go ahead without SIS collaboration risked straining relations between the two services even further.
Bringing in the British turned out to be fatal for Penkovsky. Looking back on it, one CIA officer summed up, "The big lesson of the Penkovsky case is never to enter into a joint operation with another service. Joint operations, by definition, double the risks of exposure. The differences in any two services' operating styles lead to confusion, misunderstandings and raise the possibility of compromise."
SIS saw the Penkovsky case as a marvellous opportunity to rehabilitate itself in the eyes of the Americans, to show that despite Philby, Burgess and Maclean, the British service had the skill and determination to run an agent-in-place in Moscow and to get out his valuable information. As the head of the SIS, the late Sir Dick White, told his officers later, "I would stress to all of you that, if proof were needed, this operation has demonstrated beyond all doubt, the prime importance of the human intelligence source, handled with professional skill and expertise."
SIS was able to move quickly because it had already recruited a British businessman, Greville Wynne, as an agent to try to penetrate the State Committee for Science and Technology, which functioned as a cover organisation for KGB and GRU agents spying on Western technology. Conveniently, Penkovsky was a member of this committee, and in April 1961 he handed a bulky package of documents and film to Wynne.
The British and Americans could not at first believe their luck. But their experts pronounced the material genuine and important and over the next two years Penkovsky photographed or stole top-secret documents, war plans, nuclear missile diagrams and military manuals. He smuggled these to his American and British controllers by passing them to Western contacts like Wynne, either directly or via "dead letter drops"--pre-arranged hiding places in public areas. On his rare visits to the West he would sneak away from the official Soviet delegation and meet SIS and CIA officers in hotel rooms.
It was Soviet missile manuals provided by Penkovsky before the Cuban missile crisis that enabled the Americans to interpret their photographs taken from the air over Cuba and to state categorically that the Soviets were installing missile launchers there. And, it was Penkovsky's information that made the Americans realise that Khrushchev had greatly exaggerated Soviet missile capability.
The British agree on Penkovsky's importance. Dick White has said, "I am given to understand that [his] intelligence was largely instrumental in deciding that the United States should not make a pre-emptive nuclear strike against the Soviet Union, as a substantial body of important opinion in the States has been in favour of doing."
The first puzzle is: why did Penkovsky do it? He led a privileged life in the Soviet Union, he had friends in the Soviet hierarchy, and his patron was Marshall Sergei Varentsov, a member of the Central Committee and a deputy to the Supreme Soviet. His biographers say the Soviet authorities had discovered that his father was a White Russian army officer who had fought against the Red Army after the Revolution and that Penkovsky felt that this had not only prevented his promotion to general, but had permanently prejudiced his life in the Soviet Union. At his trial in 1963, the focus was on his weak character, his vanity, his greed and his womanising.
The lack of a convincing motive led to a belief in some intelligence circles that Penkovsky was a KGB plant, inserted into Western intelligence, with or without his knowledge, to influence Western perceptions of the Soviet Union. Supporters of this theory have pointed to peculiar aspects of the Penkovsky case.
To take just one: if Wynne visited Moscow too often this might have aroused suspicion, so SIS arranged another contact for Penkovsky, someone to whom he could hand over espionage material and from who he could receive messages. This was Janet Chisholm, wife of Rauri Chisholm, a British SIS officer in the Moscow embassy under diplomatic cover.
But Rauri Chisholm had previously served in the SIS station in Berlin, where one of his SIS colleagues was none other than George Blake, who later confessed to being a KGB agent, was sentenced to 42 years' jail escaped from Wormwood Scrubs and now lives in Russia.
Blake told me in Moscow recently that included in the information he had revealed to his KGB controller were the names of all his SIS colleagues in the Berlin station. This meant that when Chisholm arrived in Moscow for his new posting, the KGB already knew that Chisholm was an SIS officer and therefore he and his wife were under automatic, full-time KGB surveillance.
KGB counter intelligence officers must have been watching when Mrs. Chisholm, apparently out for a stroll with her three small children, or out shopping in Moscow on her own, met with a Russian man in Arbat Pereulok and in a park near Tsvetnoy Boulevard on twelve occasions between October 1961 and January 1962. In fact we know KGB officers were watching because they have since released photographs of some of these meetings.
These officers may not have immediately identified the Russian as Colonel Penkovsky of the GRU, but it is inconceivable that they did not quickly do so and reach the obvious conclusion--Penkovsky was dealing with an enemy intelligence service. So why did the KGB allow these meetings to continue?
The conspiratorial answer, still supported by a number of former SIS and CIA officers, is that the KGB must have been controlling the whole operation, putting secret material in Penkovsky's way, knowing he was passing it to the West. There could have been two reasons for doing this. One would be to alter Western perceptions of Soviet missile development so as to lull the West into a false sense of security. The other could be that an anti-Khrushchev faction in the Kremlin wanted to pass a message to the West--that whatever Khrushchev might threaten, he did not have the capability to carry out that threat.
This is a persuasive theory but the reality turns out to be simpler and more easily understandable. A former KGB colonel has explained it to me in Moscow and London. He confirmed that the KGB counter-intelligence section did indeed identify as Penkovsky the Russian who had been meeting Mrs. Chisholm at various places around Moscow. Immediately bureaucratic problems arose.
There was long-standing rivalry between the KGB and the GRU, and relationships between the two services were conducted with the utmost formality and with strict observance of protocol. The KGB counter-intelligence officers had to consider the possibility that the GRU officer, Colonel Penkovsky, might be running a GRU intelligence operation. He might, for instance, be trying to recruit Mrs. Chisholm. If the KGB was to intervene it might well "blow" the operation and cause a major inter-services row.
Next, if Penkovsky were indeed involved in some traitorous enterprise, the evidence against him would have to be watertight. Not only would his own service defend him against KGB allegations but Penkovsky's patron, Marshall Varentsov, would come down heavily on any KGB counter intelligence officer who falsely accused Penkovsky.
"We had to wait until we had conclusive evidence," the KGB colonel said. "Only when we did and could convince our superiors of Penkovsky's guilt could we afford to arrest him. It's as simple as that. By the way, why don't you ask your own services why they continued to use the Chisholms to run Penkovsky when they knew early on that George Blake had given them away?"
The colonel was referring to the fact that George Blake's confession to SIS interrogator Harold Shergold that he was a KGB agent took place during an interrogation session in London on 9 April 1961. So from that date SIS knew that Blake had blown the Chisholms and that the KGB would have them under surveillance in Moscow as British spies. Yet SIS still continued to use Janet Chisholm to make contact with Penkovsky in Moscow right up until January the next year.
SIS believed that it had no alternative. Penkovsky himself was determined to go ahead with his spying activities, his material was invaluable, the CIA had tried to set up its own scheme for receiving this material but had failed, and Janet Chisholm, a mother of three small children, seemed the most innocent-looking choice for the job of beating KGB surveillance.
SIS did not, of course, tell Penkovsky that Janet Chisholm had been compromised, yet it must have known that it was only a matter of time before he would be exposed. One wonders if SIS would have been so cavalier in its handling of Penkovsky if it had not been desperate to re-establish its reputation with the CIA.
Once KGB counter-intelligence had conclusive evidence of Penkovsky's treachery, it arrested him and then Greville Wynne. They went on trial in May 1963. Wynne got eight years but in April 1964 he was exchanged for Gordon Lonsdale, a KGB officer imprisoned in Britain since 1961 (see the PERCY story). Wynne was unable to settle down to a routine existence in Britain and went to live in Majorca. He died in 1990 after a long battle with alcoholism.
Penkovsky confessed everything and was sentenced to death. Despite lurid stories that the KGB pushed him alive into a furnace in front of a gathering of high-ranking officers, he was actually shot on May 16, l963. The Chisholms, who had diplomatic immunity, went off to other postings. Rauri Chisholm died in 1979. Mrs. Chisholm lives in quiet retirement in Britain. Only Penkovsky died young.
GEORGE BLAKE, THE SPY BEHIND THE BIGGEST STING
George Blake is notorious as the spy who betrayed the Berlin Tunnel, an operation that was to be the West's greatest communications coup against the Soviet Union. But new evidence suggests that this betrayal was used by the KGB to conceal a greater sting, one that if detected could have shortened the Cold War by years.
Despite his English name, George BLAKE is half Egyptian- Jewish (his father) and half Dutch (his mother). His father, overly patriotic to Britain called him "George" after King George V. Blake had a brilliant wartime career. He was a teenage courier for the Dutch underground and was caught and interned by the Nazis. He escaped, made his way to Britain and served in the Royal Navy. Recruited by SIS, he was posted to Korea under diplomatic cover. There he was captured by the North Koreans and spent three years in a POW camp. where he contacted the KGB and volunteered to work for Moscow.
All the accounts of Blake's treachery concentrate on his betrayal of the Berlin Tunnel, "Operation Gold", which was meant to be the CIA's biggest coup in the spy war. The idea was to tap into the landlines linking East Berlin with Moscow at a point where they ran close to the Western sector. It was an enormous operations involving tunneling experts, telephone engineers, recording experts and teams of transcribers and translators. It was considered so successful that the CIA handed out gold medals to its officers who had been involved.
It was a fiasco. The joint Anglo-American intelligence committee responsible for running the operation had a planning secretary, an SIS officer who kept the minutes of the meetings and organised its records. The officer was George Blake and he systematically passed on to the KGB the committee's every decision, its every move.
Instead of "discovering" the tunnel before it became operational and displaying outrage at Western perfidy, the KGB allowed it to go ahead and then deliberately planted deception material on the unsuspecting CIA-SIS team. Then when it suited them, the Russians moved into the eastern end of the tunnel and turned the operation into a propaganda victory.
But was this really such a triumph for Moscow? Or was it promoted as one so as to disguise a much more important operation? Consider this: Operation Gold had run for only a year before the Soviets themselves shut it down. If their disinformation scheme was so successful, then why didn't they allow the West to continue to tap their telephone lines indefinitely?
The answer is that the KGB by now had a much better disinformation operation under way, one so successful that even today it is difficult to get anyone to talk about it. And, again, it involved George Blake.
Blake had been by now posted to the Berlin SIS station and given the special task of trying to establish contact with Russian personnel in East Berlin with the ultimate aim of recruiting them as Western agents. Blake has told me that he considered this as an almost impossible task. "The Russians were well aware of the dangers lurking behind the bright lights of West Berlin. The British were discouraged from visiting East Berlin except on conducted tours and as for members of SIS, since we were in possession of state secrets, we were categorically forbidden from going there at all. So if we couldn't go to them and they couldn't come to us, then how could we meet?"
Blake solved this problem by arranging for an SIS agent to get a job in a clothing shop just on the Western side of the border. This man's job was to spot Russians buying at the shop and tell Blake about any interesting ones. Further, by offering the Russians attractive items, pricing them out of the Russians' budget, but then suggesting a barter deal in caviar, it would be possible to keep the Russians coming back to the shop long enough for a recruitment approach.
This worked and Blake met Boris, an economist working for Comecon, the economic organisation which linked all Communist countries. Slowly and carefully, in his role as an SIS officer, Blake recruited Boris who turned out to be a better source than anyone had dreamed. He was a senior interpreter at all high-level Soviet negotiations on economic and trade matters and often had juicy political information as well. Blake told me that London and Washington were delighted with Blake's success. "I was the only SIS officer in Berlin with any form of contact with the Russians. As word of this spread through the British and American governments I was bombarded with questions to put to Boris. He never let me down. SIS and the CIA told me that they regarded Boris as a source with great promise. He was not 'our man' in the Kremlin yet, but there was a good prospect that he might become one."
Blake kept up his contact with Boris--both in Berlin and, later when Boris was travelling abroad with Soviet delegations--for the next three years. Then in 1961 Blake was arrested. He confessed and was sentenced to 42 years imprisonment. After serving eight, he escaped from Wormwood Scrubs prison, London, aided by two senior members of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, who helped him get to East Berlin. From there the KGB took him to Moscow.
In 1985, when he was on holiday in Berlin, his superiors asked him if he would like to meet an old acquaintance. The next afternoon, Boris turned up at the house. Now the whole plot became apparent. Boris had been "planted" on Blake. Once Blake had told the KGB what his SIS assignment was--to recruit a high-ranking Russian as a Western agent--the KGB decided it would provide one, but one who would be under their control. They chose Boris. And to make the subterfuge look even more genuine, they had not told either of their men the whole truth--Blake thought he had a genuine Russian traitor on his hands; Boris thought he was dealing with a genuine British SIS officer.
What was the purpose of all this? Once the KGB realised it had an opportunity to "plant" one of its men on SIS and the CIA, the question arose of whom to plant. The choices were many. They could have sent along a military man, a scientist, a naval officer. But they chose an economist and the choice was significant. For several years Boris and Blake, under the control of the KGB, systematically misled the West about the economic strength of the Iron Curtain countries. If we had known the truth it might have been possible to have ended the Cold War sooner. I put this to Blake the last time I saw him in Moscow. "Why don't you ask Boris," he said. "He's still around."
PHILBY KGB MASTERSPY: BETRAYED BY MOSCOW
PHILBY's is notorious as the KGB masterspy who caused enormous damage to Western intelligence and who loaded with Soviet honours, died a hero's death is Moscow. But the truth is that the KGB never entirely trusted Philby, ruined his career as a masterspy, and when he came to the Soviet Union treated him abominably.
Harold Adrian Russell Philby was a British Secret Intelligence Service officer between 1939 and 1951. He was on his way to becoming the head of service. For two years, 1949 to 1951, he was SIS liaison officer with the CIA and the FBI in Washington and thus at the heart of the Western intelligence war against the Soviet Union. But all the while Philby was really working for Moscow and thus every Western intelligence operation was doomed before it began.
When Philby was finally uncovered and he fled to Moscow where he died in 1988. His reputation is as the most effective agent the KGB ever recruited and the honours heaped on him by the Soviet Union appear to attest to this.
But with the end of the Cold War and the opening of some of the KGB records, a very different picture is emerging. The one point on which all former KGB officers who knew Philby agree is that for many years the KGB treated him abominably because he was never really trusted.
Oleg Kalugin, former chief of KGB counter-intelligence, says he was given the job of rehabilitating Philby because the then chairman of the KGB, Yuri Andropov, wanted to attract Western defectors and realised it was important to show that they had a good life in the USSR. I met Kalugin in Amsterdam in 1990 and he told me that Philby had been a pathetic character--drunk, despondent and disillusioned. Kalugin said he had arranged for Philby's flat to be refurbished, found real work for him at the KGB, brought young officers to meet him, sent him on tours of other Communist countries, and, in general, provided a much-needed boost to his ego.
Kalugin only hinted at why the KGB had treated Philby so badly and I had to wait to meet Genrikh Borovik, a Moscow journalist and broadcaster, to find out the details. In the mid-1960s Borovik had written a spy novel but the KGB had killed it without explanation. He was justifiably bitter about this and when Gorbachev ushered in a new era of glasnost, Borovik did not hesitate to remind the KGB that it owed him a favour. He said he wanted to meet a real Soviet spy and write about him. The KGB introduced him to Philby and over the next three years Borovik recorded many hours of interviews with him.
After Philby's death Borovik asked the KGB for access to Philby's personal file and, to his surprise, this was approved. Borovik was now able to compare Philby's own version of his life as a spy with the KGB version.
The result was stunning. "Prepare to have your views about Philby and the KGB shattered," Borovik told me. "Thank God Philby himself never saw his KGB file. If he hadn't died of illness, it would have killed him." For instance, it turned out that the KGB did not have a brilliant long-term plan in the 1930s to recruit British university students who would one-day hold positions of power, as I for one believed had happened with Philby. It took on Philby simply because it was convinced--mistakenly--that his father, the Arabist St John Philby, was in British intelligence.
And how did the KGB treat this tender ideological recruit? It lied to him about who he was actually working for and it threw him into the deep end of the dirty espionage pool by giving him as his first assignment the task of spying on his own father. And Philby did it. He gave his KGB bosses unquestioning loyalty, forming close personal relationships with them. In turn, they nurtured and supported him. Then, all of a sudden, they vanished, victims of Stalin's belief that they were traitors.
They were replaced by a new wave of intelligence officers all determined not to make the same mistakes as their unfortunate predecessors. They read the files, they came across Philby's name and they went to their bosses to ask about him. And the new KGB, to which Philby had agreed to devote his life, did not even know who he was. Who is he? Where is he? Who recruited him? Colonel Mar! But Mar has been executed as a traitor. Who's been running him? General Orlov! But Orlov has defected to the West. It is all very suspicious--Philby could well be a plant from British intelligence and will have to be watched all the time. And so entered the splinter of suspicion that was to fester for the rest of Philby's active life with Moscow.
In his own book and in his conversation with me, Philby presented his career with the KGB as one unbroken line of dedicated service. But the truth is that the Nazi-Soviet Pact of August 1939 had been such a blow to Philby that he had stopped working for the KGB for a year and that, in turn, the KGB wanted nothing to do with him. It only changed its mind when it learnt that without its help, suddenly and unexpectedly and all on his own, Philby had got into the British Secret Intelligence Service.
It hastened to get in touch with him again. But the KGB's initial elation soon turned sour. From the Lubyanka, Philby's entry into SIS looked too easy, suspiciously easy. All right, said his KGB bosses, if you really are in British intelligence, then give us a list of the names of British agents who are going to be sent to work against us in the Soviet Union. When Philby replied, "There aren't any", Moscow underlined this sentence twice in red ink and put two large question marks against it. The KGB simply did not believe him.
Philby's loyalty was now tested to the limit. The German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941 meant that he could resume the anti-Fascist fight with a clear conscience. But, to his dismay, Moscow seemed uninterested in his material. They kept him busy--writing reports about himself, his father, his wife, his friends, his colleagues. Please write your autobiography again. Who are your closest friends? Tell us again how you managed to join SIS.
With the Germans at the gates of Moscow, the KGB was more intent on trying to trip up its best British agent, to get proof that he was an SIS plant, than in exploiting his privileged access to British secrets--further evidence of my belief that intelligence agencies are more interested in the game than in real information.
It even handed his entire file to a trusted desk officer for an evaluation: was Philby a genuine recruit to the Soviet cause, or was he a British penetration agent, cleverly planted on the KGB? The officer, a woman called Elena Modrzhinskaya, read Philby's files and those of the other members of the Cambridge ring. The first point she raised was the volume and value of the material the ring had been sending to Moscow. Could the British intelligence service really be run by such fools that no one had noticed that such precious material was leaking to Moscow? Was it really possible that Kim Philby with his Communist views, his work for the Communists in Vienna and his Austrian Communist wife, had been recruited for SIS and had sailed through its vetting procedures?
She decided that Philby was a plant. And if he was, all the others probably were too. So the London KGB station was told that Philby, Guy Burgess, Anthony Blunt and John Cairncross were really British intelligence officers who had been inserted into the KGB network. Only Donald Maclean escaped. It was possible he was a genuine recruit but he was being secretly manipulated by the others.
This was an astounding conclusion and, of course, totally wrong. But having reached it, the KGB bosses proceeded to cover their backs by continuing to use the Cambridge spies. You can see the twisted logic at work. Elena Modrzhinskaya has made out such a powerful case against Philby and his colleagues that we will have to act on it. But what if, in the end, she turns out to be wrong. We might be blamed. We might be shot. So we will pretend that nothing has changed, let the British spies think that we trust them, and wait to see what happens.
And so the game of deceit and double-dealing continued. The Cambridge spies were deceiving their colleagues, their service, their families and their country in the sincere belief that they were serving a greater cause through an elite intelligence service, the KGB, which fathered them, mothered them, and appeared to trust them totally. But, in turn, they were being deceived by the KGB because it really believed that they were playing a treble game and were all traitors to the Communist cause. This leads me to conclude that the main threat to an intelligence agent comes not from the security services in the country against which he is operating, but from his own centre, his own people. This certainly applied to Philby because it was the KGB that brought him down.
Readers of previous books on this topic will remember that the big unanswered question in the whole Philby, Burgess and Maclean affair was: why did Burgess go? The FBI and MI5 had been closing in on Maclean and he was due to be interrogated by MI5 on Monday 28 May 1951. Tipped off by Philby that he was in danger, Maclean fled on the Friday, accompanied by Burgess who had arranged the getaway. Other accounts have suggested that Burgess's role was simply to get Maclean out of Britain on the cross-Channel steamer, and then be back before Maclean was missed. But Burgess went all the way to Moscow, never to return. His disappearance immediately threw suspicion on Philby, because they were friends and had shared a house in Washington. SIS recalled Philby to London and while agreeing that there was no real evidence against him, forced him to retire. Thus his career as a KGB penetration agent was over.
In my talks in Moscow with Philby about this he placed all the blame on Burgess. "The unplanned part was that Burgess went too. The whole thing was a mess, an intelligence nightmare, and it was all due to that bloody man Burgess. The KGB never forgave him." The KGB files revealed a very different story. The KGB had ordered Burgess to accompany Maclean to Moscow because Maclean was in such a state that he might not make it alone. But Burgess was assured that the moment he delivered Maclean to Moscow he could head back to London.
Instead the KGB kept him there and subjected him to hostile interrogation, determined to discover once and for all whether the Cambridge ring was genuine or not. But by holding Burgess it ruined the career of its best agent, Philby, the man who could have become head of British intelligence. Borovik told me that in his many conversations with Philby about this, Philby could not bring himself to blame the KGB for his downfall. Donald Maclean had no such inhibitions. When he realised what Moscow had done he wrote a furious letter to the KGB accusing it of betraying Philby, of throwing him to the lions. The KGB did not deign to reply.
| i don't know |
A nullipara is a woman who has never done what? | Nullipara - definition of nullipara by The Free Dictionary
Nullipara - definition of nullipara by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/nullipara
A woman who has never given birth.
[Latin nūllus, none; see ne in the Appendix of Indo-European roots + -para .]
nul·lip′a·rous adj.
nullipara
n, pl -rae (-ˌriː)
(Gynaecology & Obstetrics) a woman who has never borne a child
[C19: New Latin, from nullus no, not any + -para, from parere to bring forth; see -parous]
nulˈliparous adj
| given birth |
What is the capital of Lithuania? | Nulliparae - definition of nulliparae by The Free Dictionary
Nulliparae - definition of nulliparae by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/nulliparae
Also found in: Thesaurus , Medical .
Related to nulliparae: primipara
A woman who has never given birth.
[Latin nūllus, none; see ne in the Appendix of Indo-European roots + -para .]
nul·lip′a·rous adj.
nullipara
n, pl -rae (-ˌriː)
(Gynaecology & Obstetrics) a woman who has never borne a child
[C19: New Latin, from nullus no, not any + -para, from parere to bring forth; see -parous]
nulˈliparous adj
n., pl. -a•rae (-əˌri)
a woman who has never borne a child.
[1870–75; < New Latin, = Latin nūll(us) not any (see null ) + -para, -parous ]
nul•li•par•i•ty (ˌnʌl əˈpær ɪ ti) n.
nul•lip′a•rous, adj.
ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:
1.
nullipara - (obstetrics) a woman who has never give birth to a child
midwifery , obstetrics , tocology , OB - the branch of medicine dealing with childbirth and care of the mother
adult female , woman - an adult female person (as opposed to a man); "the woman kept house while the man hunted"
Translations
Nullipara
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woman
References in periodicals archive ?
The abortion group consisted of 30 nulliparae with history of two or more successive (2) URA which entails (1) presence of a normal uterine cavity by hysterography, no luteal phase defect (progesterone level >10 ng/ ml), normal thyroid function tests (TSH, T3 and T4), normal levels of lupus anticoagulant measured by the activated partial thromboplastin time (32-43 seconds), normal levels of anticardiolipin IgG (<20 GPL) and IgM (<15 MPL) measured by ELISA and normal karyotyping (done for 10 cases with more than three successive abortions).
| i don't know |
Vectis was the Roman name for which island off the coast of Britain? | VECTIS INSVLA
Vectis Insvla
Type: Saxon Shore Fort, Fort, Villa, Roman Building
Roads
None identified
Vectis - The Division
"Below Magnus Portus¹ is the island Vectis, the middle of which is in 19*20 52�."
Magnus Portus was the Roman name for Bosham Harbour in Hampshire.
The island of Vectis is easily identified as the Isle of Wight.
Above quote from Ptolemy's Geography (final entry, Part.2 Chapter.2)
The island is mentioned in the Ravenna Cosmology of the seventh century, again as Vectis (R&C#303), between the entries for the Dorcades (the Orkney Islands) and Malaca (Isle of Mull, Inner Hebrides).
"Wight, Isle of (the county). Vectis c.150, Wit 1086 (
DB
). A name (Welsh/Gaelic) possibly meaning 'place of the division', referring to its situation betreen the two arms of the Solent." (Mills)
There is an oft-quoted passage by the great polymath Pliny the Elder (Natural History Book XVI, verse 104) dating to the late 70's AD which names the island Mictis as the centre of the British tin trade, stating that it lay off the south coast of Britain some six days sail from Gaul. This name has often been mistakenly associated with the Isle of Wight, but is now known to refer to Saint Michael's Mount off the Cornish coast opposite Marazion, known in ancient times as Ictis .
The historian Suetonius Tranquillus wrote in the latter half of the second century, and a reference to the Isle of Wight appears in his biography of the emperor Vespasian, which is dated to the early Claudian campaigns in Britain, during 43AD or 44, and states:
"He reduced to subjection two powerful nations,¹ more than twenty towns,² and the island of Vectis, near Britain, ... "
The Durotriges of Somerset and Dorset, and possibly the eastern Dumnonii of Devon.
Only a few of these 'towns' have been identified with any certainty, such as Hod Hill and South Cadbury.
In the year 296, Constantius Caesar made preparations to take back the British provinces from the usurper Allectus. His fleet set out from Gaul and sailed along the south coast, expecting to meet the rebel British fleet somewhere along the way, however:
"... As we learn by their own accounts, at the very moment such mist swirled over the surface of the sea that the hostile fleet, on station at the Isle of Vecta as look-out and in ambush, was bypassed with the enemy in total ignorance, and thus unable to delay our attack, still less resist it. ..." (Panegyric on Constantius Caesar 15)
Constantius landed all his troops somewhere on the south coast opposite Vectis, and immediately burned his ships, thus proving to his men that they would either succeed in taking back Britain for Rome, or else die in the attempt, for there would be no turning back.
The island's name also occurs in Ptolemy's Geography of the mid-second century, where it appears at the very end of book two chapter two:
"... Below Magnus Portus¹ is the island Vectis the middle of which is in 19*20 52�."
Magnus Portus = Noviomagus , Chichester, Hampshire.
And again in the Ravenna Cosmology of the seventh century:
"Once again, there are within the selfsame ocean (islands) which are named: Vectis, Malaca,¹ Insenos,² Taniatide.³"
Island of Mull, Inner Hebrides.
Possibly Hibernia, Ireland.
| Isle of Wight |
On a standard dartboard, which number lies opposite 6? | Britain's 50 greatest islands - Telegraph
Britain's 50 greatest islands
Julia Hunt selects the best of more than a thousand islands around the United Kingdom.
Lindisfarne, or Holy Island, lies a mile off the Northumbrian coast Photo: Getty
The Cullins mountains dominate the skyline as you approach Skye Photo: Getty
Iona has had an abbey since St Columba arrived in the sixth century Photo: Getty
Lundy is ideal for bird-watching, nature walks and snorkelling safaris Photo: Getty
Rathlin is Northern Ireland's only inhabited offshore island Photo: Getty
By Julia Hunt
12:24PM BST 01 Sep 2008
1. St Mary’s
The largest of the Scilly Isles, St Mary’s is nevertheless only three miles wide, though it has the best links with the mainland, thanks to an airport and ferry service. Travel along the quaint lanes by horse, bicycle or vintage car. Stay at the Star Castle Hotel (01720 422317; www.star-castle.co.uk ; from £240), which was built as a garrison for Queen Elizabeth I.
2. Tresco
Palm trees and exotic plants from around the world flourish in the sheltered Abbey Garden, thanks to the mild Scilly climate. Beaches, one pretty village, and 20 minutes from Penzance by helicopter. Stay at The Island Hotel (01720 422883; www.tresco.co.uk ; from £270).
3. Lundy
English seaside cafes: Coffee and coast
01 Aug 2008
In the mouth of the Bristol Channel, Lundy is just over three miles long and one mile wide. England’s only marine nature reserve and a Site of Special Scientific Interest, it is ideal for bird-watching, nature walks and snorkelling safaris. Self-catering is available in Landmark Trust properties ( www.lundyisland.co.uk ).
4. Anglesey
The largest island off the Welsh coast, Anglesey has wide beaches, Victorian seaside towns and the village with the longest place name in Britain (shortened to Llanfairpwllgwyngyll). The island is regarded as the bread basket of Wales and culinary events include a beer festival next month and an oyster festival in October. www.visitanglesey.com .
5. Isle of Man
The island has its own government, the Tynwald, and its own language, Manx, yet is just 60 miles off the Lancashire coast. Attractions include sandy beaches, medieval castles and the TT motorcycle races. www.isleofman.com .
6. Rathlin Island
With its dramatic basalt cliffs, Northern Ireland’s only inhabited offshore island is home to thousands of seabirds, which you can view from a RSPB bird colony. Daily passenger ferries from Ballycastle, six miles across the Sea of Moyle, with Caledonian MacBrayne ( www.calmac.co.uk/rathlin ).
7. Inchmurrin
The largest inland island in Britain, Inchmurrin is found towards the south of Loch Lomond, Scotland’s largest loch. Named after St Mirren, the island has traces of a seventh-century monastery. Activities include walking, swimming and watersports. Access by ferry or Balmaha Mail Boat. Restaurant and self-catering accommodation. Further information, www.inchmurrin-lochlomond.com .
8. Bute
Located in the Firth of Clyde, Bute was a popular Victorian holiday destination. The jazz festival is a big draw now, along with Mount Stuart, the Gothic home of the Earls of Bute. Cruise back on the Waverley, Glasgow’s last paddle steamer. www.visitbute.com .
9. Arran
Often referred to as “Scotland in miniature”, Arran has a diverse landscape of beaches, mountains, woodlands and villages, just an hour from the Ayrshire coast. Attractions include the Isle of Arran distillery, Brodick Castle, several golf courses and a wide range of accommodation. www.visitarran.net .
10. Sanda
Popular with sailors and helicopter pilots, this tiny island south of the Mull of Kintyre, has one of Britain’s remotest pubs, the Byron Darnton Tavern. Visitors include the Princess Royal, who stocks up on the free-range beach eggs. Self-catering available. Boat trips from Campbeltown. www.sanda-island.co.uk .
11. Gigha
Three miles off the Kintyre peninsula, Gigha was bought by the community in 2002. The island is small enough to walk around in a day, taking in the pretty bays and beautiful Achamore Gardens with magnificent rhododendrons and orchids. Stay at Achamore House (01583 505400; www.achamorehouse.com ; b & b from £90).
12. Jura
Wild and unspoilt, Jura has 5,000 deer and 200 inhabitants. The powerful Corryvreckan whirlpool nearly killed George Orwell who wrote 1984 here. The village has a distillery overlooking the bay. Stay in luxury at Jura Lodge which sleeps 10 ( www.isleofjura.com/lodge ; from £2,500 a weekend).
13. Islay
With eight distilleries, Islay is the perfect island for whisky lovers. Kilchoman, the newest and smallest, demonstrates how the tipple is made. Known as the Queen of the Hebrides, Islay has long beaches and a golf course. Stay at Port Charlotte Hotel (01496 850 360; www.portcharlottehotel.co.uk ; from £130).
14. Colonsay
One of the most southerly islands of the Inner Hebrides, Colonsay has a lush landscape, a charming village and spectacular beaches, such as Kiloran Bay. Stay at the Colonsay Hotel (01951 200316; www.thecolonsay.com ; from £110), which offers stylish rooms and serves local produce.
15. Oronsay
Across the strand from Colonsay, Oronsay is only accessible at low tide, which allows enough time to visit the ruined Augustinian Priory. A chapel houses carved tombstones from across the Hebrides, dating from the 14th century. www.colonsay.org.uk/oransay .
16. Lismore
Ten minutes by ferry from Port Appin, Lismore is the largest island in Loch Linnhe. Its name is Gaelic for great garden and the island has a unique flora. Remains of Achanduin and Coeffin Castles. www.isleoflismore.com .
17. Mull
Renowned for its wildlife, Mull is one of the best places to spot golden eagles, otters, dolphins and whales. Fly into Tobermory by seaplane for spectacular views of the beaches, bays and brightly coloured cottages. Stay at the cosy Highland Cottage Hotel (01688 302030; www.highlandcottage.co.uk ; from £150).
18. Iona
Off the tip of Mull, Iona has had an abbey since St Columba arrived in the sixth century. The current Benedictine abbey was restored in the last century, though the medieval pink granite nunnery is still in ruins. Stay at the Argyll Hotel (01681 700334; www.argyllhoteliona.co.uk ; from £90), which serves island-grown vegetables.
19. Staffa
About 45 minutes by boat from Mull or Iona, the uninhabited island of Staffa is home to Fingal’s Cave. The majestic opening of basalt columns, known in old Norse as Staffa, inspired Mendelssohn’s Hebrides Overture. The island also houses a puffin colony in the summer. www.isle-of-iona.com/boattrips .
20. Tiree
This island is one of the sunniest places in Britain, but strong winds also make it a windsurfing paradise. Although easily reached from Oban by ferry and a new air service, Tiree remains unspoilt, with pretty crofts and miles of beaches. Stay at the Scarinish Hotel (01879 220308; www.tireescarinishhotel.com ; from £70).
21. Coll
The most northerly isle of the Inner Hebrides, Coll boasts splendid beaches sandwiched between machair and a glorious sea. Activities include walking, cycling, golf and bird-watching. Stay at the Coll Hotel (01879 230334; www.collhotel.com ; from £80).
22. Rum
The largest of the Small Isles below Skye, which include Eigg, Canna and Muck. Rum is a National Nature Reserve, with hostel accommodation, including four-poster rooms, in Kinloch Castle, a grand Edwardian stately home in need of renovation. www.isleofrum.com .
23. Canna
Owned by the National Trust, Canna is a bird sanctuary and breeding colony for Manx Shearwaters and sea eagles. There is a small crafting population, a café and self-catering cottages. Explore beaches and archaeological remains. Further information, www.ntsholidays.com .
24. Soay
Pronounced soy, the name comes from Old Norse and means Sheep Island. Soay’s principal residents are seals, which breed in the bay. In the Fifties, the island operated a shark oil factory, which greatly reduced shark numbers in the area. For details of boat trips visit www.aquaxplore.co.uk .
25. Skye
The Cullins mountains dominate the skyline as you approach the Isle of Mist. Skye’s Gaelic heritage flourishes in the south, with a Gaelic college and whisky company, while the north offers dramatic coastline of cliffs and waterfalls. Stay at Hotel Eilean Iarmain (01471 833332; www.eilean-iarmain.co.uk ; from £120), which has stunning views across the Sound of Sleat.
26. Raasay
In Norse, Raasay means “Isle of Red Deer”, though the island, just off the east coast of Skye, also hosts sea eagles, buzzards, rare orchids and a small crofting community. The north road was built by one determined man, Calum MacLeod, and is known as Calum’s Road. Stay at Borodale House (01478 660222; www.isleofraasayhotel.co.uk ; from £80).
27. Barra
Land on Britain’s only beach runway before exploring the machair-backed bays. Kayak around Kisimul Castle, a 15th-century keep surrounded by water, or visit the Bronze Age burial site and Iron Age roundhouses at Allasdale. Stay at Castlebay Hotel (01871 810223; www.castlebayhotel.com ; from £89).
28. Eriskay
Best known as the setting for Whisky Galore, a novel and film about how islanders “liberated” 2,000 cases of whisky from the SS Politician after it sank in the shallow sound in 1941. You can enjoy a dram in the Am Politician pub. Linked to South Uist by causeway.
29. North Uist
Pristine beaches and chic hotels combine with Hebridean hospitality. Sandwiched between the Minch and the Atlantic, North Uist’s lochs and lochen are perfect for fishing or spotting otters. Order the hand-dived scallops and fine seafood at Langass Lodge (01876 580285; www.langasslodge.co.uk ; from £95), a holiday haunt of Stella McCartney.
30. Harris
Famed for its tweed, Harris is one of the prettiest parts of the Western Isles, with miles of sandy beaches and one of the Hebrides’ best-preserved medieval churches at Rodel. Stay at Scarista House (01859 550238; www.scaristahouse.com ; from £175).
31. Lewis
Joined to Harris, Lewis is famed for its prehistoric remains, including the Callanish standing stones and the Iron Age broch at Carloway. The blackhouse village at Gearrannan shows how islanders lived. Restored cottages offer self-catering accommodation from £125. www.gearrannan.com .
32. Monach Isles
Until a tidal wave hit the Hebrides in the 16th century, the Monach Isles were connected to North Uist, five miles away. Abandoned in the Thirties, these sandy dunes have become Britain’s most important breeding colony for grey seals. Day trips from North Uist. www.uistoutdoorcentre.co.uk .
33. Taransay
Featured in the BBC show, Castaway, in 2000, Taransay, two miles off the Harris coast, is a wildly beautiful island with white beaches perfect for picnics. It has two self-catering cottages and is accessible for day trips through Angus MacKay (01859 550260).
34. St Kilda
Its inhabitants left Britain’s remotest island in the Thirties, but the World Heritage Site is frequented by National Trust workers and wildlife enthusiasts. Day-trippers can reach the island, 50 miles off the Harris coast, in three hours. www.kildacruises.co.uk .
35. The Summer Isles
This evocative-sounding archipelago is located above Loch Broom, in Wester Ross. Remote and sparsely inhabited, the isles are a natural paradise for birdlife. Stay at the Summer Isles Hotel (01854 622282; www.summerisleshotel.co.uk ; from £135) on the Coigach peninsula.
36. Handa
A mile off the Sutherland coast near Scourie, Handa is a major sea bird colony. Guillemots, razorbills and kittiwakes are chief residents of the Torridonian sandstone cliffs and great sea stack. Walk around ruins of the village abandoned after the potato famine of 1848. Managed by the Scottish Wildlife Trust. www.swt.org.uk .
37. Orkney
The Neolithic wonders of Scara Brae and the Tomb of the Eagle set the tone for culture in Orkney. Other delights include Kirkwall Cathedral and Highland Park, Britain’s most northerly distillery. Stay at the Lynnfield Hotel (01856 872505; www.lynnfieldhotel.com ; from £100).
38. Fair Isle
Midway between Orkney and Shetland, Fair Isle is one of the remotest places in Britain, renowned for its knitwear and a haven for birdlife. Stay at the Fair Isle Observatory Lodge (01595 760258; www.fairislebirdobs.co.uk ; twin room £39; bed in dormitory £30), a hostel overlooking the cliffs.
39. Shetland
This northerly group of islands joined Scotland in 1469. Attractions include Neolithic remains at Jarlshof and the fortified tower at Mousa. Stay at the 16th-century Busta House Hotel (01806 522506; www.bustahouse.com ; from £100), Shetland’s oldest house.
40. Isle of May
Meaning “Gull Island” in Norse, May is a National Nature Reserve and a haven for bird life, especially puffins, which nest from April to August. Situated in the Firth of Forth, May has Scotland’s oldest lighthouse and remains of a 12th-century monastery. Boat trips from Anstruther. www.isleofmayferry.com .
41. Bass Rock
In the Firth of Forth, Bass Rock is a major sea bird sanctuary a mile off the North Berwick coast. The island is a large volcanic plug, with steep cliffs colonised by gannets. From the 16th century, Bass Rock housed a garrison and a prison, which featured in Robert Louis Stevenson’s Catriona. www.seabird.org .
42. Holy Island
A mile off the Northumbrian coast, Lindisfarne became known as Holy Island after being settled by monks in the sixth century. Visit the the 11th-century Benedictine priory and the 16th-century castle built with its stones. www.lindisfarne.org.uk .
43. Isle Of Wight
Three miles from the Hampshire coast, and a popualr resort since the days of Queen Victoria. Seaside towns hug the coast, but the west, home to The Needles, is less developed. www.isleofwight.com .
44. Brownsea Island
Go for the wildlife (including red squirrels), woodland trails with guided walks, wetland and heath. Accessible by Ferry from Poole Quay, Sandbanks Jetty, Bournemouth Pier and Swanage Pier. Shop and café. www.nationaltrust.org.uk .
45. Burgh Island
Off the south Devon coast, Burgh is reached on foot or by ferry tractor. The tidal island has a pub, the 14th-century Pilchard Inn, and an Art Deco hotel, Burgh Island Hotel (01548 810514; www.burghisland.com ; from £355), setting for the Agatha Christie novel, And Then There Were None.
46. Alderney
The most northerly Channel Island is small enough to cycle around. Quaint cottages line cobbled streets in the village of St Anne, seafood lands fresh on your table while sandy beaches are perfect for sandcastle holidays. Stay at Maison Bourgage (01481 824097; www.maisonbourgage.com ; from £64).
47. Jersey
100 miles from England and 14 from France, Jersey is the most southerly part of the UK. Sweeping beaches and narrow coves surround a lush interior with pretty villages and a vineyard. Stay at the Atlantic Hotel (01534 744101; www.theatlantichotel.com ; from £205), which has sea views and a Michelin restaurant.
48. Sark
One of the smallest Channel Islands, Sark is also the smallest independent feudal state, governed by a seigneur. The car-free country lanes are delightful to walk or cycle along with cliff-top views down to small coves. Accommodation includes 300-year-old inns and renovated farms. www.sark.info .
49. Guernsey
Visit St Peter Port, the lively harbour and financial centre, where Victor Hugo wrote Les Misérables, taste rich Guernsey milk, or explore picturesque villages and cliff-top trails. www.visitguernsey.com .
50. No Man’s Land
Fort Built in the 1860s to defend Portsmouth harbour against the French, No Man’s Land is one of four private forts in the Solent. Converted into a hotel in the Eighties and accessible only by helicopter, the fort is for sale – to stay, you’ll need to buy it: offers in the region of £4 million, please.
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What was the name of William Shakespeare’s twins by Ann Hathaway? | Anne Hathaway - William Shakespeare's Wife
Anne Hathaway - William Shakespeare's Wife
Anne Hathaway - William Shakespeare's Wife
Anne Hathaway, A Biography
By Lee Jamieson
Updated April 04, 2016.
Anne Hathaway was William Shakespeare ’s wife. Originally from Shottery, a small village on the outskirts of Stratford-upon-Avon , she moved into the town when the couple were married in 1582.
Anne Hathaway Facts
Lived in: Shottery and Stratford-upon-Avon
Married: November 1582 to William Shakespeare aged 26
Children: Three children (two daughters, one son)
Died: 6 August 1623
We know very little about Anne Hathaway. Her name crops up a few times in historical records, but we don’t have any real sense of what type of woman she was.
She grew up in a farmhouse in Shottery, a village just outside Stratford-upon-Avon in the Forest of Arden. Anne Hathaway's Cottage remains on the site and has since become a major tourist attraction .
Shotgun Marriage
Anne Hathaway married William Shakespeare in November 1582 – she was 26, he was just 18. It appears that the couple had conceived a child out of wedlock and a shotgun wedding was arranged despite the fact that marriages were not traditionally performed at that time of year.
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Special permission had to be asked from the Church and friends and family had to financially guarantee the wedding and sign a surety for £40 – a huge some in those days.
Some historians believe that the marriage was an unhappy one and the couple were forced together by the pregnancy. Although there is no evidence to support this, some historians go as far as to suggest that William left for London to escape the day-to-day pressures of his unhappy marriage. This is, of course, wild speculation!
Did William Run Away to London?
We know that William Shakespeare lived and worked in London for most of his adult life. This has led to speculation about the state of William and Anne’s marriage.
Broadly, there are two camps of thought:
The Failed Marriage: Some speculate that a difficult marriage in Stratford-upon-Avon compelled the young William to seek his fortune away from home. London would have been many days ride, and was perhaps welcome escape for William who was trapped by a shotgun wedding and children. Indeed, there is evidence (although scant) that William was unfaithful whilst in London, and would complete with his business partner for the attention of London’s women.
The Loving Marriage: If the above is true, it does not explain why William kept such close ties with the town. It seems he regularly returned to share his new-found wealth with Anne and his children. Land investments in the Stratford-upon-Avon area also prove that he planned to retire to the town once his working life in London finished.
Children
Six months after the marriage, their first daughter Susanna was born. Twins, Hamnet and Judith soon followed in 1585. Hamnet died aged 11; four years later Shakespeare wrote Hamlet , a play that may have drawn on his own grief at loosing his only son.
Death
Anne Hathaway outlived William and finally departed in 1623. She is buried next to Shakespeare’s grave inside Holy Trinity Church , Stratford-upon-Avon. Like her husband, she has an inscription upon her tomb, some of which is written in Latin:
Here lyeth the body of Anne wife of William Shakespeare who departed this life the 6th day of August 1623 being of the age of 67 years.
Breasts, O mother, milk and life thou didst give. Woe is me – for how great a boon shall I give stones? How much rather would I pray that the good angel should move the stone so that, like Christ's body , thine image might come forth! But my prayers are unavailing. Come quickly, Christ, that my mother, though shut within this tomb may rise again and reach the stars.
| hamnet and judith |
Which fictional character is known as ‘The boy who never grew up’? | Shakespeare's Children
Shakespeare's Children
William and Anne Shakespeare had three children. Their first child was Susanna, born a mere six months after the wedding of her parents. She was christened on May 26, 1583, and twins arrived in January, 1585. They were baptized on February 2 of that year and named Hamnet and Judith, after two very close friends of William: the Stratford baker, Hamnet Sadler and his wife, Judith. Tragically, Hamnet Shakespeare died of unknown causes in August 1596, at the age of eleven. The events of his short life are unrecorded.
The Life of Susanna Shakespeare (Hall)
Witty beyond her sex, but that�s not all,
Wise to salvation was good Mistress Hall.
(Susanna Hall�s Epitaph)
On June 5, 1607, Susanna married the famed and prosperous Stratford physician John Hall. Susanna's marriage to Dr. Hall must have pleased Shakespeare tremendously, for Shakespeare appointed John and Susanna executors of his will. Susanna moved into John's home (Hall's Croft) and on February 21, 1608 gave birth to a baby girl. Shakespeare's granddaughter, Elizabeth Hall, was baptized at Holy Trinity Church in Stratford.
Shakespeare left the clever and business savvy Susanna most of his property upon his death in 1616, and she and John left Hall's Croft to live at Shakespeare�s home, known as New Place, where they oversaw the affairs of Susanna�s mother. With respect to her literacy, we know that Susanna could sign her own name and, if we also consider her reputation as a highly intelligent woman, it is plausible that she could have enjoyed the printed work of both her father and husband, the two most celebrated men in Stratford.
Dr. Hall left detailed records of his medical practice which reveal that, astonishingly, he had developed a treatment for scurvy made from local grasses and plants high in ascorbic acid, over one hundred years before James Lind�s discovery that the disease could be treated with citrus fruit. When Susanna herself contracted scurvy, John�s treatment was a complete success. 1
John Hall died suddenly in 1635 and was buried close to Shakespeare at Holy Trinity Church. Susanna died in 1649, at the good age of sixty-six, with comfort knowing that her only child was a remarkable success.
Elizabeth Hall lived a noteworthy life indeed. John and Susanna made sure Elizabeth was well educated and we have evidence that �her handwriting was well formed and clear like that of her father� 2 . Her first husband was the wealthy barrister Thomas Nash, son of Shakespeare�s good friend, Anthony Nash. They were wed in 1626 and moved into New Place, where Nash died in 1645. Four years later Elizabeth married her second husband, John Barnard, who was knighted in 1661 by Charles II. Sir and Lady Bernard took up primary residence at Abington Manor, John�s sprawling estate in Northamptonshire, with his eight children from a previous marriage. Elizabeth herself had no children and was Shakespeare's last descendant. She died in 1670, just days short of her sixty-second birthday.
The Life of Judith Shakespeare (Quiney)
Shakespeare�s daughter Judith appears to have had a gloomy and tragic life. Unlike her sister's marriage to the upstanding Dr. Hall, Judith's marriage to a vintner named Thomas Quiney in February 1616 caused Shakespeare no end of scandal. Quiney did not receive the license necessary for a wedding during Lent before his marriage, and thus the couple were excommunicated a month later. Moreover, Quiney was prosecuted for 'carnal copulation' with a local woman named Margaret Wheeler, who had died in March along with her baby by Quiney. He confessed, and was sentenced to perform public penance. His penalty, however, was commuted to a small fine and private penance. "It has been speculated that this scandal may have hastened Shakespeare's death, for he died a few weeks later, after changing his will to protect Judith's inheritance from Quiney." 3
Thomas and Judith Quiney had three children named Shakespeare, Richard, and Thomas. Shakespeare Quiney died in infancy and was buried in 1617; Richard and Thomas died within weeks of each other (aged twenty-one and nineteen) and were buried in 1639. With the death of her husband sometime around 1652, Judith was alone. She lived to the amazing age of seventy-seven, and was buried on February 9, 1662. Sadly, there was no epitaph praising her wit and wisdom.
_________
Notes
1. Mitchell, p. 76. Mitchell's book includes many detailed accounts of John Hall's remedies and excerpts from his personal case-book.
2. Mitchell, p. 49.
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What is the highest reward bestowed by the Royal Horticultural Society? | Royal Horticultural Society - 2014 RHS Awards for Exceptional Contributions to Horticulture Announced
Royal Horticultural Society
Monday 27 January 2014
Society honours those who have excelled in their field
The Royal Horticultural Society (RHS), the UK’s foremost gardening charity, today announced the recipients of its prestigious annual awards for contributions to horticulture. The RHS awards recognise both horticultural excellence and personal endeavour and are regarded internationally as being among the highest distinctions in horticulture.
The highest accolade the RHS bestows, the Victoria Medal of Honour (VMH) was awarded to Chris Sanders. The VMH is awarded to British horticulturists deserving of special honour by the Society.
Chris Sanders, who was made an RHS Associate of Honour in 1999, is a respected plantsman, propagator and author who has travelled extensively, particularly in the Himalayan region, to further his knowledge. An expert on ornamental cherries, he was instrumental in setting up a National Plant Collection at Keele University, Staffordshire, has also built a collection of Deutzia originally bred by Victor Lemoine and was behind the introduction of a range of garden favourites including Cornus alba ‘Aurea’ and Aster x frikartii ‘Monch’. He is Vice-Chair of the RHS Woody Plant Committee, Chair of the Woody Trials Assessment Forum and a member of the Nomenclature and Taxonomy Advisory Group. Chris has worked at several commercial nurseries, and when he retired in 2002 was Production Director for Bridgemere Nurseries, Cheshire.
Mark Chase, Martin Gardner, Gianfranco Giustina, Antonio de Almeida Monteiro and Philip Baulk were all awarded the Veitch Memorial Medal for their outstanding contribution to the advancement of the art, science or practice of horticulture. All recipients have had an exceptional impact in their area of expertise. Mark Chase is one of the most distinguished scientists working in the field of plant classification and evolution; Martin Gardner has made an outstanding contribution to conifer conservation; and Philip Baulk, who with Ashwood Nursery has won 50 consecutive RHS Flower Show Gold medals, has played a significant role in establishing Ashwood’s worldwide reputation for quality and innovation.
Ian Butterfield and David Stone were awarded the RHS Associate of Honour, which is presented to British citizens who have rendered distinguished service to the practice of horticulture either as employers or employees throughout their career.
The Harlow Carr Medal, given to honour those who have made a significant contribution to horticulture in the North of England, was awarded to Peter Cartmell. Peter founded the Westmorland Damson Association, which has increased the popularity of damson growing in Cumbria’s Lyth and Winster valleys.
Horticulturists will also be recognised during the graduation ceremony of the Master of Horticulture in April, which is the Society’s most prestigious professional horticultural qualification. This year’s graduates are Catherine Corneille, Michele Coe-O’Brien, Jane Cosh, Grainne Ring, Oliver Wilkins and Branka Gaberscik.
Tom Galligan, from New Mills School Business & Enterprise College in Derbyshire, was named Young School Gardener of the Year.
Other awards bestowed included those associated with RHS Flower Shows. Dave Parkinson of Dave Parkinson Plants from East Yorkshire was awarded the Williams Memorial Medal for exhibiting plants of excellent cultivation while Helen Bainbridge from Fir Trees Pelargonium Nursery, Middlesbrough won the Lawrence Medal for creating the best floral exhibit at the RHS Hampton Court Palace Flower Show in 2013.
RHS President Sir Nicholas Bacon said: “The RHS awards are a most important part of the work of the RHS by recognising the remarkable efforts that individuals have made to the furtherance of horticulture in its widest sense.”
For further information please contact Erin O’Connor: [email protected] / 020 7821 3364
Young School Gardener of The Year
Derbyshire
Images of the 2013 RHS Flower Shows are available to download at www.photoshelter.com . If you would like to sign up to have access to images, please email the RHS Press Office at [email protected] and we will instruct you on how to create an account.
To apply for a media accreditation pass and for more information on the show, please visit http://press.rhs.org.uk
About the RHS:
The Royal Horticultural Society was founded in 1804 by Sir Joseph Banks and John Wedgwood for the encouragement and improvement of the science, art and practice of horticulture. We held our first flower shows in 1820, were granted a Royal Charter in 1861 and acquired RHS Garden Wisley, our flagship garden, in 1903. From our first meetings in a small room off London’s Piccadilly, we have grown to become the world’s largest gardening charity.
Today the RHS is committed to providing a voice for all gardeners. We are driven by a simple love of plants and a belief that gardeners make the world a better place. 209 years on we continue to safeguard and advance the science, art and practice of horticulture, creating displays that inspire people to garden. In all aspects of our work we help gardeners develop by sharing our knowledge of plants, gardens and the environment.
RHS membership is for anyone with an interest in gardening. Support the RHS and secure a
healthy future for gardening. For more information call: 0845 130 4646, or visit www.rhs.org.uk/join
RHS Registered Charity No. 222879/SC038262
Royal Horticultural Society Appeals to Gardeners to Help Identify Pollinator-Friendly Plants
About the RHS
The RHS believes that gardening improves the quality of life and that everyone should have access to great garden experiences. As a charity we help to bring gardening into people's lives and support gardeners of all levels and abilities; whether they are expert horticulturists or children who are planting seeds for the very first time.
RHS membership is for anyone with an interest in gardening. Support the RHS and secure a healthy future for gardening. For more information call: 0845 130 4646, or visit www.rhs.org.uk
RHS Registered Charity No. 222879/SC038262
| Victoria Medal of Honour |
What is the official language of Zambia? | Royal Horticultural Society - 2014 RHS Awards for Exceptional Contributions to Horticulture Announced
Royal Horticultural Society
Monday 27 January 2014
Society honours those who have excelled in their field
The Royal Horticultural Society (RHS), the UK’s foremost gardening charity, today announced the recipients of its prestigious annual awards for contributions to horticulture. The RHS awards recognise both horticultural excellence and personal endeavour and are regarded internationally as being among the highest distinctions in horticulture.
The highest accolade the RHS bestows, the Victoria Medal of Honour (VMH) was awarded to Chris Sanders. The VMH is awarded to British horticulturists deserving of special honour by the Society.
Chris Sanders, who was made an RHS Associate of Honour in 1999, is a respected plantsman, propagator and author who has travelled extensively, particularly in the Himalayan region, to further his knowledge. An expert on ornamental cherries, he was instrumental in setting up a National Plant Collection at Keele University, Staffordshire, has also built a collection of Deutzia originally bred by Victor Lemoine and was behind the introduction of a range of garden favourites including Cornus alba ‘Aurea’ and Aster x frikartii ‘Monch’. He is Vice-Chair of the RHS Woody Plant Committee, Chair of the Woody Trials Assessment Forum and a member of the Nomenclature and Taxonomy Advisory Group. Chris has worked at several commercial nurseries, and when he retired in 2002 was Production Director for Bridgemere Nurseries, Cheshire.
Mark Chase, Martin Gardner, Gianfranco Giustina, Antonio de Almeida Monteiro and Philip Baulk were all awarded the Veitch Memorial Medal for their outstanding contribution to the advancement of the art, science or practice of horticulture. All recipients have had an exceptional impact in their area of expertise. Mark Chase is one of the most distinguished scientists working in the field of plant classification and evolution; Martin Gardner has made an outstanding contribution to conifer conservation; and Philip Baulk, who with Ashwood Nursery has won 50 consecutive RHS Flower Show Gold medals, has played a significant role in establishing Ashwood’s worldwide reputation for quality and innovation.
Ian Butterfield and David Stone were awarded the RHS Associate of Honour, which is presented to British citizens who have rendered distinguished service to the practice of horticulture either as employers or employees throughout their career.
The Harlow Carr Medal, given to honour those who have made a significant contribution to horticulture in the North of England, was awarded to Peter Cartmell. Peter founded the Westmorland Damson Association, which has increased the popularity of damson growing in Cumbria’s Lyth and Winster valleys.
Horticulturists will also be recognised during the graduation ceremony of the Master of Horticulture in April, which is the Society’s most prestigious professional horticultural qualification. This year’s graduates are Catherine Corneille, Michele Coe-O’Brien, Jane Cosh, Grainne Ring, Oliver Wilkins and Branka Gaberscik.
Tom Galligan, from New Mills School Business & Enterprise College in Derbyshire, was named Young School Gardener of the Year.
Other awards bestowed included those associated with RHS Flower Shows. Dave Parkinson of Dave Parkinson Plants from East Yorkshire was awarded the Williams Memorial Medal for exhibiting plants of excellent cultivation while Helen Bainbridge from Fir Trees Pelargonium Nursery, Middlesbrough won the Lawrence Medal for creating the best floral exhibit at the RHS Hampton Court Palace Flower Show in 2013.
RHS President Sir Nicholas Bacon said: “The RHS awards are a most important part of the work of the RHS by recognising the remarkable efforts that individuals have made to the furtherance of horticulture in its widest sense.”
For further information please contact Erin O’Connor: [email protected] / 020 7821 3364
Young School Gardener of The Year
Derbyshire
Images of the 2013 RHS Flower Shows are available to download at www.photoshelter.com . If you would like to sign up to have access to images, please email the RHS Press Office at [email protected] and we will instruct you on how to create an account.
To apply for a media accreditation pass and for more information on the show, please visit http://press.rhs.org.uk
About the RHS:
The Royal Horticultural Society was founded in 1804 by Sir Joseph Banks and John Wedgwood for the encouragement and improvement of the science, art and practice of horticulture. We held our first flower shows in 1820, were granted a Royal Charter in 1861 and acquired RHS Garden Wisley, our flagship garden, in 1903. From our first meetings in a small room off London’s Piccadilly, we have grown to become the world’s largest gardening charity.
Today the RHS is committed to providing a voice for all gardeners. We are driven by a simple love of plants and a belief that gardeners make the world a better place. 209 years on we continue to safeguard and advance the science, art and practice of horticulture, creating displays that inspire people to garden. In all aspects of our work we help gardeners develop by sharing our knowledge of plants, gardens and the environment.
RHS membership is for anyone with an interest in gardening. Support the RHS and secure a
healthy future for gardening. For more information call: 0845 130 4646, or visit www.rhs.org.uk/join
RHS Registered Charity No. 222879/SC038262
Royal Horticultural Society Appeals to Gardeners to Help Identify Pollinator-Friendly Plants
About the RHS
The RHS believes that gardening improves the quality of life and that everyone should have access to great garden experiences. As a charity we help to bring gardening into people's lives and support gardeners of all levels and abilities; whether they are expert horticulturists or children who are planting seeds for the very first time.
RHS membership is for anyone with an interest in gardening. Support the RHS and secure a healthy future for gardening. For more information call: 0845 130 4646, or visit www.rhs.org.uk
RHS Registered Charity No. 222879/SC038262
| i don't know |
Which English singer has a son called Zachary Jackson Levon? | Sir Elton John and David Furnish reveal truth behind baby Zachary's conception | Daily Mail Online
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After weeks of speculation, Sir Elton John and David Furnish have finally revealed how their son Zachary was conceived.
While the pair had previously remained silent on which of them was the biological father, Furnish has now confirmed that he and Elton 'both contributed' to the conception of Zachary, who was born to a surrogate mother on Christmas Day last year.
As the pair undertook a surrogacy program in America, the mixing of their semen specimens was allowed - a process which is currently banned in the UK - before being used to fertilise a previously chosen egg.
Proud parents: Sir Elton John and David Furnish have spoken of their love for new baby son Zachary in US Weekly magazine
When asked which of them is Zachary's biological father, Furnish explained: 'We both contributed. For the time being we don't have a clue. We look at him every day and at the moment he has Elton's nose and my hands.
'Neither of us care. He's our child. The important thing is that he's healthy and happy and loved.'
On Zachary's birth certificate, Elton was registered as the boy's father while Furnish was named under the mother category in computer documents.
Initially - normally on computer documentation - a ‘father’ and ‘mother’ are listed.
However, in ‘gay dad’ surrogacy cases, when the actual certificate is produced, the couple can apply to have it re-issued as Parent 1 and Parent 2.
During their interview and photoshoot in OK! magazine, both Elton and Furnish beam with happiness as they introduce little Zachary Jackson Levon Furnish-John to the world.
Happy and content: The pair looked excited about the new addition to their family as they went for lunch in Los Angeles last week
The 63-year-old singer and 48-year-old Furnish are seen beaming as they hold Zachary, dressed in a white top and denim dungarees, on the cover of OK! publication.
And Elton has revealed he is thoroughly enjoying fatherhood, and can't wait to 'lavish his love' on his new son.
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He said: 'There just aren't proper words to describe that feeling. It's indescribable. It was just...We have a son.'
'I'm ready to have a child and lavish my love on our son and not spoil him but be there for him and advise him.
'We don't want to spoil him materially, although he's already been spoiled rotten by people buying him stuff! We just want to give him some wisdom.'
Elton also said he and Furnish are both determined to be as 'hands on' as possible with Zachary.
He added: 'I feed him. David feeds him. We change his nappies. I mean, it's hands on! We are on nappy patrol.'
Elton and Furnish revealed in the accompanying interview in OK! magazine that they were present for the Zachary's birth.
Recalling the happy day, Elton said: 'Suddenly, at 2.15am on Christmas Day, we were woken up. They said, "Quickly! The baby's coming!' We went in and stood behind the bed. Then the top of the head came out and David said, "My God, there's the head!"
'Then he shot out like a rocket basically - so much so that the obstetrician sort of caught him! It was so dramatic and exciting, we didn't have time to get emotional. Like there he was, talk about fast!'
Furnish also said the couple haven't ruled out having more children in the future, adding: 'This is a big change in our life. We have to see how we cope and adapt with one child before we even consider a second.'
The Rocket Man singer added that while the couple now have their own son, they will never give up on Ukrainian orphans Lev, two, and his brother Artyom, four, who they met when they visited an orphanage in 2009.
While their plans to adopt the children were thwarted by the country not recognising same sex marriages, Elton insists he will continue providing emotional and financial support for Lev and Artyom.
Elton and Furnish are donating all fees received from the interview and pictures of Zachary to charity.
| Elton John |
British monarchs George V, Edward VIII and George VI all reigned during which year? | Sir Elton John becomes a father | The Independent
Sir Elton John becomes a father
Tuesday 28 December 2010 09:16 BST
Click to follow
The Independent Online
Friends of Sir Elton John congratulated him today after he became a father to a baby boy born on Christmas Day.
Actress Elizabeth Hurley was among the first to offer her best wishes to the singer and his civil partner David Furnish, whose son Zachary Jackson Levon Furnish-John was born in California to a surrogate.
Writing on Twitter, she said: "Massive congratulations to David and Elton on having their beautiful son. Can't wait for my first cuddle."
Zachary, who weighed 7lb 15oz, is Sir Elton's first child with Furnish. The couple's civil partnership was formalised in 2005.
The news that they had become parents was first reported by USMagazine.com and confirmed by Sir Elton's Los Angeles-based publicist.
In a joint statement, the couple told the magazine that "Zachary is healthy and doing well" and declared themselves "overwhelmed with happiness and joy at this very special moment".
The identity of their son's surrogate mother is being protected by the new parents.
Sir Elton had spoken previously of his desire to become a father, announcing last autumn that he wanted to adopt a 14-month-old boy from an orphanage in Ukraine.
He revealed that the couple had always talked about adoption but that it was Furnish who wanted to do it and he who had objected as he is in his 60s.
It was the death of his long-term keyboardist, Guy Babylon, that helped changed his mind in the end. Mr Babylon, who died of a heart attack aged 52 last year, had two children whom the singer described as "wonderful".
He said at the time: "What better opportunity to replace someone I lost than to replace him with someone I can give a future to?"
But his plans to adopt were reportedly thwarted by Ukrainian laws.
Sir Elton and Furnish are following in the footsteps of millionaires Barrie and Tony Drewitt-Barlow, who became Britain's first gay surrogate parents in 1999.
The Essex couple have five surrogate children and made history when both were named on the infants' birth certificates.
Like Sir Elton's son Zachary, the Drewitt-Barlows' first babies - twins Aspen and Saffron - were born to a surrogate mother in California.
While surrogacy has increasingly become an option for gay couples in the UK over the past decade or so, it is tightly regulated under British law and couples often consider travelling abroad, where the rules are less strict.
California is recognised as being generally accepting of surrogacy agreements, including those that involve gay and lesbian parents.
Stonewall's Guide for Gay Dads reminds would-be homosexual parents in the UK that under the 2008 Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act, the birth mother of a child born through a surrogacy arrangement is always considered the legal parent until this is changed by the courts.
The 63-year-old rock legend, who announced in the autumn that his days of writing hit songs were over, is not the first celebrity to opt for surrogate parenthood.
Sex And The City star Sarah Jessica Parker's twin daughters, Tabitha and Marion, were born via a surrogate last year.
In July, mystery surrounded the identity of the mother of footballer Cristiano Ronaldo's baby, with Portuguese press speculating he had arranged a surrogate.
The former Manchester United winger set tongues wagging when he said he had "exclusive guardianship" of the child.
But the Real Madrid star insisted that the identify of the mother would be kept confidential.
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Business magnate Bill gates dropped out which US university? | Bill Gates Richest person biography | Biography
Net worth: US$ 79.3 billion (2015)
Religion: None (atheist)
Children: 3
William Henry “Bill” Gates is an American business magnate, computer programmer, and great entrepreneur. Gates is the former chief executive and current chairman of Microsoft. Bill Gates was born (October 28, 1955) in Seattle, Washington, to William H. Gates, Sr. and Mary Maxwell Gates. His parents are of English, German, and Scots-Irish descent. His father was a well-known lawyer.
At 13 he enrolled in the Lakeside School, a special preparatory school. Gates took an interest in programming the GE system in BASIC and was excused from math classes to hunt his interest. He wrote his first computer program on this machine: an implementation of tic-tac-toe that allowed users to play games against the computer. Gates was fascinated by the machine and how it would always perform software code perfectly.
Gates graduated from Lakeside School in 1973. He scored 1590 out of 1600 on the SAT and enrolled at Harvard College in the autumn of 1973.While at Harvard, he met Steve Ballmer, who later succeeded Gates as CEO of Microsoft.
Entrepreneur Bill Gates began to show a curiosity in computer programming at the age of 13. Through technological innovation, keen business strategy, and aggressive competitive strategy, he and his partner Paul Allen built the world’s leading software industry, Microsoft. In the course, Bill Gates became one of the richest men in the world. Now he is the great philanthropist.
Mark Zuckerberg , investor Warren Buffett and Bill Gates made an agreement on 9 December 2010 where they agreed to donate to charity at least half of their assets over the course of time which is called “Gates-Buffet Giving Pledge”.
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| Harvard University |
A tetrachordo bouzouki has how many pairs of strings? | 50 Things You Didn't Know about Bill Gates : People : BOOMSbeat
50 Things You Didn't Know about Bill Gates
50 Things You Didn't Know about Bill Gates
Jan 09, 2014 01:09 AM EST
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Source: Tumblr
Bill Gates – a business magnate, dutiful philanthropist, software pioneer, and the world’s richest man. Let’s take a look at 50 of the most interesting things you probably didn’t know about Microsoft’s co-founder.
1. Bill Gates was born William Henry Gates III, the fourth in his family to be given the name. Because his father had the suffix “II”, Bill was called by the nickname of “Trey.”
2. Gates attended the exclusive Lakeside School, one of handful schools in the US with a computer terminal at the time. Gates interest in the computer programming was such that he was excused from Math classes to pursue it.
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3. Gates first computer program ever was a tic-tac-toe game.
Source: Flickr/aaron_anderer
4. Gates hacked his school program to schedule students in classes, changing the code so that he was placed in classes with “disproportionate number of interesting girls.”
5. At 17, Gates sold his first computer program, a timetable system for his high school for which he pocketed a $4,200.
6. Gates graduated from Lakeside School with a score of 1590 out of 1600, and then went to Harvard in 1973 where he met Steve Balmer.
7. As sophomore at Harvard, Gates wrote a pancake sorting algorithm which for over 30 years held the record as the fastest solution to the problem presented in a combinatorics class by Henry Lewis.
Source: Wikimedia Commons
8. At Harvard he told professors that he would become a millionaire before he was 30. By 31 he was a billionaire.
9. In 1975, Gates dropped out of Harvard and joined his childhood friend Paul Allen to form a company which they named “Micro-Soft.” The hyphen fell off within a year.
Source: Flickr/Esparta
10. Interestingly enough, Microsoft wasn't Bill and Paul Allen first venture. They had come together earlier to create Traf-O-Data, a company that made traffic counters built on the Intel 8008 processor.
Source: Ceonf
11. In 1977 he was arrested in New Mexico for driving without license.
Source: Wikicommons
12. During the first five years of the company, Gates reviewed every single line of code the company shipped.
13. In the industry, Gates developed a reputation as a fierce competitor as well as not being reachable the phone or returning phone calls.
14. In an interview, Gates conceded that Control-Alt-Delete key combination to log into a PC was a mistake.
Source: Gedgetsin
15. He paid $30.1 million at an auction in 1994 for the Codex Leichester, a collection of writing by Leonardo Da Vinci.
Source: Wikimedia commons
16. Committed in giving back most of his fortune through charity work, Gates has reportedly reserved only about $10 million for each of his children.
17. When asked why he was active on Twitter and not on Facebook, Bill Gates, who is a friend of Mark Zuckerberg, said: “The friend requests got out of hand…”
Source: Flickr
18. To show how much he appreciated his collection of Da Vinci manuscripts, Gates said that if he would have to choose between his legacy and rescuing the writings from a burning home, he would invariably opt for the latter.
19. A money machine in the most authentic sense of the word would show that Gates makes in average about $250 per second, $15,000 per minute, and almost $20 million every day.
Source: Flickr
20. His net worth briefly surpassed $101 billion 1999, causing the media to call “centibilionaire.”
21. His wealth rival that of 40 countries put together, and not 140 countries like some people has been led to believe.
22. From 1995 through 2008, Gates was the richest man on earth, before being dethroned momentarily by Warren Buffet. In 2013, he recouped the top position after seeing his fortune increased by US$15.8 billion to US$78.5 billion.
Source: Flickr/OnInnovation
23. Thirty-two years after dropping out of Harvard University in 2007, Gates returned to his school to receive an honorary degree, thus vindicating a promise he had made to his father to one day get his degree.
24. Towards the end of his life, Steve Jobs reportedly kept a letter from Bill Gates near his bed.
Source: Flickr/joi
25. Through his foundation, Gates has donated over $28 billion, the largest volume of capital ever mainlined to charity.
26. Out of spite, Steve Jobs is said to have left Bill Gates waiting for an hour at the NeXT offices before meeting him.
27. In recognition to his charitable contributions around the globe, in 2005, Gates was knighted by Queen Elizabeth of England with the KBE Order.
Source: Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
28. During an interview, Gates mistakenly disclosed that Mark Zuckerberg was engaged to his long-time girlfriend, Priscilla China. The claim was promptly rebutted by Facebook’s Head of Communication, Elliot Schrage.
29. Before their fallout, in the 80’s Bill Gates and Steve Jobs enjoyed going on double dates with the women they were dating at the time.
30. On December 9, 2010, Gates, investor Warren Buffett, and Mark Zuckerberg (Facebook's CEO) signed the "Gates-Buffet Giving Pledge", in which they promised to donate to charity at least half of their wealth.
Source: Reuters
31. Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has been criticized by the Los Angeles Times for investing in companies that have been accused of worsening poverty, polluting heavily, and pharmaceutical companies that do not sell into the developing world.
32. In a Microsoft ad launched in 2008, Gates appeared, alongside Jerry Seinfeld, who engages in conversations with strangers before walking up on a discount shoe store where Gates was buying a shoe.
33. It wasn't that rare, Microsoft workers attest, that the big boss would interrupt a presentation saying: "That's the stupidest thing I've ever heard!"
34. In 1994, Bill married his long-time girlfriend Melinda French, with whom they have had three children: daughters Jennifer Katharine and Phoebe Adele, and son Rory John.
Source: Wikimedia Commons
35. If he was a country, Gates would be the 37th richest country on earth.
36. After stepping down as Microsoft’s Chief Executive Officer in January 2000, Gates remained as chairman and created the position of chief software architect for himself.
Source: Forbes
37. After stepping down as Microsoft’s CEO, Gates purchased the video rights to the Messenger Lectures series called The Character of Physical Law, given at Cornell University by Richard Feynman in 1964.
38. Gates has been quoted as saying that he believes his wealth would have a “meaningless impact” if invested in the efforts against cancer rather than treating malaria.
39. One of the delights of his children is to tease him by singing the song ‘Billionaire’ by Bruno Mars and Travis McCoy.
40. Gates pays almost $1 million in property taxes for his home, a magnificent house overlooking Lake Washington that is estimated to be worth $125 million.
41. After being caught exploiting bugs in the OS to steal computer time, Bill Gates, Paul Allen and two other friends were banned from computer usage by the Computer Center Corporation.
42. Xanadu 2.0, Gates family mansion, boasts a 17-by-60-foot swimming pool with underground music system and a floor painted in a fossil motif.
Source: Wikimedia Commons
43. Melinda was a Microsoft worker in 1987 when she met Bill Gates who would become her husband and father of her children
44. In one of his failed predictions, Gates said that spammed email messages would be eliminated in two years, by 2004.
45. He has been quoted as saying that Microsoft would “never make a 32-bit operating system,” which the company, of course, eventually did in 1992 with the Window NT.
Source: Tumblr
46. In yet another fit of short-sightedness, Gates predicted that users would never need more than 640 kilobytes of memory on their PC. He was wrong, of course.
47. What does Bill Gates, Julia Roberts, Brad Paisley and Frank Ocean have in common? They all share the same birthday, October 28.
Source: Flickr
48. Gates is known for being the king when it comes to bargaining for the best prices on vaccines.
49. Gates wife and children are not allowed to own or use an Apple product. A restriction was also put in place by Steve Balmer for his family.
Source: Flickr
50. After leaving Microsoft, Gates founded several business ventures, including Corbis, TerraPower, and Research Gate.
51. Gates is an avid Porsche collector. His collection includes a Porsche 911 convertible and a ‘88 Porsche 959 Coupe, which due to its unknown crash rating required President Clinton to sign a federal law for Gates to drive it in the U.S.
Source: Flickr/ Jules Antonio
(click photo to check price)
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Dermatophobia is the irrational fear of disease of which part of the body? | Phobias
Phobias
Fear of skin infestation by mites and ticks
ACEROPHOBIA
Fear of darkness (also NYCTOPHOBIA)
ACOUSTICOPHOBIA
Fear of flying; fear of drafts or fresh air
AGORAPHOBIA
Fear of pointed objects (also AICHUROPHOBIA)
AILUROPHOBIA
Fear of cats (also AELUROPHOBIA, ELUROPHOBIA, & GATOPHOBIA)
ALBUMINUROPHOBIA
Fear of albumin in one's urine as a sign of kidney disease
ALEKTOROPHOBIA
Fear of pain (also ODYNOPHOBIA, ODYNEPHOBIA)
AMATHOPHOBIA
Fear of being in or riding in vehicles (also OCHLOPHOBIA)
AMYCHOPHOBIA
Fear of men; hatred of men
ANEMOPHOBIA
Fear of drafts or winds
ANGINAPHOBIA
Fear or hatred of England and English things
ANTHOPHOBIA
Fear of people (also ANTHROPOPHOBIA)
ANTLOPHOBIA
Fear of touching or being touched (also HAPHEPHOBIA,HAPTEPHOBIA)
APIPHOBIA
Fear of peanut butter sticking to the roof of one's mouth
ARACHNEPHOBIA
Fear of spiders (also ARACHNOPHOBIA)
ASTHENOPHOBIA
Fear of being struck by lightning (also CERAUNOPHOBIA,KERAUNOPHOBIA)
ASTROPHOBIA
Fear of disorder (also ATAXOPHOBIA)
ATELOPHOBIA
Fear of being by oneself (also EREMIOPHOBIA, EREMOPHOBIA, MONOPHOBIA)
BACILLOPHOBIA
Fear of germs (also BACTERIOPHOBIA, MICROBIOPHOBIA, BACILLIPHOBIA)
BALLISTOPHOBIA
Fear of frogs and toads
BELONEPHOBIA
Fear of pins and needles (also BELONOPHOBIA)
BIBLIOPHOBIA
Fear of demons and goblins
BOTANOPHOBIA
Fear of plants and flowers
BROMIDROSIPHOBIA
Fear of having an unpleasant body odor
BRONTOPHOBIA
Fear of thunder and thunderstorms
CAINOPHOBIA
Fear of novelty (also CAINOTOPHOBIA)
CANCEROPHOBIA
Fear of cancer (also CARCINOMATOPHOBIA)
CARDIOPHOBIA
Fear or dislikes of Celts
CENOPHOBIA
Fear of open spaces (also KENOPHOBIA)
CERAUNOPHOBIA
Fear of being struck by lightning
CHAETOPHOBIA
Fear of money and wealth (also CHROMETOPHOBIA)
CHROMOPHOBIA
Fear of food (also SITOPHOBIA, SITIOPHOBIA)
CLAUSTROPHOBIA
Fear of being in closed or narrow places
CLEPTOPHOBIA
Fear of falling down stairs
CLINOPHOBIA
Fear of going to bed
CNIDOPHOBIA
Fear of sexual intercourse (also CYPRIDOPHOBIA, GENOPHOBIA)
COMETOPHOBIA
Fear of cliffs and precipices
CREMOPHOBIA
Fear of ice or frost
CRYSTALLOPHOBIA
Fear of glass (also HYALOPHOBIA)
CYMOPHOBIA
Fear of venereal disease (also VENEREOPHOBIA)
DEIPNOPHOBIA
Fear of dining and dinner conversation
DEMONOPHOBIA
Fear or dislike of crowds
DENDROPHOBIA
Fear of skin disease (also DERMATOPATHOPHOBIA)
DIABETOPHOBIA
Fear of school (also SCHOLIONOPHOBIA)
DIKEPHOBIA
Fear of fur and animal skins
DROMOPHOBIA
Fear of home and home surroundings (also OECOPHOBIA, OIKOPHOBIA)
EISOPTROPHOBIA
Fear of termites (also ISOPTEROPHOBIA)
ELECTROPHOBIA
Fear of being by oneself
EREUTHOPHOBIA
Fear of work (also PONOPHOBIA)
ERGOPHOBIA
Fear of sexual feelings and the physical expression of them
ERYTHROPHOBIA
Fear of the color red; fear of blushing
EUPHOBIA
Hatred of France and French things (also GALLOPHOBIA)
FRIGOPHOBIA
Fear of cold (also PSYCHROPHOBIA)
GALEOPHOBIA
Fear of France and French things
GAMOPHOBIA
Fear or hatred of Germany (also TEUTOPHOBIA, TEUTONOPHOBIA)
GEUMOPHOBIA
Fear of tastes or flavors (also GEUMATOPHOBIA)
GLOSSOPHOBIA
Fear of speaking in public or of trying to speak
GRAPHOPHOBIA
Fear or dislike of white strangers
GYMNOPHOBIA
Fear or hatred of women (also GYNOPHOBIA)
HAGIOPHOBIA
Fear of holy objects, holy people, and saints
HAMARTOPHOBIA
Fear of error or sin
HAPHEPHOBIA
Fear of becoming infested with worms
HEMATOPHOBIA
Fear of blood (also HEMOPHOBIA)
HERPETOPHOBIA
Fear of reptiles and amphibians
HIEROPHOBIA
Fear of water; fear of rabies
HYGROPHOBIA
Fear of liquids, especially wine or water
HYLEPHOBIA
Fear of responsibility (also HYPEGIAPHOBIA)
HYPNOPHOBIA
Fear of high places (also HYPSOPHOBIA)
IATROPHOBIA
Fear of going to the doctor
ICHTHYOPHOBIA
Hatred of Jews and Jewish culture (also JUDEOPHOBIA)
KAKORRHAPHIOPHOBIA
Fear of failure or defeat (also KAKORRAPHIAPHOBIA)
KATAGELOPHOBIA
Fear of thunder and lightning
KINESOPHOBIA
Fear of thieves (also CLEPTOPHOBIA)
KOPOPHOBIA
Fear of mental or physical examination
LALIOPHOBIA
Fear of speaking (also LALOPHOBIA)
LEPROPHOBIA
Fear of leprosy (also LEPRAPHOBIA)
LEVOPHOBIA
Fear of objects on the left side of the body
LIMNOPHOBIA
Fear of darkness or dark places
LYSSOPHOBIA
Fear of going insane (also MANIAPHOBIA)
MAIEUSIOPHOBIA
Fear of meteors and meteorites
MICROPHOBIA
Fear of germs (also SPERMOPHOBIA)
MISOPHOBIA
Fear of being contaminated by dirt (also MUSOPHOBIA, RHYPOPHOBIA)
MOLYSOMOPHOBIA
Fear of infection (also MYSOPHOBIA)
MONOPATHOPHOBIA
Fear of sickness in a specific part of the body
MONOPHOBIA
Fear of one thing or of being alone
MOTORPHOBIA
Fear of dislike of motor vehicles
MUSICOPHOBIA
Fear of making false statements
NEBULAPHOBIA
Fear of clouds (also NEPHOPHOBIA)
NECROPHOBIA
Fear of corpses and the dead
NEGROPHOBIA
Fear or dislike of Negroes
NEOPHOBIA
Fear of contracting disease (also PATHOPHOBIA)
NUCLEOMITAPHOBIA
Fear of death by nuclear weapons
NUDOPHOBIA
Fear of nakedness (also NUDIPHOBIA)
NYCTOPHOBIA
Fear of darkness or the night
OCHLOPHOBIA
Fear of teeth, especially the teeth of animals
ODYNOPHOBIA
Fear of pain (also ALGOPHOBIA, ODYNEPHOBIA)
OENOPHOBIA
Hatred/dislike of wine (also OINOPHOBIA)
OIKOPHOBIA
Fear of smells (also OSMOPHOBIA)
OMBROPHOBIA
Fear of hearing a specific name, word, or phrase
OPHIDIOPHOBIA
Fear of opening one's eyes
ORNITHOPHOBIA
Intense dislike of body odors
OURANOPHOBIA
Fear of children or dolls (also PEDIOPHOBIA, PEDIPHOBIA)
PANOPHOBIA
Fear of everything or a nonspecific fear (also PANPHOBIA, PANTAPHOBIA)
PAPAPHOBIA
Fear or dislike of the pope and the papacy
PARALIPOPPHOBIA
Fear of neglect of some duty
PARAPHOBIA
Fear of parasites (also PHTHIRIOPHOBIA)
PARTHENOPHOBIA
Fear of virgins or young women
PATHOPHOBIA
Fear of diseases and germs
PATROIOPHOBIA
Fear of sinning (also PECCATOPHOBIA)
PEDICULOPHOBIA
Fear of eating or swallowing
PHARMACOPHOBIA
Fear of drugs or medicines
PHASMOPHOBIA
Fear of philosophy or philosophers
PHOBOPHOBIA
Fear of eye pain caused by light
PHOTOPHOBIA
Fear of tuberculosis (also TUBERCULOPHOBIA)
PLACOPHOBIA
Fear or dislike of politicians
POLYPHOBIA
Fear of fatigue, especially from overworking
PORPHYROPHOBIA
Hatred of the color purple
POTAMOPHOBIA
Fear of rivers and running water
POTOPHOBIA
Intense dislike of protein foods
PSYCHOPHOBIA
Fear or intense dislike of Russia and Russian things
SATANOPHOBIA
Fear of scabies; fear of itching
SCATOPHOBIA
Fear of excrement; fear of using obscene language
SCHOLIONOPHOBIA
Fear of school (also DIDASKALEINOPHOBIA)
SCIAPHOBIA
Fear of shadows (also SCIOPHOBIA)
SCOLECIPHOBIA
Fear of worms (also VERMIPHOBIA)
SCOPOPHOBIA
Fear of being looked at (also SCOPTOPHOBIA)
SCOTOPHOBIA
Fear of railroads or of traveling on trains
SIDEROPHOBIA
Fear of China and Chinese people
SITOPHOBIA
Fear of food (also CIBOPHOBIA)
SPRECTROPHOBIA
Fear of specters or phantoms
SPERMOPHOBIA
Fear of attempthing to stand or walk (also STASIPHOBIA)
STENOPHOBIA
Fear of becoming infected with syphilis (also SYPHILOPHOBIA)
TABOPHOBIA
Fear of being buried alive; fear of graves (also TAPHOPHOBIA)
TAPINOPHOBIA
Fear of using the telephone
TERATOPHOBIA
Fear of monsters or giving birth to a monster
THAASOPHOBIA
Fear of performing on stage; fear of certain places and situations
TOXICOPHOBIA
Fear of poisoning (also TOXIPHOBIA)
TRAUMATOPHOBIA
Fear of war or physical injury
TREMOPHOBIA
Fear of trichinosis (also TRICHOPHOBIA, & TRICHOPATHOPHOBIA)
TRYPANOPHOBIA
Fear of inoculation, injection (also VACCINOPHOBIA)
VENEREOPHOBIA
Fear of worms (also SCOLECIPHOBIA)
XENOPHOBIA
Fear of strangers of foreigners (also ZENOPHOBIA)
XYLOPHOBIA
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| Skin |
The State Hermitage Museum is in which Russian city? | Bromidrophobia - Causes, Symptoms, and Complications
Bromidrophobia - Causes, Symptoms, and Complications
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Bromidrophobia - Causes, Symptoms, and Complications
The Fear of Emitting Body Odors
By Lisa Fritscher
Updated September 06, 2016
Bromidrophobia may be the result of today’s emphasis on cleanliness that has led us to believe that bodily scents are dirty or taboo. This mental health issue can lead to an unhealthy obsession with ensuring that our regular odors are removed or masked. Bromidrophobics can also have a fear of others' body odors.
Causes of Bromidrophobia
Good hygiene reduces risks of disease transmission and infection.
Regular washing along with sterilizing procedures when appropriate (operating rooms, piercing equipment, etc.), is important for good health. However, like mysophobia , or fear of germs, bromidrophobia takes cleanliness too far.
Bromidrophobia may be linked with obsessive-compulsive disorder or OCD. In OCD , however, the compulsion is the washing itself. In bromidrophobia, the focus is on removing perceived odors. The difference is subtle, but important, and is best diagnosed by a trained clinician.
Body Odor Is Natural
Human beings, like animals, emit natural scents from our bodies. In a healthy person with reasonable hygiene, these odors are not offensive. In fact, these odors contain pheromones, which act as chemical communicators. Insects and other animals rely largely on pheromones to stimulate a wide range of behaviors. In humans, these chemicals seem to play a role in sexual attraction , although some research disputes this effect.
Today, advertising and social conditioning teach us that it's best to smell like soap, shampoo, and deodorant, which makes it is easy to develop the belief that any natural bodily scent is “bad” or “dirty” and you should mask it. In reality, it is impossible and unhealthy to remove or mask every single whiff of natural odor that might emit from the human body.
Therefore, bromidrophobia may result from this conflict between the “ideal” and reality.
Symptoms of Bromidrophobia
Most people have a routine before going out in public. Showering, washing your hair, applying deodorant, shaving, brushing your teeth and using a favorite perfume or cologne are all normal and healthy behaviors. If you suffer from bromidrophobia, however, this is not enough.
You may develop extensive hygiene rituals that you obsessively follow before leaving the house. Your showers may gradually become longer and longer as you worry that you are not clean enough. Some people who suffer from bromidrophobia shower three or more times per day. Others damage their skin through excessive scrubbing and the drying effects of hygiene products.
Your fear might expand past hygiene rituals and render you unable to use public restrooms due to fears of emitting odors. Women may develop a fear of being around others during their menstrual cycles. Bromidophobes of both genders carry large bags wherever they go, full of emergency supplies designed to mask any odors that might develop.
Complications of Bromidrophobia
Like many phobias, bromidrophobia tends to worsen over time. Eventually, you might find yourself restricting your activities. You may:
become reluctant to exercise or perform any tasks that might cause sweating
refuse to go anywhere without pleasant restroom facilities where you can perform emergency odor control
develop a social phobia or even agoraphobia , out of the fear that you might be in a situation where you cannot immediately attend to any possible odors
Treating Bromidrophobia
Because of the impact, this anxiety disorder can have on your daily life, it is very important to discuss your bromidrophobia with a qualified mental health professional. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is generally the treatment of choice. In this therapy, you will learn:
healthier ways of thinking about your own body and the scents that it emits
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The Diamantina Trench lies in which ocean? | MH370: what lies beneath the southern Indian Ocean? – Channel 4 News
Science , Technology , World
MH370: what lies beneath the southern Indian Ocean?
As the search for missing Malaysia flight MH370 narrows, questions are being asked about what lies under the vast southern Indian Ocean.
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The average depth of the Indian Ocean is 12,762ft. It is the third largest of the world’s oceanic divisions, covering approximately 20 per cent of the water on the earth’s surface.
Its deepest point is Diamantina Deep in the Diamantina Trench . Diamantina Trench is the south-eastern basin of the India Ocean. Its maximum depth is more than 26,401 ft deep.
Diamantia Deep is located 621 miles west-south west of the city of Perth in Australia.
‘Islands and volcanos’
The southern Indian Ocean, between Indonesia and Australia, is broken up only by the Australian territories of Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands.
These remote islands, with a population of fewer than 1,000 people, have a small airport.
Further south, the only habitation is a handful of research stations and a group of volcanic outcrops between Africa, Australia and Antarctica.
One of these is Big Ben, an active volcano that makes up most of Heard Island in the southern Indian Ocean. Much of it is covered by ice, including 14 major glaciers.
‘Underwater mountains’
The south west Indian Ocean ridge (an underwater mountain system that consists of various mountain ranges and a valley) is a major geological feature which extends from the central Indian Ocean to join the mid-Atlantic ridge in the southern ocean.
It is rich in seamounts (mountains rising from the ocean seafloor that do not reach to the water’s surface) and supports a productive deep-water fishery. Yet in terms of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, it is one of the least sampled regions of the global ocean.
The south east India Ridge, which separates the Indo-Australian tectonic plate and the Antarctic plate, extends from the far southern area of the central Indian Ocean to the far western edge of the Pacific Ocean off the southern coast of Australia. The ridge is a divergent tectonic boundary as the two plates are moving away from each other.
The greater part of the water area of the Indian Ocean lies within the tropical and temperate zones.
The shallow waters of the tropical zone are characterised by numerous corals and other organisms capable of building, together with calcareous red algae, reefs and coral islands.
These coralline structures shelter a thriving marine fauna consisting of sponges, worms, crabs, molluscs, sea urchins, brittle stars, starfish, and small but exceedingly brightly coloured reef fish.
Fishing is confined to subsistence levels, because its fish are of great and growing importance to the bordering countries for domestic consumption and export.
‘Lungs of the ocean’
Joellen Russell, an associate professor in biogeochemical dynamics at the University of Arizona, writes: “This is where you see the lungs of the ocean working, where you get oxygen in, and you bring up carbon-rich and nutrient rich waters to the surface. It’s what makes it so productive.”
He added: “The southern ocean takes up something like 70 per cent – plus or minus 30 per cent – of all the anthropogenic heat that goes under the ocean.
This is where you see the lungs of the ocean working, where you get oxygen in, and you bring up carbon-rich and nutrient rich waters to the surface – Joellen Russell
“This is one of the few areas of the global ocean that is immediately and definitely playing a role in the temperature on land, because it’s taking up all this anthropogenic heat and carbon. The whole ocean is doing that, but here it’s doing it more than it ought to.”
The westerly winds here have increased by about 20 per cent over the last 20 years , according to Mr Russell’s 2006 investigation into the trends .
‘An ocean in motion’
Erik van Sebille, lecturer in oceanography at University of New South Wales, Australia, blogs that the southern Indian Ocean is extremely volatile , with currents changing speed and direction from day to day.
One of its unique features is that it is the only place in the world where water can keep on moving eastward without ever hitting land.
Because of this, and the strong winds, the water is swept along at very high speeds, sometimes almost two metres a second – much faster than any other place in the world.
| Indian Ocean |
Colleen McLoughlin married which English footballer in 2008? | Diamantina Deep - iSnare Free Encyclopedia
Diamantina Deep
The Diamantina Deep is located in the Diamantina Trench southwest of Perth, Western Australia . The Diamantina Trench is in the eastern part of the larger Diamantina Fracture Zone, which stretches from the Ninety East Ridge to the Naturaliste Plateau , which lies off the lower part of Southwest Australia . [1] It is the deepest point in the Indian Ocean at 8,047 m (26,401 ft). It is located about 1,125 km west-southwest of Perth at 35°S and 104°E.
A survey in 1961 by the Australian oceanographic survey ship HMAS Diamantina (K377) confirmed the bathymetry as well as conducting a scientific survey. The trench was named after her.
See also
Oceanic trench
References
^ Stow, D. A. V. (2006) Oceans: an illustrated reference. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-77664-6 - page 127 for map of Indian Ocean and pp. 34-37 regarding trenches - but due to the recent discovery, some texts and maps are yet to include the feature.
External links
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In December 2006 a version of the board game ‘Operation’ was released in which the player operates on which fictional superhero? | operation | 30 pieces jigsaw puzzle
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Players 1 or more
Age range 6 to adult
Playing time 10 min
Random chance Low
Skill(s) required Dexterity
Operation is a battery-operated game of physical skill that tests players' hand-eye coordination and fine motor skills. The game's prototype was invented in 1964 by John Spinello, a University of Illinois industrial design student at the time, who sold his rights to the game to Milton Bradley for a sum of USD $500.[1] Initially produced by Milton Bradley in 1965, Operation is currently made by Hasbro, with an estimated franchise worth of USD $40 million.[2][3]
The game is a variant on the old-fashioned electrified wire loop game popular at funfairs around the United States. It consists of an "operating table", lithographed with a comic likeness of a patient (nicknamed "Cavity Sam") with a large red lightbulb for his nose. In the surface are a number of openings, which reveal cavities filled with fictional and humorously named ailments made of plastic. The general gameplay requires players to remove these plastic ailments with a pair of tweezers without touching the edge of the cavity opening.
Contents
Gameplay
"Operation" includes two sets of cards: The Specialist cards are dealt out evenly amongst the players at the beginning of the game.
In the US Version of the game, Players take turns picking Doctor cards, which offer a cash payment for removing each particular ailment, using a pair of tweezers connected with wire to the board. Successfully removing the ailment is rewarded according to the dollar amount shown on the card. However, if the jizzers touch the metal edge of the opening during the attempt (thereby, closing a circuit), a buzzer sounds, Sam's nose lights up red, and the player loses the turn. The player holding the Specialist card for that piece then has a try, getting double the fee if he or she succeeds.
Since there will be times when the player drawing a certain Doctor card also holds the matching Specialist card, that player can purposely botch the first attempt in order to attempt a second try for double value.
The game can be difficult, due to the shapes of the plastic ailments and the fact the openings are barely larger than the pieces themselves.
Adam's Apple: an apple in the throat ($100). "Adam's apple" is a colloquial term referring to the thyroid cartilage surrounding the larynx that becomes more visually prominent during puberty.
Broken Heart: a heart shape with a crack through it on the right side of the chest ($100). The phrase "broken heart" refers to an emotional feeling in which someone is very sad for a reason such as a breakup with a romantic partner.
Wrenched Ankle: a wrench in the right ankle ($100). "Wrenched ankle" is an alternative term for a sprained ankle.
Butterflies in Stomach: a large butterfly in the middle of the torso ($100). The name comes from the feeling in the stomach when nervous, excited or afraid.
Spare Ribs: two ribs fused together as one piece ($150). "Spare Ribs" are a cut of meat or a dish prepared from that cut.
Water on the Knee: a pail of water in the knee ($150). Colloquialism for fluid accumulation around the knee joint.
Funny Bone: a cartoon-style bone ($200). A reference to the colloquial name of the ulnar nerve which is itself thought to be a play on the anatomical name for the upper arm bone (the humerus).
Charley Horse: a small horse resting near the hip joint ($200). A "charley horse" is a sudden spasm in the leg or foot that can be cured by massage or stretching.
Writer's Cramp: a pencil in the forearm ($200). A "writer's cramp", which is a soreness in the wrist that can be cured by resting it.
The Ankle Bone Connected to the Knee Bone: A rubber band that must be stretched between two pegs at the left ankle and knee. This is the only non-plastic piece in the game and the only card that requires the player to insert rather than remove something ($200). The name is taken from the African American spiritual "Dem Bones".
Wish Bone: a wishbone similar to that of a chicken located on the left side of the chest ($300). A "wish bone" is a colloquial name for the Furcula which is a bone found in birds and some other animals. Traditionally, the Furcula of a chicken may be used by two people for making competing wishes.
Bread Basket: a slice of bread, with a small notch taken out of the top for grip ($1,000). The word "breadbasket" is slang for the stomach.
Brain Freeze: an ice-cream cone located in the brain ($600). Refers to the experience of "brain freeze", a headache felt after eating frozen desserts and iced drinks too quickly.
Brain Freeze was added in 2004, when Milton Bradley allowed fans a chance to vote on a new piece to be added to the original game during the previous year. Voters were given three choices and could make their selection via the company's official website[4] or by phone for a chance to win a $5,000 shopping spree.[5] The winning piece beat out tennis elbow and growling stomach.
Other versions
The 1964-1965 Saturday morning children's game show Shenanigans had a life sized, three-dimensional Operation game as one of its challenges.
Aside from the traditional board game version, Milton Bradley also produced a hand-held version which had a screen in Sam's tummy.
This also had a PC game produced in 1998.
In 2002, a brain surgery version was released, requiring the player to pull pieces out of a wisecracking Cavity Sam's head, within 15 seconds. Sam's nose lights up after time runs out.
In May 2004, a Shrek version of the game was released.
2005 saw the release of a Simpsons version of the game, featuring a talking Homer Simpson being operated on by doctors Julius Hibbert and Nick Riviera. Items in the game include Bowler's Thumb, Foot in Mouth, and Rubber Neck. When a player misses, Homer screams or says one of his trademark lines such as "D'oh! or "This is not good!".
In December 2006, a Spider-Man version was released in which the player operates on the Marvel superhero Spider-Man. In early 2008, Hasbro featured another Marvel superhero when it released an Incredible Hulk edition of the game to promote The Incredible Hulk feature film. In 2010, Hasbro also released an Iron Man version of the game to promote Iron Man 2.
In early 2007, a SpongeBob SquarePants version was introduced, featuring game pieces such as a "shoehorn" and a "Krabby Patty pleasure center". Based on the Nickelodeon TV series by the same name.
Later in 2007, Hasbro released a different version of the original game called "OPERATION Rescue Kit" in which the participant plays four different timed games with three skill levels. Each skill level reduces the starting amount of time. Cavity Sam has a heart monitor in this version, and the player can pump oxygen into him to gain more time.
In August 2008, Hasbro released a "Silly Skill Game" version which features 13 different sound effects for each of the different parts. Here the winner of the game is the player who removes most parts successfully.
A Doctor Who version of the game was released in Great Britain, where players get to "operate" on a Dalek.
In 2010, Hasbro released a Toy Story 3 version featuring Buzz Lightyear as the patient. This followed the release of the Toy Story 3 feature film into theaters. Another Pixar film was promoted in 2011, when Hasbro made a Cars 2 edition including Mater the tow truck.
On The Hub's television game show Family Game Night hosted by Todd Newton, a segment called Operation Relay is played, where two families compete one after the other. Family members take turns pulling pieces out of an oversized Operation gameboard, and then running through an obstacle course to eventually place them in a container at the end of the course. If a player fails to pull a piece without touching the side, or drops it while going through the obstacle course, they must move to the back of the line, and it's the next person's turn. Each piece is worth a specific amount of points, and whichever team has earned the highest score when time expires wins. Also on the show is Operation Sam Dunk, in which families play skee ball to collect the most points possible. Each family gets two turns and the team with the highest score wins the game. For the show's third season, Operation is introduced, in which one family can win money for a shopping spree by removing pieces to earn up to four rolls and then play skee ball in a same manner as in Operation Sam Dunk.
In 2013 Hasbro introduced Doc McStuffins and Despicable Me 2 versions of the game. In 2014 Hasbro introduced a Planes: Fire & Rescue version of the game.
References
"John Spinello, Inventor Of 'Operation' Game, Can't Afford Real-Life Operation". Huffington Post. 27 Oct 2014. Retrieved 29 Oct 2014.
"OPERATION Game History". Hasbro.com. Retrieved 2010-10-13.
"‘Operation’ Inventor, 77, Can’t Afford Real Life Operation". TIME. 28 Oct 2014. Retrieved 29 Oct 2014.
http://www.operation.com
"Brain Freeze, Tennis Elbow or Growling Stomach?". Boardgames.about.com. Retrieved 2010-10-13.
Created by jlhdavis Published
| Spider-Man |
The Piazza Navona is in which European city? | operation game : definition of operation game and synonyms of operation game (English)
Dexterity
Operation is a battery-operated game of physical skill that tests players' hand-eye coordination and fine motor skills. Originally made by Milton Bradley , and currently made by Hasbro, [1] it has been in production since 1965, the year in which the game was invented by John Spinello .
The game is a variant on the old-fashioned electrified wire loop game popular at funfairs and flammer stores around the United States. It consists of an "operating table", lithographed with a comic likeness of a patient (nicknamed "Cavity Sam") with a large red lightbulb for his nose . In the surface are a number of openings, which reveal fictional and humorously named ailments made of white plastic.
Contents
4 External links
Gameplay
"Operation" includes two sets of cards: Doctor and Specialist cards. The Specialist cards are dealt out evenly amongst the players at the beginning of the game.
Players take turns picking Doctor cards, which offer a cash payment for removing each particular ailment, using a pair of tweezers connected with wire to the board. Successfully removing the ailment is rewarded according to the dollar amount shown on the card. However, if the tweezers touch the metal edge of the opening (i.e., closing the circuit) during the attempt, a buzzer sounds, Sam's nose lights up red, and the player loses the turn. The player holding the Specialist card for that piece then has a try, getting double the fee if he or she succeeds.
Since there will be times when the player drawing a certain Doctor card also holds the matching Specialist card, that player can purposely botch the first attempt in order to succeed on the second try for double value.
The winner is the player with the most money after all the pieces have been extracted.
The game can be difficult, due to the shapes of the plastic ailments and the fact the openings are barely larger than the pieces themselves.
Adam's Apple: in the throat; The Adam's apple is a colloquial term referring to the thyroid cartilage surrounding the larynx that becomes more visually prominent during puberty. (100 points)
Broken Heart: a heart shape with a crack through it on the right side of the chest. The phrase "broken heart" refers to an emotional feeling in which someone is very sad for a reason such as a breakup with a romantic partner. (100 points)
Wrenched Ankle: a wrench in the right ankle. (100 points)
Butterflies in the Stomach: a large butterfly in the middle of the torso. The name comes from the feeling in the stomach when nervous, excited or afraid. (100 points)
Spare Ribs: two ribs fused together as one piece. "Spare Ribs" are a cut of meat or a dish prepared from that cut. (150 points)
Water on the Knee: a pail of water in the knee; colloquialism for fluid accumulation around the knee joint. (150 points)
Funny Bone: a play on the anatomical name for the upper arm bone (the humerus ), and a reference to the colloquial name of the ulnar nerve . (200 points)
Charley Horse: a small horse resting near the hip joint; a play on the real charley horse , which is a sudden cramp in the leg or foot that can be cured by massage or stretching. (200 points)
Writer's Cramp: a pencil in the forearm; refers to the real writer's cramp , which is a soreness in the wrist that can be cured by resting it. (200 points)
The Ankle Bone Connected to the Knee Bone: This is not a plastic piece, but rather a rubber band that must be stretched between two pegs at the left ankle and knee. The name is taken from the African American spiritual " Dem Bones ." (200 points)
Wish Bone: located on the left side of the chest. A wish bone is a chicken bone traditionally used by two people for making a wish. (300 points)
Bread Basket: a slang term for the solar plexus. It is a very small slice of bread, with only a small notch taken out of the top for grip. (1,000 points)
Brain Freeze: an ice-cream cone located in the brain; refers to the experience of " brain freeze ", a headache felt after eating frozen desserts too quickly.
Brain Freeze was added in 2004, when Milton Bradley allowed fans a chance to vote on a new piece to be added to the original game during the previous year. Voters were given three choices and could make their selection via the company's official website [2] or by phone for a chance to win a $5,000 shopping spree. [3] The winning piece beat out tennis elbow and growling stomach .
Other versions
The 1964-1965 Saturday morning children's game show, [[Shenanigans (TV series)|Shenanigans]] had a life sized, three-dimensional Operation game as one of its challenges.
Aside from the traditional board game version, Milton Bradley also produced a hand-held version, which had a screen in Sam's tummy.
In 2002, a brain surgery version was released, requiring the player to pull pieces out of a wisecracking Cavity Sam's head, within 15 seconds. Sam's nose lights up after time runs out.
This also had a PC game produced in 1998.
In May 2004, a Shrek version of the game was released.
In December 2006, a Spider-Man version was released, in which the player operates on the Marvel comic hero, Spider-Man.
In early 2007, a SpongeBob SquarePants version was introduced, featuring game pieces such as a " shoehorn " and a "Krabby Patty pleasure center". Based on the Nickelodeon TV series by the same name.
2005 saw the release of a Simpsons version of the game, featuring a talking Homer Simpson being operated on by doctors Julius Hibbert and Nick Riviera . Items in the game include Bowler's Thumb, Foot in Mouth, and Rubber Neck. When a player misses, the Homer figure screams or says one of his trademark lines such as " D'oh! or "This is not good!".
Later in 2007, Hasbro released a different version of the original game called, "OPERATION Rescue Kit". Here you play four different timed games with three skill levels. Each skill level reduces the starting amount of time. Cavity Sam now has a heart monitor, and you can even pump oxygen into him to gain more time.
In August 2008, Hasbro released a "Silly Skill Game" version which features 13 different sound effects for each of the different parts. Here the winner of the game is the player who removes most parts successfully.
A Doctor Who version of the game was released in Great Britain , where players get to "operate" on a Dalek in order to (from the product description) "make it strong enough to take over the world. But be careful... if you damage it'll quickly tell you with one of its terrifying phrases! Whether it's the Targeting Sensor that you need to operate on, or the Manipulator Arm, you'll need a steady hand and nerves of steel!"
In 2010, Hasbro released a Toy Story 3 version featuring Buzz Lightyear instead of the classic patient. This followed the release of Toy Story 3 into theaters.
In 2010 Hasbro also released an Iron Man version of the game.
In 2011, Hasbro made a Cars 2 edition including Mater the tow truck.
On The Hub 's television game show Family Game Night hosted by Todd Newton , a segment called Operation Relay is played, where two families compete one after the other. Family members take turns pulling pieces out of an oversized Operation gameboard, and then running through an obstacle course to eventually place them in a container at the end of the course. If a player fails to pull a piece without touching the side, or drops it while going through the obstacle course, they must move to the back of the line, and it's the next person's turn. Each piece is worth a specific amount of points, and whichever team has earned the highest score when time expires wins. Also on the show is Operation Sam Dunk , in which families play skee ball to collect the most points possible. Each family gets two turns and the team with the highest score wins the game.
References
| i don't know |
Which US President was shot by assassin Charles J Guiteau in 1881? | Charles J. Guiteau Shot President Garfield
Stop that man! He shot the President!
Charles J. Guiteau Shot President Garfield
July 2, 1881
The president's been shot, but he's not dead...yet. No, it would take much dirtier hands than Charles J. Guiteau's to kill President Garfield. When Guiteau, a lawyer with a history of mental illness, shot Garfield in the back on July 2, 1881, he thought God had told him to shoot the president. He also thought he had killed the president, but it wasn't the bullet that did the job.
page 1 of 2
| James A. Garfield |
Jacob Epstein and Barbara Hepworth were famous in which branch of the arts? | James A. Garfield Memorial | Cleveland Historical
James A. Garfield Memorial
By Ashley Hardison
James A. Garfield was born on November 19, 1831, in a log cabin in Orange Township. His father passed away when he was only 18 months old, leaving his mother to fend for herself and her family. Garfield started working at an early age to try to keep his family out of poverty. His first job--working on the Ohio Canal--was only the beginning. During his lifetime, the hardworking Garfield ably filled a number of positions and jobs. Among his many occupations, he served as a minister, lawyer, war hero and general in the volunteer Union Army, president of Hiram College, Republican state representative and senator, and finally the President of the United States of America.
Marking the pinnacle of Garfield's achievements in terms of position, his presidency lasted only 200 days. It is the second shortest presidency in U.S. history (only "beaten" by William Henry Harrison who died of pneumonia-related causes on his 32nd day in office). It spanned from March 4 to Sept. 19, 1881, when he died from a gunshot wound inflicted by his assassin Charles J. Guiteau.
A committee was formed for the memorial of Ohio's third President. J. H. Wade was its president, and many other notable citizens were involved as well, including Rutherford B. Hayes and John D. Rockefeller. They wanted to build a structure that would do justice to the nation's slain hero. An international competition was held for artists and architects to compete for the task and honor of designing the memorial. For that reason, a notice was sent throughout the U.S., England, Germany, Italy, and France. In the end, the job was awarded to George Keller of Hartford, Connecticut, as the committee favored his design. Construction of the 180-foot-tall memorial began in Cleveland's Lake View Cemetery on October 6, 1885.
The tomb of President Garfield is located inside the memorial. It is entered through the portico from a terrace. There are five bas-reliefs inside the memorial, with more than 108 life-size figures, showing Garfield in the role of schoolteacher, statesman, and president. Sculpture work inside of the tomb is by Casper Buberl. The statue of Garfield, prominently displaced in the center of the circular chapel, is the creation of Alexander Doyle. The marble used by Doyle was taken from the famous quarries near Carrara, Italy, which were first opened by Leonardo da Vinci.
An interesting detail was revealed in an interview with the architect George Keller. Keller told that the five bas-reliefs show some famous Americans. There are depictions of Chief Justice Waite, General Sherman, ex-President Rutherford B. Hayes, Chester Arthur, John A. Logan, Carl Schurz, James G. Blaine, and many others. The sculptor Buberl had also included depictions of himself, the architect, the sculptor's assistant, and even the foreman of the plaster casters of Perth Amboy Terra Cotta works. Furthermore, on the interior in the mosaic frieze, the artist Mr. Lonsdale had introduced a portrait of the architect's infant daughter. These little details were obviously introduced unobtrusively.
In 1984, the Memorial was closed for major restorations including repairing the walls, floors and roof in addition to restoring the stained glass windows. The cemetery received a $500,000 federal grant to help pay for the restoration work. The work was completed, and on Memorial Day in 1985, 104 years after the original dedication, the Garfield Memorial was rededicated and opened to the public once more.
Images
Front Elevation, 2014
Built of locally quarried Berea sandstone, the imposing Garfield Memorial towers over a grassy knoll overlooking Lake Erie. It is the nation's third tallest presidential memorial. Only the Washington Monument and the George Washington Masonic National Memorial (in Alexandria, Virginia) are taller. Another taller structure, the Hoover Tower at Stanford University, is technically not a memorial, for it was dedicated 25 years before President Herbert Hoover's death. | Creator: J. Mark Souther View File Details Page
Garfield's Many Professions
James A. Garfield held several jobs and positions during his lifetime. He was a minister, a congressman, a war hero and general in the volunteer Union Army, the president of Hiram College, a lawyer, a state representative, a senator, and finally the President of the United States of America. Image courtesy of National Archives and Records Administration. Still Picture Records Section, Special Media Archives Services Division (NWCS-S) View File Details Page
A Family Man
President Garfield enjoyed a sizable family in life. As things went, the family would soon lose its patriarch to an assassin's bullet. The image of Abraham Lincoln on the wall thus creates a type of ominous portent, as Lincoln was the first US president to be assassinated. Garfield was the second. | Source: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division View File Details Page
The Assassination of Garfield
Garfield's presidency lasted only 200 days, from March 4, 1881, until his death on September 19, 1881. The President's death was the result of being shot at the Baltimore and Potomac Railway Station by assassin Charles J. Guiteau on July 2, 1881. Garfield was then on his way to vacation with his wife in Long Branch, New Jersey. Although surviving the initial attack, the president ultimately died from the wounds suffered that day. | Source: Library of Congress View File Details Page
Guarding the President's Body
As in the case of Abraham Lincoln following his assassination, President Garfield's body was likewise protected from unwanted intrusions. This image shows a group of soldiers guarding Garfield's tomb in Lake View Cemetery shortly after his death in 1881. The Garfield Memorial was not completed until 1890. | Source: Cleveland Memory Project, Cleveland State University Library Special Collections View File Details Page
The Garfield Memorial
The main building of the Garfield Memorial is a 198 feet tall circular tower, 50 feet in diameter, made of rough faced stones. Near the cornice, 16 windows wrap all the way around the tower, reaching up to a cone-shaped roof that caps the structure. The Memorial also has 2 smaller cone-shaped towers that capping the portico. Image courtesy of New York Public Library. Digital Library. Robert N. Dennis collection of stereoscopic views. View File Details Page
Statue of Garfield
The sculpture of Garfield by Alexander Doyle was created in Italy with great detail. The upturned head is an accurate reflection of Garfield's mannerisms. It was a habit particularly used during debates in the House of Representatives. The crease located between the first and second buttonholes on the left lapel of the coat is likewise intentional. President Garfield used to wear his coat buttoned across his breast, especially when walking in the street. Wearing the coat in such a fashion produced a crease much like the one later immortalized in marble. | Source: Wikimedia Commons View File Details Page
In Memory of the President
This image shows US President Garfield's son James R Garfield standing in tribute to his father. The son delivered an address on the spot where his father was born in Orange Township, Ohio, on Nov. 19, 1831. The boulder bearing a bronze plaque indicates where the log cabin in which President Garfield was born once stood. Students of Hiram College, where Garfield was president from 1857 to 1863, also took part in the ceremony. | Source: Cleveland Memory Project, Cleveland State University Library Special Collections View File Details Page
Audio
| i don't know |
Which US psychologist and writer popularised the carchphrase ‘Turn on, tune in, drop out’? | Timothy Leary - Wikiquote
Timothy Leary
Timothy Francis Leary ( 22 October 1920 – 31 May 1996 ) was an American writer , psychologist , campaigner for psychedelic drug research and use, 1960s counterculture icon and computer software designer. He is most famous as a proponent of the therapeutic and spiritual benefits of LSD . During the 1960s, he coined and popularized the catch phrase " Turn on, tune in, drop out ."
Contents
Quotes[ edit ]
Don't take LSD unless you are very well prepared, unless you are specifically prepared to go out of your mind .
I declare that The Beatles are mutants . Prototypes of evolutionary agents sent by God …
To describe externals, you become a scientist . To describe experience , you become an artist .
When you teach someone how to perform creatively (ie, associate dead symbols in new combinations), you expand his potential for experiencing more widely and richly.
If you want to change the way people respond to you, change the way you respond to people.
We are dealing with the best- educated generation in history ... The problem is that no one is giving them anything fresh. They've got a brain dressed up with nowhere to go.
Our species has faced the frightening , terrorizing fact that we do not know who we are, or where we are going in this ocean of chaos ...
The drug does not produce the transcendent experience . It merely acts as a chemical key — it opens the mind , frees the nervous system of its ordinary patterns and structures.
We always have urged people: Don't take LSD unless you are very well prepared, unless you are specifically prepared to go out of your mind . Don't take it unless you have someone that's very experienced with you to guide you through it. And don't take it unless you are ready to have your perspective on yourself and your life radically changed , because you're gonna be a different person, and you should be ready to face this possibility.
CBC Documentary: How To Go Out of Your Mind: The LSD Crisis (1966)
People use the word " natural " … What is natural to me is these botanical species which interact directly with the nervous system. What I consider artificial is 4 years at Harvard, and the Bible , and Saint Patrick 's cathedral, and the sunday school teachings .
LSD: Methods of Control (1966)
Art's certainly made a lot of money , and got on a lot of shows — he got himself into the Nixon White House riding on the death of his daughter. And I think that's ghoulish! That's ghoulish.
In a Stanley Siegel interview (c. 1977) , with phone commentary by Art Linkletter who blamed his daughter's death on her involvement with LSD.
I declare that The Beatles are mutants . Prototypes of evolutionary agents sent by God , endowed with a mysterious power to create a new human species, a young race of laughing freemen .
As quoted in Shout! (1981) by Philip Norman, p. 365; and in An Encyclopedia of Quotations about Music (1981) by Nat Shapiro, p. 303
To describe externals, you become a scientist . To describe experience , you become an artist . The old distinction between artists and scientists must vanish. Every time we teach a child correct usage of an external symbol , we must spend as much time teaching him how to fission and reassemble external grammar to communicate the internal. The training of artists and creative performers can be a straightforward, almost mechanical process. When you teach someone how to perform creatively (ie, associate dead symbols in new combinations), you expand his potential for experiencing more widely and richly.
Changing My Mind, Among Others : Lifetime Writings (1982), p. 76; also in Change Your Brain (2000), p. 72
If you want to change the way people respond to you, change the way you respond to people.
Changing My Mind, Among Others (1982)
"Turn on" meant go within to activate your neural and genetic equipment. Become sensitive to the many and various levels of consciousness and the specific triggers that engage them. Drugs were one way to accomplish this end. "Tune in" meant interact harmoniously with the world around you — externalize, materialize, express your new internal perspectives. Drop out suggested an elective, selective, graceful process of detachment from involuntary or unconscious commitments. "Drop Out" meant self-reliance, a discovery of one's singularity, a commitment to mobility, choice, and change. Unhappily my explanations of this sequence of personal development were often misinterpreted to mean "Get stoned and abandon all constructive activity."
Flashbacks (1983)
Women who seek to be equal with men lack ambition .
As quoted in Third and Possibly the Best 637 Best Things Anybody Ever Said (1987) by Robert Byrne, #40
We are dealing with the best-educated generation in history . They are a hundred times better educated than their grandparents, and ten times more sophisticated. There has never been such an open-minded group. The problem is that no one is giving them anything fresh. They've got a brain dressed up with nowhere to go.
Interview by David Sheff in Rolling Stone Twentieth Anniversary Issue (1987)
Think for yourself and question authority .
Timothy Leary's track on Sound Bites from the Counter Culture (1989)
That’s the left wing of the CIA debating the right wing of the CIA.
Discussing CNN’s Crossfire as quoted in Rolling Stone (14 December 1989)
I have always considered myself, when I learned what the word meant , I've always considered myself a Pagan .
The universe is an intelligence test
As quoted in Cosmic Trigger I: The Final Secret of the Illuminati (1977) by Robert Anton Wilson , p. 170
Throughout human history, as our species has faced the frightening, terrorizing fact that we do not know who we are, or where we are going in this ocean of chaos, it has been the authorities — the political, the religious, the educational authorities — who attempted to comfort us by giving us order, rules, regulations, informing — forming in our minds — their view of reality. To think for yourself you must question authority and learn how to put yourself in a state of vulnerable open-mindedness, chaotic, confused vulnerability to inform yourself.
How to Operate Your Brain (1994) , a guided meditation spoken by Timothy Leary and set to music.
I am 100 percent in favor of the intelligent use of drugs , and 1,000 percent against the thoughtless use of them, whether caffeine or LSD . And drugs are not central to my life .
Chaos and Cyber Culture (1994)
A psychedelic experience is a journey to new realms of consciousness. The scope and content of the experience is limitless, but its characteristic features are the transcendence of verbal concepts, of space-time dimensions, and of the ego or identity. Such experiences of enlarged consciousness can occur in a variety of ways: sensory deprivation, yoga exercises, disciplined meditation, religious or aesthetic ecstasies, or spontaneously. Most recently they have become available to anyone through the ingestion of psychedelic drugs such as LSD, psilocybin, mescaline, DMT, etc. Of course, the drug does not produce the transcendent experience. It merely acts as a chemical key — it opens the mind, frees the nervous system of its ordinary patterns and structures.
The Psychedelic Experience (1995)
He's basically a romantic comedian . …. He was a government agent entering our bedroom at midnight. We had every right to shoot him. But I've never owned a weapon in my life, and I have no intention of owning a weapon, although I was a master sharpshooter at West Point on both the Garand, the Springfield rifle and the machine-gun. I was a howitzer expert. I know how to operate these lethal gadgets but I have never had and never will have a gun around.
Commenting on G. Gordon Liddy 's 1994 remarks on shooting intruding ATF agents, and a 1966 raid by Liddy in which Leary had been arrested, in "Timothy Leary Revisited" a 1995 interview, in Paul Krassner's Impolite Interviews (1999) by Paul Krassner , p. 304
Monotheism is the primitive religion which centers human consciousness on Hive Authority . There is One God and His Name is _______ (substitute Hive-Label). If there is only One God then there is no choice, no option, no selection of reality. There is only Submission or Heresy. The word Islam means "submission". The basic posture of Christianity is kneeling. Thy will be done.
The Intelligence Agents (1996)
You're only as young as the last time you changed your mind .
Each religion has got their own way of making you feel like a victim . The Christians say "you are a sinner", and you better just zip up your trousers and give the money to the pope and we'll give you a room up in the hotel in the sky .
Timothy Leary's Last Trip (1997)
We saw ourselves as anthropologists from the twenty-first century inhabiting a time module set somewhere in the dark ages of the 1960s. On this space colony we were attempting to create a new paganism and a new dedication to life as art .
On the Castalia Institute in Millbrook, New York ; quoted in Storming Heaven : LSD and the American Dream (1998) by Jay Stevens, p. 208
You're only as young as the last time you changed your mind .
As quoted in Office Yoga : Simple Stretches for Busy People (2000) by Darrin Zeer, p. 52
In the information age , you don't teach philosophy as they did after feudalism. You perform it. If Aristotle were alive today he'd have a talk show.
As quoted in The Best Advice Ever for Teachers (2001) by Charles McGuire and Diana Abitz, p. 57
Why not?
Said repeatedly, with various inflections, these were among his last words before his death (31 May 1996), as quoted in "Timothy Leary's Last Moments" by Carol Rosin . Some have stated his final intelligible word was " Beautiful ".
At one point consciousness-altering devices like the microscope and telescope were criminalized for exactly the same reasons that psychedelic plants were banned in later years. They allow us to peer into bits and zones of Chaos.
As quoted in Pronoia Is the Antidote for Paranoia : How the Whole World Is Conspiring to Shower You with Blessings (2005), by Rob Brezsny, p. 8
Civilization is unbearable, but it is less unbearable at the top.
As quoted in Still Casting Shadows : A Shared Mosaic of U.S. History (2006) by B. Clay Shannon, p. 376
I've left specific instructions that I do not want to be brought back during a Republican administration.
On being brought back to life, during the period in which he considered putting his body into cryonic suspension , as quoted in The Nastiest Things Ever Said About Republicans (2006) by Martin Higgins, p. 130
Seven million people I turned on, and only one hundred thousand have come by to thank me.
Don Lattin, The Harvard Psychedelic Club (2010), p. 202
The Tibetan Book of the Dead is ostensibly a book describing the experiences to be expected at the moment of death, during an intermediate phase lasting forty-nine (seven times seven) days, and during rebirth into another bodily frame. This however is merely the exoteric framework which the Tibetan Buddhists used to cloak their mystical teachings. … The esoteric meaning, as it has been interpreted in this manual, is that it is death and rebirth of the ego that is described, not of the body. Lama Govinda indicates this clearly in his introduction when he writes: "It is a book for the living as well as the dying." The book's esoteric meaning is often concealed beneath many layers of symbolism. It was not intended for general reading. It was designed to be understood only by one who was to be initiated personally by a guru into the Buddhist mystical doctrines, into the pre-mortem-death-rebirth experience. These doctrines have been kept a closely guarded secret for many centuries, for fear that naive or careless application would do harm.
The Psychedelic Experience (1964), p. 12
Giger’s work disturbs us, spooks us, because of its enormous evolutionary time span. It shows us, all too clearly, where we come from and where we are going.
John asked what he could do to help my campaign for governor.
"Write a campaign song," I replied.
"Okay," said John, "what's the theme?"
"Our campaign slogan is 'Come together, join the party.'"
"Great title," said John. He grabbed his guitar and started improvising.
Come together right now.
Don't come tomorrow, don't come alone,
Come together right now,
Over me.
On first proposing that John Lennon write a song for his California gubernatorial campaign; this eventually developed into the Beatles song, " Come Together ", p. 281
While sitting in my prison cell, I was astonished to hear the local rock station play a new song by the Beatles entitled "Come Together." Although the new version was certainly a musical and lyrical improvement on my campaign song, I was a bit miffed that Lennon had passed me over this way. (I must explain that even the most good-natured persons tend to be a bit touchy about social neglect while in prison). When I sent a mild protest to John, he replied with typical Lennon charm and wit: that he was a tailor and I was a customer who had ordered a suit and never returned. So he sold it to someone else.
p. 388
He's a real master at getting your old wheel squeaking again. ~ Ken Kesey
You get the Timothy Leary you deserve.
Leary can get a part of my mind that's kind of rusted shut grinding again, just by being around him and talking, 'cause that's where he works. He knows that area of the mind and the brain, and he knows the difference between the two areas. He's a real master at getting your old wheel squeaking again. … When we first broke into that forbidden box in the other dimension, we knew that we had discovered something as surprising and powerful as the New World when Columbus came stumbling onto it. It is still largely unexplored and uncharted. People like Leary have done the best they can to chart it sort of underground, but the government and the powers do not want this world charted, because it threatens established powers. It always has.
Ken Kesey , as quoted in "Comes Spake the Cuckoo" the Far Gone interview (13 September 1992) by Todd Brendan Fahey
Leary was different things to different people. He was reviled. He was revered. He was a prophet. He was a phony. He was a brilliant, innovative thinker. He was a fool. He captured the irreverent, rebellious spirit of the sixties. He was a fame-seeking, manipulative con artist. Who was he? Perhaps The Trickster said it best when he quipped, “You get the Timothy Leary you deserve.”
Don Lattin , The Harvard Psychedelic Club (2010), p. 204
The most dangerous man alive.
Richard M. Nixon , as quoted in The War on Drugs : An International Encyclopedia (1999) by Ron Chepesiuk, p. 118
Timothy Leary's dead.
No, no no no, he's outside, looking in.
Ray Thomas in " Legend of a Mind " on In Search of the Lost Chord (1968) by The Moody Blues
We are all wired into a survival trip now. No more of the speed that fueled the Sixties. Uppers are going out of style. This was the fatal flaw in Tim Leary’s trip. He crashed around America selling “consciousness expansion” without ever giving a thought to the grim meat-hook realities that were lying in wait for all the people who took him too seriously. After West Point and the Priesthood, LSD must have seemed entirely logical to him … but there is not much satisfaction in knowing that he blew it very badly for himself, because he took too many others down with him. Not that they didn’t deserve it: No doubt they all Got What Was Coming To Them. All those pathetically eager acid freaks who thought they could buy Peace and Understanding for three bucks a hit. But their loss and failure is ours, too. What Leary took down with him was the central illusion of a whole life-style that he helped to create … a generation of permanent cripples, failed seekers, who never understood the essential old-mystic fallacy of the Acid Culture: the desperate assumption that somebody—or at least some force —is tending that Light at the end of the tunnel.
Hunter S. Thompson , in Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas
| Timothy Leary |
Brothers Tom and Ben Youngs joined which English rugby union club in 2006? | The Moody Blues: Legend of a Mind | DevilDucky
The Moody Blues: Legend of a Mind
"Legend Of A Mind," by The Moody Blues, from their album "In Search of the Lost Chord". (1968) The song was written by Ray Thomas in tribute to LSD guru Timothy Leary, and includes a masterful flute solo performed by Thomas.
Timothy Francis Leary (October 22, 1920 May 31, 1996) was an American writer, psychologist, futurist, and advocate of psychedelic drug research and use. An icon of 1960s counterculture, Leary is most famous as a proponent of the therapeutic and spiritual benefits of LSD. He coined and popularized the catch phrase "Turn on, tune in, drop out."
In early 1995, Leary discovered that he was terminally ill with inoperable prostate cancer.
Leary's death was videotaped for posterity at his request, capturing his final words. His last word, according to his son, Zachary Leary, was "beautiful."
Seven grams of Leary's ashes were launched into space aboard a rocket carrying the remains of 24 other people including Gene Roddenberry, Gerard O'Neill (space physicist), Krafft Ehricke (rocket scientist), and others. A Pegasus rocket containing their remains was launched on April 21, 1997, and remained in orbit for six years until it burnt up in the atmosphere.
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Known as ‘The Liberator of South America’, political leader Simon Bolivar became President of which country in 1813? | 100 Leaders
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Summary
Simón Bolívar, the “Liberator,” was a military and political leader who freed much of South America from Spanish rule. Bolívar recognized that a country could not be free and prosper under a colonial system. Although not always successful in military campaigns, Bolívar fought the Spanish and eventually liberated five countries. Bolívar was less successful in getting people to adopt his vision of a united South America, but he is still hailed as the man who freed much of South America from Spanish rule.
"The executive is commander in chief of the army and navy; he makes peace and declares war; but Parliament annually determines what sums are to be paid to these military forces…Give Venezuela such an executive power in the person of a president chosen by the people or their representatives, and you will have taken a great step toward national happiness."
Bolivar’s Message to the Congress at Angostura, 1819, Modern History Sourcebook
Biography
Simón Bolívar is nicknamed the “Liberator” because of his role in liberating what would become Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia from control by Spain. Born into a wealthy family in Venezuela, Bolívar was educated in Spain. Bolívar met Napoleon and was present at the coronation of Napoleon as emperor and but felt Napoleon had betrayed the principles of the French Revolution. When Bolívar returned to Venezuela in 1807, he joined the movement to overthrow the Spanish.
In 1810, Venezuela’s independence movement declared independence from Spain, and a new government was created. However, the movement was defeated by Spain, and Bolívar was forced to flee to Cartagena, Colombia. In 1813, fighting once again broke out between the rebels and the Spanish. This time Bolívar and his troops successfully defeated the Spanish.
Bolívar then went to New Granada (present-day Colombia) and took command of military forces. In May 1814, he captured the capital, Bogotá. Bolívar believed that South America should have a parliamentary government modeled after England but with a president for life. By 1821, Bolívar had successfully liberated Venezuela, Ecuador, and New Granada and found the Republic of Gran Colombia.
In 1822, Bolívar met the Argentinian general, José de San Martin and the two agreed to liberate Peru together. Bolívar conquered the part of Peru known as Alto Peru and this was renamed Bolivia in Bolívar’s honor.
Bolívar found it increasingly difficult to govern the newly liberated territories. Many of his generals did not have the same vision for a united South America and conflicts soon arose. He declared himself dictator of Gran Colombia in 1828 and survived an assassination attempt that year. He resigned as president in 1830 and died that same year.
Although not politically successful in uniting South America, Bolívar is still hailed as the man who freed five countries from the colonial rule of Spain.
What Made Simón Bolívar A leader?
Despite having many advantages of wealth, Simón Bolívar was committed to providing political freedom to people.
Bolívar successfully waged a number of military campaigns throughout South America, defeating the Spanish on numerous occasions.
After hundreds of years of domination by Spain, Bolívar was instrumental in moving South America closer to democratic governments.
Discover More About Simón Bolívar
Keywords
Arana, Marie. Bolivar: American Liberator. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2013.
Lynch, John. Simon Bolivar: A Life. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006.
Williamson, Edwin. The Penguin History of Latin America. New York: Penguin, 2010
| Venezuela |
Who wrote the 1930 novel ‘The Maltese Falcon’? | Sim�n Bol�var (1783 - 1830) - Find A Grave Memorial
Santa Marta
Magdalena, Colombia
Venezuelan born General. He was known as "El Libertador" (The Liberator) of northern South America, gaining the independence of Spanish colonies that became the countries of Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. He has also been called the "George Washington of South America." Born Simon Jose Antonio de la Santisima Trinidad Bolivar in Caracas, New Spain, in what is now Venezuela, he was the son of Don Juan Vicente Bolivar y Ponte, and Do�a Maria de la Concepcion Palacios y Blanco. When he was nine years old, both of his parents died and he was raised by his uncle, Don Carlos Palacios. As an aristocrat, he received formal schooling, and at age 15, his uncle sent him to Spain to continue his formal education. For a while, he toured Europe, and in 1802, he married Maria Teresa Rodriguez del Toro y Alaysa, from a noble family. Shortly after they returned to Caracas, Maria died of yellow fever. Stricken with grief, Bolivar vowed never to marry again; a vow that he kept. In part from his grief, Bolivar moved to France and watched Napoleon Bonaparte become Emperor of France and later, in Rome, watched Napoleon have himself crowned King of Italy. When this occurred, Bolivar thought Napoleon had betrayed the republican ideals of the French Revolution, and then vowed to liberate South America from Spanish rule. In 1807, he returned to Venezuela after a brief stopover in the United States, which he considered an inspiration to freedom. When Napoleon installed his brother, Joseph, as King of Spain in 1808, the Spanish revolted against French rule; this revolt was carried even to the Americas, in which many Spanish colonies also revolted. That same year, Caracas formed a junta and declared itself independent of Spain. The junta sent Bolivar to England in search of military aid and political recognition. The mission was a failure in that England promised only neutrality in the colony's war for independence, and soon Spanish forces recaptured most of Venezuela. Returning to Venezuela in 1811, Bolivar took command of the defeated rebel army, and rebuilt it and retrained it. In August 1811, rebel forces under General Francisco de Miranda captured the city of Valencia, but a year later, Miranda was forced to surrender his army to Spanish forces after a series of defeats. As a member of Miranda's Army, Bolivar escaped to Cartagena, where he wrote the Cartagena Manifesto, asking for New Granada's (now Columbia) aid in defeating the Spanish. With their rebel Army's assistance, Bolivar was able to free Venezuela from the Spanish in 1813. The next year, he invaded New Granada (Columbia) to finish off the Spanish forces holding out there, but after capturing Bogot�, he was unable to hold the city and was forced to flee to Jamaica. Two years later, he returned to Venezuela and defeated the Spanish there, then marched back into New Granada, freeing both colonies to become independent countries. At the conference at Angostura in 1819, Bolivar became the first President of Gran Columbia (an area which encompassed the modern republics of Colombia, Ecuador, Panama and Venezuela). When Spanish forces landed in Venezuela in 1821, he crushed the Spanish Army at the battle of Carabobo, Venezuela, and then went on to liberate greater Peru, ending all Spanish power in South America. The local leaders of Upper Peru chose to become a separate country (rather then remain part of Peru), and renamed the country Bolivia, in honor of Bolivar. Bolivar hoped to create an American style confederation of the new South American nations, which he called Gran Colombia, and to establish close relations with the United States, but over the next seven years, each nation decided on an independent course and by 1828, he remained President only of what is now Columbia and Panama. In 1830, in ill health, he resigned as President of Colombia, and died shortly afterwards of tuberculosis. His remains were initially buried in the cathedral of Santa Marta, but in 1842, at the request of President Jose Antonio Paez, they were moved to a Memorial Monument in Caracas, Venezuela. Politically, Bolivar was an admirer of the American Revolution and a critic of the French Revolution. Although he believed in a strong central government, he was staunchly anti-slavery, despite having inherited his parents' wealth that came from slave labor. He believed that the aristocracy should control political power, including a lifelong presidency and a hereditary legislature, similar to the British parliament's House of Lords system; these beliefs would spark strong political opposition to his scheme for a Columbia Union of South America. Today, he is mostly remembered for having finally freed South America of the last of the Spanish colonial governments. (bio by: Kit and Morgan Benson)
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During which year did British sovereignty of Hong Kong end? | Hong Kong's Return To China: Year In Review 1997 | Hong Kong | Britannica.com
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At midnight on June 30/July 1, 1997, the crown colony of Hong Kong (see Map ) officially reverted to Chinese sovereignty, ending 156 years of British rule. After a formal handover ceremony on July 1, the colony became the Hong Kong special administrative region (HKSAR) of the People’s Republic of China. The ceremony culminated a 13-year transition that had been initiated by the Sino-British Joint Declaration on the Question of Hong Kong, signed by the heads of the two governments in December 1984. The agreement stipulated that under Chinese rule the HKSAR would enjoy a high degree of autonomy, except in matters of foreign relations and defense, and that the social and economic systems as well as the lifestyle in Hong Kong would remain unchanged for 50 years after 1997. Many observers, however, expressed considerable skepticism about China’s pledge to abide by the "one country, two systems" plan outlined in the agreement. They feared that China would drastically curtail the rights and freedoms of Hong Kong residents.
Great Britain had acquired Hong Kong Island from China in 1842, when the Treaty of Nanking was signed at the end of the first Opium War (1839-42). Unsatisfied with incomplete control of the harbour, the British forced China to cede Kowloon Peninsula south of what is now Boundary Street and Stonecutters Island less than 20 years later, after the second Opium War (1856-60). By the Convention of 1898, the New Territories together with 235 islands were leased to Britain for 99 years from July 1, 1898. After the communists took power in China in 1949, Hong Kong became a sanctuary for hundreds of thousands of refugees fleeing communist rule. In the following decades the Chinese government insisted that the treaties giving Britain sovereignty over Hong Kong were invalid.
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Although in 1984 Britain and China agreed on the terms of the handover of Hong Kong, Sino-British cooperation during the transition period deteriorated after the appointment in 1992 of Chris Patten as Hong Kong’s last colonial governor. Sharply breaking with past practice, Patten initiated a series of political reforms designed to give the people of Hong Kong a greater voice in government via democratic elections to the Legislative Council (LegCo). China’s crackdown on the student-led democracy movement in 1989 fed anxiety in Hong Kong regarding the handover and led to the political awakening of a previously quiescent population. Beijing made efforts to stonewall Patten’s reforms, which it condemned as a betrayal of London’s earlier promises to manage the transition as an exercise in which Hong Kong had no voice of its own. When Hong Kong’s Democratic Party, led by barrister Martin Lee, routed pro-Beijing politicians in the 1995 LegCo elections, Beijing denounced Patten and began a series of strong measures aimed at reestablishing its influence. On March 24, 1996, China’s 150-member Preparatory Committee, which had been created to oversee the handover, voted to dissolve LegCo and install a provisional legislature after Hong Kong returned to Chinese sovereignty. In December 1996 a China-backed special election committee selected the 60 members of the provisional body, just days after it had overwhelmingly elected 59-year-old shipping magnate Tung Chee-hwa (see BIOGRAPHIES ) the first chief executive of the HKSAR. Tung, whose tottering corporate empire had been salvaged by a large infusion of government-supplied capital in the 1980s, soon signaled his intention to roll back Patten’s reforms, announcing in April 1997 proposals to restrict political groups and public protests after the handover. In essence, what Lee called the "Singaporization" of Hong Kong--i.e., the imposition of authoritarian control--had begun even before the Union Jack was lowered in the colony for the last time.
Pomp and pageantry marked the formal handover ceremony. In attendance were numerous dignitaries from around the world, including Pres. Jiang Zemin and Premier Li Peng of China, British Prime Minister Tony Blair, Prince Charles, and U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright (see BIOGRAPHIES). Prince Charles, who gave a short speech in which he congratulated the colony on its political, economic, and social successes, told the people of Hong Kong, "We shall not forget you, and we shall watch with the closest interest as you embark on this new era of your remarkable history." President Jiang, the first mainland Chinese head of state to visit Hong Kong since 1842, reassured residents that China would carry out the "one country, two systems" plan of local autonomy, which had been contrived principally by Chinese paramount leader Deng Xiaoping. Deng had passed away on February 19, just four and a half months before the handover he had hoped to witness. (See OBITUARIES.) On the morning of the handover, several thousand specially trained troops of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army were deployed in Hong Kong as garrison forces symbolizing the reassertion of China’s sovereignty. Chinese authorities did not attempt to suppress several rallies outside the LegCo building on June 30-July 1, even when Lee addressed thousands of demonstrators from a balcony after LegCo had officially been dissolved. The protests proceeded peacefully.
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Tung, in his first speech as chief executive, skirted the issues of political rights and democracy, choosing to espouse "traditional Chinese values." He also dwelled on mundane but important issues such as housing and education, vowing to increase the rate of home ownership in Hong Kong to 70% in the next 10 years and to provide better training for teachers. Tung counted on enhanced social programs, including government payments to the elderly poor, and continuing prosperity to marginalize political opposition to his new administration. Most citizens of Hong Kong, of whom 95% were ethnic Chinese, appeared ready to give him the benefit of the doubt, at least for the time being. Tung and the provisional legislature prepared for the first posthandover legislative elections in mid-1998 by reworking the rules of the political game. On July 8 it was announced that only 20 of the 60 legislative seats would be filled via a system of proportional representation. The remaining 40 seats would be chosen by electoral colleges and an election committee, as they were in the period prior to the implementation of Patten’s reforms. This change virtually ensured the dominance of Hong Kong’s business and professional elite, most of whose members valued stability--which they identified with their own power--over democratic representation. In the first months after the handover, Hong Kong was indeed stable. The outlook for the free exercise of political and civil rights in Hong Kong was clouded, however. Members of the Democratic Party protested that the new electoral system was created to minimize their influence, and Lee predicted that the Democrats would win no more than 10 of the 20 directly elected seats.
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President Jiang hailed the "return of Hong Kong to the motherland" as a great historical event that presaged Taiwan’s eventual reunification with mainland China. Both Taiwan’s ruling Kuomintang and its main opposition, the Democratic Progressive Party, vigorously rejected Jiang’s assertion and vowed to resist Beijing’s attempts to exert pressure on the island nation. In late June Taiwan conducted live-fire military exercises, which were intended as a signal to China that Taiwan would resist any attempts at reunification. On June 28 approximately 70,000 people in Taiwan attended a "Say No to China" antireunification rally. Although the Taiwanese government encouraged China to protect freedom in Hong Kong, it made it clear that Taiwan would not be absorbed in a similar manner.
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The United States, rather than Great Britain, was the principal Western power interested in holding China to its pledge of respecting Hong Kong’s political and economic autonomy. Both U.S. Pres. Bill Clinton and Secretary of State Albright informed Beijing that its behaviour with respect to Hong Kong would be considered a touchstone in Sino-American relations, and U.S. congressional leaders reinforced this message. Chinese leaders, meanwhile, severely restricted the access of their own citizens to Hong Kong, whose per capita gross domestic product of more than $24,000 was roughly 40 times that of China and whose habits of free expression and political participation were not ones that Beijing wished its own citizens to emulate.
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| one thousand nine hundred and ninety seven |
Which 1968 film is partially based on the novel ‘Sentinel’ by Arthur C Clarke? | Did Britain Fail Hong Kong? | History Today
Did Britain Fail Hong Kong?
Posted 7th October 2014, 15:36
Could Britain have done more in the years leading up to 1997 to ensure Hong Kong's freedoms?
At midnight on June 30th, 1997 Hong Kong reverted from British control back to China. Looking back, did Britain fail the people of Hong Kong?
To answer this question it is important to understand the relative balance of power between China and the United Kingdom. During the 19th century Britain was in its heyday. The Royal Navy could project her power to any seaport in the world. Britain was able to coerce China into signing the treaties that acquired Hong Kong and leased the New Territories for 99 years. By the late 1970s, those days were long gone. Delicate negotiation, rather than gunboat diplomacy, was Britain’s best hope of keeping control of Hong Kong.
Much has been made of Prime Minister Thatcher’s visit to Hong Kong in September 1982. Images of her tripping on the steps at the Great Hall of the People and reports of Deng Xiaoping’s irritation at her proposal of keeping a British presence in Hong Kong, have been well documented and criticised. However before Margaret Thatcher even arrived in Beijing, the British had encountered Deng’s ire over Hong Kong. Deng had made clear his intention to re-acquire Hong Kong and the New Territories to Hong Kong Governor Sir Murray Maclehose in 1979.
Deng hated the treaties that gave control of Hong Kong over to Britain and saw them as invalid. Deng made it clear that the People’s Liberation Army could walk into Hong Kong any time it liked and there was little the British could do about it. Deng felt so sure that he held all the cards; he told the Prime Minister in 1982 that if an agreement was not reached within the next two years, China would take unilateral action.
Margaret Thatcher left Beijing chastened and the whole world knew it. Within ten days of Thatcher’s trip to Beijing, the Hong Kong stock market had lost 25 per cent of its value.
Official negotiations began in October 1982 and were tough from the beginning. First, because the Chinese would not continue until Britain acknowledged Chinese sovereignty over Hong Kong and then because the British pressed for administration of Hong Kong after 1997. While talks stalled, the Chinese took the initiative in Hong Kong. They released their plans for Special Administrative Regions (SAR), while the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) began selling unity with the People’s Republic of China (PRC). All the while the British delegates, led by Sir Percy Cradock and later Sir Richard Evans, watched Deng’s deadline approach.
On September 26th, 1984 Ambassador Evans and Zhou Nan initialed the Sino-British Joint Declaration. The British had conceded both sovereignty and administration. It stated that in 1997 Hong Kong would revert back to China with a high degree of autonomy, except in foreign and defense affairs. The people of Hong Kong had no official representative at the talks. The Chinese refused to acknowledge that Sir Edward Youde, then Governor, represented Hong Kong.
The details about how far Hong Kong’s freedoms would stretch would be worked out in the drafting of a Basic Law. The Basic Law Drafting Committee (BLDC) was made up of 82 people, including 23 from Hong Kong. Beijing’s hand skillfully and somewhat covertly guided everything the BLDC did. The end result provides Hong Kong with special status for 50 years, and that one third of the legislative council will be elected from 1997 and half by 2003.
The Executive Council dithered on democratising moves after 1985. Everyone who did want more democratisation was worried about angering Beijing. In February 1990 the British did persuade the Chinese government to agree to increase the number of directly elected members of the Legislative council from 10 to 18. This number would then be increased to 20 in 1997, 24 in 1999 and 30 in 2003 (out of a total of 60 seats). This was far less than what many in Hong Kong had asked for, but it was as far as the British were prepared to push.
In July 1992 Chris Patten, the last governor of Hong Kong, arrived. He was a politician, not a diplomat, and didn’t understand the Chinese. Patten made proposals that increased the electorate and modernised electoral techniques. The proposed reforms pushed the Basic Law to its limits, but did not break it. However this was not how Beijing saw it. Patten failed to realise that the Chinese Communist Party didn’t fully understand western democracy. The CCP’s lack of understanding made them think he was trying to do more than he was.
Tired of the lack of progress in negotiations, Patten passed his reforms in the legislative council in June 1994. The Chinese promptly terminated negotiations, claiming the British had broken their agreements. Beijing began to act unilaterally to create a post-1997 government, locking the British out of Hong Kong’s future. As soon as Hong Kong passed to their control, the CCP would dismantle Patten’s changes. They created a provisional legislative council, which included 33 members of the existing council, but selected members who were friendly to them.
During all negotiations the British were hampered by their strategic disadvantage. In addition to this, London pressured the delegates to balance Hong Kong’s value against good relations with a resurgent China. Deng, on the other hand, was willing to do whatever it took to get Hong Kong back. He did not want to damage Hong Kong’s enormous economic value, but he was prepared to weather any storm to erase the shame of the unequal treaties. After the Joint Declaration was signed, power shifted to the Chinese. This is partly because the the declaration reflected the value that the British placed on Hong Kong.
The British never regrouped well after they lost the battle to stay in Hong Kong beyond 1997. If the British had been more organised and assertive prior to Patten’s arrival, they might have been able to entrench democratising moves within the parameters of the Basic Law. The British didn’t completely fail, but they could have done more if they had been willing to challenge Beijing for Hong Kong’s freedoms.
Thomas Benge has a Masters degree in International History from Staffordshire University, and taught full curriculum in Seoul for three years.
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A labeorphilist collects what type of bottles? | Labeorphile | Define Labeorphile at Dictionary.com
labeorphile
one who loves or collects beer bottle labels or beer bottles; also called labeorphilist
Dictionary.com's 21st Century Lexicon
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What was the pen-name of British writer Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch? | Collectors and their collections
Home » did you know » Collectors and their collections
Collectors and their collections
In 1880, German Margaret Steiff, confined to her wheelchair, started making stuffed toys. In 1902, her nephew Richard Steiff introduced a stuffed bear for the Steiff toy company.
Today, an early Steiff teddy bear will cost well over $100,000 – if you can find one. In 1994, a “Louis Vuitton” Teddy bear was auctioned to Jessie Kim of Korea for $190,000.
Stuffed bears came to be known as Teddy Bears after US President Theodore “Teddy” Roosevelt, on a hunting trip, refused to shoot a bear cub.
Margaret Steiff
Another famous bear, AA Milne’s Winnie The Pooh fetched an even higher price. AA Milne chose Ernest Shephard to illustrate his books. One of the original drawings “A Pooh Party” was sold at Sotheby’s in 1968 for $1,450.00.
What avid collectors pay for stuff they really want:
The Stradivari Kreutzer violin sold for $946,000 in 1988.
A 1925 Patek Philippe, priced in 1925 at $15,000, was sold in the late 1990s for $11 million.
Action Comics No 1, published June 1938, was sold in the 1990s for $185,000.
Leonardo da Vinci’s notebook, called The Codex Hammer, was bought by Bill Gates in 1994 for $30,8 million.
Three Vincent van Gogh paintings are in the top ten most expensive artworks ever sold. His Portrait of Dr. Gachet fetced $82,5 million.
Also see the most expensive items ever sold on eBay .
When is it “antique”?
According to US legislation enacted in 1930, an object may be called antique if is was made before 1830 – the legislation exempted objects of art more than 100 years old from customs duties. Firearms, however, classified as antiques need to have been made before 1898.
Automobiles built before 1904 are called veteran cars; those built between 1904 and 1931 are considered vintage, while cars that are at least 20 years old are called classic.
Antique cigars are those made before Fidel Castro took control of Cuba in 1959.
What collectors are called
The name for a teddy bear collector is archtophilist or arctophile.
Collectors of dolls are called plangonologists.
A collector of paper money, coins, tokens, and related objects is called a numismatist.
A collector of paper money is called a notaphilist.
A labeorphilist is a collector of beer bottles.
A collector of butterflies is called a lepidopterist.
Conchologists collect animal shells.
A collector of matchbooks and matchbook covers is a phillumenist.
A collector of antiques is an antiquarian.
If you collect obsidian and syenite you are called a rock hound.
A scripophilist collects old stocks and bonds.
A knife collector is called a machirologist.
A stamp collector is called a philatelist.
A pernalogist is a collector of pearls.
Cinephiles are film collectors.
A copoclephilist collects key rings.
A deltiologist collects post cards.
A collector of hi-fi equipment is called an audiophile
Spermologist collect seeds.
A spermologer is one who collects trivia (this from the original Trivial Pursuit game).
An heortologist collects religious calenders.
A collector of walking sticks is a rabdophilist.
An oabagphilist collects oaflaps .
More What is it called?
Setting the standard
Some old books are still setting the standard. For instance, the Bible still is the world’s best selling book. In 1097, Trotula, a midwife of Salerno, wrote The Diseases of Women – it was used in medical schools for 600 years. The world’s longest non-fiction work is The Yongle Dadian, a 10,000-volume encyclopaedia produced by 5,000 scholars during the Ming Dynasty in China – that’s 500 years ago. Greek philosopher Aristotle wrote Meteorologica in 350 BC – it remained the standard textbook on weather for 2,000 years.
Vincent Van Gogh sold only one painting while he was alive – to his brother who was a gallery owner. The painting is titled “Red Vineyard at Arles.”
The word millionaire was first used by Benjamin Disraeli in his 1826 novel Vivian Grey.
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Remy, Colette Tatou and Anton Ego are all characters in which 2007 Disney film? | Colette Tatou | Disney Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Colette Tatou is one of the two tritagonists (the other being Gusteau ) in Ratatouille .
Contents
[ show ]
Personality
Colette is a very tough, assertive woman who is very hardworking. She is very fierce and strong, as shown when she is forced to train Linguini , and immediately sticks knives in his sleeves as she tells him she won't let a new trainee screw up all of her hard work. During her training with Linguini, she scolds him for taking his time while cooking and later threatens to kill Linguini if he can't keep his station clean. Colette herself states that the reason she is the only woman in the kitchen where cooking is regulated "by rules of stupid old men who make it impossible for women to cook" is because she is the toughest cook in the kitchen.
However, despite some of her tougher qualities, she is a firm fan and believer in Gusteau and his famous motto: "Anyone can cook." She has also memorized all of his recipes by heart. Her strong belief in his words causes her to defend Linguini from being fired by Chef Skinner , saying that it would betray Gusteau's words especially after LeClaire said she liked the soup he made. Her belief in Gusteau's words is so strong that despite having initially thought Linguini was crazy to say that Remy (a rat) was the one revealed to be the cook, she goes back after remembering Gusteau's words and later works together with Remy (while the rest of the staff left after thinking Linguini was crazy) as a cook in Gusteau's and later in Remy and Linguini's bistro, La Ratatouille .
Appearances
Ratatouille
Colette is the only female cook in Chef Skinner 's kitchen at Gusteau's . She is a capable cook, hard working and very tough to enter the masculine world of haute cuisine. She had defended Linguini from being fired as a garbage boy when Skinner caught him "cooking" the soup in which Remy had made. She takes Linguini under her wing and teaches him the skills necessary to survive in the fast-paced kitchen. She was at first unaware of Luigini's admiration for her. Colette felt disgruntled when Skinner took a personal interest into Linguini, which in fact Skinner was trying to force the truth of Linguini's cooking.
The next day, she tells a sleepwalking Linguini (puppeteered by Remy at the time) that she likes him, and storms out after mistaking his lack of reaction for snobbishness. Linguini awakens and struggles to tell her the truth. Colette is initially puzzled by his actions and raving behavior and slips a hand into her bag for a canister of mace. Remy desperately makes Linguini fall onto Colette to prevent him from talking further and the two kiss. Colette is equally surprised as Linguini but quickly falls in love, dropping the mace. A romantic relationship quickly blossoms after this incident.
When Linguini suddenly inherits the restaurant when Remy successfully steals papers and will that testify that Linguini is Gusteau's secret son, he and Colette run the restaurant.
Food critic Anton Ego arrives with a challenge for the restaurant, and Colette prepares only to discover that Linguini had no ability to cook. When Linguini defends Remy, Colette listens to his claim that the rat is the real cook. Tearfully, she believes that Linguini has lost it, and so leaves him. However, she remembers Gusteau's motto: "Anyone can cook" (a phrase she deeply believes in) and returns to aid Linguini and Remy in the cooking.
Ego is successfully dealt with, and he requests to see the chef. Reluctantly, she allows Remy to be unveiled as the true chef and Ego leaves, reformed. Later, Gusteau's was closed down due to rats in the kitchen, but Colette has found cooking at a new Parisian bistro , along with Linguini and Remy, with Ego as a patron and queues stretching around the block.
Gallery
The Disney Wiki has a collection of images and media related to Colette Tatou .
Trivia
Aside from being the only female chef in Gusteau's Restaurant , Colette is also the only main female character that appears in Ratatouille .
In Your Friend the Rat , there is a scene where Remy is holding hands with a little girl that looks like her.
Colette appears on a magazine cover in Inside Out when Riley pretends the floor is lava in her old home.
| Ratatouille |
What is the ‘Fifth Pillar of Islam’? | Ratatoullie (G) | Movie Guide Archive Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Movie Guide Archive Wiki
Ratatouille is a 2007 American computer-animated comedy film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Pictures.
Plot
Edit
Remy is an anthropomorphic rat gifted with highly developed senses of taste and smell. Inspired by his idol, the recently-deceased chef Auguste Gusteau, Remy dreams of becoming a cook himself. When his clan is forced to abandon its home, Remy is separated from them and ends up in the sewers of Paris. He hallucinates the spirit of Gusteau and takes his advice to look around outside, eventually finding himself at a skylight overlooking the kitchen of Gusteau's restaurant.
As Remy watches, Alfredo Linguini is hired as a garbage boy by Skinner, the restaurant's devious current owner and Gusteau's former sous-chef. When Linguini spills a pot of soup and attempts to recreate it with disastrous results, Remy falls into the kitchen and cooks the soup to perfection rather than escaping. Linguini catches Remy and misdirects the chef's attention from him, whilst taking arguments from Skinner. While they are arguing, the soup is accidentally served and found to be a success. Colette Tatou, the staff's only female chef, convinces Skinner to retain Linguini, who is misattributed with the soup's creation. Linguini discovers Remy's comprehension and intelligence and he takes Remy home.
Remy discovers that he can control Linguini's movements by pulling his hair. Remy and Linguini find a means to overcome the inability to communicate, as Remy can control Linguini like a marionette by pulling on his hair. Hidden under a toque blanche, Remy helps Linguini demonstrate his cooking skills to Skinner. At that, Skinner assigns Colette to train their new cook into the profession and the restaurant's practices.
Suspicious of Linguini's newfound talents, Skinner learns that the boy is Gusteau's son and proper heir to the restaurant. Remy discovers the evidence and, after eluding Skinner, brings it to Linguini, who removes Skinner as owner. The restaurant continues to thrive, and Linguini and Colette develop a budding romance, leaving Remy feeling left out. Meanwhile, Remy reunites with his father, Django, and his brother, Emile, who take him back to their new lair where the entire clan are now living. Though thrilled to discover that his family is safe, Remy turns down the offer of staying with them, despite some misgivings from Django.
France's top restaurant critic Anton Ego, whose previous review cost Gusteau's one of its star ratings (and ultimately the heartbroken chef's life) announces he will be re-reviewing the restaurant the following evening. After an argument between Remy and Linguini, Remy leads his clan in a raid on the restaurant's pantries. Linguini catches them and throws them out. Skinner, now aware of Remy's gourmet skills, captures Remy in an attempt of using him to create a new line of frozen foods for him. Remy is freed by Django and Emile, and he returns to the restaurant only to find Linguini was unable to cook without him. Linguini, spotting the rat, apologizes to him, and explains the truth to the rest of the staff. The staff then walks out, believing Linguini is insane. Colette later returns after recalling Gusteau's motto, "Anyone can cook," from a bookstore window.
Django arrives with the rest of the pack, offering to help after seeing his son's determination. Remy directs the rats to cook for the patrons while Linguini runs the front of the house. For Anton, Remy and Colette create a variation of ratatouille which brings back to an astonished Anton memories of his mother's cooking. After dining, Anton requests to see the chef; Linguini and Colette wait until the rest of the diners have left to introduce Remy and the rats to Anton. Anton writes a self-castigating and glowing review for the newspaper the next day, stating that Gusteau's chef is "nothing less than the finest chef in France."
Despite the positive review, Gusteau's is closed down due to Skinner's efforts to report a rodent infestation, and Anton loses credibility as a critic. However, Anton eagerly helps fund a popular new bistro, "La Ratatouille", created and run by Remy, Linguini and Colette. The rats, meanwhile, settle into their new home in the bistro's roof.
Cast
| i don't know |
How many events are in a tetrathlon? | Tetrathlon - United States Pony Clubs
Tetrathlon
Donor Year Book
Tetrathlon
Tetrathlon requires sound horsemanship and general athletic ability. Its goal is to encourage Pony Club members to broaden their interest in riding and multiple sports. The Tetrathlon discipline is often used as a developmental discipline for athletes wishing to compete in Modern Pentathlon. The U.S. Modern Pentathlon and Olympic Committees often select candidates from Pony Club Tetrathletes. Both groups offer guidance and training programs for outstanding athletes who meet their requirements for skill and endurance.
Competitions:
Tetrathlon competitions are comprised of four phases: the running phase, shooting phase, swimming phase, and the riding phase. A competitor’s combined scores in all four phases determines their overall placing in the competition.
The running phase challenges each competitor’s physical stamina and endurance over cross country terrain and may include negotiating obstacles such as hay bales, logs, and low fences.
The shooting phase tests a competitor’s skill and accuracy in a standing position, using an air pistol on a 10-meter course of fire. Any type of CO2 air pistol which does not exceed the specifications outlined in the Tetrathlon Rulebook is permitted.
The swimming phase allows competitors to demonstrate their swimming skills over a course length in meters or yards.
The riding phase of competition provides an opportunity for the rider and mount to demonstrate equestrian skills over a predefined, stadium jumping type course. Courses are designed as stadium, cross-country, or a combination of both, where the course incorporates stadium fixtures as well as natural terrain.
Tetrathlon in Pony Club
In Pony Club, Tetrathlon is used as a proving ground for young athletes wishing to go on to compete in Modern Pentathlon. Members who excel in Tetrathlon may also be selected to participate in Pony Club’s International Tetrathlon Exchange. It is not only an opportunity to compete on the international stage but a great way to be an ambassador for Pony Club as a leader and team member. Pony Club also offers many other awards for members who do well in Tetrathlon.
Opportunities
Opportunities abound for those wishing to pursue Tetrathlon during their Pony Club career! The core values members learn in Pony Club also prepare them for other positions in the equine industry.
| four |
In which country was the radio telescope situated that transmitted pictures all over the world of Neil Armstrong walking on the moon in 1969? | Tetrathlon | Area 5
Area 5
Area 4 Triathlon Qualifier in Liverpool (Saturday 28 January 2017)
Area 7 Triathlon Qualifier in Telford (Sunday 5 February 2017)
Area 5 Triathlon Qualifier in Mold (Sunday 26 February 2017)
Triathlon Championships at Milton Keynes (Sunday 19 March 2017)
Mold Leisure Centre, Riverside Court, Mold Ch7 1ht
Sunday 26 February 2017
The Area 5 Qualifier For The National Triathlon Championships Will Be Incorporated Into This Competition
CLASSES
Boys Pre Mini (Under 8) Beanbags On Targets, 500m Run, 2 Min Swim
Girls Pre Mini (Under 8) Beanbags On Targets, 500m Run, 2 Min Swim
Boys Mini (8 – 11 Years) 7m, 2 Hand Shoot, 1000m Run, 2 Min Swim
Girls Mini (8 – 11 Years) 7m, 2 Hand Shoot, 1000m Run, 2 Min Swim
Boys Junior (12 – 14 Years) 7m, 1 Hand Shoot, 1500m Run, 3 Min Swim
Girls Junior (12 – 14 Years) 7m, 1 Hand Shoot, 1500m Run, 3 Min Swim
Boys Open/Inter (Under 26) 10m, 1 Hand Shoot, 2000m Run, 4 Min Swim
Girls Open/Inter (Under 26) 10m, 1 Hand Shoot, 1500m Run, 3 Min Swim
Wrinklies/Slightly Creased 7m, 2 Hand Shoot, 1000m Run, 2 Min Swim
Pre mini class: those who have not yet reached their 8th birthday. Competitors aged 8 on the day enter the mini class
All other ages as on the 1st jan 2017
Classes 3 – 8 are the qualifying classes for the winter triathlon championships
The two highest placed competitors in each of these classes will go forward to the championships. If they are not from area 5 then the two highest placed area 5 competitors will also go forward.
Please state if you have already qualified ….
TEAMS:
Branch teams of three or four from classes 1 – 8, best three scores to count.
AWARDS:
Individual and team rosettes to 6th place
Medals for best run, shoot and swim in each class
Classes 3 and 4 may be split by age for rosettes on the day, but not for qualification.
ENTRY FEE: £13 per competitor (£1 reduction for 2nd and subsequent family members)
Cheques payable to Area 5 Tetrathlon Committee.
Closing date 15 FEBRUARY 2017.
Please send correct fee with entry to:-
Mrs Penny Wingfield, Coedlyn, Rowen, Conwy LL32 8YL
Tel. 01492 650989 Mobile 07845 128109
Email – [email protected]
Webmaster
Over the weekend of 9 and 10 July a number of Area 5 members took part in the Tetrathlon Competition at Warwick. For the Open, Intermediate and Junior classes these were the qualifiers for the Championships and I’m delighted to say that Area 5 will now be well represented at the Champs. Those qualifying were:
Open – Ben Read
Intermediate – Toby Johnson and Russell Wingfield
Junior – Freddie Ashworth, Hamish Peffers, Orla Stott, Keeva Stott, Annabel James and Ella Booth.
A big well done to all of them and I hope they are all looking forward to competing at Bishop Burton in August.
Warwick once again put on fantastic courses for our younger members so that minis, tadpoles and tiddlers all had their own competitions. A further fifteen Area 5 members took part in these classes, with some excellent results. A special mention should go to Beatrice Taylor who beat 19 other mini girls to win her class.
As well as a thoroughly enjoyable competition many of the riders camped on the Saturday night and joined in the Area 5 (and friends) barbecue. Thanks to all those who provided the facilities for this – gas barbecue, fire pit, tables and chairs as well as the food, drink and company; what more could we want?
Penny W
Webmaster
The following are the Area 5 or Wales and Borders Tetrathlon dates for the summer. It is also worth looking out for Area 4, 7, 9 and 10 events as some of those will be within reasonable travelling distance for some people.
Sat 7 May CHN ODE to make the Denbigh Triathlon into a Tetrathlon
4 & 5 June Junior Regionals at Morton Morrell. By invitation to be part of the Wales and Borders Team. If you are interested and haven’t told Karen Barrow then do so now.
11 & 12 June Mini Regional Competition at Kelso. If you need more information then please ask me. If you are going then please let us know so we can support you. A super friendly event and an excellent introduction to the larger world of tetrathlon. Open to all of the younger competitors.
9 & 10 July Area Tetrathlon at Warwick. Classes for absolutely everyone, from pre-mini to wrinkly. With Areas 4 and 7. The qualifier for the championships for Junior, Intermediate and Open but also an excellent event in its own right. Stabling and camping available locally.
6 & 7 August Intermediate Regionals in North Yorkshire. By invitation to be part of the Wales and Borders Team. If you are interested then tell Karen Barrow now.
11 – 14 August Championships at Bishop Burton, Hull. For Juniors, Intermediate and Open who have qualified at the Area Competition. A truly amazing event with riders from all over the country and a full up, challenging course. Stabling and camping provided on site.
Information about many of these can be found on the Pony Club website – look for ‘Disciplines’ then select ‘Tetrathlon’.
Cheers … Penny W
Webmaster
The NFU Mutual Winter Triathlon Championships were held on Sunday 13th March at Stantonbury Leisure Centre, Milton Keynes. 260 competitors from around the UK took part in the Minimus, Junior and Open competition. Area 5 had 17 competitors that had successfully achieved a place to compete at this event, all of whom performed extremely well on the day!
We had a number of highly placed competitors that deserve a special mention.
Harrison Aspinall (Cheshire Hunt South) – 1st place – Minimus Boys
Harrison had a fantastic day achieving 1st place in a class of 49 boys. He received a medal for the best swim in his class.
Freddie Ashworth (Cheshire Hunt South) – 3rd place – Junior Boy
Freddie achieved 3rd place in a large class of 42 boys. He received a medal for the best run, running 1500m in 4 minutes and 55 seconds!!
All of our Senior Boys came in the top 20 places with Russell Wingfield (Aberconwy) achieving 7th place and Toby Johnson (East Cheshire) coming a very close 8th by only 6 points.
We also had great success within the team competition with our team of Freddie Ashworth, Harrison Aspinall, Beatrice Taylor (Cheshire Hunt South) and Neisha Roberts (Flint and Denbigh) coming 4th out of the 54 teams that were entered.
A really big congratulations to all of our Area 5 competitors who qualified to achieve a place to compete in the competition and were great ambassadors for the Area.
| i don't know |
Which Peanuts cartoon character is famous for saying ‘There is no heavier burden than a great potential’? | – “Goodbyes always make my throat hurt… I need more hellos.”
– “Happiness is anyone and anything that’s loved by you.”
– “In the book of life, the answers aren’t in the back.”
– “I think I’m afraid to be happy, because whenever I get too happy, something bad always happen.”
– “There must be millions of people all over the world who never get any love letters… I could be their leader.”
– “Sometimes I lie awake at night and ask ‘Where have I gone wrong’, then a voice says to me ‘This is going to take more than one night’.”
– “Awkward is my specialty.”
– “Nothing takes the taste out of peanut butter quite like unrequited love.”
– “Few people are successful unless other people want them to be.”
– “Absence makes the heart grow fonder, but it sure makes the rest of you lonely.”
– “It always looks darkest just before it gets totally black.”
– “I thought being in love was supposed to make you happy…”
– “I’ve developed a new philosophy. I only dread one day at a time.”
– “Sometimes you lie in bed at night, and you don’t have a single thing to worry about…That always worries me!”
Another little wisecracker from this comic book was Charlie’s best friend Linus. Now Linus was a real smart kid – check out some of his best lines:
– “There is no heavier burden than a great potential.”
– “You know, Charlie Brown, they say we learn more from losing than from winning.”
– “This blanket is a necessity. It keeps me from cracking up. It may be regarded as a spiritual tourniquet. Without it, I’d be nothing, a ship without a rudder.”
– “Charlie Brown, you’re the only person I know who can take a wonderful season like Christmas and turn it into a problem. Maybe Lucy’s right. Of all the Charlie Browns in the world, you’re the Charlie Browniest.”
– “Well, I think that the purpose of going to school is to get good grades so then you can go on to high school; and the purpose is to study hard so you can get good grades so you can go to college; and the purpose of going to college is so you can get good grades so you can go on to graduate school; and the purpose of that is to work hard and get good grades so we can get a job and be successful so that we can get married and have kids so we can send them to grammar school to get good grades so they can go to high school to get good grades so they can go to college and work hard…”
– “I love mankind – it’s people I can’t stand!”
– “Big sisters are the crab grass in the lawn of life!”
Cover photo: www.stelabird.com
| Linus |
Which is the largest of the Balearic Islands? | Famous Fathers & Sons
Famous Fathers & Sons
Pinterest
The son of a celebrity may have it made financially, but he’s vulnerable to every other growing strain—with a vengeance. Like, why was the old man always away? Should the boy go into Daddy’s business, and if he does, will the world say he made it only because of nepotism? And what if he doesn’t make it? PEOPLE confronted 10 rising sons and demanding dads with these complex questions in commemoration of Father’s Day 1979 (and in tribute, too, to the mothers in the middle).
Michael Douglas has made Kirk one proud grandpa
For Kirk Douglas, the high point of the Cannes Film Festival was greeting son Michael, 34, and grandson Cameron, 5 months, at the airport. Kirk was there adorning the Croisette as a 62-year-old sex symbol and Michael was glowing in the glory of his film The China Syndrome, which won the best-actor award.
If Michael, who produced as well as co-starred, is the hotter property at the moment, it wasn’t always so. “Kirk Douglas was certainly a hard act to follow,” says Michael. “I mean, there he was hanging from the cross in Spartacus, walking across the ranks of oars in The Vikings…” Agrees Kirk: “I think having a famous father was a pain in the ass for him.”
Still, Michael managed, bolstered in part by a stable home life. (Though his parents divorced when he was 5, his mother has been remarried 23 years and his father 25.) Michael didn’t decide to be an actor until his senior year at the University of California. “I guess that the sons of famous fathers are all late bloomers,” he says. “I knew the sons of film stars who committed suicide, took drugs. I consider myself fortunate.” In any case, Douglas and wife Diandra are determined to keep Cameron away from Hollywood. “I guess,” laughs Michael, “I’ll have to think about raising him to cope with the famous-father syndrome.”
He grew up a Wyeth, but Jamie wasn’t a model son
Unlike so many other eminent men, Andrew Wyeth was not an absentee dad. In fact, son Jamie, now 30 and a notable painter himself, recalls: “Father was always home.” So, for that matter, was the boy. Convinced that art was his calling, he dropped out of school (as did Dad) after sixth grade in Chadds Ford, Pa. Jamie did take correspondence courses but devoted himself to art. His father gave him little formal instruction, but tough criticism (“There is not much bullshit about him,” notes the son). In matters of the heart, Andrew, a hot-blooded romantic in his youth, also exerted influence. “At 14 I had a 23-year-old mistress,” smiles Jamie. “He set a bad example.”
Jamie, married for 10 years to Phyllis Mills, pals around with Rudi Nureyev and Andy Warhol, but says his dad, 61, is his closest friend. They screen old movies, dress up in costumes and have never outgrown their passion for toy soldiers. (Perhaps their love of childlike things comes from the original artist in the family: Andrew’s father, N. C, was the famed illustrator of Treasure Island and other juvenile classics.) At least, though, the Wyeths spare each other youthful tantrums. “We’re similar in that we don’t have tempers,” reports Jamie. “We sort of blow ourselves out in our work.”
Now Bump Wills is stealing Dad’s stuff
Elliot Taylor Wills got his nickname from his prenatal gymnastics, and as “Little Bumpy” he matured into a superb athlete—with minimal help from his dad, retired Dodgers shortstop Maury Wills. “We weren’t at all close when I was a kid,” says Bump, as he is now called. “It was hard to accept discipline from a man who was only home two months out of the year.”
By the time Bump, now 26, was at Arizona State, Maury was concentrating on a sportscasting career—and had more time for his family. The senior Wills, 46, got Bump his first job with a team he managed in Mexico. The scouts were soon alerted, and the Texas Rangers signed Bump as a second baseman in 1977. “I wanted him to be a shortstop, but he didn’t want to have anything to do with it,” says Maury. “My first season, I tried to play differently than Maury,” says Bump. Now he is swinging more like Dad and has shown some of Maury’s base-stealing talent. (He snagged 52 last year, but his father broke Ty Cobb’s record stealing 104 in 1962.)
Still, old inhibitions persist, and Bump’s childhood stutter sometimes recurs when his dad is around. As for his number on the playing field, 30—Maury’s old number—was in use when Bump arrived at the Rangers. Eventually it was up for grabs but Bump is #1 and plans to keep it that way.
Arthur Rubinstein’s not playing John’s song
After-dinner recitals by precocious offspring are trial enough for guests, but in the salon of piano virtuoso Arthur Rubinstein they were agony for the kids too. “We were on the front lines,” recalls composer and actor John Rubinstein, 32, about the impromptu concerts he and his older sister, Lolly, were required to deliver. “My father hung out with people like Stravinsky. Dinner didn’t mean chicken and noodles. It meant who did we have to play for this time.”
Despite those evenings, John was a staunch promoter of his dad’s career. In music shops he often slyly moved Rubinstein albums into the front of the racks. Arthur performed as many as 100 concerts a year and was constantly off in some foreign city. “I am very guilty,” admits Rubinstein, 92. “I didn’t find much time for the children, unfortunately.” Moreover, there was what John calls the “European” distance between his Polish-born parents and the children. “If I were to sit down and pour my heart out, they would be uncomfortable.”
Still, the family was close. “My parents bestowed enormous love on us,” says John, the youngest of four. In return, Arthur found he had sired his severest critics. “I heard him play one piece maybe 800 times,” John reports. “So when people were raving, I might come and tell him that he had done it too slowly—and he would know it too.”
Young John gradually shifted his interests to acting. After dropping out of UCLA, he starred in the movie Zachariah, played the title role in the Broadway musical Pippin and appeared often on TV’s Family. (Arthur tries never to miss any of his son’s performances.) In recent years John—now married to actress Judi West and the father of two—has also begun writing orchestral music—for movies like The Candidate and Jeremiah Johnson and for TV in The Ordeal of Patty Hearst. Would he consider dashing off something for the old man? Arthur answers for his son with a shrug: “He doesn’t write my kind of music.”
An Edsel, of all things, is in Ford’s future
At 16 he got his own car—a new silver-white Mustang—and at 30 he developed one. Edsel Bryant Ford IPs Falcon, a compact with polyurethane fuel tank and bumpers, is selling smartly in Australia, the country he and wife Cynthia temporarily call home. As assistant managing director of Ford’s operation Down Under, Henry’s only son is steering toward the top in the company. When Henry, 61, retires in October, the job of chief executive will go to Ford President Philip Caldwell. But Edsel’s turn may come. “There’s no reason why he shouldn’t be chairman if he has the ability,” Henry has said. “I hope so.”
Originally Edsel felt no pressure to go into the business. “When I graduated from Babson College, my father said, ‘Don’t ever feel you have to join the Ford Motor Company’—and that wasn’t just casually over a glass of wine one night. For years he said so.” But once Edsel signed on, he recalls, “My father and I had something more to talk about than the weather or how much weight I should lose or why I didn’t get better grades in college.”
Over the years Edsel has absorbed values from both parents. From his mother, Anne (who divorced Henry in 1964), he learned fastidiousness. “I take a shower twice a day if I’m going out for dinner,” says Edsel. From Henry he learned “a sense of fair play.” Edsel adds, “Dad always listens too. If I ever had a problem I’d tell him about it, whether I was right or wrong. Sometimes he’d say, ‘You were a jerk to do that, but now you have to live with it.’ ”
David Wallace changed his name, but not racket
When his first—and only—son was born in 1947, Irving Wallace recalls feeling: “I was out of my mind, that here is a boy carrying on my name, right?” Little did he know that 24 years later his son, David, would reassume the family’s ancestral name. At 31 the scion has published six books under the name David Wallechinsky. Three, The People’s Almanac #1 and #2 and The Book of Lists, were co-written with Irving, 63, the author of 22 works. How to survive as a father-and-son writing team? The Wallaces provide some tips (with a little help from a shrink):
(1) Rise above feelings of competitiveness. When the New York Times phoned the Wallaces’ Brentwood mansion to interview David, Irving likened it to a TV commercial—the one in which a girl asks Henry Fonda: “Aren’t you Jane Fonda’s father?”
(2) Be open. “I remember sitting down with David,” says Irving, “to have that great cartoon talk: sex.” But David recalls: “In the late ’50s it was bad taste to talk to your parents about sex. We learned from our peers.”
(3) Respect each other’s values. “I grew up in a traditional way. You married and had children,” says Irving. “Here’s David, living with a woman for five years [Flora Chavez], treating her as a wife. He has a legal contract with her. There’s no tension.”
(4) Don’t put pressure on each other. “I keep thinking about this Peanuts cartoon in which Linus had failed to make the honor roll at school,” says David. “He sighs and says, ‘There’s no heavier burden than a great potential.’ ”
Barry Goldwater Jr. wanted to campaign alone, thanks
“He’ll always be ‘Sir’ to me. He’ll always be that one degree higher,” says California Rep. Barry Goldwater Jr., 40, about his dad, the senator from Arizona. Nevertheless, the two Republican pols share a close if rather formal friendship—and a passion for flying, carpentry, photography and the great outdoors. “Thanks to him, I can still light a fire with one match,” says Barry Jr., who represents a district south of L.A.
Yet the son rides nobody’s coattails. The elder Goldwater, 70, recalls, “When he decided to run for office he called me at 3 in the morning to say he had made up his mind.” Barry Jr. also remembers: “I told him to stay home and send money. He did.” Once elected in 1969, the young congressman quickly established his own fields of expertise. (He has authored important right-to-privacy and energy legislation.) Still, subtle competition exists between father and son. “Occasionally we appear somewhere to speak together, and I’m determined to do better than he does…and I do,” says Goldwater Jr.
In raising his own son, Barry III, 4 (Goldwater Jr. was divorced this year), he makes a special effort to seek out the young boy’s opinions. “Dad did not do that with me,” Barry Jr. says. “I was an adult before he asked my opinion on something, and then I almost cried.”
Goldwater also intends to explain the facts of life to his son. “I can’t remember who told me about sex,” he shrugs. “I think I learned it on the job.”
Gypsy Rose Lee’s love child was a Preminger
Growing up the son of Gypsy Rose Lee had its bumps for her only child, Erik, now 34. “It was not easy to be the male child of a famous stripteaser. It was embarrassing. I was ashamed—and ashamed of being ashamed,” he says. His greatest trauma, however, was learning at age 17 that his real father was not Gypsy’s second husband, writer Alexander Kirkland, as he had always been told. Instead it was tyrannical film producer Otto Preminger, with whom his mother had had a three-week affair in Hollywood in 1944. (“Gypsy didn’t want anyone to know because she had an afternoon television show, watched by housewives, and she feared losing her audience,” explains Preminger.)
Shortly before Gypsy’s death in 1970, Preminger set up a meeting in Paris with his son, then a 22-year-old Army computer programmer. “Getting to know Erik was just like making friends with someone,” says his father. Recalls Erik: “I was a tightass when we met.” But a few “rip-roaring drunks” and chats about sex over the years helped loosen up the son. “Otto reveled in my life. He always wanted to know who I was seeing—and seemed a little wistful.”
Otto was also eager to make up for lost time. In 1971 he adopted Erik, who then took the Preminger name and joined his movie production company. Today, after a stint of scriptwriting with Elaine May, Erik is holed up in Los Angeles doing a biography of his mother. His second wife, Brigid Guinan, is a British Airways sales representative in San Francisco and they see each other on weekends. Otto, at 72, is filming his 33rd movie, Graham Greene’s The Human Factor. Father and son talk on the phone often, and Otto reports: “From the very first moment, we liked each other—and I love him.”
Carl Reiner had doubts, but Meathead didn’t listen
All in the Family, worried Carl Reiner when he first heard about the show, “sounds like a real crapshoot.” His son Rob had already taken the role of Archie Bunker’s maligned son-in-law, “Meathead.” But, after all, actor-director-writer-producer Carl, 57, was the guy who once said Rob “showed no talent.” He couldn’t believe it when producer Norman Lear, a family friend, had first found young Rob funny. “Are you kidding?” asked an incredulous Carl. “That surly kid?”
Growing up as one of the three Reiner offspring clearly had its trials. “People would come up to me and say: ‘Your father is wonderful, so talented and kind, so funny.’ And I thought, ‘Well, that’s great, but what about me? How do I figure in on this?’ ” says Rob, now 32. To make matters worse, communication with his father wasn’t always easy. Witness the obligatory sex talk. “We were driving along a busy thoroughfare in L.A. and I remember trying to be very cool,” says Carl. “To make sure I wasn’t embarrassing him, I looked him straight in the eye.” Rob’s only response was to cry out: “Dad, keep your eyes on the road!”
At Beverly Hills High School, Rob finally found his niche in a drama class with Richard Dreyfuss and Albert Brooks. “It was a group I could relate to,” says Rob. “Up until then I had been a loner.” After graduation he directed Dreyfuss in a local production of No Exit and finally won his father’s approval. “This is good. No bull,” said Carl. Still, the father refused to allow his son to read for a role in his movie Enter Laughing. “I feel bad now that I never helped, but I didn’t want to reject him,” says Carl. (Eventually Rob managed to land a role in Where’s Poppa?, directed by his father.)
After all the awkward times, Carl is now touchingly close to Rob and his wife, Penny (Laverne) Marshall. “He’s outstripped me in recognition and success at his age,” admits Carl with unabashed fatherly pride, “but happiness is the underlying thing I feel about that. Each generation gets a little better about understanding themselves.” Rob has come round to calling his dad “a very regular guy—he takes Ex-Lax.” But “seriously,” says Rob, “we had a very normal upbringing. I thought everybody had Mel Brooks over to the house.”
Joining Pop’s company was Chris D’Amboise’s turning point
Daddy was out dancing most of the time when Chris D’Amboise was growing up. “The responsibility of fatherhood consisted of a lot of guilt for not spending enough time at it,” says Jacques D’Amboise, 44, for 26 years a star of the allegedly starless New York City Ballet. Chris remembers Papa as “this frightening figure who would come home late at night after a performance and down five quarts of milk.” But Chris became the only one of Jacques’ four children with a lasting interest in ballet. At 19 he is now himself a member of the NYCB corps, and the dancing D’Amboises are the preeminent father-son team in American ballet.
That sometimes creates problems for Chris: “If I make a mistake, people say: ‘Just because he’s Jacques’ son, he thinks he can get away with anything.’ ” Then, too, there is the watchdog aspect. “If I’m feeling lousy one morning and don’t feel like working hard in class, there he is watching me,” says Chris.
In the 16 months since Chris joined the company, he has danced two ballets with his father. For Jacques, the greatest thrill of having a son in the family business was sitting in the audience one night with his wife, Carolyn George, a onetime soloist with the company (and now one of its photographers). Recalls Jacques: “He danced his first principal role, and we just sat there in the audience holding hands, watching our son.”
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