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Which group of islands lie off the coast of Normandy, France?	The Channel Islands The Channel Islands A group of small islands off the coast of France, long in the possession of England and Great Britain, which form a cultural bridge between England and Norman France. Minor uninhabited islets and rocks: Burhou, Les Casquets, Les Dirouilles (Les Dithouïl'yes), Ortac, Pierres de Lecq. CHANNEL ISLANDS A scattered archipelago of small islands off the coast of northern France - Normandy lies immediately to the east, and Brittany is to the southwest. This article considers the group as a whole, while subsequent articles treat each island individually. To Gallic tribes (probably the Venelli or Veneti) ? -c. 54 BCE Unknown chronology c. 54 BCE-56 CE To the Roman Empire.............................56-395 To the Western Roman Empire....................395-461 To the Domain of Soissons (Kingdom of Syagrius) 461-486 Unknown (possibly to Domnonee or Brittany) 486-511 To Neustria 511- ? Hastein (Norse invader, also in Brittany) 866-870's To Brittany, with frequent Norse incursions and settlement 890-933 To Normandy (/England from 1066)...............933-1204 To France.....................................1204-1259 To Germany....................................1940-1944 To Great Britain..............................1944- ALDERNEY (Aurigny) Northernmost of the Channel Islands, about 12 miles (20 km.) off the northwestern tip of the Cotentin Peninsula in France. Variously occupied since prehistoric times, the tiny island was a feudal holding until the 19th century. It is now within the Bailiwick of Guernsey, although it retains considerable local autonomy. To Normandy....................................933-1204 Raoul Eudes (Guardian of Alder.).........1290-early 1300's ? Robert de Turberville (Marshal of Ald.)..1546-mid 1500's Lords of Alderney Robert I (Earl of Essex).........late 16th c.-1601 Robert II (Earl of Essex)................1601-1646 To England directly......................1646-1660 ANDROS Edmund...................................1683-1714 Governor of New York 1674-1681, 1688, Bailiff of Guernsey 1674-1714; Gov. of New England 1686-1691, of Virginia 1692-1698, and of Maryland 1693-1694. George III....................................1714 Within the Bailiwick of Guernsey.........1825-1940 To Germany....................................1940-1945 To Great Britain (within Guernsey)............1945- BRECHOU A small islet just off the western shore of Sark, in the vicinity of Guernsey and associated with that Bailiwick. To England / Great Britain....................1066-1945 ? Sir David Barclay........................1993- The ÉCRÉHOUS (Les Écréhous, Êcrého) A group of tiny islets and rocks located 6 miles (10½ km.) northeast of Jersey and some 8 miles (13 km.) off the coast of France - many of the rocks are underwater at high tide; the archipelago was considerably larger in early times, but has been slowly washing away. They are not under permanent settlement at this time, but are visited frequently by tourists, fishermen, and others - La Maîtr'Île has a ruined abbey. In former times they were often the site of smuggling rendezvous. To Normandy....................................933-1204 Occupied by France.....................5-7 January 1781 To Great Britain..............................1781-1940 Philippe Pinel...........................1848-1898 Pinel assumed the style of "king of the Écréhous" while he resided here (on the islet of Bliantch'Île), going so far as to exchange greetings and gifts with Queen Victoria. Occupied by Germany...........................1940-1945 To Great Britain..............................1945- Alphonse Le Gastelois..............fl. 1960's/70's Le Gastelois, a resident of Jersey, found refuge in these islets when he came under suspicion of being a notorious sex criminal in his home island - entirely untrue, as it turned out. While he resided here, he too referred to himself as "king of the Écréhous". These rocks have been a source of a certain level of tension between Great Britain and France for a great many years. In the Twentieth Century, Great Britain indicated that it wanted the matter resolved one way or another, and eventually, in 1950, the potential border dispute was submitted for arbitration to the International Court of Justice, which ultimately decided in Great Britain's favor in 1953. This judgement has, however, not prevented the occasional gesture even so - as late as 1994 French fishermen have briefly occupied the place and raised Norman flags, more as a matter of symbolism in the context of protests over Channel Islands fishing regulations than anything else, although a desire for French annexation has been voiced as well. These incidents are of short duration and have been settled peaceably. GUERNSEY (Guernesey) Westernmost of the islands, and the second largest (after Jersey), forming it's own bailiwick. Best-known, perhaps, for a particular breed of cattle originating here. To Normandy/England............................933-1339 Adrian Heyworth..........................1998- with... Pennie Heyworth (fem.)...................1998- JERSEY (Jèrri) The Bailiwick of Jersey (In the Jèrriais dialect of Norman French, "Jèrri") is a British Crown dependency off the coast of Normandy, France. As well as the island of Jersey itself, it also includes the largely uninhabited islands of Minquiers and Ecréhous. It forms the grouping known as the Channel Islands along with the Bailiwick of Guerensey. The defence of all these islands is the responsibility of the United Kingdom; however, both Jersey and Guerensey are self-governing in internal affairs and are possessions of the Crown separate and apart from the United Kingdom. Historically, Jersey was governed by a local council called the States of Jersey; this body was presided over by a bailiff appointed by the Crown (hence "bailiwick") who also was in charge of the jurats (elected court bodies) and represented the Crown in civil affairs. The Bailiff held office for life traditionally; today he is limited to serving until age 70. In addition to the Bailiff the island had a Governor (from the 1850's, a Lieutenant Governor) who organized the defence of the island. An interesting side-note: The Channel Islands are the only remnants of the old Duchy of Normandy. Norman law still holds sway, including the obscure "Clameur de haro". This practice, whereby one can obtain an injunction of restraint simply by throwing one's hands in the air, crying out "Haro! Haro! Haro! À l'aide, mon Prince, on me fait tort" (Hear me! Hear me! Hear me! Come to my aid, my Prince, for someone does me wrong) and reciting the Lord's Prayer in French, was last invoked as late as 2000. Technically, the Channel Islands still constitute the entire remaining territory of the Duchy; however, because of a treaty between Britain and France, the British Crown does not use the title "Duke (or, currently, 'Duchess') of Normandy", but rather holds title to the Channel Islands as King/Queen. The locals, by and large will have none of it, however, and are proud of their traditions - they still refer to the reigning monarch as "The King/Queen, our Duke/Duchess". See also, Alderney , Sark . To Normandy....................................933-1204 English Fiefdom subordinated to Guernsey......1204-1205 To France.....................................1205-1206 English Fiefdom subordinated to Guernsey......1204-1279 Bailiffs of Jersey Drouet de Barentin (also governor)........fl. 1258 Jean de Carteret..........................fl. 1272 Arnauld Jean (Arnold Johannis de Contivo).fl. 1274 Philippe Levesque........................1277-1289 Jean de Carteret (restored)...............fl. 1302 Philippe Levesque (restored)..............fl. 1309 Colin? Hasteyn (possibly Nicolas Hastein [rest.])...fl. 1315 Henry de St. Martin.......................fl. 1318 Guillaume Longynnour......................fl. c. 1324 Nicolas (or Colin) Hasteyn (re-restored ?) Philippe de Vincheleis (restored) Pierre de la Haye (II? restored?) Guillaume Brasdefer Guille Hastein (Guille Hastings)..........fl. 1348 ? John de Saint Martin (restored)..........1372-1374 ? Sir Philip de Carteret...................1627-1643 d. 1643 Michael Lemprière.............................1643 Philippe de Carteret of Grouville........1662-1665 Sir Édouard de Carteret..................1665-1682 d. 1683 Sir Philip de Carteret...................1682-1693 d. 1693 Édouard de Carteret......................1694-1703 d. 1703 Charles de Carteret......................1703-1715 John Carteret, Baron Carteret and (from 1744) Earl Granville...1715-1763 Robert Carteret, Earl Granville..........1763-1776 Henry Frederick Carteret (from 1784) Baron Carteret...1776-1826 Occupied by France.....................5-7 January 1781 To Great Britain..............................1781-1940 Thomas Le Breton.........................1826-1831 d. 1838 Sir Jean de Veulle.......................1831-1848 Sir Thomas Le Breton.....................1848-1857 d. 1857 John Hammond.............................1858-1880 Sir George Clement Bertram...............1884-1898 d. 1915 Charles Edward Malet de Carteret, acting 1898 d. 1946 Sir William Henry Venables-Vernon........1899-1931 d. 1934 Charles Edward Malet de Carteret (rest)..1931-1935 Alexander Moncrieff Coutanche............1935-1961 Also President of the Superior Council 1940-45 Occupied by Germany...........................1940-1945 The people of Jersey were the only British subjects to be under German occupation during World War II. Although there were some who fought clandestine operations against the occupiers, many of the citizens openly collaborated with the Nazis. Those Jews who did not flee ahead of the German invasion were deported en masse; virtually none survived the war. To Great Britain..............................1945- Occupied by Germany...........................1940-1945 To Great Britain..............................1945- These rocks have been a source of a certain level of tension between Great Britain and France for a great many years. In the Twentieth Century, Great Britain indicated that it wanted the matter resolved one way or another, and eventually, in 1950, the potential border dispute was submitted for arbitration to the International Court of Justice, which ultimately decided in Great Britain's favor in 1953. This judgement has, however, not prevented the occasional gesture even so - as late as 1998 French nationals have briefly occupied the place, as often as not in symbolic protest against some action or position takrn by the UK. These incidents are normally of short duration and have been settled peaceably. SARK (Sercq) Located midway between Guernsey and Jersey, and technically part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey. Sark remains the last truly feudal state in Europe as the laws, particularly relating to inheritance, have changed little since 1565. The first Seigneur, Helier de Carteret, Seigneur of St. Ouen on the Island of Jersey, colonised the island in 1565 with Queen Elizabeth's blessing and granted 40 islanders tenements. In the 17th century, Sark accumulated wealth through privateering (legalised piracy) and in 1834, silver was discovered on the island. By 1841, the population had grown to 790. However the mine turned into a financial disaster after becoming flooded and the Seigneur was forced to sell his fief to Mrs T. G. Collings, a direct ancestor of the present Seigneur. The Seigneur holds the island on lease from the Crown in perpetuity. Even to this day, the island is split up into 40 leaseholds but the population stands at around 550. To various monastic groups...................500's-933	Channel Islands
Former British Prime minister Margaret Thatcher has what middle name?	French Islands : paradise on earth French Islands : paradise on earth REPORTS French Islands : paradise on earth Be they flat or rocky, blue or green, inhabited or deserted, from the English Channel to the Mediterranean and from the Atlantic to Corsica, France’s coast is dotted with unique and fragile islands. Often entirely pedestrian, boats are the only means of access and bad weather can disrupt travel plans – all the better to slow down and savour the more civilised pace of island life. Islands in the English Channel Island of Tatihou A windswept sunny paradise surrounded by water, Tatihou Island is a top destination for nature lovers. Three gardens reveal the local and exotic flora in a variety of settings within the walls of the former quarantine hospital built in 1721 to confine epidemics. On the other side of this line, the north-east section of the island is a reserve for seabirds. Island of Batz Ten minutes from the continent, the houses on the Island of Batz (pronounced “ba”) are huddled in the south of the island, singularly wedged between windswept heathland to the west and lush green meadows to the east. The village, despite the boats bobbing up and down in the port, gives the impression of a country village… out at sea! True, there are more tractors than fishing boats! Beneath the clouds and salty spray that the wind whips off the waves, the soil of Batz is ideal for farming, as is the climate! Island of Ouessant A granite fortress rising up out of the sea, Ouessant is the westernmost sentinel of Europe. Bristling with jagged rocks, often swathed in mist and battered by fierce winds znd surrounded by reefs and strong currents, the island’s unspoiled, grandiose landscapes unfold and stretch out to the delight of walkers and nature lovers. The Glénan Islands A divine archipelago, part Brittany, part Pacific, lies off the coast of Fouesnant. This string of islands and islets lined in white sandy beaches and emerald green lagoons is home to colonies of seabirds and also of a flower that grows nowhere else on earth – the Glénan daffodil. Belle-Ile Sheer cliffs and long sandy beaches, moors carpeted in golden scrub and gorse and turquoise creeks, but also valleys, woods, streams and meadows that stretch as far as the eye can see: if you have never been to Belle Ile, it’s time to cast off and set sail for this idyllic island. Island of Yeu The island of Yeu is one of the rare islands on this side of the Atlantic that is lucky enough to boast tiny creeks ideal for swimming. Riddled with old custom’s paths, this insular land is 10km/4mi long and 4km/2.5mi wide and thus ideal to explore on foot or by bicycle. The diverse landscape of ports, lighthouses, castles and citadels provides sanctuary for several hundred different species of birds. Mediterranean islands Islands of Lérins Arriving at one of the two Lérins islands - Saint-Honorat or Sainte-Marguerite – is always a magical event after the frenzy of Cannes. Suddenly, silence falls and the heady scent of nature fills your nose, replacing the uproar and exhaust fumes of the continent. Alep pines, cypress, eucalyptus, vineyards (on Saint Honorat) and a pond (on Sainte Marguerite) compose the idyllic picture of these unspoiled islands. Islands of Porquerolles and Port-Cros France’s southernmost metropolitan islands (after Corsica) are also its biggest. Off the coast of Hyères and Lavandou lie Porquerolles and Port-Cros, each with its own distinctive identity. The first, the most “domesticated”, is ideal for mountain biking and sun bathing, while the latter, more “mountainous” is a magnificent nature reserve. Corsica Lavezzi Islands Twelve kilometres from Sardinia, the Lavezzi archipelago, the southernmost tip of metropolitan France, is made up of a hundred isles and reefs. Boats drop anchor at what is called Lavezzi Island (66ha/163acres), the only one open to the public, in a sheltered bay on the north-east coast. The landscape of this miniature paradise of crystal clear waters and sandy creeks is strangely moonlike. The archipelago rises out of the sea, resting on massive granite boulders that have been eroded and sculpted into haunting shapes by the wind and waves. My kingdom for an island ! ©T. Deschamps/Photononstop	i don't know
Cross, Tail and Head are all types of which weather condition?	What Are The Best Automotive Lights? How Headlights, Tail Lights & Fog Lights Work - Style Benefits & Install Tips Lights Glossary Other than your brakes, no other safety feature on your vehicle is as important as your lights. Without them, everyone's drive time would be limited to the brief period between sunrise and sunset. Workers wouldn't be able to get home in the evenings, semis would take a month to haul their load cross country, and drive-in movie theaters across the nation would be forced to close their doors. Why Should I Upgrade My Automotive Lighting? Other than your brakes, no other safety feature on your vehicle is as important as your lights . Without them, everyone's drive time would be limited to the brief period between sunrise and sunset. Workers wouldn't be able to get home in the evenings, semis would take a month to haul their load cross country, and drive-in movie theaters across the nation would be forced to close their doors. A quality set of lights gives all of us the freedom of movement to venture out onto the road no matter what the driving conditions are. Moonless nights, foggy mornings, or stormy afternoons are no match for an arsenal of bright lights safely guiding you to your destination. Besides improving the safety of your vehicle, automotive lights give you the chance to redesign its overall look by adding new lights or altering the style and color of your existing ones. Upgrading your automotive lighting lets you: Revamp your stock lighting system to reflect your own personal sense of style Add auxiliary lights to enhance your visibility for just about any driving condition Mount a heavy-duty set of protected off-road lights for your outdoor adventures The Basics of Revamping your Stock Lights Let's face it: most stock lighting systems are about as visually appealing as an old brick. What's worse, this lack of design flare is an epidemic in almost the entire automotive industry. New cars, trucks and SUVs may have imaginatively shaped bodies, but their lights are usually just bland rehashes of old styles. Of course, you have the power to break free from this boring OEM world. Add an edge of excitement and a personal touch to your vehicle's attitude by upgrading your factory-installed lights. We make it easy to brightening up your front with a slick set of headlights or to outfit your rear with the hottest European-inspired tail lights . An Overview of Auxiliary Lights Certain driving situations call for special lights. When you're feeling your way through a dense patch of fog or a nasty blizzard, your low beams and high beams can actually make your visibility worse. Even on clear, star-filled nights, your headlights might not have enough juice to completely illuminate the unknown road ahead. AutoAnything has plenty of auxiliary lights, such as fog lights and driving lights , to add safety and style to your vehicle. An Introduction to Off-Road Lights When you're slogging across rocky badlands, shredding down the face of sand dunes or heading out on a wild camping expedition, you need all the light you can get. Not enough lighting could mean the difference between getting home safely or being stuck in a ditch with a snapped axle and dwindling food rations. Before you hit the dusty trails, equip your rig with a powerful set of off-road lights. They're specially designed to withstand harsh environments. Take a look at our Guide to Off-Road Lights for more details. A Quick Word on the History of Automotive Illumination In 1886 the world's first gasoline-powered automobiles rolled out of the European workshops of Carl Benz, Gottlieb Daimler, Wilhelm Maybach and Siegfried Marcus. Besides lacking such modern amenities as air conditioning and in-dash DVD players, these early automobiles also lacked electrical lighting. Instead, their lamps were fueled by oil or acetylene , both of which could be quickly snubbed out by a strong gust of wind or rain storm. Needless to say, navigating across winding mountain roads at night could be quite precarious. Fun Factoid: Getting the most from your lighting Think about it: a dirty window doesn't let through as much light as a freshly cleaned pane of glass. The same is true for your lights. If your auxiliary lights get covered in dirt, you can lose out on as much as 80% of their power. The solution is simple. Just give them a scrub when you wash your car, and you won't lose out on all those precious watts. The technological breakthrough came in 1912, when Cadillac had the ingenious idea of moving away from oil and connecting the lights to the electric ignition system. Not only did this design revolutionize automotive lighting, it's still the system used on modern vehicles. Since this switch to electronic control, other innovations followed, including sealed beam headlights, foul weather fog lights and the ultra-modern HID xenon lights. Today, optical engineers are making all sorts of new and exciting discoveries. Intelligent lighting systems are connected to GPS units, which use advanced topographical maps to swivel your headlights in expectation of turning a corner. In other words, your lights now know where you're going even before you do! Which Lights are Right for My vehicle? At AutoAnything, we have a vast selection of lights to boost your visibility and jumpstart your vehicle's style. With all these options, you might feel a tad in the dark about which ones are right for you. Thankfully, we're here to shed some light on the subject. Ask yourself these enlightening questions: How's the weather in your neck of the woods? What are your roads like? Do you drive a vintage or a late-model vehicle? Do you want halogen or HID xenon lights? How's the weather in your neck of the woods? While no one truly trusts the weather man to give accurate predictions, there are certain regions with weather that you can set your watch to. The fog's always rolling into San Francisco, monsoon season never ends in Seattle, and St. Paul is always struggling through nasty blizzards. Your local weather dictates the type of lights you should have on your vehicle. If you live along the coast and get a lot of fog, check out a pair of fog lights . Look to Hella , PIAA and KC HiLites for a quality set of fog lights. If you live in the Pacific Northwest or the Deep South where the rain is constantly falling, we also recommend fog lights to increase your foul weather visibility. If you happen to live in the desert region of the Southwest where the nighttime skies are clear, look into a set of long-range driving lights to see farther ahead. A number of top brands build brilliant driving lights, including Street Scene , Hella, PIAA and KC HiLites. If you live in the Midwest or Northeast where the snow storms are cold enough to send shivers through Nanook of the North's bones, fog lights would improve your visibility in white-out conditions. Or, if you're like most people and live in an area that sees a blend of stormy and clear weather, it's a good idea to mount both fog lights and driving lights, so that you're prepared for anything. What are your roads like? You don't drive the same way on a curvy mountain road as you do on a straight highway. Different roads require distinctive driving styles and lights to match. If you live in an area where the roads hardly ever curve, then some long-range driving lights are right for you. If you spend a lot of time on winding roads, check out a pair of cornering driving lights, or even the intelligent lighting system. If you're a city slicker who hardly ever pulls off of the urban streets, you can always modernize your vehicle's style with new OEM replacement lights, including headlights , tail lights, corner lights , bumper lights , side markers and parking lights . Do you drive a vintage or a late-model vehicle? While we might argue that auto manufacturers don't make cars like they used to, it is undeniable that the technology has advanced by leaps and bounds. Besides the addition of computer-controlled suspensions, GPS navigation systems and satellite radios, automobile lighting has also greatly improved over the years. Unlike a suspension, though, new lighting technology is easy to install. If you cruise around in a classic or just can't bear to part with your first set of wheels, a quality pair of conversion headlights can greatly improve your visibility. IPCW and RDX both make choice conversion headlights. If you just bought your dream car but did not get the total lighting package, you can easily add a set of fog lights, driving lights or both. If the lights on your vintage automobile have started to show their age, you can swap them out with some new factory-fitting replacement lights. Do you want halogen or HID xenon lights? You might be thinking that light is light, but there are very real differences between the glow of one bulb and the glow of another. Automotive lighting has made a lot of progress since the early days, and now there are two types duking it out for the number one spot. Halogen A halogen bulb is like a regular incandescent light bulb on steroids–it works on the same principle but produces a great deal more light. The halogen bulb's tungsten filament is contained inside an atmospheric vacuum, so it burns at a much higher temperature and generates a brighter, whiter light. Plus, bromine and iodine are floating around inside the bulb to strengthen the filament, which makes them last much longer. Halogen bulbs perform at a higher, consistent output throughout their lives. HID Xenon HID is short for High-Intensity Discharge, and it is the wave of the automotive lighting future. These lights use a short electrical arc to superheat a ball of xenon gas, which glows incredibly bright and very white. One of the most striking advantages of HID xenon lighting is the brightness and the way that it nearly matches the color and look of daylight. Plus, they generate all this light while still consuming considerably less power than conventional halogen bulbs. Hella specializes in building HID lights. The Guide to OEM Light Upgrades Whether you're looking to brighten your vehicle's appearance with a sleek new pair of headlights or stand out from traffic with a European-inspired set of tail lights, AutoAnything has just what you need to personalize your stock lighting. Let's take a closer look at all the lights that you can modify, including: Headlights Corner lights and side markers Bumper lights and side markers Headlights When it comes to your vehicle's lighting system, headlights are the leader of the pack. They have the most important job of all the lights on your vehicle: to light up the road and guide you safely on your way. Auto manufacturers, however, usually do not spend a lot of creative time designing imaginative headlights. Squares, rectangles and triangles may have turned heads back in the 80's, but they hardly even get a raised eyebrow from us modern, cultivated motorists. If you're fed up with the unimaginative headlights that came with your vehicle, AutoAnything has good news for you. We have total replacement headlights that you can hookup in the place of your OEM headlights. And, you don't need a degree in electrical engineering to make the trade. A few twists of your screwdriver, a couple of loosened nuts, and some wire swapping is about all it takes to install a new set. The total time it takes to transform your front end should be no more than 20 minutes for most novice handymen (and women). When you're perusing our headlights , keep in mind that there are two basic types: Reflector Headlights Reflector headlights have been around for a long time, and they have a proven track record. They're design is simple: take a small light source and magnify it into a powerful beam. The housing is curved and covered with a reflective material, like mirrors. A bulb is mounted right in the center, and when it's switched on, the light strikes the reflective surface and is bounced back as a stronger, brighter and larger beam. The downside to this type of lamp, though, is that some of the light will inevitably scatter away and be lost. Check out APC , IPCW and TYC for a first-class set of reflector headlights. Projector Headlights The latest and greatest in automotive lighting technology is projector headlight technology. They work much like the traditional reflector optics, but with an added step. After the light bounces off the reflective surface, it travels through a lens, which focuses the light into an incredibly tight, powerful beam. Hardly any light is scattered away, so you're left with brilliant illumination and a futuristic look. You’ll find eye-catching projector headlights from major brands like APC and IPCW. Tail Lights If headlights are the king of your vehicle's lighting system, then tail lights are second in command. Tail lights play a more defensive role than headlights. Their job is to let other motorists know where you are and what you're doing. At night, in the fog and in stormy weather, your tail lights broadcast your presence to everyone behind you. Also, they shine when you step on the brakes, letting tailgaters know when to back off. The same design problems that plague most stock headlights are present in nearly all tail lights. Namely, they look like they were built merely for function, not for style. You could even say that many of today's tail lights are to style what PONG is to video games: outdated, unappealing and long overdue for an upgrade. There are two ways to take your tail lights from mild to wild. First, you can simply stick on a premium pair of tail light covers . Riding directly on top of your tail lights, these covers add sleek Euro-inspired styling to your rear end without completely replacing the whole assembly. They mount in minutes with a bit of Velcro, but their effect on your vehicle's appearance is lasting. Your other option for augmenting your vehicle's rear end styling is to do a total tail light transplant. Besides their sharp looks, these replacement units are built tough to withstand grueling road conditions. They have tight-fitting gaskets to prevent water and moisture from building up, and heat vents to keep the bulbs from overheating. Corner Lights and Side Markers Our selection of high quality corner lights and side markers are perfect for replacing worn-out, yellowing or cracked factory-installed gear. Of course, you can get more creative with them as well. Use them to add a bit of flair to your vehicle. Or, if you've already started redesigning your lighting system, corner lights and side markers match most clear and Euro-inspired headlights and tail lights. As long as you have opposable thumbs, you can install a new set of corner lights or side markers. They are completely custom designed to fit exactly in place of your old lights, so you don't have to make any modifications or do any drilling to mount them. Out with the old and in with the new. It's as easy as that. Bumper Lights and Parking Lights Because bumper lights and parking lights are mounted so low to the ground, they're vulnerable to a lot of unintended damage. Parking lot mishaps, driveway disasters, and fender benders can spell death to these OEM lights. What's worse, most dealerships charge an arm and a leg for replacement parts. Luckily, AutoAnything has a stockpile of high quality bumper and parking lights that don't just replace your stock lighting, they also electrify the styling of your vehicle. Plus, they blend perfectly with other clear and Euro-style lighting upgrades. Just like the majority of bumper lights and parking lights are incredibly easy to install. In most cases, all you have to do is remove a couple of screws, unplug a wire and then repeat those steps in reverse. The Guide to Adding Auxiliary Lights More often than not, new vehicles do not come from the factory with a full array of lights . This keeps the production costs down, but leaves us unprepared for some of the most common driving situations, such as rainy weather, foggy roads, and even nighttime cruising. Auxiliary lights pick up where your auto manufacturer leaves off. There are two basic types of auxiliary lights : fog lights and driving lights . Let's take a closer look at the unique characteristics of each type: Fog lights Driving lights Fog Lights Anyone who has driven through a thick patch of fog knows that switching on the high beams does not improve your visibility–it makes it worse. That's because the light from your high beams reflects off the water droplets in the fog, bouncing right back into your eyes. The same thing happens when you're driving through other foul weather, like rain storms or snow flurries. Traditional low beams and high beams just can't cut through. Fog lights are the answer to driving through pea soup and foul weather. Quick Tip: How to Drive in Fog Driving through thick patches of fog can be treacherous. Even with a pair of quality fog lights leading the way, it can still seem like you're maneuvering with a blindfold on. When you happen across a bit of fog, it's recommended to use the following precautions. Slow down to a speed that matches the conditions. Be sure to turn on your lights, but do not use your high beams. Leave a lot of space between yourself and the people in front of you. Keep an eye on your speedometer because people often become disoriented and speed up unintentionally. Drive in the slow lane so that you can pull off onto the shoulder in case of an emergency stop. Minimize your distractions by turning down the radio and turning off your cell phone. Set your windshield wipers to intermittent and run your defroster periodically. Lastly, if the fog becomes too dense to continue, pull completely off onto the shoulder, turn on your emergency blinkers and wait for the mist to lift. The only effective way to drive through dense fog is to angle the light downward onto the road, so that it avoids running right into the reflective water droplets. Typically, fog hovers about 12"–18" above the road's surface. Fog lights mount low on your front bumper, and cast a wide beam of light down onto the road. That way, the light gets lower than the fog, and you're able to see clearer and drive safer. What's more, in order to keep the light from extending above the level of your bumper, the beams of light are cut off at the top (imagine an Oreo cookie that's been divided in half). How your fog lights are aimed is extremely important. If they're angled too high, their light will just shoot right up into the mist—not to mention right into the eyes of oncoming motorists. If they're angled too low, then their range is greatly reduced, and you won't be able to see far enough ahead. Thankfully, the Society of Automotive Engineers ( S.A.E. ) has taken the guess work out of aiming fog lights by developing a standard system. Here's how it works: Mount the fog lights on the front of your vehicle between 10"–14" up from the ground. Park your vehicle 25' away from a flat wall, like a garage door or the side of a building. You'll want to make sure that the ground is level so that the results are accurate. Measure the height from the center of the lamp to the ground. Use that same measurement to draw a line on the wall with some chalk. Turn on the fog lights, and take a look at where the light hits on the wall. The tops of the beams should be 4" below the line you drew. A properly aimed set of fog lights not only gives you better visibility, it's also good roadway etiquette. Misaligned fog lights can shoot right into the eyes of oncoming drivers, and no one wants blinded motorist on the road, especially on stormy nights. After the initial alignment, periodically check to make sure that the lights are still aimed correctly. Since fog lights mount so low to the ground, they are at greater risk of being knocked out of position. A number of well-respected companies craft quality fog lights, including Hella , PIAA and KC HiLites . Driving Lights Safe driving is dependent on our ability to react to any situation, but we can only respond to what we can see. Low beams and high beams are our first line of defense against poor visibility, but often their range falls short. Driving lights pick up the slack. They're designed to boost the intensity and range of your high beams, showering the roadway with brilliant light. When we can see clearly, we're able to rapidly respond to whatever may come our way. If you think about it, driving lights give you the power to peer into the future. All their extra light reveals the road that lies ahead of you, and you can use that knowledge of upcoming conditions to plan your next course of action. Without the foresight that driving lights deliver, your ability to respond to hazards is greatly diminished. Because of this special characteristic, driving lights are most effective for nighttime highway driving because of the higher cruising speeds. Driving lights generate beams that are more focused than fog lights because they're engineered to travel farther in advance of your vehicle. As such, correctly aiming them is crucial to improve your own visibility while avoiding blinding other motorists. Follow these S.A.E. tips to properly align your driving lights. Mount your driving lights on the front of your vehicle 14"–30" up from the ground. Park 25' away from a flat wall, like a garage door or the side of a building. Level ground gives you the most accurate results. Measure the distance from the center of your driving light down to the pavement, and mark that distance on the wall with chalk. Flip on the lights and find the center of the hot spot, which is the intense inner circle of the beam. Tilt the driving light so that the center of the hot spot is 1 ½" below the mark you made in the wall. While there is little variation in the beam pattern of fog lights, driving lights come in a number of different styles that are optimized for specific driving conditions. Normal Driving Light Pattern This standard pattern increases the range and brightness of your vehicle's high beams. It's designed for higher nighttime cruising speeds, and it helps you clearly see signs and hazards long before your normal high beams. Euro Light Beam Pattern This pattern is designed to produce an exceptionally strong beam of light with wider coverage than the normal pattern. In fact, it projects its beam up to 1,500' away at a width of 250'. The beams are angled upward and to the right, illuminating the side of the road and making it much easier to see street signs and pedestrians. Cornering Light Beam Pattern This beam pattern is designed to improve your front and side vision, especially for winding roads, tight curves and cornering. Plus, you can get an intelligent lighting system that automatically senses when you're driving around a bend and turns on a fill light to illuminate the curve. Pencil Light Beam Pattern This pattern puts out a powerful, narrow and extremely long stream of light that's designed for reaching maximum distances. The range for a single beam can extend up to 2,500' long by 120' feet wide. Because of their power, pencil beam lights are recommended for off-road and racing use. The Guide to Off-Road Lights Hitting the road at night, in storms or in fog can be quite hazardous. Doing the same thing when there isn't even any pavement below your wheels is an entirely different matter. You must be able to see where you're going at all times. But, no ordinary lights can handle the harsh environment of life on the trail. Everything must be built stronger, tougher and more resilient in order to survive. In other words, what works for city slickers just won't cut it out in the country, but you can get special off-road lights . Off-road lights are a lot like auxiliary lights . They come in your choice of fog lights or driving lights and in a wide range of beam patterns, too. Unlike normal auxiliary lights, off-road lights are built to different standards: Tougher Materials Size and Mounting Tougher Materials Because off-road lights must be able to endure anything that Mother Nature can throw at them, they are crafted from heavyweight materials. Some are tougher than others, so you'll want to get a set of off-road lights that matches how hard you work or play in the dirt. ABS Plastic (Tough): ABS plastic has long been a staple ingredient in the automotive parts industry because it's quite strong, impervious to rust and easy to shape. If you're into the occasional adventure, off-roading lights that are made from ABS plastic are an excellent choice. Aluminum (Tougher): For strength, durability and resilience that's a step above ABS plastic, aluminum is the way to go. An all-metal light is better equipped to survive off-roading hazards, such as run-ins with low-hanging branches and scrapes with boulders. Aluminum off-road lights is recommended for off-roaders who regularly hit the dusty trails. Steel (Toughest): The same material with the strength to support skyscrapers is available to safeguard and protect your off-road lights. In fact, there is no tougher material than steel when it comes to shielding your off-road lights. It's the only choice for back country adventurers who push their trips to the extreme. Robust Weatherproofing When you head out into the backcountry, you expose your vehicle to harsh conditions that just do not arise when you're on city roads. You're not very likely to run into a mud bog in the middle of Main St, or drive through a sand storm while commuting to work on the freeway. As such, off-road lights have to be built to a higher standard of ruggedness than normal auxiliary lights. A quality off-road light will be sealed against its most common elemental enemies: water, mud and sand. Also, the wiring harnesses for many off-road lights are insulated to prevent short circuiting. Plus, the light covers are thicker and sturdier to deflect kicked up rocks, gravel and other airborne debris. For the finishing touch, most off-road lights have a tough wire mesh shield to ward off larger hazards. Size and Mounting When there are no streets, there are no street lights to help illuminate your path. Even if there's a full moon out, it's hardly bright enough to make driving over dirt roads safe. To compensate for the natural darkness of the frontier, off-road lights come in larger sizes than auxiliary lights. You can get lights that are just about 10" in diameter, which is big enough to make even the darkest stretch of road seem like daytime. Besides being built larger, off-road lights are also designed for greater mounting flexibility. They can bolt to your bumper , your grille guard , your light bar , your headache rack or even the top of your roll cage . Normal auxiliary lights are strictly limited when it comes to installation because state laws regulate the maximum mounting height. Off-road lights are not bound by these same laws, so you can attach them wherever you please. However, it is not legal in most states to use your off-road lights unless you actually are off-road. Besides, you should keep protective covers over your off-road lights for an extra line of defense when you're not using them. Shop Popular Lights Products	Wind
Balmoral Castle is in which European country?	Severe Weather 101: Tornado Basics Severe Weather 101 What we do: Read more about NSSL's tornado research here . What is a tornado? A tornado is a narrow, violently rotating column of air that extends from the base of a thunderstorm to the ground. Because wind is invisible, it is hard to see a tornado unless it forms a condensation funnel made up of water droplets, dust and debris. Tornadoes are the most violent of all atmospheric storms. Where do tornadoes occur? Tornadoes occur in many parts of the world, including Australia, Europe, Africa, Asia, and South America. Even New Zealand reports about 20 tornadoes each year. Two of the highest concentrations of tornadoes outside the U.S. are Argentina and Bangladesh. How many tornadoes occur in the U.S. each year? About 1,200 tornadoes hit the U.S. yearly. Since official tornado records only date back to 1950, we do not know the actual average number of tornadoes that occur each year. Plus, tornado spotting and reporting methods have changed a lot over the last several decades. Where is tornado alley? Tornado Alley is a nickname invented by the media for a broad area of relatively high tornado occurrence in the central U.S. Various Tornado Alley maps look different because tornado occurrence can be measured many ways: by all tornadoes, tornado county-segments, strong and violent tornadoes only, and databases with different time periods. Please remember, violent or killer tornadoes do happen outside “Tornado Alley” every year. When are tornadoes most likely? Tornado season usually refers to the time of year the U.S. sees the most tornadoes. The peak “tornado season” for the Southern Plains is during May into early June. On the Gulf coast, it is earlier during the spring. In the northern plains and upper Midwest, tornado season is in June or July. But, remember, tornadoes can happen at any time of year. Tornadoes can also happen at any time of day or night, but most tornadoes occur between 4–9 p.m. What is the difference between a Tornado WATCH and a Tornado WARNING? A Tornado WATCH is issued by the NOAA Storm Prediction Center meteorologists who watch the weather 24/7 across the entire U.S. for weather conditions that are favorable for tornadoes. A watch can cover parts of a state or several states. Watch and prepare for severe weather and stay tuned to NOAA Weather Radio to know when warnings are issued. A Tornado WARNING is issued by your local NOAA National Weather Service Forecast Office meteorologists who watch the weather 24/7 over a designated area. This means a tornado has been reported by spotters or indicated by radar and there is a serious threat to life and property to those in the path of the tornado. ACT now to find safe shelter! A warning can cover parts of counties or several counties in the path of danger. Watch this Youtube video for a great explanation! How is tornado strength rated? The most common and practical way to determine the strength of a tornado is to look at the damage it caused. From the damage, we can estimate the wind speeds. An “Enhanced Fujita Scale” was implemented by the National Weather Service in 2007 to rate tornadoes in a more consistent and accurate manner. The EF-Scale takes into account more variables than the original Fujita Scale (F-Scale) when assigning a wind speed rating to a tornado, incorporating 28 damage indicators such as building type, structures and trees. For each damage indicator, there are 8 degrees of damage ranging from the beginning of visible damage to complete destruction of the damage indicator. The original F-scale did not take these details into account. The original F-Scale historical data base will not change. An F5 tornado rated years ago is still an F5, but the wind speed associated with the tornado may have been somewhat less than previously estimated. A correlation between the original F-Scale and the EF-Scale has been developed. This makes it possible to express ratings in terms of one scale to the other, preserving the historical database. How do tornadoes form? The truth is that we don't fully understand. The most destructive and deadly tornadoes occur from supercells, which are rotating thunderstorms with a well-defined radar circulation called a mesocyclone. (Supercells can also produce damaging hail, severe non-tornadic winds, unusually frequent lightning, and flash floods.) Tornado formation is believed to be dictated mainly by things which happen on the storm scale, in and around the mesocyclone. Recent theories and results from the VORTEX2 program suggest that once a mesocyclone is underway, tornado development is related to the temperature differences across the edge of downdraft air wrapping around the mesocyclone. Mathematical modeling studies of tornado formation also indicate that it can happen without such temperature patterns; and in fact, very little temperature variation was observed near some of the most destructive tornadoes in history on 3 May 1999 . We still have lots of work to do. What do storm spotters look for when trying to identify a tornado or a dangerous storm? Inflow bands are ragged bands of low cumulus clouds extending from the main storm tower usually to the southeast or south. The presence of inflow bands suggests that the storm is gathering low-level air from several miles away. If the inflow bands have a spiraling nature to them, it suggests the presence of rotation. The beaver's tail is a smooth, flat cloud band extending from the eastern edge of the rain-free base to the east or northeast. It usually skirts around the southern edge of the precipitation area. It also suggests the presence of rotation. A wall cloud is an isolated cloud lowering attached to the rain-free base of the thunderstorm. The wall cloud is usually to the rear of the visible precipitation area. A wall cloud that may produce a tornado usually exists for 10–20 minutes before a tornado appears. A wall cloud may also persistently rotate (often visibly), have strong surface winds flowing into it, and may have rapid vertical motion indicated by small cloud elements quickly rising into the rain-free base. As the storm intensifies, the updraft draws in low-level air from several miles around. Some low-level air is pulled into the updraft from the rain area. This rain-cooled air is very humid; the moisture in the rain-cooled air quickly condenses below the rain-free base to form the wall cloud. The rear flank downdraft (RFD) is a downward rush of air on the back side of the storm that descends along with the tornado. The RFD looks like a “clear slot” or “bright slot” just to the rear (southwest) of the wall cloud. It can also look like curtains of rain wrapping around the cloud base circulation. The RFD causes gusty surface winds that occasionally have embedded downbursts. The rear flank downdraft is the motion in the storm that causes the hook echo feature on radar. A condensation funnel is made up of water droplets and extends downward from the base of the thunderstorm. If it is in contact with the ground it is a tornado; otherwise it is a funnel cloud. Dust and debris beneath the condensation funnel confirm a tornado's presence. A excellent comprehensive list of questions and answers about tornadoes can be found here: http://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/ What we do: NSSL is working to simulate storms that produce tornadoes in computer models to better understand how they form and behave. More Severe Weather 101:	i don't know
The English resort of Clacton-on-Sea lies on which body of water?	English Channel Map, English Channel Location Facts, Major Bodies of Water, England - World Atlas other bodies of water Some 10,000 years ago as the last Ice Age melted away, new bodies of water formed including the English Channel and Irish Sea , Great Britain and Ireland were now islands and both would eventually benefit from that process. The Roman Legions (40,000 strong) crossed the dangerous English Channel in 43 AD. Literally undefended, the Romans named this wild new province, Britannia, and for some 350 years they controlled and influenced it, until their own Empire collapsed upon itself in 410 AD. Though many invasion attempts occurred via the channel over the centuries (some successful, some not) in modern times the English Channel has helped Britain and Ireland defend themselves from outside invaders, namely the German Army during World War II. The English Channel is a part of the Atlantic Ocean , and it separates the island of Britain (part of the UK ) from northern France and joins the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean . It is today one of the busiest shipping lanes on the planet. It's approximately 350 miles long, and at its narrowest in the Strait of Dover. It's somewhat shallow, with an average depth of less than 50 meters between Dover and Calais. Completed in 1994, the Channel Tunnel, a 31-mile long rail tunnel beneath the English Channel at the Straits of Dover, connects France and England	North Sea
The winner of the UK television series ‘The Apprentice’ gets the chance to work for which British businessman?	English Channel Map, English Channel Location Facts, Major Bodies of Water, England - World Atlas other bodies of water Some 10,000 years ago as the last Ice Age melted away, new bodies of water formed including the English Channel and Irish Sea , Great Britain and Ireland were now islands and both would eventually benefit from that process. The Roman Legions (40,000 strong) crossed the dangerous English Channel in 43 AD. Literally undefended, the Romans named this wild new province, Britannia, and for some 350 years they controlled and influenced it, until their own Empire collapsed upon itself in 410 AD. Though many invasion attempts occurred via the channel over the centuries (some successful, some not) in modern times the English Channel has helped Britain and Ireland defend themselves from outside invaders, namely the German Army during World War II. The English Channel is a part of the Atlantic Ocean , and it separates the island of Britain (part of the UK ) from northern France and joins the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean . It is today one of the busiest shipping lanes on the planet. It's approximately 350 miles long, and at its narrowest in the Strait of Dover. It's somewhat shallow, with an average depth of less than 50 meters between Dover and Calais. Completed in 1994, the Channel Tunnel, a 31-mile long rail tunnel beneath the English Channel at the Straits of Dover, connects France and England	i don't know
On a regular clockface, which number lies opposite number one?	Numbers \| Define Numbers at Dictionary.com Numbers noun, (used with a singular verb) 1. the fourth book of the Old Testament, containing the census of the Israelites after the Exodus from Egypt. Abbreviation: Num. a numeral or group of numerals. 2. the sum, total, count, or aggregate of a collection of units, or the like: A number of people were hurt in the accident. The number of homeless children in the city has risen alarmingly. 3. a word or symbol, or a combination of words or symbols, used in counting or in noting a total. 4. the particular numeral assigned to an object so as to designate its place in a series: house number; license number. one of a series of things distinguished by or marked with numerals. 6. a certain collection, company, or quantity not precisely reckoned, but usually considerable or large: I've gone there a number of times. 7. the full count of a collection or company. 8. Their number was more than 20,000. 10. a considerable amount or quantity; many: Numbers flocked to the city to see the parade. metrical feet; verse. Informal. the figures representing the actual cost, expense, profit, etc.: We won't make a decision until we see the numbers. quantity as composed of units: to increase the number of eligible voters. 12. numerical strength or superiority; complement: The garrison is not up to its full number. 13. a tune or arrangement for singing or dancing. 14. a single or distinct performance within a show, as a song or dance: The comic routine followed the dance number. 15. a single part of a program made up of a group of similar parts: For her third number she played a nocturne. 16. any of a collection of poems or songs. 17. a distinct part of an extended musical work or one in a sequence of compositions. 18. conformity in music or verse to regular beat or measure; rhythm. 19. a single part of a book published in a series of parts. 20. a single issue of a periodical: several numbers of a popular magazine. 21. a code of numerals, letters, or a combination of these assigned to a particular telephone: Did you call the right number? 22. Grammar. a category of noun, verb, or adjective inflection found in many languages, as English, Latin, and Arabic, used to indicate whether a word has one or more than one referent. There may be a two-way distinction in number, as between singular and plural, three-way, as between singular, dual, and plural, or more. 23. the attractive number standing at the bar. 24. Informal. an article of merchandise, especially of wearing apparel, offered for sale: Put those leather numbers in the display window. 25. mathematics regarded as a science, a basic concept, and a mode of thought: Number is the basis of science. verb (used with object) to mark with or distinguish by numbers: Number each of the definitions. 27. to amount to or comprise in number; total: The manuscript already numbers 425 pages. 28. to consider or include in a number: I number myself among his friends. 29. to mention individually or one by one; enumerate: They numbered the highlights of their trip at length. 31. to set or fix the number of; limit in number; make few in number: The sick old man's days are numbered. 32. to live or have lived (a number of years). 33. to ascertain the number of; count. 34. The players were numbered into two teams. verb (used without object) to make a total; reach an amount: Casualties numbered in the thousands. 36. to be numbered or included (usually followed by among or with): Several eminent scientists number among his friends. 37. do a number on, Slang. to undermine, defeat, humiliate, or criticize thoroughly: The committee really did a number on the mayor's proposal. to discuss or discourse about, especially in an entertaining way: She could do a number on anything from dentistry to the Bomb. 40. to give a performance; perform: It's time for you to get on stage and do your number. Slang. to behave in a predictable or customary manner: Whenever I call, he does his number about being too busy to talk. 41. get / have someone's number, Informal. to become informed about someone's real motives, character, intentions, etc.: He was only interested in her fortune, but she got his number fast. 42. have one's number on it, Slang. to be thought of as the instrument of fate in the death of a person: That bullet had his number on it. 43. one's number is (was, will be) up, Slang. one is (was, will be) in serious trouble. one is (was, will be) on the point of death: Convinced that her number was up anyway, she refused to see doctors. 44. the symbol used to represent a number; numeral 3. a numeral or string of numerals used to identify a person or thing, esp in numerical order: a telephone number 4. the person or thing so identified or designated: she was number seven in the race 5. the sum or quantity of equal or similar units or things: a large number of people 6. one of a series, as of a magazine or periodical; issue 7. a self-contained piece of pop or jazz music a self-contained part of an opera or other musical score, esp one for the stage 8. a group or band of people, esp an exclusive group: he was not one of our number 9. (slang) a person, esp a woman: who's that nice little number? 10. (informal) an admired article, esp an item of clothing for a woman: that little number is by Dior 11. (slang) a cannabis cigarette: roll another number 12. a grammatical category for the variation in form of nouns, pronouns, and any words agreeing with them, depending on how many persons or things are referred to, esp as singular or plural in number and in some languages dual or trial 13. any number of, several or many 14. (military) by numbers, (of a drill procedure, etc) performed step by step, each move being made on the call of a number 15. (US, slang) do a number on someone, to manipulate or trick someone 16. (informal) get someone's number, have someone's number, to discover someone's true character or intentions 17. in numbers, in large numbers; numerously 18. (Brit, informal) one's number is up, one is finished; one is ruined or about to die 19.	seven
What colour is the ten Euro banknote?	Josie Davis CALIFORNIA GIRL - YouTube Josie Davis CALIFORNIA GIRL Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on May 24, 2012 This talented Hollywood, California native has been acting all of her life. Josie Davis began her career at the age of 3, starring in numerous television commercials. She made such a lasting impression on industry executives that, at the age of 12, Davis was invited to audition and was cast as a series regular on the hit television show "Charles in Charge" (1984) (Davis played the adorable, intelligent poet "Sarah Powell" opposite heartthrob Scott Baio). The show was rated number-one in syndication. After wrapping "Charles in Charge", the straight-A student graduated from high school and battled the image that she created playing the quiet, sweet, bookish, little girl. Although she had the option of entering USC's prestigious writing program, Davis decided to continue acting and to shed the "Sarah Powell" image. Around that time, Davis's father (an actor, artist and drummer) suggested that Davis watch The Strange One (1957), the first film produced by Lee Strasberg's highly respected Actors Studio. One of the film's stars, Paul E. Richards, later became Strasberg's "right-hand man" and one of Hollywood's most respected acting coaches. Davis has studied the craft with Richards for seventeen years. Impressed with Davis's acting ability, Richards encouraged Davis to audition for the Actors Studio. At the age of 24, Davis auditioned for Hollywood heavyweights, Shelley Winters, Mark Rydell and Martin Landau. Davis was accepted as a member after only two auditions. Although hundreds of people auditioned, only one other actor was offered a membership that year. Davis graduated to adult roles and quickly landed a role as a series regular on "Beverly Hills, 90210" (1990), playing the part of sexy, "Camille Desmond", which she starred in through the end of the series. The following season, Davis was cast as a series regular on the Aaron Spelling show, "Titans" (2000). Davis took a brief reprieve from television and was immediately cast in six films. After searching endlessly for the perfect actress, Nicolas Cage cast Davis in his directorial debut, Sonny (2002). Davis was cast opposite James Franco in a star-studded cast that included Brenda Blethyn and Harry Dean Stanton. Davis returned to television and landed parts in highly-rated television films like Psychic Murders (2002) (V), alongside Henry Rollins and James Russo. She followed that success with notable turns in the critically-acclaimed dramas "Philly" (2001) with Kim Delaney, "The Division" (2001), "CSI: Miami" (2002) alongside David Caruso and Blind Injustice (2005) (TV), to name just a few. Davis was also cast opposite Jennifer Love Hewitt and Ed O'Neal in a pilot for ABC called "In the Game". Davis continued to explore her comedic side playing "Carol Cavanaugh" in the film Kalamazoo? (2006) co-starring Claire Bloom, Renee Taylor and Chita Rivera. She also completed filming the motion picture In the Land of Merry Misfits (2007), produced by Maria Menounos, narrated by John Waters. The film was accepted into 2007's "Tribeca Film Festival". Davis then landed a very memorable guest-starring role in the 2005 Christmas episode of the CBS hit, "Two and a Half Men" (2003). US Weekly chose this episode as a "Must See". Next for this talented actress were starring roles in the films Tranced (2010) directed by The Sandlot (1993) and Radio Flyer (1992) director, David M. Evans; The Trouble with Romance (2007), Paul Haggis had a hand in the writing of this film, co-starring Kip Pardue; Carolina Moon (2007) (TV) alongside Claire Forlani and Oliver Hudson; and McBride: Requiem (2008) (TV) with John Larroquette. Davis just wrapped playing the lead in four independent films back to back; Twilight (2008/II), a short film opposite respected Ellen Geer, the comedy Chasing Tchaikovsky (2007) with Ann Magnuson, the horror film The Cursed (2010) opposite Costas Mandylor and, finally, she played the perfect assistant to Chris Potter in longtime producer Pierre David's film, The Perfect Assistant (2008) (TV). Josie recently worked opposite David Spade on "Rules of Engagement" (2007) as well as opposite Clifton Collins Jr. in the new NBC show "Fear Itself" (2008), directed by Freddy vs. Jason (2003) director Ronny Yu. She also just shot a comedy pilot produced by J.J. Abrams' film The Suburbans (1999)-writer/producer, Tony Guma. She has also recently appeared in an episode of the popular spy-drama "Burn Notice" (2007), "Bones" (2005) and a re-occurring role on "CSI: NY" (2004) opposite Skeet Ulrich. In addition to a busy acting career, Davis produced the award-winning short film, Lotto (2003), starring Davis and projects for hip-hop sensations Triple Seven, Kevin Federline and Rohan Marley, son of the legendary Bob Marley. Josie is involved in many different charities, especially volunteer work with animals. Category	i don't know
Which English entertainer was born Thomas William Hicks in December 1936?	Tommy Steele - "What a Mouth" - YouTube Tommy Steele - "What a Mouth" Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Sep 7, 2011 Tommy Steele OBE (born Thomas William Hicks, 17 December 1936, Bermondsey, London), is an English entertainer. Steele is widely regarded as Britain's first teen idol and rock and roll star. He started out with a backing group 'The Steelmen' before going solo in 1958. This single from 1960 got to #5 in the UK and was also very popular here in Australia. Category Standard YouTube License Music	Tommy Steele
The International Inferno Race is a four-day amateur event in which sport?	IMDb: Most Popular People Born In 1936 Most Popular People Born In 1936 1-50 of 2,869 names. Sort by: STARmeter▲ \| A-Z \| Height \| Birth Date \| Death Date 1. Albert Finney Actor, Big Fish Albert Finney came from the theatre, where he was especially successful in plays of William Shakespeare , to the movies. There he became a leading figure of the young Free Cinema. His debut in cinema was in 1960 with The Entertainer of Tony Richardson who had directed him also in theatre plays various times before. His typical role were young prolets like, e.g. Arthur Seaton in Saturday Night and Sunday Morning . 2. Robert Redford Actor, The Sting Charles Robert Redford, Jr. was born on August 18, 1936, in Santa Monica, California, to Martha (Hart), from Texas, and Charles Robert Redford, an accountant for Standard Oil, who was originally from Connecticut. He is of English, Irish, and Scottish ancestry. Robert's mother died in 1955, the year after he graduated from high school... 3. Hector Elizondo Actor, The Princess Diaries Hector Elizondo was born in New York City, New York, where he was raised, on the Upper West Side of Manhattan. He is the son of Carmen Medina Reyes and Martín Echevarría Elizondo. Hector is of Basque and Puerto Rican descent, and "Elizondo" means "at the foot of the church" in Basque. His lifestyle in his pre-acting days was as diverse as the roles he plays today... 4. Burt Reynolds Actor, Boogie Nights Enduring, strong-featured, and genial star of US cinema, Burt Reynolds started off in TV westerns in the 1960s and then carved his name into 1970/1980s popular culture as a male sex symbol (posing nearly naked for "Cosmopolitan" magazine) and on-screen as both a rugged action figure and then as a wisecracking... 5. Mary Tyler Moore Actress, Mary Tyler Moore Mary Tyler Moore was born on December 29, 1936 in Flatbush, Brooklyn, to Marjorie (Hackett) and George Tyler Moore, a clerk. Her maternal grandparents were English immigrants, and her father was of English, Irish, and German descent. Moore's family relocated to California when she was eight. Her childhood was troubled... 6. Bruce Dern Actor, Nebraska Bruce Dern was born in Chicago, Illinois, to Jean (MacLeish) and John Dern, an attorney and utility chief. His paternal grandfather, George Henry Dern, served as Governor of Utah (1925-1933) and then U.S. Secretary of War (1933-1936). His ancestry includes German, English, Scottish, and Dutch. Bruce Dern had established himself as the movies' premier heavy... 7. Dennis Hopper Actor, Speed With an amazing cinematic career of more than five decades, Dennis Hopper was a multi-talented and unconventional actor/director, regarded by many as one of the true "enfants terribles" of Hollywood. Hopper was born on May 17, 1936 in Dodge City, Kansas, to Marjorie Mae (Davis) and James Millard Hopper... 8. Kris Kristofferson Actor, Blade II Kris Kristofferson was born in Brownsville, Texas, to Mary Ann (Ashbrook) and Lars Henry Kristofferson. His paternal grandparents were Swedish, and his father was a United States Air Force general who pushed his son to a military career. Kris was a Golden Gloves boxer and went to Pomona College in California... 9. Alan Alda Actor, MAS*H 10. Ursula Andress Actress, Dr. No The quintessential jet-set Euro starlet, Ursula Andress was born in the Swiss canton of Berne on March 19, 1936, one of six children in a strict German Protestant family. Although often seeming icily aloof, a restless streak early demonstrated itself in her personality, and she had an impetuous desire to explore the world outside Switzerland... 11. Dean Stockwell Actor, Quantum Leap Photogenic American child actor of the 1940s, popular due in no small measure to his air of innocence and his beautiful, cherubic face with its dimples and his sparkling eyes, topped with a crown of curls. Still an actor in demand while well into his middle years, he is one of the few juvenile performers to succeed lifelong in films... 12. David Carradine Actor, Kill Bill: Vol. 2 David Carradine was born in Hollywood, California, the eldest son of legendary character actor John Carradine , and his wife, Ardanelle Abigail (McCool). He presided over an acting family that included brothers Keith Carradine and Robert Carradine as well as his daughters Calista Carradine and Kansas Carradine , and nieces Ever Carradine and Martha Plimpton ... 13. Michael Landon Actor, Bonanza Michael Landon was born Eugene Maurice Orowitz, on Saturday, October 31st, 1936, in Forest Hills, Queens, New York. In 1941, he and his family moved to Collingswood, New Jersey. When Eugene was in high school, he participated -- and did very well -- in track and field, especially javelin throwing, and his athletic skills earned him a scholarship to USC... 14. Brian Blessed Actor, Tarzan Boisterous British actor Brian Blessed is known for his hearty, king-sized portrayals on film and television. A giant of a man accompanied by an eloquent wit and booming, operatic voice, Brian was born in 1936 and grew up in the mining village of Goldthorpe in South Yorkshire. His father was a miner who wanted a better life for his son; Brian lost three uncles in the pit... 15. Ken Loach Director, The Wind That Shakes the Barley Unlike virtually all his contemporaries, Ken Loach has never succumbed to the siren call of Hollywood, and it's virtually impossible to imagine his particular brand of British socialist realism translating well to that context. After studying law at St. Peter's College, Oxford, he branched out into the theater... 16. Frederic Forrest Actor, Apocalypse Now Frederic Forrest, the Oscar-nominated character actor, was born two days before Christmas Day 1936 in Waxahachie, Texas, the same home town as director Robert Benton . Forrest had long wanted to be an actor, but he was so nervous that he ran out of auditions for school plays. Later, at Texas Christian University... 17. James Stacy Actor, Lancer Born Maurice William Elias in Los Angeles, James Stacy is the son of a Lebanese immigrant father and an American-born mother of Irish-Scottish descent. As a teen, Stacy first aspired to play professional football but settled on a career in the movies after a friend coaxed him into taking some acting classes... 18. Jill Ireland Actress, Death Wish II Jill Ireland was an Anglo-American actress best-known for her appearance as "Leila Kalomi", the only woman Mr. Spock ever loved (in the Star Trek episode, This Side of Paradise ) and for her many supporting roles in the movies of Charles Bronson , her second husband. She is also known for her battle with breast cancer... 19. Jim Henson Actor, The Dark Crystal Jim Henson never thought that he would make a name of himself in puppetry; it was merely a way of getting himself on television. The vehicle that achieved it was Sam and Friends , a late-night puppet show that was on after the 11:00 news in Washington DC. It proved to be very popular and inspired Jim to continue using puppets for his work... 20. Mike Henry Actor, General Hospital Mike Henry was born August 15th, 1936. He was an athletic professional football player at the time he entered the movies. He played for the Pittsburgh Steelers (1958-61) and the Los Angeles Rams (1962-64). During part of that time (1961-64) he was under contract with Warner Brothers and played a variety of bit parts (TV's Surfside 6 ... 21. James Darren Actor, The Guns of Navarone Tall, good-looking James Darren was a student of acting coach Stella Adler and made his name in the 1950s in a series of teenage-themed films. A better actor than most of his contemporary teenage heartthrobs, he nevertheless found it difficult to escape the teen-idol image he got in pictures like Gidget and Gidget Goes Hawaiian ... 22. Keir Dullea Actor, 2001: A Space Odyssey Tall, slim, remote and boyishly handsome, one of Keir Dullea's most arresting features is his pale blue eyes, which featured in a number of watershed films of the 1960s. A major, up-and-coming film star from the "Camelot" years straight through the turbulent era of the U.S.-Viet Nam War, he never quite reached international fame... 23. Tommy Steele Writer, Tommy Steele in Search of Charlie Chaplin Tommy Steele had tried many odd jobs before he turned up at the famous "2 I's" coffee bar in London. There he was "discovered" by Larry Parnes and became one of Britain's first manufactured pop stars. With his cheeky grin and gently rocking songs he wasn't the threat to Elvis Presley that Parnes wanted. Despite this, Tommy has gone on to a long and rewarding film and stage career. 24. Stella Stevens Actress, General Hospital A native of Hot Coffee, Mississippi. While attending Memphis State College, Stella became interested in acting and modeling. Her film debut was a bit part in Say One for Me , but her appearance in Li'l Abner as Appassionata Von Climax is the one that got her noticed. Then her centerfold spread in Playboy was one of the most popular issues... 25. Arlene Martel Actress, A Walk to Remember Arlene Martel is well-known to Star Trek fans as Spock's Vulcan bride, T'Pring, in the episode, Amok Time . Born Arlene Greta Sax on April 14, 1936 in New York City, she spent her early years in one of the poorest slums in the Bronx. When her mother's boss saw her poor living conditions, he personally underwrote her attendance at an upper-crust boarding school in Connecticut... 26. Walter Koenig Actor, Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan Walter was educated at Grinnel College, Iowa the UCLA graduating with a degree in psychology. During high school he acted in 'Peer Gynt' and The Devil's Disciple' and during the Summer holidays from college he performed in Summer Stock in Vermont. After graduating he enrolled in New York's Neighbourhood... 27. Joe Don Baker Actor, GoldenEye Tall, broad shouldered character actor with Texan drawl first appeared in support in several Western vehicles both on TV and the cinema in the mid 1960s. Got himself noticed playing Steve McQueen's younger brother in Junior Bonner , and then scored the lead role of Buford Pusser (!) in the unexpected hit Walking Tall ... 28. Louis Gossett Jr. Actor, Enemy Mine Louis Cameron Gossett Jr. was born on May 27, 1936 in Brooklyn, New York City. He made his professional acting debut at age 17, winning the Donaldson Award as best newcomer to theatre. He went to New York University on a basketball scholarship and was invited to try out for the New York Knicks, yet... 29. Charles Napier Actor, Rambo: First Blood Part II Lively character actor who usually plays bodybuilding military types and menacing bad guys. Charles Napier's roles have changed little since his debut in Russ Meyer 's Cherry, Harry & Raquel! . Napier went on appearing in other Meyer movies, including the homicidal Harry Sledge in Supervixens and also became a regular playing smaller roles for Jonathan Demme ... 30. Sondra Blake Actress, The Caretaker 31. Anthony Zerbe Actor, American Hustle Hailing from Long Beach, California, talented character actor Anthony Zerbe has kept busy in Hollywood and on stage since the late 1960s, often playing villainous or untrustworthy characters, with his narrow gaze and unsettling smirk. Zerbe was born May 20, 1936 in Long Beach, and served a stint in... 32. Lane Smith Actor, Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman 33. Ruth Buzzi Actress, Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In Ruth Buzzi was Born July 24, 1936 in South County (Westerly), Rhode Island to Rena Pauline and Angelo Peter Buzzi, a nationally recognized stone sculptor. She Raised in Wequetequock, Connecticut, and attended Stonington High School. She Gained experience as a cheerleader performing before crowds at athletic events... 34. Jim Brown Actor, The Running Man Often mentioned as the greatest player in NFL history, this ruggedly handsome African American fullback for the Cleveland Browns first appeared on movie screens in the western Rio Conchos , followed by a strong supporting role as convict commando "Jefferson" in the terrific WW2 action film The Dirty Dozen ... 35. Alex Rocco Actor, The Godfather Tough and volatile-looking Italianate character actor Alex Rocco was born in Boston and spent time training with such notable teachers as Leonard Nimoy and Jeff Corey to curb his thick Boston accent. In Hollywood from 1963, he worked as a bartender during the lean years and began his TV career in the late 60s... 36. Shirley Knight Actress, As Good as It Gets Two time Academy Award® nominee, Golden Globe® Winner (3 time nominee), 3 time Emmy winner (7 time nominee); As Good as It Gets , Paul Blart: Mall Cop , Grandma's Boy Miss Knight was born in Gossell, Kansas the 5th of July 1936. She spent her young life in Mitchell, Kansas and later lived in Lyons, Kansas where she graduated from high school... 37. Glenda Jackson Actress, Sunday Bloody Sunday Few in modern British history have come as far or achieved as much from humble beginnings as Glenda Jackson has. From acclaimed actress to respected MP (Member of Parliament), she is known for her high intelligence and meticulous approach to her work. She was born to a working-class household in Birkenhead... 38. Joan O'Brien Actress, Operation Petticoat Joan O'Brien began her show-biz career while she was in high school, on a local TV music show in California with Tennessee Ernie Ford . Soon she was a successful singer, and made the jump to acting. In about half the films she ever made it appeared that Joan played a nurse. Perhaps her most memorable appearance was in Blake Edwards ' Operation Petticoat ... 39. Clive Swift Actor, Frenzy 40. Richard Wilson Actor, One Foot in the Grave Richard Wilson OBE (born Ian Carmichael Wilson; 9 July 1936) is a Scottish actor, theatre director and broadcaster. He played Victor Meldrew in the BBC sitcom One Foot in the Grave. A later role was as Gaius, the court physician of Camelot, in the BBC drama Merlin. Wilson was born in Greenock, Scotland... 41. Steve Landesberg Actor, Barney Miller 42. Arlene Golonka Actress, Mayberry R.F.D. A native Chicagoan, veteran character actress Arlene Golonka was born Arline Golonka. She seemed destined for acting from the start, having been named after silver screen actress Arline Judge , and her childhood was dominated by singing and acting classes. She headed to New York at the age of 19 and began a career on Broadway and in films made in New York City... 43. Nicol Williamson Actor, Spawn Nicol Williamson was an enormously talented actor who was considered by some critics to be the finest actor of his generation in the late 1960s and the 1970s, rivaled only by Albert Finney , whom Williamson bested in the classics. Williamson's 1969 "Hamlet" at the Roundhouse Theatre was a sensation in London... 44. Troy Donahue Actor, The Godfather: Part II Troy Donahue was a journalism student at Columbia University when he began playing in stock productions. He made his film debut in Man Afraid and in 1959 signed as a contract player with Warner Bros., which promoted him to stardom with A Summer Place that year. He was soon a teenage heartthrob... 45.	i don't know
Dyce Airport is in which British city?	Aberdeen International Airport homepage Ski escapes from Aberdeen Airport Hit the slopes this winter with a variety of direct routes from Aberdeen! Win a hotel stay Win a stay for 2 at the Norwood Hall Hotel, Aberdeen How many bedrooms does Norwood Hall Hotel have? 57	Aberdeen
Who did Richard Nixon defeat in 1968 to become US President?	Hotel Menzies Aberdeen Dyce, UK - Booking.com Staff 8.0 This modern hotel is over 1 miles from Aberdeen Airport and Dyce Rail Station. It has on-site parking, a restaurant and a lounge bar. A free airport shuttle service is available on request from Monday to Friday. The Hallmark Hotel Aberdeen Airport - Dyce is 6.2 miles from Aberdeen city centre. The nearby Dyce Rail Station offers direct trains to Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh, Glasgow and Inverness. The modern en suite rooms have free Wi-Fi, TVs with Sky News, hairdryers, and tea/coffee. This Aberdeen Hallmark hotel also has a Green Tourism Award. The Hallmark Aberdeen Airport Dyce has a large lounge bar serving refreshments throughout the day. The brasserie restaurant offers a range of dishes, made using seasonal produce. We speak your language! Hallmark Hotel Aberdeen Airport has been welcoming Booking.com guests since Mar 3, 2010 Hotel Rooms: 212, Hotel Chain: Hallmark Hotels Most Popular Facilities Read more Booking.com Guest Review Guidelines To keep the rating score and review content relevant for your upcoming trip, we archive reviews older than 24 months. Only a customer who has booked through Booking.com and stayed at the property in question can write a review. This allows us to verify that our reviews come from real guests like you. Who better to tell others about the free breakfast, friendly staff, or their comfortable room than someone who’s stayed at the property? We want you to share your story, with both the good and the not-so-good. All we ask is that you follow a few simple guidelines. Reviews Vision We believe review contributions and property responses will highlight a wide range of opinions and experiences, which is critical in helping guests make informed decisions about where to stay. Reviews Principles Contributions to Booking.com are a reflection of the dedication of our guests and properties, so we treat them with the utmost respect. Whether negative or positive, we'll post every comment in full and as quickly as possible, provided the guidelines are met. We'll also provide transparency over the status of submitted content. We'll use the same guidelines and standards for all user-generated content, and for the property responses to that content. We'll allow the contributions to speak for themselves, and we won’t be the judge of reality. Booking.com’s role is to be a feedback distributor for both guests and properties. Guidelines and Standards for Reviews These guidelines and standards aim to keep the content on Booking.com relevant and family-friendly, without limiting expression or strong opinions. They're also applicable regardless of the comment's tone. Contributions should be travel related. The most helpful contributions are detailed and help others make better decisions. Please don’t include personal, political, ethical, or religious commentary. Promotional content will be removed and issues concerning Booking.com’s services should be routed to our Customer Service or Accommodation Service teams. Contributions should be appropriate for a global audience. Please avoid using profanity or attempts to approximate profanity with creative spelling, in any language. Comments and media that include hate speech, discriminatory remarks, threats, sexually explicit remarks, violence, or the promotion of illegal activity are not permitted. All content should be genuine and unique to the guest. Reviews are most valuable when they are original and unbiased. Your contribution should be yours. Booking.com property partners should not post on behalf of guests or offer incentives in exchange for reviews. Attempts to bring down the rating of a competitor by submitting a negative review will not be tolerated. Respect the privacy of others. Booking.com will make an effort to obscure email addresses, telephone numbers, website addresses, social media accounts, and other similar details. The opinions expressed in contributions are those of Booking.com customers and properties, and not of Booking.com. Booking.com does not accept responsibility or liability for any reviews or responses. Booking.com is a distributor (without any obligation to verify) and not a publisher of these comments and responses. Review Score	i don't know
The famous ‘Man in the Iron Mask’ died in which prison in 1703?	the man in the iron mask \| French convict \| Britannica.com The man in the iron mask French convict Alternative Title: l’homme au masque de fer the man in the iron mask French convict l’homme au masque de fer born Paris , France The man in the iron mask, French l’homme au masque de fer (born c. 1658?—died November 19, 1703, Paris , France ), political prisoner, famous in French history and legend , who died in the Bastille in 1703, during the reign of Louis XIV . There is no historical evidence that the mask was made of anything but black velvet (velours), and only afterward did legend convert its material into iron. The Man in the Iron Mask, etching and mezzotint, 1789. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (Digital File Number: LC-DIG-ppmsca-07185) He was first imprisoned at Pignerol (Pinerolo, in Piedmont) sometime before 1681, then at other prisons before finally being transferred to the Bastille in Paris on September 18, 1698. He died there on November 19, 1703. Buried the next day in the parish cemetery of Saint-Paul, he was registered there under the name of “Marchioly,” and his age was given as “about 45.” His several moves during his lifetime corresponded with the successive postings of the prison governor Bénigne d’Auvergne de Saint-Mars, in whose charge he was evidently especially committed. The identity of the man in the mask was already a mystery before his death, and, from the 18th century on, various suggestions as to his identity were made: in 1711, an English nobleman; in 1745, Louis de Bourbon, comte de Vermandois, a son of Louis XIV and Louise de La Vallière; between 1738 and 1771, an elder brother of Louis XIV (Voltaire popularized this unlikely solution, which was later taken up by Alexandre Dumas in Dix Ans plus tard ou le Vicomte de Bragelonne [1848–50], translated into English as The Man in the Iron Mask); in 1883 Molière, imprisoned by the Jesuits in revenge for Tartuffe. Of the dozen or more hypotheses , only two have proven tenable: those for Ercole Matthioli and for Eustache Dauger. Matthioli, a minister of Ferdinand Charles, duke of Mantua, had been entrusted with the secret negotiation of the treaty of 1678 whereby the impoverished duke was to deliver the stronghold of Casale over to France in return for 100,000 écus, but, as soon as the agreement was signed, Matthioli nullified its effect by betraying the secret to several foreign courts. Furious at having been tricked, Louis XIV had him quietly abducted and imprisoned at Pinerolo (1679). It is generally agreed, however, that Matthioli died in the Îles Sainte-Marguerite in April 1694 and that the prisoner in the mask was Eustache Dauger. Britannica Stories Man in the Iron Mask - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up) The political prisoner of Louis XIV of France known as the Man in the Iron Mask was brought to the Bastille on Sept. 18, 1698. He died there on Nov. 19, 1703. He was named for the mask he was made to wear to keep his identity a secret. The mask was actually made of black velvet but was later mistakenly recorded in legend as consisting of iron. The identity of the prisoner was much speculated on. One popular theory was that he was Count Matthioli, who had double-crossed Louis XIV by refusing to betray a fortress. It is generally agreed, however, that Matthioli died in the Iles Sainte-Marguerite in April 1694 and that the prisoner in the mask was the valet Eustache Dauger. A favorite subject of literature, the Man in the Iron Mask was featured in Alexandre Dumas’s Dix Ans plus tard ou le Vicomte de Bragelonne (1848-50; Ten Years Later; or, The Vicomte de Bragelonne, translated into English as The Man in the Iron Mask). Article History	Bastille
Psellismophobia is the fear of doing what?	Scanned by the Hanover College Department of History in 1995. Proofread and pages added by Jonathan Perry, March 2001. Man in the Iron Mask THE author of the " SiecIe de Louis XIV." is the first to speak of the man in the iron mask in an authenticated history. The reason is that he was very well informed about the anecdote which astonishes the present century, which will astonish posterity, and which is only too true. He was deceived about the date of the death of this singularly unfortunate unknown. The date of his burial at St. Paul was March 3rd, 1703, and not 1704. (Note.--According to a certificate reported by Saint-Foix, the date was November 20th, 1703.) He was imprisoned first of all at Pignerol before being so on St. Margaret's Islands, and later in the Bastille; always under the same man's guard, Saint-Mars, who saw him die. Father Griffet, Jesuit, has communicated to the public the diary of the Bastille, which testifies to the dates. He had this diary without difficulty, for he held the delicate position of confessor of prisoners imprisoned in the Bastille. The man in the iron mask is a riddle to which everyone wishes to guess the answer. Some say that he was the Due de Beaufort: but the Duc de Beaufort was killed by the Turks at the defence of Candia, in 1669; and the man in the iron mask was at Pignerol, in 1662. Besides, how would one have arrested the Duke de Beaufort surrounded by his army? How would one have transferred him to France without anybody knowing anything about it? And why slould he have been put in prison, and why this mask? Others have considered the Comte de Vermandois, natural son of Louis XIV., who died publicly of the small-pox in 1683, with the army, and was buried in the town of Arras. Later it was thought that the Duke of Monmouth, whose head King James II. had cut off publicly in London in 1685, was the man in the iron mask. It would have been necessary for him to be resuscitated, and then for him to change the order of the times, for him to put the year 1662 in place of 1685; for King James who never pardoned anyone, and who on that account deserved all his misfortunes, to have pardoned the Duke of Monmouth, and to have caused the death, in his place, of a man exactly like him. It would have been necessary to find this double who would have been so kind as to have his neck cut off in public in order to save the Duke of Monmouth. It would have been necessary for the whole of England to have been under a misapprehension; for James then to have sent his earnest entreaties to Louis XIV. to be so good as to serve as his constable and gaoler. Then Louis XIV. having done King James this little favour, would not have failed to have the same consideration for King William and for Queen Anne, with whom he was at war; and he would carefully have preserved in these two monarchs' consideration his dignity of gaoler, with which King James had honoured him. All these illusions being dissipated, it remains to be learned who was this prisoner who was always masked, the age at which he died, and under what name he was buried. It is clear that if he was not allowed to pass into the courtyard of the Bastille, if he was not allowed to speak to his doctor, unless covered by a mask, it was for fear that in his features might be recognized some too striking resemblance. He might show his tongue, and never his face. As regards his age, he himself said to the Bastille apothecary, a few days before his death, that lie thought he was about sixty; and Master Marsolan, surgeon to the Marechal de Richelieu, and later to the Duc d'Orleans, regent, son-in-law of this apothecary, has repeated it to me more than once. Finally, why give him an Italian name? he was always called Marchiali! He who writes this article knows more about it, maybe, than Father Griffet, and will not say more. PUBLISHERS NOTE It is surprising to see so many scholars and so many intelligent and sagacious writers torment themselves with guessing who can have been the famous man in the iron mask, without the simplest, most natural, most probable idea ever presenting itself to them. Once the fact as M. de Voltaire reports it is admitted, with its circumstances; the existence of a prisoner of so singular a species, put in the rank of the best authenticated historical truths; it seems that not only is nothing easier than to imagine who this prisoner was, but that it is even difficult for there to be two opinions on the subject. The author of this article would have communicated his opinion earlier, if he had not believed that this idea must already have come to many others, and if he were not persuaded that it was not worth while giving as a discovery what, according to him, jumps to the eyes of all who read this anecdote. However, as for some time past this event has divided men's minds, and as quite recently the public has again been given a letter in which it is claimed as proved that this celebrated prisoner was a secretary of the Duke of Mantua (which cannot be reconciled with the great marks of respect shown by M. de Saint-Mars to his prisoner), the author has thought it his duty to tell at last what has been his opinion for many years. Maybe this conjecture will put an end to all other researches, unless the secret be revealed by those who can be its guardians, in such a way as to remove all doubts. He will not amuse himself with refuting those who have imagined that this prisoner could be the Comte de Vermandois, the Duc de Beaufort, or the Duke of Monmouth. The scholarly and very wise author of this last opinion has well refuted the others; but he had based his own opinion essentially merely on the impossibility of finding in Europe some other prince whose detention it would have been of the very highest importance should not be known. M. de SaintFoix is right, if he means to speak only of princes whose existence was known; but why has nobody yet thought of supposing that the iron mask might have been an unknown prince, brought up in secret, and whose existence it was important should remain unknown? The Duke of Monmouth was not for France a prince of such great importance; and one does not see even what could have engaged this power, at least after the death of this duke and of James II., to make so great a secret of his detention, if indeed he was the iron mask. It is hardly probable either that M. de Louvois and M. de Saint-Mars would have shown the Duke of Monmouth the profound respect which M. de Voltaire assures they showed the iron mask. The author conjectures, from the way that M. de Voltaire has told the facts, that this celebrated historian is as persuaded as he is of the suspicion which he is going, he says, to bring to light; but that M. de Voltaire, as a Frenchman, did not wish, he adds, to publish point-blank, particularly as he had said enough for the answer to the riddle not to be difficult to guess. Here it is, he continues, as I see it. "The iron mask was undoubtedly a brother and an elder brother of Louis XIV., whose mother had that taste for fine linen on which M. de Voltaire lays stress. It was in reading the Memoirs of that time, which report this anecdote about the queen, that, recalling this same taste in the iron mask, I doubted no longer that he was her son: a fact of which all the other circumstances had persuaded me already. "It is known that Louis XIII. had not lived with the queen for a long time; that the birth of Louis XIV. was due only to a happy chance skilfully induced; a chance which absolutely obliged the king to sleep in the same bed with the queen. This is how I think the thing came to pass. "The queen may have thought that it was her fault that no heir was born to Louis XIII. The birth of the iron mask will have undeceived her. The cardinal to whom she will have confided the fact will have known, for more than one reason, how to turn the secret to account; he will have thought of making use of this event for his own benefit and for the benefit of the state. Persuaded by this example that the queen could give the king children, the plan which produced the chance of one bed for the king and the queen was arranged in consequence. But the queen and the cardinal, equally impressed with the necessity of hiding from Louis XIII. the iron mask's existence, will have had him brought up in secret. This secret will have been a secret for Louis XIV. until Cardinal Mazarin's death. "But this monarch learning then that he had a brother, and an elder brother whom his mother could not disacknowledge, who further bore maybe the marked features which betrayed his origin, reflecting that this child born during marriage could not, without great inconvenience and a horrible scandal, be declared illegitimate after Louis XIII.'s death, Louis XIV. will have judged that he could not use a wiser or juster means than the one he employed in order to assure his own tranquillity and the peace of the state; means which relieved him of committing a cruelty which policy would have represented as necessary to a monarch less conscientious and less magnanimous than Louis XIV. "It seems to me, our author continues, that the more one knows of the history of those times, the more one must be struck by these assembled circumstances which are in favour of such a supposition."	i don't know
What was the name of the motel in Tennessee in which Martin Luther King Jr was shot dead in 1968?	Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. (4 April 1968) Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. (4 April 1968) At 6:05 P.M. on Thursday, 4 April 1968, Martin Luther King was shot dead while standing on a balcony outside his second-ﬂoor room at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee. News of King’s assassination prompted major outbreaks of racial violence, resulting in more than 40 deaths nationwide and extensive property damage in over 100 American cities. James Earl Ray, a 40-year-old escaped fugitive, later confessed to the crime and was sentenced to a 99-year prison term. During King’s funeral a tape recording was played in which King spoke of how he wanted to be remembered after his death: ‘‘I’d like somebody to mention that day that Martin Luther King Jr. tried to give his life serving others’’(King, ‘‘Drum Major Instinct,’’ 85). King had arrived in Tennessee on Wednesday, 3 April to prepare for a march the following Monday on behalf of striking Memphis sanitation workers . As he prepared to leave the Lorraine Motel for a dinner at the home of Memphis minister Samuel ‘‘Billy’’ Kyles, King stepped out onto the balcony of room 306 to speak with Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) colleagues standing in the parking area below. An assassin ﬁred a single shot that caused severe wounds to the lower right side of his face. SCLC aides rushed to him, and Ralph Abernathy cradled King’s head. Others on the balcony pointed across the street toward the rear of a boarding house on South Main Street where the shot seemed to have originated. An ambulance rushed King to St. Joseph’s Hospital, where doctors pronounced him dead at 7:05 P.M. President Lyndon B. Johnson called for a national day of mourning to be observed on 7 April. In the following days, public libraries, museums, schools, and businesses were closed, and the Academy Awards ceremony and numerous sporting events were postponed. On 8 April King’s widow, Coretta Scott King , and other family members joined thousands of participants in a march in Memphis honoring King and supporting the sanitation workers. King’s funeral service was held the following day in Atlanta at Ebenezer Baptist Church . It was attended by many of the nation’s political and civil rights leaders, including Jacqueline Kennedy, Vice President Hubert Humphrey, and Ralph Bunche . Morehouse College President Benjamin Mays delivered the eulogy, predicting that King ‘‘would probably say that, if death had to come, I am sure there was no greater cause to die for than ﬁghting to get a just wage for garbage collectors’’ (Mays, 9 April 1968). Over 100,000 mourners followed two mules pulling King’s cofﬁn through the streets of Atlanta. After another ceremony on the Morehouse campus, King’s body was initially interred at South-View Cemetery. Eventually, it was moved to a crypt next to the Ebenezer Church at the King Center , an institution founded by King’s widow. Shortly after the assassination, a policeman discovered a bundle containing a 30.06 Remington riﬂe next door to the boarding house. The largest investigation in Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) history led its agents to an apartment in Atlanta. Fingerprints uncovered in the apartment matched those of James Earl Ray, a fugitive who had escaped from a Missouri prison in April 1967. FBI agents and police in Memphis produced further evidence that Ray had registered on 4 April at the South Main Street roominghouse and that he had taken a second-ﬂoor room near a common bathroom with a view of the Lorraine Motel. The identiﬁcation of Ray as a suspect led to an international manhunt. On 19 July 1968, Ray was extradited to the United States from Britain to stand trial. In a plea bargain, Tennessee prosecutors agreed in March 1969 to forgo seeking the death penalty when Ray pled guilty to murder charges. The circumstances leading to the plea later became a source of controversy, when Ray recanted his confession soon after being sentenced to a 99-year term in prison. During the years following King’s assassination, doubts about the adequacy of the case against Ray were fueled by revelations of the extensive surveillance of King by the FBI and other government agencies. Beginning in 1976, the House Select Committee on Assassinations, chaired by Representative Louis Stokes, re-examined the evidence concerning King’s assassination, as well as that of President John F. Kennedy . The committee’s ﬁnal report suggested that Ray may have had co-conspirators. The report nonetheless concluded that there was no convincing evidence of government complicity in King’s assassination. After recanting his guilty plea, Ray continued to maintain his innocence, claiming to have been framed by a gun-smuggler he knew as ‘‘Raoul.’’ In 1993 Ray’s lawyer, William F. Pepper, sought to build popular support to reopen Ray’s case by staging a televised mock trial of Ray in which the ‘‘jury’’ found him not guilty. In 1997 members of King’s family publicly supported Ray’s appeal for a new trial, and King’s son Dexter Scott King supported Ray’s claims innocence during a televised prison encounter. Despite this support Tennessee authorities refused to reopen the case, and Ray died in prison on 23 April 1998. Even after Ray’s death, conspiracy allegations continued to surface. In 1999, on behalf of King’s widow and children, Pepper won a token civil verdict of wrongful death against Lloyd Jowers, owner of Jim’s Grill, a restaurant across the street from the Lorraine Motel. Although the trial produced considerable testimony that contradicted the original case against Ray, the Justice Department announced in 2000 that its own internal investigation, launched in 1998 at the King family’s request, had failed to ﬁnd sufﬁcient evidence to warrant a further investigation. Sources Homer Bigarts, ‘‘Leaders at Rites,’’ New York Times, 10 April 1968. Honey, Going Down Jericho Road, 2007. King, ‘‘Drum Major Instinct,’’ in Knock at Midnight, eds. Carson and Holloran, 1998. Mays, Eulogy, 9 April 1968, MLKJP-GAMK. Pepper, Orders to Kill, 1995. Posner, Killing the Dream, 1998.	National Civil Rights Museum
How many Harry Potter books were written by J K Rowling?	Sun Studio Guided Tour The Lorraine Hotel in Memphis is the historic site of Martin Luther King, Jr's assassination on April 4, 1968. His assassination took place just a day after King's legendary speech at the Mason Temple Church of God in Christ, which is largely quoted and referenced even today. The hotel itself was built in 1925 and originally only permitted white patrons, as was customary for many southern hotels in the early 20th century. Yet after World War II, the hotel evolved with the times and began accepting black patrons as well. The hotel grew to become a popular hotel with jazz musicians and other moderate celebrities. After that fateful day, the Lorraine Hotel remained open for business, accepting overnight guests into its many hotel rooms for decades. However, the hotel itself met its own demise in 1982 when it was foreclosed on and forced to shut down. Later that same year, the hotel was purchased by the Martin Luther King Jr Memorial Foundation, and by 1987 plans were in the works to turn the Lorraine Hotel into a museum. The National Civil Rights Museum opened in September 1991 at the site of the Lorraine Hotel. This expansive museum features an extensive array of exhibits covering the African American struggle for civil rights. You will find exhibits dating from the first arrival of Africans to the British colonies and on through the King assassination in 1968. The museum was later expanded in 2001 to include the Young and Morrow Building, where the shooter, James Early Ray, fired the bullets that killed King. The National Civil Rights Museum is open Monday through Saturday from 9am to 5pm, and Sunday from 1pm to 5pm. The museum is closed on Tuesdays. During summer months, the museum remains open an additional hour every day. An adult admission is $13. Discounts are offered for seniors, students, and children. Free admission is granted every Monday from 3pm until closing. Several city tours visit the Lorraine Hotel and National Civil Rights Museum. The Memphis City Tour is a two hour bus tour that stops at the Lorraine Hotel, and also takes you to other local attractions such as Beale Street , the Pyramid , and Elvis Presley Boulevard. The Memphis Mojo Tour takes you on a ninety minute ride through Memphis on a vintage tour bus, passed the National Civil Rights Museum, as well as the Sun Studio , Stax, and Cotton Row. Your trip to Memphis would not be complete without spending time exploring the National Civil Rights Museum and the Lorraine Hotel. Reviews National Civil Rights Museum I was really amused with all of memphis and what it had to offer as far as the museums and the bar-b-que. The jazz the blues. I could just feel the free spirit of the people of memphis that i was exposed to. Everyone was so friendly. The music was the boom. I guess that i was just over whelmed with all of the history, from martin luther king to elvis presley, and loved those grilled peanut butter and banana sandwiches. I loved the concerts by the river. Memphis i will be back......... Thank you -- Nancy L. Stevens - Marion, Indiana Memphis Mojo Tour This was a great way to introduce our teenage grandchildren to memphis. They stopped whining about having to do what the grownups were doing and started looking forward to seeing everything they were hearing about. -- Gilbert Copeland - Mount Pleasant, SC Sun Studio Guided Tour This was the highlight of the trip. It is a guided tour and the guide was absolutely top notch, really made the tour fun. What a great piece of nostalgia this studio is. I would highlight recommend the tour to anyone visiting memphis. -- Bruce Burdick - Alton, IL	i don't know
During which month of 1971 did Britain change its currency to decimal?	BBC ON THIS DAY \| 1 \| 1966: Britain to go decimal in 1971 About This Site \| Text Only 1966: Britain to go decimal in 1971 The Chancellor of the Exchequer, James Callaghan, has confirmed the "historic and momentous" decision to change over to decimal coinage. It was just one of a number of proposals announced in his "little Budget" statement in the Commons. Other proposals included a new gambling tax - the proceeds from which will be used to fund cheaper mortgages for the less well off. Loud cheers greeted Mr Callaghan's announcement of the switch to decimal currency. 'Considerable benefit' He said: "It is the government's conclusion, shared I know by large sections of industry, commerce, science and banking, that the change to a decimal coinage will bring considerable benefit to the economy at large." Preparations for the change-over will begin at once, with the introduction of a Decimal Currency Bill. One of its functions will be to establish a new Decimal Currency Board to oversee the switch which will take place in February 1971. There were more cheers as Mr Callaghan confirmed the pound would remain the major unit of currency. It will be divided into 100 units, to be called either cents or new pennies. Preliminary estimates suggest the cost of switching to decimal coinage may be as much as �120m. However, Mr Callaghan said he hoped the long change-over period may mean the total cost was lower than this. Companies obliged to invest in new equipment will not be compensated, but they will be entitled to tax relief.	February
At which English castle in Northamptonshire was King Richard III born?	Did You Know? - Pre-Decimal Coins Did You Know? - Pre-Decimal Coins Pre-Decimal Crown Twelve pennies in a shilling and twenty shillings in a pound.... It's now over 40 years since the £ s d currency which had been used in the UK and Scotland was swept away and 240 pence to the pound were replaced by 100 new pence to the pound. Decimal Day (15 February 1971) was when the changeover took place. You'll note that in the collection of pre-decimal coins below, there is not a pound coin, far less one for two pounds as we have today. That was because in 1971 there were paper pound notes in circulation and the pound coin was not introduced until 1983 to replace the Bank of England one pound note; the Scottish banks (who are permitted to issue banknots but not coins) continued to issue one pound notes - the Royal Bank of Scotland in particular kept them going, sometimes as special commemorative issues. See Scottish Banknotes . Farthing The word farthing is derived from the Anglo-Saxon feorthing, or fourth part An English penny. The farthing was first minted in silver in the 13th century and then after the Union of the Scottish and English Parliaments in 1707, a British farthing, made of base metal, was minted in 1714. It continued to be used until 31 December 1960, when they ceased to be legal tender and so were no longer in use by Decimal Day in 1971. Half Penny This coin began its 700 year history made from silver but as the value of silver increased, the coin was made from base metals. "Halfpenny", was pronounced HAY-pe-nee. It was long considered that the first halfpenny coins were produced in the reign of King Edward I (1272�1307), with earlier requirements for small change being provided by "cut coinage" - pennies cut into halves or quarters. However, in recent years metal detectorists have discovered a few halfpennies of Kings Henry I (1100�1135) and Henry III (1216�1272). The halfpenny ceased to be minted in 1969 prior to decimalisation. Penny The "penny" originated as far back as the 8th century when a silver coin was minted (in England) which was one 240th part of a pound weight of silver. There were thus "240 pennies to a pound (of silver)". Pennies made of silver were minted until about 1750, then occasionally until about 1820; thereafter, they were only minted for Maundy money (when the British Monarch ceremonially distributes small silver coins known as "Maundy money" as symbolic alms to elderly recipients. From 1797, pennies for general circulation were minted in copper. Twelve pence made one shilling and so 240 pennies made a pound. To express an amount, penny was usually abbreviated to "d", e.g. 1d, from the Roman denarius. The penny introduced at decimalisation (with 100 pennies to the pound) was a much smaller coin and was initially called a "new penny" to distinguish it from its predecessor. The original reverse of the new coin initially had "NEW PENNY" in the design but this changed to just "ONE PENNY" in 1982. "Silver" Threepence The silver three pence coin (expressed in writing as "3d") first appeared in England during the reign of King Edward VI (1547�1553). But it was unpopular as many preferred the four pence piece (known as a "groat") and there were times when it was not minted. During the reign of king George V (1910�1936) the silver content was reduced from sterling silver to a mixture of silver (50%),copper, and nickel and the design was completely changed in 1927 to three oak sprigs with three acorns and a "G" in the centre. By the end of George V's reign the threepence had become somewhat unpopular in England because of its small size, but it remained popular in Scotland. It may be that the custom of putting threepence coins (wrapped in greaseproof paper) into Christmas cakes may have contributed to its continued popularity! A nickel-brass threepence took over the bulk of the production of the denomination, being produced in all years between 1937 and 1952 except 1947. Only small numbers were produced. Brass Threepence A new, larger, nickel-brass (79% copper, 20% zinc, 1% nickel) twelve-sided threepence coin was introduced at the time of the short reign of King Edward VIII and took over the bulk of the production of the denomination, being produced in all years between 1937 and 1952 except 1947. Initially the design incorporated a representation of the thrift plant but in the reign of Queen Elizabeth II the design became a Tudor portcullis with chains and a coronet. Following decimalisation, the brass threepence ceased to be legal tender after 31 August 1971. Sixpence The sixpence, worth six pre-decimal pennies, was known colloquially as a "tanner". In England, the first sixpences were struck in the reign of Edward VI in 1551 and continued until they were rendered obsolete by decimalisation in 1971.The last general issue sixpence was issued in 1967 but sixpences continued to be legal tender at a value of 2� new pence until 30 June 1980. The coins were made of sterling silver until 1920, when they were reduced to 50 percent silver until 1946, after which they were changed to cupro-nickel from 1947 onwards. As the supply of silver threepence coins slowly disappeared, sixpences replaced them as the coins put into Christmas puddings. The traditional song "I've Got Sixpence" runs: "I've got sixpence. Jolly, jolly sixpence. I've got sixpence to last me all my life. I've got twopence to spend and twopence to lend And twopence to send home to my wife." Shilling The word shilling comes from scilling, an accounting term that dates back to Anglo-Saxon times where it was deemed to be the value of a cow in Kent or a sheep elsewhere. The abbreviation for shilling is the letter "s", from the Latin solidus, the name of a Roman coin. In England, a shilling coin was used from the reign of Henry II (or Edward VI ca 1550) until the Acts of Union ended the Kingdom of England (when, in the terms of Article 16 of the Articles of Union created by the Acts of Union of 1707, a common currency for the new United Kingdom was created). Because the shilling had the king's head on it, when a man agreed "to take the King's shilling" (or the Queen's shilling as the case may be) it meant that he agreed to serve as a soldier or sailor. Following decimalisation the British shilling was superseded by the five-pence piece with a comparable value, size and weight. The pre-decimal shilling was withdrawn from circulation in 1990, when a five pence piece of reduced size was introduced. Two Shillings (Florin) The British two shilling coin, also known as the florin or "two bob bit" was issued from 1849 until 1967. It was worth one tenth of a pound, or twenty-four old pence. In 1847 a motion had been introduced in Parliament calling for the introduction of a decimal currency and the issue of coins of one-tenth and one-hundredth of a pound. The motion was subsequently withdrawn on the understanding that a one-tenth pound coin would be produced to test public opinion. There was considerable discussion about what the coin should be called, with centum, decade, and dime being among the suggestions. Eventually, florin was eventually settled upon, partly because of its connection with old English coinage, and partly because other European countries also had coins of approximately the same size and weight called florins. In the reign of Queen Victoria a new design for the florin is said to have shock, including (allegedly) to Queen Victoria herself, was the omission of D G � Dei Gratia ("by the grace of God") � from the coin's inscription, which resulted in it being popularly known as the godless florin. The two shilling pieces produced in the reign of Queen Elizabeth II had the reverse showing a Tudor rose in the centre surrounded by thistles, shamrocks, and leeks, symbols for Scotland, Ireland and Wales. Half Crown This oddity, as the name suggests, was worth half of a crown, or equivalent to two and a half shillings (30 pennies). It has a long history, having been issued (in silver) as early as 1549, in the reign of Edward VI. The half crown was demonetised (ahead of other pre-decimal coins) on 1 January 1970, the year before the United Kingdom adopted decimal currency on Decimal Day. In the reign of George VI (1937�1952), half crowns were 50% silver until 1946 when the metal was changed to cupro-nickel. Crown Although issued in England prior to the unification of Scotland and England, the British crown came into being with the Union of the Parliaments of England and Scotland in 1707. As with the English coin, its value was five shillings, which was a quarter of one pound. During the 19th and 20th centuries the Crown declined from being a real means of exchange to being a coin rarely spent but minted for commemorative purposes only. In that format it has continued to be minted into the 21st century, even following decimalization of the British currency in 1971. However, as the result of inflation the value of such crowns has been revised upwards to five pounds. The picture here is of the crown issued in 1953 and 1960 in Queen Elizabeth II's reign. Decimalisation When computers came in the scene in the late 1950s and 1960s, they had to be programmed to deal with pounds, shillings and pence. Most systems converted values to pennies for internal working and converted them back to £,s,d when printed out or displayed on a computer screen. This was before pocket calculators had come on the scene - they would have struggled with £ s d.. But gradually, a decimal currency was seen to be more efficient. Of course, there was an emotional resistance from some to the loss of the traditional monetary system. Computer systems, banks and retailers had to prepare for the conversion well in advance of the cutover in 1971, not just for new and updated programs but also to train their staff in the new coins. As with the run-up to the Millennium, nearly 30 years later, all the hard work and preparations paid off and the changeover took place smoothly. Banks were closed from 3:30pm on Wednesday, 10 February 1971 until 10:00am on Monday 15 February, to enable all outstanding cheques and credits in the clearing system to be processed and customers' account balances to be converted to decimal. New pennies and half penny coins were introduced but the old coins were temporarily assigned new values - the florin became 10 new pence, the shilling became 5 new pence and the old sixpenny coin filled a role as 2.5 new pence for a short while. To avoid confusion with the old currency, the term "New Pence" was brought into use with the letter "p" instead of the previous "d". Fairly rapidly, the general public dropped the word "new" and prices became what sounded like, for example "99 pee". Decimal Day itself went smoothly and after February 15, shops continued to accept payment in old coins, but always issued change in new coins. Use the "Back" button on your browser or click here to return to the Index of "Did You Know?" 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Who was the mother of King Richard III of England?	Richard III Society \| RICHARD III \| HIS LIFE A Brief Biography and Introduction to Richard's Reputation by Wendy E.A. Moorhen What follows is a brief factual biography of Richard III which provides links to more in-depth articles and papers on his life, career and reputation. Boyhood Fotheringhay Castle by Julian Rowe, reproduced by kind permission of Peter Hammond Richard Plantagenet was born on 2 October 1452 at Fotheringhay Castle in Northamptonshire, the youngest son of Richard, Duke of York, and his wife, the former Cecily Neville. York, a cousin to the reigning King Henry VI, held senior government positions but was unpopular with the Lancastrian regime. York's disputes led to his early death at the Battle of Wakefield on 30 December 1460. His eldest son, Edward, seized the throne of England in March the following year and defeated the Lancastrians at Towton on 29 March. Middleham Castle ©Geoffrey Wheeler The young king Edward IV now assumed responsibility for the upbringing of his younger siblings who had hitherto experienced an unsettled childhood. The elder son, George, was created duke of Clarence and the younger, Richard, was created duke of Gloucester at the age of eight and entered the household of his cousin, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, to begin his education as a nobleman. This took place primarily at the earl's Yorkshire estates of Middleham and Sheriff Hutton. Meanwhile, King Edward clandestinely married a Lancastrian widow in 1464 and thus began to alienate Warwick, his most powerful ally, who had favoured a political match with a European princess. Over the next five years the relationship between king and 'over-mighty' earl deteriorated until civil strife was resumed in 1469 and the following year Edward was driven into exile. One of the causes of their dispute was the marriage of Warwick's elder daughter to Clarence without the king's permission. The Young Duke The Battle of Barnet © Geoffrey Wheeler Richard accompanied Edward to the continent and on their return to England in 1471 the eighteen-year-old duke was given command of the vanguard at the Battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury. These battles were resounding Yorkist victories and both Warwick and the Lancastrian heir, Prince Edward of Wales, were killed. The former king, Henry VI, died a few days later in London. Richard now assumed the responsibilities of his position. He had been admiral of England since 1461 and he was now appointed constable. King Edward granted Richard many of Warwick's forfeited estates and the following year the duke married Warwick's younger daughter Anne, who was the widow of Prince Edward who was killed at Tewkesbury. The Battle of Tewkesbury © Geoffrey Wheeler The couple took up residence in the north of England , which King Edward effectively entrusted to his brother, and Richard was created Warden of the West Marches of Scotland. Richard took his duties seriously and held the north against any Scottish incursions. In 1476, Duchess Anne gave birth to their only child, who became known as Edward of Middleham. During the remaining years of his brother's reign, Richard of Gloucester rarely left the north. Two such occasions included the invasion of France in 1475 and attending the parliament of 1478 when their brother Clarence was attainted for treason and privately executed. In the summer of 1482, Richard invaded Scotland at King Edward's behest. He was accompanied by the Scots king's brother, the duke of Albany. Richard and Albany marched as far as Edinburgh before Richard strategically withdrew over the border. April - July 1483 On 9 April 1483 King Edward died, a few days short of his forty-first birthday. There had been no time to prepare for a transition of power and the heir, another Edward, was twelve years old. Factions were immediately formed, each believing that they had an important role to play in the government of England. There was the queen and her extensive family; the old nobility, represented in the former king's Council, which included the late king's friend and chamberlain, William, Lord Hastings; and his surviving brother, Richard, who was appointed the lord protector. Ludlow Castle At the time of his father's death, the new king was at Ludlow under the tutelage of his maternal uncle, Earl Rivers. The queen sent for them to come to London and for the king to be crowned without delay. Lord Hastings possibly sent messengers north to inform Richard of his brother's death and urge that he come immediately to London. Richard was joined on his journey south by the duke of Buckingham, a distant cousin. At Northampton, Richard and his followers met and arrested Earl Rivers. Richard then moved on to Stony Stratford where the king was resting, made three further arrests and escorted his nephew to London. The queen, on hearing of these events, withdrew to sanctuary in Westminster Abbey with her family. Edward V arrived in London on 4 May, the day for which his coronation had been planned, and the event was rescheduled for 22 June. Richard and the Council continued with the preparations for the coronation and with the governance of the country, but on 13 June Richard announced that a plot against him had been discovered and accused Lord Hastings of being the instigator. The latter was immediately executed and Archbishop Thomas Rotherham, Bishop John Morton and Thomas, Lord Stanley, were arrested. On 16 June the young king's brother, Richard, Duke of York left sanctuary in Westminster Abbey and joined his brother in the royal apartments at the Tower. On 22 June Dr Ralph Shaa, brother of the mayor, declared to the citizens of London, that King Edward IV's marriage to Elizabeth Woodville was illegal. This was because of a pre-contract of marriage between Edward IV and Lady Eleanor Butler and the clandestine nature of the king's marriage to Elizabeth Woodville. The children of the marriage were declared illegitimate, and therefore barred from succession to the throne of England. Within four days Richard was acclaimed king of England. Richard the King King Richard III was crowned, together with his wife Anne, on 6 July at Westminster Abbey. Shortly afterwards the couple began a progress around the country which ended in York with the investiture of their son Edward as prince of Wales. In the autumn of 1483, however, King Richard suffered a serious set-back. His former supporter, the duke of Buckingham, became involved in a rebellion, based primarily in the west country and Kent. Although swiftly repressed, the effects were far-reaching and King Richard now began to rely more on his northern supporters, placing them in the offices left vacant by the rebels. The rebellion had been supported by a scion of the House of Lancaster, the exiled Henry Tudor, a descendant of King Edward III through his son John of Gaunt's legitimised Beaufort family. Tudor had assumed the role of representative of the Lancastrian line and had become the focus for disaffected English nobles and gentry. On Christmas Day 1483, in Rennes Cathedral, Henry Tudor declared his intention of marrying King Edward IV's eldest daughter, the Lady Elizabeth, when he became king of England. He then spent the next eighteen months planning his invasion. King Richard meanwhile called his first, and only, parliament in January 1484. The legislation covered three main areas, the ratification of Richard as king, the passing of acts of attainder against the October rebels and the passing of a number of acts designed to reform part of the legal system. King Richard's reign was overshadowed by the threat of Tudor's invasion and by personal loss. Near the anniversary of the death of his brother, King Edward, Richard's son died and the king and queen shut themselves in their apartments at Nottingham Castle to mourn their loss. Richard's queen died less than a year later on 16 March 1485. Artwork from The Battle of Bosworth by Graham Turner © Osprey Publishing Ltd www.ospreypublishing.com The long-awaited invasion came on 7 August 1485 when Tudor landed at Milford Haven in Wales. King Richard mobilised his forces and on 22 August king and invader joined battle at Bosworth Field in Leicestershire. Despite Richard's superior army, the battle was lost when the king was slain after Sir William Stanley turned traitor in favour of his step-nephew, Henry Tudor, and led his forces into the battle on Tudor's side. Richard Plantagenet was the last king of England to die on the battlefield. Reputation The victor of Bosworth was to establish his own dynasty but his genealogical claim to the throne was both tenuous and cadet. It may also have been illegal without an act of parliament to amend Henry IV's legitimisation of his Beaufort siblings who were barred, together with their descendants, from inheriting the throne. Tudor wisely decided to claim the throne by right of conquest but was cognizant of the need to take every opportunity of enhancing his own reputation at the expense of his predecessor. Richard's actions and behaviour were the subject of attention and scrutiny and were presented, in the weeks and years after his death, as those of a wicked and unscrupulous tyrant. Hastings' Windsor Stall Plate © Geoffrey Wheeler During his own lifetime, however, Richard's reputation was high, the loyal brother of Edward IV who administered the north of the realm and defended the country against the Scots. The premature death of Edward IV led to a national crisis in which Richard emerged as king. With the benefit of hindsight, historians have generally interpreted the fateful events of 1483 in the light of Richard being a calculating usurper. There are, of course, some contemporary criticisms and rumours about Richard but these are inevitable in view of his high profile. The decisive arrests of Rivers and others thus appear as pre-emptive acts to gain control of Edward V. The fact was that Richard had not been officially informed of his brother's death and that his sister-in-law sought to crown her son with unseemly haste, an act which would have reduced Richard's power to rule the king despite his appointment as Protector. Once crowned, Edward V would have ruled through his Council, the composition and performance of which could be manipulated by the Woodville faction. Richard's next decisive act was based on the revelation of a plot and the execution of its alleged leader, Hastings. Traditional historians have accused Richard of inventing the plot in order to rid himself of Edward V's staunchest supporter. However, documents are extant which demonstrate that Richard was aware of the conspiracy before taking action, sought to obtain re-enforcements to support his protectorship and conducted a mop-up operation to neutralise other conspirators, all of which suggest that Richard was suppressing a genuine plot. The declaration of the illegality of Edward IV's marriage to Elizabeth Woodville has been interpreted as a convenient excuse for Richard to overturn his nephew's succession and it was indeed a timely discovery. However, the legality of Richard's actions and of the 'precontract' dispute are still the subjects of academic debate. Once Richard was crowned and his nephews bastardised, the young princes were no longer an important factor at the Ricardian court. Their 'disappearance', however, led to the greatest controversy surrounding King Richard - did he kill his nephews? Signature with motto of King Richard. Redrawn by Piat Design Accusations of infanticide, however, were not enough for the historians seeking to defame the dead king. The death of Richard's own wife came under suspicion with hints of him murdering her with poison, of murdering her former husband after the battle of Tewkesbury, of murdering King Henry VI, and even of his own brother Clarence, despite his treason being confirmed by the act of attainder passed by King Edward IV's own parliament. By the time the Elizabethan playwright William Shakespeare penned what was to become one of his most popular and frequently performed plays, The Tragedy of King Richard III, the works of the anonymous Croyland Chronicler, John Rous, Bernard André, Polydore Vergil, Sir Thomas More, Edward Hall, Richard Grafton and Raphael Holinshed had been written. Shakespeare followed their tradition and presented his anti-hero as the murderous, deformed tyrant so well known to theatre, television and cinema audiences. Within a few years of its first production a backlash against the 'traditionalist' version of King Richard's history was written by Sir George Buck although it remained unpublished for some years. Later in the sixteenth century, Richard's fate as the archetypal villain was sealed when John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough is reputed to have said 'I take my history from Shakespeare' despite the fact that Richard's villainy was so over the top that the character has failed to gain acceptance as a real and identifiable person with many audiences. The Great Debate, as the study of Richard's reputation became known, truly began in the seventeenth century when Horace Walpole wrote his Historic Doubts and rattled the cages of the traditionalists. That debate is not yet over, with the majority of the British historical academic community still promoting Richard as an infanticide. Some academics have acknowledged that Richard was a talented administrator and that he cannot be held responsible for the deaths of Henry VI and his son, but their overall assessment is still that of an evil and avaricious man. This shift in his reputation has now led to new claims of avarice, in that his motivation for taking the throne is said to be found in his fear of losing the Neville inheritance. Gaining a re-evaluation of Richard's reputation entails the painstaking task of examining the primary and Tudor sources and assessing his actions, both as duke and king, against the background of his times, his contemporaries, his predecessors and his successors. The art of rhetoric, so beloved of one of Richard's greatest critics, Sir Thomas More, comes into play as the interpretation of his actions, such as his 1484 legislation, which has been described as either 'enlightened' or 'divisive', depends on the writer's orientation. There is no clear evidence that Richard was guilty or innocent of his so-called 'crimes', but historians, whether detractors or sympathisers, must work with the information derived from the sources and endeavour to present a balanced view of this controversial figure. The most comprehensive study of Richard's posthumous reputation has been carried out by the Society's former chairman, the late Jeremy Potter, and published as Good King Richard? Reproduced by kind permission of the Society of Antiquaries. The 'how to …' hand-books, so popular in our own time, which cover a vast array of skills, behaviours, activities, etc. are not new. In the fifteenth century, books abounded advising rulers on what was expected of them, such as 'mirrors' of princes or histories that gave shining examples of how a prince should behave. Richard III owned a number of such books and it appears he accepted the writers' teachings. In a paper presented by Anne Sutton at the Society's symposium held in 1984 at Jesus College, Cambridge (and subsequently published in Lordship, Loyalty and Law), she puts forward a very strong case that Richard, both as duke and king, followed the principles laid down for a prince and that he can be viewed as 'a perfect prince'. The following is a brief summary of some of those arguments. First, what were the requisite virtues? From The Declamation of Noblesse '… to be a curious searcer for our weal publyque, merry at home, laborious outward, besy to atteyne science, pyteous of them which has necessyte, namely to my fader, moder & kynne, welbyloued of my neyghbours, true to my frendes, obeysaunt & devoute in thynges relygious'. In De Regimine Principum by Aegidius Colonna, a pupil of St Thomas Aquinas, Colonna's prince should be prudent, dignified but sympathetic, truthful, energetic, just but tempered with mercy, courageous but not rash, moderate in all things, magnanimous and munificent in his undertakings, a generous but careful rewarder of the deserving, he should love honour, be humble and friendly while commanding respect, have an equal as his wife with whom he shares secrets and above all love the common good and the welfare of the state. John Gower summed up the virtues as truth, largesse, love of justice, pity, and chastity in marriage. William Langland in The Vision of Piers Plowman presents 'a compelling image of a harmonious society bound together by law, loyalty and love'. Loyalty was a virtue that Richard embraced enthusiastically and included in his personal motto 'loyalté me lie'. The theme in all of these works is the personal virtue of the prince. In the middle ages public morality was the extension of private morality. 'The king's will had to be controlled by a desire to serve the good of the community, the "common weal", and by obedience to the rule of natural law'. In the coronation oath the ideals of good rule are reduced to four basic clauses 'maintain the church, administer justice, uphold the laws of England, and defend your subjects' and the oath was translated into English for the first time at King Richard's coronation. The Church Reproduced by kind permission of the artist. www.studio88.co.uk Through the medium of sermons the church encouraged the rich to fulfil their obligations and help the poor. Richard's good intentions in this area are well documented. He promoted the court that became the Court of Requests where the poor could present their suits at Westminster. In Glamorgan, where he held considerable land, Richard attempted to reform the administration system within his lordship, and T.B. Pugh commented Richard 'had a genuine concern for the welfare of its inhabitants.' Of Richard's personal piety a little can be gleaned from his library, which included a bible and his own book of hours. There is also evidence of devotion to the saints and he presented a jewelled calvary containing relics of St Peter to York Minster. As a prince Richard was obliged to make an outward show of piety and he created a number of religious foundations, such as the collegiate church at Middleham. The education of the clergy was also an interest and in 1477 he made a grant to Queens' College Cambridge to support four priests studying theology. The priests were charged to pray for Richard and his family, and rather poignantly, friends and associates who had died at the battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury. Richard appears to have had a genuine interest in learned clergy and in education. During his royal progress following his coronation he stayed at Magdalen College, Oxford, and listened to learned disputations. Richard was surrounded by senior clergy whose reputations stood high, such as Bishop Thomas Langton and John Russell, Bishop of Lincoln, was his chancellor. The Knight Reproduced by kind permission of the artist. www.studio88.co.uk The chivalric code encompassed the ideals of protecting the weak, fighting for justice, keeping the peace, serving the common weal and rejected evil behaviour. Hand-books and romances, like those for princes, were in circulation, such as De Re Militari, a copy of which Richard commissioned, and Lull's Order of Chivalry dedicated by Caxton to Richard. Preparing for knighthood was part of Richard's education and from a young age he held the chivalric post of constable of England. As constable he had his own court of law which included the overseeing of the heralds, and ordinances for their good behaviour have been attributed to Richard. He obviously had a keen interest in their work, and as king he founded the College of Arms. A practical demonstration of Richard's military leadership, where he displayed the qualities of discipline and moderation, can be found in the Scottish campaign of 1482, described by Dr Norman MacDougall as a 'competent campaign' Richard was granted money to pay for an army of 20,000 for only four weeks and for 1,700 men for a further two weeks. He succeeded in capturing Berwick, marching to Edinburgh, which he occupied, controlled his army so they did not sack the city and returned to England within the timeframe. The Law As both a magnate and administrator the law played an important role in Richard's affairs. As king it was to assume the greatest significance. Social harmony was the ultimate goal of the 'perfect prince', and the right and fair regulation of society by a recognition of mutual obligations between the different sections of the community, such 'as rich and poor, buyer and seller, citizen and foreigner, lord and liegeman' was enforced by law. As his brother's representative in the north Richard's ducal council became a source of arbitration and Richard showed concern for peaceful arbitration and judicial solutions. Westminster Hall When he left the north and appointed his nephew, the earl of Lincoln, as his successor, the ducal council became the Council of the North and its responsibilities and conduct were the subject of a set of articles. As an administrative institution it survived into the seventeenth century which perhaps bears testament to Richard's skill and foresight as an adminstrator. Richard's parliament of 1484 , apart from attending to the business of the king's title and the October rebellion, passed legislation which led Sir Francis Bacon to describe Richard as 'a good lawmaker for the ease and solace of the common people'. For example, Richard was concerned with the problem of corrupt and lazy officials and some of the statutes dealt with this problem. Richard's policy throughout his career was to set standards whereby officials were educated and sufficiently wealthy in order for them to be less vulnerable to corruption. At a session in the Star Chamber Richard personally brought to the attention of his justices connivance at altering a court record, the reporter of the session states that Richard was 'perturbed' that such cases should arise. Marriage Middleham by Graham Turner. Reproduced by kind permission of the artist. www.studio88.co.uk A stable private life was acknowledged as desirable by the mentors of princes and indeed the problems surrounding King Edward's marital arrangements were directly responsible for Richard's elevation to kingship. They provided Richard with a moral claim to the throne. Although little is known about the relationship between Richard and his wife, Anne Neville, their mutual grief at the loss of their son in 1484 and the fact that his two illegitimate children appear to have been begotten before his marriage, perhaps indicate the stability of Richard's own marriage. Conclusion Dr Sutton concludes her paper with three contemporary comments on Richard's policy as Duke and as King by Dominic Mancini, Thomas Langton, Bishop of St David's, and Von Poppelau, a German knight, which can be found in Richard by his contemporaries . Further reading A curious searcher for our weal public': Richard III, Piety, Chivalry and the concept of the 'Good Prince' by Anne F. Sutton. Richard III, Loyalty, Lordship and Law edited by P.W. Hammond, London 1985. Revised edition 2000 and published by the Richard III and Yorkist History Trust. These are the proceedings of the 1983 Symposium. Available from the Society's Bookshop. Richard III's Books by Anne F. Sutton and Livia Visser-Fuchs. Gloucester 1997 The Hours of Richard III by Anne F. Sutton and Livia Visser-Fuchs. Gloucester 1990 Glamorgan County History: Volume 3 The Middle Ages edited by T.B. Pugh. Cardiff 1971. p. 203 Richard III and James III by Norman MacDougall. Richard III Loyalty Lordship and Law edited by P.W. Hammond, see above. by Lynda Pidgeon based on an article by Mary O'Regan Introduction Medieval life was dominated by the Church. The year was shaped by the religious festivals of Easter, Christmas and Saints Days. While daily life was structured around the seven sacraments of baptism, confirmation, mass, penance, ordination, marriage and extreme unction. Until the Reformation in the sixteenth century there had only been the one Church, of which the Pope was Christ's representative on earth and salvation could only be found through the Church. Canterbury Cathedral The Church ministered to the spiritual and religious needs of the laity, provided hospitals for the sick, hostels for travellers, relief for the poor and education. As well as addressing peoples spiritual and social needs the church also acted as a court dealing with such matters as marriage disputes and witchcraft. Clerics also became involved in politics providing administrators for the state, many of whom held high office in the king's council. With such wide ranging involvement in the daily lives of people, it can be difficult to assess the extent to which people were genuinely pious or were simply following customary practices which gave them acceptance in their community. Influences on Richard's Religion St Brigid of Sweden It is probable that Richard was influenced by his mother, Cecily, Duchess of York, who was considered one of the most saintly laywomen of her generation. In her later years she is known to have devoted most of her day to religious matters. Cecily was a follower of the devotio moderna, a regime of devotion put forward by Gerard de Groot of Flanders, in which lay practitioners built their lives around worship, prayer, study and contemplation. Their personal devotions focussed on the works of famous mystical writers, such as Mechtild of Hackeborn. She was a thirteenth-century Cistercian nun whose mystical visions were written down in her lifetime as Liber Specialis Gratie, sometimes called 'The Book of Ghostly Grace'. St Caterine of Sienna Cecily owned a copy of this book and was also known to be interested in the lives of St Catherine of Siena and St Brigid of Sweden. Richard's older sister Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy, was also influenced by their mother's religious interests. Cecily taught her to set aside regular hours for prayer contemplation and reading. When Margaret became duchess of Burgundy she made contact with leading theologians and reformers in the Low Countries, giving generously to the church to found convents and build churches and monasteries. Margaret's foundations were also practical; the convent she founded at Binche provided a hospital, orphanage and school for girls. Richard's Religious Books Richard's Religious Books We may have an indication of Richard's religious tastes, and possibly his spiritual life, in his personal library. It has been estimated that 'of the eleven books that he probably owned only four can be called devotional' (Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, p.84), a Book of Hours, relatively simply written and decorated. For Scripture he owned an English translation of the New Testament and an English verse paraphrase of the Old Testament. Like his mother he had The Book of Special Grace of Mechtild of Hackeborn, for meditation. The book also bears the name of his wife Anne Neville, and might as easily reflect her religious tastes. Meditation demands solitude and freedom from interruption, something more easily attained by an aristocratic woman than a man, especially one engaged in a busy public life, such as Richard was, as both duke and king. Much has been made of the fact that Richard owned an English New Testament translated by John Wycliffe, raising the question that he was sympathetic to Lollard ideas. However the copy owned by Richard was an earlier, orthodox translation by Wycliffe to which no taint of heresy was attached. It is not known how easily Richard read and understood Latin, but an interest in reading the Gospels in the vernacular suggests an intention to absorb its message as perfectly as possible. Richard III's Prayer Richard's Prayer It is Richard Ill's Book of Hours that has borne the weight of later conjectures concerning Richard's piety. In particular a prayer that was added to the book after it came into Richard's possession. This has been closely analysed in the hope of throwing light on everything from his spiritual life to his mental health. Richard's own circumstances have been taken to be directly relevant to words and phrases used in the prayer, as if it were composed with the king in mind, however texts of it have been found dating from the fourteenth century, and originating in places as far apart as Italy, Catalonia and Burgundy. It is a long prayer, designed for use by anyone in distress, anxiety, infirmity or affliction of any kind. The prayer seems to have been particularly valued by other medieval rulers: known owners of books containing it include Alexander, Prince of Poland, Maximilian I, Frederick of Aragon, and successive Dukes of Burgundy. Recitation of the prayer on thirty successive days was enjoined, in the belief that God would then turn the supplicant's troubles to 'joy and comfort.' Without additions peculiar to a single owner, the normal contents of a Book of Hours were, principally, formal prayers of the Church designed for public recitation but suitable also for private use. The main constituent was the Little Office of the Blessed Virgin Mary, a simpler, shorter version of the Divine Office, making it suitable for laypeople to pray either alone or with a companion. Like the Divine Office it was divided into sections corresponding to hours of the day: Matins, Lauds, Prime, Terce, Sext, Nones, Vespers and Compline. If Richard III used his Book of Hours regularly he would have made himself conscious of God continually during the day. In addition the book contained many prayers directed to and praising the Virgin Mary. Devotion to the Mother of God was popular among both clergy and laity at all times during the Middle Ages, and there is no reason to think that Richard III was any exception. His Religious Donations According to John Rous in his Anglica Historia, 'King Richard was praiseworthy for his building, as at Westminster, Nottingham, Warwick, York and Middleham, and many other places, which can be viewed. He founded a noble chantry for a hundred priests in the cathedral of York, and another college at Middleham. He founded another in the church of St Mary of Barking, by the Tower of London, and endowed the Queen's College at Cambridge with 500 marks annual rent.' Jonathon Hughes suggests that Richard had an 'excessive preoccupation with chantry masses… He was responsible for ten chantry or collegiate foundations (apart from his patronage of Queen's College, Cambridge) and he distributed a stream of largesse to religious houses, parish churches, houses of friars, chapels and chantries'. He adds that many of Richard's gifts were small and mostly given in the north, where he established most of his foundations. St Mary & St Akelda Church, Middleham Richard's surviving, and best known collegiate foundation is that at Middleham. On 21 February 1478 he obtained a licence to found and endow the college, which was to be served by a dean, six chaplains, five clerks and six choristers. As well as providing prayers for himself, his wife and son, prayers were to be offered for his surviving siblings, the king and queen, and his mother. Masses were also to be said for the soul of his father and his deceased brothers and sisters. However the college was not only to serve as a house of prayer, it was to contribute towards the better education of the clergy and improve services in the locality. The same licence also gave Richard permission to endow a college at Barnard Castle, comprising a dean and twelve priests. The endowment was valued at 400 marks per annum, twice the size of Middleham. All of these foundations would have been overshadowed by Richard's plan to establish a college of 100 priests at York Minster in 1483. While Richard may have been concerned about his own soul, his was not a unique preoccupation. What his grants also demonstrate is his concern for the poor or those who lived in remote areas, and that they should have the benefit not only of a priest but one who was educated. If he was concerned for his own soul he was also concerned for the souls of his people, especially those in the north. Conclusion Sutton and Visser-Fuchs place Richard firmly in his time: 'Richard's religion was that of the later middle ages, humanised, fervent and personal within the strong and controlling framework of the church.' They assess from the known facts about him that 'his private piety was no different from that of his contemporaries, although his sorrows and cares may have been greater than most people's. He directed his attention to the same things: he, too, adopted favourite saints to be his patrons and intermediaries with God and had particular objects of veneration.' Richard left no spiritual or other writings which would help us. But he owned religious books, whose character leads one to suppose that they were for use rather than ornament. He founded colleges and chantries and he gave alms generously in comparison to others. He probably, prayed every day, and no doubt attended Mass and other services of the church regularly. We know he had a confessor, so he will have received the Sacrament of Penance regularly too. As far as we can judge, Richard fulfilled his obligations and more, and for a medieval prince that was remarkable. Books Consulted • The Piety of Cecily, Duchess of York: A Study in Late Mediaeval Culture' by C.A.J. Armstrong in For Hilaire Belloc, ed. Douglas Woodruff (1942). Further Reading • The Medieval Church in Manuscripts, Justin Clegg, British Library, 2003 • The Hours of Richard III, Anne Sutton and Livia Visser-Fuchs, Stroud, 1990 • Richard III's Books, Anne Sutton and Livia Visser-Fuchs, Stroud, 1997 • Richard III, Charles Ross, 1981, pbk.1988 • Margaret of York Duchess of Burgundy 1446-1503, Christine Weightman, Gloucester, 1989 • The Religious Life of Richard III Piety and Prayer in the North of England, Jonathan Hughes, Stroud, 1997 • British Library Harleian Maunuscript 433, 4 volumes, eds., Rosemary Horrox & P.W. Hammond, London, 1982 • Richard III and the Princes in the Tower, A.J. Pollard, Stroud, 1991 Artillery. From The Battle of Bosworth by Graham Turner © Osprey Publishing Ltd. www.ospreypublishing.com A number of pieces of direct evidence survive for Richard III's personal interests, the 'things he liked'. Most personal of all, perhaps, is his 'confession' in his letter to Louis XI, King of France, who had presented him, in 1480 when he was still duke of Gloucester, with a 'great bombard', the largest and most expensive gunpowder weapon available at the time. Richard thanked the king in a letter and added 'I have always taken and still take great pleasure in artillery and I assure you it will be a special treasure to me'. There was, of course, nothing unusual in a twenty-six-year-old nobleman being fascinated by such weapons: they were part of the most up-to-date military technology of the day. Crusade We gain intimate information of a different nature about Richard's interests from the account of the Silesian traveller, Nicolas von Popplau, who met the king in the spring of 1484. Von Popplau reports how Richard was able to express admiration at his guest's mastery of the Latin tongue; praises the choir employed by the king as 'the sweetest music he had ever heard', describes the magnificence of the king's meal and the great ceremony that accompanied it, but also his graciousness to his guest. Their conversation, which almost made the king forget to eat, was wide ranging: it went from the Latin origin of the name of Pontefract to the exact date of the annual ceremony of feet washing on Maundy Thursday. The king asked von Popplau about continental princes and their affairs, and about the Turks in particular. Having been told how the king of Hungary had recently gained a great victory over them, Richard enviously exclaimed: 'I would like my kingdom and land to lie where the land and kingdom of the king of Hungary lies, on the Turkish frontier itself', and continued: 'Then I would certainly, with my own people alone, without the help of other kings, princes or lords, completely drive away not only the Turks, but all my enemies and opponents!'. His enthusiastic remark shows his confidence in his own military abilities as well as his awareness of the international situation, which made it impossible to create an alliance between the ever-squabbling princes of western Europe and organise a concerted attack on the Turks. The general impression of Richard that we get from von Popplau's account is that of a magnificent and thoughtful princely host, who took a great interest in many, diverse matters. Top of page Jewellery The Middleham Jewel Another indication of what Richard liked can be found in the will of Sir John Pilkington, a long standing servant of the house of York. He left a special bequest to Richard of his 'great emerald set in gold' which, during Sir John's lifetime, Richard had admired so much that he offered 100 marks (£66 13s. 4d.) for it. In the same context should be mentioned one of those prejudices, or rather 'myths', about Richard III which have sprung up over the years: the curious idea that he was a 'fop', a dandy. This is based on the misunderstanding, by several generations of historians, of the contents of the surviving Great Wardrobe accounts, which list among other things the materials needed for the robes worn by the fifteenth-century kings. These may appear unusually sumptuous but in fact merely illustrate the standard norms of a medieval court and its splendours. Books Richard's Religious Books Finally and most importantly there is Richard's undoubted liking for books. His surviving 'library' is a remarkable collection, covering most medieval interests and fields of knowledge, except medicine, law, and theology. Striking is the fact that he put his name in his books, not as common a practice in his day as one might think. The bias of his collection, if there is one, is towards history and the history books together covered nearly everything from mythical beginnings to his own day: the story of Troy by Guido delle Collone and the lives of the British kings by Geoffrey of Monmouth, both in Latin (St Petersburg, Saltykov-Shchedrin State Public Library MS Lat. F IV 74 and 76), a chronicle of England, in Latin, covering the period from the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons to the coronation of King John in 1199 (Cambridge, Corpus Christi College MS 96), and a history of France, in French, covering the period 1270-1380. Five of his books were religious/devotional: his book of hours (London, Lambeth Palace Library MS 474), a collection of Old Testament stories in verse (Longleat House, Library of the Marquess of Bath, MS 257), the New Testament in English translation, an unusual book for a prince to own at the time (New York, Public Library, MS De Ricci 67), a life of St Katherine in Latin by the Italian Pietro Carmeliano (Richard's own copy does not survive) and the English translation of work of St Mechtild of Hackeborn, which may have been his wife's (London, British Library, MS Egerton 2006). On military and chivalric matters he had an English translation of Vegetius' De re militari, a standard work on the training of soldiers and warfare in general (British Library, MS Royal 18 A xii), Ramon Lull's Order of Chivalry, a manual on knighthood translated and printed by William Caxton in 1484, William Worcester's Boke of Noblesse and his Documents on the War in France, a treatise and a set of documents advertising the renewal of the war in France (British Library MS Royal 18 B xxii, and Lambeth Palace Library MS 506), and several rolls of arms. To these can be added a number of genealogical rolls and the most famous of medieval 'mirrors for princes' Giles of Rome's De regimine principum in Latin (Lambeth Palace, MS Arc. L 40.2 / L 26). Unusual texts, probably owned by Richard, were a collection of letters on statecraft ascribed to the Sicilian tyrant Phalaris, edited by Pietro Carmeliano (Dublin, Trinity College, MS 429). Top of page Manuscript and Print There are several interesting general aspects to Richard's collection of books: he had no preference for manuscript over print, and did not demand that all his books were new, or sumptuously decorated. Through the quirks of survival his collection includes one of merely two surviving copies of the English translation of Mechtild of Hackeborn's Book of Special Grace, the only extant copy of a prose translation of the romance of Ipomedon (Library of the Marquess of Bath, MS 257), the only manuscript copy of Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia regum Britanniae known to have belonged to a medieval king of England, and one of the two surviving texts of the Prophecy of the Eagle with a particular Commentary, which was added to the Historia. The proportion of romances in Richard's collection was unusually high: Lydgate's Siege of Thebes, Chaucer's Knight's Tale and Clerk's Tale, the Prose Ipomedon, (all in the marquess of Bath's ms.) the Prose Tristan in French (British Library, MS Harley 49). Caxton was at the height of his production during Richard's brief reign and dedicated his Order of Chivalry to the king, and most important of all in the context of printing: when Richard's parliament took measures to control alien workers and their goods in England, books and their makers were specifically exempted. There can be little doubt that among the kings of England, of any period, Richard's interest in books and the booktrade is unusual and remarkable. Sources • Anne F. Sutton, '"A Curious Searcher for our Weal Public": Richard III, Piety, Chivalry and the Concept of the "Good Prince"', in Richard III. Loyalty, Lordship and Law, ed. P.W. Hammond, London 1986, repr. 2000. • Anne F. Sutton, 'The Court and its Culture', in John Gillingham, ed., Richard III. A Medieval Kingship, London 1993. • Anne F. Sutton and Livia Visser-Fuchs, Richard III's Books. Ideals and Reality in the Life and Library of a Medieval Prince, Stroud 1997. Richard by his Contemporaries Richard's Military Reputation In 1471 King Edward was determined to regain his throne and he joined battle against his cousin and former ally, the earl of Warwick, at Barnet. The vanguard was led by the eighteen-year-old Richard and his success was recorded in the poem On the Recovery of the Throne by Edward IV: The duke of Glocetter, that nobill prynce, Yonge of age and victorius in batayle, To the honour of Ectour [Hector] that he myghte comens, Grace hym folowith, fortune, and good spede. In 1475 King Edward mounted an expedition to France but quarrelled with his ally and brother-in-law, the duke of Burgundy, and made peace with the French king. Richard appeared to have hoped for a glorious campaign on the lines of Henry V's in 1415 and it was recorded that: Original artwork by Gerry Hitch 'king of England was accommodated by the King of France with whatever he wanted, even to the very torches and candles. The Duke of Gloucester, the King of England's brother, and some other persons of quality, were not present at this interview, as being averse to the treaty; but they recollected themselves afterwards, the Duke of Gloucester waited on the king our master at Amiens.' Following Richard's campaign to Scotland in 1482, his brother, King Edward IV, wrote to Pope Sixtus IV thus: 'Have resolved to state what was achieved this summer in Scotland, that the truth may be known. Thank God, the giver all good gifts, for the support received from our most loving brother, whose success is so proven that he alone would suffice to chastise the whole kingdom of Scotland. This year we appointed our very dear brother Richard Duke of Gloucester to command the same army which we ourselves intended to have led last year, had not adverse turmoil hindered us. … The noble band of victors, however, spared the supplicant and prostrate citizens, the churches, and not only the widows, orphans, and minors, but all persons found there unarmed.' Richard as 'Good Lord' The King. Original artwork by Gerry Hitch From the Mayor and the Council of the city of York (1476) for his support: 'The saide day and tyme by the forsaide Maire and Counsaile it was holie agreed and assented that the Duk of Gloucestre shall for his grete labour of now late made unto the kinges good grace for the conservacion of the liberties of this Citie, that he shalbe presented at his commyng to the citie with vj swannes and vj pikes'. In his role as a 'good lord' Richard would have been asked to act as an executor. One such example is found in the will of Sir John Pilkington who came from an influential northern family: '… Item I will that my son Edward beforwith after my dethe be had to my lorde of Gloucestre and my lorde Chambrelane, hertly beseching thame as they will in my name sesuch [beseech] the king is goode grace that myn executors may have the wardeshipp and mariege of my said son … I lowly and hertly besuche my lorde of Gloucestre and my lorde Chambrelane, that they will, at the reverence of God, by myn executors …' Richard's Reaction on the Death of George, Duke of Clarence In 1478 Richard's brother George, duke of Clarence, was arrested by the king and tried for treason, found guilty and privately executed. Dominic Mancini, an Italian who visited England in 1483, wrote about Richard's reaction: 'At that time Richard, duke of Gloucester, was so overcome with grief for his brother, that he could not dissimulate so well, but that he was overheard to say that he would one day avenge his brother's death.' Original artwork by Gerry Hitch 'I trust to God sune, by Michelmasse, the Kyng shal be at London. He contents the people wher he goys best that ever did prince; for many a poor man that hath suffred wrong many days have be relevyd and helpyd by hym and his commands in his progresse. And in many grete citeis and townis wer grete summis of mony gif hym which he hath refusyd. On my trouth I lykyd never the condicions of ony prince so wel as his; God hathe sent hym to us for the wele of us al …' John Rous of Warwick recorded in the Rous Roll: 'The moost myghty prynce Rychard … all avarice set asyde, rewled hys subiettys in hys realme ful commendabylly, poneschynge offenders of hys lawes, specially extorcioners and oppressors of hys comyns, and chereschynge tho that were vertues, by the whyche dyscrete guydynge he gat gret thank of God and love of all his subiettys ryche and pore and gret laud of the people of all othyr landys a bowt hym.' Richard was concerned about justice, both for the individual and its administration. A Year Book reports one of his most famous acts, when he called together all his justices and posed three questions concerning specific cases. This record provides an idea of Richard's comprehension of and commitment to his coronation oath to uphold the law and its proper procedures. The second question was this. If some justice of the Peace had taken a bill of indictment which had not been found by the jury, and enrolled it among other indictments 'well and truly found' etc. shall there be any punishment thereupon for such justice so doing? And this question was carefully argued among the justices separately and among themselves, … And all being agreed, the justices gave the King in his Council in the Star Chamber their answer to his question in this wise: that above such defaults enquiry ought to be made by a commission of at least twelve jurors, and thereupon the party, having been presented, accused and convicted, shall lose the office and pay fine to the King according to the degree of the misprision etc.' William Caxton, the printer, dedicated his translation of Raymond Lull's Order of Chivalry to King Richard: ' … And thus thys lytyl book I presente to my redoubted, naturel and most dradde soverayne lord, kyng Rychard kyng of Englond and of Fraunce, to thende that he commaunde this book to be had and redde unto other yong lordes, knyghtes and gentylmen within this royame, that the noble ordre of chyvalrye be herafter better used & honoured than hit hath ben in late dayes passed. And herin he shalle do a noble & vertuouse dede. And I shalle pray almyghty God for his long lyf & prosperous welfare, & that he may have victory of al his enemyes, and after this short & transitory lyf to have everlasting lyf in heven where as is joy and blysse, world without ende, Amen.' Richard's death was poignantly recorded in the minutes of the Council of York: ' … king Richard late mercifully reigning upon us was thrugh grete treason of the duc of Northfolk [sic] and many other that turned ayenst hyme, with many other lordes and nobilles of this north parties was piteously slane murdred to the grete hevynesse of this citie …' A Posthumous Accolade Richard III. Original artwork by Gerry Hitch This accolade for Richard comes from an unexpected source. In 1513 Lord Dacre, Warden of the Western Marches, wrote a letter which was summarised in the Letters and Papers of Henry VIII. Dacre seemed to feel intimidated by the reputations of Richard and the earl of Northumberland resulting from a raid they had made into Tevydale in the 1480s, which Dacre was expected to repeat. Nine years later, he is still concerned at their exploits in a letter to Wolsey who responds that, as they took effectual measures to punish and repress offenders, he hopes Dacre will obey his wholesome and friendly admonition and acquire, 'as good a character as they did'. Further Reading Top of page Richard's Death Bob Woosnam-Savage of the Royal Armouries will contribute to this section when his research, in conjunction with the University of Leicester Archaeological Services on King Richard's skeleton, is complete. Ricardian Burial Myths & the Discovery of Richard III's Body by Dr John Ashdown Hill How do you find the lost body of a medieval monarch? First, you need to know … … where he was buried! What Richard's tomb might have looked like The tomb was probably set in place in the summer of 1495. Traditionally, popular accounts of this tomb described it as a cheap memorial, but this was untrue. Full accounts for the cost of the tomb do not survive - but the accounts we do have showed that it cost at least as much as the tomb which Richard's mother, Cecily Duchess of York, commissioned for herself. However, alabaster does not weather well when exposed to the elements. Once the church of the dissolved priory became roofless in 1538, the alabaster royal tomb would have started to decay. Later, around the end of the sixteenth century the site was redeveloped by Alderman Herrick of Leicester as his garden. He must have removed any remaining traces of the alabaster tomb and erected his inscribed pillar in its place. No trace of either the Richard III's alabaster tomb or of Herrick's pillar was discovered during the 2012 excavation. Richard III's Epitaph Texts published in the seventeenth century claimed to be the epitaph from Richard III's alabaster tomb. The texts were in Latin, but one of the publications included a somewhat inaccurate translation in seventeenth-century English. Based on the language of the translation, many historians dismissed the epitaph as a fabrication. In the course of my research I discovered that manuscript texts of the epitaph survived, one of which dated from before the Dissolution (so it could have been directly copied from Richard's tomb). The epitaph concentrated on praising Henry VII's generosity - but it was also fairly polite about Richard III, and acknowledged his bravery. The 2012 dig found no obvious trace of the epitaph. However, brass letters were discovered near Richard's grave site, which probably came from a late medieval tomb inscription (or inscriptions). • You can see Dr John Ashdown Hill's presentation at The Society's Leicester Conference held on the 2nd March 2013.	Cecily Neville, Duchess of York
Which English monarch was the elder brother of King Richard III?	Richard III Plantagenet, King of England (1452 - 1485) - Genealogy Richard III Plantagenet, King of England Also Known As: Fotheringhay Castle, Fotheringhay, Northamptonshire, England Death: in Bosworth Field, Leicestershire, England Cause of death: Leicester Cathedral, Leicester, Leicestershire, England Immediate Family: Oct 2 1452 - Fotheringhay Castle, , Northamptonshire, England, United Kingdom Death: Oct 2 1452 - Fotheringhay Castle Death: Cause of death: Killed in action - Aug 22 1485 - Ambion Hill Parents: Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York, Cecily Neville, Duchess of York Siblings: Edward IV of England, Margaret of York, George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence, Edmund, Earl of Rutland Wife: Oct 2 1452 - Fotheringhay Castle, Northamptonshire, England Death: Aug 22 1485 - Battle of Bosworth Field, Leicestershire, England Parents: Richard of York, Cecily of York Wife: Oct 11 1452 - Fotheringay Castle, Northamptonshire, England Death: Oct 11 1452 - Fotheringhay, Northamptonshire, England, United Kingdom Death: Aug 31 1485 - Leicestershire, England, United Kingdom Wife: Oct 23 1452 - Fotheringhay Castle, Northamptonshire, England Death: Aug 31 1485 - Bosworth Field, Market Bosworth, Leicestershire, England Son: About Richard III of England latest news about Richard http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/141202/ncomms6631/full/ncomms6631.html ========================================================================= A skeleton found beneath a Leicester car park has been confirmed as that of English king Richard III. Richard III dig: DNA confirms bones are king's: http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2013/feb/04/richard-third-skeleton-confirmed-leicester Remains of King Richard III: Analysis by Dr Steven Gunn, University of Oxford After the battle of Bosworth Henry VII didn't want anyone claiming that they were Richard III and had survived the battle. Richard's body was taken to Leicester, slung naked over the back of a horse, and publicly displayed so people could see he was dead. But there was the problem of how and where to bury him - what seems likely is that they wanted to avoid anything that would generate a posthumous cult. There was a tradition in medieval England that people who were political victims then became popular saints. They wouldn't have wanted to bury him in York, where he was very popular. Greyfriars was convenient and safe. Henry VII put steps in action for a tomb to be built, and the inscription was to be ambivalent, and in some ways rude about Richard III, talking about his nephews and indicating that he wasn't a very good king. There is evidence that people talked about him being buried there. ===================================================================== a short summary from Wikipedia: Richard III Reign: 26 June 1483 – 22 August 1485 Coronation: 6 July 1483 Father: Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York Mother: Cecily Neville, Duchess of York Born: 2 October 1452 Died: 22 August 1485 (aged 32) Bosworth Field, Leicestershire Burial: Greyfriars, Leicester (reburial Leicester Cathedral 26 March 2015) ===================================================================== "Richard III (2 October 1452 – 22 August 1485) was King of England for two years, from 1483 until his death in 1485 during the Battle of Bosworth Field. He was the last king of the House of York and the last of the Plantagenet dynasty. His defeat at the Battle of Bosworth Field was the decisive battle of the Wars of the Roses and is sometimes regarded as the end of the Middle Ages in England. He is the subject of an eponymous play by William Shakespeare." ===================================================================== Wikipedia links: ==================================================================== Citations / Sources: [S4] C.F.J. Hankinson, editor, DeBretts Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage and Companionage, 147th year (London, U.K.: Odhams Press, 1949), page 20 . Hereinafter cited as DeBretts Peerage, 1949. [S11] Alison Weir, Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy (London, U.K.: The Bodley Head, 1999), pages 142, 144. Hereinafter cited as Britain's Royal Families. [S16] #894 Cahiers de Saint-Louis (1976), Louis IX, Roi de France, (Angers: J. Saillot, 1976), FHL book 944 D22ds., vol. 2 p. 100, 107, 110. [S18] Matthew H.C.G., editor, Dictionary of National Biography on CD-ROM (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 1995), reference "Richard III, 1452-1485". Hereinafter cited as Dictionary of National Biography. [S20] Magna Carta Ancestry: A study in Colonial and Medieval Families, Richardson, Douglas, (Kimball G. Everingham, editor. 2nd edition, 2011), vol. 4 p. 409. [S22] #374 The Lineage and Ancestry of H. R. H. Prince Charles, Prince of Wales (1977), Paget, Gerald, (2 volumes. Baltimore: Geneal. Pub., 1977), FHL book Q 942 D22pg., vol. 1 p. 30. [S23] #849 Burke's Guide to the Royal Family (1973), (London: Burke's Peerage, c1973), FHl book 942 D22bgr., p. 201. [S32] #150 [1879-1967] A Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage, Together with Memoirs of the Privy Councillors and Knights (1879-1967), Burke, Sir John Bernard, (London: Harrison, 1879-1967), FHL book 942 D22bup., 1967 ed. preface lxv. [S35] #244 The History and Antiquities of the County of Northampton (1822-1841), Baker, George, (2 volumes. London: J. B. Nichols and Son, 1822-1841), FHL book Q 942.55 H2bal; FHL microfilm 962,237 ite., vol. 2 p. 219. [S37] #93 [Book version] The Dictionary of National Biography: from the Earliest Times to 1900 (1885-1900, reprint 1993), Stephen, Leslie, (22 volumes. 1885-1900. Reprint, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1993), FHL book 920.042 D561n., vol. 1 p. 423-425 vol. 48 p. 158-165. [S54] #21 The complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom, extant, extinct, or dormant, Cokayne, George Edward, (Gloucester [England] : Alan Sutton Pub. Ltd., 1987), 942 D22cok., vol. 3 p. 439. [S68] #673 The New England Historical and Genealogical Register (1846-), (Boston, Massachusetts: New England Historic Genealogical Society, 1846-), FHL book 974 B2ne; CD-ROM No 33 Parts 1-9; See FHL., July 1967 p. 187, 190. [S81] #125 The Royal Daughters of England and Their Representatives (1910-1911), Lane, Henry Murray, (2 voulmes. London: Constable and Co., 1910-1911), FHL microfilm 88,003., vol. 1 p. 246-247 table 2 pt. 2. [S99] #711 Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society, (Gloucester: John Bellows, 1876-), FHL book 942.41 C4bg., vol. 12 p. 39. [S117] #227 The History and Antiquities of the County of Hertford (1815-1827), Clutterbuck, Robert, (3 volumes. London: Nichols, Son and Bentley, 1815-1827), FHL book Q 942.58 H2c; FHL microfilms 899,855-899,., vol. 1 p. 358. [S338] Plantagenet Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families (2004), Richardson, Douglas, edited by Kamball G. Everingham, (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2004), FHL book 942 D5rd., p. xxix. [S673] #1079 A History of Monmouthshire from the Coming of the Normans into Wales down to the Present Time (1904-1993), Bradney, Sir Joseph Alfred, (Publications of the South Wales Record Society, number 8. Five volumes in 13. London: Mitchell, Hughes and Clarke, 1904-1993), FHL book 942.43 H2b., vol. 2 p. 13; vol. 3 p. 8. [S754] #205 Baronagium Genealogicum, Or, the Pedigrees of the English Peers, Deduced from the Earliest Times, of Which There Are Any Attested Accountes Including, as Well Collateral as Lineal Descents (1764-1784), Segar, Sir William, (6 volumes. [London]: Engraved and printed for the author, [1764-1784].), Volumes 1-4 FHL microfilm 164,680; volume 5 FHL mi., vol. 3 p. 264. [S1850] Medieval Lands: A Prosopography of Medieval European Noble and Royal Families, Charles Cawley, ( http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/ ), England, Kings 1066-1603 [accessed 28 Jun 2006]. [S1886] #89 A Genealogical History of the Kings of England, and Monarchs of Great Britain, & C. From the Conquest, Anno 1066 to the Year, 1677, Sandford, Francis Esq., (London: Thomas Newcomb, 1677), FHL microfilm 599,670 item 3., p. 405-410. [S2420] #11886 The Golden Grove books of pedigrees (filmed 1970), (Manuscript, National Library of Wales manuscript number Castell Gorfod 7. Filmed by the Genealogical Society of Utah, 1950), FHL microfilms 104,349-104,351., book 5 p. C624. Profile portrait-Earliest surviving portrait (c1520-after a lost original), formerly belonging to the Paston family (Society of Antiquaries, London)	i don't know
King Richard III was the last of the Plantagenet dynasty and last king of which royal house?	Who was Richard III - Last Plantagenet King to die in battle -Timeline - University of Leicester Who was Richard III? A Plantagenet primer on the last English king to die in battle. Although he only ruled for two years – from 1483 to 1485 – Richard III stands out among his peers as one of the most famous (or infamous) Kings of England. But who was he? And why does he continue to inspire such interest? Richard was born in Fotheringhay Castle, Northamptonshire on 2 October 1452 – about 30 miles (50km) from Leicester and only about 40 miles (65km - two days’ ride) from Bosworth where he met his end a third of a century later. Richard and his older brother Edward were the great-great-grandchildren of Edward III, a line of descent which was used to justify the claim to the throne by the House of York during the Wars of the Roses (the House of Lancaster was also descended from Edward III, via a different route). The Princes in the Tower The Princes in the Tower The Two Princes Edward and Richard in the Tower, 1483 by Sir John Everett Millais, 1878. Edward ruled as King Edward IV from 1461 until 1470 and again from 1471 until his death in 1483, when his 12-year-old son succeeded as Edward V, with Richard named Lord Protector. Young Edward and his brother moved into the Tower of London (which was then a royal palace, not a prison) but in June their parents’ marriage was declared invalid, making the princes illegitimate and hence their uncle became the heir apparent. Richard lost no time in being crowned King Richard III and the two boys were not seen again. Thus began the legend of ‘the Princes in the Tower’ and a long-standing popular belief that Richard had his nephews murdered in order to remove any competing claim to the throne. This has been widely debated for many years, with passionate arguments made both for and against Richard. Death and disappearance After defeating an unsuccessful rebellion in October 1483, Richard led his army to Bosworth in Leicestershire two years later to face Henry Tudor (whose somewhat tenuous claim to the throne was also through descent from Edward III). On 22 August 1485, Richard was killed at Bosworth Field, the last English King to die in battle, thereby bringing to an end both the Plantagenet dynasty and the Wars of the Roses. Henry Tudor was crowned King Henry VII. Richard’s body was brought back to Leicester, publicly displayed and then given for burial to a group of Franciscan friars. An alabaster tomb monument was constructed over the grave in 1495, paid for by the new King. With the dissolution of the monasteries (by Henry Tudor’s son, Henry VIII) that friary disappeared and along with it any clear record of Richard’s grave. Stories and rumours about where Richard’s mortal remains lie – or what happened to them – have circulated over the ensuing centuries, but most of these have subsequently been shown to be tall tales. Re-evaluating Richard Portrait of Richard III of England, painted c. 1520 (approximate date from tree-rings on panel), after a lost original, for the Paston family, now owned by the Society of Antiquaries, London. History, they say, is written by the victors. Tudor writers and artists had no qualms about depicting Richard III as an evil tyrant and child-murderer, as well as a crippled hunchback. Shakespeare’s eponymous play, written 106 years after Richard’s death, cemented the King’s bad reputation (and appearance) among the general public for centuries, although scholars including Francis Bacon and Horace Walpole sought to re-evaluate his reign. In 1924 the Richard III Society was founded, aiming to challenge accepted beliefs and assumptions about ‘the last Plantagenet’, not least the accusation of murder and the popular depiction of Richard as having a crooked spine. Among the inarguably good works of this popular King, they pointed out, were a number of significant changes to English law, including the presumption of ‘innocent until proven guilty’ and a reformation of the jury system. With a controversial claim to the throne, accusations of blood on his hands, a violent and gory death, and a bad press (largely derived from a classic of English literature) – not forgetting serious debate about his physical appearance – it is no wonder that Richard III continues to fascinate historians, scholars and the public in the 21st century. Timeline	House of York
What is the name of the battlefield where, traditionally, King Richard III of England died?	Crowds salute coffin of English 'car park king' Richard III Crowds salute coffin of English 'car park king' Richard III Leon Neal in Leicester with Robin Millard in London Share View photos The oak coffin containing the remains of King Richard III, the last king on England's Plantagenet dynasty, is carried for a service outside the University of Leicester in Leicester, central England on March 22, 2015, ahead of his reburial (AFP Photo/Leon Neal) More Leicester (United Kingdom) (AFP) - Tens of thousands lined the streets on Sunday to see the coffin of England's Richard III taken in procession to his final burial, five centuries after his battlefield death. The remains of the last English monarch to die in battle were discovered buried under a municipal car park in 2012, almost 530 years after he was killed in 1485. The medieval king will be laid to rest on Thursday in Leicester Cathedral, central England, in the presence of royalty in a service broadcast live on national television. Five days of events leading up to the burial got under way Sunday when the king's descendants and archaeologists who excavated his remains laid white roses, the symbol of his royal house, on his coffin. It was then taken to Bosworth, where he fell in battle, where many attended in period dress and battle armour, and the dead king was honoured with a 21-gun salute. The Leicester county council said 35,000 people had lined the streets during the day. The Bishop of Leicester, Tim Stevens, said Richard's death marked an "extraordinary moment" in English history. "It was a change of dynasty, an end of a period of violent civil war, the beginning of the period in which Shakespeare was to write his great tragedies, including Richard III, and a different way of governing the country," he said. Richard, the last of the Plantagenet dynasty, ruled England from 1483 until he was killed near Leicester by soldiers loyal to Henry Tudor, later Henry VII. It was the last major conflict in the Wars of the Roses, and Richard's defeat saw the crown pass from his House of York to the House of Tudor. - Closest ancestor is carpenter - The slain 32-year-old was buried without fanfare at Greyfriars monastery, which was demolished in the 1530s during Tudor king Henry VIII's dissolution of the monasteries. Richard's remains were thought lost. But members of the Richard III Society teamed up with Leicester University archaeologists to excavate the site, rightly predicting where in the old church he would have been buried. They found a skeleton consistent with contemporary descriptions of the king, notably his curved spine, and battle injuries. Radiocarbon dating showed the man died between 1455 and 1540. "Skeleton 1" had eight head wounds, including a brutal slash to the base of skull which cleaved away bone. Another blow had pierced his skull. Their discovery was confirmed by a DNA match with Richard's closest living relative -- Canadian carpenter Michael Ibsen, who fittingly has now made the monarch's English oak coffin. By coincidence, the remains were beneath a letter R indicating a reserved space in the car park. Finding Richard's remains triggered impassioned wrangling over what to do next, but following a judicial review his bones are to be reinterred in Leicester rather than York, his northern stronghold. - Villainous image - After visiting the battlefield, the coffin was taken on a horse-drawn cart through the streets before being welcomed with a ceremony at Leicester cathedral. Richard was a Catholic and lived before Anglicanism was established as the faith of the British monarchy, and the sermon was delivered by the leader of England's Catholics, Cardinal Vincent Nichols. Both strands of Christianity are to be mixed during the week. The public can view the coffin from Monday, when Nichols celebrates a requiem mass in Leicester's main Catholic Church. The king's remains are to be reburied Thursday according to Church of England traditions, in the presence of its spiritual head the Archbishop of Canterbury Justin Welby. Queen Elizabeth II's daughter-in-law Sophie, the Countess of Wessex, will attend, as will her cousin Prince Richard the Duke of Gloucester, patron of the Richard III Society and a blood relative. The discovery of his skeleton encouraged scholars to look again at Richard's record of social reform, rather than rely on Shakespeare's Tudor-era portrayal of him as a villainous tyrant murderer. In his sermon, Nichols praised Richard for developing the presumption of innocence in the legal system and the practice of granting bail. "The deepest intentions of Richard have always been hard to fathom," Nichols said. "Within the depth of his heart, amidst all his fears and ambitions, there surely lay a strong desire to provide his people with stability and improvement." The chairman of the Richard III Society, Phil Stone, said this week's events would help to restore his reputation. "Our work will continue, in perhaps convincing the doubters Richard wasn't as black as he was once thought to be," he said. Reblog	i don't know
Who defeated King Richard III in the last battle of the ‘Wars of the Roses’?	Battle of Bosworth - War of the Roses War of the Roses War of the Roses 1455 - 1487 The War of Roses The Wars of the Roses were a series of civil wars fought in medieval England from 1455 to 1487. For thirty - two years, a bitter struggle for the English throne was waged between two branches on the same family, the House of York and the House of Lancaster, both descended from Edward lll . The War of the Roses began in 1455, when many barons resented the way that the Lancaster family had seized the throne in 1399 and felt that Henry V, IV or VI were not the rightful kings. (Henry IV, the first Lancastrian King, came to the English throne by force. He made his cousin Richard ll, abdicate, and then seized the crown himself.) According to the barons, the York family, cousins of the Lancasters, were truly entitled to reign. The Battle of Stoke is considered by most people as the final conflict in the Wars of the Roses. Each house was represented by a rose. The Struggle for power was know as the War of the Roses because the Lancaster emblem was a red rose and the York emblem a white rose. The House of York used a white rose. The House of Lancaster used a red rose. Henry Tudor The Battle of Bosworth 1485 The battle of Bosworth is one of the most important battles in English history. It led to the War of the Roses, and planted the Tudor house on the throne of England. What happened the battle of Bosworth? Henry Tudor , (Henry VII), earl of Richmond and a Lancastrian, defeated King Richard III, a Yorkist, at the battle of Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485. Richard III (on the right) and his flag bearer Battle of Bosworth saw the death of Richard III Richard III was the last English monarch to have been killed in battle. Henry Tudor landed at Milford Haven on 7 August in an attempt to claim the throne of England. He gathered supporters on his journey through Wales, and by the time he arrived in the Midlands, he had amassed an army of an estimated 5,000 men. Richard III, on the other hand, had an army of nearly 8,000. After the battle, Henry Tudor was crowned as King Henry VII , marking the beginning of the 118-year reign of the Tudor dynasty in England. Henry Vll (representing the Lancaster family) married Elizabeth of York (representing the York family). This marriage united the two families. Henry created the Tudor rose, containing both the White Rose of York and the Red Rose of Lancaster. It symbolized the end of a struggle between York and Lancaster, More information	henry tudor henry vii
Before he became king of England, Richard III was Duke of ‘where’?	Battle of Bosworth - War of the Roses War of the Roses War of the Roses 1455 - 1487 The War of Roses The Wars of the Roses were a series of civil wars fought in medieval England from 1455 to 1487. For thirty - two years, a bitter struggle for the English throne was waged between two branches on the same family, the House of York and the House of Lancaster, both descended from Edward lll . The War of the Roses began in 1455, when many barons resented the way that the Lancaster family had seized the throne in 1399 and felt that Henry V, IV or VI were not the rightful kings. (Henry IV, the first Lancastrian King, came to the English throne by force. He made his cousin Richard ll, abdicate, and then seized the crown himself.) According to the barons, the York family, cousins of the Lancasters, were truly entitled to reign. The Battle of Stoke is considered by most people as the final conflict in the Wars of the Roses. Each house was represented by a rose. The Struggle for power was know as the War of the Roses because the Lancaster emblem was a red rose and the York emblem a white rose. The House of York used a white rose. The House of Lancaster used a red rose. Henry Tudor The Battle of Bosworth 1485 The battle of Bosworth is one of the most important battles in English history. It led to the War of the Roses, and planted the Tudor house on the throne of England. What happened the battle of Bosworth? Henry Tudor , (Henry VII), earl of Richmond and a Lancastrian, defeated King Richard III, a Yorkist, at the battle of Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485. Richard III (on the right) and his flag bearer Battle of Bosworth saw the death of Richard III Richard III was the last English monarch to have been killed in battle. Henry Tudor landed at Milford Haven on 7 August in an attempt to claim the throne of England. He gathered supporters on his journey through Wales, and by the time he arrived in the Midlands, he had amassed an army of an estimated 5,000 men. Richard III, on the other hand, had an army of nearly 8,000. After the battle, Henry Tudor was crowned as King Henry VII , marking the beginning of the 118-year reign of the Tudor dynasty in England. Henry Vll (representing the Lancaster family) married Elizabeth of York (representing the York family). This marriage united the two families. Henry created the Tudor rose, containing both the White Rose of York and the Red Rose of Lancaster. It symbolized the end of a struggle between York and Lancaster, More information	i don't know
Who was the wife of King Richard III of England?	Richard III Society \| RICHARD III \| HIS LIFE A Brief Biography and Introduction to Richard's Reputation by Wendy E.A. Moorhen What follows is a brief factual biography of Richard III which provides links to more in-depth articles and papers on his life, career and reputation. Boyhood Fotheringhay Castle by Julian Rowe, reproduced by kind permission of Peter Hammond Richard Plantagenet was born on 2 October 1452 at Fotheringhay Castle in Northamptonshire, the youngest son of Richard, Duke of York, and his wife, the former Cecily Neville. York, a cousin to the reigning King Henry VI, held senior government positions but was unpopular with the Lancastrian regime. York's disputes led to his early death at the Battle of Wakefield on 30 December 1460. His eldest son, Edward, seized the throne of England in March the following year and defeated the Lancastrians at Towton on 29 March. Middleham Castle ©Geoffrey Wheeler The young king Edward IV now assumed responsibility for the upbringing of his younger siblings who had hitherto experienced an unsettled childhood. The elder son, George, was created duke of Clarence and the younger, Richard, was created duke of Gloucester at the age of eight and entered the household of his cousin, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, to begin his education as a nobleman. This took place primarily at the earl's Yorkshire estates of Middleham and Sheriff Hutton. Meanwhile, King Edward clandestinely married a Lancastrian widow in 1464 and thus began to alienate Warwick, his most powerful ally, who had favoured a political match with a European princess. Over the next five years the relationship between king and 'over-mighty' earl deteriorated until civil strife was resumed in 1469 and the following year Edward was driven into exile. One of the causes of their dispute was the marriage of Warwick's elder daughter to Clarence without the king's permission. The Young Duke The Battle of Barnet © Geoffrey Wheeler Richard accompanied Edward to the continent and on their return to England in 1471 the eighteen-year-old duke was given command of the vanguard at the Battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury. These battles were resounding Yorkist victories and both Warwick and the Lancastrian heir, Prince Edward of Wales, were killed. The former king, Henry VI, died a few days later in London. Richard now assumed the responsibilities of his position. He had been admiral of England since 1461 and he was now appointed constable. King Edward granted Richard many of Warwick's forfeited estates and the following year the duke married Warwick's younger daughter Anne, who was the widow of Prince Edward who was killed at Tewkesbury. The Battle of Tewkesbury © Geoffrey Wheeler The couple took up residence in the north of England , which King Edward effectively entrusted to his brother, and Richard was created Warden of the West Marches of Scotland. Richard took his duties seriously and held the north against any Scottish incursions. In 1476, Duchess Anne gave birth to their only child, who became known as Edward of Middleham. During the remaining years of his brother's reign, Richard of Gloucester rarely left the north. Two such occasions included the invasion of France in 1475 and attending the parliament of 1478 when their brother Clarence was attainted for treason and privately executed. In the summer of 1482, Richard invaded Scotland at King Edward's behest. He was accompanied by the Scots king's brother, the duke of Albany. Richard and Albany marched as far as Edinburgh before Richard strategically withdrew over the border. April - July 1483 On 9 April 1483 King Edward died, a few days short of his forty-first birthday. There had been no time to prepare for a transition of power and the heir, another Edward, was twelve years old. Factions were immediately formed, each believing that they had an important role to play in the government of England. There was the queen and her extensive family; the old nobility, represented in the former king's Council, which included the late king's friend and chamberlain, William, Lord Hastings; and his surviving brother, Richard, who was appointed the lord protector. Ludlow Castle At the time of his father's death, the new king was at Ludlow under the tutelage of his maternal uncle, Earl Rivers. The queen sent for them to come to London and for the king to be crowned without delay. Lord Hastings possibly sent messengers north to inform Richard of his brother's death and urge that he come immediately to London. Richard was joined on his journey south by the duke of Buckingham, a distant cousin. At Northampton, Richard and his followers met and arrested Earl Rivers. Richard then moved on to Stony Stratford where the king was resting, made three further arrests and escorted his nephew to London. The queen, on hearing of these events, withdrew to sanctuary in Westminster Abbey with her family. Edward V arrived in London on 4 May, the day for which his coronation had been planned, and the event was rescheduled for 22 June. Richard and the Council continued with the preparations for the coronation and with the governance of the country, but on 13 June Richard announced that a plot against him had been discovered and accused Lord Hastings of being the instigator. The latter was immediately executed and Archbishop Thomas Rotherham, Bishop John Morton and Thomas, Lord Stanley, were arrested. On 16 June the young king's brother, Richard, Duke of York left sanctuary in Westminster Abbey and joined his brother in the royal apartments at the Tower. On 22 June Dr Ralph Shaa, brother of the mayor, declared to the citizens of London, that King Edward IV's marriage to Elizabeth Woodville was illegal. This was because of a pre-contract of marriage between Edward IV and Lady Eleanor Butler and the clandestine nature of the king's marriage to Elizabeth Woodville. The children of the marriage were declared illegitimate, and therefore barred from succession to the throne of England. Within four days Richard was acclaimed king of England. Richard the King King Richard III was crowned, together with his wife Anne, on 6 July at Westminster Abbey. Shortly afterwards the couple began a progress around the country which ended in York with the investiture of their son Edward as prince of Wales. In the autumn of 1483, however, King Richard suffered a serious set-back. His former supporter, the duke of Buckingham, became involved in a rebellion, based primarily in the west country and Kent. Although swiftly repressed, the effects were far-reaching and King Richard now began to rely more on his northern supporters, placing them in the offices left vacant by the rebels. The rebellion had been supported by a scion of the House of Lancaster, the exiled Henry Tudor, a descendant of King Edward III through his son John of Gaunt's legitimised Beaufort family. Tudor had assumed the role of representative of the Lancastrian line and had become the focus for disaffected English nobles and gentry. On Christmas Day 1483, in Rennes Cathedral, Henry Tudor declared his intention of marrying King Edward IV's eldest daughter, the Lady Elizabeth, when he became king of England. He then spent the next eighteen months planning his invasion. King Richard meanwhile called his first, and only, parliament in January 1484. The legislation covered three main areas, the ratification of Richard as king, the passing of acts of attainder against the October rebels and the passing of a number of acts designed to reform part of the legal system. King Richard's reign was overshadowed by the threat of Tudor's invasion and by personal loss. Near the anniversary of the death of his brother, King Edward, Richard's son died and the king and queen shut themselves in their apartments at Nottingham Castle to mourn their loss. Richard's queen died less than a year later on 16 March 1485. Artwork from The Battle of Bosworth by Graham Turner © Osprey Publishing Ltd www.ospreypublishing.com The long-awaited invasion came on 7 August 1485 when Tudor landed at Milford Haven in Wales. King Richard mobilised his forces and on 22 August king and invader joined battle at Bosworth Field in Leicestershire. Despite Richard's superior army, the battle was lost when the king was slain after Sir William Stanley turned traitor in favour of his step-nephew, Henry Tudor, and led his forces into the battle on Tudor's side. Richard Plantagenet was the last king of England to die on the battlefield. Reputation The victor of Bosworth was to establish his own dynasty but his genealogical claim to the throne was both tenuous and cadet. It may also have been illegal without an act of parliament to amend Henry IV's legitimisation of his Beaufort siblings who were barred, together with their descendants, from inheriting the throne. Tudor wisely decided to claim the throne by right of conquest but was cognizant of the need to take every opportunity of enhancing his own reputation at the expense of his predecessor. Richard's actions and behaviour were the subject of attention and scrutiny and were presented, in the weeks and years after his death, as those of a wicked and unscrupulous tyrant. Hastings' Windsor Stall Plate © Geoffrey Wheeler During his own lifetime, however, Richard's reputation was high, the loyal brother of Edward IV who administered the north of the realm and defended the country against the Scots. The premature death of Edward IV led to a national crisis in which Richard emerged as king. With the benefit of hindsight, historians have generally interpreted the fateful events of 1483 in the light of Richard being a calculating usurper. There are, of course, some contemporary criticisms and rumours about Richard but these are inevitable in view of his high profile. The decisive arrests of Rivers and others thus appear as pre-emptive acts to gain control of Edward V. The fact was that Richard had not been officially informed of his brother's death and that his sister-in-law sought to crown her son with unseemly haste, an act which would have reduced Richard's power to rule the king despite his appointment as Protector. Once crowned, Edward V would have ruled through his Council, the composition and performance of which could be manipulated by the Woodville faction. Richard's next decisive act was based on the revelation of a plot and the execution of its alleged leader, Hastings. Traditional historians have accused Richard of inventing the plot in order to rid himself of Edward V's staunchest supporter. However, documents are extant which demonstrate that Richard was aware of the conspiracy before taking action, sought to obtain re-enforcements to support his protectorship and conducted a mop-up operation to neutralise other conspirators, all of which suggest that Richard was suppressing a genuine plot. The declaration of the illegality of Edward IV's marriage to Elizabeth Woodville has been interpreted as a convenient excuse for Richard to overturn his nephew's succession and it was indeed a timely discovery. However, the legality of Richard's actions and of the 'precontract' dispute are still the subjects of academic debate. Once Richard was crowned and his nephews bastardised, the young princes were no longer an important factor at the Ricardian court. Their 'disappearance', however, led to the greatest controversy surrounding King Richard - did he kill his nephews? Signature with motto of King Richard. Redrawn by Piat Design Accusations of infanticide, however, were not enough for the historians seeking to defame the dead king. The death of Richard's own wife came under suspicion with hints of him murdering her with poison, of murdering her former husband after the battle of Tewkesbury, of murdering King Henry VI, and even of his own brother Clarence, despite his treason being confirmed by the act of attainder passed by King Edward IV's own parliament. By the time the Elizabethan playwright William Shakespeare penned what was to become one of his most popular and frequently performed plays, The Tragedy of King Richard III, the works of the anonymous Croyland Chronicler, John Rous, Bernard André, Polydore Vergil, Sir Thomas More, Edward Hall, Richard Grafton and Raphael Holinshed had been written. Shakespeare followed their tradition and presented his anti-hero as the murderous, deformed tyrant so well known to theatre, television and cinema audiences. Within a few years of its first production a backlash against the 'traditionalist' version of King Richard's history was written by Sir George Buck although it remained unpublished for some years. Later in the sixteenth century, Richard's fate as the archetypal villain was sealed when John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough is reputed to have said 'I take my history from Shakespeare' despite the fact that Richard's villainy was so over the top that the character has failed to gain acceptance as a real and identifiable person with many audiences. The Great Debate, as the study of Richard's reputation became known, truly began in the seventeenth century when Horace Walpole wrote his Historic Doubts and rattled the cages of the traditionalists. That debate is not yet over, with the majority of the British historical academic community still promoting Richard as an infanticide. Some academics have acknowledged that Richard was a talented administrator and that he cannot be held responsible for the deaths of Henry VI and his son, but their overall assessment is still that of an evil and avaricious man. This shift in his reputation has now led to new claims of avarice, in that his motivation for taking the throne is said to be found in his fear of losing the Neville inheritance. Gaining a re-evaluation of Richard's reputation entails the painstaking task of examining the primary and Tudor sources and assessing his actions, both as duke and king, against the background of his times, his contemporaries, his predecessors and his successors. The art of rhetoric, so beloved of one of Richard's greatest critics, Sir Thomas More, comes into play as the interpretation of his actions, such as his 1484 legislation, which has been described as either 'enlightened' or 'divisive', depends on the writer's orientation. There is no clear evidence that Richard was guilty or innocent of his so-called 'crimes', but historians, whether detractors or sympathisers, must work with the information derived from the sources and endeavour to present a balanced view of this controversial figure. The most comprehensive study of Richard's posthumous reputation has been carried out by the Society's former chairman, the late Jeremy Potter, and published as Good King Richard? Reproduced by kind permission of the Society of Antiquaries. The 'how to …' hand-books, so popular in our own time, which cover a vast array of skills, behaviours, activities, etc. are not new. In the fifteenth century, books abounded advising rulers on what was expected of them, such as 'mirrors' of princes or histories that gave shining examples of how a prince should behave. Richard III owned a number of such books and it appears he accepted the writers' teachings. In a paper presented by Anne Sutton at the Society's symposium held in 1984 at Jesus College, Cambridge (and subsequently published in Lordship, Loyalty and Law), she puts forward a very strong case that Richard, both as duke and king, followed the principles laid down for a prince and that he can be viewed as 'a perfect prince'. The following is a brief summary of some of those arguments. First, what were the requisite virtues? From The Declamation of Noblesse '… to be a curious searcer for our weal publyque, merry at home, laborious outward, besy to atteyne science, pyteous of them which has necessyte, namely to my fader, moder & kynne, welbyloued of my neyghbours, true to my frendes, obeysaunt & devoute in thynges relygious'. In De Regimine Principum by Aegidius Colonna, a pupil of St Thomas Aquinas, Colonna's prince should be prudent, dignified but sympathetic, truthful, energetic, just but tempered with mercy, courageous but not rash, moderate in all things, magnanimous and munificent in his undertakings, a generous but careful rewarder of the deserving, he should love honour, be humble and friendly while commanding respect, have an equal as his wife with whom he shares secrets and above all love the common good and the welfare of the state. John Gower summed up the virtues as truth, largesse, love of justice, pity, and chastity in marriage. William Langland in The Vision of Piers Plowman presents 'a compelling image of a harmonious society bound together by law, loyalty and love'. Loyalty was a virtue that Richard embraced enthusiastically and included in his personal motto 'loyalté me lie'. The theme in all of these works is the personal virtue of the prince. In the middle ages public morality was the extension of private morality. 'The king's will had to be controlled by a desire to serve the good of the community, the "common weal", and by obedience to the rule of natural law'. In the coronation oath the ideals of good rule are reduced to four basic clauses 'maintain the church, administer justice, uphold the laws of England, and defend your subjects' and the oath was translated into English for the first time at King Richard's coronation. The Church Reproduced by kind permission of the artist. www.studio88.co.uk Through the medium of sermons the church encouraged the rich to fulfil their obligations and help the poor. Richard's good intentions in this area are well documented. He promoted the court that became the Court of Requests where the poor could present their suits at Westminster. In Glamorgan, where he held considerable land, Richard attempted to reform the administration system within his lordship, and T.B. Pugh commented Richard 'had a genuine concern for the welfare of its inhabitants.' Of Richard's personal piety a little can be gleaned from his library, which included a bible and his own book of hours. There is also evidence of devotion to the saints and he presented a jewelled calvary containing relics of St Peter to York Minster. As a prince Richard was obliged to make an outward show of piety and he created a number of religious foundations, such as the collegiate church at Middleham. The education of the clergy was also an interest and in 1477 he made a grant to Queens' College Cambridge to support four priests studying theology. The priests were charged to pray for Richard and his family, and rather poignantly, friends and associates who had died at the battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury. Richard appears to have had a genuine interest in learned clergy and in education. During his royal progress following his coronation he stayed at Magdalen College, Oxford, and listened to learned disputations. Richard was surrounded by senior clergy whose reputations stood high, such as Bishop Thomas Langton and John Russell, Bishop of Lincoln, was his chancellor. The Knight Reproduced by kind permission of the artist. www.studio88.co.uk The chivalric code encompassed the ideals of protecting the weak, fighting for justice, keeping the peace, serving the common weal and rejected evil behaviour. Hand-books and romances, like those for princes, were in circulation, such as De Re Militari, a copy of which Richard commissioned, and Lull's Order of Chivalry dedicated by Caxton to Richard. Preparing for knighthood was part of Richard's education and from a young age he held the chivalric post of constable of England. As constable he had his own court of law which included the overseeing of the heralds, and ordinances for their good behaviour have been attributed to Richard. He obviously had a keen interest in their work, and as king he founded the College of Arms. A practical demonstration of Richard's military leadership, where he displayed the qualities of discipline and moderation, can be found in the Scottish campaign of 1482, described by Dr Norman MacDougall as a 'competent campaign' Richard was granted money to pay for an army of 20,000 for only four weeks and for 1,700 men for a further two weeks. He succeeded in capturing Berwick, marching to Edinburgh, which he occupied, controlled his army so they did not sack the city and returned to England within the timeframe. The Law As both a magnate and administrator the law played an important role in Richard's affairs. As king it was to assume the greatest significance. Social harmony was the ultimate goal of the 'perfect prince', and the right and fair regulation of society by a recognition of mutual obligations between the different sections of the community, such 'as rich and poor, buyer and seller, citizen and foreigner, lord and liegeman' was enforced by law. As his brother's representative in the north Richard's ducal council became a source of arbitration and Richard showed concern for peaceful arbitration and judicial solutions. Westminster Hall When he left the north and appointed his nephew, the earl of Lincoln, as his successor, the ducal council became the Council of the North and its responsibilities and conduct were the subject of a set of articles. As an administrative institution it survived into the seventeenth century which perhaps bears testament to Richard's skill and foresight as an adminstrator. Richard's parliament of 1484 , apart from attending to the business of the king's title and the October rebellion, passed legislation which led Sir Francis Bacon to describe Richard as 'a good lawmaker for the ease and solace of the common people'. For example, Richard was concerned with the problem of corrupt and lazy officials and some of the statutes dealt with this problem. Richard's policy throughout his career was to set standards whereby officials were educated and sufficiently wealthy in order for them to be less vulnerable to corruption. At a session in the Star Chamber Richard personally brought to the attention of his justices connivance at altering a court record, the reporter of the session states that Richard was 'perturbed' that such cases should arise. Marriage Middleham by Graham Turner. Reproduced by kind permission of the artist. www.studio88.co.uk A stable private life was acknowledged as desirable by the mentors of princes and indeed the problems surrounding King Edward's marital arrangements were directly responsible for Richard's elevation to kingship. They provided Richard with a moral claim to the throne. Although little is known about the relationship between Richard and his wife, Anne Neville, their mutual grief at the loss of their son in 1484 and the fact that his two illegitimate children appear to have been begotten before his marriage, perhaps indicate the stability of Richard's own marriage. Conclusion Dr Sutton concludes her paper with three contemporary comments on Richard's policy as Duke and as King by Dominic Mancini, Thomas Langton, Bishop of St David's, and Von Poppelau, a German knight, which can be found in Richard by his contemporaries . Further reading A curious searcher for our weal public': Richard III, Piety, Chivalry and the concept of the 'Good Prince' by Anne F. Sutton. Richard III, Loyalty, Lordship and Law edited by P.W. Hammond, London 1985. Revised edition 2000 and published by the Richard III and Yorkist History Trust. These are the proceedings of the 1983 Symposium. Available from the Society's Bookshop. Richard III's Books by Anne F. Sutton and Livia Visser-Fuchs. Gloucester 1997 The Hours of Richard III by Anne F. Sutton and Livia Visser-Fuchs. Gloucester 1990 Glamorgan County History: Volume 3 The Middle Ages edited by T.B. Pugh. Cardiff 1971. p. 203 Richard III and James III by Norman MacDougall. Richard III Loyalty Lordship and Law edited by P.W. Hammond, see above. by Lynda Pidgeon based on an article by Mary O'Regan Introduction Medieval life was dominated by the Church. The year was shaped by the religious festivals of Easter, Christmas and Saints Days. While daily life was structured around the seven sacraments of baptism, confirmation, mass, penance, ordination, marriage and extreme unction. Until the Reformation in the sixteenth century there had only been the one Church, of which the Pope was Christ's representative on earth and salvation could only be found through the Church. Canterbury Cathedral The Church ministered to the spiritual and religious needs of the laity, provided hospitals for the sick, hostels for travellers, relief for the poor and education. As well as addressing peoples spiritual and social needs the church also acted as a court dealing with such matters as marriage disputes and witchcraft. Clerics also became involved in politics providing administrators for the state, many of whom held high office in the king's council. With such wide ranging involvement in the daily lives of people, it can be difficult to assess the extent to which people were genuinely pious or were simply following customary practices which gave them acceptance in their community. Influences on Richard's Religion St Brigid of Sweden It is probable that Richard was influenced by his mother, Cecily, Duchess of York, who was considered one of the most saintly laywomen of her generation. In her later years she is known to have devoted most of her day to religious matters. Cecily was a follower of the devotio moderna, a regime of devotion put forward by Gerard de Groot of Flanders, in which lay practitioners built their lives around worship, prayer, study and contemplation. Their personal devotions focussed on the works of famous mystical writers, such as Mechtild of Hackeborn. She was a thirteenth-century Cistercian nun whose mystical visions were written down in her lifetime as Liber Specialis Gratie, sometimes called 'The Book of Ghostly Grace'. St Caterine of Sienna Cecily owned a copy of this book and was also known to be interested in the lives of St Catherine of Siena and St Brigid of Sweden. Richard's older sister Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy, was also influenced by their mother's religious interests. Cecily taught her to set aside regular hours for prayer contemplation and reading. When Margaret became duchess of Burgundy she made contact with leading theologians and reformers in the Low Countries, giving generously to the church to found convents and build churches and monasteries. Margaret's foundations were also practical; the convent she founded at Binche provided a hospital, orphanage and school for girls. Richard's Religious Books Richard's Religious Books We may have an indication of Richard's religious tastes, and possibly his spiritual life, in his personal library. It has been estimated that 'of the eleven books that he probably owned only four can be called devotional' (Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, p.84), a Book of Hours, relatively simply written and decorated. For Scripture he owned an English translation of the New Testament and an English verse paraphrase of the Old Testament. Like his mother he had The Book of Special Grace of Mechtild of Hackeborn, for meditation. The book also bears the name of his wife Anne Neville, and might as easily reflect her religious tastes. Meditation demands solitude and freedom from interruption, something more easily attained by an aristocratic woman than a man, especially one engaged in a busy public life, such as Richard was, as both duke and king. Much has been made of the fact that Richard owned an English New Testament translated by John Wycliffe, raising the question that he was sympathetic to Lollard ideas. However the copy owned by Richard was an earlier, orthodox translation by Wycliffe to which no taint of heresy was attached. It is not known how easily Richard read and understood Latin, but an interest in reading the Gospels in the vernacular suggests an intention to absorb its message as perfectly as possible. Richard III's Prayer Richard's Prayer It is Richard Ill's Book of Hours that has borne the weight of later conjectures concerning Richard's piety. In particular a prayer that was added to the book after it came into Richard's possession. This has been closely analysed in the hope of throwing light on everything from his spiritual life to his mental health. Richard's own circumstances have been taken to be directly relevant to words and phrases used in the prayer, as if it were composed with the king in mind, however texts of it have been found dating from the fourteenth century, and originating in places as far apart as Italy, Catalonia and Burgundy. It is a long prayer, designed for use by anyone in distress, anxiety, infirmity or affliction of any kind. The prayer seems to have been particularly valued by other medieval rulers: known owners of books containing it include Alexander, Prince of Poland, Maximilian I, Frederick of Aragon, and successive Dukes of Burgundy. Recitation of the prayer on thirty successive days was enjoined, in the belief that God would then turn the supplicant's troubles to 'joy and comfort.' Without additions peculiar to a single owner, the normal contents of a Book of Hours were, principally, formal prayers of the Church designed for public recitation but suitable also for private use. The main constituent was the Little Office of the Blessed Virgin Mary, a simpler, shorter version of the Divine Office, making it suitable for laypeople to pray either alone or with a companion. Like the Divine Office it was divided into sections corresponding to hours of the day: Matins, Lauds, Prime, Terce, Sext, Nones, Vespers and Compline. If Richard III used his Book of Hours regularly he would have made himself conscious of God continually during the day. In addition the book contained many prayers directed to and praising the Virgin Mary. Devotion to the Mother of God was popular among both clergy and laity at all times during the Middle Ages, and there is no reason to think that Richard III was any exception. His Religious Donations According to John Rous in his Anglica Historia, 'King Richard was praiseworthy for his building, as at Westminster, Nottingham, Warwick, York and Middleham, and many other places, which can be viewed. He founded a noble chantry for a hundred priests in the cathedral of York, and another college at Middleham. He founded another in the church of St Mary of Barking, by the Tower of London, and endowed the Queen's College at Cambridge with 500 marks annual rent.' Jonathon Hughes suggests that Richard had an 'excessive preoccupation with chantry masses… He was responsible for ten chantry or collegiate foundations (apart from his patronage of Queen's College, Cambridge) and he distributed a stream of largesse to religious houses, parish churches, houses of friars, chapels and chantries'. He adds that many of Richard's gifts were small and mostly given in the north, where he established most of his foundations. St Mary & St Akelda Church, Middleham Richard's surviving, and best known collegiate foundation is that at Middleham. On 21 February 1478 he obtained a licence to found and endow the college, which was to be served by a dean, six chaplains, five clerks and six choristers. As well as providing prayers for himself, his wife and son, prayers were to be offered for his surviving siblings, the king and queen, and his mother. Masses were also to be said for the soul of his father and his deceased brothers and sisters. However the college was not only to serve as a house of prayer, it was to contribute towards the better education of the clergy and improve services in the locality. The same licence also gave Richard permission to endow a college at Barnard Castle, comprising a dean and twelve priests. The endowment was valued at 400 marks per annum, twice the size of Middleham. All of these foundations would have been overshadowed by Richard's plan to establish a college of 100 priests at York Minster in 1483. While Richard may have been concerned about his own soul, his was not a unique preoccupation. What his grants also demonstrate is his concern for the poor or those who lived in remote areas, and that they should have the benefit not only of a priest but one who was educated. If he was concerned for his own soul he was also concerned for the souls of his people, especially those in the north. Conclusion Sutton and Visser-Fuchs place Richard firmly in his time: 'Richard's religion was that of the later middle ages, humanised, fervent and personal within the strong and controlling framework of the church.' They assess from the known facts about him that 'his private piety was no different from that of his contemporaries, although his sorrows and cares may have been greater than most people's. He directed his attention to the same things: he, too, adopted favourite saints to be his patrons and intermediaries with God and had particular objects of veneration.' Richard left no spiritual or other writings which would help us. But he owned religious books, whose character leads one to suppose that they were for use rather than ornament. He founded colleges and chantries and he gave alms generously in comparison to others. He probably, prayed every day, and no doubt attended Mass and other services of the church regularly. We know he had a confessor, so he will have received the Sacrament of Penance regularly too. As far as we can judge, Richard fulfilled his obligations and more, and for a medieval prince that was remarkable. Books Consulted • The Piety of Cecily, Duchess of York: A Study in Late Mediaeval Culture' by C.A.J. Armstrong in For Hilaire Belloc, ed. Douglas Woodruff (1942). Further Reading • The Medieval Church in Manuscripts, Justin Clegg, British Library, 2003 • The Hours of Richard III, Anne Sutton and Livia Visser-Fuchs, Stroud, 1990 • Richard III's Books, Anne Sutton and Livia Visser-Fuchs, Stroud, 1997 • Richard III, Charles Ross, 1981, pbk.1988 • Margaret of York Duchess of Burgundy 1446-1503, Christine Weightman, Gloucester, 1989 • The Religious Life of Richard III Piety and Prayer in the North of England, Jonathan Hughes, Stroud, 1997 • British Library Harleian Maunuscript 433, 4 volumes, eds., Rosemary Horrox & P.W. Hammond, London, 1982 • Richard III and the Princes in the Tower, A.J. Pollard, Stroud, 1991 Artillery. From The Battle of Bosworth by Graham Turner © Osprey Publishing Ltd. www.ospreypublishing.com A number of pieces of direct evidence survive for Richard III's personal interests, the 'things he liked'. Most personal of all, perhaps, is his 'confession' in his letter to Louis XI, King of France, who had presented him, in 1480 when he was still duke of Gloucester, with a 'great bombard', the largest and most expensive gunpowder weapon available at the time. Richard thanked the king in a letter and added 'I have always taken and still take great pleasure in artillery and I assure you it will be a special treasure to me'. There was, of course, nothing unusual in a twenty-six-year-old nobleman being fascinated by such weapons: they were part of the most up-to-date military technology of the day. Crusade We gain intimate information of a different nature about Richard's interests from the account of the Silesian traveller, Nicolas von Popplau, who met the king in the spring of 1484. Von Popplau reports how Richard was able to express admiration at his guest's mastery of the Latin tongue; praises the choir employed by the king as 'the sweetest music he had ever heard', describes the magnificence of the king's meal and the great ceremony that accompanied it, but also his graciousness to his guest. Their conversation, which almost made the king forget to eat, was wide ranging: it went from the Latin origin of the name of Pontefract to the exact date of the annual ceremony of feet washing on Maundy Thursday. The king asked von Popplau about continental princes and their affairs, and about the Turks in particular. Having been told how the king of Hungary had recently gained a great victory over them, Richard enviously exclaimed: 'I would like my kingdom and land to lie where the land and kingdom of the king of Hungary lies, on the Turkish frontier itself', and continued: 'Then I would certainly, with my own people alone, without the help of other kings, princes or lords, completely drive away not only the Turks, but all my enemies and opponents!'. His enthusiastic remark shows his confidence in his own military abilities as well as his awareness of the international situation, which made it impossible to create an alliance between the ever-squabbling princes of western Europe and organise a concerted attack on the Turks. The general impression of Richard that we get from von Popplau's account is that of a magnificent and thoughtful princely host, who took a great interest in many, diverse matters. Top of page Jewellery The Middleham Jewel Another indication of what Richard liked can be found in the will of Sir John Pilkington, a long standing servant of the house of York. He left a special bequest to Richard of his 'great emerald set in gold' which, during Sir John's lifetime, Richard had admired so much that he offered 100 marks (£66 13s. 4d.) for it. In the same context should be mentioned one of those prejudices, or rather 'myths', about Richard III which have sprung up over the years: the curious idea that he was a 'fop', a dandy. This is based on the misunderstanding, by several generations of historians, of the contents of the surviving Great Wardrobe accounts, which list among other things the materials needed for the robes worn by the fifteenth-century kings. These may appear unusually sumptuous but in fact merely illustrate the standard norms of a medieval court and its splendours. Books Richard's Religious Books Finally and most importantly there is Richard's undoubted liking for books. His surviving 'library' is a remarkable collection, covering most medieval interests and fields of knowledge, except medicine, law, and theology. Striking is the fact that he put his name in his books, not as common a practice in his day as one might think. The bias of his collection, if there is one, is towards history and the history books together covered nearly everything from mythical beginnings to his own day: the story of Troy by Guido delle Collone and the lives of the British kings by Geoffrey of Monmouth, both in Latin (St Petersburg, Saltykov-Shchedrin State Public Library MS Lat. F IV 74 and 76), a chronicle of England, in Latin, covering the period from the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons to the coronation of King John in 1199 (Cambridge, Corpus Christi College MS 96), and a history of France, in French, covering the period 1270-1380. Five of his books were religious/devotional: his book of hours (London, Lambeth Palace Library MS 474), a collection of Old Testament stories in verse (Longleat House, Library of the Marquess of Bath, MS 257), the New Testament in English translation, an unusual book for a prince to own at the time (New York, Public Library, MS De Ricci 67), a life of St Katherine in Latin by the Italian Pietro Carmeliano (Richard's own copy does not survive) and the English translation of work of St Mechtild of Hackeborn, which may have been his wife's (London, British Library, MS Egerton 2006). On military and chivalric matters he had an English translation of Vegetius' De re militari, a standard work on the training of soldiers and warfare in general (British Library, MS Royal 18 A xii), Ramon Lull's Order of Chivalry, a manual on knighthood translated and printed by William Caxton in 1484, William Worcester's Boke of Noblesse and his Documents on the War in France, a treatise and a set of documents advertising the renewal of the war in France (British Library MS Royal 18 B xxii, and Lambeth Palace Library MS 506), and several rolls of arms. To these can be added a number of genealogical rolls and the most famous of medieval 'mirrors for princes' Giles of Rome's De regimine principum in Latin (Lambeth Palace, MS Arc. L 40.2 / L 26). Unusual texts, probably owned by Richard, were a collection of letters on statecraft ascribed to the Sicilian tyrant Phalaris, edited by Pietro Carmeliano (Dublin, Trinity College, MS 429). Top of page Manuscript and Print There are several interesting general aspects to Richard's collection of books: he had no preference for manuscript over print, and did not demand that all his books were new, or sumptuously decorated. Through the quirks of survival his collection includes one of merely two surviving copies of the English translation of Mechtild of Hackeborn's Book of Special Grace, the only extant copy of a prose translation of the romance of Ipomedon (Library of the Marquess of Bath, MS 257), the only manuscript copy of Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia regum Britanniae known to have belonged to a medieval king of England, and one of the two surviving texts of the Prophecy of the Eagle with a particular Commentary, which was added to the Historia. The proportion of romances in Richard's collection was unusually high: Lydgate's Siege of Thebes, Chaucer's Knight's Tale and Clerk's Tale, the Prose Ipomedon, (all in the marquess of Bath's ms.) the Prose Tristan in French (British Library, MS Harley 49). Caxton was at the height of his production during Richard's brief reign and dedicated his Order of Chivalry to the king, and most important of all in the context of printing: when Richard's parliament took measures to control alien workers and their goods in England, books and their makers were specifically exempted. There can be little doubt that among the kings of England, of any period, Richard's interest in books and the booktrade is unusual and remarkable. Sources • Anne F. Sutton, '"A Curious Searcher for our Weal Public": Richard III, Piety, Chivalry and the Concept of the "Good Prince"', in Richard III. Loyalty, Lordship and Law, ed. P.W. Hammond, London 1986, repr. 2000. • Anne F. Sutton, 'The Court and its Culture', in John Gillingham, ed., Richard III. A Medieval Kingship, London 1993. • Anne F. Sutton and Livia Visser-Fuchs, Richard III's Books. Ideals and Reality in the Life and Library of a Medieval Prince, Stroud 1997. Richard by his Contemporaries Richard's Military Reputation In 1471 King Edward was determined to regain his throne and he joined battle against his cousin and former ally, the earl of Warwick, at Barnet. The vanguard was led by the eighteen-year-old Richard and his success was recorded in the poem On the Recovery of the Throne by Edward IV: The duke of Glocetter, that nobill prynce, Yonge of age and victorius in batayle, To the honour of Ectour [Hector] that he myghte comens, Grace hym folowith, fortune, and good spede. In 1475 King Edward mounted an expedition to France but quarrelled with his ally and brother-in-law, the duke of Burgundy, and made peace with the French king. Richard appeared to have hoped for a glorious campaign on the lines of Henry V's in 1415 and it was recorded that: Original artwork by Gerry Hitch 'king of England was accommodated by the King of France with whatever he wanted, even to the very torches and candles. The Duke of Gloucester, the King of England's brother, and some other persons of quality, were not present at this interview, as being averse to the treaty; but they recollected themselves afterwards, the Duke of Gloucester waited on the king our master at Amiens.' Following Richard's campaign to Scotland in 1482, his brother, King Edward IV, wrote to Pope Sixtus IV thus: 'Have resolved to state what was achieved this summer in Scotland, that the truth may be known. Thank God, the giver all good gifts, for the support received from our most loving brother, whose success is so proven that he alone would suffice to chastise the whole kingdom of Scotland. This year we appointed our very dear brother Richard Duke of Gloucester to command the same army which we ourselves intended to have led last year, had not adverse turmoil hindered us. … The noble band of victors, however, spared the supplicant and prostrate citizens, the churches, and not only the widows, orphans, and minors, but all persons found there unarmed.' Richard as 'Good Lord' The King. Original artwork by Gerry Hitch From the Mayor and the Council of the city of York (1476) for his support: 'The saide day and tyme by the forsaide Maire and Counsaile it was holie agreed and assented that the Duk of Gloucestre shall for his grete labour of now late made unto the kinges good grace for the conservacion of the liberties of this Citie, that he shalbe presented at his commyng to the citie with vj swannes and vj pikes'. In his role as a 'good lord' Richard would have been asked to act as an executor. One such example is found in the will of Sir John Pilkington who came from an influential northern family: '… Item I will that my son Edward beforwith after my dethe be had to my lorde of Gloucestre and my lorde Chambrelane, hertly beseching thame as they will in my name sesuch [beseech] the king is goode grace that myn executors may have the wardeshipp and mariege of my said son … I lowly and hertly besuche my lorde of Gloucestre and my lorde Chambrelane, that they will, at the reverence of God, by myn executors …' Richard's Reaction on the Death of George, Duke of Clarence In 1478 Richard's brother George, duke of Clarence, was arrested by the king and tried for treason, found guilty and privately executed. Dominic Mancini, an Italian who visited England in 1483, wrote about Richard's reaction: 'At that time Richard, duke of Gloucester, was so overcome with grief for his brother, that he could not dissimulate so well, but that he was overheard to say that he would one day avenge his brother's death.' Original artwork by Gerry Hitch 'I trust to God sune, by Michelmasse, the Kyng shal be at London. He contents the people wher he goys best that ever did prince; for many a poor man that hath suffred wrong many days have be relevyd and helpyd by hym and his commands in his progresse. And in many grete citeis and townis wer grete summis of mony gif hym which he hath refusyd. On my trouth I lykyd never the condicions of ony prince so wel as his; God hathe sent hym to us for the wele of us al …' John Rous of Warwick recorded in the Rous Roll: 'The moost myghty prynce Rychard … all avarice set asyde, rewled hys subiettys in hys realme ful commendabylly, poneschynge offenders of hys lawes, specially extorcioners and oppressors of hys comyns, and chereschynge tho that were vertues, by the whyche dyscrete guydynge he gat gret thank of God and love of all his subiettys ryche and pore and gret laud of the people of all othyr landys a bowt hym.' Richard was concerned about justice, both for the individual and its administration. A Year Book reports one of his most famous acts, when he called together all his justices and posed three questions concerning specific cases. This record provides an idea of Richard's comprehension of and commitment to his coronation oath to uphold the law and its proper procedures. The second question was this. If some justice of the Peace had taken a bill of indictment which had not been found by the jury, and enrolled it among other indictments 'well and truly found' etc. shall there be any punishment thereupon for such justice so doing? And this question was carefully argued among the justices separately and among themselves, … And all being agreed, the justices gave the King in his Council in the Star Chamber their answer to his question in this wise: that above such defaults enquiry ought to be made by a commission of at least twelve jurors, and thereupon the party, having been presented, accused and convicted, shall lose the office and pay fine to the King according to the degree of the misprision etc.' William Caxton, the printer, dedicated his translation of Raymond Lull's Order of Chivalry to King Richard: ' … And thus thys lytyl book I presente to my redoubted, naturel and most dradde soverayne lord, kyng Rychard kyng of Englond and of Fraunce, to thende that he commaunde this book to be had and redde unto other yong lordes, knyghtes and gentylmen within this royame, that the noble ordre of chyvalrye be herafter better used & honoured than hit hath ben in late dayes passed. And herin he shalle do a noble & vertuouse dede. And I shalle pray almyghty God for his long lyf & prosperous welfare, & that he may have victory of al his enemyes, and after this short & transitory lyf to have everlasting lyf in heven where as is joy and blysse, world without ende, Amen.' Richard's death was poignantly recorded in the minutes of the Council of York: ' … king Richard late mercifully reigning upon us was thrugh grete treason of the duc of Northfolk [sic] and many other that turned ayenst hyme, with many other lordes and nobilles of this north parties was piteously slane murdred to the grete hevynesse of this citie …' A Posthumous Accolade Richard III. Original artwork by Gerry Hitch This accolade for Richard comes from an unexpected source. In 1513 Lord Dacre, Warden of the Western Marches, wrote a letter which was summarised in the Letters and Papers of Henry VIII. Dacre seemed to feel intimidated by the reputations of Richard and the earl of Northumberland resulting from a raid they had made into Tevydale in the 1480s, which Dacre was expected to repeat. Nine years later, he is still concerned at their exploits in a letter to Wolsey who responds that, as they took effectual measures to punish and repress offenders, he hopes Dacre will obey his wholesome and friendly admonition and acquire, 'as good a character as they did'. Further Reading Top of page Richard's Death Bob Woosnam-Savage of the Royal Armouries will contribute to this section when his research, in conjunction with the University of Leicester Archaeological Services on King Richard's skeleton, is complete. Ricardian Burial Myths & the Discovery of Richard III's Body by Dr John Ashdown Hill How do you find the lost body of a medieval monarch? First, you need to know … … where he was buried! What Richard's tomb might have looked like The tomb was probably set in place in the summer of 1495. Traditionally, popular accounts of this tomb described it as a cheap memorial, but this was untrue. Full accounts for the cost of the tomb do not survive - but the accounts we do have showed that it cost at least as much as the tomb which Richard's mother, Cecily Duchess of York, commissioned for herself. However, alabaster does not weather well when exposed to the elements. Once the church of the dissolved priory became roofless in 1538, the alabaster royal tomb would have started to decay. Later, around the end of the sixteenth century the site was redeveloped by Alderman Herrick of Leicester as his garden. He must have removed any remaining traces of the alabaster tomb and erected his inscribed pillar in its place. No trace of either the Richard III's alabaster tomb or of Herrick's pillar was discovered during the 2012 excavation. Richard III's Epitaph Texts published in the seventeenth century claimed to be the epitaph from Richard III's alabaster tomb. The texts were in Latin, but one of the publications included a somewhat inaccurate translation in seventeenth-century English. Based on the language of the translation, many historians dismissed the epitaph as a fabrication. In the course of my research I discovered that manuscript texts of the epitaph survived, one of which dated from before the Dissolution (so it could have been directly copied from Richard's tomb). The epitaph concentrated on praising Henry VII's generosity - but it was also fairly polite about Richard III, and acknowledged his bravery. The 2012 dig found no obvious trace of the epitaph. However, brass letters were discovered near Richard's grave site, which probably came from a late medieval tomb inscription (or inscriptions). • You can see Dr John Ashdown Hill's presentation at The Society's Leicester Conference held on the 2nd March 2013.	Anne Neville
Who was the only child of King Richard III of England and his queen consort?	King Richard III \| Britroyals Born: October 2, 1452 at Fotheringhay Castle, Northamptonshire Parents: Richard, Duke of York, and Cecily Neville Relation to Elizabeth II: 14th great-granduncle House of: York Ascended to the throne: June 26, 1483 aged 30 years Crowned: July 6, 1483 at Westminster Abbey Married: Anne Neville, widow of Edward, Prince of Wales and daughter of Earl of Warwick Children: One son, plus several illegitimate children before his marriage Died: August 22, 1485 at Battle of Bosworth, Leicestershire, aged 32 years, 10 months, and 19 days Buried at: Leicester Reigned for: 2 years, 1 month, and 27 days Succeeded by: his distant cousin Henry VII King of England from 1483. The son of Richard, Duke of York, he was created Duke of Gloucester by his brother Edward IV, and distinguished himself in the Wars of the Roses. On Edward's death 1483 he became protector to his nephew Edward V, and soon secured the crown for himself on the plea that Edward IV's sons were illegitimate. He proved a capable ruler, but the suspicion that he had murdered Edward V and his brother undermined his popularity. In 1485 Henry, Earl of Richmond (later Henry VII), raised a rebellion, and Richard III was defeated and killed at Bosworth. After Richard's death on the battlefield his rival was crowned King Henry VII and became the first English monarch of the Tudor dynasty which lasted until 1603. Richard was the last English king to die in battle. His body was taken to Leicester where it was buried at Greyfriars Church in a Franciscan Friary which was subsequently destroyed during the Dissolution of the Monasteries 1536 to 1541. In September 2012 archeologists uncovered remains of the church buried underneath a car park and found a skeleton of a male showing curvature of the spine, a major head wound, and an arrowhead lodged in his spine. On 4 Feb 2013 experts anounced that DNA from the bones matched that of descendants of the kings's family. Lead archaeologist Richard Buckley, from the University of Leicester, told a press conference: "Beyond reasonable doubt it's Richard." T Bones of King Richard III His reburial was delayed by claims that as a son of the House of York he should be buried in York cathedral. However his remains were reburied in Leicester Cathedral on Thursday 26 March 2015. King Richard III's Signature	i don't know
The English ‘Wars of the Roses’ were fought between which two ‘Houses’?	Wars of the Roses (1455-1485) Wars of the Roses (1455-1485) International War and Military projects Portal Top Surnames history Wars of the Roses The Wars of the Roses were a series of dynastic civil wars fought between supporters of two rival branches of the royal House of Plantagenet: the houses of Lancaster and York (whose heraldic symbols were the "red" and the "white" rose, respectively) for the throne of England. They were fought in several sporadic episodes between 1455 and 1485, although there was related fighting both before and after this period. The final victory went to a relatively remote Lancastrian claimant, Henry Tudor, who defeated the last Yorkist king Richard III and married Edward IV's daughter Elizabeth of York to unite the two houses. The House of Tudor subsequently ruled England and Wales for 117 years. Henry of Bolingbroke had established the House of Lancaster on the throne in 1399 when he deposed his cousin Richard II and was crowned as Henry IV. Bolingbroke's son Henry V maintained the family's hold on the crown, but when Henry V died, his heir was the infant Henry VI. The Lancastrian claim to the throne descended from John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, the fourth son of Edward III. Henry VI's right to the crown was challenged by Richard, Duke of York, who could claim descent from Edward's third and fifth sons, Lionel of Antwerp and Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York. Richard of York, who had held several important offices of state, quarrelled with prominent Lancastrians at court and with Henry VI's queen, Margaret of Anjou. Although armed clashes had occurred previously between supporters of York and Lancaster, the first open fighting broke out in 1455 at the First Battle of St Albans. Several prominent Lancastrians died, but their heirs continued a deadly feud with Richard. Although peace was temporarily restored, the Lancastrians were inspired by Margaret of Anjou to contest York's influence. Fighting resumed more violently in 1459. York and his supporters were forced to flee the country, but one of his most prominent supporters, the Earl of Warwick, invaded England from Calais and captured Henry at the Battle of Northampton. York returned to the country and became Protector of England, but was dissuaded from claiming the throne. Margaret and the irreconcilable Lancastrian nobles gathered their forces in the north of England, and when York moved north to suppress them, he and his second son Edmund were killed at the Battle of Wakefield in December 1460. The Lancastrian army advanced south and recaptured Henry at the Second Battle of St Albans, but failed to occupy London, and subsequently retreated to the north. York's eldest son, Edward, Earl of March, was proclaimed King Edward IV. He gathered the Yorkist armies and won a crushing victory at the Battle of Towton in March 1461. After Lancastrian revolts in the north were suppressed in 1464 and Henry was captured once again, Edward fell out with his chief supporter and advisor, the Earl of Warwick (known as the "Kingmaker"), and also alienated many friends and even family members by favouring the upstart family of his queen, Elizabeth Woodville, whom he had married in secret. Warwick tried first to supplant Edward with his younger brother George, Duke of Clarence, and then to restore Henry VI to the throne. This resulted in two years of rapid changes of fortune, before Edward IV once again won complete victories at Barnet (April 1471), where Warwick was killed, and Tewkesbury (May 1471) where the Lancastrian heir, Edward, Prince of Wales, was executed after the battle. Henry was murdered in the Tower of London several days later, ending the direct Lancastrian line of succession. A period of comparative peace followed, but King Edward died unexpectedly in 1483. His surviving brother, Richard of Gloucester, first moved to prevent the unpopular Woodville family of Edward's widow from participating in the government during the minority of Edward's son, Edward V, and then seized the throne for himself, using the suspect legitimacy of Edward IV's marriage as pretext. Henry Tudor, a distant relative of the Lancastrian kings who had inherited their claim, defeated Richard at Bosworth in 1485. He was crowned Henry VII, and married Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV, to unite and reconcile the two houses. Yorkist revolts, directed by John de la Pole, 1st Earl of Lincoln and others, flared up in 1487 under the banner of the pretender Lambert Simnel, who claimed to be Edward, Earl of Warwick (son of George of Clarence), resulting in the last pitched battles. Although most of the surviving descendants of Richard of York were imprisoned, sporadic rebellions continued until 1497 when Perkin Warbeck, who claimed to be the younger brother of Edward V, one of the two disappeared Princes in the Tower, was imprisoned and later executed. Source Add profiles to this project Add collaborators to this project Add Profiles	york and lancaster
In English history what colour was the rose of the House of York?	Battle of Bosworth - War of the Roses War of the Roses War of the Roses 1455 - 1487 The War of Roses The Wars of the Roses were a series of civil wars fought in medieval England from 1455 to 1487. For thirty - two years, a bitter struggle for the English throne was waged between two branches on the same family, the House of York and the House of Lancaster, both descended from Edward lll . The War of the Roses began in 1455, when many barons resented the way that the Lancaster family had seized the throne in 1399 and felt that Henry V, IV or VI were not the rightful kings. (Henry IV, the first Lancastrian King, came to the English throne by force. He made his cousin Richard ll, abdicate, and then seized the crown himself.) According to the barons, the York family, cousins of the Lancasters, were truly entitled to reign. The Battle of Stoke is considered by most people as the final conflict in the Wars of the Roses. Each house was represented by a rose. The Struggle for power was know as the War of the Roses because the Lancaster emblem was a red rose and the York emblem a white rose. The House of York used a white rose. The House of Lancaster used a red rose. Henry Tudor The Battle of Bosworth 1485 The battle of Bosworth is one of the most important battles in English history. It led to the War of the Roses, and planted the Tudor house on the throne of England. What happened the battle of Bosworth? Henry Tudor , (Henry VII), earl of Richmond and a Lancastrian, defeated King Richard III, a Yorkist, at the battle of Bosworth Field on 22 August 1485. Richard III (on the right) and his flag bearer Battle of Bosworth saw the death of Richard III Richard III was the last English monarch to have been killed in battle. Henry Tudor landed at Milford Haven on 7 August in an attempt to claim the throne of England. He gathered supporters on his journey through Wales, and by the time he arrived in the Midlands, he had amassed an army of an estimated 5,000 men. Richard III, on the other hand, had an army of nearly 8,000. After the battle, Henry Tudor was crowned as King Henry VII , marking the beginning of the 118-year reign of the Tudor dynasty in England. Henry Vll (representing the Lancaster family) married Elizabeth of York (representing the York family). This marriage united the two families. Henry created the Tudor rose, containing both the White Rose of York and the Red Rose of Lancaster. It symbolized the end of a struggle between York and Lancaster, More information	i don't know
‘Richard III’ is a late 16th Century play by which English playwright and poet?	List of books and articles about Richard III (Shakespeare's play) \| Online Research Library: Questia Home » Browse » Literature » Drama » Shakespeare » Richard III (Shakespeare's play) Richard III (Shakespeare's play) Shakespeare, William William Shakespeare, 1564–1616, English dramatist and poet, b. Stratford-upon-Avon. He is widely considered the greatest playwright who ever lived. Life His father, John Shakespeare, was successful in the leather business during Shakespeare's early childhood but later met with financial difficulties. During his prosperous years his father was also involved in municipal affairs, holding the offices of alderman and bailiff during the 1560s. While little is known of Shakespeare's boyhood, he probably attended the grammar school in Stratford, where he would have been educated in the classics, particularly Latin grammar and literature. Whatever the veracity of Ben Jonson's famous comment that Shakespeare had "small Latine, and less Greeke," much of his work clearly depends on a knowledge of Roman comedy, ancient history, and classical mythology. In 1582 Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway, eight years his senior and pregnant at the time of the marriage. They had three children: Susanna, born in 1583, and twins, Hamnet and Judith, born in 1585. Nothing is known of the period between the birth of the twins and Shakespeare's emergence as a playwright in London (c.1592). However, various suggestions have been made regarding this time, including those that he fled Stratford to avoid prosecution for stealing deer, that he joined a group of traveling players, and that he was a country schoolteacher. The last suggestion is given some credence by the academic style of his early plays; The Comedy of Errors, for example, is an adaptation of two plays by Plautus. In 1594 Shakespeare became an actor and playwright for the Lord Chamberlain's Men, the company that later became the King's Men under James I. Until the end of his London career Shakespeare remained with the company; it is thought that as an actor he played old men's roles, such as the ghost in Hamlet and Old Adam in As You Like It. In 1596 he obtained a coat of arms, and by 1597 he was prosperous enough to buy New Place in Stratford, which later was the home of his retirement years. In 1599 he became a partner in the ownership of the Globe theatre, and in 1608 he was part owner of the Blackfriars theatre. Shakespeare retired and returned to Stratford c.1613. He undoubtedly enjoyed a comfortable living throughout his career and in retirement, although he was never a wealthy man. The Plays Chronology of Composition The chronology of Shakespeare's plays is uncertain, but a reasonable approximation of their order can be inferred from dates of publication, references in contemporary writings, allusions in the plays to contemporary events, thematic relationships, and metrical and stylistic comparisons. His first plays are believed to be the three parts of Henry VI; it is uncertain whether Part I was written before or after Parts II and III. Richard III is related to these plays and is usually grouped with them as the final part of a first tetralogy of historical plays. After these come The Comedy of Errors,Titus Andronicus (almost a third of which may have been written by George Peele ), The Taming of the Shrew,The Two Gentlemen of Verona,Love's Labour's Lost, and Romeo and Juliet. Some of the comedies of this early period are classical imitations with a strong element of farce. The two tragedies, Titus Andronicus and Romeo and Juliet, were both popular in Shakespeare's own lifetime. In Romeo and Juliet the main plot, in which the new love between Romeo and Juliet comes into conflict with the longstanding hatred between their families, is skillfully advanced, while the substantial development of minor characters supports and enriches it. After these early plays, and before his great tragedies, Shakespeare wrote Richard II, A Midsummer Night's Dream, King John, The Merchant of Venice, Parts I and II of Henry IV, Much Ado about Nothing, Henry V, Julius Caesar, As You Like It, and Twelfth Night. The comedies of this period partake less of farce and more of idyllic romance, while the history plays successfully integrate political elements with individual characterization. Taken together, Richard II, each part of Henry IV, and Henry V form a second tetralogy of historical plays, although each can stand alone, and they are usually performed separately. The two parts of Henry IV feature Falstaff, a vividly depicted character who from the beginning has enjoyed immense popularity. The period of Shakespeare's great tragedies and the "problem plays" begins in 1600 with Hamlet. Following this are The Merry Wives of Windsor (written to meet Queen Elizabeth's request for another play including Falstaff, it is not thematically typical of the period), Troilus and Cressida,All's Well That Ends Well,Measure for Measure,Othello,King Lear,Macbeth,Antony and Cleopatra,Coriolanus, and Timon of Athens (the last may have been partially written by Thomas Middleton ). On familial, state, and cosmic levels, Othello, Lear, and Macbeth present clear oppositions of order and chaos, good and evil, and spirituality and animality. Stylistically the plays of this period become increasingly compressed and symbolic. Through the portrayal of political leaders as tragic heroes, Coriolanus and Antony and Cleopatra involve the study of politics and social history as well as the psychology of individuals. The last two plays in the Shakespearean corpus, Henry VIII and The Two Noble Kinsmen, may be collaborations with John Fletcher . Shakespeare also may have had a small part in writing the play Double Falsehood, first published in 1727 and thought to be mainly the work of Fletcher. The remaining four plays—Pericles (two acts of which may have been written by George Wilkins), Cymbeline,The Winter's Tale, and The Tempest—are tragicomedies. They feature characters of tragic potential, but resemble comedy in that their conclusions are marked by a harmonious resolution achieved through magic, with all its divine, humanistic, and artistic implications. Appeal and Influence Since his death Shakespeare's plays have been almost continually performed, in non-English-speaking nations as well as those where English is the native tongue; they are quoted more than the works of any other single author. The plays have been subject to ongoing examination and evaluation by critics attempting to explain their perennial appeal, which does not appear to derive from any set of profound or explicitly formulated ideas. Indeed, Shakespeare has sometimes been criticized for not consistently holding to any particular philosophy, religion, or ideology; for example, the subplot of A Midsummer Night's Dream includes a burlesque of the kind of tragic love that he idealizes in Romeo and Juliet. The strength of Shakespeare's plays lies in the absorbing stories they tell, in their wealth of complex characters, and in the eloquent speech—vivid, forceful, and at the same time lyric—that the playwright puts on his characters' lips. It has often been noted that Shakespeare's characters are neither wholly good nor wholly evil, and that it is their flawed, inconsistent nature that makes them memorable. Hamlet fascinates audiences with his ambivalence about revenge and the uncertainty over how much of his madness is feigned and how much genuine. Falstaff would not be beloved if, in addition to being genial, openhearted, and witty, he were not also boisterous, cowardly, and, ultimately, poignant. Finally, the plays are distinguished by an unparalleled use of language. Shakespeare had a tremendous vocabulary and a corresponding sensitivity to nuance, as well as a singular aptitude for coining neologisms and punning. Editions and Sources The first collected edition of Shakespeare is the First Folio, published in 1623 and including all the plays except Pericles and The Two Noble Kinsmen (the latter play also generally not appearing in modern editions). Eighteen of the plays exist in earlier quarto editions, eight of which are extremely corrupt, possibly having been reconstructed from an actor's memory. The first edition of Shakespeare to divide the plays into acts and scenes and to mark exits and entrances is that of Nicholas Rowe in 1709. Other important early editions include those of Alexander Pope (1725), Lewis Theobald (1733), and Samuel Johnson (1765). Among Shakespeare's most important sources, Raphael Holinshed 's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1587) is significant for the English history plays, although Shakespeare did not hesitate to transform a character when it suited his dramatic purposes. For his Roman tragedies he used Sir Thomas North 's translation (1579) of Plutarch's Lives. Many times he rewrote old plays, and twice he turned English prose romances into drama (As You Like It and The Winter's Tale). He also used the works of contemporary European authors. For further information on Shakespeare's sources, see the table entitled Shakespeare's Play . The Poetry Shakespeare's first published works were two narrative poems, Venus and Adonis (1593) and The Rape of Lucrece (1594). In 1599 a volume of poetry entitled The Passionate Pilgrim was published and attributed entirely to Shakespeare. However, only five of the poems are definitely considered his, two appearing in other versions in the Sonnets and three in Love's Labour's Lost. A love elegy, The Phoenix and the Turtle, was published in 1601. Shakespeare's sonnets are by far his most important nondramatic poetry. They were first published in 1609, although many of them had certainly been circulated privately before this, and it is generally agreed that the poems were written sometime in the 1590s. Scholars have long debated the order of the poems and the degree of autobiographical content. The first 126 of the 154 sonnets are addressed to a young man whose identity has long intrigued scholars. The publisher, Thomas Thorpe, wrote a dedication to the first edition in which he claimed that a person with the initials W. H. had inspired the sonnets. Some have thought these letters to be the transposed initials of Henry Wriothesley, 3d earl of Southampton , to whom Shakespeare dedicated Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece; or they are possibly the initials of William Herbert, 3d earl of Pembroke , whose connection with Shakespeare is more tenuous. The identity of the dark lady addressed in sonnets 127–152 has also been the object of much conjecture but no proof. The sonnets are marked by the recurring themes of beauty, youthful beauty ravaged by time, and the ability of love and art to transcend time and even death. Critical Opinion There has been a great variety of critical approach to Shakespeare's work since his death. During the 17th and 18th cent., Shakespeare was both admired and condemned. Since then, much of the adverse criticism has not been considered relevant, although certain issues have continued to interest critics throughout the years. For instance, charges against his moral propriety were made by Samuel Johnson in the 18th cent. and by George Bernard Shaw in the 20th. Early criticism was directed primarily at questions of form. Shakespeare was criticized for mixing comedy and tragedy and failing to observe the unities of time and place prescribed by the rules of classical drama. Dryden and Johnson were among the critics claiming that he had corrupted the language with false wit, puns, and ambiguity. While some of his early plays might justly be charged with a frivolous use of such devices, 20th-century criticism has tended to praise their use in later plays as adding depth and resonance of meaning. Generally critics of the 17th and 18th cent. accused Shakespeare of a want of artistic restraint while praising him for a fecund imagination. Samuel Johnson, while agreeing with many earlier criticisms, defended Shakespeare on the question of classical rules. On the issue of unity of time and place he argued that no one considers the stage play to be real life anyway. Johnson inaugurated the criticism of Shakespeare's characters that reached its culmination in the late 19th cent. with the work of A. C. Bradley . The German critics Gotthold Lessing and Augustus Wilhelm von Schlegel saw Shakespeare as a romantic, different in type from the classical poets, but on equal footing. Schlegel first elucidated the structural unity of Shakespeare's plays, a concept of unity that is developed much more completely by the English poet and critic Samuel Coleridge . While Schlegel and Coleridge were establishing Shakespeare's plays as artistic, organic unities, such 19th-century critics as the German Georg Gervinus and the Irishman Edward Dowden were trying to see positive moral tendencies in the plays. The 19th-century English critic William Hazlitt , who continued the development of character analysis begun by Johnson, considered each Shakespearean character to be unique, but found a unity through analogy and gradation of characterization. While A. C. Bradley marks the culmination of romantic 19th-century character study, he also suggested that the plays had unifying imagistic atmospheres, an idea that was further developed in the 20th cent. The tendency in 20th-century criticism was to abandon both the study of character as independent personality and the assumption that moral considerations can be separated from their dramatic and aesthetic context. The plays were increasingly viewed in terms of the unity of image, metaphor, and tone. Caroline Spurgeon began the careful classification of Shakespeare's imagery, and although her attempts were later felt to be somewhat naive and morally biased, her work is a landmark in Shakespearean criticism. Other important trends in 20th-century criticism included the Freudian approach, such as Ernest Jones 's Oedipal interpretation of Hamlet; the study of Shakespeare in terms of the Elizabethan world view and Elizabethan stage conventions; and the study of the plays in mythic terms. Authorship For about 150 years after his death no one seemed to doubt that Shakespeare wrote the works attributed to him. However, in the latter part of the 18th cent. questions began to arise as to whether or not the historical William Shakespeare was indeed the author. Since then the issue has continued to be a subject of often heated debate, albeit mainly in academic circles. Those who doubt that Shakespeare wrote the works (sometimes called "anti-Stratfordians" ) generally assert that the actor from Stratford had a limited education; some have even claimed that he was illiterate. Many of the questioners maintain that such a provincial upstart could not have had the wide-ranging worldly and scholarly knowledge, linguistic skills, and fine sensibilities evinced by the author of the Shakespearean canon. Such qualities, they assert, could only have been possessed by a university-educated gentleman, multilingual, well-traveled, and quite possibly titled. Critics further contend that playwriting was a lowly profession at the time and that the "real" author protected his reputation by using Shakespeare's name as a pseudonym. Over the years, many other arguments, some involving secret codes, some even more abstruse, have been offered to cast doubt on Shakespeare's authorship. On the other hand, traditionalists ( "Stratfordians" ) who believe that William Shakespeare was indeed the author of the plays and poems, point out that his probable education at the Stratford grammar school would have provided the required knowledge of the classics and classical civilization as well as of Latin and at least some Greek. They also maintain that what can be assumed to be his broad reading of historical sources along with his daily involvement in the lively worlds of Elizabethan London—artistic and intellectual, ordinary and aristocratic—would, when transmuted by his genius, have provided Shakespeare with the necessary background to create his dramatic and poetic works. Moreover, they say, Shakespeare was known to his contemporaries, as attested to by a number of extant references to him as a writer by other notable men of his time. Anti-Stratfordians have suggested a number of Elizabethans as candidates for the "real" author of the works. From the late 18th through the 19th cent. the individual most often cited was Francis Bacon , who had the requisite aristocratic background, education, courtly experience, and literary talent. Others claimed that Bacon was one of a group that collectively wrote the Shakespearean oeuvre. In the 20th cent. a new candidate emerged as the authorial front runner—Edward de Vere, 17th earl of Oxford . His proponents, the Oxfordians, cited correspondences between events in his life and those in some of the plays, apparent similarities in the two men's language, and Oxford's proven skills as a dramatist and poet. Prominent among the many reasons to doubt de Vere's authorship is the fact that he died in 1604 and that some of Shakespeare's greatest works were written well after that date. More than 50 other names have been put forward as the "real" Shakespeare, ranging from the implausible, e.g., Queen Elizabeth I, to the somewhat more possible, e.g., Christopher Marlowe ; William Stanley, 6th earl of Derby; and Roger Manners, 5th earl of Rutland. Still others have suggested that the works were the result of a collaboration by two or more Elizabethan writers. In 2005 a new candidate, Sir Henry Neville, a courtier, diplomat, and distant relative of Shakespeare, was proposed. Even as studies and biographies of Shakespeare proliferate, the authorship controversy shows few signs of subsiding, and books, scholarly essays, and, more recently, websites continue to be devoted to the question. Bibliography See also biographies by E. K. Chambers (2 vol., 1930), G. E. Bentley (1961), S. Schoenbaum (1970 and 1975), S. Wells (1974), R. Fraser (2 vol., 1988), P. Levi (1988, repr. 1995), E. Sams (1995), P. Honan (1998), A. Holden (1999), I. L. Matus (1999), and P. Ackroyd (2005); A. Nicoll et al., ed., Shakespeare Survey (1948–) and, as author, Shakespeare: An Introduction (1952); G. Taylor, Reinventing Shakespeare (1989); J. Bate, The Genius of Shakespeare (1997); H. Vendler, The Art of Shakespeare's Sonnets (1997); H. Bloom, Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human (1998); D. S. Kastan, ed., A Companion to Shakespeare (1999); S. Orgel, Imagining Shakespeare (2003); B. Vickers, Shakespeare, Co-Author (2003); S. Wells, Shakespeare for All Time (2003) and Shakespeare, Sex & Love (2010); S. Greenblatt, Will in the World (2004) and Shakespeare's Freedom (2010); J. Shapiro, A Year in the Life of William Shakespeare: 1599 (2005), Contested Will: Who Wrote Shakespeare? (2010), as ed., Shakespeare in America (2014), and The Year of Lear: Shakespeare in 1606 (2015); M. Garber, Shakespeare and Modern Culture (2008); J. Knapp, Shakespeare Only (2009); J. Bate, Soul of the Age: A Biography of the Mind of William Shakespeare (2009); C. Beauclerk, Shakespeare's Lost Kingdom (2010); T. Tanner, Prefaces to Shakespeare (2010); G. Wills, Verdi's Shakespeare (2011); G. Bullough, ed., Narrative and Dramatic Sources of Shakespeare (8 vol., 1957–75); O. J. Campbell and E. G. Quinn, ed., The Reader's Encyclopedia of Shakespeare (1966); M. R. Martin and R. C. Harrier, The Concise Encyclopedic Guide to Shakespeare (1972); M. Spevack, A Complete and Systematic Concordance to the Works of Shakespeare (6 vol., 1970) and The Harvard Concordance to Shakespeare (1973); bibliographies ed. by G. R. Smith (1963), E. Quinn et al. (1973), and L. S. Champion (1986). The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright© 2016, The Columbia University Press. Richard III (Shakespeare's play): Selected full-text books and articles Richard III By James K. Lowers Cliffs Notes, 1997 Librarian's tip: This is the CliffsNotes on Shakespeare's Richard III	William Shakespeare
Middleham Castle, where Richard III spent several years of his childhood, is in which English county?	Richard III \| Voices from Russia Voices from Russia A Portrait of King Richard III Unknown Artist late 16th century ______________________________ The Shakespeare play Richard III is one of the most popular on the English stage. At its centre is the domineering terrifying figure of the hunchback king. Today, archaeologists hope they’ve found the body of the real King Richard . Still, the medieval king isn’t in a very regal resting place. Shakespeare’s Richard III is alive and well, currently playing at the Globe Theatre in London. However, the real king died at the age of just 32. He fell at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. No one ever found his body. Now, a team from the University of Leicester thinks they know where his royal remains may lie… in Leicester town centre, buried deep below the concrete of a council car park. Richard Buckley, the co-director of the Archaeology Service at the University of Leicester, said, “In the middle of an industrial town, the friary where Richard III is said to have been buried after Battle at Bosworth was long demolished. It disappeared after 1538, when Henry VIII dissolved all the monasteries. That’s where the record suggests where Richard III was buried. Therefore, what we’ve done… we’ve looked at lots of map evidence and we’re doing ground-probing with radar. Then, we’re going to try to dig to see if we can locate the remains of the church buried underneath”. The consequences of the discovery could re-write history. Philippa Langley certainly hopes so. She’s a member of Richard III Society . On what should be the excavation site, she told me what she really wants from the dig, “For me, it’s actually finding him, because then we can give him a proper resting place to make him a real man. There’re so many fables surrounding him, that he was born with withered arm, that he was two years in mother’s stomach before he was born, and that he was born with hair, teeth, and nails. There’s just so much out there. We just want to roll that back and start painting the true picture of the man”. State-of-the-art radar technology and DNA analysis will increase the chances of the excavation being a success. However, there’re complications, archaeologist Buckley said, “Although we know that Francisco buried Richard III at a ceremony in the church after Bosworth, when the friary was demolished, we don’t know what happened with the remains, whether they stayed there or… stories were circulating years later which say that his remains were exhumed and thrown in the river. So, hopefully, that isn’t the case and they’re still here”. “So wise is so young, they say, do never live long!” These prophetic words were lines spoken by King Richard in Shakespeare’s play… as Richard himself didn’t live long. After his death, the King’s reputation was slashed, with Shakespeare as the chief culprit, but this dig could give the King’s reputation a second chance, rescuing him from the terrifying picture drawn by Britain’s best-known playwright. 27 August 2012	i don't know
Who succeeded Richard III to the English throne?	Who was Richard III - Last Plantagenet King to die in battle -Timeline - University of Leicester Who was Richard III? A Plantagenet primer on the last English king to die in battle. Although he only ruled for two years – from 1483 to 1485 – Richard III stands out among his peers as one of the most famous (or infamous) Kings of England. But who was he? And why does he continue to inspire such interest? Richard was born in Fotheringhay Castle, Northamptonshire on 2 October 1452 – about 30 miles (50km) from Leicester and only about 40 miles (65km - two days’ ride) from Bosworth where he met his end a third of a century later. Richard and his older brother Edward were the great-great-grandchildren of Edward III, a line of descent which was used to justify the claim to the throne by the House of York during the Wars of the Roses (the House of Lancaster was also descended from Edward III, via a different route). The Princes in the Tower The Princes in the Tower The Two Princes Edward and Richard in the Tower, 1483 by Sir John Everett Millais, 1878. Edward ruled as King Edward IV from 1461 until 1470 and again from 1471 until his death in 1483, when his 12-year-old son succeeded as Edward V, with Richard named Lord Protector. Young Edward and his brother moved into the Tower of London (which was then a royal palace, not a prison) but in June their parents’ marriage was declared invalid, making the princes illegitimate and hence their uncle became the heir apparent. Richard lost no time in being crowned King Richard III and the two boys were not seen again. Thus began the legend of ‘the Princes in the Tower’ and a long-standing popular belief that Richard had his nephews murdered in order to remove any competing claim to the throne. This has been widely debated for many years, with passionate arguments made both for and against Richard. Death and disappearance After defeating an unsuccessful rebellion in October 1483, Richard led his army to Bosworth in Leicestershire two years later to face Henry Tudor (whose somewhat tenuous claim to the throne was also through descent from Edward III). On 22 August 1485, Richard was killed at Bosworth Field, the last English King to die in battle, thereby bringing to an end both the Plantagenet dynasty and the Wars of the Roses. Henry Tudor was crowned King Henry VII. Richard’s body was brought back to Leicester, publicly displayed and then given for burial to a group of Franciscan friars. An alabaster tomb monument was constructed over the grave in 1495, paid for by the new King. With the dissolution of the monasteries (by Henry Tudor’s son, Henry VIII) that friary disappeared and along with it any clear record of Richard’s grave. Stories and rumours about where Richard’s mortal remains lie – or what happened to them – have circulated over the ensuing centuries, but most of these have subsequently been shown to be tall tales. Re-evaluating Richard Portrait of Richard III of England, painted c. 1520 (approximate date from tree-rings on panel), after a lost original, for the Paston family, now owned by the Society of Antiquaries, London. History, they say, is written by the victors. Tudor writers and artists had no qualms about depicting Richard III as an evil tyrant and child-murderer, as well as a crippled hunchback. Shakespeare’s eponymous play, written 106 years after Richard’s death, cemented the King’s bad reputation (and appearance) among the general public for centuries, although scholars including Francis Bacon and Horace Walpole sought to re-evaluate his reign. In 1924 the Richard III Society was founded, aiming to challenge accepted beliefs and assumptions about ‘the last Plantagenet’, not least the accusation of murder and the popular depiction of Richard as having a crooked spine. Among the inarguably good works of this popular King, they pointed out, were a number of significant changes to English law, including the presumption of ‘innocent until proven guilty’ and a reformation of the jury system. With a controversial claim to the throne, accusations of blood on his hands, a violent and gory death, and a bad press (largely derived from a classic of English literature) – not forgetting serious debate about his physical appearance – it is no wonder that Richard III continues to fascinate historians, scholars and the public in the 21st century. Timeline	Henry VII of England
In which year did King Richard III of England die?	Richard III Society \| LEARN MORE The Controversies The Princes in the Tower Thomas More's murder account The Princes in the Tower were the two sons of King Edward IV of England. The elder of the two succeeded to the throne as Edward V on the death of his father in April 1483. Some six weeks later, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, uncle of the two boys, proclaimed himself king as Richard III. His nephews were at that time living in the royal apartments in the Tower of London where they were seen sporadically until about mid-July 1483. After this they were never seen again. Their fate was a mystery at the time and has been ever since. Rumours about the disappearance of the princes and their uncle's part in it soon began to circulate on the continent, where those who were disaffected by the current regime had taken refuge. However, it was only after Richard's own death that the accusations became more substantive and they are still popularly believed. The few facts that are known do not, however, support the traditional story, which was that they had been smothered by James Tyrell, Master of the Horse to Richard III, with the help of two men, Miles Forest and John Dighton. The bodies were then buried at the foot of a flight of stairs in the Tower. This story is well known from Shakespeare's play The Tragedy of King Richard III and from his major source for this story, Thomas More's The History of King Richard III. The Bones from the Tower The Tower of London © Geoffrey Wheeler This story is often said to have been confirmed by the discovery of the bones of two children within the foundations of a staircase in the Tower of London in 1674. In 1678 some bones, said to be the same ones, were interred in an urn in Westminster Abbey as the bones of the princes by order of Charles II. In 1933 they were exhumed and, after examination, were declared to be the bones of two children of the right age and thus assumed to be the bones of the princes. Neither sex nor century of death could be determined, however. With the advance of knowledge and with new techniques available, the conclusions of the 1933 examination are now disputed. The categorical statements made in the report which followed the examination would not now be made by modern forensic scientists, who would stress the uncertainties in the determination of age, sex, family relationship, date of death and so on. To take just one example, modern forensic techniques show that the ages arrived at for the two skeletons are highly disputable and they may both be younger than they would be if they were the princes. Furthermore, the age gap between the two children appears to be less than the three years that separate the births of Edward and Richard, the two princes. Assigning a date to the bones could not be done at all in 1933. Using radiocarbon dating, it would now be possible to at least assign a century to them, and indeed probably come as close as a date with a margin of error of plus or minus about 15 years. This would at least enable us to know whether we were talking about late medieval bones or Roman bones, for example. It is likely that in the future even more accurate dating will be possible. The urn containing the 'bones' in Westminster Abbey Another major deficiency in 1933 was the lack of a reliable method for establishing a family relationship between the two bodies. In the report a relationship was largely assumed, and unreliable techniques then applied to prove it. No attempt was made to determine their sex. With such young children this is difficult, but new techniques being developed will soon make it possible. More reliable methods have been developed since 1933, particularly DNA testing. With this powerful new technique it is possible to determine whether the children were male or female, to show if a relationship existed between them and whether they were both descended from the same person. The drawback in this particular case is that for this test to work a comparison between the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in the bones and that in a person descended in an unbroken female line from Elizabeth Woodville, the mother of the princes, must be made. This is because only mtDNA descends unchanged, through the female line, through the generations. No such descent from Queen Elizabeth Woodville, or her mother Jacquetta, is currently known. An alternative would be to disinter Queen Elizabeth's body and, to check their paternity, that of Edward IV their father. However, genealogical research is being undertaken by Dr John Ashdown-Hill to trace the Woodville mtDNA. It is therefore apparent that a further examination of these bones could tell us much more than could be determined in 1933. However, in a few years it may be possible to find out even more and it is not desirable to disinter bodies just to satisfy our curiosity now. The Society will, however, welcome a re-examination if and when the authorities are prepared to give permission. We have to be content to wait for that and when scientific advances will have made the results much more meaningful. Read Helen Maurer's articles 'Bones in the Tower: A Discussion of Time, Place and Circumstance' part 1 first published in The Ricardian. Further reading: Recent investigations regarding the fate of the Princes in the Tower, LE Tanner and William Wright (Archaeologica, Vol. 84, 1934) Richard III, Paul Murray Kendal, London 1955 (Appendix 1: Who Murdered the 'Little Princes'?) The Mystery of the Princes, Audrey Williamson, Gloucester 1986 Richard III and the Princes in the Tower, AJ Pollard, Gloucester 1991 The Princes in the Tower, Alison Weir, 1992 Royal Blood, Bertram Fields, Stroud 2000 ↑ Top of page The Alleged Crimes The defining moment in Shakespeare's play of Richard III occurs in the first scene when the dramatic Richard declares 'I am determined to prove a villain'. Over the remainder of the play he fulfils his promise and at the very end, as he summons his supporters for the final assault, he acknowledges his fate: 'let's to it pell-mell, if not to heaven, then hand-in-hand to hell' During the course of the play the audience is made aware that Richard is responsible for the deaths of Henry VI and his son Prince Edward, Richard's brother the duke of Clarence, Earl Rivers, Richard Grey, Vaughan, William Hastings, the Princes, the duke of Buckingham and his own queen, Anne Neville. And if this catalogue of crime is not enough, he usurped the throne from his nephew. Collectively these are the 'crimes' of Richard III. Let's look at some of these 'crimes' in their chronological order: Edward, Prince of Wales (son of king Henry VI) '… twas I that stabb'd young Edward … ' Murder of Edward of Lancaster, by James Doyle 1864 © Geoffrey Wheeler This is the earliest 'crime' that can be attributed to Richard III. The murder of Edward, the last Lancastrian Prince of Wales, on the field of Tewkesbury on May 4th 1471. The first direct reference to Richard's involvement came with Polydore Vergil who wrote in his Anglica Historia that Edward was 'crewelly murderyd' by Clarence, Hastings and Gloucester. It is in the Chronicles of Raphael Holinshed that Richard of Gloucester is cited as the principal culprit who strikes the first blow against Edward. Holinshed's Chronicle was first published in 1577 and it soon became a standard history of England. Shakespeare probably made extensive use of Holinshed as source material for his plays. Shakespeare developed the crime for dramatic purposes into one of the series of pre-meditated murders that paved the Shakespearean Richard's path to the throne. All contemporary sources are unanimous in making no reference to Richard as the murderer of Edward of Lancaster. The Arrivall of Edward IV, the official Yorkist account of the events of 1470/71 stated that '… Edward, called Prince, was taken, fleigne to the towne wards, and slayne in the fielde. ' Warkworth's Chronicle, more Lancastrian in sympathy, elaborated slightly, 'And there was slayed in the fielde Prynce Edward, which cryde for socure to his brother-in-law the Duke of Clarence.' Few serious historians today would consider speculating that Richard was responsible for the murder of Edward of Lancaster. Professor Charles Ross wrote that 'No shred of blame can fall on Richard …' Further reading: Three Books of Polydore Vergil's English History comprising the Reigns of Henry VI, Edward IV and Richard Ill, edited by Sir Henry Ellis. Camden Society, 1844 Historie of the Arrivall of Edward IV edited by John Bruce. Camden Society, 1838 Warkworth's Chronicle edited by J Halliwell. Camden Society, 1839 Richard Ill by Charles Ross. London, 1981 The Battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury by P.W. Hammond. Gloucester, 1990 King Henry VI – '… for I did kill King Henry …' Murder of Henry VI. Byam Shaw 1902 ©Geoffrey Wheeler Henry VI died in the Tower of London probably on 21 May 1471, the day that Edward IV returned in triumph to his capital after his victory at the battle of Tewkesbury. Polydore Vergil wrote that 'Henry the sixt … was put to death in the tour of London. The contynuall report is, that Richard Duke of Gloucester killyd him with a sword … but who so ever wer the killer of that holy man …' Not yet a firm conviction of Richard. Thomas More wrote that Richard '… slew with his own hands King Henry the Sixth, being prisoner in the Tower, as men constantly say.' It was Shakespeare who threw away any doubts about Richard's involvement. For the litany of crimes to be complete Shakespeare's Richard had to have sole responsibility for Henry's murder, a task that he performed with apparent zeal. The Arrivall of Edward IV stated that Henry died of 'pure displeasure and melencoly.' It may well have been that he did suffer a fatal stroke or fit after learning of the death of his only son and the eclipse of his cause at the battle of Tewkesbury. However it is probably too much of a coincidence that his death should have taken place so soon after Edward IV returned to London. Warkworth's Chronicle stated that Henry 'was put to dethe … beynge thenne at the Toure the Duke of Gloucester … and many others.' The fact that Richard is said to have been in the Tower is not as sinister as it may appear. Whilst it is probable that Henry VI was put to death the responsibility must lie with Edward IV. Only another monarch could legally order a regicide. It would have been Richard's responsibility as Constable of England to deliver the official warrant to the Tower. Since the Tower was a centre of government and a royal residence, Richard's presence there does not imply complicity with the murder. Edward may have viewed the murder as a political necessity. It is now accepted that if Henry VI was murdered in the Tower he died on the orders of Edward IV. Charles Ross wrote that the accusation that Richard was personally responsible for the murders of Edward of Lancaster and Henry VI was 'quite unrelated to the mundane facts of historical evidence'. Further reading: Three Books of Polydore Vergil's English History comprising the Reigns of Henry VI, Edward IV and Richard Ill, edited by Sir Henry Ellis. Camden Society, 1844 The Complete Works of Sir Thomas More, The History of King Richard Ill edited by R. Sylvester, Yale, 1976 Warkworth's Chronicle edited by J Halliwell. Camden Society, 1839 Historie of the Arrivall of Edward IV edited by John Bruce. Camden Society, 1838 Richard Ill by Charles Ross. London, 1981 The Battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury by P.W. Hammond. Gloucester, 1990 George, Duke of Clarence – '… Clarence hath not another day to live …' The drowning of Clarence. ©Geoffrey Wheeler That Richard, Duke of Gloucester drowned his brother George in a butt of malmsey wine is one of the most popular myths in English history. It is Thomas More who first hinted that Richard might have been involved with Clarence's death: 'Some wise men also ween that his drift covertly conveyed, lacked not in helping forth his brother of Clarence to his death.' Whilst More did at least concede that this was only a rumour, the seed was sown. The charge was soon incorporated into the growing legend of Richard III, culminating in the Shakespearean Richard and the butt of malmsey in the Tower of London. There is no contemporary evidence to suggest that Richard was actively involved with the death of Clarence. The Crowland Chronicle stated '… the execution, whatever form it took, was carried out secretly in the Tower of London'. Clarence had been in dispute with Edward IV for some time prior to 1478 over a variety of matters. Clarence had shown an interest in marrying the Burgundian heiress, Mary, following the death of her father Charles the Rash in 1477. Edward thwarted this plan and relations between the brothers became tense. Once Clarence began to take the king's justice into his own hands, he was challenging Edward's authority as king. With the precedent of Clarence's behaviour during 1470/1, Edward had no option but to take action. This was the background to Clarence's execution for treason. It is not possible to say if there is any truth in the story that Clarence had discovered details of the pre-contract between King Edward and Lady Eleanor Butler, although there is circumstantial evidence that does give rise to such speculation. Whilst it is true that the Woodvilles would not have been too distressed by Clarence's execution the evidence does not suggest that it was them. Dominic Mancini reported that Richard '… was so overcome with grief for his brother … that he was overheard to say he would one day avenge his brother's death'. However, the Woodvilles made few material gains from the death and attainder of Clarence, and there is little evidence to suggest that Richard openly fell out with them. Indeed in some areas of his responsibility Richard must have co-operated with members of the family or their supporters. Few would now doubt that George, Duke of Clarence, was judicially executed by Edward IV for treason. Jeremy Potter writes 'There is no evidence ... to connect Richard with the death of his brother Clarence, who was later executed on King Edward's orders after a public slanging match … ' Further reading: The Usurpation of Richard III by Dominic Mancini edited by C.A.J. Armstrong. Reprinted Oxford 1969 and Gloucester 1984 The Crowland Chronicle Continuations edited By Nicholas Pronay and John Cox. London. 1986 The Complete Works of Sir Thomas More, The History of King Richard III edited by R.S. Sylvester vol. 2 New Haven, 1963 Good King Richard? by Jeremy Potter. London, 1983 False, Fleeting, Perjur'd Clarence by Michael A. Hicks. Gloucester, 1980 Read more about Clarence. The Usurpation – 'My thoughts aim at a further matter; I stay not for love of Edward, but the crown' Richard III accepting the crown. ©Geoffrey Wheeler The sudden and unexpected death of Edward IV on April 9th 1483 set in motion the series of events that were to destroy the life and reputation of Richard III. The picture of the events from April to July 1483 as seen through the eyes of the Tudor myth reveals a tyrannical Richard murdering his way to the throne of England. Richard's seizure of the crown, his long cherished ambition, being preceded by the executions of Rivers, Vaughan, Grey and Hastings. Polydore Vergil wrote that when Richard first heard of the death of Edward IV he began 'to be kyndyld with an ardent desyre of soveraigntie'. Thomas More elaborated and had Richard eyeing the crown even before Edward had died '... he long time in King Edward's life forethought to be king in case that the king his brother should happen to decease while his children were still young'. Shakespeare used his dramatic skills to create a Richard who was aiming for the crown at least from his teens. The main contemporary sources that we have for the period April to July 1483 are the Crowland Chronicle and Dominic Mancini's Usurpation of Richard III. Neither gives a complete picture and both are questionable as to their reliability. We have nothing that gives a complete picture of the confused and traumatic events leading to the accession to the throne of Richard III. The Crowland Chronicle is not favourable to Richard and displays a distinct bias against the north of England, where of course the backbone of Richard's support lay. The Chronicle does not openly suggest that Richard aimed for the throne immediately he heard of Edward's death. However it does condemn him for the imprisonment and subsequent executions of Rivers, Vaughan and Grey. The execution of Hastings and the imprisonment of the Bishops of York and Ely moved the Chronicler to write 'In this way without justice or judgement the three strongest supports of the new king were removed ...' The Chronicle then goes on to speak of threats from the north and Richard's taking of the crown. It gives details of the pre-contract, which the Chronicler refers to as '… sedition and infamy.'s Dominic Mancini, an Italian cleric visiting England during the first half of 1483, wrote his Usurpation of Richard III before the end of that year. Mancini would have relied almost completely on second hand reports and rumour. Mancini's reporting of events is coloured by his assumption that Richard aimed for the crown from the moment he heard of Edward IV's death. He does however retain a degree of objectivity, and there is no portrayal of Richard as a monster. Indeed of Richard's administration in the north he wrote 'The good reputation of his private life and public activities powerfully attracted the esteem of strangers'. Mancini is critical of Richard for ordering the execution of Hastings, which he considered came about '… on the false pretext of treason'. Both Mancini and the Crowland Chronicler give crucial information on the events from April to July, but their interpretation of the facts and rumours they had access to can be questioned. Edward IV certainly specified in his will that Richard was to be Protector of the realm in the event of a minority. The initial period following Edward's death suggests that Queen Elizabeth and her supporters were aiming to crown Edward V before Richard could assume the role of Protector. The fact that no official word came to Richard from the Queen or the Council (then effectively in her control) informing him of Edward's death and his legal right to be Protector, must have raised some suspicion in Richard's mind about the Queen's motives. However Richard's behaviour once he had secured the person of Edward V and had arrived in London was exemplary. A date was set for the coronation of Edward V and writs and warrants were issued in the King's name. Summonses were sent for a parliament to meet after the coronation. Richard had the support of the Council and there is no reason to suspect at this stage that anything other than the coronation and reign of Edward V would take place. The atmosphere changed around 10 June when Richard wrote to the City of York urgently requesting reinforcements to assist him against the Queen's ' … blode adherentts and affinitie. This is a crucial point in the series of events leading to Richard taking the crown. If a plot had been discovered, who was behind it apart from the Queen's blood adherents? The most vexed question centres on the possible involvement of Lord Hastings - does this explain his sudden execution on 13 June? All answers to such questions must be speculative in the absence of definite evidence. The Crowland Chronicler certainly saw the plot as being invented by Richard as a pretext for executing Hastings, who had by then concluded that Richard was aiming for the throne. However there is no hint in Richard's behaviour that he was planning to be crowned in place of Edward V. Government was still being carried out in the name of Edward V - 'By the advice of our dearest uncle, the Duke of Gloucester, Protector of our realm during our young age …' As late as 5 June letters of summons were being issued to forty squires who were to receive knighthoods at Edward's coronation, and even the King's coronation robes were in preparation. The climax came at the famous Council meeting on 13 June after which Hastings was executed. Hastings who had been Richard's erstwhile supporter against the Queen suddenly turned against him. It could be argued that he did indeed suspect Richard of aiming for the throne and that loyalty to Edward V made him ally with the Queen's party in order to thwart Richard. Whatever the reason Hastings' summary execution remains a blot on Richard's reputation, and was certainly out of character. It was probably around this time that the pre-contract became a major factor in the course of events. Bishop Stillington's revelation that he had witnessed the pre-contract of Edward IV to Lady Eleanor Butler is one of the most contentious issues in Ricardian studies, dismissed by many as a hollow story. However, the matter of the pre-contract is fully set out in the Titulus Regius, which justified Richard's claim to the throne. This act of settlement was passed by Richard's only parliament, which met during January 1484. The act has led one modern historian to comment that Richard III '... has a claim to having been the only possessor of a genuinely parliamentary title during the entire Middle Ages.' Regarding the pre-contract as a basis for the legitimacy of Richard's title, another modern historian has written that the relevant law to judge the pre-contract by is '... canon law. Under that law the Parliamentary claim stated a legitimate cause of action.' Richard's coronation on 6 July 1483 was very well attended. This fact alone might lead us to conjecture that Richard had considerable support amongst the nobility and City of London for the course of action that he had pursued. His motives throughout the April to July period will always be a matter of controversy and debate, failing the discovery of further contemporary evidence. The dispute over Richard's motives continues today. Most modern historians would agree with the remark made by Professor Myers that '… the responsibilities and perils of an unexpected royal minority aroused in his nature the elements of fear, ambition, and impulsive ruthlessness which led him further and further along the path of immediate expediency …' However, to this should be added the view of many others that Richard took '… the crown with widespread support and little bloodshed. … Its constitutional validity apart, his assumption of the crown may be judged as sensible and perhaps even inevitable.' Further reading: Three Books of Polydore Vergil's English History comprising the Reigns of Henry VI, Edward IV and Richard Ill, edited by Sir Henry Ellis. Camden Society, 1844 The Complete Works of Sir Thomas More, The History of King Richard III edited by R.S. Sylvester vol. 2 New Haven 1963 The Crowland Chronicle Continuations edited by Nicholas Pronay and John Cox. London, 1986 The Usurpation of Richard III by Dominic Mancini edited by C.A.J. Armstrong. Reprinted Oxford, 1969 and Gloucester, 1984 'The Deposition of Edward the V' by C.T. Wood, from Traditio, vol 31, 1975 'The Sons of Edward IV' by R. Helmholz in Richard III: Loyalty, Lordship and Community edited by P.W. Hammond. London, 1986 The Character of Richard III by A.R. Myers in History Today, 1954 Good King Richard? by Jeremy Potter. London, 1983 The Princes in the Tower –'Shall I be plain? – I wish the bastards dead' Anne Neville flanked by her two husbands from the Beauchamp Pageant ©Geoffrey Wheeler Shakespeare has Richard wooing the recently-widowed Anne Neville over the corpse of her father- in-law, Henry VI. Richard being responsible for both calamities - Anne's widowhood and Henry's death. Richard amazingly under such circumstances wins Anne and marries her. Of course the marriage does not last and Richard tires of Anne and has her poisoned. He then proceeds to bolster his throne by attempting to marry his niece Elizabeth of York. Polydore Vergil openly suggested that Richard rid himself of Anne. He has Richard causing 'a rumor … to be spred abrode of the quene his wyfes death …' A short while later Anne '… whether she wer dispatchyed with sorowfulnes, or poyson, dyed …' John Rous accused Richard of poisoning Anne Neville, and for good measure locking up Anne's mother, the Dowager Countess of Warwick, for the duration of his life. Richard would have known Anne Neville from the days during the 1460s when he was under the tutelage of the Earl of Warwick, her father. It does not follow however that Richard and Anne were 'childhood sweethearts' and married for love. There is no way that we can determine the nature of their personal relationship. Marriages in the fifteenth century were first and foremost business arrangements. Richard had much to gain in material terms from marriage to Anne. She was co-heiress of one of the country's greatest landowners. The other heiress was Anne's sister, Isabel, married to George, Duke of Clarence. When Richard, Duke of Gloucester, sought to make Anne Neville his wife a bitter row developed between him and the Duke of Clarence. The Crowland Chronicle reported that 'so much disputation arose between the brothers and so many keen arguments were put forward on either side with the greatest acuteness in the presence of the king … even those learned in the law, marvelled at the profusion of the arguments which the princes produced for their own cases'. Whilst the acquisition of land, wealth and power was a factor in Richard's determination to marry Anne Neville it is reasonable to assume that their marriage was successful for there is no hint of scandal or mistresses. Richard's acknowledged bastards were both born before his marriage. A brief glimpse of Anne and Richard together is given by the Crowland Chronicler when he reported on the death of Edward of Middleham: 'You might have seen the father and mother, after hearing the news … almost out of their minds when faced with the sudden grief.' Of the accusation that Richard poisoned Anne there is no contemporary evidence. Rumours were certainly spread by Richard's enemies after Anne died, along with the allegation that Richard intended to marry his niece Elizabeth of York. The latter accusation Richard publicly denied. There is no reason to suppose that his contemporaries took the accusation of poisoning seriously. It seems most likely that Anne was suffering from some debilitating disease, possibly tuberculosis. The Crowland Chronicle remarked that doctors had advised Richard to avoid Anne's bed. Little credence is now given to the story that Richard poisoned Anne Neville and that the marriage was a wretched one from Anne's point of view. Paul Murray Kendall wrote 'It appears that Richard's marriage was happy, that he gave Anne Neville his heart as well as his name.' The evidence would seem to support this state of affairs, though the danger of over-romanticising the relationship should be avoided. Further reading: Three Books of Polydore Vergil's English History comprising the Reigns of Henry VI, Edward IV and Richard Ill, edited by Sir Henry Ellis. Camden Society, 1844 The Crowland Chronicle Continuations edited by Nicholas Pronay and John Cox. London, 1986 Richard III by Paul Murray Kendall. London, 1955 Anne Neville: The Life and Death of Richard's Queen by Michael Hicks. 2006. (not yet published) Much of the above comes from the Society's publication Speaker's Notes 1997 and which is available for purchase . by Dr Anne F. Sutton Introduction Richard III accepting the crown. © Geoffrey Wheeler. Richard III's claim to the throne was set out in the document known as the Titulus Regius (The Title of the King) presented to his first parliament held in January 1484, and accepted by that assembly. The main points were that the children of his brother, Edward IV, were illegitimate, and that as the children of his other elder brother, the duke of Clarence, were disabled by their father's attainder for treason, Richard was the next heir. Canon law The arguments specifying the illegitimacy have proved to be the most difficult for commentators to understand or accept. They were difficult to comprehend outside the circle of canon lawyers at the time, and modern unfamiliarity with the tenets of medieval canon law and a tendency of popular historians to over-simplify until the original arguments no longer hang together do not assist those who wish to understand the problem as it existed in 1483. The legal aspects were set out most clearly in 1986 by Professor Richard Helmholz, a modern authority on medieval canon law. The following explanation is greatly indebted to his work. The argument in canon law was made up of two strands of evidence, both equally important. First that there had been a contract of marriage between Edward and Lady Eleanor Butler (born Talbot) before he married Elizabeth Woodville in May 1464. This would be understood to have consisted of vows exchanged in the present tense, 'I do marry you' -- no witness or priest was necessary -- followed by intercourse. The second fact of Richard's claim -- often forgotten by commentators -- was that Edward's marriage to Elizabeth was clandestine, private, before only a few witnesses, with no banns called and no participation of the king's ministers. The pre-contract Lady Eleanor Talbot by Mark Satchwill The fact of the pre-contract cannot now be proved, although it could have been known to many persons in 1483; but there is no doubt that Edward's marriage to Elizabeth was clandestine. Eleanor Talbot-Butler was not available to testify to the precontract as she had died in 1468. She had in fact died before the boy children of Edward IV were born, and thus under modern law, the adulterous nature of Edward's second union would have ended before they were born. This did not help their legitimacy in the fifteenth century, however: 'adultery, when coupled with a present contract of marriage', was an impediment to the subsequent marriage of the two adulterers. Thus even after Eleanor's death, Edward could not have married Elizabeth under canon law. This harsh judgement could have been mitigated if Elizabeth had not known of Edward's prior marriage - in this case the two could have remarried after Eleanor's death. Clandestine marriage Signature of Edward IV. Redrawn by Piat Design But all possible mitigation was rendered irrelevant by the clandestine nature of Edward's and Elizabeth's marriage. Although a clandestine marriage was accorded validity in many circumstances and the children born of such a marriage might be considered legitimate, the clandestine nature of this particular marriage actually made the children illegitimate. Clandestine marriages were deplored because people, between whom impediments existed, might contract marriage in error or by fraud; the calling of banns was aimed to publicise a proposed marriage and prevent such misfortunes, and to proclaim the good faith of the contracting parties. Edward's hasty and secret marriage to Elizabeth proclaimed his bad faith: if the banns had been called and his councillors informed, the impediment of the pre-contract might have been revealed and circumvented. The long time during which Edward and Elizabeth lived together openly as man and wife would have been in favour of the legitimacy of the children of their union, but only if their marriage had obeyed the church's laws and had not been clandestine. Canon law allowed questions of legitimacy to be raised after the parents' deaths -- wrong was not excused by the passage of time, and long continuance of adultery did not make it right. Medieval canon law allowed Richard, Duke of Gloucester to raise the question of the children's legitimacy as late as 1483. Titulus Regius passed beneath this archway. © John Ashdown-Hill It has frequently been asserted that parliament was an improper place to try the issue of illegitimacy, as it was a secular assembly. It was still customary in late fifteenth-century England that questions of bastardy be tried in an ecclesiastical court, but the matter of inheritance was an entirely secular matter and canon lawyers of the day would have conceded this. In a case of less political and national urgency the issue of bastardy would have been raised in a secular court which would then have referred it to an ecclesiastical court, which in its turn would have delivered its finding to the secular court to take action upon. The Titulus Regius, composed by Richard's supporters, attempted to circumvent this problem of jurisdiction by emphasising the notorious nature of the entire case which obviated an actual trial. It was asserted that public opinion considered the marriage of Edward and Elizabeth to be invalid, the essential truth of that public opinion could be presumed and no trial was necessary. Parliament was aware that there was a jurisdictional problem and, according to the Croyland Chronicler, only reluctantly accepted the new king's title 'out of fear'. An ecclesiastical court should have pronounced on the issue of bastardy, and no one was allowed to speak on behalf of the children -- these were weaknesses in the arguments on Richard's side. Similarly, his claim did not relate to a minor matter but to the descent of the crown, and the highly debatable rules that governed its descent -- at no time did a full parliament debate this, although there may have been some debate, at an almost parliamentary level, in the highly charged atmosphere of June 1483. For Richard's claim to succeed he had to over-ride the potential authorities of an ecclesiastical court and parliament. This does not, however, negate the undoubted weight of his claim in canonical terms. Whatever the view of modern commentators, an ecclesiastical court might well have pronounced in Richard's favour. His case depended on the truth of the facts: the existence of a precontract, which we cannot now prove, and the clandestine marriage about which there is no doubt. Bastardy was held in strong dislike and the parents' guilt was visited upon their children. Medieval canon law was highly sensitive to the idea of ultimate truth, apart from what facts might be proved in a court. Thus the canon law could accept that the precontract had existed solely on the word of the bishop of Bath and Wells or because it was notoriously accepted to have been a fact -- that it was ultimately true. Conscience meant that a canon lawyer could be far more convinced of Richard's claim than a modern common lawyer might be. Political necessity The political circumstances certainly affected the way Richard's claim was presented, for example in the use made of the issue of notoriety. It was urgent that there should be a king, and it was generally undesirable that a child should be on the throne, and opposition to the proposal that Richard should be king might coalesce if the matter was delayed. The importance of notoriety in the arguments emphasises the well-known predilection of Edward IV for amorous adventures. It was only too easily supposed that he might have seduced a well-born lady such as Lady Eleanor, daughter of the earl of Shrewsbury, with the words of marriage. Intimates of the king could have known of the liaison even if the words of contract had not been heard. His secret marriage to Elizabeth Woodville in a private house with only a few witnesses had shocked his council when he finally revealed it; the story was well known throughout Europe by 1483, along with the detail that she had preserved her virtue and held out for marriage against all his persuasions. Edward's reputation was well known and a public scandal, and Richard's supporters made full use of this: the argument of 'notoriety' was highly plausible. Once parliament had accepted Richard's claim and the Titulus Regius was enrolled, his title was as acceptable as those of Henry IV, Edward IV, or Henry VII. Public announcements The legal aspect of the claim was always difficult to grasp by the average layperson and it was explained on several occasions. It was first explained to Londoners in a sermon at St Paul's on Sunday 22 June 1483 by Ralph Shaa, a fellow of Queens' College, Oxford, and brother of the mayor of London. Another speech was made by the duke of Buckingham at the Guildhall and presumably repeated the same facts. The original draft of what was to be embedded in the Titulus Regius was presented to those in positions of authority then in London in expectation of a parliament and a coronation (of Edward V), and it formed part of the petition to Richard to take the throne on 26 June. The details of the claim were then publicised during their formal acceptance by parliament in January 1484. But a few months later it was still thought necessary to explain the title carefully: in April the Ironmongers' Company of London recorded that they had paid for two wherries to take them to Westminster 'the which tyme the kyng tytylle and right was ther publyschid and shewid'. This exercise in public relations was directed at the citizen elite of London, who would then have explained it to their subordinates. It was supported by a sermon at St Mary's Hospital Bishopsgate by Thomas Penketh, the Provincial of the Augustine Friars, at Easter 1484, part of a sequence of highly prestigious sermons held each year in Easter Week in London at St Paul's and St Mary's; they were attended by the mayor, aldermen and all leading citizens and drew large crowds. The last two events testify to the efforts made by Richard to explain the intricacies of his title in canon law to his people, and probably also to his sincere acceptance of its validity. The Bishop of Bath and Wells Interior of Wells Cathedral The source of the argument that Edward's children were illegitimate is generally taken to have been John Stillington, Bishop of Bath and Wells. He was certainly a noted authority on canon law and had been lord chancellor of England 1467-70, 1471-73. There is no need to assert that he had anything to do with or witnessed the original precontract between Edward and Eleanor, he only had to make the crucial connection between a precontract and a subsequent clandestine marriage under canon law and realise how they affected the legitimacy of Edward's children. It is also possible that Stillington had voiced his opinion at the time of the execution of George, Duke of Clarence, for he was imprisoned in the Tower and heavily fined shortly after in 1478 (Kendall, p. 217 and n. 10). Stillington's arrest was ordered by Henry VII on the same day as Bosworth and although the bishop was pardoned for unspecified offences, he joined the Lambert Simnel conspiracy, was recaptured, and remained in custody for the rest of his life. Further reading John Ashdown-Hill, Eleanor the Secret Queen: The woman who put Richard III on the throne (2011) R.H. Helmholz, 'The sons of Edward IV: a canonical assessment of the claim that they were illegitimate', in Richard III: Loyalty, Lordship and Law, ed P.W. Hammond (London, 1986, repr. 2000). P.M. Kendall, Richard III, M. Levine, 'Richard III -- usurper or lawful king?' Speculum, vol. 34 (1958) M. O'Regan, 'The pre-contract and its effect on the succesion in 1483', The Ricardian, vol. 4, no. 54 (Sept. 1976), pp. 2-7. Rolls of Parliament (Rotuli Parliamentorum), 6 vols, London 1776-77, vol. 6, pp. 240-42 for Titulus Regius. [The Parliament Rolls of Medieval England are now available on CD-ROM from Scholarly Digital Editions] C. Ross, Richard III (London, 1981) A.F. Sutton 'Richard III's "tytylle and right": a new discovery', The Ricardian, vol. 4, no. 57 (June 1977) and subsequent note, no. 59 (Dec. 1977), p. 28. William, Lord Hastings, and the Crisis of 1483: An Assessment by Wendy E.A. Moorhen Introduction On a summer morning in 1483, the King's Chamberlain, William Hastings, was escorted on to Tower Green, ordered to lie on a makeshift block, then suffered death by decapitation. The arrest and execution of the popular Hastings, who was barely given time to ask for absolution of his sins, shattered the peace of the ancient palace and within a few hours that of the capital. In the ensuing confusion George Cely caught the mood of the people and noted the current rumours, facts and questions: … there is great rumour in the realm, the Scots have done great [harm] in England, the Chamberlain is deceased in trouble, the Chancellor is desperate and not content, the Bishop of Ely is dead, if the King, God save his life, were deceased, the Duke of Gloucester were in any peril, if my Lord Prince, who God defend, were troubled, if my lord of Northumberland were dead or greatly troubled, if my Lord Howard were slain. The action of Richard of Gloucester, the Lord Protector, in ordering the execution without trial of his brother's greatest friend and confidant, is one of the great conundrums of the period leading to Richard's accession a few days later. The execution's illegality has meant that Richard is vulnerable to criticism that is difficult to refute. Richard, in effect, gave his enemies and detractors the opportunity to vilify him, an opportunity that they have not failed to exploit. Many believe this was Richard's first action that publicly indicated his intention to become king. What is most startling, however, is that Hastings and Richard, although both capable of vigorously pursuing their quarrels, had never before been in conflict with each other but united in their love and loyalty to, respectively, their kinsman and brother, King Edward IV. Hastings has been a victim, not just of Richard's swift retribution, but of history itself. Despite a long and successful career Hastings seems never to have been studied in his own right, but usually as an adjunct to Edward IV or part of the saga of Richard Ill's 'usurpation'. The date of his execution became the subject of a debate between Dr Alison Hanham and Professor Bertram Wolffe in the 1970s when theories went under the historical microscope to be analysed and rebutted. The biographies included in The Hastings Hours and Dunham's Lord Hastings' Indentured Retainers were, perhaps, inspired by the survival of the work of art and the indentures rather than to any particular interest in Hastings? Born circa 1431, William Hastings was the son of Sir Leonard Hastings and Alice, daughter of Lord Camoys. Lady Hastings' mother was Elizabeth Mortimer, the widow of Sir Henry Percy (Hotspur) and the eldest great-grandchild of Edward III. Lady Hastings' uncle, Roger Mortimer, although never proclaimed heir presumptive to the throne of England, was undoubtedly considered a candidate due to Richard II being childless. Hastings' public career spanned over two decades, and encompassed the roles of politician, administrator, soldier, diplomat, businessman, landowner and great lord. He was a close friend and associate of King Edward IV, and undoubtedly filled a void in the young's king life following the premature death of his father at Wakefield. April - May 1483 The Stall Plate of Lord Hastings, St George's Chapel Windsor Courtesy: Geoffrey Wheeler On 17 April Hastings took part in Edward IV's obsequies in Westminster Abbey and on the 20th was present when his body was committed to the tomb in the magnificent Chapel of St. George that he had built at Windsor. Hastings must have experienced great sorrow at the loss of his beloved master and friend, all the more poignant as Edward was the younger man. The business of government, however, had to continue and the pragmatic Hastings wasted no time in alerting Richard of Gloucester as to the events in London, urging him to join with King Edward V and to proceed south to take control. In the meantime Hastings was active in the council chamber. The council sent 300 men to Calais to reinforce the garrison and presumably to discourage the French from taking advantage of any possible political turmoil in England following the accession of a minor to the throne. Hastings effectively prevented the Woodvilles from providing the young king with an over-large escort on his journey from Ludlow. The Crowland chronicler records that the 'forsighted members of the Council' did not wish the King's maternal relatives 'to have control of the person of the young man until he came of age'. Such was the influence of Hastings that his threat to retire to Calais caused the Queen to capitulate and agree that the escort would be no more than 2,000 men. The chronicler goes on to make it quite clear that Hastings' motive for his objection was self-preservation as he was concerned that the Woodvilles would 'sharply avenge the alleged injuries done to them by that lord'. Hastings' correspondence with Richard is described by Mancini who writes that it was on Hastings' advice that Richard secured the King and restrained Rivers. In similar vein to the Crowland chronicler, Mancini had Hastings say he was in great danger 'for he could scarcely escape the snares of his enemies' but added that this danger was also due to his friendship with Richard. According to Mancini it was common knowledge that Hastings had been in contact with Richard. The manor was granted to William Hastings in 1464 and he was granted the licence to fortify it in 1474. Richard, in the decisive fashion that was to be the hallmark of his future actions, left Yorkshire and met with Rivers, the King's maternal uncle, at Northampton. The arrest of Rivers and his immediate supporters led to the collapse of the Woodville machinations to rule England through the young King. When news of the day's happenings reached London, Queen Elizabeth took refuge in sanctuary at Westminster. Supporters of the Queen hovered around Westminster while those favouring Richard of Gloucester gravitated to the 'protection of Lord Hastings', The Queen's son, Dorset, who was deputy constable of the Tower, joined his mother in sanctuary. On 4 May, the date originally set for the coronation, Richard and his nephew arrived in London accompanied by the new major player in the drama that was about to unfold, the hitherto political lightweight Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham. Buckingham was born in 1455 and was descended from the youngest son of Edward III, Thomas of Woodstock. Despite his rank the Duke had played no part in government although the same rank enabled him to be involved in the ceremonial aspect of court life. He contributed soldiers to King Edward's French campaign but returned home before the army's embarkation. Obviously not trusted, and probably not liked by King Edward, Buckingham saw an opportunity for a political career and increased wealth with Richard of Gloucester as Protector and he wasted no time in giving his support. Whatever reasons King Edward had for his exclusion of Buckingham from public office they would have been known to, and possibly endorsed by, Hastings. At the time of Richard's arrival in London, Hastings was described by the Crowland chronicler as 'bursting with joy over this new world'. His relationship with the two dukes was good and he declared that the transfer of government had been effected with no more bloodshed than 'from a cut finger'. Polydore Vergil, on the other hand, later painted a very different picture. He wrote that Hastings was shocked by Richard's high handed actions at Northampton and repented his earlier support. According to Vergil, Hastings held a meeting at St Paul's with trusted friends to discuss the situation. Although they agreed that the young King was 'utterly oppressyd and wrongyd' by Richard, their policy would be to wait and see. It has been suggested that if Vergil was correct in his gauging of Hastings' attitude, then a 'tentative meeting of the minds' between Hastings and Dorset could have taken place shortly after the news of Richard's coup reached London on the evening of 30 April, possibly before Dorset went into hiding the next day. If, however, such an allegiance was formed after Dorset disappeared, the initiative must have been taken by Hastings, as Dorset would not have risked capture by approaching, by whatever means, his enemy. During the weeks that followed Richard took control of the government and plans moved forward for the coronation, now to take place on 22 June. A government re-shuffle had John Russell succeed Rotherham as chancellor and John Gunthorpe succeed Russell as keeper of the privy seal. On 7 May a meeting of the late King's executors, including Richard, Buckingham, Hastings, Stanley and leading prelates, took place at the home of Duchess Cecily of York at Baynards Castle when Cardinal Bourchier the Archbishop of Canterbury, placed Edward IV's jewels under ecclesiastical sequestration. The Archbishop performed this action as the executors of the late King had been hesitant to do so themselves. Following the sequestration, the Archbishop wrote to the executors, empowering them to sell goods of the late King to pay for his funeral expenses that had amounted to £1,496. 17s 2d. On 20 May Hastings was re-appointed to the office of master of the mint, the only grant he was to receive from Richard and one that paled into insignificance against the grants that were bestowed on the duke of Buckingham. A few days earlier the duke had been made chief justice and chamberlain of North and South Wales, constable and steward of Welsh crown lands - 'virtually the viceroy in Wales'. The historian, Paul Murray Kendall commented: 'seldom has a man so little known become so important so quickly'. Richard had acknowledged and rewarded the duke for his support with these spectacular grants. Hastings may have been apprehensive as to the ability and motives of the inexperienced Buckingham. He may also have been disappointed at Richard's qualified recognition of his own support. If Vergil was accurate in his reporting of Hastings' concern over the Northampton affair perhaps Richard was aware of this change in attitude, and this is reflected in his treatment of Hastings. The chroniclers devoted few words to the last days of May and early June. Simon Stallworthe, in his letter of 9 June to Sir William Stonor, confirmed there was nothing new to report. The process of government had become somewhat fragmented with committees of councillors meeting in various locations within the capital: Westminster, the Tower, Baynards Castle and their own residences. In Richard's case this was Crosby Hall and it was here that he gathered his inner circle of supporters, Buckingham, Francis Lovel, Lord John Howard and William Catesby. The last two had strong connections with Hastings: Howard as his deputy in Calais and Catesby as a lawyer. The continued presence of these men about the Protector may well have affected Hastings' equilibrium. Hastings' re-appointment to the mint had been tardy. Despite his duties and attendance at council meetings he could now begin to feel isolated from the real power base. Although he was far from being politically impotent, Hastings' rancour could have been shared by other officials of the late King's government, Rotherham, Morton and Stanley, the 'quadrumvirate of the dispossessed' (Kendall). They had taken to meeting in each other's houses and perhaps at such a meeting discontent turned to sedition. Hastings was well placed if he wished to regain his position at the centre of political affairs. He represented continuity with the old regime. He had retained, if not increased, his offices and could presumably have looked for support from the moderate element of the council. Inevitably, the Queen would need to be aware of any plans. If Hastings succeeded in curtailing the power of Richard and Buckingham, the re-emergence of the Woodvilles as a political faction would, at some stage, follow. Hastings needed to ally himself with his estranged colleagues and with the Queen. The go-between may have been Mistress Shore. Elizabeth Shore, known to later ages as Jane Shore, had been the mistress of Edward IV and was the divorced wife of the mercer William Shore. In October 1483 a proclamation in the patent rolls described her as 'the unshameful and mischievous woman called Shore's wife' and as being held in adultery by Dorset. This liaison, presumably, did not start before King Edward's death in April and within three weeks Dorset was in sanctuary. Elizabeth herself was arrested in June and was probably not released until sometime after the October rebellion when she married Richard's solicitor-general Thomas Lynom. There is no contemporary evidence that she was sexually involved with Hastings although she would have undoubtedly been well known to him. It should also be remembered that there was another obvious connection between Dorset and Hastings in the person of the latter's step-daughter, Cecily, who was married to the former, who may well have visited her husband in sanctuary and could have acted as mediator with her stepfather. June 1483 On Thursday 5 June the Duchess of Gloucester arrived in London from the North and the same day Duke Richard wrote to the citizens of York a friendly letter advising them he did not have 'convenient leyser to accomplysh this your besnes', referring to their request for his support in alleviating a local tax. On Monday 9 June a full council meeting was held at Westminster lasting some four hours to discuss the coronation and Stallworthe reported that 'None spoke with the Queen'. The following day Richard wrote again to York but this time the tenor of his letter was very different as he was appealing for urgent help against 'the Queen, her blood adherents, and affinity'. He does not enlarge on her 'affinity' in the letter, leaving the messenger, Richard Ratcliffe, to provide the details of the plot. Further developments may have delayed Ratcliffe's departure, possibly intelligence that Hastings was implicated in the conspiracy. Richard's appeal for help is repeated in a letter to Lord Neville dated 13 June, the day Ratcliffe left London. Additional correspondence may have been entrusted to Ratcliffe soliciting support from Richard's northern friends. The troops were duly mustered but did not arrive in London until 3 July. They may have discounted the urgency of Richard's written appeal due to a verbal update by Ratcliffe that the situation had changed and the main danger in London would have been dealt with by the time the letters were received. Although a military force was still required it would be as a demonstration of strength rather than any direct action. According to Thomas More the person who betrayed Hastings was the lawyer William Catesby, who had for many years served not only Hastings but also the duke of Buckingham. No mention of Catesby, however, was made by Crowland, Mancini or the London chroniclers. Perhaps More's vanity was such that he wished to assign a major role to a wily member of his own profession, who, like so many in this story, was long dead. More wrote that Hastings considered Catesby to be his ears amongst the Gloucester set and because of the trust he placed in him Hastings was indiscreet in his presence. The Protector, on the other hand, wanted Catesby to sound out Hastings to join his cause, in other words to take part in a usurpation, but Hastings' views were so strongly against such a cause that Catesby didn't even have to test Hastings' loyalty: But … whether he assayed him or assaied him not, reported unto them, that he founde him so fast, and hard him speke so terrible woordes, that he durst no further breke. Hastings may have displayed great naivety in still trusting Catesby, if More was correct, in view of the appointment Catesby had received from Richard in May, the chancellorship of the earldom of March, an office which reported directly to Buckingham. This appointment has been interpreted as soliciting Hastings' support to agree to the extension of the protectorate by the promotion of one of his affinity. Two interesting points emerge from More's story of Catesby's tendentious enquiries. The first is that Catesby confirmed Hastings was not content and was suspicious of the Protector, though this contradicts the Crowland chronicler . Secondly, it appears that Catesby was not wholly impartial where Hastings was concerned. More admitted that Catesby urged the Protector to take action against Hastings 'and much the rather, for he trusted by his deth to obtaine much of the rule that the lorde Hastings bare his countrey'. It is feasible that Catesby could have deliberately misled Richard as to Hastings' attitude to the possibility of Richard assuming the throne. Catesby benefited directly from Hastings' demise with grants for the constableship of Rockingham Castle (with Francis Lovel), the stewardship of St Albans Abbey and Hastings' Exchequer offices. He indirectly benefited by removing a potential opponent to Richard's claim to the throne and the ultimate advancement of his new master. John of Gaunt's Gatehouse, Tutbury Castle The idea of Hastings being scrutinised as to his loyalties rather than betrayed in his conspiratorial activities is borne out by Mancini who wrote that this task was undertaken by Buckingham, who included Rotherham and Morton as well as Hastings in his enquiries. Like Catesby, Buckingham was to benefit from Hastings' death. He succeeded Hastings in the stewardship of the honour of Tutbury, an appointment he may have coveted for some time due to the standing of the Stafford family in that area. Regardless of how Richard learnt of the disaffection of Hastings, he had chosen his course of action by Thursday 12 June when he arranged for two council meetings to take place the next day, one at Westminster with the Chancellor, John Russell, and the other at the Tower. The handling of the denouement was also well planned and careful consideration given to the wording of the subsequent proclamation, as suggested by More. Such preparation, however, need not be interpreted as contrived but merely essential to an important operation. Richard was determined to act swiftly and decisively in this latest crisis and although the hostile chroniclers and historians have implied he acted with feigned spontaneity, hindsight has perhaps affected their judgement of the situation. 13 June 1483 During the night of 12/13 June Lord Stanley had a nightmare in which he and Hastings were both attacked by a boar which 'with his tuskes soraced them both bi the heddes, that the blood ranne aboute both their shoulders'. So disturbed was Stanley when he awoke during the night that he immediately despatched a messenger to Hastings suggesting they flee the city immediately. Hastings dismissed Stanley's fears with 'we might be as likely to make them true by our going' and sent the messenger home, saying, he was sure of Richard. In the morning Hastings rode to the Tower but on two or three occasions his horse stumbled, in 'olde rite & custome' a portentous occurrence. While he was steadying his horse in Tower Street Hastings spoke with a priest. A knight, sent by Richard to ensure Hastings attended the council meeting, merrily asked why he was spending so much time talking to a priest when he had no need; he laughed in the knowledge that soon Hastings would require the services of a priest. When Hastings reached Tower Wharf a double coincidence occurred as he met another man called Hastings whom he had last seen at the same place during the period when he had been accused by Lord Rivers and fallen from King Edward's favour. While reminiscing Hastings told how well things were with him at the present as he knew that his enemy and author of his former trouble (Rivers) would that day die at Pontefract. That is how Sir Thomas More, vividly but speculatively, recounts Hastings' eventful last hours before entering the Tower for the council meeting. The Arrest of Lord Hastings. By James Doyle Courtesy: Geoffrey Wheeler The accounts of 13 June, some more brief than others, basically agree, More of course providing the most colourful and detailed version. Crowland merely reported: 'On 13 June, the sixth day of the week, when he came to the Council in the Tower, on the authority of the Protector, Lord Hastings was beheaded'. If Chancellor John Russell was the anonymous continuator of the Crowland Chronicle, he was probably involved in the other council meeting taking place at Westminster and, therefore, not an eye witness. This may account for his brevity or possibly reflect a disapproval or dislike of Hastings which resulted in his failure to provide a fuller commentary on what was a significant event. The London Chronicle, known as Vitellius A XVI, is also brief: And the xiij day of Jun the Duke of Glowcetir, sodeynly w' oute Judgement, cawsid the lord Hastynges, Chamberlayne of England, to be beheded w'in the Tower. And forthwith sent the Bisshoppis of Ely and York in to Walys, there to haue been prysoned. The 'historical notes of a London citizen' also gives the date as 13 June and confirms the arrests of Rotherham, Morton and Oliver King 'with other moo' [more], the same day. The Great Chronicle of London states that, apart from Hastings and the 'Earl of Derby' , most of the councillors attending the Tower were supporters of the Protector and continues: Upon the same [day] dyned the said lord hastynges with him [Richard] and afftyr dyner Rode behynd hym or behynd the duke of Bukkyngham unto the Towyr. When all were assembled a cry of treason was uttered and the usher burst upon 'such as beffore were appoyntid' and arrested Stanley and Hastings, the latter being executed without 'processe of any lawe or lawfully examynacion'. Mancini portrays the events as beginning with Hastings, Rotherham and Ely making a customary call upon Richard in the Tower at ten o'clock. The Protector at once accused them of arranging an ambush upon him 'as they had come with hidden arms' and again, by pre-arrangement, soldiers entered the room, this time accompanied by Buckingham, and despatched Hastings forthwith. 'Thus fell Hastings, killed not by those enemies he had always feared, but by a friend whom he had never doubted.' Vergil's version refers to the two council meetings: one at Westminster given the task to proclaim the date of King Edward's coronation and the other within the Tower to debate the whole matter of the coronation. The date of the coronation had, of course, been set for 22 June and was well publicised, which rather makes a nonsense of Vergil's agenda. The Tower meeting was convened early, but Gloucester launched into a tirade against the Queen whose witchcraft was wasting his body and he showed the assembly his arm as proof. More's version starts the meeting at nine o'clock with Richard's small talk of strawberries. He withdraws for an hour or so and when he returns his mood is completely changed, exhibiting 'angrye countenaunce, knitting of brows, frowning and froting and knawing on hys lippes.' At this stage More's story resembles Vergil's, similarly recounting Richard's accusations against the Queen and his conversation with Hastings, who agreed the lady should be punished for her actions. In More's account we also find Richard's rejoinder '… and I will make good on thy body tratour' and 'What then, William, yf by thine owne practises I be brought to destruction' immediately before guards entered the chamber to make their arrests. During the scuffle Stanley received a blow that knocked him under a table, with blood about his ears, then with Rotherham and Morton, he was arrested and they were taken to separate rooms while Hastings briefly made his confession, the Protector having declared he would not eat 'til I se thy hed of'. It is noticeable after reviewing these different accounts that Thomas Stanley only appears in the Tudor versions. Perhaps his fame was not so great in 1483 when Hastings, Morton and Rotherham took centre stage, but it is worth noting that although he is included with the plotters retrospectively, yet less than three weeks later he carried the constable's mace at Richard's coronation. Did Stanley, as the step-father of King Henry VII, need to be seen, in retrospect, as acting against Richard? Whichever version the reader wishes to accept as the 'true' account, the outcome was the same: the respected and popular Lord Hastings 'who chiefly amongst all the nobylytie was, for his bountifulness and lyberalytie, much beloved of the common people' was dead. Events moved quickly with further arrests, including Mistress Shore, the King's secretary Oliver King and John Forster, the co-steward (with Hastings) of the Abbey of St Albans and son-in-law of Sir Thomas Cook. Forster was taken to the Tower from his home in Hertfordshire on 14 June and others may also have been arrested. Dorset escaped from sanctuary and supposing that he was hiding in the adjacent neighbourhood, he [Richard] surrounded with troops and dogs the already grown crops and the cultivated and woody places, and sought for him, after the manner of huntsmen, by a very close encirclement: but he was never found. (Mancini) The question remains unanswered as to whether there was a genuine plot against Richard and, if this was the case, whether Hastings was personally involved. Before considering this problem it is relevant to review the situation from Richard's perspective and to follow subsequent events. The decision to become King It has been argued that Richard kept his options open, and that his actions, generally, can be interpreted as not following a premeditated and determined path to usurpation. His policy was forever under review and changing to meet the needs of the current situation. In other words Richard was merely reacting to new situations. It should be remembered that Richard's situation was not particularly secure at the beginning of June. His role of Protector may be regarded to some extent as nominal: he had failed to obtain the Council's agreement to the executions of Rivers and Grey; the Queen remained in sanctuary with her youngest son and daughters, to Richard's embarrassment; and there was an independent party of magnates and prelates led by Hastings who could wield considerable influence and power. Richard badly needed to extend his protectorship and he would certainly have been aware of the fate of two earlier dukes of Gloucester who had both held high office and died under suspicious circumstances. To this end he had gained the Council's approval for an extension of his powers after the coronation as is evidenced in the draft address to parliament prepared by Russell. How long Richard could have held the office was and is open to speculation and no-one was more acutely aware of this than Richard himself. As the date of the coronation drew near, events gathered momentum and the first indication of the ensuing turmoil was the virtual suspension of normal government: grants ceased to be recorded by 11 June. Richard probably learnt of the conspiracy on the 9th or l0th, applied for military aid within forty-eight hours and proceeded to take corrective action on the 13th and 14th. Richard was no longer prepared to brook any obstinacy from the Queen and on Monday 16th she relinquished Richard, Duke of York. At what stage Stillington told his story to Richard about King Edward's pre-contract with Eleanor Butler is unknown but undoubtedly Richard was in possession of the revelation by this time and now had three options open to him: ignore the pre-contract and continue with the coronation on the 22nd; postpone the coronation; or assume the throne on the grounds of the illegitimacy of his nephews. On 16 June Richard took the second option, he issued the writs of supersedeas cancelling both the coronation on the 22nd and parliament on 25 June and he named a new coronation date of 9 November, The deliberations by which Richard came to his decision to become king had now begun in earnest and the decision was made by the Saturday. On Sunday 22 June the issue of the pre-contract was made public and within four days he was acclaimed King Richard III. The postponement of Edward V's coronation was, in part, an expedient act designed to give Richard time to think and decide where his duty lay, following several days of intense activity culminating in the exposure of the conspiracy, the existence of which had demonstrated Richard' s vulnerability. The revised date for the coronation, however, was common knowledge in official circles and beyond. Many Londoners were involved in the preparations for the coronation and the new date was recorded in the College of Arms chronicle. None of Richard's actions in June (the plea for aid, arrest of the conspirators, transfer of Richard of York and the postponement of the coronation) need be regarded as sinister or pre-emptive if reviewed in chronological order and without hindsight, In the words of Isolde Wigram, who wrote about the dating of Hastings' death: 'If one starts with the assumption that what Richard said was the truth, everything falls into place'. Conspiracy or Canard The only documentary evidence that the plot existed are the two letters, written by Richard to the city of York and Lord Neville, together with the report of the proclamation issued within a few hours of the execution declaring Hastings a traitor. The opinion has been expressed that if there was no conspiracy, Richard would have waited to take action against Hastings and his friends until after the arrival of the troops, but in the event, the situation was sufficiently threatening to Richard to preclude delay. Kirby Muxloe, the fortified brick-built manor house which Hastings began building in 1480 but was never completed Circumstantial evidence exists in the form of the arrests, not only of the high-ranking prelates, Rotherham and Morton, but of Mistress Shore, Oliver King and John Forster. What was the purpose of their arrests unless they were part of a genuine conspiracy? Elizabeth Shore's introduction to her future husband, Thomas Lynom, was probably made while he interrogated her in his capacity as Richard's solicitor-general, Forster, Queen Elizabeth's treasurer and receiver-general, was held in prison for almost nine months and he was sufficiently frightened to surrender his stewardship of the liberty of St, Albans within forty-eight hours of his arrest 'in the hope of obtaining remission of his punishment'. Further testimony to the seriousness of the charges against him was supplied by Stallworthe in his 21 June letter to Sir William Stonor when he reported that men feared for Forster's life. Stallworthe also reported that the London residences of Rotherham and Ely were occupied, and possibly their country homes as well, by Richard's men. Richard was obviously taking no chances and was extremely thorough in the mop-up operation, presumably searching the prelates' homes and interviewing staff, servants and visitors. Finally, there is one further indication that the conspiracy was real. The register of Abbot Wallingford of St Albans, which recorded Forster's arrest and imprisonment, also records 'that it was said Hastings deserved his fate'. Perhaps the phrase 'it was said' indicates a certain scepticism on the part of the chronicler but unless it was generally accepted that Hastings was involved in a plot against the Protector, why bother to make the statement at all? Historians who adopt the traditional anti-Richard stance have drawn their own conclusions about the events of 13 June: primarily that the execution of Hastings was a second pre-emptive act by Richard and one that removed the most powerful magnate who would remain loyal to the son of his former master. Due to the paucity of the evidence they argue no conspiracy existed except in the minds of Richard and Buckingham and rely on Mancini's gossip 'that the plot had been feigned by the duke so as to escape the odium of such a crime'. It was true, of course, that the existence of a conspiracy did provide Richard with an excuse to rid himself permanently of the Woodville prisoners. On 25 June Richard took the initiative: Rivers and Grey were executed at Pontefract. The two major arguments against Hastings' involvement in a plot are his relationship with Richard and the unlikelihood of his rapprochement with the Queen. Both Crowland and Mancini referred to the good will Hastings bore Richard, and More wrote: 'undoubtedly the protector loued him wel, & loth was to haue loste him'. Presumably Hastings was aware of the content of Russell's parliamentary address confirming Richard's continuance as Protector after the coronation and thus he endorsed this extension to the protectorship. Further, Hastings retained his offices and 'his interests were respected' so, it has been argued, why should he conspire against the Protector? To what could he possibly have objected? It could also be argued, however, that this scenario is confirmed by Richard himself: his complete astonishment at Hastings' betrayal that was manifested by his violent and swift response. Richard acted while his anger was still hot. If he had hesitated and waited to consider what he was about to do to an old friend and comrade he would probably have been unable to order the execution. Further confirmation is provided in the form of Richard's treatment of Hastings' family. In the normal course of events, Hastings' death would have been followed by his attainder, and the subsequent confiscation of his lands would have placed a considerable amount of patronage at Richard's disposal. Richard chose not to follow this course of action but to honour Hastings' wishes in being buried near King Edward at Windsor, and on 23 July while at Reading on his royal progress, he officially assured Lady Katherine Hastings that she would in no way suffer from her late husband's conduct. Are these the actions of the wicked, power-crazed monster of Tudor legend or the calculating land-hungry duke, as he is currently represented by modern historians? Hastings' relations with the Woodvilles spanned many years. Although there were undoubtedly causes for dissension, and these have already been discussed, this did not preclude them from working together during King Edward's reign. Dorset was Hastings' deputy at the battle of Tewkesbury .They served together on commissions of oyer and terminer, were part of a group of feoffees for the Mowbray estate and certainly worked together on other occasions at the behest of their master King Edward. Rivers and Hastings seem to have shared a common interest in the collection of books. Hastings and the Queen's kin may well have jostled for King Edward's favour but compromise was essential between those who so prominently served their king. In June 1483, however, Rivers was under arrest and Dorset was in no position to become actively involved in a conspiracy. Hastings' 'animosity' against Queen Elizabeth is not as well documented as that between Hastings and the Queen's immediate relations. The view has been expressed that 'there were less well-advertised examples of cooperation, or at least of agreeable co-existence' Only More and Mancini record the hostility that stemmed from the Queen's resentment of Hastings being 'secretelye familyer with the kynge in wanton coumpanye' and 'the accomplice and partner of the sovereign' s privy pleasures' If More and Mancini are to be believed it seems strange that Queen Elizabeth should single out Hastings as the sole object of her wrath without apportioning some blame to her own son and brothers for encouraging her husband in his infidelities. The possibility of some degree of discord within the Woodville family, despite their unity , should not be overlooked. The view has been expressed that Elizabeth and Hastings each bore the other a grudge dating back to the 1464 marriage agreement that was signed just seventeen days before she married King Edward. Elizabeth, on her part, because of Hastings' tough negotiations, and Hastings because the agreement lapsed after her royal marriage. In the event Elizabeth did agree to the contract, her common sense probably telling her that one hundred per cent of nothing is nothing and that at least with Hastings' backing she stood a chance of achieving a settlement from her in-laws. What is tantalising, however, is the hypothesis that Hastings, in attempting to obtain a favourable solution for Elizabeth from the King brought her to Edward's attention. In such circumstances Elizabeth may well have retained a certain regard for her husband's closest friend. Apart from a possible spell in the Tower, Hastings did not seem to lose too many points to the Woodvilles. Few ladies were more pragmatic than the Queen and her later association with King Richard bears testimony to her ambivalence. Richard was responsible for the death of one of her sons, Richard Grey. The argument that Hastings and the Queen could not have formed an alliance because of their much vaunted hostility, however, is obviated by the precedent set by the Earl of Warwick and Queen Margaret. The forceful personalities of the latter pair are well known and if they could come to an alliance in 1470 so could Hastings and Queen Elizabeth a few years later. The ultimate question is why William Hastings would want to become involved in a conspiracy to overthrow Richard of Gloucester? Conclusion Hastings' Monument at the Tower of London The present author believes that the answer to that question is to be found in two aspects of Hastings' character: his loyalty and his ambition. Taking his status from his father, Hastings combined his background of landed gentry with the pride of his maternal ancestry. Although lacking the vast acres and wealth, in his early years, of a 'great magnate' he possessed the intelligence, developed the skills and, from his cousin King Edward, acquired the land to become one of the most important men in England for over two decades. Edward's trust in 'Hastings was repaid by a lifetime of personal devotion' and Mancini describes him as the 'author of the sovereign's public policy' Confident in his own wealth, position and abilities, Hastings was perhaps unconcerned at his lack of higher rank. More's description of Hastings is of '… a good knight and a gentle … plaine & open to his enemy, & secret to his frend: eth to begile, as he that of good hart and corage forestudied no perills, a louing man & passing wel beloued. Very faithful, & trusty ynough, trusting to much'. Although this accords with the loyal aspect of Hastings' character that kept faith with the Yorkist cause throughout his life, worked tirelessly on behalf of his country and inspired confidence in all levels of society, it is perhaps more a eulogy for a 'victim' of the 'ambitious' Richard of Gloucester than a complete and accurate reflection of Hastings' character. Time and again Hastings proved himself successful and to achieve success on this scale he had to be strong, competitive, astute, resourceful and acquisitive. Hastings' ability as a diplomat alone negates More's 'trusting to much'. How 'gentle' was the young Hastings in the Pierpoint affair?[1] How 'plaine and open' to his enemies in the John Edwards incident?[2] How easy 'to begile' when he negotiated with the widowed Elizabeth Grey (subsequently King Edward IV's wife).[3] How innocent to have 'forestudied no perills' when Elizabeth speedily sought to crown her son and control the government? Perhaps the measure of William Hastings was his popularity and good reputation in spite of his success. With King Edward's death change was inevitable and each of those closest to the late King quickly assessed their own priorities. His wife, Queen Elizabeth, wanted to attain control. His surviving brother, Richard of Gloucester, saw his role as protector of the realm until the young king could govern for himself. His greatest friend, William Hastings, wanted a smooth transition of power to a council dominated by the old nobility. Immediately Queen Elizabeth was in conflict with Richard and Hastings and within three weeks her faction was neutralised. On the periphery there were a number of people who recognised an opportunity to promote their own interests, Margaret Beaufort, John Morton, Robert Stillington, William Catesby and Henry of Buckingham. It was perhaps the combination of their ambitions and machinations that now brought about the strife that began with Hastings' conspiracy and was to end at Bosworth over two years later. In April, Hastings and Richard shared common goals and Hastings was content to work with Richard during the period of the protectorship. Initially Richard's friendship with Buckingham may not have concerned Hastings but by May, after Buckingham's promotion in Wales, Hastings could begin to feel uneasy as he saw Buckingham usurping a role he had dominated for over twenty years. Excluded from Richard of Gloucester's inner circle, perhaps regarded as old fashioned and belonging to another generation, it would have taken a humbler man than William Hastings not to resent this change in the status quo. Hastings' ambitions were not diminishing with age and he was still capable of vigorously asserting his authority as he had demonstrated in the council chamber in April. It is very likely that Hastings was aware of the threat posed by Robert Stillington and his knowledge of the pre-contract with Eleanor Butler. It is entirely possible that Hastings' own 'intelligence' or an interview with Catesby alerted him that Richard was already in possession of the facts. Hastings' fears would have been for the reputation of King Edward IV and the future of the boy, who for twelve years had been destined for the throne of England. Although there had been differences with the Woodvilles it was inconceivable for Hastings to stand by whilst Queen Elizabeth was exposed as Edward's paramour and their children declared illegitimate. To Hastings, such a scandal would destroy the honour of Edward IV. In late May, Hastings faced the unpleasant fact that his political influence was declining and the possibility that his beloved master's son would not be crowned. Despite his fifty-three years Hastings was not prepared to retire to his estates and abrogate his position, especially as it was being usurped by Buckingham, 'Power once obtained is very seldom voluntarily relinquished' (Caroline Halsted). Far from being the naïve dupe presented by More, Hastings took the initiative and made peace with the Woodvilles. The conflict between Richard and Hastings was inevitable but, rather than a display of antipathy towards his former colleague, Richard, Hastings' conspiracy was simply a matter of expediency for his own political survival and that of his young master, King Edward V. [1] A dispute over land may have been the cause of the incident that demonstrates ruthlessness in Hastings' character. Hastings' brother Thomas and Henry Ferrers were questioned by Henry Pierpont regarding the murder of his brother Robert and the matter was referred to Richard, Duke of York. Hastings was not accused of the actual murder but was clearly held responsible and together with his brother, Ferrers and Pierpont, was ordered to 'keep the peace with each other'. [2] On 8 August 1482 a John Edwards made a confession at Westminster which rescinded allegations he had made against Dorset and Rivers that he had made in Calais when he was 'in fear of his life' and of being put in the 'breke'. Hastings, as Captain of Calais, if not directly involved in the questioning of Edwards, would have been aware of the allegation. [3] Elizabeth Grey approached Hastings for help with regard to inheritance matters with her late husband's estate. Hastings complied but negotiated a high price with him, taking the wardship of her son, Thomas Grey, afterwards Marquis of Dorset, and marrying him to one of his daughters. [This assessment has been adapted from an article originally published in The Ricardian Vol. IX, Nos. 122 and 123, September and December 1993.] Further reading: The Usurpation of Richard III by Dominic Mancini edited by C.A.J. Armstrong. Reprinted Oxford 1969 and Gloucester 1984 'Lord Hastings' Indentured Retainers' by William Huse Dunham in Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, vol. 39, New Haven 1955 Three Books of Polydore Vergil's English History edited by Henry Ellis. Camden Society 1844 Richard III by Paul Murray Kendall. London 1955 The Crowland Chronicle Continuations edited by Nicholas Pronay and John Cox. London 1986 The Complete Works of Sir Thomas More, The History of King Richard III edited by R.S. Sylvester vol. 2 New Haven 1963 The Hastings Hours by D.H. Turner. London 1983 by Lynda Pidgeon [See the pedigree of the Woodvilles (Wydevile) family.] It is generally assumed that because of Richard's actions in 1483, there was a history of distrust and dislike between Richard and the Woodvilles. This would not have been surprising: after all this was true of the attitude between Clarence and the Woodvilles, and most people of the time disliked the Woodvilles. Or did they? There is a large element of myth about feelings towards the Woodvilles, and much of what is written is with the benefit of hindsight. If the family were not so universally unpopular, and if Richard did not distrust and dislike them, how else could the events of 1483 be explained? What evidence exists to suggest that Richard and the Woodvilles did not get on and even disliked one another? Unfortunately there is no juicy gossip in the Paston Letters to shed light on their feelings, so we only have official records to rely on. These mention occasions when the paths of Richard and the Woodvilles crossed, but they cannot indicate any feelings upon the part of either. This has not stopped some historians from trying. Kendall's biography of Richard III is full of purple prose, his description of Richard and the Woodvilles being no exception In the Woodville court Richard could not have been at ease … he could not bring himself to enjoy the company of the Woodvilles, whose arrogance shone as bright as the newness of their fortunes… Sir Thomas Grey … was already in training to become a boon companion of the King … In the tilt-yard the talk was all of Anthony Woodville … The Queen, beautiful and rapacious, … viewed the King's two brothers only as rivals of her family for the favours of her lord. Woodvilles surrounded Edward like a glittering hedge …[4] It is important to bear in mind that when Edward married Elizabeth Woodvilles on 1 May 1464 Richard was only eleven years old, and he spent the years 1465 to 1468 in the care of Richard Nevill, Earl of Warwick ('the kingmaker'). It might thus be argued that while in the Warwick household he learnt to dislike the Woodvilles as much as Warwick and his brother Clarence did. Yet he did not join them in their rebellion of 1469 but joined Edward against them. His loyalty to his brother may have led to an acceptance of, if not a liking for, his new in-laws. There is nothing to suggest that he came into contact with the Woodvilles before 1469. In May 1469 Richard may have attended the Garter ceremony at Windsor and he was with Edward in June on a pilgrimage to Bury St Edmunds. Also present on both occasions were Lord Rivers, Anthony, Lord Scales and other Woodvilles. It was during the pilgrimage that Edward heard about Warwick's rebellion. Edward went to Nottingham to raise troops; presumably he sent Rivers to Northampton while Scales remained in East Anglia. Richard's whereabouts are unknown. In July Rivers and his youngest son, John, were captured and executed by Warwick. Edward himself fell into Warwick's hands and was taken north, but by September he had been released, and went back to London. On 17 October he created Richard Constable of England. This may have produced the first reason for conflict between Richard and the Woodvilles. The elder Lord Rivers had previously held the office of Constable; it had been made an hereditary title and Anthony, now Lord Rivers, could have expected to assume the office. Perhaps Edward came to some arrangement with Anthony to waive his claim in Richard's favour. When rebellion broke out again in 1470 Edward was forced to flee the country. With him were Richard, Anthony Woodvilles and William, Lord Hastings. They headed for the coast at Lynn where they took ship for the Low Countries. Richard and Anthony were together on the same ship, sharing exile and an equal desire to return Edward to the throne. Rosemary Horrox has suggested a 'family' link between Richard and the Woodvilles. Richard held lands in East Anglia, and in the receiver's accounts for these lands is an annuity of £5 payable to Katherine Haute. The Hautes were related to the Woodvilles through the marriage of earl Rivers sister Joan to Sir William Haute. The suggestion is that Katherine was Richard's mistress, as his illegitimate daughter was called Katherine. (Katherine married James Haute).[3] Richard Haute junior, was also associated with Richard, serving with him on the Scottish campaign and being knighted by him. There were therefore links with the wider Woodvilles family. There are other links between Richard and the Woodvilles in East Anglia. In 1471 Richard had been granted the confiscated estates of Lewis FitzLewis. On 16 March 1475 Richard granted these lands to Elizabeth Woodvilles and others, possibly at Edward's request? This would have bolstered Woodvilles holdings in the region. In March 1483 Anthony asked Richard to act as an arbitrator in a dispute he had with Roger Townshend over property in Norfolk. This suggests co-operation between Richard and the Woodvilles and at least an element of trust. In February 1472 Elizabeth had granted Richard 'a stewardship worth £100 a year'[2]. This was during the dispute between Richard and Clarence over the Warwick lands. Elizabeth was clearly demonstrating who she was giving her support to, but this should perhaps be viewed in the light of her hostility towards Clarence rather than any deep affection for Richard. In January 1478 Richard was in London to attend the marriage of Prince Richard, Duke of York to Anne Mowbray. In the previous November he had paid homage to the young prince for his Norfolk lands, attended the council held at Westminster and the events held to celebrate his young nephew's marriage. The execution of Clarence in 1478 is often cited as the reason for Richard's withdrawal from court and his hatred for the Woodvilles. Mancini, writing in 1483, thought so. He claimed Richard 'avoided the jealousy of the queen from whom he lived far separated'[1]. He speaks of 'long-standing hostility' between the Queen and Clarence. Sir Thomas More explained Clarence's death as being brought about 'by the Queene and the Lordes of her bloode which highlye maligned the kynges kindred'[2]. Mancini goes on to claim that 'At that time Richard duke of Gloucester was so overcome with grief for his brother that he could not dissimulate so well, but that he was overheard to say that he would one day avenge his brother's death'. More makes a similar comment, though he believed Richard's grief was 'simulated'[2]. Credence is given to these stories by the case of the earl of Desmond. Elizabeth was held responsible for the death of Thomas Fitzgerald, Earl of Desmond, in 1468. When Richard was king he gave instructions for those responsible for Desmond's killing to be prosecuted and sympathised with his son, claiming particular understanding because '… of his brother the duc of Clarence, as other his nighe kynnesmen and gret frendes'[1]. This is seen as referring to Elizabeth's share in the responsibility for their deaths, although the document does not name her.* It is important to remember that these statements all relate to 1483 and later. Richard benefited from the death of Clarence, and there is no evidence to indicate that he went against Edward and put in a good word to try and save Clarence. Between 1478 and 1483 Richard was busy in the North, especially in the war against Scotland. His absence from the court can therefore be easily explained. It was the speed with which events unfolded in 1483 and his change from loyal brother and supporter of the crown to usurper that has caused most speculation and the need for a satisfactory explanation. Distrust and hatred of the Woodvilles seems the best solution. Certainly Mancini and More felt this to be a satisfactory explanation. It is certainly true that the action of Hastings in April 1483 in support of Richard was motivated by a distrust of the Woodvilles and the fear of a Woodvilles-dominated king. But then Hastings had fallen foul of the Woodvilles over his appointment as captain of Calais. Also there were a number of nobles who had been deprived by the Woodvilles of their due inheritance and they looked for an opportunity for redress. The council too was uneasy about a Woodvilles-dominated king, again according to Mancini they had voted against a Woodvilles regency because Dorset had claimed '… we are so important, that even without the king's uncle we can make and enforce these decisions'[5]. Richard's actions once he had control of the young king seem to enforce this line of reasoning. He did not hesitate to execute Antony Woodvilles or his nephew Richard Grey. According to More, during a council meeting in the Tower Richard claimed Elizabeth had used witchcraft against him. On June 10 Richard sent an urgent message to York asking for help 'against the queen, her blood adherents and affinity, which have intended and daily doeth intend, to murder and utterly destroy us and our cousin, … by their damnable ways …'[5]. However, these were exceptional times. It is perhaps too easy to read something into the past to explain these events. Did Richard's actions in 1483 really require him to have a longstanding hatred of the Woodvilles? His loyalty had been to Edward, and while his brother lived a balance was maintained between the demands and desires of the Woodvilles and the ambition and desires of Richard. The unexpected death of Edward and the prospect of a young Woodvilles king changed the status quo heavily in the Woodvilles' favour. Richard's primary loyalty now was surely to himself and his family and protecting them and his interests. He did not really need to like or dislike the Woodvilles to carry out this aim. References and further reading: Elizabeth Woodville by David Baldwin, 2004 False, Fleeting, Perjur'd Clarence by Michael Hicks, 1980 Richard II: A Study in Service by Rosemary Horrox, 1989 Richard II by Paul Murray Kendall, London 1973 edition Richard II by Charles Ross, 1981 * The execution of the earl of Desmond has been the subject of an article by John Ashdown-Hill and Annette Carson, in volume 15 (2005) of The Ricardian. Richard's earlier defenders: their motives and methods by Dr Lesley Boatwright The Tudor writers saw to it that the prevailing view of Richard III in their time was of a man and king deformed both physically and morally, who met a very proper end. Historical truth counted for nothing; the moral lesson of crime and punishment was much more satisfying, especially to those who created it. The man in the street was not quite so sure. In 1525 the mayor and aldermen of London protested to Wolsey about his demand for a benevolence – something Richard's statutes had forbidden. 'I marvel that you speak of Richard III,' said Wolsey, 'which was a usurper and a murderer of his own nephews.' The mayor and aldermen stuck to their point, saying 'Although he did evil, yet in his time were many good Acts made.' Sir William Cornwallis No defence of Richard appeared in print in Tudor times, but at least one appears to have been circulating privately in the 1590s. It was a rather ambiguous defence, which could even be regarded as an attack: The Encomium of Richard III, by Sir William Cornwallis the younger. Jeremy Potter regarded it as dubious.[1] 'Its real effect is to denigrate Richard,' said Alison Hanham, reviewing its modern edition (by J.A. Ramsden and A.N. Kincaid, 1977) in The Ricardian in 1978.[2] The Cornwallis family were Roman Catholics, who had been too active in the reign of Mary to do well under Elizabeth. People were expected to attend Sunday services in the Church of England at least once a month, and were fined for non-attendance. At first these fines were small, a shilling or so, but in 1580 Pope Gregory XIII issued his fatwa saying that to kill Elizabeth would not be a mortal sin, and the next year the fines jumped to an astronomical level, hitting recusant families very hard: they either had to pay up or go to Protestant services. William Cornwallis was therefore probably no admirer of Elizabeth Tudor. Nevertheless, he was not unpatriotic. Part of his justification for Richard's killing of Hastings is that Hastings (who could not be innocent because he was 'a Pentioner of the ffrench king Lewis the 11th … he of all others that moste affected Tirranie, and was naturally the mortall and most vndermininge enimie of this kingdom') had been bribed to dissuade Edward IV from assisting Mary of Burgundy against Louis, so that she had to seek help elsewhere, which led ultimately to the Spanish domination of the Netherlands. Cornwallis, like many prominent Elizabethans, liked to write. He wrote paradoxes. This is a literary form in which rhetorical skills are used to defend something which everyone believes clearly indefensible; the motivation is not so much to prove to people that they have been wrong, but to prove how clever you are at manipulating words. It seems that Cornwallis also wrote a paradox in defence of the French pox, an interesting thought. Paradoxes did not often find their way into print: they were circulated among friends, who might add to them and pass them on to others. The earliest extant manuscript, which forms the basis of the 1977 edition, contains a dedication by Cornwallis to John Donne. The Encomium (Praise) is a paradox of an unusual form, according to its editors. Rosalie L. Colie, who wrote a study of paradoxes, says it fails because it does not 'surprise or dazzle by its incongruities' and strikes the reader as an all-but-serious defence, 'sincere but lame'.[3] It seems to be written in answer to an attack on Richard in a chronicle. Cornwallis speaks of that chronicle's author as 'thow Recorder of untruthes', 'thy malitious spirit', 'our corupte chronicler', and of 'the partiall writinges of an vndiscreete Cronicler, a fauorer of the Lancastrian familye'. Naturally, this has led some people to postulate that a work by John Morton, or Thomas More's account, is meant. Alison Hanham in her review thought it must refer to Hall's chronicle, or its revisions by Grafton or Holinshed. Ramsden and Kincaid agree that there is a bitterness in Cornwallis's work, a sense of personal involvement, but think it might have come from a 'purely intellectual stimulus'.[4] Cornwallis told John Donne that he had lately been reading the life of Richard, and could not suffer 'soe maney vertues (wherwith his Enemies coulde not denye him to be adorned) to be dusked, and drowned by vices …' He begins his defence with the comment: 'That historians are Corupted, that they rather confirme, then Conuince errours, noe man neede doubte, since knowinge the affaires of our owne time, and readinge theire Relations therof will make anie discreete man knowe theire partiallity …'. With Cornwallis as advocate, we may think, who needs a prosecution? Richard was born with teeth – that was his good luck, because nursemaids tell us that teething is painful. Richard had a crooked body – but that was Nature's generosity, because she put a straight mind in him, and anyway it didn't stop him doing 'actions most perfectly valiant'. That he killed Prince Edward at Tewkesbury and Henry VI in the Tower simply confirmed his love for his brother Edward. He executed the Woodvilles to save himself. Hastings could not have been innocent because Commines tells us he was a pensioner of Louis XI. By killing the Princes, Richard may have offended God, but as their deaths freed the people from sedition – 'the least Color of right provokes Innovatinge humors to stirre uppe sedition' – this showed his love for his people: 'he adventured his soul for their quiet'. As to the manner of Richard's claiming the throne, Cornwallis has an answer to everything. First, concerning Shaa's sermon, he says that no-one will think 'this prince soe indiscreet as to have wittnesse that he comanded that Sermon … it is rather like that Shawe being more ambitious than his callinge required … was boulde to publish his fancies in hope of preferment', but Shaw's hopes vanished 'in to smoake', and he languished and died. On the other hand, if Richard did command the sermon, to charge Cecily with adultery was 'a matter of noe sutch greate moment, since it is noe wonder in that sexe'. Anyway, 'he had more reason to aduenture her fame, then his kingdom, because of two euells we must allwayes choose the leaste'. For a man who can approve such cavalier treatment of women, Cornwallis is surprisingly tender towards Richard's relationship with Anne. 'It is Constantly affirmed (saieth our Corupte Cronicler) that he firste noised after deuised the death of his wife', and Anne heard the rumours. 'This reporte made a greate impression in the Queene deeminge (as weomen are euer fearefull) this propheticall relation to be the forerunner of her end, which bewailinge to her Husbande he sought with all kindnesse to remoue that malancholick fantasy'. In fact, interspersed among these wayward justifications, there are passages in which Cornwallis firmly points out Richard's good qualities. 'His edictes are extant, what can be founde in them not becominge a Kinge, what not befittinge the Religious worshipp of god, and the seruice of his Countrye … He was noe taxer of the people, noe opressor of the Commons … noe Suppressor of his Subiectes &*hellip;' and 'his humilitye they terme pride, his liberality prodigallity, his vallour crueltye, and bloodthirstines'. He also puts his finger on one of the reasons for Richard's downfall: 'had not his mercye exceeded his Crueltye, his saffety had bene more assured and his name (peraduenture) not soe mutch subiect to obloquy' – in that Richard cut off the head of 'a mighty Conspirator, yet he suffred the Conspiracye to take soe deepe Roote' by not punishing the Countess of Richmond, but simply 'comittinge her to the Custodye of her husbande'. Cornwallis signs off 'as a Charitable wellwisher to an opressed & defamed kinge', but he never revealed himself as this to a wider public. Circulated among his friends, the Encomium was not published until 1616, after his death. Tudor Tail-piece No-one would include William Shakespeare among Richard III's defenders, but his Richard III (1592) does include a very interesting passage about hearsay evidence – which is often cut out when the play is produced. It comes in Act II, Scene 4. Cecily, duchess of York, is talking to her little grandson Richard (the current duke of York) in the presence of the Archbishop and Queen Elizabeth Woodville. York: Marry, they say my uncle grew so fast that he could gnaw a crust at two hours old. Duchess: I pray thee, pretty York, who told thee this? York: Grandam, his nurse. Duchess: His nurse! Why, she was dead ere thou wert born. York: If 'twere not she, I cannot tell who told me. Duchess: A parlous boy: go to, you are too shrewd. Is this an indication that Shakespeare himself was perfectly well aware that at least some reports about Richard circulating in his own day were fabrications? In the 1590s Shakespeare was, after all, in the orbit of Henry Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton.[5] Ramsay and Kincaid suggest that Southampton was the 'Hen.W.' who procured a copy of Cornwallis's manuscript, adapted it – awkwardly – as 'a tract for his own times' (i.e. the earl of Essex's rebellion in 1600) and dedicated it to Sir Henry Neville.[6] Did Shakespeare ever talk to Southampton about Richard III? Sir George Buck Engraving of Richard III from Buck's History © Geoffrey Wheeler Sir George Buck was born in 1560 into a family which – he claimed – had served the Yorkist kings and then the Howard dukes of Norfolk. He said that his great-great-grandfather John had been killed fighting for York at St Albans in 1455, and his great-grandfather John had served both Edward IV and Richard III as Gentleman of the Privy Chamber; and also Richard III as Controller of the Household (though he later retracted this last claim, and it is manifestly wrong). The Johns are not mentioned in the Patent Rolls, or in BL Harleian ms. 433, and it has been surmised that Sir George was presenting himself with ancestors more prominent than those he actually had. He also said that the second John had been taken prisoner at Bosworth, and executed two days later, and there certainly was a John Buck who was attainted after the battle. He and his more immediate forebears served the Howards. His grandfather Robert was at Flodden Field with the second duke in 1513, and his father Robert had fought (under the duke of Somerset) at Musselburgh in 1547. Sir George himself served under the Lord Admiral Charles Howard, his patron, on the Cadiz expedition of 1596. He was educated at Cambridge and the Inns of Court, and was a man of many parts: scholar, diplomat, translator, poet and antiquarian. He was MP (for Gatton in Surrey) in 1593 and 1597, esquire of the body to Elizabeth I in 1599, and appointed Master of the Revels to James I in 1607. This sounds swashbuckling, but was not the same as a Lord of Misrule. In fact one of his tasks was to license plays for performance, and he seems to have been somewhat prudish, removing some references to lust and cutting out passages denigrating women.[7] He had an interesting circle of friends. After the dissolution of the monasteries in the 1530s, manuscripts as well as monks emerged from the cloisters into the world at large. A number of Tudor gentlemen delighted in collecting these manuscripts, and in 1596 founded the Society of Antiquaries. Among its members were William Camden, whose antiquarian excursions round England led to the publication of his Britannia in 1586, John Stow, a London merchant who wrote the Annals of England and A Survey of London, and Sir Robert Cotton, the great collector of manuscripts, who had a copy of the Crowland Chronicle. Members lent each other books and manuscripts, researched topics, and gave papers on them at meetings. We don't know if Sir George Buck was a member or not, but it seems very likely. He certainly knew many members and had access to their collections. By his day, the eye-witnesses to the fifteenth century were all dead, but documents of the period were becoming available. Buck wrote his History of King Richard the Third in 1619, three years before his death, but it was not published until 1646, in the dying stages of the Civil War. The manuscript, heavily revised, had been almost ready, but not quite. It was his great-nephew, another George Buck (but 'esquire', not 'Sir') who took it over and revised it further. Some of his revision was good, simplifying Sir George's rather turgid style, and cutting out some philosophising digressions, but he also cut out some of the personal references and toned down some of Sir George's plain speaking. 'Discussions of Morton are very drastically cut, since the original had very little good to speak of Morton … [Henry VII's] responsibility for destroying the Yorkist heirs and the emphasis on the Yorkists' right are minimized as far as possible … Henry becomes confident, pure, and manly … and [there is an] adherence to Henry VII's own device of backdating his reign to make Richard appear to have been the traitor against the true king at Bosworth.'.[8] The 1646 version of the History was all that was in print until as late as 1979, when A.N. Kincaid edited it and rescued Sir George's original account. This fact invalidates a lot of the criticism levelled at the work through the centuries by writers who did not bother to check the original manuscript to see what Sir George had actually written. Title page from Buck's History. © Geoffrey Wheeler The History is in five books. The first two deal with Richard's life. Book III refutes various accusations made against him, including his deformities, and puts the case for Perkin Warbeck's being Richard, Duke of York. Book IV deals with the bastardy of Edward IV's children, and the mooted marriage between Richard and Elizabeth of York. Book V discusses Richard's virtues and good works – and the fate of the remaining Plantagenets. The importance of Buck's work cannot be over-estimated. He was a man who did not just accept what he read – he did extensive research to see if it was acceptable. He points out that the case against Richard is merely based on suspicion, and that 'suspicion is in law no more guilt or culpableness than imagination'. He says he will 'clear and redeem him from those improbable imputations and strange and spiteful scandals, … and make truth … present herself to the light … And Morton and More and their apes shall be delineated and painted in their true colours.' Kincaid's assessment is that Buck '… deals with Richard's reputation by shrewd analysis rather than emotional harangue. Upon dispassionate examination, one finds not a heated emotional defence of a hero but a surprisingly cool examination. Buck's passion appears to be rather for accuracy than for Richard III. He shows the same regard for minor historical inaccuracies as for Richard's reputation … His final assessment of Richard is balanced and judicious. "Although this prince was not so superlative as to assume the name of holy or best, you see him a wise, magnificent and a valiant man, and a just, bountiful and temperate; and an eloquent and magnanimous and pious prince; and a benefactor to the holy church and to the realm. Yet for all this it hath been his fortune to be aspersed and fouled and to fall into this malice of those who have been ill-affected towards him …".'[9] Buck not only made use of documentary sources, he cited them so that others could evaluate their validity. He was the first to use the evidence of the Crowland Chronicle, and of Titulus Regius, a very different approach from the 'men say that ...' gossip which peppers the moralising fabrications of the Tudors. From Crowland and Titulus Regius he discovered that it had been Lady Eleanor Butler (née Talbot) whom Bishop Stillington said he had married to Edward IV, not the lower-born Elizabeth Lucy of More's account. This put a totally different slant on the story of the pre-contract. As Buck says, when the Duchess of York exhorted and urged her son to acknowledge his first wife and not marry Elizabeth [Woodville], Lady Grey, she was not speaking of 'the daughter of one Wayte, of Southampton, a mean gentleman, if he were one' but 'the daughter of a great peer of this realm, a man of most noble and illustrious family', 'a fair and virtuous lady'. It was altogether more plausible that Lady Eleanor had insisted on a contract of marriage than that the king's 'witty concubine' had done so. Buck is the sole source for the existence of the letter from Elizabeth of York concerning the death of Queen Anne. He saw it himself; it was in the possession of the earl of Arundel, then head of the Howard family. 'He keepeth that princely letter in his rich and magnificent cabinet, among precious jewels and rare monuments'. But because later ages thought that it cast vile aspersions on English womanhood, writers said, in a parade of mounting absurdity, that it was a forgery, that Buck had misread it – or made it up. He explained it (somewhat ingenuously) as written because Richard obtained Elizabeth's goodwill to divert her affection from the earl of Richmond 'to whom Morton and the seditious barons had promised her', but he also repeated Crowland's story of how Richard summoned all the notables to the Great Hall of St John's near Smithfield and flatly denied the story. The modern suggestion of Portuguese spouses for both Richard and Elizabeth, discussed in recent Bulletins, provides a much better explanation for this letter, and would certainly have interested Sir George.[10] We may imagine Buck and his circle of friends discussing Richard at their meetings. He tells us, 'I like the plain and honest dealing of John Stow ... who affirmeth confidently that those greatest crimes, as namely the slaughter of his nephews, etc., were never proved against him, neither by witness and lawful evidence nor so much as by the oaths of the knights of the post'. Stow also declared that Richard was not deformed. Camden, although stating that Richard murdered his nephews and usurped the throne, added that 'in the opinion of the wise, he is to be reckon'd in the number of bad men, but of good Princes'. Alas, Buck's defence did not prevail, nor generate a passionate debate. In 1655 Bishop Fuller was regarding it as a whitewash. He asserts as fact that Richard was deformed (additionally presenting him with 'a prominent gobbertooth') … 'yet a modern author, in a book by him lately set forth, eveneth his shoulders, smootheth his back, planeth his teeth … [and] … proceeding from his naturals to his morals, maketh him as virtuous as handsome'.[11] Yet Buck did have his followers, including William Winstanley in 1684: 'this worthy Prince's fame [hath] been blasted by malicious traducers.'[12] Horace Walpole Horace Walpole by JG Eccardt © Geoffrey Wheeler Horace Walpole was born in 1717, the youngest child of Sir Robert Walpole, England's first real Prime Minister. He was small and frail, but intellectually energetic, interested in all the pursuits of the thinking aristocrat of the Enlightenment: literature, painting, history, architecture. Like Cornwallis, he was an MP (for Callington in Cornwall), but devoted his time to writing. He lived at Strawberry Hill, beside the Thames at Twickenham, in a house he had rebuilt in his own version of the Gothick style, with his own printing press, cultivating the arts of conversation and letter-writing, and ultimately died as the fourth earl of Orford in 1797. Walpole was not just a cultured aristocrat; he was also a man who hated injustice wherever it was to be found. He lobbied unsuccessfully to save Admiral Byng from the firing squad after the loss of Minorca in 1756. Jeremy Potter says, 'Many recognised that he was a scapegoat for the incompetence of the government, but it was the dilettante Walpole who took action.'[13] Being an MP, he was able to get an emergency debate on the matter in the House of Commons, but he could not save Byng, who was court-martialled for negligence. The guilty verdict carried a mandatory death sentence and Byng was shot at Portsmouth, on the quarter-deck of the Monarque, in March 1757.[14] Opening Page of Historic Doubts © Geoffrey Wheeler In 1768, Walpole published his Historic Doubts on the Life and Reign of King Richard the Third. He thought that Richard's name had been blackened so that Henry VII, 'a mean and unfeeling tyrant', should appear in a better light. He was less scholarly in his approach than Buck, but he too spent time castigating historians – and Sir Thomas More. Paul Murray Kendall found him 'a far more redoubtable controversialist' than Buck, 'in the style of his day, subjecting the Tudor myth to the scrutiny of "enlightened reason"'; but his work suffers 'from two great handicaps: he was not a scholar and he lacked source materials'. Thus he was forced to attempt to break down the tradition from within.'[15] That is, he had to argue that the accusations contained within themselves the seeds of their own refutation. Keith Dockray calls Walpole's line of argument 'superficially plausible' and 'he concluded that many of the crimes attributed to the king were not only improbable but contrary to his own interests and clearly at odds with what can definitely be deduced about his character'.[16] He might well have been very interested in the modern techniques used in the catching of criminals, where profiles are created of the sort of person who might be likely to commit a particular crime. It is sad that Walpole, who was (naturally) a member of the Society of Antiquaries (whose early members had pioneered the rehabilitation of Richard III), resigned his membership because the Society had attacked his Historic Doubts 'with old Women's logic'. He wrote that he was 'leaving them in peace' to discuss such things as 'Whittington and his Cat'.[17] It is even sadder that Walpole later had doubts about his Doubts. In 1793, after the outbreak of the French Revolution, he wrote 'I must now believe that any atrocity may have been attempted or practised by an ambitious prince of the blood aiming at the crown in the fifteenth century'.[18] Sharon Turner Sharon Turner was a Yorkshireman, a professional historian who in 1830 published his History of England in the Middle Ages. Kendall judges that he created the 'moderate' position: 'he is the first professional historian to take his stand outside the Tudor tradition and to make use of its evidence in a detached and critical spirit as he is the first historian to view Richard's career in terms of its times.'[19] This last is important. Richard's times were violent, and Turner insists on this, saying '[he] did not live in an age of modern moral sensibility'. He used BL Harleian manuscript 433, that important source for Richard's reign, and claimed that this enabled him to see Richard 'more in the real shape and features than has yet been done'. He believed that Richard had taken the crown 'with the approbation of most of the great men, both of the church and the state, then in London' – but also that he had murdered the Princes to clear his way to do so. Turner had a strange, almost perverse take on Richard's character, seeing him as 'an intellectual coward' who preferred to prevent danger by committing crime, killing the Princes because he lacked moral courage. The cowardice did not, of course, extend to the battlefield, where he was 'brave to the utmost edge of peril', but not even Richard's worst enemies denied him that type of courage. Fifteen years after the publication of his History, Turner added to it a 274-page poem on Richard III in iambic pentameters, in which Richard loses his moral struggle and succumbs to ambition. This dismal production obviously added nothing to Richard's defence. Caroline A. Halsted to Halstead's Life of Richard III © Geoffrey Wheeler In 1844 the first woman to defend Richard published a two-volume biography, Richard III as Duke of Gloucester and King of England. Caroline A. Halsted, being a pioneer female scholar, is inevitably described as a blue-stocking, but this epithet cannot invalidate her scholarship. She used many original sources, including BL Harleian ms. 433, and printed many of those sources as appendices. Her avowed aim is justice; and justice can only be achieved 'by taking the unerring voice of truth as a guide' and judging by 'well-attested and indisputable facts ... derived from contemporary authority, and the unbiassed testimony of eye-witnesses'. She wishes to rescue Richard's memory from 'unfounded aspersions'. Kendall[20] and Dockray[21] find her prose style virtually unreadable; Jeremy Potter, on the other hand, calls it clear and crisp, and readable.[22] Here is a sample. One of the most famous passages in her work is that in which she discusses Richard's behaviour in seeking out the widowed Anne Neville, whom, according to the Crowland chronicler, Clarence had 'caused to be concealed': 'What, however, was the part pursued by Richard of Gloucester – that prince who for three generations has been held up to scorn and contempt for every base, unmanly, treacherous, and vindictive feeling? Let his conduct be once more contrasted with that of Clarence, who had betrayed and perfidiously deceived every near relative and connection, and who was indebted to the very brother whom he was now injuring for his reconciliation with the king, and for his restoration to his own forfeited honours and possessions. Gloucester, says the Croyland narrator, "discovered the maiden in the attire of a kitchen girl in London;" instead of conveying her secretly from her concealment, instead of compelling her by force or by stratagem to become is wife, instead of outraging her already wounded feelings and taking advantage of her powerless situation, he removes her immediately from the degrading garb under which Clarence had concealed her, and with the respect due to his mother's niece and to his own near kinswoman "caused her to be placed in the sanctuary of St. Martin," while he openly and honourably seeks from the king his assent to their marriage'. There is more in the same vein. Undeniably, Miss Halsted is long-winded, but her rhetorical devices are not too obtrusive and her narrative moves forward. Other faults have been found in her: Dockray (152) says, 'she became a victim of her own determined revisionism and her characterisation of Richard III borders on hagiography'.[23] Kendall is reminded of 'one of the nobler figures in the Idylls of the King'.[24] Yet she did not approve of the usurpation: Richard 'in an evil hour, yielded to the worldliness of a corrupt age and a pernicious education'. He forgot his moral and religious duty, so could not be held up as an example of 'rigid virtue and self-denial'. When she wrote the dedication of the work (to the memory of Viscount Sidmouth, gratefully remembered because the work had 'excited in him a warm feeling of interest') she was living in Lymington. Later, she married the Rev. William Atthill, Canon and Sub-dean of Middleham, in Yorkshire, whose work on the Collegiate Church of Middleham, founded by Richard III, was published by the Camden Society in 1847.[25] In this volume he thanks 'the talented and zealous' Miss Halsted for her help: '[she] has adduced a host of authorities, apparently proving that [Gloucester's] personal deformity existed but in the libels of an opposing faction … her researches seem to throw such light over the darker shades in his chequered career, as to induce the strongest presumption that he was not guilty of, or accessory to, those startling crimes which have been charged to his account.'[26] A pity about the 'apparently' and the 'seem to'; otherwise, one might say, here was a marriage of true minds. Sir Clements Markham Royal Geographical Society's bust of Sir Clements Markham © Geoffrey Wheeler Another Yorkshireman, Clements Markham was born at Stillingfleet in 1830 into a family whose traditions were academic and ecclesiastical. He personified the restless, adventurous, rebellious side of the nineteenth century, leaving Westminster School at the age of 14 to join the Royal Navy and see the world. Markham never did anything by halves: he became passionately devoted to the study of geography, and exploration, and raced round the world; he went to Tahiti, where he championed the people in their opposition to French rule; on the expedition to Baffin Bay which failed to find Sir John Franklin; to Peru to collect cinchona plants in the teeth of opposition from the locals; to southern India to oversee the replanting of the cinchona so that quinine should be readily available. He was appointed Honorary Secretary of the Royal Geographical Society. He went as geographer with the Indian Army on the Abyssinian war. He was knighted, and given honorary degrees by Cambridge and Leeds. He was enthusiastic about the Arctic expedition of 1875, and the Antarctic in 1901. He was instrumental in raising the funds with which the Discovery was built, and choosing Captain R.F. Scott as expedition leader. He stood godfather to Scott's son, Peter Markham Scott, of Slimbridge fame. Like Walpole, Markham hated injustice. He took up the cause of a young sailor who had struck a superior officer and been sentenced to five years' penal servitude for it, and he kept up a determined campaign – he wrote to the Admiralty, the Home Secretary, every MP, and the press, and he organised a petition to the Prime Minister. He won. The sailor was released from jail. And he wrote books. He seems to have started with a family history in 1854. This was followed, amongst others, by histories of the Incas, Persia and Peru, and Lives of Lord Halifax, John Davis the Navigator, Christopher Columbus – and Richard III. Markham put as much energy into researching and writing about Richard as he did into every other project he undertook. 'He left no stone unturned in his efforts to arrive at the true state of affairs … He probed and sifted every incident connected with the king. He would write and rewrite chapters already completed in order to make them as faithful as possible … He consulted the most eminent historians in England, most of whom were inclined to agree with him …'.[27] Probably many an eminent historian took the line of least resistance when confronted with so much passion and energy, even if they had private reservations. One who did not was James Gairdner, whose war of opinions with Markham, fought with the fearsome weapon of learned publication, enlivened fifteenth-century studies at the end of the nineteenth century. Markham first published his conclusions in a long article in the English Historical Review in 1891. Gairdner's book Life and Reign of Richard III, had appeared in 1878, a very anti-Richard book indeed, which held sway until the 1950s: even Markham could not demolish it, but merely dented it. The title page of Markham's Richard III © Geoffrey Wheeler He published his book Richard III: His Life & Character Reviewed in the Light of Recent Resarch, in 1906, 'the most fervent and thorough vindication of the king ever to appear in print'.[28] The first part recounts Richard's life and times, and the second part tackles the accusations made against him. These stories were 'an outrage on common sense'. His main theses were that Henry VII had had the Princes killed, and that Archbishop Morton wrote the account now attributed to Sir Thomas More. Although Josephine Tey in The Daughter of Time used these ideas as the framework of her story, neither is generally accepted today. Gairdner said that 'to whitewash Richard III is an utterly hopeless task'. Markham said that he was simply removing Tudor mud from the portrait. Jeremy Potter commented, 'both distinguished gentlemen were overstating their case'.[29] Kendall thought it difficult to take Markham's work as seriously as it was intended, and remarked, 'Richard is mantled in the airs which blow upon the playing fields of Eton and the glorious reaches of the nineteenth century British Empire'.[30] This, then, was the state of Ricardian studies in the earlier part of the twentieth century. Common sense, intellectual curiosity, passion and documentary research had led to the availability of decent evidence for an alternative reading of events and motives. Antagonisms had been aroused and battles joined. Yet the availability of evidence had not led to a widespread academic or public acceptance of the new research. Scholars and public alike were, in general, content to allow the stereotype of Richard the Bad to continue. Such is the dreadful power of the status quo. A new Enlightment was needed. History, Chronicle and Myth by Dr Rosemary Horrox The following paper was first published in the programme of the Royal Shakespeare Company's production of Richard III during the 1998/99 season, which starred Robert Lindsay as King Richard. Shakespeare's Richard III is not history. So much is now a commonplace. It was written within the context of the 'Tudor myth' – a reading of the past designed to demonstrate the providential nature of the Tudors' accession to a throne to which they had no legitimate claim. Initially the myth involved blackening the Yorkists, whom the Tudors succeeded, but from the outset this blackening was partial, targeting Richard III rather than his brother Edward IV. This distinction was, in origin, largely pragmatic. Henry VII had taken the throne with the support of former servants of Edward IV alienated by Richard's regime. Blackening Edward IV, except in the most general terms, made no political sense, especially as a crucial plank in Henry's attractiveness to the political community was his promise to marry Edward's daughter Elizabeth – a promise fulfilled in January 1486. It was after the accession of the child of that marriage, Henry VIII, who was heir of both Lancaster and York, that the myth reached its most elaborate form, with the Tudor victory now presented not simply as divine vengeance on an evil ruler, but as the resolution of almost a century of political conflict flowing from the deposition of Richard II by Henry IV in 1399. It is that longer view which Shakespeare's two historical tetralogies as a whole embody. From that perspective Richard of Gloucester is the gangrene in a deep wound in the body politic, and his murder of Henry VI at the end of Henry I Part 3 signals that the Yorkist triumph was not, after all, to be the end of the story begun in 1399. But within Richard III itself the emphasis is inevitably on the earlier aspect of the myth: on Richard's own wickedness as the justification for Henry VII's seizure of power. To this end the play piles up the murders: of kings, of family, of friends – all done without scruple, even with enjoyment. In presenting this version of the past Shakespeare was not producing 'propaganda'. The reading was a commonplace; far from needing selling, it had already been sold. Its very familiarity, indeed, allowed Shakespeare to emphasize the inexorability of events by streamlining the chronology. In historical time, the play opens in May 1471, with the murder of Henry VI after the return to London of the victorious Edward IV. Over the dead king's corpse, Richard wins Henry's widowed daughter-in-law Anne Neville, but before this he has already met his brother Clarence en route for the Tower (1477). Clarence's murder (January 1478) hastens the death of the ailing Edward IV (April 1483). It is a breathtaking telescoping of events, and although nothing later in the play quite compares with it, events continue to move far faster than they have done in reality. The historical Richard III ruled for twenty-six months. His usurpation in 1483 had evidently taken the political community by surprise and was accomplished without overt resistance, although a conspiracy to rescue Edward IV's sons from captivity was uncovered almost immediately after his coronation. This demonstration that the princes could still pose a threat probably triggered their murder in the summer of 1483. Certainly by the autumn it was assumed that they were dead, and Richard's opponents had found another figurehead: Henry Tudor, descended through his mother, Margaret Beaufort, from the illegitimate Lancastrian line. The rebellion in his favour in October 1483, which had by now drawn in Richard's erstwhile ally the Duke of Buckingham, was however, a failure, and Tudor returned to Brittany without landing in England. The totality of the rebellion's collapse won Richard a breathing space, and although unrest was beginning to resurface in the second half of 1484, it was not until the following year that Tudor invaded with French backing and defeated Richard at Bosworth on 22 August 1485. In the play, Richard's accession is followed immediately by the murder of the princes and by the consequent alienation and rebellion of Buckingham. Tudor's invasion is represented as the successful climax of that rebellion, although Buckingham himself is captured and executed. In effect, Richard is deposed within five or six months of his accession. Such ruthless telescoping inevitably brings distortions. Tudor's failure to land in 1483 is mentioned, although we then almost immediately see him safely ashore. Minor characters crop up without explanation, like the 'good captain Blunt' in Richmond's company: Richard's former esquire of the body James Blount, who had deserted to Tudor in 1484. But on the roller-coaster of crime and retribution none of this really matters. Few productions even name Blunt in the cast list. The charge of ahistoricity levelled at the play generally has less to do with such details than with the central character of Richard himself. It goes without saying that Shakespeare's cacodemon is not the historical Richard III, although for a time it came close to being taken as such. But nor is it pure fiction. When the Tudor myth-makers got to work, they had a foundation upon which to build, although the very extravagance of the resulting edifice has rather hidden the fact. Richard's seizure of power had generated opposition in his own lifetime – Tudor would have been a non-starter otherwise. His critics could thus begin by rewriting rather than composing, and their central piece of rewriting was seductively simple. In 1483 Richard's underlying justification for taking the throne had been that he, rather than a child king, could best ensure the continuation of the hard-won stability of Edward IV's closing years; that, in effect, the end (political order) justified the means (usurpation). He probably believed it himself. In the event, his failure to deliver the promised stability damned him out of his own mouth. It also allowed for the easiest, and most obvious, of political rewritings by his enemies: the claim that Richard's actions had not been prompted by the public weal, but by private ambition. Once that had been accepted, any number of crimes could plausibly be laid at this door.	i don't know
What does the Latin phrase ‘Amor caecus est’ translate to in English?	Romantic Latin Quotes and Phrases Romantic Latin Quotes and Phrases Te amo "I love you" Ab imo pectore "From the bottom of my heart" Nunc scio quid sit amor "Now I know what love is" Una in perpetuum "Together forever" Amor vincit omnia "Love conquers all" Apudne te vel me? "Your place or mine?" Nunc scio quid sit amor "Now I know what love is" Semper fidelis "Always faithful" Amor animi arbitrio sumitur, non ponitur "We choose to love, we do not choose to cease loving" (Syrus) Amor caecus est "Love is blind" In perpetuum et unum diem "Forever and a Day" Amor meus amplior quam verba est "My love is more than words" Amor gignit amorem "Love creates love" Amor est vitae essentia "Love is the essence of life" (Robert B. Mackay) Omnia vincit amor; et nos cedamus amori "Love conquers all things; let us too surrender to love" (Vergil) Quos amor verus tenuit, tenebit "True love will hold on to those whom it has held" (Seneca) Si vis amari, ama "If you wish to be loved, love" (Seneca) Amor sempiternus "Eternal Love"	Love Is Blind
Who wrote the 1976 novel ‘Roots: The Saga of an American Family’?	Romantic Latin Quotes and Phrases Romantic Latin Quotes and Phrases Te amo "I love you" Ab imo pectore "From the bottom of my heart" Nunc scio quid sit amor "Now I know what love is" Una in perpetuum "Together forever" Amor vincit omnia "Love conquers all" Apudne te vel me? "Your place or mine?" Nunc scio quid sit amor "Now I know what love is" Semper fidelis "Always faithful" Amor animi arbitrio sumitur, non ponitur "We choose to love, we do not choose to cease loving" (Syrus) Amor caecus est "Love is blind" In perpetuum et unum diem "Forever and a Day" Amor meus amplior quam verba est "My love is more than words" Amor gignit amorem "Love creates love" Amor est vitae essentia "Love is the essence of life" (Robert B. Mackay) Omnia vincit amor; et nos cedamus amori "Love conquers all things; let us too surrender to love" (Vergil) Quos amor verus tenuit, tenebit "True love will hold on to those whom it has held" (Seneca) Si vis amari, ama "If you wish to be loved, love" (Seneca) Amor sempiternus "Eternal Love"	i don't know
On which part of the body would a Hwagwan be worn?	No, the body doesn’t just wear out as we get older. \| Josh Mitteldorf No, the body doesn’t just wear out as we get older. Posted on by Josh Mitteldorf Friends often look at me quizzically when I tell them this. One says, “But I can feel myself wearing down.” And another: “Nothing works the way it used to. Isn’t that the definition of wearing out?” And again: “Do you mean it’s all in my head, it’s not really happening?” and then a moment later, “do you mean it doesn’t have to be this way?” This last formulation is getting a little closer to what I mean. Of course, loss of function with age is not just in your imagination, and it is very common (though not universal!) in the Animal Kingdom. But aging is not caused by wearing down. It is more accurately an orderly program of self-destruction, orchestrated by gene expression. Some aspects of aging appear as accumulated damage (e.g. cartilage worn away from joints, or build-up of cross-linked sugar-protein complexes), but on closer inspection even these are seen to be entirely avoidable consequences of the body shutting down its repair systems. This column is devoted to the reasoning and the evidence that tells us aging cannot be, at root, a process of wear and accumulated damage. First, the theory: why there is no physical necessity for aging; second, a few examples of animals that age very slowly or not at all, and others that age super-fast; third, some familiar facts and a few unfamiliar facts about aging that tell us “wearing out” does not provide a helpful perspective. 1. The Physical Theory, and Why it Doesn’t Apply to Living Things There is no physical necessity for aging. Man’s earliest conception of aging was that the process was akin to physical wear and tear. Knives get dull – why shouldn’t our teeth? Wheels get rusty and squeak when they turn – isn’t that what happens to our joints? Water pipes fill with sediment over the years, just like our sclerotic arteries. It’s a theory with a great deal of intuitive appeal. But the analogy between living body andmachine is flawed. Living things are fundamentally homeostatic. They can repair themselves. They build themselves from a single egg cell, and simple animals can rebuild when damaged. A car takes in energy in the form of gasoline and uses the energy to propel itself forward. An animal takes in energy in the form of food and uses it to perform all the feats of metabolism, locomotion, foraging, signal processing, and evasion of predators; and a small portion of that energy is devoted to the “capital budget”: breaking down and rebuilding damaged tissues; replicating cells; looking for copying errors in DNA and setting them right, detecting malformed protein molecules, breaking them down into constituent peptides for recycling into new molecules. This small part of the energy budget is all that is needed to keep the system in good repair indefinitely. The Second Law of Thermodynamics says that entropy (disorder, degeneration, damage) must increase in any isolated physical system. But living systems are not isolated. Living things draw free energy* from their environment, use it internally, then dump waste entropy back into the environment. This isn’t some lucky feature, tacked on to living bodies, rescuing them from an ironclad law of physics. The capacity for homeostasis is built into the form and function of living things. To a physicist, a living body is defined by its ability to create and maintain itself using ambient sources of free energy. The very function of the living machine is homeostasis (along with reproduction). Q: Even though the body is able to repair itself, the repair can’t be perfect. Isn’t that the root cause of aging? A: The repair doesn’t have to be perfect. The body built itself from seed, created a robust, young individual in the prime of life. But the body wasn’t perfect when it was young. Repair can be accomplished to that same standard. In fact, it’s always easier to repair a body than to build a new one from scratch. Q: When a car gets old, it becomes more and more costly to repair. Eventually, the mechanic tells you that it’s going to cost you more to fix all the things wrong with your car than to buy a new one. A: This is an artifact of mass production. A new engine is made on an Asian assembly line, with low labor costs and automated manufacture. Repair requires local, skilled labor, paid at a rate reflecting professional service. Cars are loss-leaders, artificially cheap; replacement parts are expensive when the manufacturer knows you’ve got no place else to go. Most important, an engine must be disassembled bolt-by-bolt to get at the worn piston rings deep inside, then meticulously rebuilt; but living tissues are repaird from the inside by efficient molecular machines. Q: But think in terms of information. The DNA is like a book that needs to be copied over and over. If a single letter is mis-copied, and it evades the error-checking machinery, that represents lost information that can never be recovered. In the long run, the errors have to accumulate, and eventually they will degrade the cell’s ability to function. A: This is true, and was the basis of a promising theory of aging in the 1960s. Experiments were done to test this theory, and it didn’t pan out. It turns out that DNA replication is designed to be accurate enough that the errors accumulating over one lifetime are not a significant problem. I wrote up this topic recently , as a new study was done based on 100-year-old twins, and found that only an insignificant handful of mutations over a long lifetime. When stem cells divide to form new, differentiated cells, the old, original strand of DNA stays with the stem cell and the newly-copied strand goes consistently with the differentiated cell. It seems that Nature has been thinking about DNA copying errors, and has taken care of the problem. So yes, some loss of information is inevitable over long enough times but no, this is not relevant to aging. Read more here. Aging can’t be explained by inevitable accumulation of chemical damage, or DNA copying errors that accumulate, or physical wear and tear, or the accumulated toxic effects of reactive oxidative by-products of the energy metabolism (ROS). Actually, this much was understood already at end of the 19th Century, when August Weismann wrote a book attempting to explain aging from an evolutionary perspective. 2. Aging in nature: fast, slow, and backwards Aging appears in nature in an amazing variety of forms. Some of these were abstracted as graphs in a paper I reviewed last month . In our anthropocentric view, we might imagine that all animals grow up, reproduce in the prime of life, then gradually lose fertility and strength, and suffer accelerating decline leading to death. This is the way it is for people, guppies, and sea birds. But salmon and octopuses reproduce all in a burst and quickly die. The thing that kills the salmon is a burst of corticoid hormones that deranges the fish’s hormonal balance. What kills the octopus is that its mouth seals closed, and it can no longer eat. Sharks and clams just keep growing larger and more fertile and stronger and less vulnerable to death as they get older. The oldest ones are rare and large, and it takes a great accident to kill them, because they are not about to die of old age. Cicadas spend 17 years maturing underground, then come out, mate and die in a single day. The adult has no organs for eating or digesting food. Some jellyfish and beetles have been observed to regress when starved. Their bodies shrink, then progress backward through previous stages of development until they are larvae once more. As larvae, they can exist in a kind of hybernation, and when food becomes available, they can grow again and start life over. In the lab, they have been manipulated to go through many cycles of getting older, getting younger, and on and on. Rockfish are medium-sized, deep water dwellers. Though most rockfish live 10 to 20 years, occasionally one is caught that is over 200 years old, as determined by annual growth rings in an ear bone. The fastest life cycles in nature (yeast cells) suffer aging and death in a matter of hours. The slowest (sequoia trees) aging processes unfold over thousands of years. If aging is an inevitable physical process, why would it occur a million times faster in some species than in others? It would appear that aging is a common but optional part of the life plan. 3. Response to stress: Aging doesn’t act as we would expect If you keep your car in the garage six days a week and drive only to church on Sundays, it will last a long time. Drive it like a hot rod and it will wear out a lot sooner. But our bodies last longer the harder we work them. Exercise generates free radicals like crazy, but the body’s native anti-oxidant defenses overcompensate. Muscles suffer little tears, bones tiny fractures, and yet the body repairs these better than new, and the result is that we live longer if we exercise. One of the three mainstream evolutionary theories (the “disposable soma”) holds that aging results from budgeting of energy. The body apportions its food energy for maximal fitness, not for maximal longevity, so more of it goes to survival and reproduction, less to repair and maintenance. This theory is utterly untenable in the face of caloric restiction experiments. Animals quite generally live longer ther less they are fed. If aging were enforced by the energy budget, a larger energy budget would cause us to live longer. Finally: Some of the biochemistry of aging is understood now, and its basis looks like self-destruction, not like attrition. Stem cells cease replicating when their telomeres become too short, all because the enzyme telomerase is withheld. Inflammation, which protects the young body against invading microbes, is turned against healthy tissues in old age, damaging arterial walls in particular and triggering cancers everywhere. Apoptosis is cell suicide, which works to protect us against diseased and dangerous cells in our youth, but as we get older we lose healthy, functional cells to apoptosis. This is the underlying cause of sarcopenia, and is related to the cause of Alzheimer’s disease. The thymus is a tiny gland at the base of the throat, responsible for training white blood cells so that they are smart enough to attack invading pathogens and refrain from attacking the body’s own tissues. As we age, the thymus shrinks in size and loses its functionality, so the immune system makes errors Type I and Type II: It attacks the self, causing auto-immune diseases including arthritis, and it fails to attack invaders, making us increasingly vulnerable to infectious disease. The bottom line Since 1889, mainstream evolutionary science has rejected the idea that the body ages for the same reason that a tool or a machine wears out. In this case, evolutionary science has it just right. ——— * “ Free energy ” is a technical term in thermodynamics. It means that portion of total energy which is available for work. Ambient warmth is energy, to be sure, but not useful energy. “Free energy” has a well-defined quantitative meaning. Electric energy is 100% free energy. Energy in boiling water is about ¾ free energy and ¼ ambient warmth. Likewise, chemical energy is partially free energy and partially warmth. Total energy cannot be created or destroyed, but free energy becomes degraded into warmth as it is used. Both living things and non-living machines take in high-grade forms of free energy, use some of that for their various functions, and discard the same total amount of energy as low-grade chemical energy and warmth.	Head
How many zeros are in a US billion?	No, the body doesn’t just wear out as we get older. \| Josh Mitteldorf No, the body doesn’t just wear out as we get older. Posted on by Josh Mitteldorf Friends often look at me quizzically when I tell them this. One says, “But I can feel myself wearing down.” And another: “Nothing works the way it used to. Isn’t that the definition of wearing out?” And again: “Do you mean it’s all in my head, it’s not really happening?” and then a moment later, “do you mean it doesn’t have to be this way?” This last formulation is getting a little closer to what I mean. Of course, loss of function with age is not just in your imagination, and it is very common (though not universal!) in the Animal Kingdom. But aging is not caused by wearing down. It is more accurately an orderly program of self-destruction, orchestrated by gene expression. Some aspects of aging appear as accumulated damage (e.g. cartilage worn away from joints, or build-up of cross-linked sugar-protein complexes), but on closer inspection even these are seen to be entirely avoidable consequences of the body shutting down its repair systems. This column is devoted to the reasoning and the evidence that tells us aging cannot be, at root, a process of wear and accumulated damage. First, the theory: why there is no physical necessity for aging; second, a few examples of animals that age very slowly or not at all, and others that age super-fast; third, some familiar facts and a few unfamiliar facts about aging that tell us “wearing out” does not provide a helpful perspective. 1. The Physical Theory, and Why it Doesn’t Apply to Living Things There is no physical necessity for aging. Man’s earliest conception of aging was that the process was akin to physical wear and tear. Knives get dull – why shouldn’t our teeth? Wheels get rusty and squeak when they turn – isn’t that what happens to our joints? Water pipes fill with sediment over the years, just like our sclerotic arteries. It’s a theory with a great deal of intuitive appeal. But the analogy between living body andmachine is flawed. Living things are fundamentally homeostatic. They can repair themselves. They build themselves from a single egg cell, and simple animals can rebuild when damaged. A car takes in energy in the form of gasoline and uses the energy to propel itself forward. An animal takes in energy in the form of food and uses it to perform all the feats of metabolism, locomotion, foraging, signal processing, and evasion of predators; and a small portion of that energy is devoted to the “capital budget”: breaking down and rebuilding damaged tissues; replicating cells; looking for copying errors in DNA and setting them right, detecting malformed protein molecules, breaking them down into constituent peptides for recycling into new molecules. This small part of the energy budget is all that is needed to keep the system in good repair indefinitely. The Second Law of Thermodynamics says that entropy (disorder, degeneration, damage) must increase in any isolated physical system. But living systems are not isolated. Living things draw free energy* from their environment, use it internally, then dump waste entropy back into the environment. This isn’t some lucky feature, tacked on to living bodies, rescuing them from an ironclad law of physics. The capacity for homeostasis is built into the form and function of living things. To a physicist, a living body is defined by its ability to create and maintain itself using ambient sources of free energy. The very function of the living machine is homeostasis (along with reproduction). Q: Even though the body is able to repair itself, the repair can’t be perfect. Isn’t that the root cause of aging? A: The repair doesn’t have to be perfect. The body built itself from seed, created a robust, young individual in the prime of life. But the body wasn’t perfect when it was young. Repair can be accomplished to that same standard. In fact, it’s always easier to repair a body than to build a new one from scratch. Q: When a car gets old, it becomes more and more costly to repair. Eventually, the mechanic tells you that it’s going to cost you more to fix all the things wrong with your car than to buy a new one. A: This is an artifact of mass production. A new engine is made on an Asian assembly line, with low labor costs and automated manufacture. Repair requires local, skilled labor, paid at a rate reflecting professional service. Cars are loss-leaders, artificially cheap; replacement parts are expensive when the manufacturer knows you’ve got no place else to go. Most important, an engine must be disassembled bolt-by-bolt to get at the worn piston rings deep inside, then meticulously rebuilt; but living tissues are repaird from the inside by efficient molecular machines. Q: But think in terms of information. The DNA is like a book that needs to be copied over and over. If a single letter is mis-copied, and it evades the error-checking machinery, that represents lost information that can never be recovered. In the long run, the errors have to accumulate, and eventually they will degrade the cell’s ability to function. A: This is true, and was the basis of a promising theory of aging in the 1960s. Experiments were done to test this theory, and it didn’t pan out. It turns out that DNA replication is designed to be accurate enough that the errors accumulating over one lifetime are not a significant problem. I wrote up this topic recently , as a new study was done based on 100-year-old twins, and found that only an insignificant handful of mutations over a long lifetime. When stem cells divide to form new, differentiated cells, the old, original strand of DNA stays with the stem cell and the newly-copied strand goes consistently with the differentiated cell. It seems that Nature has been thinking about DNA copying errors, and has taken care of the problem. So yes, some loss of information is inevitable over long enough times but no, this is not relevant to aging. Read more here. Aging can’t be explained by inevitable accumulation of chemical damage, or DNA copying errors that accumulate, or physical wear and tear, or the accumulated toxic effects of reactive oxidative by-products of the energy metabolism (ROS). Actually, this much was understood already at end of the 19th Century, when August Weismann wrote a book attempting to explain aging from an evolutionary perspective. 2. Aging in nature: fast, slow, and backwards Aging appears in nature in an amazing variety of forms. Some of these were abstracted as graphs in a paper I reviewed last month . In our anthropocentric view, we might imagine that all animals grow up, reproduce in the prime of life, then gradually lose fertility and strength, and suffer accelerating decline leading to death. This is the way it is for people, guppies, and sea birds. But salmon and octopuses reproduce all in a burst and quickly die. The thing that kills the salmon is a burst of corticoid hormones that deranges the fish’s hormonal balance. What kills the octopus is that its mouth seals closed, and it can no longer eat. Sharks and clams just keep growing larger and more fertile and stronger and less vulnerable to death as they get older. The oldest ones are rare and large, and it takes a great accident to kill them, because they are not about to die of old age. Cicadas spend 17 years maturing underground, then come out, mate and die in a single day. The adult has no organs for eating or digesting food. Some jellyfish and beetles have been observed to regress when starved. Their bodies shrink, then progress backward through previous stages of development until they are larvae once more. As larvae, they can exist in a kind of hybernation, and when food becomes available, they can grow again and start life over. In the lab, they have been manipulated to go through many cycles of getting older, getting younger, and on and on. Rockfish are medium-sized, deep water dwellers. Though most rockfish live 10 to 20 years, occasionally one is caught that is over 200 years old, as determined by annual growth rings in an ear bone. The fastest life cycles in nature (yeast cells) suffer aging and death in a matter of hours. The slowest (sequoia trees) aging processes unfold over thousands of years. If aging is an inevitable physical process, why would it occur a million times faster in some species than in others? It would appear that aging is a common but optional part of the life plan. 3. Response to stress: Aging doesn’t act as we would expect If you keep your car in the garage six days a week and drive only to church on Sundays, it will last a long time. Drive it like a hot rod and it will wear out a lot sooner. But our bodies last longer the harder we work them. Exercise generates free radicals like crazy, but the body’s native anti-oxidant defenses overcompensate. Muscles suffer little tears, bones tiny fractures, and yet the body repairs these better than new, and the result is that we live longer if we exercise. One of the three mainstream evolutionary theories (the “disposable soma”) holds that aging results from budgeting of energy. The body apportions its food energy for maximal fitness, not for maximal longevity, so more of it goes to survival and reproduction, less to repair and maintenance. This theory is utterly untenable in the face of caloric restiction experiments. Animals quite generally live longer ther less they are fed. If aging were enforced by the energy budget, a larger energy budget would cause us to live longer. Finally: Some of the biochemistry of aging is understood now, and its basis looks like self-destruction, not like attrition. Stem cells cease replicating when their telomeres become too short, all because the enzyme telomerase is withheld. Inflammation, which protects the young body against invading microbes, is turned against healthy tissues in old age, damaging arterial walls in particular and triggering cancers everywhere. Apoptosis is cell suicide, which works to protect us against diseased and dangerous cells in our youth, but as we get older we lose healthy, functional cells to apoptosis. This is the underlying cause of sarcopenia, and is related to the cause of Alzheimer’s disease. The thymus is a tiny gland at the base of the throat, responsible for training white blood cells so that they are smart enough to attack invading pathogens and refrain from attacking the body’s own tissues. As we age, the thymus shrinks in size and loses its functionality, so the immune system makes errors Type I and Type II: It attacks the self, causing auto-immune diseases including arthritis, and it fails to attack invaders, making us increasingly vulnerable to infectious disease. The bottom line Since 1889, mainstream evolutionary science has rejected the idea that the body ages for the same reason that a tool or a machine wears out. In this case, evolutionary science has it just right. ——— * “ Free energy ” is a technical term in thermodynamics. It means that portion of total energy which is available for work. Ambient warmth is energy, to be sure, but not useful energy. “Free energy” has a well-defined quantitative meaning. Electric energy is 100% free energy. Energy in boiling water is about ¾ free energy and ¼ ambient warmth. Likewise, chemical energy is partially free energy and partially warmth. Total energy cannot be created or destroyed, but free energy becomes degraded into warmth as it is used. Both living things and non-living machines take in high-grade forms of free energy, use some of that for their various functions, and discard the same total amount of energy as low-grade chemical energy and warmth.	i don't know
Innsbruck is the capital of which Austrian state?	Innsbruck - \| Limousine Dolomiti \| Booking Innsbruck Innsbruck is the capital city of the federal state of Tyrol in western Austria. Which is the capital of the historic region of Tyrol, situated about 600metres above sea level, with a population of about 118,902. Innsbruck is the 5th biggest Austrian region after Vienna, Graz, Linz and Salsburg. Innsbruck offers many beautiful tourist attractions such as the Swarowski museum and the Alpine zoo. It also offers a variety of night life.	Tyrol
Which UK retail chain sells the ‘Tu’ range of clothing?	Skiing in Innsbruck, Austria Order Innsbruck - The capital of the Alps With its unique blend of urban flair and winter sports, Tyrol's regional capital names itself the capital of the Alps for good reason. Multi-faceted and full of surprises, Innsbruck is the perfect venue for a skiing holiday with an urban touch. The glistening snowy landscapes, boldly coloured in brilliant winter white and bright sky blue, are a veritable dream come true for skiers and freeriders, snowboarders and winter hikers alike. The nine ski areas of Olympia SkiWorld Innsbruck - including Kühtai, at 2,020m altitude Austria’s highest ski resort - offer everything a snow sport enthusiast’s heart can possibly desire. This in itself, of course, doesn’t distinguish the three-time Olympic host city from other major winter sports destinations. What makes Innsbruck truly unique is its exceptional location, offering a variety of urban delights after a glorious day on the nearby slopes. Vibrant and full of joie de vivre, the city is ringed by stunning mountain landscapes. Here you can enjoy an early-morning cappuccino at a cosy inner-city coffee house, preferably already in skiing attire, before catching the first gondola to the slopes just above town. With 300 km of snow sure pistes, perfectly groomed slopes and a vast range of lifts and cable cars, Innsbruck’s Olympia SkiWorld ticks all the boxes and offers ideal conditions for carefree winter fun. Looking for a twist of adventure? Why not tear down the ice channel of the Olympic bobsleigh and luge track – either in a racing bob, or even better, in a four-man wok for a maximum adrenaline rush. Whenever you feel like taking a break from the action on the slopes, the Capital of the Alps beckons with a range of fascinating ‘must see’ attractions. Make sure to check out the Bergisel Ski Jump Stadium with its spectacularly curved inrun, or even attend a competition. The collections on display at the Tyrolean Folk Art Museum are definitely well worth a visit as they are unique in the Alpine region. Also Ambras Castle opens its marvellous Chambers of Wonder full of delightful Renaissance treasures to the public during the winter months. Numerous galleries and exhibition venues such as the Galerie im Taxispalais will surprise you with a wide range of contemporary and avant-garde art. All these exciting activities have made you hungry? Treat yourself to some excellent cuisine at Innsbruck’s many award-winning eateries, for example at the beautiful Wirtshaus Schöneck with its cosy wood-panelled parlours, or in the tranquil ambiance of the sophisticated Sitzwohl restaurant. Thus fortified, you are now ready to explore the delightful small shops dotted along the vaulted alleyways of the historical Old Town. Nearby Maria Theresien Street awaits you with stylish city-centre malls, such as Kaufhaus Tyrol which impresses at first sight with its elegant facade. Just opposite, Rathausgalerien with its light glass roof structure is home to the exquisite Lichtblick restaurant and Café 360° offering breathtaking views from the top floors. If you are romantically inclined make sure to visit Innsbruck during the run-up to the festive season, when as many as six distinctive Christmas markets put you into the true Christmas spirit.	i don't know
In May 1973, which male tennis player challenged and defeated Margaret Court, the world’s number one women’s player in their ‘Mother’s Day’ Match?	Citrus County chronicle Citrus County chronicle Scofield Pub. Co. ( Inverness, Fla., Inverness, Fla ) Publication Date: All applicable rights reserved by the source institution and holding location. Resource Identifier: Full Text PAGE 1 MAY 13, 2014Floridas Best Community Newspaper Serving Floridas Best CommunityVOL. 119 ISSUE 279 50 CITRUS COUNTYNBA Playoffs: Nets look to tie series with Miami /B1 www.chronicleonline.com INDEX Classifieds . . . .C10 Comics . . . . .C9 Community . .C6, C7 Crossword . . . .C8 Editorial . . . .A10 Entertainment . . .A4 Horoscope . . . .A4 Lottery Numbers . .B3 Lottery Payouts . .B3 Movies . . . . . .C9 Obituaries . . . .A6 TV Listings . . . .C8 HIGH90LOW70Mostly cloudy to partly cloudy Isolated showers.PAGE A4TODAY& next morning TUESDAY Gov. Scott approves three sales tax holidays Associated PressORLANDO Florida Gov. Rick Scott on Monday signed into law a wide-ranging tax cut package that authorizes three separate sales tax holidays in the next few months. The bill includes a nineday sales tax holiday for hurricane preparation supplies. Starting May 31, Floridians can purchase: batteries,flashlights, tarps,and generators worth $750 or less without having to pay the states 6 percent sales tax. The legislation also authorizes a three-day back-to-school sales tax holiday in August. Under the bill (HB 5601), shoppers would not have to pay sales taxes on: clothes worth $100 or less,school supplies worth $15 or less or on the first $750 of the cost of a personal computer. This holiday will be held Aug. 1 to 3. The third sales tax holiday will be held Sept. 19 to 21 on the purchase of energyefficient appliances costing $1,500 or less. The tax cut package is a portion of roughly $500 million worth of tax and fee cuts that were approved this spring by the Florida Legislature. Editors note: This is the part of an occasional Then and Now series spotlighting historic buildings around Citrus County, what they were originally and what they are used for now.NANCYKENNEDY Staff writerINVERNESSBefore it was the Supervisor of Elections office, 112 N. Apopka Ave. in downtown Inverness was the site of one of the last privately owned Coca-Cola bottling plants. And it was part of Inverness native Claire Jenkins childhood. My grandparents came here from South Carolina and started the Coke plant, Mrs. Jenkins said. Her grandfather, W.T. Baxley, and his wife, Pearl, came to Citrus County and started a tiny bottling plant in Hernando in 1906. I remember Mama telling me that theyd wash the bottles in the lake, Mrs. Jenkins said. In 1914, Baxley moved his operation to Inverness, behind his house on North Pine Street. There was a path behind my grandmothers house that went back to the Coke plant. My grandmother would walk there, and my friends and I would play at her house and walk to the Coke plant after school, Mrs. Jenkins said. The building on North Apopka, with the red Coca-Cola logo over the door, was built in 1932 by Bert Vaughan for a little more than $6,000. Originally, the white stucco building was red brick. The stucco was added in 1952 to match an addition to the building, added sometime in the 1940s. According to a 1932 Chronicleaccount: The new Coca-Cola plant recently constructed here for Mrs. Pearl Baxley not only is one of the nicest buildings in the city, but that the grounds surrounding it are kept in excellent shape, the lawns nicely trimmed, and there is to be seen here several beds of the most beautiful zinnias to be found anywhere. Just about every color of the rainbow is represented in these flowers and people passing the place are compelled by their sheer beauty to stop and look some more. How nice it would be if all residents and business people would decide to emulate the owners of this property and keep their places looking spic and span all the time. W.T. Baxley died Dec. 29, 1931, and never got to see his new building completed. After his death, Baxleys wife took over the running of the bottling plant. According to John Grannan, Citrus County historical society president, Mrs. Baxley bought the Coca-Cola plant in Brooksville, a competitor, closed it down and brought all the equipment to the Inverness plant. In Hampton Dunns Back Home, Dunn noted that Baxleys son Carey Baxley said in the early days when there wasnt a big demand for CocaCola, it might take a year to use up a 50-gallon barrel of syrup, and they only produced about 250 cases a year. By the time Pearl Baxley died in Civic group stumps for rec center CHRISVANORMER Staff writerSeeking to save its community center from the threat of a budget cut, a group started a campaign last week to send postcards of support to county commissioners. So far, we have accumulated over 1,200 jumbo postcards, said Harvey Gerber, president of the Beverly Hills Civic Association. Many of our civic association members have been getting these postcards signed by walking the streets and knocking on doors in addition to attending club meetings in the community. The effort started at an event at Central Ridge Community Center, the facility to be saved. The postcards ask members of the Citrus County Board of County Commissioners (BOCC) to keep the 36-acre complex as part of the Citrus County park system, a decision that will be presented to the board at 2 p.m. May 27 during the regular meeting of the BOCC. Ever since the county was asked in 2011 to take on the operation of the former Beverly Hills Recreation Center, renamed Central Ridge, the cost of running it has continued to be an issue. With each annual county budget review, the BOCC considers cost savings, and if a community center appears underused it could face such options as closure or even a sale if a buyer could be found. Perhaps the most important role is to save the 36-acre county park by keeping it in county ownership, Gerber said. Our civic association very much wants to see the county remain as the owner of all these amenities. The recreational complex includes exercise equipment, pool tables, cards and billiards, instructional classes, a swimming pool, tennis courts, shuffleboard courts and horseshoe pits. Gerber said a second goal of the campaign was to show that the Beverly Hills demographic has changed and to show some appreciation for the countys response to that change. The parks and recreation department now charges $35 a month per family to use the pool. The civic association is opposed to the county considering selling the recreation complex to either a private business, a nonprofit or a church. What we want is for this to be the third county park, Gerber said. A sale would not at all accomplish our goal. That would be the opposite of what we are seeking. We would like the people of Beverly Hills to have access to a significant county park such as people who live close to Bicentennial have access to that park and the people who live close to Whispering Pines Associated PressNEW YORK Health officials have confirmed a second U.S. case of a mysterious virus that has sickened hundreds in the Middle East. The latest case is not an American he is a resident of Saudi Arabia, visiting Florida, who is now in an Orlando hospital. He was diagnosed with MERS, or Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, Sunday night. It is a respiratory illness that begins with flu-like fever and cough but can lead to shortness of breath, pneumonia and death. Fortunately, the U.S. cases so far have not been severe. The first case, a man in Indiana, was released from a hospital late last week. And the second patient is doing well, officials said. The two cases are not linked, officials said. The risk to the public remains very low, said Dr. Anne Schuchat of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Most cases have been in Saudi Arabia or elsewhere in the Middle East. But earlier this month a first U.S. case was diagnosed in a man who traveled from Saudi Arabia to Indiana. Special to the Chronicle/courtesy of the Citrus County Historical SocietyBuilt in 1932 by Bert Vaughan for W.T. and Pearl Baxley, the Coca-Cola building at 112 N. Apopka Avenue in downtown Inverness was an active bottling plant until 1979. See CENTER/ Page A5 See MERS/ Page A2 Health officials confirm second US case of mysterious MERS virus Supervisor of Elections office resides in the former Coca-Cola plant The Coca-Cola building is now occupied by the Supervisor of Elections office. The county bought the building from Coca-Cola in 1983. Harvey GerberBeverly Hills Civic Association president. Associated PressThis image shows a colorized transmission of the MERS coronavirus that emerged in 2012. From bottles to ballots See PLANT/ Page A2 PAGE 2 That man, an American, was a health-care worker at a hospital in Saudi Arabias capital city who flew to the United States on April 24 on a plane that originated in Riyadh, stopped in London and then landed in Chicago. The man took a bus to Munster, Indiana where he became sick and went to a hospital on April 28. He improved and was released from a Munster hospital on Friday. Tests of people who were around the man have all proved negative, health officials have said. Health officials now must track down fellow travelers who were around the newest case, and this time it will be more challenging: There were more flights involved. This man also was a health-care worker at a hospital where MERS cases were being treated, the CDC said. He traveled on May 1 on flights from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, first to London, then to Boston, then to Atlanta, and finally to Orlando. He went to a hospital on May 8 and was placed in isolation. The first flight was Saudi Airlines flight 113 to London, according to a Public Health England press release. The U.S. government did not identify the flight information for the other legs. Health officials did not immediately release additional detail about his travels or his week in Florida, except to say he was not at any theme parks and remained in the Orlando area to see family. The man is at Dr. P. Phillips Hospital in Orlando. He arrived there with relatively mild symptoms, is stable and doing well, but there is no timetable for his release, said Dain Weister, a spokesman for Floridas health department. As early as the first flight, the latest case was suffering fever, chills and a slight cough. That doesnt necessarily mean he infected anyone. Experts think MERS cases are most infectious when they are severely ill, with symptoms like pneumonia and difficulty breathing, Schuchat said. However, health officials are trying to contact as many as 500 people who were on the three flights within the United States to let them know the situation and watch for symptoms. People on the flight from Jeddah to London also will be contacted, CDC officials said. MERS belongs to the coronavirus family that includes the common cold and SARS, or severe acute respiratory syndrome, which caused some 800 deaths globally in 2003. The MERS virus has been found in camels, but officials dont know how it is spreading to humans. It can spread from person to person, but officials believe that happens only after close contact. Not all those exposed to the virus become ill. But it appears to be unusually lethal some estimates have suggested it has killed nearly a third of the people it sickened. The estimate has been dropping as health officials have begun diagnosing more and more cases with less severe illness. But the estimated fatality rate for MERS still is far higher than whats seen with seasonal flu or other routine infections. Fortunately, it is not as contagious as flu, measles or other diseases. There is no vaccine or cure and theres no specific treatment except to relieve symptoms. Overall, 538 people have been reported to have the respiratory illness, including 145 people who have died. So far, all had ties to the Middle East region or to people who traveled there. As many as one-fifth of cases have been in health care workers, Schuchat said.A2TUESDAY, MAY13, 2014CITRUSCOUNTY(FL) CHRONICLELOCAL/NATION Appointment Call 228-4975 www.naturecoastfeet.com 6254 W. Corporate Oaks Drive, Crystal River (In Meadowcrest) Dr. Kenneth P. Pritchyk DPM Comprehensive foot & ankle care for the entire family. NATURE COAST Foot And Ankle Center, LLC 000I0TP HOW TO PURCHASE: GO TO WWW.CHRONICLEONLINE.COM/CLICKANDSAVE CLICK GET DEAL CREATE AN ACCOUNT PLACE THE ORDER PRINT YOUR VOUCHER AND REDEEM IN THE STORE TODAYS ONLINE DEAL* Dunnellon 20170 E. Pennsylvania Ave. (352) 502-4337 Homosassa 5699 S. Suncoast Blvd. (352) 436-4393 Inverness 2036 Hwy. 44 W. (352) 419-0763 AUDIBEL HEARING CENTERS 20132013 Portions of the proceeds support TRADE-INS ACCEPTED! Get $$$ for your old hearing aids Tired of hearing, but not understanding? We are looking for you! Ocala 2400 SW College Rd. (352) 533-4981 WANTED: HUGE SAVINGS! 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We need 30 people with difficulty hearing, especially in noisy situations, to evaluate the latest in wireless instruments from Audibel powered by Starkey Technology. We will perform thorough Hearing Consultations FREE of charge to ALL callers. We will then choose 30 qualified candidates for this program. Please call immediately to schedule your evaluation to determine if you are a candidate for this program. Campaigning for attorney general STEPHEN E. LASKO/For the ChronicleGeorge Sheldon, left, and Citrus County Sheriff Jeff Dawsy talk Monday outside the Citrus County Sheriffs Office Emergency Operations Center. Sheldon is a Democatic candidate for Florida Attorney General. MERSContinued from Page A1 Health officials now must track down fellow travelers who were around the newest case, and this time it will be more challenging: There were more flights involved. New MPO board to meet July 15 Special to the ChronicleWith the governors approval of the merger plan, the inaugural meeting of the newly formed Hernando/Citrus MPO Board is scheduled at 9:30 a.m. July 15 in the Hernando County Commission Chambers in Brooksville. The new board will appoint a new technical advisory committee (TAC), citizens advisory committee CAC) and bicycle and pedestrian advisory committee to serve the combined urban areas of Hernando and Citrus counties. Anyone with questions should contact Dennis Dix, AICP, Hernando MPO Coordinator, at 352754-4057, ext. 28014, or email at dennisd@ hernandocounty.us. Citrus Countys Transportation Planning Organization (TPO), TAC and CAC will each meet one last time. The TPO will meet at 5:15 p.m. Thursday, June 12, in the Inverness Government Center, 212 W. Main St., Inverness. Its agenda will include a transitional projects priorities list, discussion about the inaugural meeting agenda and other information about transition activities. The TAC will meet at 1 p.m. and the CAC at 3 p.m. Wednesday, June 4, at Citrus County Transit Center, 1300 S. Lecanto Highway, Lecanto. Meeting packets will be emailed one week prior to the CCTPO meetings and posted on the TBARTA meetings calendar. Any questions should be directed to Sheila Martin or Christina Kopp at 800-998-7433 or sheila.martin@tbarta. com and christina.kopp@ tbarta.com. 1960, the business had grown. Carey Baxley and his sister, Ina Lee Baxley Green, ran the business until selling it to Florida CocaCola in 1979. Citrus County bought the building from Coca-Cola in 1983. I moved in here in 1997, said Supervisor of Elections Susan Gill. Wilma Anderson was here before me. When I first came here, there was a big metal building in the back that we used for storage. That had to come down when they built the new courthouse (in 2003), but they added a warehouse space for us. Gill added that before the courthouse was built, the public defender shared office space in the Coca-Cola building. As a bit of trivia, Gill said someone told her that her office used to be the syrup room, but she doesnt know if thats true or not. Its a nice, historical building, she said, and with Inverness plaques on the (historic) buildings around town, people walk around and read about the city and get an idea of what it was like back in the day.Contact Chronicle reporter Nancy Kennedy at 352-564-2927 or nkennedy @chronicleonline.com. PLANTContinued from Page A1 Citrus County bought the building from Coca-Cola in 1983. PAGE 3 Around theSTATE Citrus CountyCandidate files for mosquito boardWilliam Jeremy Fowler, of Homosassa Springs, filed paperwork with the supervisor of elections office to run for Citrus County Mosquito Control Board, Seat 3. Fowler opened his campaign account in April. However, the Chronicle inadvertently omitted his announcement at that time.Commissioner to host town hallCommissioner Joe Meek will have a town hall meeting, sponsored by the Citrus Springs Civic Association, at 7p.m. Monday, May19, at the Citrus Springs Community Center. Meek and Assistant Public Works Director Larry Brock will address issues specific to the Citrus Springs area, such as road resurfacing, the installation of the Sabal gas pipeline, and future plans of the Suncoast Parkway. All citizens are welcome to attend, and refreshments will be available. Call Janet Herrmann of the Citrus Springs Civic Association at 352-465-5920. Program on living shorelines June 3At 6 p.m. Tuesday, June3, Sean King of the Southwest Florida Water Management District will present information to the Crystal River Waterfronts Board on living shorelines and floating wetlands. King is a staff engineer in the districts natural systems and restoration, springs and environmental flows section. The program will be at Crystal River City Hall, and is open to the public.TallahasseeScouts honor: Court rules against insurerA state appeals court has sided with a Boy Scouts of America volunteer in a dispute about whether an autoinsurance policy should cover an accident that occurred after the volunteer helped an Eagle Scout candidate with a project. A Citrus County circuit judge had earlier agreed with Old Republic Insurance Company that a policy issued to the Boy Scouts of America and covering registered volunteers did not apply to the case. But a three-judge panel of the 5th District Court of Appeal sided Friday with Alan Norton, a registered volunteer and director of advancement and leadership training for Boy Scouts Troop 370. Norton and another motorist, Chris Hubner, were injured in a head-on crash after Norton had finished taking pictures of a cemetery clean-up project for a scout working toward becoming an Eagle Scout. The insurer argued that the accident occurred after the project was completed and that Norton was not participating in an official scouting activity at the time.Scott backers ramp up spendingMore than six months before the general election, a committee backing Gov. Rick Scotts re-election spent $5.1 million on advertising in April, newly filed campaignfinance reports show. The spending by the Lets Get to Work committee was far greater than the combined $1.3 million raised last month by the committee and Scotts reelection campaign. But the committee still had roughly $18.4 million available to spend and the campaign had about $3.1 million as of April 30. STATE& LOCAL Page A3TUESDAY, MAY 13, 2014 CITRUSCOUNTYCHRONICLE JEFFBRYAN Riverland NewsThe Marion County Sheriffs Office continues to piece together details from an altercation at a Dunnellon-area nightclub, which left one man seriously injured with a stab wound and authorities in search of the alleged suspect. According to a report, Deputy Jonah Music was on routine patrol Friday night in Chatmire when he was approached by Kathryna Silva, who advised that her boyfriend, Andre Ray, had been stabbed and was in the front seat of her vehicle. The deputy then made contact with Ray in an attempt to render aid while waiting for emergency personnel, the report stated. Music observed the victim to be conscious and alert while holding the left side of his shirt, which was covered in blood. According to the report, Music saw an approximately 2-inch tall and 1-inch wide puncture wound on the victims upper rib cage. The wound, Music noted, appeared to be very deep. In addition to the knife wound, Rays upper right arm had several small scratches, as well as a very large bump. The entire arm, Music observed, appeared to be swelling as well. Ray was transported to Ocala Regional Medical Center, where he had two separate surgeries one for his stab wound and the other for his arm. The report stated the deputy questioned Ray about the incident at the 900 Club. Ray told authorities another man had stabbed him during an argument about Ray owing the suspect money. According to the report, Ray said the suspect approached him at the club stating Ray owed him money. Ray told authorities he pushed the suspect when he refused to admit he owed him any money. The suspect then pushed Ray back, then grabbed a metal folding chair and hit him in the right forearm. The report said a scuffle ensued and during the fracas, the suspect pulled a small folding knife from his pocket and stabbed Ray in the left rib area. Silva was able to break up the altercation, and the suspect fled the area, yelling he was going to get something to take care of Ray. According to the report, the knife used in the altercation was recovered at the scene, but appeared to have been wiped off. The report stated Silva didnt have a phone and no one in the club would allow her to use one. So she put Ray in her vehicle with the intent of driving him to an area hospital when she came across the deputy on patrol and flagged him down. According to the report, while conducting their investigation at the 900 Club, several people refused to cooperate with authorities. Those people, authorities said, reported they did not see anything occur between the victim and the suspect. According to the report, authorities responded to the suspects residence two blocks from the 900 Club; however, they were unable to find him there. Authorities seek stabbing suspect NANCYKENNEDY Staff writerBEVERLY HILLSamsahamnida.Thats thank you in Korean, a word Lecanto High School sophomore Keely Rice knows well. In August, she will be heading for a year in South Korea as part of the Rotary Youth Exchange program of Rotary International. For one year, she will be a typical high school junior in a regular South Korean high school, living with a South Korean family, speaking Korean, eating Korean food, living Korean culture. Recently, Keely was a guest of the local Korean War Veterans Chapter 192 group, whose members gave her a check for $500 and a book about South Korea. Also at the meeting, Jai Rhee, representing the local Korean community in Citrus County, presented her with a check for $2,400 from members of the Korean church that meets at Hernando United Methodist Church and other Korean donors. These donations were added to the $500 from the Citrus County Veterans Coalition and money she raised to cover her $4,950 cost of the one-year exchange program. Shes one of those rare young people who really understand the importance of showing gratitude, said Doug Lobel, local Rotary Youth Exchange chairman. Keely said she chose South Korea when she realized how little she had learned about the country in world history and geography classes. I thought that was terrible, she said. I found out that a lot of kids didnt even know theres a difference between North and South Korea. So, I started trying to learn more about it and started learning the language. When I come back, I hope to be able to tell people about the country and maybe other kids will want to learn more themselves. Lobel said South Korea has only been part of the program since the year before last. As part of the Korean War Veterans meeting, Jai Rhee, a native of South Korea, filled Keely in on a few Korean customs, such as never addressing a person even a year older than you by his or her first name. Its always Mister or Sir or Maam, he said. Respect is very important in Korean culture. Also, the food is very spicy but very good. Im so happy Keely chose South Korea to have a good experience, Rhee said. I hope she will come back with a good feeling about the country. Keelys father, Scott Rice, said at first he was adamantly against his daughter traveling so far away for school, but the more determination and hard work he witnessed in her, the more he realized what an important opportunity this will be for her. I think shes going to change the world, he said. If not her as an individual, then all these kids as a group theyre our next generation coming up. We need people who are going to change the world for the better, he said, and this program is a step in making that happen. For more information about the Rotary Youth Exchange program, go online at www. rotary.org/en/youth-exchanges.Contact Chronicle reporter Nancy Kennedy at352-5642927 or nkennedy@chronicle online.com. NANCY KENNEDY /ChronicleLecanto High School sophomore Keely Rice will be headed to South Korea as an exchange student next year as part of the Rotary Y outh Exchange program of Rotary International. She was a recent guest of the local Korean War Veterans Chapter 192 group, where she was given a check for $500 and a book about South Korea. Sojourn in South Korea Local high school sophomore looks forward to year as exchange student PATFAHERTY Staff writerWater quality issues are becoming a regular topic at meetings of the Citrus County Agricultural Alliance. Monday, group discussion flowed into waterrelated concerns following a legislative update by Curt Williams, assistant director of government affairs with the Florida Farm Bureau. He explained the springs bill, which had potential agricultural impact, did not pass. Agriculture still has questions, he said. A lot of questions were not answered. There will be a springs bill next session; we have to make sure to do it right. Florida has an excellent program in place, he said, citing the Basin Management Action Plan process as being above what any other state is doing. Last month, the state Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) started the process for Kings Bay. What were dealing with is legacy nutrients, Williams said. Its been under us for years. We could stop putting fertilizer down now and it would not make any difference next year. It will not fix the problem in a short period of time. The DEP has assumed a lot about agriculture, he said. It is important that agriculture and this group be involved to provide real data. There are other sources of nutrients than agriculture. According to DEP, nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus are naturally present in surface waters and necessary for the plants and animals living there. But when excess levels of nutrients cause an imbalance, it can result in algal mats and other problems. The primary nitrogen sources to the Kings Bay system include wastewater spray fields, septic tanks and stormwater runoff, including fertilizers from home gardens, lawns, golf courses and agricultural operations. In dealing with springs, the long-term vision is what we dont talk about, said state Rep. Jimmie T. Smith. The long-term impact needs to be part of the discussion; the legacy impact needs to be part of the discussion. Regarding septic tanks, Smith said they should be running sewer lines in during the preconstruction phase. Discussion turned to the impact of septic tanks and the use of fertilizer. Property Appraiser Les Cook, pointed out the county has approximately 69,000 vacant lots, with a high percentage grandfathered in for septic tanks. Scott Baggerly reported the new 4-H Chapter of Crystal River will be based at Faith Haven. The alliance will hold its next quarterly meeting at 6 p.m. Friday at the Cattlemens Association building. Agricultural Alliance keeps eye on water issues From staff and wire reports PAGE 4 Birthday Prudent money management can lead to prosperity for you in the year ahead. Rather than trying to sway others to your way of thinking, focus on doing your own thing. By budgeting carefully and channeling all your energies in one direction, you can reach your goals. Taurus (April 20-May 20) Your many talents will be on display today. While some may appreciate your creativity, others may be jealous of it. Refuse to let criticism ruin your Gemini (May 21-June 20) Its time to turn up the heat when it comes to love and romance. Set aside some time for intimacy. Cancer (June 21-July 22) Unexpected visitors may cause friction on the home front. Try to be as accommodating as possible, but dont let anyone take advantage of you. Leo (July 23-Aug. 22) There are some negative rumors circulating. Dont get drawn into gossip, or you will look bad in front of your peers. Virgo (Aug. 23-Sept. 22) Do whatever it takes to enhance your career. Showcase your experience and skills to prospective employers. Libra (Sept. 23-Oct. 23) Nothing can hold you back once you get some momentum going. Others are beginning to show increased interest in your abilities. Scorpio (Oct. 24-Nov. 22) Dont repeat what you hear. Reserve your judgment until you have uncovered the truth for yourself. You cant form your opinions based on unreliable information or assumptions. Sagittarius (Nov. 23-Dec. 21) Many people are on your side and are willing to help you, but you must do the work yourself if you want to feel the satisfaction of finishing what you start. Capricorn (Dec. 22-Jan. 19) Ignore those who arent directly involved in a certain situation. Aquarius (Jan. 20-Feb. 19) Listening and observing attentively will provide you with excellent information. Dont air grievances to anyone with the ability to alter your goals. Pisces (Feb. 20-March 20) Dont offer a donation to anyone trying to guilt you into making a contribution. Aries (March 21-April 19) You may be on the receiving end of criticism from a partner, friend or peer. Show some restraint, and avoid getting into a pointless and exhausting tug-of-war. TodaysHOROSCOPES Today is Tuesday, May 13, the 133rd day of 2014. There are 232 days left in the year. Todays Highlight: On May 13, 1914, heavyweight boxing champion Joe Louis was born in Lafayette, Alabama. On this date: In 1607, English colonists arrived by ship at the site of what became the Jamestown settlement in Virginia (the colonists went ashore the next day). In 1917, three shepherd children near Fatima, Portugal, reported seeing a vision of the Virgin Mary. In 1973, in tennis first so-called Battle of the Sexes, Bobby Riggs defeated Margaret Court 6-2, 6-1 in Ramona, California. (Riggs had his standing challenge to female players accepted by Billie Jean King, who soundly defeated Riggs at the Houston Astrodome in September.) In 1981, Pope John Paul II was shot and seriously wounded in St. Peters Square by Turkish assailant Mehmet Ali Agca. Ten years ago: Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld visited the Abu Ghraib prison camp in Iraq, where he insisted the Pentagon did not try to cover up abuses there. Five years ago: A judge in West Palm Beach sentenced two men to death for the drug-debt slaying of a family of four on the side of a Florida highway, including two young boys who died in their mothers arms. One year ago: The Associated Press sent a letter of protest to Attorney General Eric Holder after the Justice Department told the news agency it had secretly obtained two months of telephone records of AP reporters and editors. Todays Birthdays: Actor Harvey Keitel is 75. Singer Stevie Wonder is 64. Basketball Hall of Famer Dennis Rodman is 53. Actorcomedian Stephen Colbert is 50. Thought for Today: So you think that money is the root of all evil. Have you ever asked what is the root of money? Ayn Rand, Russian-born author (1905-1982).Today inHISTORY CITRUSCOUNTY(FL) CHRONICLE Todays active pollen: Oak, hickory, grasses Todays count: 5.8/12 Wednesdays count: 4.0 Thursdays count: 1.8 To start your subscription:Call now for home delivery by our carriers:Citrus County: 352-563-5655 Marion County: 888-852-2340 13 weeks: $39.64 6 months: $70.63* 1 year: $133.87*Subscription price includes a separate charge of .15.5 per day for transportation cost and applicable state and local sales tax. Call 352-563-5655 for details. There will be a $1 adjustment for the Thanksgiving edition. This will only slightly affect your expiration date. The Viewfinder TV guide is available to our subscribers for $13.00 per year.For home delivery by mail:In Florida: $59.00 for 13 weeks Elsewhere in U.S.: $69.00 for 13 weeksTo contact us regarding your service:352-563-5655Call for redelivery: 7 to 10 a.m. any day Questions: 7 a.m. to 4 p.m. Monday to Friday 7 to 10 a.m. Saturday and Sunday Main switchboard phone numbers:Citrus County 352-563-6363 Citrus Springs, Dunnellon and Marion County residents, call toll-free at 888-852-2340.I want to place an ad:To place a classified ad:Citrus 352-563-5966 Marion 888-852-2340 To place a display ad:352-563-5592 Online display ad:352-563-5592 I want to send information to the Chronicle:MAIL: 1624 N. Meadowcrest Blvd., Crystal River, FL 34429 FAX: Advertising 352-563-5665, Newsroom 352-563-3280 EMAIL: Advertising: [email protected] Newsroom: [email protected] in charge:Gerry Mulligan ............................................................................Publisher, 563-3222 Trina Murphy............................Operations/Advertising Director, 563-3232 Mike Arnold..........................................................................................Editor, 564-2930 Tom Feeney......................Production and Circulation Director, 563-3275 Trista Stokes..................................................................Online Manager, 564-2946 Trista Stokes..........................................................Classified Manager, 564-2946Report a news tip:Opinion page questions ..................................................Mike Arnold, 564-2930 To have a photo taken ..........................................Rita Cammarata, 563-5660 News and feature stories....................................Charlie Brennan, 563-3225 Community content ......................................................Sarah Gatling,563-5660 Wire service content ....................................................Brad Bautista,563-5660 Sports event coverage................................Jon-Michael Soracchi,563-3261 Sound Off ................................................................................................................ 563-0579The Chronicle is printed in part on recycled newsprint. Please recycle your newspaper.www.chronicleonline.com Published every Sunday through Saturday By Citrus Publishing Inc.1624 N. Meadowcrest Blvd., Crystal River, FL 34429Phone 352-563-6363POSTMASTER: Send address changes to: Citrus County Chronicle1624 N. MEADOWCREST BLVD., CRYSTAL RIVER, FL 34429 PERIODICAL POSTAGE PAID AT INVERNESS, FL SECOND CLASS PERMIT #114280 CITRUSCOUNTY Florida' s BestCommunity Newspaper Serving Floridas Best Community ENTERTAINMENT Eminem releases new video on Mothers DayEminem gave his estranged mom quite the Mothers Day gift, releasing a music video for an apologetic song that depicts her struggles raising the rebellious rapper. The Detroit rapper released the video for Headlights featuring fun.s Nate Ruess on Sunday. The song, released on Eminems 2013 album The Marshall Mathers LP 2, is an extended apology to his mother Debbie for the difficulties he caused her over the years. Eminem has had a very public feud with his mother since early in his career, disparaging her in song and blaming her for a tough childhood. The reflective Headlights signals a different direction for the rapper, at least in song, as he apologizes for the trouble he caused and for the shots he took in his lyrics.Judge expresses concern about Casey Kasems safetyLOS ANGELES A judge has appointed one of Casey Kasems daughters as his temporary conservator after expressing concerns about the safety and whereabouts of the ailing radio personality. Los Angeles Superior Court Judge Daniel S. Murphy said Monday that he was worried about Kasems well-being after an attorney for Kasems wife said he didnt know where the former radio host is. Attorney Craig Marcus said Monday that 82-year-old Casey Kasem, who suffers from Parkinsons disease, had been removed from the country but didnt know his whereabouts. Murphy ordered a court investigator and adult protective services to find Kasem. Kasems daughter Kerri was appointed his temporary conservator. Her attorney, Troy Martin, said the family believes Kasem has been taken to an Indian reservation.Hotel decries video leak of Jay Z, Beyonce sisterNEW YORK The Standard Hotel in New York City said it is investigating the leak of a security video that appears to show Beyonces sister, Solange, attacking Jay Z. Asked about the video on Monday by The Associated Press, the hotel issued a statement saying it is shocked and disappointed that there was a clear breach of our security system. TMZ posted the video and said it was shot last week inside a Standard Hotel elevator. It appears to show Solange attacking Jay Z in Beyonces presence. A security guard intervenes. There is no audio. The hotel said the leaked video violates the confidentiality it provides customers. It said it will discipline and prosecute the individuals involved to our fullest capacity.Cheadle movie on Miles Davis to film in CincinnatiCINCINNATI A movie about the life of jazz pioneer Miles Davis featuring Don Cheadle will film in Cincinnati this summer, a film commission said Monday. The Greater Cincinnati & Northern Kentucky Film Commission announced the filming plans for the biopic. Veteran actor Cheadle, of Showtimes House of Lies and movies including Crash, Hotel Rwanda, and Iron Man 3, will star, along with Ewan McGregor and Zoe Saldana. Cheadle is also a producer, and wrote the Miles Ahead screenplay with Steven Baigelman. From wire reports Associated PressEminem gave his estranged mom a Mothers Day gift a music video for an apologetic song that depicts her struggles raising the rebellious rapper. A4TUESDAY, MAY13, 2014 000I2BB in Todays Citrus County Chronicle LEGAL NOTICES Meeting Notices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C13 Miscellaneous Notices . . . . . . . . . . . . C13 Notice to Creditors/Administration . . C13 Self Storage Notices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C13 Surplus Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C13 PAGE 5 LOCAL/STATECITRUSCOUNTY(FL) CHRONICLETUESDAY, MAY13, 2014 A5 000I3I7 License #DN 17606 Most Insurance Accepted We Cater to Cowards! We Cater to Cowards! We Cater to Cowards! Ledgerdentistry.com Next to ACE in Homosassa ( 352 ) 628-3443 Se habla espaol Ledgerdentistry.com 000G0WC Free Second Opinion Experience The Difference Experience Experience The The Difference Difference If you have been to another dentist and would like a second opinion about your treatment, bring your xrays and I will do a complete evaluation and develop a treatment plan with you that fits you and your needs. Unsure About Dental Work? Unsure About Dental Work? HONEST PROFESSIONAL COMPASSIONATE HONEST PROFESSIONAL COMPASSIONATE 527-0012 72 HOUR BLIND FACTORY FAUX WOOD BLINDS, TOP TREATMENTS DRAPERY, SHADES, SHUTTERS VERTICALS B LIND S 1657 W. GULF TO LAKE HWY LECANTO 2012 2012 2012 2012 www.72-hourblinds.com 000HX6F 000I7KN U.S. HWY. 19 Fort Island Trail Grannys Plantation Inn Shrimp Landing THE ABSOLUTE FRESHEST SEAFOOD RIGHT OFF OUR BOATS DAILY 12645 W. Fort Island Trail Crystal River 352-795-4380 ALL TYPES OF WARM WATER FIN FISH AND SHELLFISH Shrimp Landing 000I5SY have access to that park. When asked how the recreation complex could be considered a county park, Gerber said the difference was small and basically about the sale of memberships. In the past, county government has pushed for increasing the number of memberships to support the complex. For break-even support, the community center needs the investment of 585 to 600 memberships, according to county staff. Whether the recreation complex will continue to charge membership fees will be an option that will be presented to the BOCC on May 27, according to Public Information Officer Tobey Phillips. Our effort to sell memberships isnt to show that it can be self-sustaining, Gerber said. Its simply to show that we have a population who use it. The value of the complex also should be considered. This was given by the rec association to the county and it was worth hundreds of thousands of dollars and it was only a $40,000 mortgage, Gerber said. I have spoken with the members of the rec association board and they would be very disappointed to not see this park continue in county ownership as it had been envisioned by the developer many, many years ago. Long-term maintenance will also figure into the decision before commissioners. Recently, the county spent about $2,300 to repair two leaks in the 32year-old swimming pool. The county maintenance crew expects leaks to show up periodically as repairs put pressure on other weaker parts of the pools plumbing system. The presentation on May 27 will project anticipated future costs. To assist with the civic associations campaign, call civic association office manager Bonnie Larsen between 9 a.m. and 1 p.m. at 352-746-2657. CENTERContinued from Page A1 Safe boating week kicks off May 17 Special to the ChronicleNational Safe Boating Week begins May 17 and runs through May 24. The U.S. Coast Guard Auxiliary Crystal River will kick off the annual event with several activities. The first activity is the national Wear-It campaign. It is to encourage boaters to wear their life jacket every time they are underway on a vessel. It will be at the Crystal River Preserve State Park dock at 11 a.m. Saturday, May 17. Bring a life jacket and join the group for a picture to show your support. While youre at the event, pick up some safe boating information or sign up for a free Vessel Safety check. Bring your boat to the park (by land or water) and have it checked while you wait, or contact Ed at 352-489-3219 for a free Vessel Safety Check. In addition, the auxiliary will have the Recreational Safe Boating Information trailer display at the dock on May 17, with boating safety equipment, different kinds of life jackets, membership information, coloring/activity books and stickers for the kids, and free safe boating information. The auxiliary will have a display inside West Marine in Crystal River all week. The About Boating Safely class will be from 7 to 9 p.m. May 19, 21 and 23, at the flotilla building, 148 N.E. Fifth St. in Crystal River. The cost is $30. Register by May 17. For more information, contact Linda at 352-5036199. Food program will provide summer meals Special to the ChronicleCitrus County Schools Food and Nutrition Services will be participating in the Summer Food Service Program during the months of June and July. Nutritionally balanced meals will be provided free to all children regardless of race, color, national origin, sex, age or disability during summer vacation when school breakfasts and lunches are not available. All children 18 years old and younger are eligible for meals at no charge at an Open Site and there will be no discrimination in the course of the meal service. The programs are only approved for geographical areas of need where 50 percent or more of the children qualify for free and reducedprice meals during the school year. There will be four open sites throughout the county: Lecanto Primary School, Inverness Middle School, Crystal River Middle School, and Forest Ridge Elementary School. The sites will be open beginning June 2 and run through July 25. Breakfast will be from 8 to 8:30 a.m.. Lunch will be served from 11 a.m. to noon. All meals must be consumed on site. The goal is to make sure no child goes hungry. The schedule is available on the Food and Nutrition Services website at www.cafe. citrus.k12.fl.us. The menus will be available to view on https://Citrus.Nutrislice.com. For more information, contact Ms. Lora Fredrikson at 352-726-1931, ext. 2451. State BRIEFS Farmers face planting delays after rainsCHUMUCKLA Florida Panhandle farmers said recent heavy rains and flooding have kept them from planting some of their most important crops. Chumuckla farmer Copeland Griswold said he has until the end of May to plant cotton and peanuts. However, his tractors cant traverse his saturated fields. Griswold said hes risking frost on his crops in the fall if he waits much longer. The director of the Farm Service Agency in Santa Rosa County told the Pensacola News Journal that planting delays could be costly to Panhandle farmers. Travis Kelley said that along with frost, farmers face crop insurance stipulations that could mean losing their insurance if they dont plant their crops by specific deadlines.Scarcity drives up stone crab pricesKEY WEST Commercial fisherman are reporting record prices for stone crab claws this season but only because the crabs were scarce in Florida waters. Stone crab season closes at midnight Thursday. Florida Keys-based commercial fisherman Gary Nichols told The Key West Citizen that fish houses paid $25 to $30 a pound for jumbo-sized claws, $18 to $21 a pound for large claws and $8 to $11 a pound for medium claws. But Nichols also said his harvests averaged a hundred pounds lighter than in previous years. A fisheries biologist with the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission said this years catch of stone crab claws was very low at 1.7 million pounds. Tom Matthews said 2.7 million pounds of claws were harvested last year. From wire reports PAGE 6 Associated PressWASHINGTON Mark Matulaitis holds out his arms so the Parkinsons specialist can check his tremors. But this is no doctors office: Matulaitis sits in his rural Maryland home as a neurologist a few hundred miles away examines him via the camera in his laptop. Welcome to the virtual house call, the latest twist on telemedicine. Its increasingly getting attention as a way to conveniently diagnose simple maladies, such as whether that runny nose and cough is a cold or the flu. One company even offers a smartphone app that lets tech-savvy consumers connect to a doctor for $49 a visit. Now patient groups and technology advocates are pushing to expand the digital care to people with complex chronic diseases that make a doctors trip more than just an inconvenience. Why cant we provide care to people wherever they are? asks Dr. Ray Dorsey, a neurologist at the University of Rochester Medical Center who is leading a national study of video visits for Parkinsons patients and sees broader appeal. Think of taking your mom with Alzheimers to a big urban medical center. Just getting through the parking lot theyre disoriented, he adds. Thats the standard of care but is it what we should be doing? Among the hurdles: While Medicare covers some forms of telehealth, it doesnt typically pay for in-home video exams. Plus, doctors who practice by video-chat must be licensed in whatever states their long-distance patients live. Some states restrict the kind of care and prescribing available via telemedicine. About 40 percent of Parkinsons patients dont see a specialist, in part because they live too far away, even though research suggests those who do fare better, according to the Parkinsons Action Network. When Matulaitis first was diagnosed in 2011, his wife had to take a day off work to drive him more than two hours to a Parkinsons clinic. Once he was stabilized on medication, Dorsey enrolled the Salisbury, Md., man in a pilot study of video house calls. Set-up was simple: The doctor emailed a link to video software designed for patient privacy. Hes thrilled with the care. Its just the same as if youve ever done Facetime on an iPhone, explained Matulaitis, 59, who continues his virtual checkups with Dorsey a few times a year. It allows the doctor to see the patient at a point where they are at their best. Telemedicine is broader than a Skype-like doctor visit. For years, doctors have delivered different forms of care remotely, from the old-fashioned phone call to at-home monitors that measure someones blood pressure and beam the information to a clinic. Hospitals routinely set up on-site video consultations with specialists. But the virtual house call is gaining interest. Some insurers offer versions, such as Wellpoint Inc.s LiveHealth Online service. Telemedicine provider American Well is making headlines with its direct-to-consumer service, offered in 44 states. Psychiatrists are exploring mental health followup counseling from the privacy of a patients home computer. New guidelines from the Federation of State Medical Boards say telemedicine can be OK without a prior in-person visit, a change expected to influence licensing regulations in a number of states, said federation president Dr. Humayun Chaudhry. The guidelines hold virtual visits to the same standards as an office visit, including a full medical history and informed consent, and say patients should be able to choose among participating doctors. The group also is finalizing a plan to make it easier for doctors to practice across state lines. But does a virtual exam translate into better outcomes for the chronically ill? Theres an evidence gap that needs to be filled, said Romana Hasnain-Wynia of the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute, an agency created under the new health care law to study which medical treatments and procedures work best. With a $1.7 million grant from PCORI, Dorseys study is randomly assigning about 200 Parkinsons patients from around the country to receive either their usual care or added virtual checkups from a specialist. His pilot studies have suggested telemedicine allows needed care such as medication adjustments while saving patients time. As for people seeking even a seemingly simple diagnosis, there are other questions such as how to avoid overprescribing antibiotics. Yes, a smartphone camera may spot signs of strep throat. But national guidelines urge a strep test before giving antibiotics, to be sure a virus isnt to blame. You have to be a touch more thoughtful when youre talking about new patient relationships, said Dr. Joseph Kvedar of the Center for Connected Health, a division of Bostons Partners Healthcare. But he predicts athome infection tests one day could supplement telehealth. Then theres cost. The key is whether telehealth replaces doctor visits or adds to them, Dr. Ateev Mehrotra of Harvard and the RAND Corp., said in recent testimony for a House Energy and Commerce subcommittee that is studying how to enhance telemedicine. Telehealth may be too convenient, said Mehrotra, urging that it be implemented in a cost-effective way that provides highquality care. Gerald Jerry Antis, 76BEVERLY HILLSGerald (Jerry) Arthur Antis,76, Beverly Hills, Florida, passed away May10, 2014, at his residence. He was born June26, 1937, in Wilkinsburg, Pa., to the late Watson and Leona (Pryts) Antis and moved to this area from Cape Cod in 1991. He owned and operated a construction company, served our nation in the U.S. Navy, and was a graduate of Oswego University in New York, where he was a member of Psi Phi fraternity. Survivors include his wife of 46 years, Carole (Frary) Antis, Beverly Hills; three children, Kenneth G. Antis and wife Kristen of Mashpee, Massachusetts, Thomas E. Antis of Las Vegas, Nevada, Julie E. Antis, Portsmouth, Rhode Island; two sisters, Shirley Knych and Lois Fenske; and six grandchildren. There will be a gathering of family and friends at the Chas. E. Davis Funeral Home at 10a.m. Friday, May16, 2014. The procession will leave the funeral home at 10:45 a.m. for military honors at Florida National Cemetery. Additionally, friends may visit with the family on Thursday at the funeral home from 10a.m. until noon. In lieu of flowers, memorials are being accepted to Honor Flights of West Central Florida, c/o Barbara Mills, P.O. Box 1046, Inverness, FL 34451. Sign the guest book at www.chronicleonline.com.Matilda Segretto, 89FORMERLY OF BEVERLY HILLSMatilda E. Segretto, 89, formerly of Beverly Hills, Florida, died May 8, 2014, in Melbourne, Florida. Funeral Mass is at 9a.m. Thursday, May15, 2014, at Our Lady of Grace with entombment to follow at Fero Memorial Gardens. Fero Funeral HomeDaniel Short Sr., 80CRYSTAL RIVERDaniel John Joseph Short Sr., 80, of Crystal River, Florida, died May10, 2014. Private cremation will take place under the direction of Brown Funeral Home & Crematory in Lecanto. Jacquelynn Erney, 53CRYSTAL RIVERJacquelynn Jackie Farris Erney, 53, of Crystal River, Florida, passed away Tuesday, May6, 2014. She was born Jan.20, 1961, in Paoli, Indiana, moving to this area 44 years ago from Savannah, Georgia. She was preceded in death by her father, Jackie Lee Farris. She is survived by two children, Hannah Dean Erney and Donald Chad (Jennifer) Owens; mother, Alice M. Farris; three brothers, Kevin Lee Farris, Roger Duane Farris and Michael Brent Farris; and two sisters, Vickie Farris Tolbert and Wendy Farris Smith. A celebration of her life will be at 11a.m. Wednesday, May14, 2014, at Strickland Funeral Home, Crystal River. In lieu of flowers, memorial donation may be made in her name to Hospice of Citrus County, P.O. Box 641270, Beverly Hills, FL 34464. Frances Damato, 91CRYSTAL RIVERFrances Damato, 91, of Crystal River, Florida, passed away Sunday, May11, 2014, at Crystal River Health and Rehab Center. She was born Oct.19, 1922, in Jersey City, N.J., and came here seven years ago from there. She was a member of St. Benedict Catholic Church. She was preceded in death by her husband, Rosario N. Damato; two brothers; and five sisters. She is survived by her sons, Dennis Damato and wife Pat, Mark Damato and Gregory Damato; granddaughters, Danielle, Gina and Julia; and a great-grandson, Enzo. Visitation will be from 7to 9p.m. Tuesday, May13, 2014, at the Strickland Funeral Home Chapel in Crystal River. The funeral Mass will be celebrated at 11a.m. Wednesday, May14, 2014, at St. Benedict Catholic Church. Interment will follow at Crystal River Memorial Cemetery. In lieu of flowers, please consider a memorial donation to the Citrus County Y Capital Campaign, 3909 N. Lecanto Highway, Beverly Hills, FL 34465. Arrangements are under the direction of Strickland Funeral Home with Crematory, Crystal River. Sign the guest book at www.chronicleonline.com.Ralph Stange, 67LAKE PANASOFFKEERalph William Stange, 67, of Lake Panasoffkee, Florida, died May5, 2014. Local arrangements are under the direction of Brown Funeral Home & Crematory in Lecanto with further arrangements under the direction of Ochalek-Stark Funeral Ser vice in Milan, Michigan. Patrick Wright, 19INVERNESSPatrick Ryan Wright, 19, of Inverness, Florida, lost his brave battle May10, 2014, at Shands of UF Hospital, Gainesville, Florida. He was a lifelong resident of Inverness, and was attending Citrus High School. Patrick was a big Gators Football fan, and enjoyed playing video games, especially Power Rangers and Pokemon, as well as watching wrestling and eating at Chick-fil-A. He is survived by his loving family: parents, Erika and Robbie Wright of Inverness; brothers, James (Samantha) Wright of Hernando, and Matthew Kosswig of Inverness; sister, Gabrielle Wright of Inverness; grandmother, Barbara Erickson of Homosassa; grandfather, Roy Wright of Inverness; niece, Nicholcia Wright; nephews, Jacob and Trentan Wright; and aunts and uncles Karen, Rick, Cheryl, Joe, Laura, Patrick, Bo, Terri and Dale. A celebration of life gathering is scheduled for noon Saturday, May17, 2014, at the Floral City Park. Private cremation arrangements under the care of Chas. E. Davis Funeral Home with Crematory, Inverness. Sign the guest book at www.chronicleonline.com.A6TUESDAY, MAY13, 2014CITRUSCOUNTY(FL) CHRONICLE FERO Memorial Gardens & Funeral Home FERO Memorial Gardens & Funeral Home 000I666 352 746-4646 352 746-4646 www.dignitymemorial.com S ERVING F AMILIES FOR 37 YEARS WITH D IGNITY & R ESPECT S ERVING F AMILIES FOR 37 YEARS WITH D IGNITY & R ESPECT Beverly Hills Beverly Hills 000I49J AUDIOLOGY Crystal River Inverness Call For A Free Consultation (352) 795-5700 Our Patients Are Super Hearos Conquer Your Hearing Loss! 1839 SW College Rd., Ocala Mon-Fri 9-5 Sat 9-3 Lighting Fans Custom Lamp Shades Window Treatments Home Decor Floor and Table Lamps 15% OFF ONE IN-STOCK ITEM 000I614 Cannot be combined with other offers. Ex p ires June 30, 2014 With Crematory Funeral Home Chas. E. Davis Chas. E. Davis 726-8323 000I5NV GERALD ANTIS Service: Chapel Fri. 10:00AM Florida National Cemetery BONNEY L. KLOTZ Service: Sat. 3:00 PM NELSON MYS Service: Sat. 11:00 AM Citrus Shrine Club Building JOHN FAULKENBERG Private Arrangements RICHARD LEVY Pending Arrangements 000I5O0R Serving all of Citrus County (352) 726-2271 www.HooperFuneralHome.com Serving all your cremation needs. 000I8D4 Serving Our Community... Meeting Your Needs! Richard T. Brown Licensed Funeral Director Fax: 352-795-6694 5430 West Gulf to Lake Hwy. Lecanto, FL 34461 352-795-0111 [email protected] / www.brownfuneralhome.com 302 N.E. 3rd St., Crystal River, FL www.waverleyflorist.com Waverley Florist Serving all of Citrus County 352.795.1424 800.771.0057 Fresh & Silk Flower Arrangements for All Occasions 000I3JY 1901 SE H WY 19 C RYSTAL R IVER 352-795-2678 Your Trusted Family-Owned Funeral Home for over 50 Years trickland S Funeral Home and Crematory www.stricklandfuneralhome.com 000I45Y Funeral Directors C. Lyman Strickland, LFD & Brian Ledsome, LFD Closing time for placing ad is 4 business days prior to run date. There are advanced deadlines for holidays. 000HSVS Contact Anne Farrior 564-2931 Darrell Watson 564-2197 To Place Your In Memory ad, Patrick Wright Gerald Antis OBITUARIES The Citrus County Chronicles policy permits both free and paid obituaries. Email obits@chronicle online.com or phone 352-563-5660 for details and pricing options. All obituaries will be edited to conform to Associated Press style unless a request to the contrary is made. Obituaries are at www. chronicleonline.com. Obituaries 000I8E9 In Loving Memory Thomas E. Gene Hood, Sr. Gone 15 years today and we miss you each and everyday! Its comforting to know you and mom are together again and walking the golden streets of heaven together in eternity! A special Thanks to Charlie Dean for helping to convince us to relocate to Citrus County! Love, Your Children and Grandchildren SO YOU KNOW Deadline is 3 p.m. for obituaries to appear in the next days edition. Associated PressMark Matulaitis poses May 8 with his laptop that he uses for virtual house calls with his neurologist in his home in Salisbury, Md. Matulaitis has had Parkinsons disease since 2011 and sees a neurologist at the University of Rochester via his laptop and special Skype-like software. The doctor will see you now via webcam, smartphone PAGE 7 DUI arrest Steve Beard, 51, of North Ruff Point, Dunnellon, at 9:45 p.m. May 10 on a misdemeanor charge of driving under the influence. According to his arrest affidavit, Beard was involved in a single car accident involving a tree and a mailbox. He was asked to perform field sobriety tests and did poorly. Beard reportedly refused breath testing to measure his blood alcohol concentration. Bond $1,000.Domestic battery arrests Michael Horton, 24, of Beverly Hills, at 3:43 a.m. May 10 on a misdemeanor charge of domestic battery. He was also charged with misdemeanor violation of probation. Daniel Legg, 24, of Dunnellon, at 8:30 p.m. May 10 on a felony charge of domestic battery by strangulation. Nancy Blackwell, 56, of Inverness, at 10:21 p.m. May 10 on a misdemeanor charge of domestic battery.Other arrests Richard Rankin, 54, of North Bass Road, Dunnellon, at 9:10 a.m. May 9 on an active warrant for felony violation of probation stemming from an original charge of possession of a controlled substance. Lauren Clark, 26, of East Lucy Street, Hernando, at 11:43 a.m. May 9 on a misdemeanor charge of petit theft. According to her arrest affidavit, Clark is accused of shoplifting grocery items valued at approximately $60 from the Inverness Walmart. Bond $500. Christopher Clark, 29, of East Lucy Street, Hernando, at 12:26 p.m. May 10 on a misdemeanor charge of petit theft. According to his arrest affidavit, Clark is accused of shoplifting a socket set from the Lecanto Walmart. The sockets were reportedly pawned by Clarks wife approximately one hour later. Bond $500. Michael Rinaldo, 30, of East Nicholas Street, Hernando, at 2:28 p.m. May 9 on a felony charge of failing to report his change of address within 48 hours as required of sexual offenders. According to his arrest affidavit, Rinaldo reported his change of address but failed to notify the Department of Highway Safety and Motor Vehicles as required by law. Bond $20,000. Brandi Jenkins, 41, of Southeast Third Avenue, Crystal River, at 6:04 p.m. May 9 on an active warrant for felony violation of probation stemming from the original charges of uttering a forged instrument, credit card fraud and burglary. Peter Salozzo, 32, of East Circlewood Street, Inverness, at 7:10 p.m. May 9 on an active warrant for felony violation of probation stemming from an original charge of felony battery. According to his arrest affidavit, Salozzo was transported to the Citrus County Detention Facility from the Oakland County Jail in Pontiac Michigan. William Haeger Jr., 45, of West Sasser Street, Homosassa, at 9:18 p.m. May 9 on a misdemeanor charge of criminal mischief. According to his arrest affidavit, Haeger is accused of attempting to break into a home, damaging the storm door and chain lock, and then fleeing the scene on a riding lawn mower. Bond $250. Jessica Graap, 38, of West Prairie Crest Lane, Merrill, Wisconsin, at 10:28 p.m. May 9 on a felony charge of grand theft. According to her arrest affidavit, Graap is accused of shoplifting 47 household items, with a total value of $428.58, from the Inverness Walmart. Bond $2,000. Ryan Nihart, 21, of Salvia Court, Homosassa, at 1:16 a.m. May 10 on misdemeanor charges of loitering or prowling in a manner not usual for lawabiding citizens and resisting an officer without violence. According to his arrest affidavit, Nihart was reportedly sitting on a sign at the Christian Center Church at approximately 11 p.m. Nihart reportedly took off running when he was approached by the deputy. Nihart also faces felony trafficking in stolen property and misdemeanor petit theft. According to the arrest affidavit, he is accused of shoplifting an ink combination cartridge, valued at $63.97 from Walmart, then exchanging the stolen item for a gift certificate. Bond $10, 250. Barbara Cannon, 51, at 2:17 a.m. May 10 on a misdemeanor charge of trespassing after warning. According to her arrest affidavit, Cannon is accused of trespassing at the Circle K in Inverness after being previously trespassed from the site. Bond $250. Thomas Zarbo, 18, of West Valerian Place, Beverly Hills, at 2:09 a.m. May 10 on a felony charge of robbery without a weapon. According to the arrest affidavit, the victim reportedly backed his vehicle into Zarbos vehicle and broke his tail light. Zarbo reportedly became irate, making threats, then demanding all the money in the victims wallet. The victim reported that he gave Zarbo $30 from his wallet, but reported that Zarbo continued to call and threaten him after he left the scene. Bond $10,000. Jennifer Shettleroe, 29, of Crystal River, at 3:22 p.m. May 10 on a misdemeanor charge of possession of cannabis. Bond $500. Shamra Rider, 27, of South Rainbow Point, Homosassa, at 9:45p.m. May 10 on an active warrant for felony violation of probation stemming from an original charge of dealing in stolen property. John Hicks, 44, of Northeast First Terrace, Crystal River, at 10:22 p.m. May 10 on an active warrant for felony possession of a controlled substance. According to his arrest affidavit, Hicks is being charged for being in possession of over 20 grams of cannabis. Bond $5,000. Amy Reyburn, 43, of West Clearbrook Lane, Homosassa, at 11:04 p.m. May 10 on a misdemeanor charge of drug paraphernalia. According to her arrest affidavit, Reyburn was pulled over for failing to stop at a stop sign. A K-9 unit alerted to possible drugs and a glass pipe commonly used to smoke methamphetamine was found in her possession. Bond $500. Victoria Butcher, 31, Mathew Butcher, 30, of West Riverbend Road, Dunnellon and Helen Butcher, 43, of North Citrus Avenue, Crystal River, at 1:56a.m. May 11 on active warrants for three counts each of cruelty to animals. Bond was set at $1,500 for each of the accused. Mathew Butcher faces an additional charge of felony violation of probation stemming from original charges of lewd and lascivious acts, sexual battery and two counts of possession of cocaine. No bond. Sasha Taflinger, 31, of North Wave Point, Hernando, at 8:05 a.m. May 11 on an active warrant for felony violation of probation stemming from an original charge of grand theft. Vincent Lutz, 28, of East Center Street, Inverness, at 10:33 a.m. May 11 on a felony charge of failing to report an address change within 48 hours as required of sexual offenders. According to his arrest affidavit, Lutz reported a change of address and a predator notification went out to all neighbors within half of a mile of his new address, but he failed to actually move to the reported address. Bond $20,000. Thereza Choquette, 43, of Inverness, at 2:18 p.m. May 11 on a misdemeanor charge of battery. Bond $500. Shelby Hoffman, 20, of Beverly Hills, at 4:29 p.m. May 11 on a felony charge of burglary to an occupied residence, and a misdemeanor charge of fraudulent use of credit cards. Bond $15,500. Michelle Leslie, 18, of West Holly Brook Lane, Dunnellon, at 5:18 p.m. May 11 on an active Polk County warrant for felony charges of grand theft, two counts of trafficking in stolen property, and two counts of false verification to a pawn broker. Bond $13,000. Jason Duchesne, 29, of Lemington Court, Homosassa, at 5:20 p.m. May 11 on an active Pasco County warrant for felony violation of probation stemming from an original charge of possession of a controlled substance. Karl Bower, 31, of North Palm Ridge Boulevard, Crystal River, at 6:16 p.m. May 11 on a felony charge of possession of a controlled substance, and misdemeanor charges of knowingly driving with a suspended license and possession of drug paraphernalia. According to his arrest affidavit, Bower was pulled over because a deputy recognized him and confirmed through a database check that his license was suspended. A K-9 unit alerted to possible drugs in the vehicle, and 8.5 alprazolam (Xanax) pills, two carisoprodol pills (muscle relaxer), four methamphetamine pills and seven methadone pills were found together in a plastic baggie. Bower reportedly also had 4.9 grams of methamphetamine in a clear plastic baggie. Bond $36,000. Katie Potter, 26, of Homosassa, at 9:26 p.m. May 11 on a felony charge of battery to a law enforcement officer and misdemeanor possession of cannabis. According to her arrest affidavit, Potter was a passenger in a vehicle pulled over for a routine traffic stop. A K-9 unit alerted to possible drugs in the vehicle and approximately one gram of marijuana was found in her possession. She reportedly became agitated during her arrest and at one point kicked a deputy in his thigh and knee and then attempted to bite him on two separate occasions. Bond $5,500. Britney Burgard, 27, of South Woodside Terrace Homosassa, at 12:51a.m. May 12 on a misdemeanor charge of trespassing after warning. According to her arrest affidavit, Burgard had returned to the Homosassa Walmart after previously being trespassed from the store. Bond $500. Citrus County Sheriffs OfficeBurglaries A residential burglary was reported at 1:01 p.m. Friday, May 9, in the 14000 block of the St. Martins River, Crystal River. A residential burglary was reported at 2:49 p.m. May 9 in the 5300 block of W. Joliet Lane, Dunnellon. A commercial burglary was reported at 8:21 a.m. Saturday, May 10, in the 7200 block of S. Florida Ave., Floral City. A commercial burglary was reported at 9:41 a.m. May 10 in the 5500 block of E. Jasmine Lane, Inverness. A residential burglary was reported at 11:01 a.m. May 10 in the 5600 block of E. Shady Acres Drive, Inverness. A residential burglary was reported at 6:20 p.m. Sunday, May 11, in the 6500 block of W. Appian St., Homosassa. A commercial burglary was reported at 3:03 a.m. Monday, May 12, in the 8300 block of E. Orange Ave., Floral City. A commercial burglary was reported at 6 a.m. May 12 in the 5400 block of S. Florida Ave., Inverness.Thefts A grand theft was reported at 9:59 a.m. Friday, May 9, in the 5500 block of W. Rachael Lane, Homosassa. A petit theft was reported at 12:39 p.m. May 9 in the 300 block of E. Highland Blvd., Inverness. A petit theft was reported at 2:31 p.m. May 9 in the area of Northeast. Seventh Avenue and Northeast Ninth Street, Crystal River. A grand theft was reported at 2:43 p.m. May 9 in the 3400 block of E. Louise Lane, Hernando. A larceny petit theft was reported at 3:28 p.m. May 9 in the 4100 block of N. Concord Drive, Crystal River. A grand theft was reported at 7:11 p.m. May 9 in the 5600 block of S. Leonard Terrace, Inverness. A grand theft was reported at 9:05 p.m. May 9 in the 2400 block of E. Gulf-to-Lake Highway, Inverness. A grand theft was reported at 1:15 p.m. Saturday, May 10, in the 1700 block of 1700 block of S. Hoylake Terrace, Lecanto. A petit theft was reported at 4:36 p.m. May 10 in the 3400 block of E. Gulf-to-Lake Highway, Inverness. A petit theft was reported at 6 p.m. May 10 in the 1100 block of Turner Camp Road, Inverness. A grand theft was reported at 7:55 p.m. May 10 in the area of Rails to Trails and U.S. 41 in Inverness. An auto theft was reported at 5:33 p.m. Sunday, May 11, in the 7800 block of S. Florida Ave., Floral City.Vandalisms A vandalism was reported at 8:43 p.m. Friday, May 9, in the 7300 block of W. Sasser St., Homosassa. A vandalism was reported at 12:34 p.m. Saturday, May 10, in the 6200 block of S. Pleasant Ave., Homosassa. LOCALCITRUSCOUNTY(FL) CHRONICLETUESDAY, MAY13, 2014 A7 www.chronicleonline.com/burgerbattle Vote Once Per Day for your favorite burger Voting Ends May 23000I5BR Try one of these participating restaurants Anastasias Restaurant Hernando Bentleys Restaurant Dunnellon Boulevard Bistro Citrus Springs Burger, BBQ & More Inglis Chassahowitzka River Lodge Homosassa Clawdaddys Raw Bar & Grill Crystal River Eye Poppin Cheese Steaks & Hoagies Inverness Fat Daddys Roadhouse Homosassa Gator Cove Bar & Restaurant Homosassa Gruffs Tap & GrillDunnellon Grumpy Gators Bar & Grill Crystal River Mamas Kuntry Kafe Inverness Paiges Root Beer Lecanto The Rustic Ranch Inverness Skeets Family Barbecue Beverly Hills Seafood Seller & Cafe Crystal River TAYLOR MADE HOMES TAYLOR MADE HO MES HOME SERVICES Vote now for your favorite Burger. Voting ends May 23 @ 5pm www.chronicleonline.com/burgerbattle Crystal River Mall 352-228-4936 The Bourbon Burger 000I55W 776 N. Enterprise Pt., Lecanto 746-7830 000HZR2 Visit our Showroom Next to Stokes Flea Market on Hwy. 44 www.cashcarpetandtile.com Visit Our New Website For Great Specials Wood Laminate Tile Carpet Vinyl Area Rugs For the RECORD ON THE NET For more information about arrests made by the Citrus County Sheriffs Office, go to www.sheriffcitrus.org and click on the Public Information link, then on Arrest Reports. Also under Public Information on the CCSO website, click on Crime Mapping for a view of where each type of crime occurs in Citrus County. Click on Offense Reports to see lists of burglary, theft and vandalism. For the Record reports are also archived online at www. chronicleonline.com. PAGE 8 The News Service of FloridaTALLAHASSEE The 2014 legislative session saw major gains for juvenile justice issues in Florida while also seeking to bolster the independence of foster children. Lawmakers passed a rewrite (HB 7055) of laws governing the Department of Juvenile Justice, emphasizing prevention, increasing the agencys accountability and creating a criminal penalty for the abuse or neglect of teens in its facilities. On their fourth try, lawmakers passed a juvenilesentencing proposal (HB 7035) that, if signed by Gov. Rick Scott, will bring the state into compliance with two major U.S. Supreme Court rulings. And they passed a measure (HB 7141) aimed at Floridas high rate of human trafficking activity, providing a wide array of services for sexually exploited children. 2014 was a huge year for juvenile-justice reform and policy in the state of Florida, said Sen. Rob Bradley, a Fleming Island Republican who is chairman of the Senate Criminal and Civil Justice Appropriations Subcommittee. Meanwhile, teens in foster care convinced lawmakers to help them learn to drive, just a year after the Legislature passed two other groundbreaking foster-care bills. But lawmakers did not resolve every major issue dealing with juveniles. For example, they failed to agree on a plan for dividing the costs of juveniledetention facilities between the state and counties. That has been the subject of long-running legal battles, and counties hoped to get the issue addressed during the session. Here are some of the top issues dealing with juvenile justice and the fostercare system:DJJ REWRITEHouse Bill 7055 would revamp the juvenile-justice system, incorporating many of the aims and methods of the Department of Juvenile Justices Roadmap to Excellence strategy, begun in 2011 by Secretary Wansley Walters. Its huge for us, Walters said. It makes prevention a really substantial legal part of the juvenile justice system. It puts in accountability. It puts in protections for children. That includes performance measures for providers and transition services for youths leaving Department of Juvenile Justice facilities. Equally important, Walters said, was the fact that the proposal never lost a vote, either in committee or on the floor. We had consensus across the entire juvenile justice stakeholder continuum, which is so rare, she said. Bradley said it was the first rewrite of that part of state law in more than a decade. We codified the principles that were set forth when Secretary Walters took the helm at DJJ, he said. Now our statutes reflect the budgetary decisions that weve been making for the last two years, which is to continue to promote prevention efforts so that our juvenile crime rate will continue to go down.JUVENILESENTENCINGHouse Bill 7035 stems from a pair of U.S. Supreme Court decisions dealing with life sentences for juveniles. In a 2010 case, known as Graham v. Florida, the U.S. Supreme Court banned life sentences without a meaningful opportunity for release for juveniles convicted of non-homicide crimes. That was followed by a 2012 ruling, known as Miller v. Alabama, which barred mandatory life sentences for juveniles convicted of murder. Juveniles can still face life sentences in such cases, but judges must weigh criteria such as the offenders maturity and the nature of the crimes before imposing that sentence. Florida lawmakers have struggled to agree on how to comply with the rulings. But the bill they passed was a compromise. It calls, in part, for judicial hearings and sentencing standards that would vary depending on the nature of the crimes. After several years of trying to conform our sentencing laws to the dictates of the U.S. Supreme Court decisions, we were finally successful in doing so, Bradley said. Im very comfortable with where we ended. Again, both chambers voted unanimously for the measure.HUMANTRAFFICKINGBoth chambers unanimously passed a bill that would improve protections for sex-trafficking victims. The services provided in the bill include treatment for sexual assault, behavioral health care, family counseling, life-skills training and screening and treatment for substance abuse. The bill is intended to build on the Florida Safe Harbor Act of 2012, which first created safe houses for trafficking victims and amended state law to classify forced prostitution as child abuse, rather as than a criminal act by the child. As a result, sexually exploited children may be legally considered wards of the state and not criminals. The measure passed without a controversial provision that would have allowed some victims to be detained for treatment in a secure safe house. Lawmakers were torn between concerns about the provisions constitutionality and fears about the safety of trafficked children in the control of pimps. Ultimately, they dropped the provision. A8TUESDAY, MAY13, 2014CITRUSCOUNTY(FL) CHRONICLESTATE/LOCAL 000I7S1 000I4JG 100% SATISFACTION GUARANTEED 30th Year of Experience You Can Trust 4 Year Warranties Full Time Service 211 S. Apopka Ave. Inverness www.InvernessHearing.com Since 1983 Citrus Primary Care450 W. Roosevelt Blvd., Beverly Hills, FL 34465000HZL6New Patients WelcomeCall 527-6646 to schedule an appointment.IntroducingMahshid Kamyab, M.D.Board Certified, Caring Family Physician Welcoming Patients Of All Age Groups. Physician Referral Line352-637-3337 Scott approves one-year pause on school grades Governor signs 50 pieces of legislation Associated PressTALLAHASSEE Bills to overhaul the states school grading system and respond to complaints about Floridas move to Common Core standards were among more than 50 pieces of legislation signed Monday by Gov. Rick Scott. Florida education officials and politicians have refused to jettison the states new education standards that are based largely on Common Core despite demands from activists and conservative groups. But the Florida Legislature this spring passed measures dealing with everything from textbook approvals to a ban on school districts collecting student data like fingerprints. The legislation I am signing today will set Florida students and families up for education success and prevent unnecessary collection of data from our students and reaffirm that Florida school boards will select the textbooks with historic opportunities for public input, Scott said in a written statement. The textbook bill (SB 864) signed by the Republican governor would give parents a chance to object to textbooks used at public schools. The bill was inspired by ongoing criticisms about the states transition to new standards as well as a dispute in Volusia County over a textbook that some parents wanted pulled because of complaints that it offered a pro-Islamic worldview. Scott also signed a separate measure (HB 7031) that would remove more than 30 mentions of Common Core that were placed into state law just a year ago. Another education bill signed by Scott would put on hold for a year the sanctions associated with Floridas school grading system. The legislation (SB 1642) follows a tumultuous time during which Floridas former education commissioner resigned and critics questioned both the states A-to-F grading system and new testing standards being implemented in the states public schools. The move to overhaul the grading system was backed by Education Commissioner Pam Stewart and is being made as the state transitions to a new test replacing the Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test or FCAT. A key portion of the bill (SB 1642) would ensure that schools wouldnt receive sanctions or penalties as a result of school grades issued in 2015. Thats because the state plans to use the first year of the new test as a baseline to measure schools. School superintendents had suggested putting the ramifications from the grading system on hold for three years to give more time for school districts to get used to the new test, which will be based primarily on Common Core. One other notable bill signed by Scott on Monday would make Florida the eighth state to ban the use of foreign law in the states courts. The measure (SB 386) would prohibit judges from applying from applying foreign laws in cases involving family law, including divorce, alimony, child support and child custody. It would also prevent some judgments from foreign courts to be considered in state courts. The measure does not single out specific religions, but critics said the law is intended to target a specific form of law called Shariah that is practiced in courts in some Muslim countries. Patrick Rose to speak at Citrus County CouncilPatrick Rose,Save the Manatee Clubs executive director, will be theguest speaker atthe Citrus County Council May 14meeting.Rose, who has a masters degree in aquatic biology and more than 40 years experience working with manatees, is a leading expert on the Florida manatee. Other guest speakers will be Commissioner Rebecca Bays andSteven Davis featuring Florida Yards & Neighborhoods. Doors open at8:30 a.m.for sign-in, coffee and networking. T he meeting starts at9at the Beverly Hills Lions Club, 72 Civic Circle, Beverly Hills. From staff reports County BRIEF Gov. Rick Scottsaid bills will set students up for educational success. Warm-weather fun Associated PressKayla Galbrecht, of Atlanta, Ga., rides a wave on Monday in Panama City. Juvenile justice, foster care issues gain steam PAGE 9 Ukraine jitters push crude oil above $100The price of oil rose above $100 a barrel on Monday amid renewed tensions over Ukraine. Benchmark U.S. crude for June delivery gained 60 cents to $100.59 a barrel on the New York Mercantile Exchange. Brent crude, a benchmark for international varieties, rose 52 cents to $108.41 on the ICE Futures exchange in London. Traders are worried about turmoil in Ukraine and the prolonged disruption of oil exports from Libya despite muted demand and plentiful supplies. Pro-Moscow insurgents in eastern Ukraine declared independence Monday and sought to join Russia. The Ukrainian and Western governments have condemned the rushed referendum as a sham and a violation of international law. There are concerns that Russian energy exports to Europe could be interrupted if further instability in Ukraine results in stronger Western sanctions. On Monday, Moscow said it had no intention to annex Ukraines eastern provinces, while the European Union added 13 people to its list of 48 Russians and Ukrainians punished with visa bans and asset freezes over the Ukraine crisis.FCC revising Internet rules after public backlashWASHINGTON Federal Communications Commission Chairman Tom Wheeler is broadening the scope of his proposed open Internet rules and suggesting tougher standards for Internet providers who wish to create paid priority fast lanes on their networks. According to an FCC official, Wheeler made revisions after the commission received 35,000 public comments many of them expressing outrage. The FCC first briefed reporters on the proposed rules last month. Wheeler, a Democrat, also tweaked his proposal after the five-member commissions two other Democrats expressed concern. The new draft clearly reflects public input the commission has received, the FCC official said in a statement. The draft is explicit that the goal is to find the best approach to ensure the Internet remains open and prevent any practices that threaten it. Among the additions is a provision that would presume it to be illegal for an Internet provider to prioritize the traffic of an affiliated service for example, it would be considered illegal if Comcast Corp. tried to give faster treatment to video streams of its subsidiary network, NBC. However, an Internet service provider would be allowed to challenge that presumption, the official said. In the revised proposal, Wheeler also seeks comment on the possibility of treating broadband providers as so-called common carriers like telephone companies, which are subject to greater regulation than Internet providers, under Title II of the Communications Act of 1934. The FCC and Wheeler have so far avoided subjecting cable and telecoms companies to Title II treatment, although Wheeler has said the option remains on the table. In the new proposal, he entertains more discussion on it than his initial proposal did. The proposal also asks whether all paid-priority fast lanes should be banned outright. The previous version only asks if some paidpriority services should be banned. Wheeler has faced a torrent of criticism after the earlier proposal made it appear as if he was overhauling the principle of network neutrality, which says Internet service providers should not be allowed to discriminate against Web traffic depending on its source.NY Senate debating public ban on e-cigarettesALBANY, N.Y. State lawmakers are considering whether to include electronic cigarettes in the states indoor public smoking ban. The Senate Health Committee panel heard testimony Monday from health experts who said that the nicotine liquid and the vapor ecigarettes produce could be hazardous to both consumers and the public. The states Clean Indoor Air Act prohibits smoking traditional cigarettes in nearly all workplaces in the state. Proponents of the ban hope that e-cigarettes will also be included, as they are in New York City as of late last month.BUSINESSCITRUSCOUNTY(FL) CHRONICLETUESDAY, MAY13, 2014 A9 Money&MarketsAclick of the wrist gets you more at www.chronicleonline.com 1,720 1,760 1,800 1,840 1,880 1,920 NM DJFMA 1,840 1,880 1,920 S&P 500Close: 1,896.65 Change: 18.17 (1.0%) 10 DAYS 15,200 15,600 16,000 16,400 16,800 NM DJFMA 16,320 16,520 16,720 Dow Jones industrialsClose: 16,695.47 Change: 112.13 (0.7%) 10 DAYSAdvanced2453 Declined661 New Highs166 New Lows14 Vol. (in mil.)2,950 Pvs. Volume2,963 1,834 1,938 2131 538 65 46 NYSE NASD DOW 16704.8416584.8216695.47+112.13+0.68%+0.72% DOW Trans.7871.107723.177867.45+148.15+1.92%+6.31% DOW Util.540.96533.80534.49-5.06-0.94%+8.95% NYSE Comp.10706.0310639.7210703.50+96.81+0.91%+2.91% NASDAQ4146.544092.094143.86+71.99+1.77%-0.78% S&P5001897.131880.031896.65+18.17+0.97%+2.61% S&P4001375.981355.031374.58+20.79+1.54%+2.39% Wilshire 500020104.9219867.2120097.80+230.59+1.16%+1.99% Russell 20001136.951111.691133.65+26.43+2.39%-2.58% HIGH LOW CLOSE CHG. %CHG. YTD StocksRecap AK Steel Hold AKS2.9288.47 7.04+.32 +4.8stt-14.1+93.1dd... AT&T Inc T31.74837.83 36.57+.13 +0.4sss+4.0+2.5111.84 Ametek Inc AME39.46762.05 53.61+.64 +1.2sss+1.8+27.3250.36f Anheuser-Busch InBev BUD83.940111.38 109.97+.97 +0.9sss+3.3+16.02.82e Bank of America BAC12.13518.03 15.07+.33 +2.2stt-3.2+14.5200.04 Capital City Bank CCBG10.12914.71 13.96+.46 +3.4sss+18.6+14.1270.08 CenturyLink Inc CTL27.93938.16 36.74+.18 +0.5sss+15.4+4.0dd2.16 Citigroup C45.06355.28 47.27+.28 +0.6stt-9.3-3.2110.04 Commnwlth REIT CWH19.92828.10 25.72+.40 +1.6stt+10.3+30.2dd1.00 Disney DIS60.41083.65 82.42+.47 +0.6sss+7.9+24.2210.86f Duke Energy DUK64.16775.13 71.76-.22 -0.3tts+4.0+4.2183.12 EPR Properties EPR46.69661.18 54.25+.14 +0.3sss+10.4-1.1173.42 Exxon Mobil Corp XOM84.790103.45 102.23+.28 +0.3sss+1.0+14.8112.76f Ford Motor F13.92518.02 15.84+.07 +0.4sss+2.7+14.2100.50 Gen Electric GE22.62828.09 26.85+.43 +1.6sss-4.2+19.6200.88 HCAHoldings Inc HCA35.20053.81 52.30+.79 +1.5sst+9.6+27.715... Home Depot HD72.21683.20 78.27+.56 +0.7sst-4.9+4.6211.88f Intel Corp INTC21.89927.24 26.37+.07 +0.3sts+1.6+11.7140.90 IBM IBM172.196211.98 192.57+2.49 +1.3str+2.7-4.5134.40f LKQ Corporation LKQ23.68634.32 29.35+.57 +2.0sss-10.8+16.627... Lowes Cos LOW38.87652.08 46.28+.57 +1.2stt-6.6+11.2220.72 McDonalds Corp MCD92.220102.95 102.86-.07 -0.1tss+6.0+6.4193.24 Microsoft Corp MSFT30.84941.66 39.97+.43 +1.1sst+6.8+24.2151.12 Motorola Solutions MSI53.62067.88 67.80+.54 +0.8sss+0.4+20.6171.24 NextEra Energy NEE74.788101.50 95.81-1.11 -1.1tts+11.9+24.8212.90f Penney JC Co Inc JCP4.90319.63 9.18+.38 +4.3sss+0.3-49.3dd... Piedmont Office RT PDM15.83621.09 18.80+.29 +1.6sss+13.8-6.5390.80 Regions Fncl RF8.78711.54 10.51+.25 +2.4sst+6.3+17.8140.20f Sears Holdings Corp SHLD26.62754.69 43.47+.53 +1.2sss+9.4...dd... Smucker, JM SJM87.105114.72 100.61+.46 +0.5sss-2.9+0.2182.32 Texas Instru TXN34.10949.77 46.96+1.12 +2.4sst+6.9+27.0251.20 Time Warner TWX55.71070.77 69.44+1.07 +1.6sss-0.4+13.8151.27 UniFirst Corp UNF87.683117.91 95.70+.76 +0.8sst-10.6+2.1160.15 Verizon Comm VZ45.08453.67 48.16-.32 -0.7tss-2.0-4.0112.12 Vodafone Group VOD27.49842.14 37.81-.19 -0.5tss-5.4+23.2 ... WalMart Strs WMT71.51881.37 79.15-.05 -0.1tss+0.6+3.4161.92f Walgreen Co WAG43.31071.02 69.35+.69 +1.0sss+20.7+46.2241.26 52-WK RANGE CLOSE YTD 1YR NAME TICKER LO HI CLOSE CHG %CHG WK MO QTR %CHG %RTN P/E DIVStocks of Local Interest Dividend Footnotes: a Extra dividends were paid, but are not included. b Annual rate plus stock. c Liquidating dividend. e Amount declared or paid in last 12 months. f Current annual rate, which was increased by most recent dividend announcement. i Sum of dividends paid after stock split, no regular rate. j Sum of dividends paid this year. Most recent dividend was omitted or deferred. k Declared or paid this year, a cumulative issue with dividends in arrears. m Current annual rate, which was decreased by most recent dividend announcement. p Initial dividend, annual rate not known, yie ld not shown. r Declared or paid in preceding 12 months plus stock dividend. t Paid in stock, approximate cash value on ex-distribution date. PE Footnotes: q Stock is a closed-end fund no P/E ratio shown. cc P/E exceeds 99. dd Loss in last 12 months. An Israeli financial newspaper reports that the soda machine maker is in talks with a big drink producer over a possible sale. Quarterly earnings were better than expected at the railroad, but still down sharply compared with the same period last year. The financial institution swung to a loss in the first quarter, stung by $6 billion in legal expenses from the housing collapse. Citigroup upgraded the online reviewer as it thinks the company is well positioned for growth in mobile devices. The maker of the Candy Crush partners with Chinas messaging giant Tencent to showcase its hugely popular game. The Standard & Poors 500 index closed at a record high Monday after investors returned to areas of the market that they were shunning a month ago. The index eclipsed its prior peak, set on April 2, following big gains for technology and small-cap stocks. 16 18 $20 FM MA King Digital Ent.KING Close: $16.10 -0.20 or -1.2% $15.75$20.60 Vol.: Mkt. Cap: 816.0k (0.8x avg.) $5.07 b 52-week range PE: Yield: ... ... 40 60 80 $100 FM MA YelpYELP Close: $56.60 2.38 or 4.4% $26.75$101.75 Vol.: Mkt. Cap: 6.6m (1.2x avg.) $3.46 b 52-week range PE: Yield: ... ... 14 16 $18 FM MA Bank of AmericaBAC Close: $15.07 0.33 or 2.2% $12.13$18.03 Vol.: Mkt. Cap: 70.0m (0.7x avg.) $158.47 b 52-week range PE: Yield: 17.1 0.3% 27 28 29 $30 FM MA CSXCSX Close: $29.15 0.46 or 1.6% $22.40$29.45 Vol.: Mkt. Cap: 6.5m (1.1x avg.) $29.28 b 52-week range PE: Yield: 15.9 2.2% 35 40 45 $50 FM MA SodaStream IntlSODA Close: $41.67 0.07 or 0.2% $35.27$77.80 Vol.: Mkt. Cap: 669.4k (0.5x avg.) $871.15 m 52-week range PE: Yield: ... ... The yield on the 10-year Treasury rose to 2.66 percent Monday. Yields affect rates on mortgages and other consumer loans.NET 1YR TREASURIES YEST PVS CHG AGO 3.25 3.25 3.25 .13 .13 .13 PRIME RATE FED FUNDS 3-month T-bill.020.02....03 6-month T-bill.040.05-0.01.08 52-wk T-bill.090.09....11 2-year T-note.400.39+0.01.24 5-year T-note1.661.63+0.03.82 10-year T-note2.662.63+0.031.90 30-year T-bond3.503.46+0.043.10 NET 1YR BONDS YEST PVS CHG AGO Barclays LongT-BdIdx3.273.24+0.032.77 Bond Buyer Muni Idx4.564.56...4.07 Barclays USAggregate2.282.27+0.011.81 Barclays US High Yield5.025.02...4.95 Moodys AAACorp Idx4.214.17+0.043.80 Barclays CompT-BdIdx1.881.85+0.031.08 Barclays US Corp2.962.95+0.012.65 YEST 6 MO AGO 1 YR AGO Commodities Crude oil rose to settle back above $100 per barrel. Its been flitting around that level for the last two weeks. Natural gas fell to its lowest settlement price since April 2. Crude Oil (bbl)100.5999.99+0.60+2.2 Ethanol (gal)2.142.15+0.14+12.0 Heating Oil (gal)2.922.91+0.40-5.2 Natural Gas (mm btu)4.434.53-2.14+4.8 Unleaded Gas (gal)2.912.90+0.64+4.6 FUELS CLOSEPVS. %CHG%YTD Gold (oz) 1295.601287.30+0.64+7.8 Silver (oz) 19.5019.08+2.22+0.8 Platinum (oz)1441.901429.90+0.84+5.2 Copper (lb) 3.173.10+2.13-8.0 Palladium (oz)808.90799.90+1.13+12.8 METALS CLOSEPVS. %CHG%YTD Cattle (lb) 1.381.38-0.29+2.3 Coffee (lb) 1.861.81+2.93+68.1 Corn (bu) 4.975.05-1.49+17.9 Cotton (lb) 0.910.92-1.15+7.9 Lumber (1,000 bd ft)337.50338.50-0.30-6.3 Orange Juice (lb)1.611.59+0.50+18.2 Soybeans (bu)14.8415.01-1.15+13.1 Wheat (bu) 7.067.14-1.19+16.6 AGRICULTURE CLOSE PVS. %CHG%YTD American Funds BalAm 24.89+.15 +2.4+12.4+11.7+14.5 CapIncBuAm 60.35+.18 +4.7+9.5+9.2+12.5 CpWldGrIAm 46.91+.37 +3.9+15.6+10.2+14.5 EurPacGrAm 49.68+.54 +1.2+12.3+6.1+12.1 FnInvAm 52.13+.54 +1.5+16.8+12.6+16.9 GrthAmAm 43.51+.60 +1.2+18.7+13.5+16.5 IncAmerAm 21.45+.11 +4.7+12.1+10.9+15.2 InvCoAmAm 38.21+.32 +4.5+20.4+14.0+16.6 NewPerspAm 37.83+.46 +0.7+14.2+10.6+15.7 WAMutInvAm 40.64+.32 +3.5+18.7+14.8+17.8 Dodge & Cox IntlStk 45.46+.52 +5.6+20.4+8.9+15.4 Stock 172.04+2.01 +2.6+23.2+15.7+19.4 Fidelity Contra 94.76+1.26 -0.4+17.0+13.6+18.0 ContraK 94.72+1.25 -0.4+17.1+13.8+18.2 LowPriStk d 50.17+.43 +1.4+17.4+13.6+20.1 Fidelity Spartan 500IdxAdvtg 67.38+.65 +3.3+18.5+14.4+18.3 FrankTemp-Franklin Income C m 2.55+.01 +6.0+11.8+9.3+14.5 IncomeAm 2.52... +6.3+12.0+9.8+15.0 Harbor IntlInstl 73.35+.50 +3.3+11.9+6.8+14.1 Oakmark Intl I 26.67+.14 +1.3+14.6+11.2+17.7 T Rowe Price EqtyInc 33.63+.31 +3.0+16.1+13.4+17.4 GrowStk 51.37+.89 -2.3+20.2+14.5+19.2 Vanguard 500Adml 175.26+1.69 +3.3+18.5+14.5+18.3 500Inv 175.23+1.68 +3.3+18.4+14.3+18.2 500Sgnl 144.77+1.40 +3.3+18.5+14.5+18.3 MuIntAdml 14.13... +4.2+1.6+4.9+4.9 STGradeAd 10.76... +1.3+1.7+2.5+4.5 Tgtet2025 16.21+.10 +2.9+11.3+9.0+13.6 TotBdAdml 10.76-.02 +2.9+0.5+3.4+4.7 TotIntl 17.11+.11 +2.9+9.9+4.6+11.3 TotStIAdm 47.83+.54 +2.9+18.8+14.3+18.9 TotStIdx 47.80+.53 +2.8+18.6+14.1+18.8 Welltn 39.16+.17 +3.9+12.5+11.0+13.9 WelltnAdm 67.64+.29 +3.9+12.6+11.1+14.0 WndsIIAdm 68.13+.65 +4.4+19.1+14.6+18.0 TOTALRETURN FAMILY FUND NAV CHG YTD 1YR 3YR 5YRMutualFunds Annualized; d Deferred sales charge, or redemption fee. m Multiple fees are charged, usually a marketing fee and either a sales or redemption fee. x fund paid a distribution during the week. Interestrates 000I68V Meridien Research 16176 Cortez Boulevard Brooksville, FL 34601 352-597-8839 A local research study needs people age 50 to 80 concerned by their memory changes. No-cost care from a local doctor Investigational medication for memory loss Compensation up to $800 ST. PETERSBURG TAMPA BROOKSVILLE BRADENTON LAKELAND Associated PressNEW YORK The stock market returned to record levels on Monday as investors regained their appetite for riskier stocks. After beating down Internet and small companies for two months, investors decided that those stocks had fallen enough. Among the big gainers were Twitter and Facebook, which had plunged in March and April. The Russell 2000, an index made up of small companies, climbed the most in two months. Investors have been more cautious this year than last. Theyve favored big, less volatile stocks that pay rich dividends because of concerns about the outlook for the economy. Utility and energy companies have been among the beneficiaries of this trend, and have outperformed the overall market in 2014. While interest rates remain low, investors will likely keep getting drawn back into stocks after any sell-off because holding cash isnt generating any returns, said Tim Courtney, chief investment officer at Exencial, an independent wealth management company. There is some bargain buying in some of the names that got hit hard in March and April, said Courtney On Monday, the Standard & Poors 500 index rose 18.17 points, or 1 percent, to finish at an alltime high of 1,896.65. The index last closed at a record high on April 2, when it reached 1,890.90. The Dow Jones industrial average gained 112.13 points, or 0.7 percent, to end at 16,695.47 Monday. The Dows previous record high was 16,583.34 on Friday. The Nasdaq climbed 71.99 points, or 1.8 percent, to 4,143.86. The Russell 2000 index rose 26.4 points, or 2.4 percent, to 1,133.65, its biggest gain since March 4. The index had slumped almost 10 percent from March 4 to May 9 as investors sold riskier stocks. The index still remains down 2.6 percent for the year after surging 37 percent in 2013. Gains on Monday were led by technology and industrial companies, sectors that are expected to benefit most if the economy starts growing faster. Facebook rose $2.59, or 4.5 percent, to $59.83, reducing the stocks decline since March 10 to 17 percent. Twitter, another stock that has been beaten down recently, rose $1.89, or 5.9 percent, to $33.94. Stocks also got a boost from some merger news. Pinnacle Foods surged $4.02, or 13.2 percent, to $34.47 after the company agreed to be acquired by Hillshire Brands. Pinnacles brands include Duncan Hines and Aunt Jemima, while Hillshire makes Jimmy Dean and Sara Lee products. Hillshire fell $1.19, or 3.2 percent, to $35.76. Stock market hits new record BusinessBRIEFS From wire reports PAGE 10 OPINION Page A10TUESDAY, MAY 13, 2014 Seeking shelter from abuseHave you ever known anyone who was being abused? Or have you ever been victimized yourself? Here in Citrus County and all over the state and globe, people are being abused. We want the people of our county to be informed of what is happening. There are 960,000 estimated reported instances of abuse in the United States each year. Eighty-five percent of these victims are women (Barlow, 2010). According to the U.S. Department of Justice (2013), 25percent of women in the U.S. have been the victim of some type of abuse. That number is much, much too high. Research shows that women ages 20-24 are at the greatest risk of domestic violence. We have so many women in our county who fall under that age range. Women are not the only victims of this problem. Children also suffer from abuse. Thirty percent to 60percent of family violence cases involve child abuse (Statistic Brain, 2013). These children are not the only people who have to pay for acts of abuse. As of 2013, the U.S. has paid from $8billion to $10billion annually in medical expenses, police and court costs, child and foster care, etc., as a result of child abuse cases (Statistic Brain, 2013). Many people might argue that because a lot of cases of abuse are not reported, abuse is not a serious problem. Just because people do not speak up about what is happening to them does not mean it is any less imperative. It is important that people know it is an option to admit something is happening to them. Imagine a young girl, sitting around every day. Everywhere she goes, she is paranoid, just waiting for her abuser to brush by. Imagine how scared she is and how much better she would feel if she knew she could confide in someone and get help with her problem. Here, in Citrus County, we have CASA Citrus Abuse Shelter Association. This organization works to inform people about abuse and helps those who are suffering from it. They have a 24-hour emergency hotline and a shelter in a confidential location where victims can escape from their abusers. They offer programs like counseling, food and shelter, care for children, education programs, etc. We want everyone to know that they are safe in this county. You can reach them at their hotline at all hours of the day at 352344-8111 or log onto their website www.casafl.org. No one deserves to suffer from any form of abuse. We want everyone in the county to know it is never too late to stop it.Joelle Suydam, Rylee McKibben and Dylan Darity Inverness Middle School Most people, perhaps even the super-wealthy, who are usually accountable to auditors, want to know where their money goes. This is especially true when they detect money for which they cant account. Not so with the federal government. Some recent headlines reflect a disturbing pattern that has contributed to our $17trillion debt and to a growing cynicism among the public, which increas ingly regards government in a negative light. Here are just a few recent gems gleaned from reading newspaper stories and wire service reports: Pentagon to destroy $1billion in ammunition. This USA Todaystory says, It is impossible to know what portion of the arsenal slated for destruction ... remains viable because the Defense Departments inventory systems cant share data effectively, according to a Government Accountability Office report... So in addition to nonfeasance add incompetence.The New York Timesreports on a modest medical office in Brooklyn that received $4.1million in Medicare funds for therapy. The Timessays the money went to one person. Maybe the government needs therapy. Taxpayers certainly do. A personal favorite, again fromUSA Today: IRS workers who didnt pay taxes get bonuses. Then theres this from theWashington Post: Navy to award contract for Marine One helicopter fleet in shadow of previous failure. Why let failure get in the way of a government program? $6 billion goes missing at State Department, reports theFiscal Times. Im constantly misplacing billions, arent you? Again the Fiscal Times: Government Blatantly Wastes $30Billion This Year. The key word is blatantly. Just in time for this years university commencement exercises we learn, courtesy ofThe Wall Street Journal: Government programs to reduce (student loan) defaults are encouraging more debt. Citizens Against Government Waste (CAGW) this week releases its 2014 Pig Book listing some of the outrageous spending by the federal government. The book focuses mostly on pork, those earmarks added to a bill after the normal budget process. Earmarks have been outlawed since fiscal 2011, but members of Congress always seem to find ways around the many laws they pass. This years Pig Book has found earmarks attached to the 12 appropriations bills that fund the federal government. One paragraph from the introduction reveals the lengths to which some members of Congress will go to circumvent the law in pursuit of their own political interests: The 2012 Pig Book noted that although there were fewer earmarks than in prior years, the projects involved larger amounts of money and included fewer details. This is also true in 2014. For instance, a $25million earmark for the National Predisaster Mitigation Fund appearing in the FY 2014 Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Appropriations Act corresponds to 58 earmarks totaling $24.6million for the same program in the FY 2010 DHS bill. The 2010 earmarks appeared in the Congressionally Directed Spending section at the end of the bill, which contained the names of the members of Congress requesting each project and its location, as required by the pertinent transparency rules. This is in stark contrast to the FY 2014 earmark, which contains no such information. When committing a crime, some criminals try not to leave fingerprints at the scene. Congress engages in criminality on a higher plain by not leaving fingerprints on their earmarks. Who will hold them accountable? Apparently not enough voters, too many of whom appear indifferent, or deliberately ignorant of it all. To paraphrase the old Peter, Paul and Mary song: where has all the money gone? Long time passing. Gone to earmarks and down a sinkhole. When will we ever learn?Cal Thomas latest book is What Works: Common Sense Solutions for a Stronger America is available in bookstores now. Readers may email Cal Thomas at [email protected]. It is not the going out of port, but the coming in, that determines the success of a voyage.Henry Ward Beecher, Proverbs from Plymouth Pulpit, 1887 Government waste: Where has all the money gone? CITRUS COUNTY CHRONICLE Founded by Albert M. Williamson You may differ with my choice, but not my right to choose. David S. Arthurs publisher emeritus EDITORIAL BOARDGerry Mulligan ....................................publisherMike Arnold ..............................................editorCharlie Brennan ........................managing editorCurt Ebitz ..................................citizen memberMac Harris ................................citizen memberRebecca Martin ........................citizen memberBrad Bautista ....................................copy chiefLogan Mosby ..............................features editor WORTHY OF PRAISE WTI students theyve got skills In a time when jobs are tough to find, doesnt it make sense to think about an education/training program with a very high placement rate? Thats what about 550 students a year have been doing right here in Citrus County. Withlacoochee Technical Institute offers 21 Career and Technical Education (CTE) programs. A state rule requires WTI to track and meet standards for course completion rates, placement rates and licensure rates. The school far exceeds standards in all categories. For job-seekers, its the placement rate that matters that is, what percentage of students completing the programs get jobs in a related field? At WTI, the most recent report shows that 10 programs have 100percent placement rates. Of the other programs, the lowest placement rate is 75percent, and most are in the 80s and 90s. We call those pretty good odds. The top-placement programs include auto service technology, correctional, cosmetology, electrical, firefighter, industrial machinery maintenance and practical nursing. This is a great illustration of the concept that not everyone needs a college education to prepare for making a good living. Both technical and academic students have skills and talents of value to our society. Citrus County School Board member Thomas Kennedy wrote recently that he will continue to be an advocate for CTE in our schools and community because job skills, training and certifications have a direct correlation to personal and community economic success. Director Denise Willis credits WTIs impressive CTE performance to its various Program Advisory Committees, made up of Citrus County business and industry partners. They indicate whats needed for successful training programs, advise on what equipment should be acquired and what skills are needed in the workforce. WTI administrators follow up by writing grants to obtain equipment, and recruiting certified instructors and industry partners to offer the training. You may have seen the recent newspaper story about 10 WTI students attending the state SkillsUSA competition in Pensacola and bringing home two golds, two silvers and a bronze. WTI is fully accredited by the Commission of the Council on Occupational Education, and fully accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Council on Accreditation and School Improvement (SACS CASI). Its also a member of the Florida Association for Career and Technical Education. WTIs mission is to provide the highest quality academic and technical education for current and emerging careers in a competitive work force, and its vision is to be a nationally recognized school of choice, providing innovative high tech education to advance the future of our community. We think WTI is doing a great job for Citrus County, and were fortunate to have it here. THE ISSUE:WTI students shine in statewide competition.OUR OPINION:Technical education a great road for the future. OPINIONS INVITED The opinions expressed in Chronicle editorials are the opinions of the newspapers editorial board.Viewpoints depicted in political cartoons, columns or letters do not necessarily represent the opinion of the editorial board. Groups or individuals are invited to express their opinions in a letter to the editor. Persons wishing to address the editorial board, which meets weekly, should call Charlie Brennan at 352-563-5660.All letters must be signed and include a phone number and hometown, including letters sent via email. Names and hometowns will be printed; phone numbers will not be published or given out.We reserve the right to edit letters for length, libel, fairness and good taste.Letters must be no longer than 600 words, and writers will be limited to four letters per month. SEND LETTERS TO: The Editor, 1624 N. Meadowcrest Blvd., Crystal River, FL 34429. Or, fax to 352-563-3280, or email to [email protected] .LETTERto the Editor Your right to change agentsWe were amazed at the comment in the Show off your brain Sound Off in regard to real estate agent womens attire. Most Realtors choose to dress professionally, as we do not know where our clients will take us to view properties. We cant go home and change clothes while out with clients viewing real estate. If the caller felt that the agent was knowledgeable, why did they feel the need to make such a comment on agents dress style? If the caller felt intimidated by agents dress style, they had a right to select another agent for their real estate needs.You ought to see these roadsThis is in response to May 2s Sound Off saying Road paving a joke. I think that the gentleman from Pine Ridge would have his eyes opened if he would come a couple of miles north of where he is to a little place called Citrus Springs. We have many, many, many, many miles of road here that havent been paved or repaved in the 40 years this place has been here. Our roads are a real joke. Theres hundreds of miles here that need repaved and theyre all worse, much worse, than anything Ive ever seen in Pine Ridge.Whats it cost?I see in this mornings Chronicle (May 2) that Duke Energy is proposing solar energy and wind energy. Just wondering what thats going to cost us. Just like it did for the plants that they never built?Lets all pitch inIve noticed several people have called in recently regarding the trash on the trail and wonder who is responsible for maintaining that trail. I wonder what the trail would look like if everyone who used it maybe one day a week would take a small garbage bag with them and pick up some trash. I suspect that the trail would remain clean and everyone could enjoy it instead of trying to find somebody else to shove the problem off on. THE CHRONICLEinvites you to call Sound Off with your opinions about local or statewide subjects. You do not need to leave your name, and have less than a minute to record. COMMENTSwill be edited for length, libel, personal or political attacks and good taste. Editors will cut libelous material. OPINIONS expressed are purely those of the callers. SOUND OFFCALL563-0579 CITRUSCOUNTYCHRONICLE Cal ThomasOTHER VOICES PAGE 11 Animal awareness There have been many animal cruelty cases across America, but the state of Florida has the most, and I would like to raise awareness about the amount of abused and stray animals in Citrus County. One piece of information I found startling states Florida has the most animal cruelty cases (PetAbuse.com, 2008). To provide support for my cause, let me paint a picture of what has been happening behind closed doors of peoples houses to these poor defenseless animals. Imagine a dog being beaten viciously with a belt and whimpering in fright or a cat being smacked around like it is a doll feverishly trying to escape the suffering. Now, just imagine that happening to thousands of animals, because there have been cases of animal abuse all over the country, and it is a problem in our society. There have been so many cases of animal brutality that, according to the Animal Abuse article created by the Humane Society (July, 2011), 47 states have created felony provisions for animal cruelty and 43 of those states created firstoffense felonies among those provisions for animal abuse. Many say animals can make it on their own, but in our society, they cannot. According to a census of animals taken in by shelters, approximately 15 million pets around the country are received by animal shelters annually. Even more devastating though, of those 15 million, only 25-30 percent are adopted while the rest must be put to death because no home was found for them (Crouch, ehow.com). As you are reading this, animals are being put down because animal shelters do not hold excess animals. To add to the slaughter, according to the Humane Society (2011), only 10 percent of those animals received are neutered/ spayed, leading to accidental or purposeful breeding and excess animals being killed annually. So after reading this, I hope you will agree to support my cause. Some say animals do not deserve our pity or empathy since they are not as intelligent as us, but it is not their fault they are not as sentient as humans or as smart. I feel they deserve just as many chances at life as we do because they are living creatures that feel pain and suffering, just as humans. If people are informed, then the amount of strays and abused animals can be decreased immensely.Andrew Hill Inverness Middle SchoolTribute to Gods ownDr. Jerry Umanos, a physician, gave his life this week while serving mankinds poorest in Afghanistan. While practicing in a poor section of Chicago, he received Gods calling to treat the destitute in Afghanistan at Cure International Hospital in Kabul. He spent 11 years in that country. He treated many, many patients and of a different religion and ethnicity, because we are all Gods creation. His love of God and mankind made Dr. Umanos aware of his special talent, a physician, and his calling. We all pray for his family, in those lonely days without his presence, and that Gods guidance be with them. The world is a much better place because of Dr. Umanos having lived among us.Margo Blum HomosassaOPINIONCITRUSCOUNTY(FL) CHRONICLETUESDAY, MAY13, 2014 A11 Complete Family, Cosmetic & Implant Surgery FDS Disposal Inc. Hoops Link, Inc. Waverly Florist Thank You to our sponsors000I8NH May 16 \| 5:30College of Central Florida, Lecanto FLVOTE NOW! till May 15 for your Favorite Athlete of the Year at 000I41O Letter to theEDITOR PAGE 12 NATION& WORLD Page A12TUESDAY, MAY 13, 2014 CITRUSCOUNTYCHRONICLE Ready Associated PressA soldier wears a chemical suit Monday in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, during the presentation of troops who will provide security at the 2014 World Cup. The soccer tournament starts on June 12. Eastern Ukraine rebels declare independenceDONETSK, Ukraine Pro-Moscow insurgents in eastern Ukraine declared independence Monday and sought to join Russia, undermining upcoming presidential elections, strengthening the Kremlins hand and putting pressure on Kiev to hold talks with the separatists following a referendum on self-rule. Russia signaled it has no intention of subsuming eastern Ukraine the way it annexed Crimea in March. Instead, Moscow is pushing to include eastern regions in negotiations on Ukraines future suggesting that Russia prefers a political rather than a military solution to its worst standoff with the West since the Cold War.Boko Haram demands release of fightersLAGOS, Nigeria Under the guns of their captors, dozens of barefoot girls sat huddled together wearing gray Muslim veils as they chanted Quranic verses in Arabic. I swear to almighty Allah, you will not see them again until you release our brothers that you have captured, the leader of the Boko Haram terrorist network threatened, an assault rifle slung across his chest. A video released by the group Monday offered the first public glimpse of what it claimed were some of the nearly 300 Nigerian schoolgirls kidnapped a month ago. The girls plight has spurred a global movement to secure their freedom. In the video, two of the girls were singled out for questioning. Why have you become a Muslim? one girl, who looked to be in her early teens, was asked. The reason why I became a Muslim is because the path we are on is not the right path, the girl said, nervously shifting her body from side to side, her eyes darting back and forth. We should enter the right path so that Allah will be happy with us, added the girl, who said her name had been changed to Halima because she had converted from Christianity to Islam.Bermuda report urges easing marijuana lawsHAMILTON, Bermuda A report commissioned by the government of Bermuda has endorsed legalizing marijuana for medical purposes and decriminalizing personal use of the drug. The report from the Cannabis Reform Collaborative, which began reviewing drug laws in the British island territory in December, concluded that prosecutions for non-violent offenses related to marijuana are overwhelming the criminal justice system and disproportionately target non-white and immigrant populations. World BRIEFS From wire reports SOURCE: Nebraska Department of Environmental Quality AP CANADA Gulf of Mexico HardistyN.D. S.D. NEB. KAN. ILL. Houston TEXASSteele CityOgallala AquiferPatoka Cushing Sandhills region Nederland Newly-completed extension Proposed XL extension Existing pipeline Other extension proposalsDelays for Keystone XL Congressional supporters of the Keystone XL oil pipeline have mounted attempts to force approval of the project, which would carry oil from Canada to the U.S. Gulf Coast. Approval has been put off by the Obama administration over uncertainty about its route through ecologically sensitive areas of Nebraska. KestoneXL H a r Delays for Delaysfor CANADA rdi st y uld e g the fbythe Aqu O ga ll eg r re San dh beenputof ff has Coast. A pp roval totheU.S.Gulf carr y oil f rom C anada project, which would force approval of the f mounte d attem p ts to pip e li ne h ave o il K eystone X L supporters of the Con g ressional Ke y stone XL o ls o ls ls ls . o NE n g ity S CANADA KAN. KAN. KAN. ILL. KAN. NEB. S S S S.D. N.D. Ptk Steele City S S S P ife r l a la o on on gio ills lls lls hills Steele City t ka ka SOURCENbkDtt ka X Nebraska. g pipeline E xistin g exte ension sed XL P ropo s ple completed Newly-completed exten on extension p areasof ecolo g icall y sensitive it s rou t e th rou gh over uncertainty about Oba m a ad mini st r at i o n f by the been put of ff Other extension propos a h u erlan erland d erlan erlan N Nederlan AP fEitlQlit Mexi ico Gulf o of N Houston N TEXAS Patoka Cushing u Cushing P n sion s a ls SOURCE : N e b ras k a D epar t men t o AP of E nv i ronmen t a l Q ua lity Associated PressWASHINGTON A widely popular, bipartisan energy savings bill fell victim in the Senate on Monday to election-year politics and the Obama administrations continued indecision on the Keystone XL oil pipeline. A procedural motion to end debate and bring the measure to a floor vote without amendments fell five votes short of the 60 votes needed for approval. The legislation would tighten efficiency guidelines for new federal buildings and provide tax incentives to make homes and commercial buildings more efficient. It easily cleared a procedural hurdle last week but stalled after Republican demand for votes on the Canada-toTexas pipeline and on new administration-proposed greenhouse gas limits for coal-burning power plants. Republicans are united in favor of the pipeline and against the new power plant regulations, while Democrats are deeply divided on both. Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid, D-Nev., used a parliamentary maneuver to block Senate votes on the pipeline and power plant rules as part of the energy savings bill. Reid said Monday that Republicans were still seeking a ransom on the energy bill by insisting on the Keystone amendment and other votes. He said he had agreed to a long-standing request from pipeline supporters for a separate vote on the pipeline if its supporters would let the efficiency bill sail through unamended. Minority Whip John Cornyn, R-Texas, called Reids maneuver disappointing. The Senate used to be a place of great debate and accomplishment. Now it is run like a dictatorship shutting out the voices of millions of Americans, he said. Pipeline politics stall energy bill GOP puts Dems on defensive over Keystone XL Associated PressLITTLE ROCK, Ark. Dozens of gay couples obtained Arkansas marriage licenses Monday after a judge tossed out the states 10-year-old same-sex marriage ban, but only at a handful of courthouses as an overwhelming majority of county clerks in this part of the Bible Belt said they first wanted the state Supreme Court to weigh in. Attorney General Dustin McDaniel who recently announced his personal support for same-sex marriage rights but said he would defend the law filed paperwork Monday to at least temporarily preserve the ban, which voters had approved by a 3-to-1 margin. In other states that have seen gay-marriage bans overturned, judges either issued stays with their orders or state lawyers sought them with some immediacy. McDaniels office cited court process requirements when asked why he waited to file nearly three days after the ban was struck down. The Supreme Court requires you to lodge the record, which we could not do until this morning, said his spokesman, Aaron Sadler. Justices gave both sides until midday Tuesday to lodge arguments with the court, and county clerks inclined to do so could keep authorizing weddings for gay couples. With the weddings Saturday and Monday, Arkansas became the 18th state to allow same-sex marriages, and the first among former states of the Confederacy. On our licenses, it automatically prints Mr. and I told the girls just to change that to Ms. said Becky Lewallen, the county clerk in Washington County, which is home to the University of Arkansas. A Pulaski County circuit judge tossed out the 2004 constitutional amendment, along with a 1997 state law, after business hours Friday. He didnt issue a stay, setting up a rush to some courthouses. Carroll County, home to the town of Eureka Springs and known for its arts environment and liberal policies, issued 15 licenses to same-sex couples Saturday but stopped Monday to await word from the states high court. The 2004 gay-marriage ban passed in all 75 counties, but fared poorest around Eureka Springs, Fayetteville and Little Rock where the bulk of the licenses have been issued. Fridays ruling by Judge Chris Piazza also led the state Department of Health to let same-sex couples be listed as parents on birth certificates. Gay marriage arrives in conservative South Ruling allows wedding in Arkansas, but most clerks wait for clarification Associated PressSusan Barr, top, and Shelly Butler leave the Pulaski County Courthouse in Little Rock, Ark., after being married Monday, the first day marriage licenses were granted to same-sex couples in the state. Associated PressBRENTWOOD, N.H. A police officer was involved in a shooting at a home in New Hampshire just before a fire and explosion destroyed the home Monday afternoon, authorities said. The condition of the officer was unclear Monday after the shooting and explosion in a suburban duplex home in a 55-and-up community in Brentwood shortly after 4 p.m. State police told numerous media outlets that the shooting involved a police officer. Debra Vasapolli, director of public relations at Exeter Hospital, said that one person was taken to the hospital but said that person was not the victim of a gunshot wound. She declined to provide more details. Aerial coverage from WMUR-TV showed flames burning through the roof of the house and an explosion punching out the front of the house shortly after 5:30 p.m. After the blaze started around 4 p.m., firefighters were kept away from the scene. Within minutes of the explosion, the house was engulfed in flames as black smoke billowed over the neighborhood. Neighbor Susan Hughes told thePortsmouth Press-Heraldthat she saw one police officer arrive at the home then heard rapid gunfire. Explosion at N.H. home following shooting WCVB-TV 5/Associated PressA police SWAT vehicle, left, is parked on the lawn of a home in Brentwood, N.H., as it explodes in flames Monday. Shots were fired just before the fire, which involved a police officer, according to the New Hampshire State Police. PAGE 13 High school sports/ B2 Scoreboard/B3 Sports briefs/ B3 Lottery, TV/B3 Baseball/ B4 Mets edge Yankees in Subway Series opener. / B4 SPORTSSection BTUESDAY, MAY 13, 2014 CITRUSCOUNTYCHRONICLE Lawler to continue softball career at LSSCC Citrus senior signs on with the LakehawksC.J. RISAK CorrespondentJill Semento, the softball coach at Lake-Sumter State Community College, got a tip and she acted on it. She hopes her Lakehawk team is the beneficiary of that tip. Chelby Lawler plans to make it a beneficial tip for both parties. Lawler made it official last Thursday in a ceremony at Citrus High School when she signed to attend and play softball for LSSCC. Both her new coach, Semento, and her coach at Citrus, Larry Bishop, witnessed the signing. I got an email from coach (Kevin) Fagan at CCF (College of Central Florida) and he told me about Chelby, Semento said. He puts on hitting clinics and Chelby was going to those, and he knew I was looking for a kid who plays all-around and he emailed me about Chelby. Anybody coach Fagan recommends, hes not going to steer me wrong. I could tell by her personality. I dont just recruit a player but a person as well. Just the way she interacted with me and my kids, I knew it would be a good fit. Lawler liked that initial meeting as well. Me and coach Semento hit it off right from the beginning, she said. Discussions were really nice and I liked everybody on the softball team. It was just all around a good school for me. I just felt it was the right place. Not that anything is guaranteed for Lawler. LSSCC finished fifth in the eight-team MidFlorida Conference last season, posting an 8-16 conference record and a 24-33 overall mark. Shes going to have to fight for a spot in our lineup, everybody does, Semento said. Defensively, shes going to play in the outfield for us. But my philosophy is, if you hit Ill find a spot for you. I put hitters in the lineup. And Lawler certainly plans to do just that. Special to the ChronicleChelby Lawler of Citrus recently signed with Lake-Sumter State Community Collegeto continue her softball career. Front, left to right, CHS head coach Larry Bishop, Chelby Lawler, LSSCC head coach Jill Semento and Citrus assistant coach Mark Cassidy. Back row, left to right, mother Tina Lawler, father John Lawler and assistant principal Deon Copeland. See LAWLER/ Page B3 Spring athletes honored ChronicleThe annual Chroniclesports banquet will be held Friday, May 16, at the College of Central Florida Citrus campus in Lecanto. The reception begins at 5:30 p.m., with the awards program to follow at 6:30 p.m. Tickets are available at theCitrus County Chronicle offices in Crystal River and Inverness and are $10. The top athletes in the county will be celebrated, including the ones on Page B2 from the 2014 spring campaign. There were several outstanding individual baseball players in the county this spring, led by player of the year finalists Jordan Humphreys of Crystal River (.403 batting average, 21 runs, 20 RBIs), Austin Bogart of Citrus (30 runs scored, nine doubles) and Levi OSteen of Lecanto (.422 batting average, 14 RBIs, 2.15 ERA). In softball, the ChroniclePlayer of the Year finalists are Erica Corlew of Citrus (.458 batting average, 19 extra base hits), Paige Richards of Lecanto (.480 batting average, 36 hits, 22 RBIs) and Marissa Pool of Crystal River, who will continue her playing career at St. Petersburg College. A pair of state meet medalists are among the finalists for boys weightlifter of the year. Steven Knowles of Citrus placed second at 219 pounds and Ardante Anderson of Lecanto placed third at 238. Kody McDow of Citrus, who just missed earning a medal, is the other finalist. Lecanto doubles partners Rishi Gurnani and Sam Alford make up two-thirds of the boys tennis finalists. Gurnani went 12-3 in No. 1 singles, while Alford was 10-4 in No. 2 singles play. Combined they went 8-4 in doubles. The other finalist is Crystal Rivers Ben Epstein, who went 9-6 in No. 3 singles. It is a similar story in girls Miami puts Fernandez on DL with sprained elbow See SPRING/ Page B3 All-Chronicle spring athletesSee Page B2 for a complete list of the All-Chronicle spring sports teams, including finalists for player of the year in each of the eight sports. Associated PressLOS ANGELES Miami Marlins ace Jose Fernandez was put on the 15-day disabled list Monday because of a sprained right elbow, spurring worries that his injury might be even more severe. The 21-year-old Fernandez was the NL Rookie of the Year last season. He is 4-2 with a 2.44 ERA in eight starts this year. Several young pitchers have recently had elbow problems and needed Tommy John surgery. Matt Harvey, Stephen Strasburg and Patrick Corbin are among the All-Stars who have had the ligament transplant operation that can take 12 to 18 months for recovery. Thats probably what everyone is going to talk about and continue to talk about, Marlins manager Mike Redmond said before Monday nights game against the Los Angeles Dodgers. Weve protected him. Weve been consistent in how weve used him, with his workload. Weve given him extra days. Thats a question I dont think anybody has the answer to. Fernandez had been scheduled to start Wednesday at Dodger Stadium. He definitely wasnt going to throw (Sundays scheduled bullpen session at San Diego) with a sore arm. Were going to take every precaution necessary. He said he felt discomfort. So immediately, were getting him the treatment and the rest he needs, Redmond said. I think youre always concerned when youre talking about elbows. Thats something we have to wait to find out. But I think were always concerned about that with pitchers, especially, he said. Fernandez made 28 starts last year, going 12-6 with a major league-best .182 opponents batting average. His 2.19 ERA was second in the majors behind three-time defending ERA champ Clayton Kershaw. Fernandez struck out 187 in 172 2/3 innings. You see how much he means, so much to our team and our rotation and really all of baseball. Hes been a dynamic player. Hes been a huge lift and a huge spark for our team. We just hope everything goes well and he just has to take a little bit of a break, Redmond said. The Marlins recalled left-hander Dan Jennings from Triple-A New Orleans. He made 79 relief appearances for the Marlins over the previous three seasons, going 3-5 with a 2.96 ERA. Jose Fernandez Associated PressBrooklyn Nets guard Deron Williams (8) drives around Miami Heat forward LeBron James (6) in the first half of Game 4 Monday of a second-round NBA playoff series at the Barclays Center in New York. LeBron James scores 49 as Heat take 3-1 series lead against Nets Associated PressNEW YORK LeBron James tied his playoff career high with 49 points, Chris Bosh made the tiebreaking 3-pointer with 57 seconds left, and the Miami Heat beat the Brooklyn Nets 102-96 on Monday night for a 3-1 lead in the Eastern Conference semifinals. James carried the Heat nearly the entire way until Bosh hit the shot that put Miami ahead for good. Ray Allen followed with four free throws and James finished it off with one more, putting the Heat in position to wrap it up at home Wednesday in Game 5. James was 16 of 24 from the field and 14 of 19 from the free throw line in matching the 49 points he scored for Cleveland against Orlando in the 2009 Eastern Conference finals. He missed his second free throw with 1.1 seconds left, muttering to himself after it fell out. Joe Johnson scored 18 points for the Nets, who were 15 of 25 from 3-point range in their Game 3 victory but only 5 of 22 in this one. Paul Pierce scored 16 points, while Deron Williams and Shaun Livingston each had 13. Dwyane Wade scored 15 points on the night his Heat postseason record of 46 See SIZZLING/ Page B3 PAGE 14 B2TUESDAY, MAY13, 2014CITRUSCOUNTY(FL) CHRONICLEHIGHSCHOOL BOYS WEIGHTLIFTING Player of the Year finalists Kody McDow, Sr., Citrus Ardante Anderson, Jr., Lecanto Steven Knowles, Sr., Citrus 119 Douglas Yeatts, Jr., Citrus 129 Rhemsey Covington, So., Citrus 139 Trevor Cernich, Sr., Citrus 154 Kody McDow, Sr., Citrus 169 James Pouncey, Sr., Citrus 183 Rhys Fenech, Sr., Citrus 199 Dwayne Tinney, Sr., Citrus 219 Steven Knowles, Sr., Citrus 238 Ardante Anderson, Jr., Lecanto HWT Bryce Densmore, Jr., Citrus BASEBALL Player of the Year finalists Jordan Humphreys, Jr., Crystal River Austin Bogart, So., Citrus Levi OSteen, Sr., Lecanto Jordan Humphreys, Sr., 3B/RHP, Crystal River Austin Bogart, So., CF/LHP, Citrus Levi OSteen, Sr., RHP/3B, Lecanto Cody Bogart, Sr., C, Citrus Mason Pateracki, Sr., C/P, Crystal River Alex Atkinson, Jr., P/SS, Citrus Adam Gage, Sr., SS/P, Seven Rivers Zach Pattison, So., SS, Crystal River Jacob Schenck, Sr., OF, Lecanto Ben Wright, Sr., 3B/P, Citrus Caleb Southey, Jr., OF, Lecanto Derrick Rogers, Jr., 1B/P, Crystal River Chad Dawson, Sr., P/OF, Citrus SOFTBALL Player of the Year finalists Erica Corlew, So., Citrus Paige Richards, Sr., Lecanto Marissa Pool, Sr., Crystal River Pitchers: Kelly Abramowich, Sr., Citrus; Tessa Kacer, Jr., Seven Rivers. Catcher: Erica Corlew, So., Citrus. First base: Alyssa Gage, Jr., Seven Rivers Second Base: Jordan Martin, Sr., Lecanto Shortstop: Marissa Pool, Sr., Crystal River Third base: Delaney Byers, 8th grade, Seven Rivers Outfielders: Paige Richards, Sr., Lecanto; Katie Dreyer, So., Seven Rivers; Jordan Josey, Jr., Citrus. Utility: Amber Hopkins, So., Lecanto; Dani Gomez, Jr., Crystal River; Alexis King, So., Seven Rivers. BOYS TRACK Player of the Year finalists Matthew Giardino, Sr., Lecanto Hunter Roessler, Sr., Crystal River Brandon Harris, Sr., Crystal River 100, 200 Dakota Pace, Fr., Crystal River 400, 800 Jacob Rice, Sr., Lecanto 1,600, 3,200 Brandon Harris, Sr., Crystal River 110 hurdles Nicholai Kortendick, Sr., Lecanto 300 hurdles Wyatt Struppler, So., Crystal River 4x100 relay Crystal River (Reese Bresson, Khyrel Harvey, Dakota Pace, Ruben Bowers) 4x400 relay Crystal River (Adam Bennett, Brandon Harris, Dylan Kraus, Nick Hooper) 4x800 relay Crystal River (Brandon Harris, Nick Hooper, Adam Bennett, Ryan Spivey) High jump Tyric Washington, Sr., Citrus Long jump James Pouncey, Sr., Citrus Triple jump Hunter Roessler, Sr., Crystal River Shot put Dylan Stoner, Jr., Lecanto Discus Dylan Stoner, Jr., Lecanto Pole vault Gabriel Charles, Jr., Crystal River Adaptive Track and Field 200, 800 meters and shot put Matthew Giardino, Sr., Lecanto BOYS TENNIS Player of the Year finalists Rishi Gurnani, Sr., Lecanto Sam Alford, Jr., Lecanto Ben Epstein, So., Crystal River No. 1 Singles Rishi Gurnani, Sr., Lecanto No. 2 Singles Sam Alford, Jr., Lecanto No. 3 Singles Ben Epstein, So., Crystal River No. 4 Singles Erik Vestervall, Jr., Citrus No. 5 Singles Deven Reed, Sr., Crystal River No. 1 Doubles Rishi Gurnani/Sam Alford, Lecanto No. 2 Doubles Ben Epstein/ Matthew White, Jr., Crystal River GIRLS TRACK Player of the Year finalists Claire Farnsworth, So., Lecanto Hayley Clark, Sr., Crystal River Angela Byrne, Jr., Crystal River 100, 200 Taylor Christian, Sr., Lecanto 400, 800 Andreanna VanQuelef, Sr., Lecanto 1,600, 3,200 Claire Farnsworth, So., Lecanto 100 hurdles Summer VanQuelef, Sr., Lecanto 300 hurdles Angela Byrne, Jr., Crystal River 4x100 relay Lecanto (Amanda Caraluzzo, Taylor Christian, Danyelle Ulloa, Andreanna VanQuelef) 4x400 relay Lecanto (Brianna Ellis, Britny Vickers, Summer VanQuelef, Taylor Christian) 4x800 relay Lecanto (Hailey Barber, Megan Carbone, Brianna Ellis, Claire Farnsworth) High jump Madison Winship, Fr., Crystal River Long jump Jasmine Pryor, So., Citrus Triple jump Taylor Christian, Sr., Lecanto Shot put Harrison Mancke, Fr., Lecanto Discus Harrison Mancke, Fr., Lecanto Pole vault Angela Byrne, Jr., Crystal River All-Chronicle Team All-Chronicle Team All-Chronicle Team All-Chronicle Team All-Chronicle Team All-Chronicle Team GIRLS TENNIS Player of the Year finalists Melanie Dodd, Sr., Citrus Madison Gamble, Jr., Lecanto Mahima Tatam, Fr., Lecanto No. 1 Singles Melanie Dodd, Sr., Citrus No. 2 Singles Mahima Tatam, Fr., Lecanto No. 3 Singles Simi Shah, Jr., Lecanto No. 4 Singles Chynna Liu, Sr., Lecanto No. 5 Singles Natalie Dodd, Fr., Citrus No. 1 Doubles Madison Gamble, Jr./Mahima Tatam, Lecanto No. 2 Doubles Simi Shah/Chynna Liu, Lecanto All-Chronicle Team FLAG FOOTBALL Player of the Year finalists Jasmyne Eason, Jr., Crystal River Stephanie Bandstra, So., Lecanto Micah Jenkins, Sr., Citrus Quarterback Sam Kanawall, Jr., Citrus Running backs and receivers Stephanie Bandstra, So., Lecanto Micah Jenkins, Sr., Citrus Jasmyne Eason, Jr., Crystal River Shirley Kortendick, Fr., Crystal River Defense and special teams Breea Van Hise, Sr., Citrus Abigail Smith, So., Crystal River All-Chronicle Team PAGE 15 SCOREBOARDCITRUSCOUNTY(FL) CHRONICLE points was shattered. Bosh finished with 12. Miami pulled out a thrilling victory in a game neither team led by double digits and has won at least one road game in 14 straight series, breaking the record set by the Chicago Bulls from 1991-94. Brooklyn opened the fourth quarter with six straight points to grab an 82-79 edge, and neither team had a bigger margin than that in the period until Kevin Garnetts two free throws tied it with 2:30 remaining. Both teams then couldnt score, with Bosh missing a pair of jumpers before getting a third crack at it when the Heat swung the ball around to him in the corner in front of the Brooklyn bench for a 3 that made it 97-94. Johnson then missed a jumper while trying to draw James sixth foul, and Allens free throws put it away. Wade scored 46 points against Boston in the first round of the 2010 playoffs, and James best in a Heat uniform had also come against the Celtics, his memorable 45-point performance that saved Miamis season in Game 6 of the 2012 Eastern Conference finals. Things were testy at the start, with first-quarter technical fouls for James, Pierce, Shane Battier and Alan Anderson. Miami started quickly again, making nine of its first 12 shots, and led 27-22 after one behind 12 points from James. He opened the second on the bench and Brooklyn started with a 9-2 spurt to take its first lead at 31-29 when Andrei Kirilenko converted a three-point play. James was a force once he returned especially after a second foul against him seemed to get James more annoyed than any of Pierces talking did. James made three straight baskets to turn a three-point deficit into a three-point lead, and he gave Pierce a glare after a thunderous slam later in the period. He had 13 points in just 7-1/2 minutes of the quarter, and the Heat led 56-49 after making 24 of 38 shots (63 percent) in the first half. SIZZLINGContinued from Page B1 On the AIRWAVES TODAYS SPORTS COLLEGE BASEBALL 6 p.m. (SUN) South Florida at Florida MLB BASEBALL 7 p.m. (MLB) New York Mets at New York Yankees or Detroit Tigers at Baltimore Orioles 10 p.m. (FSNFL) Miami Marlins at Los Angeles Dodgers 10 p.m. (SUN, WYKE 104.3 FM) Tampa Bay Rays at Seattle Mariners NBA PLAYOFFS 7 p.m. (TNT) Washington Wizards at Indiana Pacers. Eastern Conference Semifinal, game 5 9:30 p.m. (TNT) Los Angeles Clippers at Oklahoma City Thunder. Western Conference Semifinal, game 5 BICYCLING 5 p.m. (NBCSPT) Tour of California, Stage 3 GOLF 11 a.m. (GOLF) Turkish Airlines Ladies Open, Third Round (taped) NHL STANLEY CUP PLAYOFFS 7 p.m. (NBCSPT) New York Rangers at Pittsburgh Penguins. Eastern Conference Semifinal, game 7 9 p.m. (CNBC) Chicago Blackhawks at Minnesota Wild. Western Conference Semifinal, game 6 TENNIS 5 a.m. (TENNIS) ATP Internazionali BNL dItalia 6 a.m. (TENNIS) ATP Internazionali BNL dItalia 1:30 p.m. (TENNIS) ATP Internazionali BNL dItalia 5 p.m. (TENNIS) ATP Internazionali BNL dItalia 7 p.m. (FSNFL) PowerShares Series: Sacramento (taped) 12:30 a.m. (TENNIS) ATP Internazionali BNL dItalia Note: Times and channels are subject to change at the discretion of the network. If you are unable to locate a game on the listed channel, please contact your cable provider. NBA PlayoffsCONFERENCE SEMIFINALS (Best-of-7; x-if necessary) Monday, May 5 Washington 102, Indiana 96 L.A. Clippers 122, Oklahoma City 105 Tuesday, May 6 Miami 107, Brooklyn 86 San Antonio 116, Portland 92 Wednesday, May 7 Indiana 86, Washington 82 Oklahoma City 112, L.A. Clippers 101 Thursday, May 8 Miami 94, Brooklyn 82 San Antonio 114, Portland 97 Friday, May 9 Indiana 85, Washington 63 Oklahoma City 118, L.A. Clippers 112 Saturday, May 10 Brooklyn 104, Miami 90 San Antonio 118, Portland 103, San Antonio leads series 3-0 Sunday, May 11 L.A. Clippers 101, Oklahoma City 99, series tied 2-2 Indiana 95, Washington 92, Indiana leads series 3-1 Monday, May 12 Miami 102, Brooklyn 96, Miami leads series 3-1 San Antonio at Portland, late Today Washington at Indiana, 7 p.m. L.A. Clippers at Oklahoma City, 9:30 p.m. Wednesday, May 14 Brooklyn at Miami, 7 or 8 p.m. x-Portland at San Antonio, 8:30 or 9:30 p.m. Thursday, May 15 x-Indiana at Washington, 8 p.m. Oklahoma City at L.A. Clippers, 9:30 or 10:30 p.m. Friday, May 16 x-Miami at Brooklyn, 8 p.m. x-San Antonio at Portland, 9:30 or 10:30 p.m. Sunday, May 18 x-Brooklyn at Miami, TBA x-Washington at Indiana, TBA x-L.A. Clippers at Oklahoma City, TBA Monday, May 19 x-Portland at San Antonio, TBANHL PlayoffsSECOND ROUND (Best-of-7; x-if necessary) Sunday, May 4 Chicago 4, Minnesota 1 Pittsburgh 3, N.Y. Rangers 0 Monday, May 5 Pittsburgh 2, N.Y. Rangers 0 Los Angeles 3, Anaheim 1 Tuesday, May 6 Montreal 4, Boston 2 Minnesota 4, Chicago 0 Wednesday, May 7 Pittsburgh 4, N.Y. Rangers 2 Thursday, May 8 Boston 1, Montreal 0, OT Anaheim 3, Los Angeles 2 Friday, May 9 N.Y. Rangers 5, Pittsburgh 1 Minnesota 4, Chicago 2 Saturday, May 10 Boston 4, Montreal 2 Anaheim 2, Los Angeles 0, series tied 2-2 Sunday, May 11 N.Y. Rangers 3, Pittsburgh 1, series tied 3-3 Chicago 2, Minnesota 1, Chicago leads series 3-2 Monday, May 12 Montreal 4, Boston 0, series tied 3-3 Los Angeles at Anaheim, late Today N.Y. Rangers at Pittsburgh, 7 p.m. Chicago at Minnesota, 9 p.m. Wednesday, May 14 Montreal at Boston, 7 p.m. Anaheim at Los Angeles, 9:30 p.m. Thursday, May 15 x-Minnesota at Chicago, 8 p.m. Friday, May 16 x-Los Angeles at Anaheim, 9 p.m.2014 NFL Draft by conferenceAmerican Athletic 12 Atlantic Coast42 Big Sky2 Big South3 Big Ten30 Big 1217 Colonial Athletic2 Conference USA9 GLIAC1 Independents9 Ivy League1 MIAA3 Mid-American8 Missouri Valley3 Mountain West16 Northern Sun1 Ohio Valley4 Pacific-1234 Pioneer1 PSAC1 Quebec Student Sports1 Southeastern49 Southern3 Sun Belt4 Major League Baseball National League FAVORITELINEUNDERDOGLINE at Cincinnati-125San Diego+115 at Milwaukee-120Pittsburgh+110 at St. Louis-250Chicago+220 Washington-125at Arizona+115 at Los Angeles-165Miami+155 at San Francisco-110Atlanta+100 American League at Baltimore-110Detroit+100 at Toronto-120Cleveland+110 Boston-120at Minnesota+110 Texas-140at Houston+130 at Oakland-170Chicago+160 Tampa Bay-110at Seattle+100 Interleague at Philadelphia-155Los Angeles (AL)+145 at New York (AL)-125New York (NL)+115 at Kansas City-165Colorado+155 NBA Playoffs FAVORITE LINE O/U UNDERDOG at Indiana5(180) Washington at Oklahoma City5(212) L.A. Clippers NHL Playoffs FAVORITELINEUNDERDOGLINE at Pittsburgh-160N.Y. Rangers+140 Chicago-130at Minnesota+110 BASEBALL Major League Baseball MLB Announced San Diego C Rodney Daal (Eugene-NWL) and free agent minor league RHP Nick Fleece received 50-game suspensions following second violations for a drug of abuse under Minor League Drug Prevention and Treatment Program. American League BALTIMORE ORIOLES Recalled RHP Preston Guilmet from Norfolk (IL). CLEVELAND INDIANS Assigned C George Kottaras outright to Columbus (IL). DETROIT TIGERS Agreed to terms with SS Troy Hanzawa on a minor league contract. LOS ANGELES ANGELS Placed INF Ian Stewart on 15-day DL. Recalled INF Luis Jimenez from Salt Lake (PCL). TEXAS RANGERS Assigned INF Josh Wilson and RHP Scott Baker outright to Round Rock (PCL). TORONTO BLUE JAYS Claimed OF Kenny Wilson off waivers and optioned him to New Hampshire (EL). Placed RHP Sergio Santos on the 15day DL. Optioned C Erik Kratz to Buffalo (IL). Recalled INF Jonathan Diaz and RHP Chad Jenkins from Buffalo (IL). National League LOS ANGELES DODGERS Sent C. A.J. Ellis to Albuquerque (PCL) for a rehab assignment. MIAMI MARLINS Placed RHP Jose Fernandez on the 15-day DL, retroactive to May 10. Recalled LHP Dan Jennings from New Orleans (PCL). PHILADELPHIA PHILLIES Sent RHP Ethan Martin and OF Darin Ruf to Lehigh Valley (IL) for rehab assignments. ST. LOUIS CARDINALS Sent LHP Jaime Garcia and RHP Jason Motte to Memphis (PCL) for rehab assignments. BASKETBALL National Basketball Association CLEVELAND CAVALIERS Fired coach Mike Brown. FOOTBALL National Football League NFL Suspended St. Louis WR Stedman Bailey the first four games of the 2014 regular season for violating the NFL policy on performance enhancing substances. ARIZONA CARDINALS Released TE Brett Brackett, C John Estes, LB Kenny Rowe and RB Ryan Williams. Agreed to terms with RB Zach Bauman, LBs Jonathan Brown and Glenn Carson, K Chandler Catanzaro, RB Tim Cornett, DT Bruce Gaston, T Kelvin Palmer, WRs Kelsey Pope, Corey Washington and Kevin Smith, DT Justin Renfrow, CBs Brandon Sermons and Todd Washington, GC Anthony Steen and T Kadeem Williams. ATLANTA FALCONS Signed WR Geraldo Boldewijn, RB Jerome Smith, QB Jeff Mathews, TE Jacob Pedersen, TE Brian Wozniak, LB Brenden Daley, DE Nosa Eguae, CB Devonta GloverWright, FB Maurice Hagens, WR Julian Jones, WR Freddie Martino, LB Walker May, S Kimario McFadden, FB Roosevelt Nix, WR Bernard Reedy, DT Donte Rumph, LB Jacques Smith, C James Stone, WR Tramaine Thompson and P Matt Yoklic. BALTIMORE RAVENS Signed LB Xavius Boyd, DT Levi Brown, WR Jeremy Butler, WR Jace Davis, OT Parker Graham, DT Derrick Hopkins, OT James Hurst, CB Tramain Jacobs, P Richie Leone, DT Jamie Meder, S Dexter Moody, CB Deji Olatoye. LB Zachary Orr, DT A.J. Pataialii, CB Avery Patterson, CB Sammy Seamster and OT Brett Van Sloten. BUFFALO BILLS Released TB Anthony Allen. CHICAGO BEARS Agreed to terms with S Brock Vereen and QB David Fales on four-year contracts. CINCINNATI BENGALS Terminated the contract of QB Josh Johnson. Signed LB James Davidson, OT Curtis Feigt, G Dan France, TE-FB Ryan Hewitt, G Trey Hopkins, S Isaiah Lewis, WR Colin Lockett, WR Alex Neutz, FB Nikita Whitlock and HB James Wilder. CLEVELAND BROWNS Released QB Vince Young. Signed FB Ray Agnew, DL Calvin Barnett, DB Darwin Cook, RB Isaiah Crowell, OL Anthony Dima, WR Chandler Jones, WR Jonathan Krause, OL Michael Philipp, QB Connor Shaw, WR Kenny Shaw and WR Willie Snead. DALLAS COWBOYS Released G Chris Degeare, DT Frank Kearse, WR Lance Lewis, DE Tristan Okpalaugo, LB Quinton Spears and LB Jabara Williams. DETROIT LIONS Signed FB Chad Abram, G Alex Bullard, DB Jerome Couplin, QB Franklin James, LB Justin Jackson, OT, Cornelius Lucas, DB Gabe Lynn, TE Jacob Maxwell, G D.J. Morrell, WR Andrew Peacock and DB Mohammed Seisay. Released C Sherman Carter, WR Carlin Isles, LB Jon Morgan, CB Nate Ness, S Akwasi OwusuAnsah, K John Potter, TE Matt Veldman and WR Cody Wilson. GREEN BAY PACKERS Named Craig Benzel vice president of sales and business development and Gabrielle Valdez Dow vice president of marketing and fan engagement. Released LB Chase Thomas. Signed LB Jake Doughty, LB Jayrone Elliott, DE Carlos Gray, LB Adrian Hubbard, G Jordan McCray, RB Rajion Neal, DT Mike Pennel, TE Justin Perillo, RB LaDarius Perkins, QB Chase Rettig, LB Joe Thomas and CB Ryan White. INDIANAPOLIS COLTS Agreed to terms with Gs Marcus Hall and Josh Walker; C Jonotthan Harrison; DEs Tyler Hoover and Nnamdi Obukwelu; NT Zach Kerr; QB Seth Lobato; S Dewey McDonald; WRs Gregory Moore, Eric Thomas and Tony Washington; CBs Qua Cox, Kameron Jackson, Keon Lyn and Darius Polk; K Cody Parkey; OT Eric Pike; TE Erik Swoope; and RB Zurlon Tipton. Waived LB Alan Baxter, FB Stephen Campbell, TE Martell Webb and K Carson Wiggs. JACKSONVILLE JAGUARS Agreed to terms with QB Stephen Morris, K Jeff Budzien, RB Terrance Cobb, DL DeAndre Coleman, WRs Damian Copeland and Allen Hurns, LS Trevor Gillette, DT Ricky Havili-Heimuli, S Craig Loston, CB Rashaad Reynolds, G Tyler Shatley, OT Josh Wells, LB Marcus Whitfield, P Chad Zinchini and TEs Marcel Jensen, Reggie Jordan and D.J. Tialavea. Released G Will Rackley, WRs Jeremy Ebert and Stephen Williams, RB/FB Shawn Chapas, RB Delone Carter and DT Drake Nevis. KANSAS CITY CHIEFS Signed LB Ben Johnson, S Daniel Sorensen, WR Darryl Surgent, CB David Van Dyke, RB Charcandrick West and WR Albert Wilson. Placed FB Eric Kettani and WR Rashad Ross on waivers. MIAMI DOLPHINS Waived WR Michael Rios and QB Jordan Rodgers. MINNESOTA VIKINGS Announced the resignation of college scouting director Scott Studwell to take a different role in the front office. Named Jamaal Stephenson college scouting director. NEW ENGLAND PATRIOTS Signed TE Tyler Beck, RB Roy Finch, S Shamiel Gary, LB Cameron Gordon, DB Travis Hawkins, RB Stephen Houston, TE Justin Jones, LB Deontae Skinner and TE Asa Watson. NEW ORLEANS SAINTS Agreed to terms with LBs Kasim Edebali, Spencer Hadley and Chidera Uzo-Diribe; DL Brandon McCray, George Uko and Lawrence Virgil; OL Matthew Armstrong and Micajah Reynolds; WRs Brandon Coleman and Seantavius Jones; TEs JeRon Hamm and Nic Jacobs; Ss Pierre Warren and Ty Zimmerman; DB Brian Dixon; RB Tim Flanders; and QB Logan Kilgore. NEW YORK GIANTS Terminated the contract of QB Rusty Smith. Waived LB Allen Bradford, CB Junior Mertile and P Jordan Gay. Signed DTs Kelcy Quarles and Eathyn Manumaleuna, DE Kerry Wynn, LB Justin Anderson and S Thomas Gordon. SAN FRANCISCO 49ERS Waived LB Darius Fleming, WR DeMarco Sampson and CB Dax Swanson. Signed LBs Morgan Breslin and Shayne Skov, TE Asante Cleveland, G-C Dillon Farrell, QB Kory Faulkner, G Fouimalo Fonoti and S James McCray. SEATTLE SEAHAWKS Released LS Jorgen Hus. TAMPA BAY BUCCANEERS Agreed to terms with C Josh Allen, LB Nate Askew, WR Aaron Burks, DT Euclid Cummings, CB Keith Lewis, G Andrew Miller, OT Matt Patchan, WR Solomon Patton, QB Brett Smith, DE Chaz Sutton and S Mycal Swaim. TENNESSEE TITANS Agreed to terms with RB Antonio Andrews, C Gabe Ikard, G Justin McCray, TE David Wright, CB RiShard Anderson, DE Jadon Gayle, LB Jamal Merrell, S Hakeem Smith K Travis Coons and WRs Jaz Reynolds, Josh Stewart, Derel Walker and Eric Ward. WASHINGTON REDSKINS Waived K Jake Rogers. Released WR David Gettis. HOCKEY National Hockey League NHL Fined N.Y. Rangers G Henrik Lundqvist $5,000 for unsportsmanlike conduct during a game on May 11. PHOENIX COYOTES Signed D Chris Summers to a two-year contract. COLLEGE CENTRAL MISSOURI Announced the retirement of baseball coach Tom Myers. GEORGETOWN Announced The retirement of mens crew coach Tony Johnson at the end of the 2013-14 season and will serve as coach emeritus. MISSISSIPPI Announced OL Austin Golson will transfer to Auburn. SAMFORD Named Kodi Burns running backs coach. Florida LOTTERY Here are the winning numbers selected Monday in the Florida Lottery: Players should verify winning numbers by calling 850-487-7777 or at www.flalottery.com.Sundays winning numbers and payouts: Fantasy 5: 11 15 17 26 31 5-of-5No winner 4-of-5262$555 3-of-58,483$18.50 CASH 3 (early) 7 3 7 CASH 3 (late) 2 7 6 PLAY 4 (early) 7 0 3 5 PLAY 4 (late) 0 9 2 6 FANTASY 5 11 20 21 32 36TUESDAY, MAY13, 2014 B3 tennis, as the Lecanto doubles team of Madison Gamble and Mahima Tatam are finalists after reaching the state meet in their first season together. They were also solid singles players, with Gamble going 15-4 and Tatam 191. Melanie Dodd, who finished 16-1 and qualified for the state meet for the second year in a row in No. 1 singles, is the third player of the year finalist. Finalists for player of the year honors in boys track are Matt Giardino of Lecanto, who won the adaptive shot put and 200-meters at the state meet with state-record performances and finished second in the 800; Hunter Roessler of Crystal River, who broke his own school record in the triple jump on more than one occasion, set the county mark in that event and finished fifth at state; and Crystal River distance runner Brandon Harris, who placed 12th at state in the 3,200 and helped the Pirate 4x800 team place 14th. A pair of Crystal River pole vaulters will contend with a Lecanto distance runner for the girls track player of the year honor. Hayley Clark (fifth) and Angela Byrne (seventh) both earned medals at the state meet in the pole vault for the Pirates, while Claire Farnsworth placed fifth at state in the 3,200. In the second year of flag football in the county, player of the year finalists are Jasmyne Eason of Crystal River, Stephanie Bandstra of Lecanto and Micah Jenkins of Citrus. SPRINGContinued from Page B1 My strength is my offense, definitely, she said. Defense is important too, but I think working on your hitting and going to hitting camps will take you far. Certainly her past record is a display for success. We knew Chelby was real special when she came to us four years ago, Bishop said. She worked her way into a starting role midway through her freshman year and shes been a starter ever since. Shes a very athletic, gifted young lady. Asked what Lawlers greatest strength might be, Bishop replied, To me its her speed. She could play centerfield because she has so much range. You wouldnt think it because of her size, but shes definitely a power hitter. She hits it into the gap and her speed allows her to turn a single into a double and a double into a triple. However, despite the impressive regular-season record posted by Citrus (19-5), Lawlers numbers were down. She hit just .203, with five extra-base hits and only seven runs batted in. Shes very gifted offensively, Bishop said. Her average may not have shown it this year, but if you look back at her at-bats, she hit the ball hard, it was just right at people. She sees the ball real well and she makes good contact. And its something Lawler works on continuously. Always batting, she said. I think offense is very important and hitting is always important to work on. Her coaches, past and present, believe the potential is there. Now its just a matter of Lawler realizing it. LAWLERContinued from Page B1 Rays Alex Cobb throws 60-pitch simulated gameSEATTLE Tampa Bay Rays right hander Alex Cobb threw a 60-pitch simulated game as he continues his recovery from an oblique muscle strain. Cobb threw the simulated game on Monday at Tampa Bays spring training complex in Port Charlotte. Cobb threw four innings with 15 pitches per inning. Cobb has been out since April 13 and became the third Rays starter to land on the disabled list joining Matt Moore and Jeremy Hellickson. Tampa Bay manager Joe Maddon said the club needed to see how Cobb responds the day after throwing, but he could appear in a game this weekend. Maddon also said its possible Cobb might only need one rehab start before rejoining the club. Cobb was 1-1 with a 1.89 ERA in three starts before going on the disabled list.Canadiens force Game 7 with 4-0 win over BruinsMONTREAL Carey Price made 26 saves for the shutout and the Montreal Canadiens beat the Boston Bruins 4-0 on Monday night to force Game 7. Thomas Vanek scored twice and Lars Eller and Max Pacioretty also scored for Montreal, which overwhelmed the Bruins to tie the series at 3-3. Game 7 is Wednesday night in Boston. Eller opened the scoring just 2:11 into the game after the Bruins misplayed the puck and Eller was alone in front of the net to beat a sprawled out Tuukka Rask. Pacioretty made it 2-0 after scoring on a long stretch pass through Rasks legs in the second period. Before the period was over Vanek scored on the power play. Vanek added his second of the game into an empty net late in the third. Rask finished with 24 saves for the Bruins.Russia routs US 6-1 at ice hockey worldsMINSK, Belarus Viktor Tikhonov scored twice and Alex Ovechkin added a goal and two assists Monday as Russia routed the United States 6-1 for its third straight victory at the ice hockey world championships. In the days other big matchup, Canada downed the Czech Republic 4-3. Nikolai Kolyomin opened the scoring for Russia and Alex Ovechkin beat veteran goaltender Tim Thomas with backhand on a penalty shot in the first period for his third goal of the tournament. Ovechkin set up both of Tikhonovs goals in the second, with Yevgeni Kuznetsov and Sergei Plotnikov also scoring for Russia. Justin Abdelkader pulled one back for the U.S. to make it 3-1. Russia leads Group G with nine points from three games, while the U.S. has six.Cavaliers fire coach Mike Brown for second timeCLEVELAND The Cavaliers have fired coach Mike Brown for the second time. Owner Dan Gilbert announced the decision to relieve Brown on Monday. Gilbert also said interim general manager David Griffin is being retained as full-time GM. Griffin took over in February, when Gilbert fired Chris Grant. The Cavs went 33-49 this season under Brown, who was first dismissed by Gilbert following the 2010 season. Gilbert says it was a difficult decision to release Brown. The coach signed a fiveyear contract last summer. Gilbert said Griffin will lead the search for Browns successor. The Cavs were 17-16 after Griffin took over for Grant.At least 15 dead in Congo soccer stadium stampedeKINSHASA, Congo At least 15 people were killed in a stampede at a soccer stadium in Congo, government officials said. The stampede happened amid a playoff match between two popular Congolese teams, V. Club TP Mazembe, according to a statement from the Interior Ministry read on national television late Sunday. Gov. Andre Kimbuta said at least 21 other people were injured during the melee that followed. U.N.-backed Radio Okapi, citing witnesses, said police had fired tear gas after angry fans threw objects onto the field in the final minutes of the match.From wire reports SPORTS BRIEFS PAGE 16 Associated PressNEW YORK Chris Young hit a tiebreaking homer in the eighth inning, Jenrry Mejia provided a jolt after his reluctant move to the bullpen and the previously punchless New York Mets went deep four times to rally past the Yankees 9-7 Monday night in the Subway Series opener. Curtis Granderson connected in his return to Yankee Stadium, and the Mets also got long balls from Eric Young Jr. and Travis dArnaud while overcoming a pair of three-run deficits. Lumbering first baseman Lucas Duda turned in two spectacular defensive plays, starting a gameending double play with runners at the corners by making a diving stop of Brian McCanns sharp grounder. Taking full advantage of the hitter-friendly confines across town, rather than the vast dimensions back home at Citi Field, the Mets hit four home runs in a game for the first time since May 3, 2013, in Atlanta, according to STATS. They began the day ranked 29th in the majors with 22 home runs. Brett Gardner hit an early grand slam off exYankee Bartolo Colon, and Derek Jeter had three hits for the first time since September 30, 2012, in Toronto. Bumped to the bullpen before the game, Mejia (4-0) entered in the seventh for his first big league relief appearance since September 2012. He struck out Alfonso Soriano on three pitches and worked a scoreless eighth. Mejia sure seemed to relish the role even though he made it clear he wanted to stay in the rotation because he was concerned about injuring his surgically repaired arm again. The right-hander excitedly pumped his fist after a double play and then backed his way off the mound following a called third strike that ended the eighth.American League Blue Jays 7, Angels 3TORONTO Mark Buehrle became the first seven-game winner in the majors, Jose Bautista and Brett Lawrie homered and the Toronto Blue Jays beat the Los Angeles Angels 7-3 to avoid a four-game sweep. Buehrle (7-1) allowed two runs and six hits in six-plus innings. He walked a season-high five and struck out two. The left-hander came in with an AL-leading 1.91 ERA, but saw that rise to 2.04, the same as Detroits Max Scherzer. Bautista hit a three-run homer in the first inning and Lawrie, who returned to the lineup after missing six games with a sore right hamstring, added a two-run shot in the sixth as the Blue Jays avoided what would have been their first four-game sweep to the Angels. Both homers came off Angels left-hander C.J. Wilson (4-3), who allowed five runs and six hits in six innings.Tigers 4, Orioles 1BALTIMORE Rick Porcello won his fifth straight start, and the Detroit Tigers beat the Baltimore Orioles 4-1 in a duel between AL division leaders that included by a bench-clearing fray. After Ian Kinslers two-run homer in the eighth made it 4-1, Orioles starter Bud Norris hit Torii Hunter in the ribcage with a pitch. Hunter yelled at Norris, and as he made his way toward first base, the Tigers outfielder moved slightly in the direction of the mound. That caused both dugouts to empty, and relievers from both bullpens charged toward the infield. Order was quickly restored before anyone blatantly shoved each other, and no punches were thrown. Norris (2-3) was ultimately ejected by plate umpire James Hoye. As the right-hander made his way toward the Baltimore dugout, he shouted once more at Hunter, who yelled back. Joe Nathan got his eighth save, preserving the win for Porcello (6-1). Boxes Associated PressNew York Mets third baseman David Wright, right, tags out New York Yankee Kelly Johnson in a rundown between third base and home plate Monday in the sixth inning at Yankee Stadium in New York. Mets win wild Subway Series opener Buehrle is first pitcher to seven victories AMERICAN LEAGUEMondays Games Detroit 4, Baltimore 1 N.Y. Mets 9, N.Y. Yankees 7 Toronto 7, L.A. Angels 3 Texas at Houston, late Chicago White Sox at Oakland, late Tampa Bay at Seattle, late Todays Games Detroit (Smyly 2-2) at Baltimore (U.Jimenez 2-4), 7:05 p.m. L.A. Angels (Shoemaker 0-1) at Philadelphia (Cl.Lee 3-3), 7:05 p.m. N.Y. Mets (Z.Wheeler 1-3) at N.Y. Yankees (Nuno 1-0), 7:05 p.m. Cleveland (Masterson 2-1) at Toronto (Dickey 3-3), 7:07 p.m. Boston (Doubront 1-3) at Minnesota (Nolasco 2-3), 8:10 p.m. Colorado (Morales 3-2) at Kansas City (Shields 4-3), 8:10 p.m. Texas (M.Harrison 1-0) at Houston (Keuchel 3-2), 8:10 p.m. Chicago White Sox (Carroll 1-2) at Oakland (Pomeranz 2-1), 10:05 p.m. Tampa Bay (Price 3-3) at Seattle (Iwakuma 2-0), 10:10 p.m.NATIONAL LEAGUEMondays Games N.Y. Mets 9, N.Y. Yankees 7 Chicago Cubs at St. Louis, late Washington at Arizona, late Miami at L.A. Dodgers, late Atlanta at San Francisco, late Todays Games L.A. Angels (Shoemaker 0-1) at Philadelphia (Cl.Lee 3-3), 7:05 p.m. N.Y. Mets (Z.Wheeler 1-3) at N.Y. Yankees (Nuno 1-0), 7:05 p.m. San Diego (Cashner 2-5) at Cincinnati (Leake 2-3), 7:10 p.m. Colorado (Morales 3-2) at Kansas City (Shields 4-3), 8:10 p.m. Pittsburgh (Cole 3-2) at Milwaukee (Estrada 2-1), 8:10 p.m. Chicago Cubs (Arrieta 0-0) at St. Louis (Wainwright 6-2), 8:15 p.m. Washington (Strasburg 3-2) at Arizona (Arroyo 3-2), 9:40 p.m. Miami (Ja.Turner 0-0) at L.A. Dodgers (Beckett 0-1), 10:10 p.m. Atlanta (Minor 0-2) at San Francisco (Vogelsong 1-1), 10:15 p.m. Blue Jays 7, Angels 3Los AngelesToronto abrhbiabrhbi Aybar ss5010StTllsn 2b-rf4110 Trout cf4012MeCarr lf3110 Pujols dh4000Bautist rf-cf4133 HKndrc 2b4010Encrnc dh4110 Cron 1b4111DNavrr c3000 Iannett c2000Lind 1b3210 Cowgill rf2100Lawrie 3b-2b3112 LJimnz 3b3010ClRsms cf3000 ENavrr ph0000JFrncs 3b1012 Green lf3120Diaz ss4000 Ibanez ph1000 Totals323 73Totals32797 Los Angeles0020000103 Toronto30000202x7 EAybar (1). DPLos Angeles 2, Toronto 2. LOBLos Angeles 8, Toronto 5. 2BTrout (10). HRCron (2), Bautista (10), Lawrie (7). CS J.Francisco (1). IPHRERBBSO Los Angeles C.Wilson L,4-3665538 Jepsen100002 Cor.Rasmus1/332211 Morin2/300001 Toronto Buehrle W,7-1662252 Delabar H,8211102 Janssen100010Tigers 4, Orioles 1Detroit Baltimore abrhbi abrhbi Kinsler 2b3222Markks rf4000 TrHntr rf3000Machd 3b4010 MiCarr 1b4111A.Jones cf4010 VMrtnz dh4020C.Davis 1b4000 AJcksn cf3001N.Cruz lf4000 Cstllns 3b4000Hardy ss4110 Avila c2100Clevngr c4031 AnRmn ss3000DYong dh3000 RDavis lf3000Schoop 2b3000 Totals294 54Totals34161 Detroit0002000204 Baltimore0100000001 EAn.Romine (3). DPBaltimore 1. LOBDetroit 2, Baltimore 6. 2BV.Martinez (8), Clevenger 2 (8). HRKinsler (4). SBKinsler (5). CSKinsler (3). SFA.Jackson. IPHRERBBSO Detroit Porcello W,6-1651102 Krol H,6 110000 Alburquerque H,6100002 Nathan S,8-10100000 Baltimore B.Norris L,2-372/354427 Guilmet 11/300002Mets 9, Yankees 7New York MetsNew York Yankees abrhbiabrhbi EYong lf5232Gardnr lf5124 Lagars cf0000Jeter ss4030 DnMrp 2b5020Ellsury cf5000 DWrght 3b5111Beltran dh3000 Grndrs rf5122JMrphy ph-dh0000 BAreu dh3000Teixeir ph1010 Campll ph-dh2110Ryan pr0000 Duda 1b4111McCnn c5110 CYoung cf-lf4122ASorin rf4220 dArnad c3211Solarte 3b4231 Tejada ss4010KJhnsn 1b4011 BRorts 2b4110 Totals409149Totals397146 New York (N)1000122309 New York (A)0400030007 EdArnaud (2), McCann (1). DPNew York (N) 2. LOBNew York (N) 5, New York (A) 7. 2BE.Young (3), Campbell (1), C.Young (6), Tejada (4), A.Soriano (8). 3BKe.Johnson (2). HRE.Young (1), Granderson (4), C.Young (3), dArnaud (3), Gardner (2). SBE.Young (15), Dan.Murphy (8), Gardner (8). CSDan.Murphy (2). IPHRERBBSO New York (N) Colon52/3117604 C.Torres1/300000 Rice2/300012 Mejia W,4-011/320002 Farnsworth S,3-4110010 New York (A) Kuroda674403 Aceves H,12/322212 Thornton L,0-1 2/322200 Claiborne12/331103 West Division WLPctGBWCL10StrHomeAway Oakland2315.6055-5W-410-913-6 Los Angeles1918.51435-5L-18-1011-8 Seattle1918.51437-3L-17-812-10 Texas1919.50044-6L-211-108-9 Houston1226.3161173-7W-16-136-13 East Division WLPctGBWCL10StrHomeAway Baltimore2016.5566-4L-29-811-8 Boston1918.51416-4W-210-119-7 New York1918.51414-6L-39-910-9 Toronto1920.487216-4W-18-1011-10 Tampa Bay1622.421534-6L-18-128-10 East Division WLPctGBWCL10StrHomeAway Atlanta2115.5834-6W-313-88-7 Miami2018.52626-4L-317-53-13 Washington1918.51424-6L-311-98-9 New York1819.486313-7W-29-109-9 Philadelphia1719.472424-6L-16-911-10 Central Division WLPctGBWCL10StrHomeAway Milwaukee2414.6324-6W-212-912-5 St. Louis1919.500515-5W-17-512-14 Cincinnati1719.472625-5W-110-87-11 Pittsburgh1621.432736-4L-112-114-10 Chicago1224.3331173-7L-37-115-13 West Division WLPctGBWCL10StrHomeAway San Fran.2414.6327-3W-110-514-9 Colorado2317.57526-4L-113-510-12 Los Angeles2019.51343-7L-17-1213-7 San Diego1821.462625-5W-312-116-10 Arizona1525.3751067-3W-23-1512-10 Central Division WLPctGBWCL10StrHomeAway Detroit2212.6477-3W-113-89-4 Chicago1920.487515-5L-211-108-10 Kansas City1819.486514-6W-18-710-12 Cleveland1820.474617-3W-112-86-12 Minnesota1719.472615-5W-18-99-10 AMERICAN LEAGUE NATIONAL LEAGUECITRUSCOUNTY(FL) CHRONICLEBASEBALL B4TUESDAY, MAY13, 2014 Vote for your Favorite Athlete of the Year!Friday, May 16 5:30College of Central Florida, Lecanto FL Complete Family, Cosmetic & Implant Surgery FDS Disposal Inc. Hoops Link, Inc. Waverly Florist Thank You to our sponsors000I3B1 Info about online contest, login info, rules of dates of contest 000I8LH 9301 W. Fort Island Trail, Crystal River www.plantationoncrystalriver.com 352-795-7211 2013 2013 2013 2013 FORMAT: 4 Person Scramble (With Handicap) Make up your own foursome 10:00 shotgun start ENTRY FEE: Non-Members $40 Included with entry fee: Bar-B-Que Meal AND Keg of Beer following play MEMORIAL DAY TOURNAMENT Monday, May 26 Call 795-7211 for Details Plantation Summer Playcard Now Available Get Ten 18 Hole Rounds For Only $20 + tax per round Good from 5/1/14 through 10/31/14 PAGE 17 HEALTH& LIFE Section CTUESDAY, MAY 13, 2014 CITRUSCOUNTYCHRONICLE Bruce Proud City you live in: Citrus Springs Favorite color: Black Favorite food: Lobster / Filet Dream vacation location: Australia Hobbies: Motorcycles, fishing Put on sunscreen with sun protective factor (SPF) 15 or higher and with both ultraviolet A and ultraviolet B (UVA and UVB) protection. Reapply sunscreen after swimming and excessive sweating. On May 13, 1940, Britain's new prime minister, Winston Churchill, told Parliament: I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat. Health Notes................................C2, C4 Comics.................................................C9 Community...................................C6, C7 Crossword...........................................C8 Movies.................................................C9 TV Listings..........................................C8 Support Groups ..........................C3, C5 Navigating Cancer.............................C2 Cancer & Blood Disease....................C4 Sound Bites..........................................C4 Inside: The good: The great: The ugly: For questions or comments, contact Features Editor Logan Mosby at 352-563-6363, ext. 1141 or at lmosby @chronicleonline.com Carbohydrates are the primary source of energy for your body, and are a vital part of a healthy diet. However, eating too many carbohydrates, or the wrong carbohydrates, contributes to weight gain and increases the risk of heart disease and diabetes. Whether you are filling your cart in the grocery store, or looking through your pantry for a snack, it is important to know your carbohydrate facts.To evaluate the carbohydrate content of a food, you need to combine information from the Total Carbohydrates section of the Nutrition Facts label and the ingredients list on the package. Below Total Carbohydrates you will see information for Dietary Fiber and Sugars. Always check the Serving Size at the top of the label. Your body converts carbohydrates into glucose, which is fuel for your muscles, nerves, and brain. Left-over glucose is stored in the body as fat, so you should watch how many grams of carbohydrates you eat every day. For someone eating a 2,000 calorie diet, the recommended daily amount of Dr. Carlene WilsonWELLNESS CORNER Middle of the pyramid: Beneficial carbs are those that are minimally processed and rich in nutrients like fiber; examples include whole grains, fruits, vegetables and legumes. Bottom of the pyramid: Although some dairy products like milk and yogurt are high in carbs, the fermentation process required to produce cheese significantly reduces the amount of carbohydrates it contains. Top of the pyramid: Examples of bad carbs include white bread, regular pasta, white rice, sugary drinks such as sodas, pastries, candy, sweets, cookies, candy bars and ice cream. See WILSON/ Page C2 000HY3U PAGE 18 carbohydrates is 120 to 180 grams. (The % Daily Value percentage in the right column of the Nutrition Facts label is based on 300 grams of carbohydrates.) All carbohydrates are not alike. Complex carbohydrates (good carbs) are broken down slowly by the body, provide energy gradually, and leave you feeling full for longer. Simple carbohydrates (bad carbs), such as sugar and products made with refined white flour, are quickly released as sugar into your bloodstream. For a healthy diet, complex carbohydrates should make up more than half of the carbohydrates you eat every day. It is important to look at the other nutrients that accompany your carbohydrates. Complex carbohydrates are found in fruits, vegetables, cereals, and whole grain breads which also contain essential vitamins and minerals and dietary fiber. Most Americans do not eat enough complex carbohydrates or dietary fiber. Try to eat a variety of vegetables, fruits, beans, and grains every day. Dietary fiber is not a nutrient because it is not absorbed by the body, but it is necessary for digestive health and helps to prevent disease. The recommended amount of dietary fiber is 25 grams per day for adult women and 38 grams per day for adult men. Dietary fiber also reduces the bodys absorption of simple carbohydrates. If a food has more than 5 grams of fiber, you can subtract half of the total grams of fiber from the total carbohydrates. Eat whole fruit rather than drinking fruit juice. To maintain a healthy weight, limit your sugar to less than 15 grams (about 3 teaspoons) per meal. Look at the list of ingredients as well as the sugar content of a food. Sugar occurs naturally in milk and fruit a food that lists fruit as the main ingredient is a good dietary choice even if it has high sugar content. Avoid products sweetened with added sugars. Every adult should eat at least 3 ounces of whole grains every day. Whole grains contain the entire grain kernel, including the outer covering which contains the grains fiber and many of its vitamins and minerals. Whole grain is found in whole wheat breads and pastas, oatmeal, brown rice, and whole grain products. Words like brown, unbleached, or enriched do not mean a product is whole grain. Most adults get all the carbohydrates they need without eating extra white rice, pasta, or bread. Eat these in small quantities, and save baked goods and desserts for special occasions. Further reading: Nutrition for Everyone: Carbohydrates. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (www.cdc.gov/ nutrition/everyone/basics /carbs.html) Taking a Closer Look at Labels. American Diabetes Association. (www.diabetes.org/foodand-fitness/food/what-cani-eat/food-tips/taking-a-clo ser-look-at-labels.html) Whole Grains. Clemson Cooperative Extension. (www.clemson.edu/extension/hgic/food/nutrition/n utrition/dietary_guide/hgi c4019.html)Dr. Carlene Wilson is a board-certified internist and pediatrician in private practice in Crystal River. Call her at 352-5635070 or visit www.IMP WellnessCenter.com. C2TUESDAY, MAY13, 2014CITRUSCOUNTY(FL) CHRONICLEHEALTH& LIFE WILSONContinued from Page C1 As spring takes hold and summer approaches, many of us will be spending more time outdoors, taking advantage of the warmer weather. But enthusiasm for the new season shouldnt cloud our judgment about safety while in the sunlight. Its good for people to be out and exercise and be active, but when you are out, be careful to protect yourself. Protecting you means following the American Cancer Societys SLIP! SLOP! SLAP! and WRAP advice regarding the use of sunscreen and other protection from the sun. When youre going to be outdoors, slip on a shirt, slop on sunscreen, slap on a hat and wrap on sunglasses to protect your eyes and the sensitive skin around them.Too much exposure to the sun can raise the risk of skin cancer, including the deadliest type, melanoma. Rates of melanoma have been increasing in the United States over the past 20 years, and the American Cancer Society estimates that 76,100 new cases will be diagnosed in 2014. Nearly 9,500 people are expected to die from melanoma this year. Although anyone can get melanoma and other types of skin cancer, they are most common in people with fair complexions who sunburn easily. A Scandinavian study published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute found that women with blond hair had about twice the risk of developing melanoma as women with dark brown or black hair, while redheads had four times the risk. The investigators, who studied more than 100,000 Swedish and Norwegian women, also found that getting sunburns particularly as a youth raised the risk of melanoma. This finding is in line with those of several other studies that have linked excessive childhood exposure and sunburns to skin cancer. In general, for most people who are susceptible to sunburn, you should definitely stop the exposure long before you get red. Thats why its a good idea to put sunscreen on before going out. Beachgoers must be especially careful because the sunlight reflects off water and sand, and bathing suits provide very little coverage. The ultraviolet rays in sunlight, UVA and UVB, can cause damage to the DNA in skin cells that may eventually cause them to become cancerous. In fact, a study published online in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences suggests that UVA rays may be even more harmful than previously believed because they penetrate into deeper layers of skin where cancers begin to form. For this reason, its a good idea to use a sunscreen that protects against both types of UV radiation. But sunburn isnt the only danger. Even tanning can expose the skin to damaging amounts of UV radiation, whether the tan comes from the sun or a tanning booth. Scientist have good reason to think that tanning in tanning salons increases your risk of certain types of skin cancer because we know those types of skin cancer are induced by the kind of UV radiation you get from tanning lamps. Some studies have found an association between tanning booth use and skin cancer risk. The Scandinavian study, for instance, found that women who tanned in a salon once a month or more at any age had a 55 percent greater risk of melanoma than women who didnt visit tanning salons. Findings like that worry many skin cancer experts, because tanning booth use is popular in the U.S., especially among young people. Researchers at Case Western Reserve University, in Cleveland, Ohio, reported in the Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine that more than 28 percent of white teenage girls and 6 percent of white teenage boys in the U.S. have visited tanning salons repeatedly. Among Americans as a whole, roughly 10 percent will visit a tanning salon at some point during the year, according to the Indoor Tanning Association, an industry group representing tanning salons. So what about getting a base tan in a tanning booth to protect against sunburn from being outdoors? Studies now show that this is not a good idea. That philosophy gets you a huge amount of radiation, and provides no protection against skin cancer. Although a tanned person wont burn as quickly as someone who isnt tan, a tanned person is likely to stay out in the sun longer than someone who is worried about getting sunburned. Its that double whammy of radiation from the initial tan and the prolonged outdoor exposure that can be a severe health risk. And what about vitamin D? This nutrient is crucial to good health, and exposure to sunlight is one of the best ways to get it. But thats no excuse to sunbathe. The typical American of European background would get enough vitamin D from about five minutes of midday sun on the face and arms, a few times a week for six months. And thats in a northern city like Boston; people who live here in the Sunshine State may need even less exposure to meet their vitamin D needs. People with naturally darker skin may need a bit more. The nutrient is also found in foods like dairy and fish, and can be taken in vitamin supplements. For most people, vitamin D wont be an issue, even if theyre using sunscreen, because you need so little of the noonday sun to generate it. The take-home message is one of fun and safety. Enjoy the wonderful weather we experience here in Citrus County, but do so sensibly. Protect yourself from the potential damage of the sun so that you can experience many more years of enjoyment in our communityDr. C. Joseph Bennett is a board certified radiation oncologist. If you have any suggestions for topics, or have any questions, please contact him at 522 North Lecanto Highway, Lecanto, FL 34461, or email at [email protected]. Summer is here Do you know what to do to protect your skin? Dr. C. Joseph BennettNAVIGATING CANCER HEALTH NOTES Training to become EMT setNature Coast Emergency Medical Institute announces start date of the next EMT and Hybrid EMT classes: July10. The program course is 16 weeks long at Nature Coast EMS Administration building, 3876 W. Country Hill Drive in Lecanto, plus off-site clinical work. The only classroom time requirements for the Hybrid EMT classes are orientation, testing and labs. There are still opportunities to attend traditional classes while taking the Hybrid class at no extra charge. Those interested must obtain an application from the school or online and have an interview with the lead instructor prior to entering into program. Classes are open for 12 to 18 classroom and 12 to 18 hybrid students. Selection is on a first-come, first-served basis. Individuals interested in registering should contact student services and complete an application. The office is open 8a.m. to 5p.m. Monday through Friday. For information and admission requirements, call Shannon Gipson at 352-2494700 or Lori Thompson at 352-601-7330 or email [email protected]. Blood donors asked for help LifeSouth Community Blood Centers: To find a donor center or a blood drive near you, call 352527-3061. Donors must be at least 17, or 16 with parental permission, weigh a minimum of 110 pounds and be in good health to be eligible to donate. A photo ID is required. The Inverness branch is at 2629 E. Gulf-to-Lake Highway, open from 8a.m. to 4:30p.m. weekdays, (6:30p.m. Wednesdays and Fridays), 8a.m. to 5p.m. Saturdays and 10a.m. to 5p.m. Sundays. Visit www.lifesouth.org. 8:30 a.m. to 4p.m. Tuesday, May13, Rock Crusher Elementary School, 814 S. Rock Crusher Road, Homosassa. 8:30 to 11a.m. Wednesday, May14, Citrus County School Bus Transportation, 2950 S. Panther Pride Drive, Lecanto. Noon to 4p.m. Wednesday, May 14, Walmart Supercenter, 1936 N. Lecanto Highway, Lecanto. 12:30 to 3 p.m. Thursday, May15, Walmart Supercenter, 3826 S. Suncoast Blvd., Homosassa. 7:30 to 11:30a.m. Thursday, May15, Homosassa Elementary School, 10935 W. Yulee Drive, Homosassa Springs. 11 a.m. to 5 p.m. Friday, May16, Lowes, 2301 E. Gulf-to-Lake Highway, Inverness. Free spring flower. 11 a.m. to 4p.m. Saturday, May17, Love Motorsports, 2021 S. Suncoast Blvd., Homosassa. Publix gift card. 8:30 a.m. to 1p.m. Sunday, May18, St. Scholastica Catholic Church, 4301 W. Homosassa Trail, Lecanto. 2 to 5 p.m. Sunday, May18, Walmart Supercenter, 2461 W. Gulf-to-Lake Highway, Inverness. 11 a.m. to 6 p.m. Monday, May19, Walmart Supercenter, 1936 N. Lecanto Highway, Lecanto.Keep children safe in car seatsFree 20-minute child safety seat inspections available by appointment at the Early Learning Coalition of the Nature Coast, 1564 N. Meadowcrest Blvd., Crystal River, to be sure a seat is not recalled, damaged or expired; is appropriate for the childs age, height and weight; is used correctly; and installed securely. Contact Sue Littnan at 352-563-9939, ext.235. So you know: The information contained in the Health & Life section is not intended to cover all possible directions, precautions, warnings, drug interactions, allergic reactions, or adverse effects and is not intended to replace consultation with a physician. When Experience Counts Most Advanced Cataract Surgery with Multifocal IOL Premium Lens Implants Droopy Eyelid Surgery Glaucoma & Diabetic Eyecare Specialists Eye Exams Lawrence A. Seigel, M.D. Board Certified Ophthalmologist Alan M. Freedman, M.D. Board Certified Ophthalmologist 221 N.E. Hwy. 19 Crystal River, FL (352) 795-2526 www.suncoasteyecenter.com Toll Free: (800) 282-6341 000I4KA Dr. Pablo Figueroa Se Habla Espaol 2222 Highway 44 W., Inverness Caring is my Profession Call for an Appointment 352-860-0633 [email protected] Accepting New Patients Serving Citrus County Since 1993 WE ACCEPT Medicare Aetna Humana United Healthcare Coventry Medicare Blue Cross/ Blue Shield Cigna Universal And Other Major Insurances 000I7CC PAGE 19 Look Good ... Feel Better, a free two-hour session for women undergoing radiation or chemotherapy, at 3p.m. the second Wednesday monthly at the Cancer & Blood Disease Center, Lecanto, and 3p.m. the fourth Wednesday monthly at the Robert Boissoneault Oncology Institute, Lecanto. Call Joann Brown at 352-341-7741 or the American Cancer Society at 800-395-5665 to register. Bereaved Parents of the USA (BP/USA) grief support group for parents and grandparents who have experienced the death of a child, 7p.m. the second Wednesday monthly at the First Presbyterian Church, 1501 S.E. U.S. 19 in Crystal River. Call Bernadette Passalacqua at 352-746-4664 or visit www. bereavedparentsusa.org. Different Strokes for Different Folks stroke support group, 10:30a.m. to noon the third Thursday monthly in the Inpatient Rehabilitation Multipurpose Room at Seven Rivers Regional Medical Center in Crystal River. Call 352795-1234 for details. Alzheimers caregiver and family support group 2:30p.m. the third Thursday monthly at Superior Residences of Lecanto, 4865 W. Gulf-to-Lake Highway. Call 352-746-5483. SPRING HILL Caring for Cancer support group meeting 5 to 6p.m. the first and third Thursday monthly in the Administration Conference Room on the first floor of Oak Hill Hospital at 11375 Cortez Blvd., Spring Hill. The group meets from. Family members welcome. Call Alan Schukman, R.N., BSN, ONC, at 352-597-6095. Alzheimers caregiver support group 2:30p.m. first and third Thursday monthly at Sunshine Gardens Crystal River, 311 N.E. Fourth Ave., facilitated by Debbie Selsavage, a group leader trained by the Alzheimers Family Organization. Call 352-563-0235 or email [email protected]. Alzheimers Caregivers Support Group 10:30a.m. the third Thursday monthly at Floral City United Methodist Church. Due to the Easter holidays, the group will meet on April 25 this month. Call 352-726-7740. FFRA (Families and Friends Reaching for the Abilities), third Friday monthly at the Key Training Center in Inverness at 130 Heights Ave. Social time and business meeting at 9a.m. is followed by a speaker at 10 a.m.: local Attorney Thomas E. Slaymaker, who address various concerns most caregivers have, such as guardianship. Call Ron Phillips, president, at 352-382-7819 or visit www.ffracitrus.org. Celiac/Gluten Sensitivity Support Group meeting for all people who have celiac disease or dermatitis herpetiformis, 10a.m. to noon the fourth Saturday monthly, in the Community Room at the Coastal Region Library, 8619 W. Crystal St., Crystal River. Call Ken Kral at 352-684-4064 or Marcia Treber at 352-7943217. Osteoporosis Citrus County Support Group is a part of the NOFs affiliated support group program dedicated to providing, timely information and support to people affected by osteoporosis. Meetings are at 1p.m. the third Tuesday monthly in Room 115 at the Citrus County Resource Center, 2804 W. Marc Knighton Court, Lecanto. Each month offers a guest speaker or group discussion. Everyone is invited. For information, call Janet Croft at 352-249-7874 or email [email protected] SPRING HILL Nature Coast Multiple Myeloma Support Group 6p.m. the third Wednesday monthly at the Oak Hill Hospital Partners Club (formerly Spring Hill Enrichment Center) at Oak Hill Hospital, 11375 Cortez Blvd. (State Road 50), Brooksville. Free dinner buffet will be served. Contact Herb and Dianne Terry at 352-621-0672 or [email protected], or Richard Blustein at 352428-4536 or Blustein22 @aol.com. SPRING HILL Look Good Feel Better Support Group, 3:30 to 5p.m. third Wednesday monthly at the Florida Cancer Specialists, 10441 Quality Drive, Suite 203, in the Medical Arts Building next to Spring Hill Hospital. Call 352-688-7744. SPRING HILL Stroke Support Group noon the fourth Thursday monthly at HealthSouth Rehabilitation Hospital in the private dining room. Call Pam McDonald at 352-346-6359. SPRING HILL Amputee support group 7p.m. the last Monday monthly at HealthSouth Rehabilitation Hospital in the private dining room. Call Eva Baker at 352592-7232. SPRING HILL Leukemia/Lymphoma Support Group 5 to 6:30p.m. the fourth Tuesday monthly at the Florida Cancer InstituteNew Hopes Spring Hill Center, 10441 Quality Drive, Suite203 in the Medical Arts Building next to Spring Hill Hospital. Call Jeff Haight, R.N., group facilitator, at 352688-7744. St. Timothy Lutheran Churchs Caregivers Support Group 1p.m. the fourth Tuesday monthly. Call Gail Sirak at 352-6342021 for information. OCALA Ocala Health Stroke Support Group meets 9:30 to 11:30a.m. the fourth Tuesday monthly at the Senior Wellness Community Center (9850 S.W. 84th Court, Suite 500, Ocala). Call 800-530-1188 to register. Alzheimers caregiver support group 3 p.m. fourth Tuesday monthly at Crystal Gem Manor, 10845 W. Gem St., Crystal River, facilitated by Debbie OLeary, a group leader trained by the Alzheimers Family Organization. Call 352-794-7601. Respite care available. Alzheimers caregiver support group 2 p.m. the last Thursday monthly at Highland Terrace ALF, 700 Medical Court E., Inverness, facilitated by Debbie OLeary, a group leader trained by the Alzheimers Family Organization. Call 352-860-2525. Respite care available. Alzheimers caregiver support group by Alzheimers Family Organization, 2p.m. the fourth Wednesday monthly at Sugarmill Manor, 8985 S. Suncoast Blvd., Homosassa. Call 352-302-9066. The Citrus Memorial Diabetes Support Group, 10:30a.m. the fourth Wednesday monthly on the campus of Citrus Memorial Health System in the auditorium. 352-341-6110. The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society Suncoast Chapter, Cancer Support Group (including Multiple Myeloma), 6p.m. the fourth Wednesday monthly at the Moose Lodge, 5214 Mariner Blvd., in Spring Hill. There is no charge and light refreshments are provided. Contact: Lourdes Arvelo, LCSW, patient services manager, at 813-963-6461 ext.11, [email protected] or visit The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society website at www.lls .org. PINELLAS PARK Connections fireside-discussion-style support group for cancer patients, 7p.m. the last Thursday monthly, WellSpring Oncology, 6600 66th St. N., Pinellas Park, 727343-0600; www.wellspring oncology.org. BROOKSVILLE Man to Man prostate cancer support group, 6 to 7p.m. the first Monday monthly at the Florida Cancer Institute-New Hopes Brooksville Center, 7154 Medical Center Drive. Call 352-596-1926. Grandparents Raising Grandchildren Support Group 10a.m. to noon the first Monday monthly at the Citrus County Resource Center, 2804 W. Marc Knighton Court in Lecanto. Pam Hall from Kids Central Inc. will facilitate the meeting. Call Pam at 352-387-3540. OCALA The Alzheimers and Memory Disorders support group of Ocala, 3 to 5p.m. the first Monday monthly at the Medical Office Building at West Marion Community Hospital, 4600 S.W. 46th Court, second-floor Community Room. Call 352-401-1453. RBOI has begun a monthly survivor group with inspirational guests and strength based topics. Any cancer survivors and family are welcome to attend. There is no cost to attend. For information, email Tommie Brown at tbrown009@tampabay. rr.com or call Wendy Hall, LCSW, at 352-527-0106. Families Against Multiple Sclerosis Support Group, 11a.m. the first Saturday monthly at First Baptist Church of Hernando, 3790 E. Parsons Point Road, for families, friends and anyone affected by MS. Call Shana at 352-637-2030 or 352-4222123.HEALTH& LIFECITRUSCOUNTY(FL) CHRONICLETUESDAY, MAY13, 2014 C3 MONTHLY SUPPORT GROUPS 000HT0D ASSISTED LIVING CEDAR CREEK AT KINGS BAY 231 N.W. U.S. 19, Crystal River . . . 352-564-2446 SUGARMILL MANOR 8985 S. Suncoast Blvd., Homosassa . . . 352-382-2531 SUNFLOWER SPRINGS ASSISTED LIVING COMMUNITY 8733 W. Yulee Drive, Homosassa . . . 352-621-8017 SUNSHINE GARDENS 311 N.E. 4th Ave., Crystal River . . . 352-563-0235 SUPERIOR RESIDENCES OF LECANTO MEMORY CARE 4865 W. Gulf to Lake Hwy., Lecanto . . . . . . . 352-746-5483 CARDIOLOGY ARRHYTHMIA CENTER OF FLORIDA 14000 Fivay Road, Hudson . . . . . . . 727-869-5565 Toll Free . . . . . . 855-534-4325 DENTAL CITRUS HILLS DENTAL ASSOCIATES 2460 N. Essex Ave., Hernando . . . . . 352-527-1614 DENTOFACIAL INSTITUTE Hashemian, Michael M. MD DMD 591 N. Lecanto Hwy., Lecanto . . . . . . . 352-527-8000 LEDGER DENTISTRY Ledger, Jeremy A. DMD PA 3640 S. Suncoast Blvd., Homosassa . . . 352-628-3443 CARL W. MAGYAR DDS PA Magyar, Carl W. DDS Lackey, Mark A. DMD Paredes, Nina J. DMD 510 N. Dacie Point, Lecanto . . . . . . . 352-527-8585 8415 S. Suncoast Blvd., Homosassa . . . 352-382-1454 SMILES ON CITRUS AVE. 535 N. Citrus Ave., Crystal River . . . 352-795-1881 SWANSON, RICHARD C. DMD PA 1815 S.E. U.S. 19, Crystal River . . . 352-795-1223 TIMBERLANE FAMILY DENTISTRY Rogers, Mark C. DDS PA 1972 N. Future Terrace, Lecanto . . . . . 352-746-9111 DERMATOLOGY BAY DERMATOLOGY & COSMETIC SURGERY PA Chavda, Krina DO FAOCD Dorton, David W. DO FAOCD Board Certified Heckman, Lou Ann AARNP Weston, Cynthia AARNP Beck, Terri PA-C Rosochowicz, Kerran PA-C 7739 S. Suncoast Blvd., Homosassa . . . 352-503-2002 SUNCOAST DERMATOLOGY AND SKIN SURGERY CENTER 525 N. Dacie Point, Lecanto . . . . . . . 352-746-2200 FAMILY/GENERAL PRACTICE BELLAM MEDICAL CLINIC Bellam, Rajendra MD 20021 S.W. 111th Place, Dunnellon . . . . . 352-465-1199 CHRIST MEDICAL CENTER 7562 Gulf to Lake Hwy., Crystal River . . . 352-564-0444 HEALTH & WELLCARE SERVICES OF FLORIDA INC. 5915 W. Gulf to Lake Hwy., Crystal River . . . 352-794-3872 HASAN, GHASSAN A. MD 700 S.E. Fifth Terrace, Ste. 6, Crystal River . . 352-794-6151 FAMILY/GENERAL PRACTICE HERNANDO MEDICAL CENTER Patel, Shirish MD 2669 N. Florida Ave., Hernando . . . . . 352-637-2550 SHAH, GIRA S. MD 203 S. Seminole Ave., Inverness . . . . . 352-726-7800 SUNCOAST PRIMARY CARE SPECIALISTS 10489 N. Florida Ave., Citrus Springs . . 352-489-2486 7991 S. Suncoast Blvd., Homosassa . . . 352-382-8282 3733 E. Gulf to Lake Hwy., Inverness . . . . . 352-341-5520 GYMS AND EXERCISE CLUBS ANYTIME FITNESS 2010 S.E. U.S. 19, Crystal River . . . 352-794-6161 5723 S. Suncoast Blvd., Homosassa . . . 352-503-6856 345 E. Highland Blvd., Inverness . . . . . 352-400-4894 2668 W. Woodview Lane, Lecanto . . . . . . 352-270-8868 HEALTH DEPARTMENT CITRUS COUNTY HEALTH Department GADCHC 2804 W. Marc Knighton Court, Lecanto . . . . . . . 352-249-9258 TOBACCO PREVENTION . . . . . . . . . . . 1-877-822-6669 HEARING EXAMS/ HEARING AIDS AUDIBEL HEARING AID CENTERS 5699 S. Suncoast Blvd., Homosassa . . . 352-436-4393 2036 Hwy. 44 W, Inverness . . . . . 352-419-0763 20170 E. Pennsylvania Ave., Dunnellon . . . . . 352-502-4337 BELTONE HEARING CARE CENTER 3350 E. Gulf to Lake Hwy., Unit 2 Inverness . . . . . 352-726-9545 2708 W. Woodview Lane, Lecanto . . . . . . . 352-527-4327 HEARMORE SOLUTIONS 6441 W. Norvell Bryant Hwy., Crystal River . . 352-795-EARS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352-795-3277 13005 Spring Hill Drive, Spring Hill . . . . . 352-556 5257 MIRACLE EAR HEARING AID CENTER Crystal River Mall 1801 N.W. U.S. 19, Crystal River . . . 352-795-1484 HEARING EXAMS/ HEARING AIDS CONTINUED NUTECH HEARING 3161 E. Gulf to Lake Hwy., Inverness . . . . . 352-419-7911 1122 N. Suncoast Blvd., Crystal River . . . 352-794-6155 PROFESSIONAL HEARING CENTERS Dingler, Denny M. DIV. HAS Audioprosthologist 211 S. Apopka Ave., Inverness . . . . . 352-726-4327 HOME HEALTH SERVICES AFFORDABLE HOMEMAKER & COMPANION SERVICES 2615 N. Florida Ave., Hernando . . . . . 352-637-4851 BRIDGING MOUNTAINS 2615 N. Florida Ave., Hernando . . . . . . 352-637-485 COMFORT KEEPERS 2244 State Road 44 West, Inverness . . . . . 352-726-4547 FLORIDA CAREGIVERS, INC. 244 S.E. U.S. 19, Crystal River . . . 352-735-7800 HOSPICE HPH HOSPICE 2939 W. Gulf to Lake Hwy., Lecanto . . . . . . . 352-527-4600 HOSPITALS CITRUS MEMORIAL HEALTH SYSTEM 502 W. Highland Blvd., Inverness . . . . . 352-726-1551 MUNROE REGIONAL MEDICAL CENTER 1500 S.W. 1st Ave., Ocala . . . . . . . . 352-351-7200 INDEPENDENT LIVING BRENTWOOD RETIREMENT COMMUNITY 1900 W. Alpha Court, Lecanto . . . . . . . 352-746-6611 INVERNESS CLUB SENIOR APARTMENTS 518 Ella Ave., Inverness . . . . . 352-344-8477 MEDICAL ALERTS NATURE COAST EMS 3876 W. Country Hill Dr., Lecanto . . . . . . . 352-249-4730 MEDICAL SUPPLIES/ EQUIPMENT B & W REXALL DRUGS 214 U.S. 41 South, Inverness . . . . . 352-726-1021 G & R HEALTHMART PHARMACY 3791 N. Lecanto Hwy., Beverly Hills . . . 352-527-3111 OBSTETRICS/ GYNECOLOGY SUNCOAST OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY Redrick, Scott MD FACOG 582 S.E. 7th Ave., Crystal River . . . 352-564-8245 ONCOLOGY/HEMATOLOGY ROBERT BOISSONEAULT ONCOLOGY INSTITUTE Man-To-Man Prostate Cancer Support and Education Program 522 N. Lecanto Hwy., Lecanto . . . . . . . 352-527-0106 OPTHALMOLOGY SUNCOAST EYE CENTER EYE SURGERY INSTITUTE 221 N.E. U.S. 19, Crystal River . . . 352-795-2526 OPTHALMOLOGY CONTINUED VITREORETINAL SURGEONS 212 S. Apopka Ave., Inverness 11373 Cortez Blvd., Brooksville . . . 1-800-232-0455 ORTHOPAEDIC/SPORTS MEDICINE GULFCOAST SPINE INSTITUTE 2300 E. Norvell Bryant Hwy., Hernando . . . . . 855-485-3262 7101 Mariner Blvd., Spring Hill . . . . . 855-485-3262 NATURE COAST ORTHOPAEDICS & SPORTS MEDICINE CLINIC 2155 W. Mustang Blvd., Beverly Hills . . . 352-746-5707 2236 E. Gulf to Lake Hwy., Inverness . . . . . 352-344-2663 PHARMACY B & W REXALL DRUGS 214 U.S. 41 South, Inverness . . . . . 352-726-1021 G & R HEALTHMART PHARMACY 3791 N. Lecanto Hwy., Beverly Hills . . . 352-527-3111 PLASTIC/ RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY FARRIOR FACIAL PLASTIC AND COSMETIC SURGERY CENTER Farrior, Edward H. MD FACS 2908 W. Azeele St., Tampa . . . . . . . . 813-875-3223 PODIATRY NATURE COAST FOOT & ANKLE CENTER Pritchyk, Kenneth P. DPM 6254 W. Corporate Oaks Dr., Crystal River . . . 352-228-4975 SKILLED NURSING CARE CYPRESS COVE CARE CENTER 700 S.E. 8th Ave., Crystal River . . . 352-795-8832 DIAMOND RIDGE HEALTH & REHABILITATION CENTER 2730 W. Marc Knighton Court, Lecanto . . . . . . . 352-746-9500 LIFE CARE CENTER OF CITRUS COUNTY 3325 W. Jerwayne Lane, Lecanto . . . . . . . 352-746-4434 THERAPY AND REHABILITATION CRYSTAL RIVER HEALTH AND REHAB CENTER 136 N.E. 12th Ave., Crystal River . . . 352-795-5044 HOMETOWN REHAB 944 E. Norvell Bryant Hwy., Hernando . . . . . 352-341-1616 NATURE COAST PHYSICAL THERAPY & REHAB 3777 N. Lecanto Hwy., Beverly Hills . . . 352-527-3337 3787 E. Gulf to Lake Hwy., Inverness . . . . . 352-341-1101 WELLNESS BOTOX SPA 1815 S.E. U.S. 19, Crystal River . . . 352-795-1223 SKINOLOGY Stephanie Roberts 3766 W. Gulf to Lake Hwy., Lecanto . . . . . 352-302-6908 PAID ADVERTISING PAGE 20 Q:I am a 70-yearold woman. I have all my teeth and have always taken care of them. In the last three years, I have probably spent around $3,000 on root canals, old fillings, caps, etc. Less than a year ago, I had major surgery and had to see my dentist before my operation. Now that I am in Florida for the winter, I made an appointment to have my teeth cleaned. The girl spent 30 minutes checking my teeth and taking notes. After the cleaning, the dentist came in and told me I needed a lot of work. In fact, they gave me a print out when I left, saying I needed $6,500 worth of work. I want to know how a dentist can look into my mouth after just a cleaning and no x-rays, and come up with this kind of advice? This seems to be the latest rip off of older people. I would like your comments on this. A: Thank you for your question. I am sorry you had t go through this and feel as you do. As you may realize, it is impossible for me to know the condition of your mouth without seeing you. However, this situation is part of why you wrote me. It may be entirely possible that you need the work presented to you. However, based on you haveing significant work in the recent past, and being a regular patient to the dentist, you have a right to be skeptical. In order to make a throrough diagnosis, a dentist must perform a complete clinical examination and review radiographs. I would also be concerned if the assistant or hygenist did the examination part and all the dentist did was present the treatment. I feel strongly that the first visit to a dental office should be with the dentist, so he or she can perform a throrough examination to include a review of radiographs. In fact, many people chooose not to make an appointment with me because I refuse to appoint a patient into the hygiene department first. When we are taught diagnosis and treatment planning in school, they always started us with doing a complete set of X-rays, followed by an examination of the teeth, gums, supporting and surrounding structures. Now that you have written in with this question, I will bring up another issue that has surfaced in the last few months. It happens to paralell what your concerns are. I have had a number of patients present to me for a second opinion with a written treatment plan in hand. For whatever reason, they were just not comfortable with their first visit to the dentist a situation very similar to yours. Each of these patients had a different reason for feeling uneasy about what was suggested to them, but they all had doubts. I am very sorry to report that in each of these cases, dentistry was recommended that simply was not C4TUESDAY, MAY13, 2014CITRUSCOUNTY(FL) CHRONICLEHEALTH& LIFE How can I reduce my odds of getting cancer? In launching the World Cancer Report 2014 earlier this week, the editors emphasized the need for prevention and highlighted lifestyle behaviors that lead to cancer. This includes smoking tobacco, drinking alcohol, overweight/obesity and lack of exercise.Tobacco, both smoked and smokeless, remains the worlds leading cause of cancer morbidity and mortality, the report notes. Nearly 20 percent of the worlds adult population smokes. The report estimates that worldwide tobacco is killing around 6 million people each year from a variety of smoking-related diseases. Since this is well known, I am not going to focus on this right now. What goes unrecognized by most people is the risk of alcohol. We all know alcohol causes cirrhosis of the liver. It estimates that in 2010, alcohol-attributable cancers were estimated to be responsible for nearly 340,000 deaths worldwide. However, the researchers note that as far as cancer is concerned, the risk increases with every drink, so even moderate amounts of alcohol such as a small drink each day increases the risk. As per one study, one in 30 cancer deaths in the USA are due to alcohol. This burden of alcohol-attributable cancer can be reduced through alcohol policy measures. The agency suggests reduction of availability, increases in prices, and bans on marketing, etc. Excess body fat increases the risk for cancers of the esophagus, colon, pancreas, uterus and kidney, as well as postmenopausal breast cancer. The evidence for obesity increasing the risk for these cancers is convincing, the agency comments, and there is a dose response relationship, so being overweight is less risky than being obese.Regular physical activity reduces the risk for multiple cancers by contributing to weight control, and also reduces the risk for colorectal and breast cancer by additional mechanisms. The general consensus among researchers is that exercise should be of moderate intensity and average at least an hour each day.High consumption of red meat, especially processed meat, is associated with a risk for colorectal cancer. A diet high in fruit and vegetables and whole grains does not appear to be as strongly protective against cancer as initially believed, the report notes. However, this dietary pattern is still advisable because of the benefits for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, and some possible reductions in cancer incidence.Dr. Sunil Gandhi is a hematologist and oncologist. He is the volunteer medical adviser of the Citrus Unit of American Cancer Society. Write to 521 N. Lecanto Highway, Lecanto, FL 34461, email [email protected] or call 352-7460707. Dr. Sunil GandhiCANCER & BLOOD DISEASE No tobacco, no smoking or chewNo alcoholMaintain your weightExercise regularlyAvoid red meat and processed meatEat fruits and veggies and whole grains In short, this report suggests that if you want to reduce your risk of cancer: Group guards against abuseThe Citrus Alliance Against Adult Abuse (C4A) monthly meeting is at 9:30a.m. the second Wednesday monthly at HPH Hospice, 2939 W. Gulf-to-Lake Highway, Lecanto. For information, call Judy Stauffer at 352-303-2620. Your help is needed to protect our vulnerable against abuse, neglect and exploitation.Seven Rivers offers programs CRYSTAL RIVER Seven Rivers Regional Medical Center offers health education programs facilitated by board-certified physicians and licensed medical professionals. Website: SevenRiversRegional.com. Call 352-795-1234 to register for the programs. Breastfeeding & Newborn Care provides expectant or new mothers with effective techniques that may help them successfully breastfeed. Fathers are encouraged to attend. 6to 9p.m. Tuesday, May 13. Girls Night Out an evening of pampering, door prizes and important information about womens health. Featuring Anastasia Solovieva, M.D., OB/GYN; Rose Mary Sobel, M.D., OB/GYN; and Udaya Kumar, M.D., urology. Also, one-on-one conversations with physicians and free esthetician consults, facial waxing and paraffin wax hand dips. 4:30p.m. Thursday, May15, at the College of Central Florida. Registration required. Healing Ways a series of education programs designed for people concerned about skin health and wound care, especially individuals with diabetes. Programs are held at 10:30a.m. the third Wednesday monthly, feature a different topic each month, and are presented by Michelle Arevalo, program director of wound care and hyperbaric medicine at Seven Rivers Wound Care Center. On May21, the topic is Sneaky Skin Cancer. Balance Screenings Seven Rivers Rehab & Wound Center offers free balance screenings at 11541 W. Emerald Oaks Drive, Crystal River (adjacent to the hospital). Call 352-795-0534 to schedule.Group aims to be substance-free Partners for a Substance-Free Citrus Inc. will meet the second Thursday monthly in the basement of the Citrus County School Board office in Inverness, 1007 W. Main St. Use the elevator to go to the basement. 8 to 9 a.m. board meeting. 9:15 to 9:30 a.m. coffee, doughnuts, networking. 9:30 to 10:30 a.m. membership meeting. For information, call the office at 352-389-0472 or email [email protected] of Balance training in May Elder Options is looking for volunteer coaches to help provide the Matter of Balance program and is offering a free (eight-hour) one-day Leader Training to become a certified coach of the program. As a coach, you help participants become more confident about managing falls, help to identify ways to reduce falls and lead exercises to help increase strength and balance. Coaches should have good communication and interpersonal skills, enthusiasm, dependability and a willingness to lead small groups of older adults. Coaches should also have the ability to lead lowto moderate-level exercises. Matter of Balance Leader Training class is scheduled from 8a.m. to 5p.m. Wednesday, May14, at the community room of the new HPH Hospice Care Center, 2939 W. Gulf-to-Lake Highway (State Road 44) in Lecanto. If you are interested in becoming a Matter of Balance coach, register by contacting Elder Options at 352-378-6649, ext.146 or 152. Elder Options will provide ongoing support and mentoring and, as a Matter of Balance coach, you agree to coach a minimum of two classes within a 12-month period. Come Zumba in Citrus SpringsCitrus County Parks & Recreation offers a Zumba class with certified instructor Christine Mehlenbacher. Let loose and burn up to 650 calories per session while having fun dancing to easy-to-follow steps. Classes run from 6:30to 7:30p.m. Tuesdays and Thursdays at the Citrus Springs Community Center, 1570 W. Citrus Springs Blvd. Register at the door. For cost and other information, call Parks & Recreation at 352-465-7007 or 352-527-7540. HEALTH NOTES Record keeping is good for your health Record keeping is a good habit to get into with regard to all aspects of ones life. None is more important than record keeping in health care. As medicine gets more complicated and sophisticated, and patients have more procedures done, take more medicines and see different doctors for different reasons, keeping everything sorted out and straight is a must to stay healthy. Patients and their doctors need to know all the intimate details about what is going on so they can make the most intelligent decision if additional medicines or procedures must be considered. My patients see me for ear, nose and throat problems, and see other doctors for their eyes and heart and lungs, and possibly even a different doctor for their arthritis not to mention their internist or family practice doctor who manages their coughs and colds from time to time. With all this input, there is a potential for mistakes, and records are very important top keep straight. A classic example of the importance is in a medical emergency, when there is a lot of stress and emotional factors that could impair a patient or his or her family member being able to recall specific details about the patients health. This is acutely important in making split-second decisions about medical treatment. What follows is information about record keeping I recently read in a publication. It gives you some idea about how well record keeping is done. Respondents to this questionnaire were first asked if they keep personal or family health records in one specific place at home. This would be particularly important to paramedics who arrive at your house in an emergency. Fewer than half responded that they did. Also interesting to note is that many of us have computers at home, but fewer than 20percent keep records electronically, suggesting the vast majority still rely on pen and paper for record keeping. When it comes to asking people whether they think it is a great idea to keep records, overwhelmingly the survey suggested people agree it is a wonderful idea. But as most humans are, we tend to put things off. This is probably one of the explanations for why actual record keeping is less than 50percent. When we compare patient gender, we find women tend to keep medical records more than men do but the spread is not as much as you might think. It is only 7percent different; and both genders, unfortunately, fall well below 50percent. If we look at patient age as the sole indicator, it is clear patients age 65 or older are better recordkeepers, but not as good as we would like to see. Just a few percentage points over 50percent were recorded when patients of Medicare age and older were questioned about record keeping, responding that they did keep a record. As I mentioned, the reason for good record keeping is clear. Doctors, both primary care and specialists, need useful information to make the most intelligent decision. Believe it or not, respondents to this questionnaire only agreed it was an important factor 3/4 of the time. One would think it would be a unanimous opinion. The same was true of using records to look back and recall what type of care or medication was received in the past. I can tell you as a practitioner that past track record of medication use helps me greatly when deciding what my next step is. The last thing was what the survey showed about how most patients dont appreciate how important record keeping is for the use of prescribed medications. Only 50percent responded that they felt it was an important issue. In todays world, with patients taking more than one medication, I found that response surprising. Currently, there are efforts to create a universal way to keep and update health records that could be as simple as planting a chip and reading it with a device that would do away with our need to record our health history and current medications. Until that time, I would encourage all my readers to keep a record, even if it is only a brief one, in their wallet or purse at all times and even one plastered to the refrigerator so health care providers can do the best job of taking care not to harm patients unknowingly. Denis Grillo, D.O., FOCOO, is an ear, nose and throat specialist in Crystal River. Call him at 352-7950011 or visit CrystalCommunity ENT.com. Dr. Denis GrilloEAR, NOSE & THROAT Second opinions a good idea Dr. Frank VasciminiSOUND BITES See SECOND / Page C5 000I49H 4805 S. Suncoast Blvd. Homosassa, FL 34446 352-628-0012 www.MasterpieceDentalStudio.com Always Welcoming New Patients FRANK J. VASCMINI, DDS PAGE 21 HEALTH& LIFECITRUSCOUNTY(FL) CHRONICLETUESDAY, MAY13, 2014 C5 Rotary Club of Inverness A NNUAL C HARITY G OLF T OURNAMENT Download Entry Form at: www.invernessflrotary.org 000HJM6 For information call 302-0469 Saturday, May 17, 2014 8:30 a.m. Shotgun Start Inverness Golf & Country Club 000H90Y_2x3 FOR MORE INFORMATION CONTACT THE CITRUS COUNTY SHERIFFS OFFICE (352) 249-2707 BLOWN AWAY! Saturday, May 17, 9am-1pm at the Crystal River Mall WHAT YOULL SEE: Hourly Prizes Wind/Hurricane Simulator Crafts for Kids Safety Demonstrations and much more... 21 st ANNUAL 000HSAB For information call 746-7563 Entry fee $60 Fee includes coffee/donuts, green and cart fees, lunch at the club and prizes. Proceeds will be donated to the Boys & Girls Clubs of Citrus County Entries must be received by May 14th. Knights of Columbus Council 6168 May 17th 8:30 a.m. Shotgun start Seven Rivers Golf & Country Club Annual Fr. Willie Memorial Golf Classic 000HNT1 000I29L For more information or entry forms and rules, call MacRaes 628-2602 or Barramundi Corp. 628-0200 Fish out of MacRaes Bait & Tackle on the Homosassa River or Twin Rivers on the Crystal River. June 7 & 8, 2014 WIN OVER $14,000 in cash & prizes Prizes based on 165 boats entered Entry Fee $125 per boat Limit 200 Entries 30 TH ANNIVERSARY HOMOSASSA, FL PLATINUM SPONSORS: Citrus County Chronicle FDS Disposal Budweiser Crystal Automotive Homosassa Marine Citrus 95.3 Sheldon Palmes Eiffert & Associates, PA Tickets $10 per person Includes Refreshments at 1912 Citrus County Courthouse, Inverness Doors open at 6:30 p.m. Music starts promptly at 7 p.m. Publix Supermarket Charities Wann & Mary Robinson Smiths Optical Services Jordan Engineering David Rom State Farm Insurance Clark & Wendy Stillwell Accent Travel Photography by Rebecca Pujals-Jones Deco Cafe T O B ENEFIT T HE C ITRUS C OUNTY H ISTORICAL S OCIETY S PONSORS : Thursday, May 15 Limited seating. Reservations encouraged. Call: 352-341-6427 000HS15 Music Museum at the Bob Patterson Singer/Storyteller 000I51Q JOIN US FOR A DAY AT SUNKEN GARDENS ST. PETE Saturday, May 24, 2014 $35 per person Price includes bus ride to St. Petersburg, entrance to the Gardens and guided tour. Bus Pickup: 8:30am at the Citrus County Resource Center 2804 W. Marc Knighton Court, Lecanto Tickets available from Sue at 352-527-5959 Return around 5:30pm PROCEEDS BENEFITTING THE SENIOR FOUNDATION OF CITRUS COUNTY, INC. The United Way Womens Leadership Council POWER Purse Purse of the Saturday, June 7, 2014 at 11:30 a.m. Black Diamond Ranch To reserve your seat/table now, call for more information at 795-5483 or visit www.citrusunitedway.org Youre Invited! Ladies Luncheon & Designer Purse Auction Luncheon Tickets $30 000I52N Friday, May 16, 2014 5:30PM Cost: $10 College of Central Florida Citrus Campus 000I3AW For more information, call (352) 563-6363. A night to recognize outstanding student athletes Tickets available at either Citrus County Chronicle location: 1624 N. Meadowcrest Blvd., Crystal River or 106 W. Main St., Inverness 000I51D 000HQOE Community Happenings Community Happenings necessary. One patient was recommended to have gum surgery at the cost of $3,000 that was totally unsupported by my examination. I am embarassed by my profession when I see these things going on. All I can say to you, as well as all the readers of this column, is that there are some serious things happening in dentistry right now. Just last week, I had another lab from China contact me about their new dental laser. When you combine this along with the issue of unnecessary dentistry being diagnosed, we have a big problem. Please be aware of this and share it with your friends who do not read the Chronicle. However, do not condemn all of the dentists our there. I guess you may have more of a reason than ever to seek out a second opinion. Just be sure that you choose the right person for the second opinion. I wish I could be of more help than this. The issue of second opinions is always a hard one because they can often lead to third and fourth opinions. Just remember that your gut feeling is seldom wrong. If you are suspect, this is a great time to look further.Dr. Frank Vascimini is a dentist practicing in Homosassa. Send your questions to 4805 S. Sun-coast Blvd., Homosassa, FL 34446 or email them to him at info@Masterpiece DentalStudio.com. SECONDContinued from Page C4 AAA support group meets at 7:30p.m. Mondays for the purpose of resolving underlying issues for healing. Meetings are at Vision Temple Ministries 705 Daniel Ave., Brooksville, across the street from SunTrust bank on U.S. 41. Call 352-754-1009. R.I. Discovery (Recovery International) Abraham Low, M.D., self-help systems for mental health depression, obsession, stress, fears, anger. Meetings are 2 to 4p.m. Tuesdays at Crystal River United Methodist Church, 4801 N. Citrus Ave. Call Jackie, 352-563-5182. Together We Grow Nar-Anon Family Group 6:45p.m. Wednesdays at Dunnellon Presbyterian Church, 20641 Chestnut St., Room204 in office building, use right-side entrance across from the Memorial Garden; Nar-Anon is for family and friends of addicts. Find a free local support group in your area: call 888-947-8885 or go to www.NARANONFL.org. Recovery from Food Addiction 7 p.m. Thursdays at St. Annes Church, 9870 W. Fort Island Trail, Crystal River, in the parish hall library. Call Peg at 410-903-7740. Food Addicts in Recovery Anonymous (FA) is a free 12-step recovery program for anyone suffering from food obsession, overeating, undereating or bulimia. For details or a list of meetings, call 352-270-8534 or visit www.foodaddicts.org. 7 to 8:30p.m. Sundays at Queen of Peace Catholic Church Main Hall, 6455 S.W. State Road 200, Ocala. Bereavement Group, 1:30 to 3p.m. Thursdays in the back hall, St. Thomas Church, off U.S.19 south of Cardinal Street. Group is composed of men and women who are experiencing grief and are convinced Life can be good again. Open to all. Come or call Anne at 352-220-1959. Al-Anon groups meet regularly in Citrus County. Local website nfldistrict 5.com (Citrus, Hernando, Pasco). Call 352-697-0497. Homosassa: 6:30p.m. Mondays, Nature Coast Community Church, 4980 S. Suncoast Blvd. Inverness AFG: 8p.m. Mondays, Our Lady of Fatima Catholic Church, 550 S. U.S.41. 6 p.m. Mondays at Club Recovery, corner of County Road 486 and Anvil Terrace, Hernando. Crystal River AFG: 8p.m. Tuesdays, St. Benedict Catholic Church, 455 S. Suncoast Blvd. Lecanto AFG: 8p.m. Thursdays, Unity Church of Citrus County, 2628 W. Woodview Lane, Lecanto. Crystal River AFG: 11:30a.m. Thursdays at YANA Club, 147 Seventh St. (off Citrus Avenue), Crystal River. Awareness Lunch Bunch AFG: 12:30p.m. Fridays, St. Margaret Episcopal Church, 114 N. Osceola Ave., Inverness. Alateen: 7p.m. Thursday, St. Margarets Episcopal Church, 114 N. Osceola Ave. (meets same time as Al-Anon, in separate room). WEEKLY SUPPORT MEETINGS PAGE 22 Submit information at least two weeks before the e vent. Multiple publications cannot be guaranteed. Submit material at Chronicle of fices in Inverness or Crystal River; by fax at 352-563-3280; or email to [email protected]. Notes tend to run one week prior to the date of an e vent. Publication on a special day cant be guaranteed. Special day to honor fallen peace officersA National Peace Officers Day observance will take place at 10 a.m. Thursday at Cooter Pond Park, next to the Citrus County Sheriffs Office. The public is invited to a commemoration of departed law enforcement officers who gave their lives in the performance of their professions. For more information, call 352637-5775.Artists sought to take part in mall showcaseThe Crystal River Mall is searching for local artists for a free indoor show from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. on Saturday, May 24. During this time artists may pass out business cards, fliers, contact information and other promotional materials. Artists may sell their work, take orders and set up times and prices to teach classes. Pre-resister by email, stop in or call the mall office 325-795-2585 by Thursday.Come dance for fun at mall each ThursdayThose who like to dance or who would like to learn to dance or just listen to good, clean music for free are invited to Crystal River Mall each Thursday. Dance lessons will be offered from 6 to 7 p.m. with Rita Hobbs, and Donna Carrier will provide music from 7 to 9 p.m. Families are welcome to come and enjoy the music, mini golf, shopping, movies and dining in the food court For more information about mall activities, call 352-795-2585.Corvair Club meets second WednesdayThe Nature Coast Corvair Club will meet Wednesday at B&W Restaurant in Inverness. A Dutch-treat dinner begins at 5:30 p.m. and the meeting starts at 6:30. For more information, call Herb at 352-344-4210.Amateur radio group meets WednesdaysThe Citrus County Amateur Radio Emergency Service meets at 7 p.m. Wednesdays on the 146.775 mhz repeater with a PL tone of 146.2 hz. Meetings are once a month at the Citrus County Emergency Operations Center in Lecanto. For more information and meeting dates, contact Jerry Dixon, WA6QFC at [email protected] or on the Citrus County ARES website at www.CitrusCounty ARES.com. COMMUNITYPage C6TUESDAY, MAY 13, 2014 CITRUSCOUNTYCHRONICLE Adopt ARESCUED PET Tashia Special to the ChronicleTashia is an adorable and very affectionate 4-year-old dappled female mini Dachshund used to being well loved and with someone. She is a somewhat special needs dog because she has limited sight. She gets along well with most dogs and cats. She is spayed and up to date on vaccinations. Adopt A Rescued Pet Inc. does home visits prior to adoptions, so can only adopt to the Citrus County and adjoining county areas. Call 352-795-9550 and leave your name, number and pets name and we will return your call. Check www.adoptarescued pet.com for more pets and the adoption calendar with locations, dates and times. NEWS NOTES The Fox on the Fairway, written by Ken Ludwig, directed by Edwin Martin and presented by the Art Center Theatre of Citrus County is a real hoot, a comedic parody of golf and country club tournament misadventures. The players pulled out all the stops, with the uncanny direction of Edwin Martin, to entertain us with what goes on behind the scenes on the big day at tee time. Its the rivalry between the Quail Valley Country Club and the Squirrel Golf and Racquet Club and its emotionally charged players and their interpersonal relationships with each other that drives this farce throughout with wit and one-upmanship abounding. Kate Rogers, as Louise Heinbetter, a waitress at the Quail Hollow Club, waxes eloquent in the opening scene with an ode to golf. A more spirited, physically charged actor than Rogers would be difficult to find. Her enthusiastic grasp of the Louise character had us in awe of her consistent stamina. Ryan Doherty, a veteran of the Iraq war, took the club employee part of Justin Hicks, who becomes the star golfer for Quail Hollow. Justin proposes to Louise on bended knee, just as Jim Farley, as Henry Bingham, the manager of the golf club, enters. Doherty portrays all of the cautious, uneasy anticipation feelings a golfer has while awaiting tee time, with immense sensitivity and perception. Farley, as the club manager, has perfected his role as a stern organizer of the tournament and yet in his human condition, falls prey to the outlandish antics of his fellow players and as a surprising bonus, finds love. Jacki Scott, founding director of the Citrus Community Concert Choir, portrays Binghams wife with gusto; a takecharge, no-nonsense persona to be heard at all costs. Affairs are always said to happen, and Sharon Vetter portrays Pamela Peabody, falling for manager Bingham. Vinnie De Maio, as Dickie Bell, exudes talent from the tip of his head to the tip of his toe. He could read the telephone directory to us and we would laugh uproariously. Kudos to the costume volunteers. De Maio enters outlandishly dressed in a bright yellow sweater over an orange shirt, matching plaid pants and hat, and sneakers that glow in the dark. Add the argyle socks and the crowd explodes in laughter. He portrays the competitive spirit, the intimidator, the challenger, who places winning his No. 1 priority. A brilliant actor we have come to admire greatly. There is a $100,000 bet on the tournament with Muriel Binghams antique shop added, sealed with a handshake. With lively conversations between manger Bingham, Peabody and Bell, rivalry gains momentum with hilarious undertones. Bingham describes golf as a game of life and challenges players to visualize themselves as pros Sam Snead, Jack Nicklaus, Tiger Woods when they take to the green. The players struggle with a prized Bingham vase, tossing it around from player to player, kept us on the proverbial edge of our seat. The closing lines reveal the mastery of Ludwig as a writer: And now we ask, like Homer who was old and wise and blind, if there is a moral to be taken from this test of courage, and behold there is, it is this; stay the course, do not give up in fear and never want for fellowship and never want for cheer with every game in life you play, so forward to then light and play with joy and honor and we wish you a good night. And may I add, to the Art Center Theatre volunteers: Stay your course of presentations that entertain, enlighten and provide inspiration to a deeply appreciative audience of your fans and supporters. The Fox on the Fairway continues through May 18. Call the box office at 352-746-7606.Ruth Levins participates in a variety of projects around the community. Let her know about your groups upcoming activities by writing to P.O. Box 803, Crystal River, FL 34423. Golf club gaffes get guffaws galore Ruth LevinsAROUND THE COMMUNITY Special to the ChronicleAre you having a difficult time hearing certain sounds? Do conversations frustrate you and require extra effort to understand? Are you asking people to repeat information more frequently? Hearing loss can affect anyone. It can be caused by loud noise exposure and illness, as well as the natural aging process. Citrus Hearing Impaired Program Services, CHIPS, will offer free hearing screenings from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. Friday at the old train depot, 109 N.E. Crystal St. in Crystal River. Screenings are by appointment only. Call now to reserve a time. Low-income hearing aid assistance is available. Contact Maureen, Maryjo or Dianne at 352795-5000. CHIPS is a nonprofit United Way Agency and the screenings are for information only. Information about CHIPS programs will be available. Now hear this ... Free hearing screenings to be offered Friday for Citrus County residents Special to the ChronicleCorrections Corporation of America-Citrus County Detention Facility raised $258 to benefit Florida Sheriffs Youth Ranches Inc. (FSYR). The money was raised through Easter scenes crafted by the inmates in their housing units and backdrop pictures taken. The check was presented to FSYR donor relations officer/CFP Frank Kenny. Kenny handed a FSYR pin to each unit team member in appreciation. FSYRs vision is to prevent delinquency and develop strong, lawful, resilient and productive citizens who will make a positive contribution to our communities for years to come. Pictured, from left, are: warden Russell Washburn, correctional counselor Carrie Kreisle, unit manager Derik Touchton, correctional counselor Alice Yettaw, FSYR donor relations officer/CFP Frank Kenny, unit manager Andrea Slaght, correctional counselor Tiffany Weiss and correctional counselor Robert Hoilko. Donation to Youth Ranches Special to the ChronicleMental illness is a widely misunderstood disease. Like any illness, it is easier to treat when caught early, but behavioral symptoms in children can be caused by a variety of other conditions. And, a person dealing with some other challenge such as a disability, behavioral disorder or any physical illness is not immune to mental illness. If your family includes a person with mental illness, or even if you think this might be the case, it is important to learn about mental health and what services are available. The Key Center Family Connection will host Yvonne Hess, director of The Centers of Citrus County, at a free public session at 10:30 a.m. Wednesday at the Chet Cole Life Enrichment Center (CCLEC), 5521 Buster Whitton Way, on the Lecanto Campus of the Key Center. Hess will describe the various mental health and substance abuse care services offered to children and adults and what family members can do to support a family member with a mental illness, followed by questions and answers. The public is invited. For more information, call Stephanie Hopper at 352344-0288. Learn about mental illness, services available Centers director to lead free session PAGE 23 COMMUNITYCITRUSCOUNTY(FL) CHRONICLETUESDAY, MAY13, 2014 C7 VFW post invites public for food, funThe public is welcome to join VFW Post 4864 in Citrus Springs from 5 to 6:30 p.m. Friday for a pork roast dinner. Dinner is $8; children younger than 6 eat for $4. The post will also host a country/western night from 5 p.m. to midnight Saturday, May 24 with live music and lots of fun. Food will be served from 5 to 6:30 p.m. for a charge of $5. For more information, call 352465-4864.Area gourd artists to meet May 17Marion County Gourd Artists will meet at 10 a.m. Saturday, May 17, at Cherokee Park Adult Recreation, 5641 S.E. 113th Place, Belleview. The gourd enthusiasts meet to share a love of gourds and learn more about gourd art. The public is invited to attend one of the meetings held on the third Saturday of each month at 10 a.m. For more information, visit www.marioncountygourdartists .com.Next Blood Ministries drive coming SaturdayThe next drive of the joint Blood Ministries of Our Lady of Grace Parish and Knights of Columbus Council 6168 is scheduled from 8a.m. to 1p.m. Saturday, May24, at Our Lady of Grace Parish Life Center, 6Roosevelt Blvd., Beverly Hills. This will feature a complimentary breakfast and tokens of recognition for donors. All are invited to give, but organizers extend a special invitation to all those heading north for the summer. For information, call LifeSouth Blood Centers at 352527-3061.Accordion Adventure meets in Spring HillAccordion Adventure meetings are held the third Thursday of every month from 6 to 9 p.m. at the Spring Hill United Church of Christ, 4244 Mariner Blvd. It is an informal group of accordionists and enthusiasts of all levels. All are welcome. Coffee and cake are provided. There is a $2 cover fee. For information, call Cathy at 352-686-0975 or Peg at 352442-5574. Women veterans health fair on tapEveryone is invited to the seventh annual Tri-County Women Veterans Health Fair from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. Saturday at the Citrus County Resource Center, 2804 W. Marc Knighton Court, Lecanto. A benefits coordinator will be available to answer questions. There will also be health information booths, vendor booths, chair yoga and massages. The event is sponsored by the Lecanto and Ocala VA Community Based Outpatient Clinics and The Villages VA Outpatient Clinic. For more information, call Christine Acker at 352-746-8014.20/20 directors to meet Monday in Lecanto The Citrus 20/20 Board of Directors will meet at 4:30 p.m. Monday in room 117, Lecanto Government Building, 3600 W. Sovereign Path, Lecanto. All directors are urged to attend. Interested persons or organizations are invited. For information, about Citrus 20/20 Inc., visit its website at www.citrus2020.org or call 352201-0149.AARP slates next Smart Driver coursesFlorida is a mandated state and any insurance company doing business in Florida must give a discount to those completing an AARP Smart Driving Course, open to everyone 50 and older. Update yourself to earn a discount and learn about newly enacted motor vehicle and traffic laws. Course fee is $15 for AARP members; $20 for all others. Call the listed instructor to register: Crystal River, Homosassa, Homosassa Springs Tuesday and Wednesday, May 20 and 21, 1 to 4 p.m., Homosassa Library, 4100 Grandmarch Ave. Call Phillip Mulrain at 352-6287633. Beverly Hills, Lecanto, Citrus Hills, Citrus Springs Thursday and Friday, May 22 and 23, 10 a.m. to 1 p.m., Central Ridge Library, 425 W. Roosevelt Blvd., Beverly Hills. Call Joe Turck at 352-628-6764. NEWS NOTES NEWS NOTES PJPII invites public to open house ThursdayPope John Paul II Catholic School invites parents, parishioners and the community to a celebrative open house from 6 to 8 p.m. Thursday at the school on Homosassa Trail. Join the PJPII staff, along with the Diocese of St. Petersburg, as they announce the good news about Pope John Paul IIs future and revitalization. Guests will enjoy appetizers, music and beverages. The event is sponsored by Amys on the Avenue, Cattle Dog Coffee Roaster and Tuscany on the Meadows. For information, call Christina Di Piazza at 352-746-2020 or email [email protected] school hosts yard sales each monthThe Historic Hernando School, at the intersection of County Road 486 and U.S. 41, has yard sales from 8 a.m. to 1:30 p.m. the third Saturday of each month. Setup for the yard sale begins at 7:30 a.m. There is a $10 donation fee per space, payable to the Hernando Heritage Council. Food vendors that need an electric site are charged $20 per space. All proceeds are used for renovation of the Historic Hernando School. All types of vendors are welcome. Animal and farm sales, baked goods, crafts, groceries, food vendors and yard sale items are available. Call Doug Naylor at 352-3025565 or Cathy Johnson at 352-6970193 for more information.Friendship Quilters to meet ThursdayThe Citrus Friendship Quilters Guild meets at 1:30 p.m. the first and third Thursdays at Lakes Region Library, 1551 Druid Road, Inverness. In addition to the business session, the first Thursday features show and tell, workshops or demonstrations. The May 15 meeting will be a demonstration on Cathedral Windows. Visitors are welcome. For more information, call Denise Helt at 352-344-0196 or Shirley Gorsuch at 352-637-6383. Orchid Lovers gather at Oak Hill HospitalOrchid Lovers of Spring Hill meets the third Saturday of each month at the Partners Club (behind Oak Hill Hospital, 11375 Cortez Blvd., Spring Hill). Join the group at 1 p.m. Saturday. Speaker Jack Batchelor, owner of Paradise Orchids, will share some secrets on growing beautiful orchids. Also, orchids will be raffled and offered for sale. There will be a members show table and refreshments. Guests welcome. For more information, visit www.springhill orchidclub.com or call Linda Roderick at 352-5973736. Special to the ChronicleFamily and Friends Reaching for the Abilities (FFRA) will meet from 9 to 11 a.m. Friday, May 16, at the Key Training Center Building, 130 Heights Ave., Inverness. Social time and a business meeting begin at 9 a.m., followed by a speaker at 10 a.m. Speaker Linda Carter, FEMA coordinator for persons with disabilities, will address procedures important for seniors and any persons with a disability, in the event of a community emergency situation such as a hurricane or disaster. The information is especially important for those who may rely on oxygen. The disabled community needs to be prepared for such emergencies and the meeting offers an opportunity to get the information needed to be prepared. Those interested will be able to register with No Person Left Behind, a program that provides assistance in the event of emergencies. Although the Citrus County Sheriffs Office issues emergency information, it does not include as much focused material or procedures dealing with special-needs persons that require the extra care and consideration when experiencing an emergency situation. The Citrus County Sheriffs Office also plans to send a representative to the meeting to answer any questions from the public. FFRA meets the third Friday monthly at the Key Training Center. For more information, call 352-382-7819. Special challenges FEMA emergency for handicapped subject of talk Special to the ChronicleThe Citrus County Cruisers car club presented a check for $1,800 to the Withlacoochee Technical Institute for scholarships for students in automotive training. The donation was from the 30th Manatee Car and Truck Show on March 2, where the club had a special raffle for this specific purpose. The Citrus County Cruisers have also donated checks for $400 each to Citrus United Basket, Citrus Abuse Shelter Association Inc., Key Center Foundation Inc., the Family Resource Center of Citrus County and the Boys & Girls Clubs of Citrus County. Also donated was $250 to Hospice of Citrus and the Nature Coast. The donations are a way to help all of Citrus County by giving back to the visitors and contestants at the clubs 30th car show. Citrus County Cruisers meet every Saturday at the parking lot next to Wendys in the Kings Bay Plaza, U.S. 19, Crystal River. The sound trailer is usually out by 5:30 p.m. and there is valve cover racing every third Saturday. Appreciation/Birthday Night is the second Saturday of the month, members show appreciation to car enthusiasts with free birthday cake and drawings for Cruiser of the Month T-shirts. The cruise-ins are always free and everyone is welcome. Special to the ChronicleFrom left are: John Hawkes, car show co-chairman Citrus County Cruisers; Robert Irving, auto shop instructor at Withlacoochee Technical Institute; Jim Moran, president of Citrus County Cruisers; Sandy Van Dervort, counselor at Withlacoochee Technical Institute; Lois Bump, Citrus County Cruiser member; and Dick Bump, treasurer, Citrus County Cruisers. Roy Bischoff, car show co-chairman, was not present for the picture. Funds for automotive education Citrus County Cruisers car club contributes scholarship money to WTI Special to the ChronicleSons of the American Revolution Compatriot Harley Nelson recently presented a Sons of the American Revolution Flag Certificate to Carol and Robert Swiderski in recognition of their exemplary patriotism in the display of the U.S. flag. The Flag Certificate, authorized in 1987, is presented to individuals, companies and government agencies that fly the flag for patriotic purposes only. Flag Certificate PAGE 24 C8TUESDAY, MAY13, 2014CITRUSCOUNTY(FL) CHRONICLEENTERTAINMENT PHILLIPALDER Newspaper Enterprise Assn.John Buchan, a Scottish politician and novelist, whose most famous book was The Thirty-Nine Steps, said, Every man at the bottom of his heart believes that he is a born detective. It helps if a bridge player is a detective, uncovering clues from the bidding and play. But another word in that sentence is important in todays deal. South is in three no-trump. West leads the spade queen. Given that the defenders can take only four tricks in spades, how should declarer plan to win the last nine? South starts with six top tricks: four hearts, one diamond and one club. He needs to deduce that if the club finesse is losing, the contract is hopeless. But if that finesse is winning, he can rake in nine tricks: four hearts, one diamond and four clubs. So, on the fourth spade, declarer must discard his diamond queen. Yes, this risks going several down if the club finesse fails, but pitching a club instead would leave South needing both minor-suit finesses to work. Then, after taking the fifth trick with his diamond ace, how should declarer continue? He must realize that he might need to take the club finesse three times. But he has only one dummy entry, in hearts, and he must stay in the dummy while repeating the club finesse. This requires first leading the bottom card in dummys clubs that can hold the trick when East has the club king. South must lead first the club nine. When that holds, he runs the club jack. Then he plays a club to his queen and claims. If declarer first leads dummys club jack, East can defeat the contract. Work out how. (MSNBC) 42 41 42 P o liti cs N a ti on (N)H ar db a ll With Ch r i s Matthews (N) All I n With Ch r i s H ayes (N) Th e R ac h e l M a dd ow Show (N) Th e L as t W or d With Lawrence ODonnell All I n With Ch r i s H ayes (NGC) 109 65 109 44 53Life Below Zero Kentucky Justice Firestarter PG Alaska State Troopers Alaska State Troopers Life Below Zero Alaska State Troopers (NICK) 28 36 28 35 25Sponge.Sponge.SanjaySam & Nick Full HseFull HseFull HseFull HseFull HseFriendsFriends (OWN) 103 62 103 Dr. Phil Dr. Phil PG Undercover BossUndercover BossThe Haves, NotsUndercover Boss (OXY) 44 123 BGC: Miami BGC: Miami Bad Girls ClubBad Girls ClubTattoosMariaBad Girls Club (SHOW) 340 241 340 4 My Week With Marilyn (2011) Nurse JackieCalifornication The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn Part 2 (2012) Kristen Stewart. Penny Dreadful Night Work MA Nurse JackieCalifornication (SPIKE) 37 43 37 27 36Ink Master Ink Master Explosion Ink Master Fighting Dirty Ink Master Tag Team Tatt Ink Master Karmas a Bitch Ink Master (N) (In Stereo) Tattoo Night. Rampage (STARZ) 370 271 370 Mr. Deeds (2002) Adam Sandler. My Best Friends Wedding (1997) Julia Roberts. (In Stereo) PG-13 Da Vincis Demons (iTV) MA Da Vincis Demons (iTV) MA This Is the End (2013) R (SUN) 36 31 36 College Baseball South Florida at Florida. (N) (In Stereo Live) GatorZoneRays Live! (N) MLB Baseball Tampa Bay Rays at Seattle Mariners. From Safeco Field in Seattle. (N) (SYFY) 31 59 31 26 29Jim Hensons Creature Shop Challenge Jim Hensons Creature Shop Challenge Jim Hensons Creature Shop Challenge Jim Hensons Creature Shop Challenge Ghost Hunters Nine Mens Misery PG Jim Hensons Creature Shop Challenge (TBS) 49 23 49 16 19SeinfeldSeinfeldSeinfeldFam. GuyBig BangBig BangBig BangBig BangBig BangCarbonConan (N) (TCM) 169 53 169 30 35 Never Too Late (1965, Comedy) Paul Ford, Connie Stevens. NR Nana (1934, Drama) Anna Sten, Phillips Holmes. NR We Live Again (1934) Anna Sten. NR They Came to Blow Up America (TDC) 53 34 53 24 26Deadliest Catch Family Affair PG Deadliest Catch Darwins Law PG Deadliest Catch: The Bait (N) Deadliest Catch (N) (In Stereo) PG Alaskan Bush People (N) Deadliest Catch (In Stereo) PG (TLC) 50 46 50 29 30Gypsy WeddingCoupleCouple19 Kids-Count19 Kids19 KidsCoupleCouple19 Kids19 Kids (TMC) 350 261 350 Coach Carter (2005, Drama) Samuel L. Jackson. (In Stereo) PG-13 Barbershop 2: Back in Business (2004) Ice Cube. (In Stereo) PG-13 Hustle & Flow (2005, Drama) Terrence Howard. (In Stereo) R (TNT) 48 33 48 31 34Castle The Dead Pool (In Stereo) PG Castle To Love and Die in L.A. PG NBA Basketball Teams TBA. (N) (Live) NBA Basketball Teams TBA. (N) (Live) (TOON) 38 58 38 33 AdvenGumballUncle StevenKing/HillKing/HillClevelandClevelandAmericanAmericanFam. GuyFam. Guy (TRAV) 9 106 9 44Bizarre FoodsFoodFoodBizarre FoodsChow Ma.Chow Ma.Game OnGame OnBizarre Foods (truTV) 25 55 25 98 55truTV Top FunniesttruTV Top FunniesttruTV Top FunniesttruTV Top FunniesttruTV Top FunniestMost Shocking (TVL) 32 49 32 34 24GriffithGriffithGriffithGilliganGilliganGilliganRaymondRaymondRaymondRaymondClevelandSoul Man (USA) 47 32 47 17 18Law & Order: Special Victims Unit Law & Order: Special Victims Unit Modern Family Modern Family Modern Family Modern Family Playing House (N) Modern Family Modern Family Modern Family (WE) 117 69 117 Law & Order Seed (In Stereo) PG Law & Order Wannabe PG Law & Order Act of God PG Law & Order Privileged PG Law & Order Cruel and Unusual PG Law & Order Bad Faith (WGN-A) 18 18 18 18 20Funny Home VideosVideos Oceans Eleven (2001) George Clooney. Salem MA Salem MA Dear Annie: My husband and I are in our mid-20s, have been married for five years and have two children. We are both full-time students with jobs. My job is full time and his is part time. However, our responsibilities at home are split so that I do 95.5 percent of everything, and he does whats left. My husband refuses to look for a full-time job and seems quite content being in debt and struggling to pay bills. He also refuses to create a budget and wont read any articles I bring home on the subject of communication in marriage. He declines all suggestions of family time or date nights. He prefers to be alone, and that includes sleeping by himself. I feel stuck. Is this a phase that will pass? Should I get a divorce? When we married, we said it was forever, but that was when he promised that everything would be split 50/50 and that we would share our lives. What do I do? Young and Stuck Dear Young: This is not a phase that will pass. This is what your husband is going to be like as long as he can get away with it. The fact that he prefers to sleep alone indicates that there is more going on than an uneven split in household chores. Get some counseling, preferably with your husband, but without him, if necessary. Find out what you can change, what you cannot and what you are willing to live with. Dear Annie: I have been married for eight years and knew my husband for four years before that. The problem is my stepchildren. Whenever there is a family function, invitations are addressed to my husband only, as if I dont exist. My husbands children always buy him gifts for his birthday and holidays, but I get a gift from one or two of them, and the rest ignore me. I sign everything, Dad and Mary or Grandpa Bob and Grandma Mary, but the thank-you always goes to Dad or Grandpa. His grown children are nice to me, but I am not included in anything. Even on the wedding invitation from his son, it was addressed to Bob Jones and Family. I have children of my own, and they would never dream of treating their stepdad like this. Am I being too sensitive? I am at the point where I dont want to participate in any more birthday parties, holidays or anything else that involves getting together with his kids. I have tried so hard to get them to like me. I met their Dad after his marriage was over, and his wife had cheated on him. They treat their stepdad great. So why do I get this treatment? I dont think its ever going to get any better. Am I right to say forget about them? Feel Left Out Dear Feel: We think the kids like you well enough, but they arent entirely comfortable with your position. And where their mother no doubt insists that they treat her husband with respect, your husband doesnt seem to be demanding the same. He needs to tell his kids that notes and invitations to the two of you need to be addressed that way, and that your special occasions should be recognized with at least a card. Meanwhile, we hope you can handle some of this with humor instead of bitterness. It will help. Dear Annie: I was taken back by Betseys response to Concerned Mother. To this day, I send my mother a text telling her I am home when returning from a trip. This is something I have done since I was a latchkey kid, all the way through college and now as a 33-year-old working mom. It gives both of us peace of mind. My 42-year-old husband does the same thing. We do not feel suffocated. Its just what we do when we know others love us. Latchkey MomAnnies Mailbox is written by Kathy Mitchell and Marcy Sugar, longtime editors of the Ann Landers column. Please email your questions to [email protected], or write to: Annies Mailbox, Creators Syndicate, 737 3rd Street, Hermosa Beach, CA 90254. To find out more about Annies Mailbox visit the Creators Syndicate Web page at www.creators.com. ANNIES MAILBOX Bridge (Answers tomorrow) DOUBTCIVIC PAPAYAHOMELY Yesterdays Jumbles: Answer: The tigers twin brother was a COPYCAT Now arrange the circled letters to form the surprise answer, as suggested by the above cartoon.THAT SCRAMBLED WORD GAMEby David L. Hoyt and Jeff Knurek Unscramble these four Jumbles, one letter to each square, to form four ordinary words. HETFI GAMIE RESHOK INIOCC Tribune Content Agency, LLC All Rights Reserved. Check out the new, free JUSTJUMBLE app A: TUESDAY EVENING MAY 13, 2014 C: Comcast, Citrus B: Bright House D/I: Comcast, Dunnellon & Inglis F: Oak Forest H: Holiday Heights C B D/I F H6:006:307:007:308:008:309:009:3010:0010:3011:0011:30 ^ (WESH) NBC 19 19 NewsNewsEntAccessThe Voice (N) PGAbout-FisherChicago Fire NewsJ. Fallon # (WEDU) PBS 3 3 14 6World News Nightly Business PBS NewsHour (N) (In Stereo) Coming Back With Wes Moore PG Frontline United States of Secrets Government surveillance. (N) PG Coming Back With Wes Moore PG % (WUFT) PBS 5 5 5 41News at 6BusinessPBS NewsHour (N)Coming BackFrontline Government surveillance. (N) PGBBC T. Smiley ( (WFLA) NBC 8 8 8 8 8NewsNightly NewsNewsChannel 8 Entertainment Ton.The Voice (N) PG About a Boy PG Growing Up Fisher Chicago Fire Real Never Waits NewsTonight Show ) (WFTV) ABC 20 20 20 NewsWorld News Jeopardy! (N) G Wheel of Fortune Marvels Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. PG The Goldbergs Trophy Wife PG Celebrity Wife Swap (N) PG Eyewit. News Jimmy Kimmel (WTSP) CBS 10 10 10 10 1010 News, 6pm (N) Evening News Wheel of Fortune Jeopardy! (N) G NCIS A fire on a U.S. Navy ship. NCIS: Los Angeles Deep Trouble Person of Interest (In Stereo) 10 News, 11pm (N) Letterman ` (WTVT) FOX 13 13 13 13FOX13 6:00 News (N) (In Stereo) TMZ (N) PG The Insider (N) Glee (Season Finale) (N) (DVS) Riot Steve Carell and Andy Buckley. PG FOX13 10:00 News (N) (In Stereo) NewsAccess Hollywd 4 (WCJB) ABC 11 11 4 NewsABC EntInside Ed.S.H.I.E.L.D. GoldTrophyCelebrity Wife SwapNewsJ. Kimmel 6 (WCLF) IND 2 2 2 22 22Christian Fitness TodayKenneth Hagin Great AwakeningH.Babers Sr. Place for Miracles A. Wommack Perry Stone James Robison Purpose for Life Great Awaken < (WFTS) ABC 11 11 11NewsWorld News The List (N) PG Lets Ask America Marvels Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. PG The Goldbergs Trophy Wife PG Celebrity Wife Swap (N) PG NewsJimmy Kimmel @ (WMOR) IND 12 12 16Modern Family Modern Family Big Bang Theory Big Bang Theory Law & Order: Special Victims Unit Law & Order: Special Victims Unit The Office The Office PG Family Guy Family Guy PG F (WTTA) MNT 6 6 6 9 9RaymondSeinfeldFamFeudFamFeudBones Bones Cops Rel.Cops Rel.SeinfeldCommun H (WACX) TBN 21 21 S.ChannelThe 700 Club (N) GBabersPaidMannaPaidPaidStudio Direct HealingMinistries L (WTOG) CW 4 4 4 12 12King of Queens King of Queens Two and Half Men Two and Half Men The Originals (Season Finale) (N) Supernatural Stairway to Heaven EngagementEngagementThe Arsenio Hall Show O (WYKE) FAM 16 16 16 15CrosswordsCitrus Today County Court Every DayChamber Chat Beverly Hillbillies Crook and Chase (In Stereo) PG Cold Squad (DVS) Eye for an EyeThe Comedy Shop S (WOGX) FOX 13 7 7SimpsonsSimpsonsBig BangBig BangGlee (In Stereo) Riot (In Stereo) PGFOX 35 News at 10TMZ PGAccess (WVEA) UNI 15 15 15 15 14NoticiasNotic.De Que Te Quiero, Te Quiero (N) (SS)Lo Que la VidaQu Pobres Noticias Univision (WXPX) ION 17 Criminal Minds Criminal Minds Criminal Minds Criminal Minds The Listener (N) The Listener (N) (A&E) 54 48 54 25 27Storage Wars PG Storage Wars PG Storage Wars PG Storage Wars PG Storage Wars PG Storage Wars PG Storage Wars PG Storage Wars PG Storage Wars PG Storage Wars PG Storage Wars PG Storage Wars PG (AMC) 55 64 55 The Matrix Revolutions (2003) The Matrix (1999) Keanu Reeves. A computer hacker learns his world is a computer simulation. R Freakshow (N) Freakshow (N) Small TownFreakshow (ANI) 52 35 52 19 21River Monsters: Unhooked PG Eating Giants: Elephant PG Surviving the Kill Zone (N) (In Stereo) PGEating Giants: Hippo (In Stereo) PG Surviving the Kill Zone (In Stereo) PG (BET) 96 19 96 106 & Park Top 10 Countdown (N) PG ComicView Friday After Next (2002, Comedy) Ice Cube, Mike Epps. R ComicView (N) ComicViewHusbandsHusbands (BRAVO) 254 51 254 Housewives/Atl.Housewives/OCHousewives/NYCHousewives/NYCCouchTBAHappensNYC (CC) 27 61 27 33South Park Tosh.0 Colbert Report Daily ShowAmy Schumer Tosh.0 Tosh.0 Tosh.0 Tosh.0 (N) Amy Schumer Daily ShowColbert Report (CMT) 98 45 98 28 37Reba PG Reba PG Reba PG Reba PG That s Show That s Show New in Town (2009) Rene Zellweger. Premiere. An ambitious executives new job has an unexpected result. PG (CNBC) 43 42 43 Mad Money (N)The Profit Shark Tank PGShark Tank PGShark Tank PGShark Tank PG (CNN) 40 29 40 41 46Crossfire (N) Erin Burnett OutFrontAnderson CooperCNN Tonight (N)CNN Special ReportErin Burnett OutFront (DISN) 46 40 46 6 5Dog With a Blog G Dog With a Blog G Liv & Maddie Dog With a Blog G Girl vs. Monster (2012, Comedy) Olivia Holt. GoodCharlie Jessie G Austin & Ally G GoodCharlie Dog With a Blog G (ESPN) 33 27 33 21 17SportsCenter (N)March to BrazilE:60 (N) 2014 Draft Academy2014 Draft AcademySportsCenter (N) (ESPN2) 34 28 34 43 49AroundPardonSportsCenter (N)NFL Live (N) March to BrazilBaseball Tonight (N)Olber.Olber. (EWTN) 95 70 95 48NewsLast CallDaily Mass G Mother Angelica LiveNewsRosaryThreshold of HopeGrab Women (FAM) 29 52 29 20 28 The Sorcerers Apprentice (2010, Fantasy) Nicolas Cage. PG Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2 (2011) Daniel Radcliffe. Harry may have to make the ultimate sacrifice. The 700 Club (In Stereo) G (FLIX) 118 170 Darkman (1990, Action) Liam Neeson, Colin Friels. (In Stereo) R An American Werewolf in London (1981) R Earth Girls Are Easy (1989) Geena Davis. (In Stereo) PG Eraserhead (FNC) 44 37 44 32Special ReportGreta Van SusterenThe OReilly FactorThe Kelly File (N)Hannity (N) The OReilly Factor (FOOD) 26 56 26 Chopped G Chopped G Chopped G Chopped G Chopped (N) GChopped G (FS1) 732 112 732 Americas PregameWorld Poker MLB 162Derek Jeter PecosMLB Whiparound (N)FOX Sports Live (N) (FSNFL) 35 39 35 UFCPieceTennis PowerShares Series: Sacramento.MarlinsMarlinsMLB Baseball: Marlins at Dodgers (FX) 30 60 30 51 This Means War (2012) Reese Witherspoon. PG-13 Contraband (2012) Mark Wahlberg. A former smuggler finds he has to get back in the game. R Fargo Lester has a close call. (N) MA Fargo Lester has a close call. MA (GOLF) 727 67 727 CentralPGA TourPlaying LessonsGolfs Greatest Rounds (N) CentralLearning (HALL) 59 68 59 45 54The Waltons The Baptism G The Waltons The Firestorm G The Waltons The Nightwalker G The Middle PG The Middle PG Frasier PGFrasier PGFrasier PGFrasier PG (HBO) 302 201 302 2 2 Armageddon (1998, Science Fiction) Bruce Willis. A hero tries to save Earth from an asteroid. (In Stereo) PG-13 Game of Thrones (In Stereo) MA Last Week To. Silicon Valley Veep MAVICE (HBO2) 303 202 303 All About Ann: Governor Richards Beautiful Creatures (2013) Alden Ehrenreich. (In Stereo) PG-13 Road to Marquez Last Week To. Real Time With Bill Maher MA The Lovely Bones (HGTV) 23 57 23 42 52Income Property GFlipFlip or Flip or Flip or Flip or Flip or HuntersHunt IntlFlip It to Win It G (HIST) 51 54 51 32 42Ancient Aliens The Time Travelers PG Ancient Aliens (In Stereo) PG Hangar 1: The UFO Files PG Hangar 1: The UFO Files PG Hangar 1: The UFO Files PG Hangar 1: The UFO Files PG (LIFE) 24 38 24 31Wife Swap Collins/ Matlock PG True Tori The Truth Comes Out True Tori Tori Finds Her Voice Dance Moms (N) PG True Tori Another Bump in the Road True Tori Another Bump in the Road (LMN) 50 119 The First 48 PG The First 48 PG Killer Kids A brutal killing spree. Killer Kids Intervention Gina and Andrea Intervention Anthony (MAX) 320 221 320 3 3Super Ex Taken 2 (2012, Action) Liam Neeson, Maggie Grace. (In Stereo) NR Getaway (2013) Ethan Hawke. (In Stereo) PG-13 Road Trip (2000) Seann William Scott. R Life on Top MA WANT MORE PUZZLES? Look for Sudoku and Wordy Gurdy puzzles in the Classified pages. PAGE 25 COMICSCITRUSCOUNTY(FL) CHRONICLETUESDAY, MAY13, 2014 C9 Pickles Crystal River Mall 9; 564-6864 Amazing Spider-Man 2 (PG-13) 1 p.m., 4:15 p.m., 7:30 p.m. No passes. Amazing Spider-Man 2 (PG-13) In 3D. 12:30 p.m., 3:45 p.m., 7 p.m. No passes. Brick Mansions (PG-13) 8 p.m. Captain America: The Winter Soldier (PG-13) 12:55 p.m., 3:55 p.m., 7:10 p.m. Gods Not Dead (PG) 1:20 p.m., 4:30 p.m. Heaven Is For Real (PG) 12:45 p.m., 3:30 p.m., 7:05 p.m. Legends of Oz (PG) 12:40 p.m., 7:25 p.m. Legends of Oz (PG) In 3D. 3:50 p.m. No passes. Neighbors (R) 1:30 p.m., 4:05 p.m., 7:50 p.m. No passes. The Other Woman (PG-13) 1:15 p.m., 4:25 p.m., 7:40 p.m. Rio 2 (G) 1:10 p.m., 3:40 p.m., 7:20 p.m. Citrus Cinemas 6 Inverness; 637-3377 Amazing Spider-Man 2 (PG-13) 12:30 p.m., 4 p.m., 7:30 p.m. No passes. Amazing Spider-Man 2 (PG-13) In 3D. 12 p.m., 3:30 p.m., 7 p.m. No passes. Captain America: The Winter Soldier (PG-13) 12:15 p.m., 3:45 p.m., 6:50 p.m. Heaven Is For Real (PG) 1:15 p.m., 4:20 p.m., 7:20 p.m. Neighbors (R) 1 p.m., 4:30 p.m., 7:45 p.m. No passes. The Other Woman (PG-13) 12:45 p.m., 4:10 p.m., 7:10 p.m. Visit www.chronicleonline.com for area movie listings and entertainment information. Peanuts Garfield For Better or For Worse Sally Forth Beetle Bailey Dilbert The Grizzwells The Born Loser Blondie Doonesbury Classic Kit N Carlyle Rubes Dennis the Menace The Family Circus Betty Big Nate Arlo and Janis Frank & Ernest Times provided by Regal Cinemas and are subject to change; call ahead. TodaysMOVIES WJUF-FM 90.1 National Public WHGN-FM 91.9 Religious WXCV-FM 95.3 Adult Mix. WXOF-FM 96.7 Classic Hits WEKJ FM 96.3, 103.9 Religious WSKY 97.3 FM News Talk WXJB 99.9 FM News Talk WRGO-FM 102.7 Oldies WYKE-FM 104.3 Sports Talk WDUV 105.5 FM Hudson WJQB-FM 106.3 Oldies WFJV-FM 103.3 s to s WRZN-AM 720 News Talk LocalRADIO XDW BHIIWBX MWWZJCF JC ZJMW JB UDWC GENVW IHCRJCF JC H VWHZZG KEGMNZ UHG HCI XDWC GEN DJX GENV DWHI EC BEPWXDJCF. ZWCH INCDHPPrevious Solution: Often we have no time for our friends but all the time in the world for our enemies. Leon Uris (c) 2014 by NEA, Inc., dist. by Universal Uclick 5-13 PAGE 26 C10TUESDAY,MAY13,2014 CLASSIFIEDS CITRUSCOUNTY( FL ) CHRONICLE Fax: (352) 563-5665 l Toll Free: (888) 852-2340 l Email: [email protected] l website: www.chronicleonline.comToplace an ad, call563-5966Classifieds In Print and Online All The Time ChronicleClassifieds637551 000I2AR 000I2AU SEEKING SALES REPRESENTATIVESFull-Time with Great BenefitsDo you have an outgoing personality? Do you work well with others? Are your people skills outstanding?Seeking dynamic individuals with strong communication and computer skills. Must be organized and detailed-oriented and thrive in a fast-paced environment. Base salary plus commission. Reliable vehicle and valid drivers license required. If you light up a room when you enter, apply today! Send resume to [email protected] Drug screen required for final applicant. EOE000I36R New Serta King Euro Mattress Set double sided, Presidential Suite II, $875. (352) 270-8917 PLANTSTAND GREEN METAL3 shelves 5x 2 $25 352-270-3527 Queen Size Mattress & Box Spring $100. 2 Sofa Beds $100. ea. will separate Moving 631-398-5946 TABLES, set of 4 glass top, 2 end, one sofa, one coffee. all stone bases. $150 obo (352) 726-9394 Thomasville California King Sz. Bed, w/ pillowtop mattress, dresser, 2 mirrors, night table, armoire, dark mahogany great cond. extra sheets/ comforter $350 (352) 637-6284 TRADE IN MATTRESS SETS FOR SALE Starting at $50. King, Queen, Full, Twin Very good condition 352-621-4500 TWO MATCHING LOVE SEATS very good condition $100. (352)527-1399 TWO MATCHING LOVE SEATS very good condition $100. (352)527-1399 WICKER BASKET CHEST/TABLE iron feet 3x 2x 2misc uses $100 352-270-3527 WICKER BROWN RECTANGULAR WITH LID 18 x 18 x 12 misc uses $25 352-270-3527 AFFORDABLE Top Soil, Rock, Driveways Hauling & Tractor Work 352-341-2019, 201-5147 Riding Lawn Mower Toro XL 420 Twin Cam 42 in cut. Only 97 hrs, incld 36x48 wagon. Ex. cond, both $750; Power wheeled walk behind $125 352-382-1481 or 352-220-3009 SEARS CRAFTSMAN 42 cut, 1 yr old, bag system, used twice, $750. (352) 637-4718 BLUEBERRYPLANTS Mature Rabbiteye blueberry bushes (Blue Gems and Woodards) Well dig them up and put them in your truck $10.00 per bush. 352 726-7907 PLANTSTAND GREEN METAL3 shelves 5x 2$25 352-270-3527 ADVERTISE YOUR GARAGE SALEIN THECLASSIFIEDS Call your Classified Representative for details and dont forget to ask about rain insurance! 352-563-5966 HOMOSASSA Estate Sale Wed 14, 8:30a -3p, 39 Hawthorne Ct. N. 34446, In Sugarmill woods Photos at: www.facebook.com /SmoothSaleing ALPACASWEATERS 100% Baby Alpaca Sweaters $129 Alpaca Socks $12 Great gifts for Mom 352-628-0156 surialpaca@ yahoo.com DESIGNER SUITS SIZE 12 AND 14 excel cond black navy blue white $20 ea 352-270-3527 CONTRACTORS STEELWHEEL BARROW 6 CUBIC FT.NEEDSAIR IN TIRE 45.00 352-464-0316 CONTRACTORS STEELWHEEL BARROW 6 CUBIC FT.NEEDSAIR IN TIRE $45. (352)464 -0316 TVAPEX 20 WITH BUILT IN DVD PLAYER & REMOTE $40 352-613-0529 STILTS FOR DOING SHEETROCK WORK. GREAT.OK SHAPE (PAINTONTHEM) ONLY$75. 464-0316 17 LCD Computer MONITOR Envision works great. $30. Have book and disc. 352-566-6589 17 LCD Computer MONITOR Envision works great. $30. Have book and disc. (352)566-6589 BROTHER FAX MACHINE WORKS GREATONLY$40. (352)464-0316 STAND & DOCKING STATION for Dell Latitude/Inspiron/Precision laptops $35 OBO 352-382-3650 SUCCESS SYSTEMS 10 cassettes n books Make more money in your Bz $20 352-270-3527 843 Bob Cat$9,000. obo (352) 302-5641 PATIOTABLE FOLDING metal base 3cir glasstop $30 352-270-3527 SEWING & REPAIR Awnings RV & Home Boat Canvas & Seats Golf CartSeatsTops Patio Furn., 563-0066 TABLE Metal Circular 3Glasstop $50 352-270-3527 AFGANI RUG WOOL reversible n washable cream w/brown mosaic design 8x 5$100 352-270-3527 Bureau & Dresser w/ mirror solid wood, maple color, excellent condition $180. (352) 503-3446 Chromecraft 4 Dining Rm. Arm Chairs, Swivel, rollers, Beige, $200 (352) 445-9448 COUCH & LOVESEAT La-Z-Boy, exc. cond., $200 obo (352) 726-9394 COUCH 2 Cushions, dark olive color $125. (352) 358-4800 DINING ROOM SET, 4 hi back chairs, glass table top, beautiful stone base, $175 obo (352) 726-9394 Dining Room Set, china cab. glass top table w/ 4 chairs & buffet cabinet excellent cond. $500. 2 CHAIRS, 1 recliner, 1 swivel $50. ea. Moving 631-398-5946 DININGTABLE FOLDING metal base 3cir glasstop $30 352-270-3527 DININGTABLE Metal base 3circular glasstop $50 352-270-3527 Furniture chest of Drawers & Items $100 No calls before 11am (352) 628-4766 KITCHEN 48 oct. table leaf.4 chairs,casters. Exc.cond. dark wood, upholstered chairs. $100. (352)382-3280 Lane Cedar Chest $75. (352) 726-7902 Oak Dining room set oval table w/ folding leaf, 6 chairs and pretty hutch w/ glass doors. $2000 new, never used. Asking $1100. Two decorative wood benches $75 ea. Moving must sell. (352) 513-4427 ANTIQUE PATCH QUILTS EARLY1900S ORIGINALfull size many colors $100 352-270-3527 FLATIRON WITH STAND 1800S CHILDS TOYblack solid iron 3.5 x 2 x 2 $40 352-270-3527 IRON SKILLET1800 CHILDSTOYhorse n buggy bottom pan 4 x 2 $40 352-270-3527 GOLD PLATED FLATWARE SERVICE FOR 8 place setting 5pc + serving utensils $100 352-270-3527 LLADRO Retired piece (Unexpected Visit) Beautiful, in box Call for details,will text pic if interested. $185 OBO. 352-586-3380 MICHAELJACKSON PLATINUM EDITION COLLECTORS VAULT AMUSTHAVE ONLY $25. 464-0316 WEDGEWOOD 14 PLATTER OVAL lavender grapes on cream $90 352-270-3527 WEDGEWOOD 9 VEG DISH OVAL lavender grapes on cream $50 352-270-3527 WEDGEWOOD DESSERTDISHES 8 lavender grapes on cream $60 352-270-3527 WEDGEWOOD DISHES Plates 2 Dinner $20 ea -2 Salad $15 ea 352-270-3527 APPLIANCES like new washers/dryers, stoves, fridges 30 day warranty trade-ins, 352-302-3030 Electric Range Whirlpool 30 Self Cleaning 1st $100 Takes it. Heavy Duty Wheelbarrow $40 (352) 795-5519 Freezer Kenmore 5.2 CF upright, white used less then 6 mo. Looks and runs like new $185 obo (352) 586-3380 GE Electric Oven Black, self clean, flat burners, good cond. $200.(516) 456-0228 GEORGE FOREMAN GRILL12 x 14 x 4 white good cond $15 352-270-3527 HARVESTMAID DEHYDRATOR New in plastic. Expands to 30 trays. 2 books & extras.$100 (203)509-7638 SMITTYSAPPLIANCE REPAIR.Also W anted Dead or Alive W ashers & Dryers. FREE PICK UP! 352-564-8179 Washer & Dryer Kenmore, $200 will sell separately (678) 617-5560 WASHER OR DRYER $145 ea. Reliable, Clean, Like New, Excel Working Cond, 60 day Guar.Free Del/Set up. (352)263-7398 SALON CHAIR Black and chrome. Shampoo/cutting chair. $100 203-509-7638 SALON CHAIR Black and chrome. Used for shampooing and cutting. $100 (203)509-7638 DUDLEYS AUCTION 5-15-Thursday Estate Adventure Auction3pm outside household, tools, box lot 5;30 CARS-BOATS Corvette Camaro Berlinetta Sea Ray 26 75 Fbgl Boat 14 6pm EST A TE ITEMS appliances, quality furniture, new items, shell-phosphorescent rock collection ******************** call for info 637-9588 dudleysauction.com 4000 S Florida Ave (US41S) Inverness Ab1667 10% bp cash/ck. Your Worldof garage sales Classifieds ww.chronicleonline.com Exp. Bucket Truck Operator &Tree ClimberCDLLicense a plus call 352-344-2696 NEWSPAPER CARRIER WANTEDNewspaper carrier wanted for early morning delivery of the Citrus County Chronicle and other newspapers for home delivery customers.Must have insured and reliable vehicleApply in Person 1624 N Meadowcrest Blvd, Crystal River Monday to Friday 8am-5pm Newspaper carriers are independent contractors, not employees of the Citrus County Chronicle Grass Roots LawnExpert Shrub and lawn person. Pay based on Exp.Must have clean license. 352-795-2287 SUMMER WORK GREA T P A Y Immediate FT/PT openings, customer sales/serv, will train, conditions apply, all ages 17+, Call ASAP! 352-503-4930** TOWER HANDStarting at $10.00/Hr Building Communication Towers. Travel, Good Pay & Benefits. OT, 352-694-8017, M-F HOUSEKEEPERSUpscale Country Club Restaurant now accepting applications for P/T housekeepers. Apply in person at 505 E Hartford St Mon-Sat from 2-5pm parttime general maintenanceMust be able to work second shift & have own vehicle. Apply T ues Friday @ 505 E Hartford St, Hernando AIRLINE CAREERSbegin here -Get FAA approvedAviation MaintenanceTechnician training. Housing and Financial aid for qualified students. Job placement assistance. CallAIM 877-741-9260 www .fixjet s.com MEDICAL OFFICE TRAINEES NEEDED!Train to become a Medical Office Assistant. NO EXPERIENCE NEEDED! Online training gets you Job readyASAP. HS Diploma/GED & PC/Internet needed! (888)528-5547 NOW ENROLLING CosmetologyDay & Night SchoolBarberNight SchoolMassageDay & Night SchoolNail & Skin CareDay School Starts Weekly Night School Mon-Tues-Wed 5:00PM-9:00PM Campus Locations: NEW PORT RICHEY SPRING HILL BROOKSVILLE(727) 848-8415 www.benes.edu START A CAREER IN A YEAR MEDICAL ASSTNeeded for busy family practice Medical Office in Citrus County. Please Fax Resume 352-746-3838 RN/LPNImmediate need for physically disabled young woman TOP PAY! Interim Health Care Call 352-637-3111 .NET Developerwith C# experience,Javascript Developer Tester Technical SalesLocal Applicants with 2 to 3 years of experience. Forward resumes to kokeefe@ b-scada.com Exp Bartender wantedapply in person: T-Backs Bar 4591 N Carl G Rose Hwy, Hernando ask for Tammy AC Service TechApply at Air Care Heating & Cooling Inc. 7745 W Homosassa Trail Homosassa Drug Free Work Place ASPHALT QC ROAD WAY TECH LEVEL II CERT. (CTQP)CW ROBERTSWildwood Fax Resume 352-330-2609 EOE/DFWP Commercial Tire TechnicianMust be skilled in mount/dismount,tire repairs, light mechanical skills needed. Must have own hand tools. Major tire tools, supplied by shop. Hours: 6p-5a, Wed-Sat. Wages based on skills & exp. Apply @ 6730 N. CitrusAve., Crystal River. Exp. Grant WriterFor Non Profit organization. All inquiries Phone (352) 628-3663 Ask for Tom Chancey or Mail Resume to Community Food Bank of Citrus Co. 5259 W. Cardinal St. Bld. B Homosassa Fl. 34446 Fuel & Lubrication TechnicianBusy construction company. Has immediate opening for qualified fuel lubrication person. Must have a clean Class ACDL with Hazmat & Airbreak Endorsements. Must be willing to work overtime as required DFW Contact Tom at (352)266-3325. MASON TENDERSMust be experienced reliable and have transportation to and from work in Citrus & surrounding counties (352) 302-2395 Needed Donation of 3/2 Singlewide Mobile Home for Family that lost everything in a house fire. Will move to site. Thank you, Contact Brenda (347) 595-2250 (352) 613-3209 Senior Lady Needs Transportation to Doctors and Appts. (352) 419-5454 Fero Memorial Garden 2 Cemetery Lots w/ opening & closing (352) 746-0945 CONSTRUCTION SECRETARYMust be proficient w/ word, excel, & adobe acrobat; organized, personable and able to multi task.Full time position, DFWP Send resume to applicant s@t amp a bay .rr .com CNAs/HHAsExperienced, Caring & Dependable Hourly & Live-in, flexible schedule.LOVING CARE (352) 860-0885 DENTAL RECEPTIONISTPart time or Full time For High Quality Oral Surgery Office. Springhill/Lecanto Experience a must. Email Resume To: maryamoli@ yahoo.com F/T RECEPTIONISTExp. reqd for very busy medical office. Computer skills a must. Includes benefits. Fax Resume to: (352) 563-2512 RNs, LPNs and CNAs Must be a licensed nurse by the state of Florida or a Certified CNA Long-Term Care exp. preferred Hiring full-time and part-time employees, with opening in all shifts. HEAL TH CENTER A T BRENTWOOD via fax or email payroll@health atbrentwood.com Ph. (352) 746-6600 Fax. (352) 746-8696 2333 N Brentwood Cr. Lecanto, Fl 34461EOE/SF/DF SUNSHINE GARDENS Assisted Living Facility, Seeking Applications For Part-time Office Assistant Part-Time Weekend Dietary And Certified CNA Must Have excellent organizational skills Be a Team Player Experience with Alzheimers and Dementia population preferred Please Apply at: SUSHINE GARDENS Crystal River 311 NE 4th Ave. BUYING JUNK CARS Running or Not CASH PAID-$300 & UP (352) 771-6191 10 month old Large Male Black Great Dane energetic free to approved home, must have experience with Giant breed 352-860-2793 Free3 Male kittens, approx 2 mos.old & 3 females and 2 males, aprox 1 yr. old, To good home, (352)447-0072 Leave Message Free Firewood Cut, 18 to 22 long You haul (352) 489-7696 Free Friendly Male Cat White with Brown spots, (970) 317-8902, cell Red Male Pomeranian 8 months old, not neutered frre to good home (239) 357-9357 U PICK BLUEBERRIES (352) 643-0717 U-pick Blueberries $3.00 per lb. 7am-6pm Tues & Thurs-Closed from 12p-3p, Sat, & Sun.Pestiside Free 4752 W Abeline Dr Citrus Springs, (352)746-2511 UPICK BLUEBERRIES Misty Meadows Blueberry Farm Open Thursday through Sunday 7:00 am to 7:00 pm $3.50 per pound (352) 726-7907 Female Black Labrador Retriever recently had puppies lost in the vicinity off hwy 200 in Hernando pls call (352) 726-8080 Lost Bull Massive Pitt Mix, named Roxie Red w/ white marking Friendly Homosassa, Cardinal Lane & Leisure Acres REWARD (352) 601-2761 Lost cat. By VFW area in Floral City. Great Mancoon. Recently trimmed. Has collar & chipped. Called Sammy. If found call Debbie. (352)201-9521 CONSIGNMENTS W ANTED!!! cars, trucks, RVs, vans, boats, trailers, tractors, etc. for INVERNESS MOTORS & SHEDS @ NEW LOCA TIO N! Rt 44 accross from Times Square-call Bob@ 352-341-0090 SEE AL for CARS & SHEDS @ Hernando location corner of 486 and 41 Todays New Ads Blue & Gold McCaw. 10 yrs. old, talks w/ huge 6 cage & many extras. $2,000. (352)637-7124 CHEVY2010 Equinox LT excellent cond. 51k miles $17,000. (352) 860-0736 COUCH & LOVESEAT La-Z-Boy, exc. cond., $200 obo (352) 726-9394 DINING ROOM SET, 4 hi back chairs, glass table top, beautiful stone base, $175 obo (352) 726-9394 Furniture chest of Drawers & Items $100 No calls before 11am (352) 628-4766 HOMOSASSA Estate Sale Wed 14, 8:30a -3p, 39 Hawthorne Ct. N. 34446, In Sugarmill woods Photos at: www.facebook.com /SmoothSaleing Riding Lawn Mower Toro XL 420 Twin Cam 42 in cut. Only 97 hrs, incld 36x48 wagon. Ex. cond, both $750; Power wheeled walk behind $125 352-382-1481 or 352-220-3009 Rowing Machine Used once $100. Convertible chair bed for child $20. (352) 860-0736 TABLES, set of 4 glass top, 2 end, one sofa, one coffee. all stone bases. $150 obo (352) 726-9394 Tr olling Motor 24 V Motor Guide Great White 67# trust. Incl 2 batteries, foot control; used 50 hrs $400 (352) 628-0838 U-PICK BLUEBERRIES Misty Meadows Blueberry Farm Open Thursday through Sunday 7:00 am to 7:00 pm $3.50 per pound (352) 726-7907 Very large vanity Scify, horror, fantasy, hardback collection. Along with mini-scifi paperbacks. Some 1st add. w/authors signature. Must sell entire collection. Price negotiable. (352)399-2751 WESTWOODACRES 3 bedroom. 2 bath. $68000. 1768 SQ FT..-PICSAT ZILLOW.COM-9515 W MIDLAND LN C.R. No owner finance Call Terry-(352)697-1218 Yamaha V-star 1100, dressed out, real low mi, eye candy $4900 obo (352) 746-9212 Taurus MetalRecycling Best Prices for your cars or trucks also biggest U-Pull-It with thousands of vehicles offering lowest price for parts 352-637-2100 Hello Mr J. and L. Quad City in the 90s. L. so tall. Good to see your faces. Mr H. as well. Sincerely, Runner I I I I I I I I Tell that special person Happy Birthday with a classified ad under Happy Notes. Only $28.50 includes a photo Call our Classified Dept for details352-563-5966 I I I I I I I I Todays New Ads 4 Chevy 6 lug Wheels/tires/skins Wrangler LT 255/70/16R $400 obo (352) 746-9212 26, 6 sp, folding unisex Mountain Bike. Equ. like new cond. $125. (352)344-5933 ALLEGRO BAY, 37 DB, 25K miles Freight Liner, Loaded $69,995. obo 352-795-7820 AVION1976 26FTTravel Trailer, fully equipped excel. cond. $6,800. (352) 795-1958 Bissell Carpet Cleaner. Used once. Cost $135, $70 OBO. Adj. 2-tier rolling garment rack, $10. (352)341-1941 (352) 563-5966www.chronicleonline.com How To Make Your Dining Room Set Disappear...Simply advertise in the Classifieds and get results quickly!640985A Need a JOB?#1 Employment source is www.chronicleonline.com Classifieds PAGE 27 TUESDAY,MAY13,2014C 11 CITRUS COUNTY (FL) CHRONICLE CLASSIFIEDS This Sat 6pm Preview 5pm Antiques, Coins, Art, Jewelry, Military and Estate ItemsRed Barn Auctions4535 S. Florida Ave., Inverness, FLTerms 13%BP CC 10%BP Cash Fl Sales Tax AB 3172 AU4416 Call 419-7920 Consign NowRates as low as 2% We Buy EstatesPUBLIC AUCTION000I8CZ PAINTING 352-465-6631 Ferraros PaintingInterior & Exterior PressureWashing FREE ESTIMATES Repaint Specialist000HTD4 ELECTRICAL REPAIR 352-621-1248Thomas Electric, LLC Residential/Commercial ServiceGenerac Centurion Guardian Generators Factory Authorized Technicians ER0015377 000HUXJ Stand Alone Generator CLEANING DUST BUSTERSCLEANING SERVICELicensed, Insured, Workers Comp. Pressure Washing Too352-942-8434Call Today for a Clean Tomorrow000HZZGRESIDENTIAL, COMMERCIAL, VACATION RENTALS & NEW HOME CLEAN-UP 000I2VMQuality That Wont Rob The Nest EggTweetys Complete Painting Service, Inc. Interior/Exterior Painting Drywall RepairsTextures Wallpaper Removalwww.TweetysPainting.comInsured Licensed Bonded / Lic#00582974Celebrating 30 Years in BusinessMilitary & Senior Discounts PAINTING SERVICES 352-597-2440 352-293-5088 Toll Free: 877-893-3895 HANDYMAN 000I3PYRons Affordable Handyman Services All Home Repairs Small Carpentry Fencing Screening Clean Dryer VentsAffordable & Dependable Experience lifelongLicensed & Insured Lic.#37761352-344-0905 cell: 400-1722 #1 in Service + Quality SMWPOOLS.COMState Certified Pool Contractor Lic. #1458326Serving All Of Citrus County Free Consultation Sugarmill Woods Pool & SpaCome visit our showroom for a huge selection of tile, pavers, pool finishes and pool equipment. Construction Leak Detection Pool/Tile Repair000I3UZ POOL REMODELING Install & Repair Pumps, Filters, Heaters & Salt Systems 382-4421 35 2Call for appointment WE WILL BEAT ANY WRITTEN ESTIMATEMowing, Hedging, Trimming, Blowing Tree Trimming, Brush Removal, Seasonal Planting. LAWN CARE352-419-2779 or 352-201-2201000I5DDWELL S AVE YOU $$ 000I29I HANDYMANAll In One Home Repair Handyman Jobs Painting Pressure Washing25 years experience, reliable and super cheapJim Maloney 352-246-2585 000I4FK A/C & AIR QUALITYYour Neighborhood Indoor Air Quality Specialist Summer Tune Up Special $ 49 95 Reg. $139.95Guaranteeing 10x Cleaner Air or tune-up is freeIncludes Our Exclusive Laser Particle Scan to determine the quality of the air you breathe in your home. NO OTHER COMPANY OFFERS THIS SERVICE!Expires May 31, 2014Back To NewHeating & Cooling628-5700 newair.biz Since 1997 Exclusive Lic #CAC1815891 000I2P5 Lowest Prices on Residential A/C and Heat Pump Units 000I1GB HOMEWATCHWe care for your home while youre away.CITRUS HOMEWATCH www.homewatchcitrus.com 352-422-0025 Licensed, Bonded, InsuredP L U S Other services you may need; Handyman Cleaning Lawn Maintenance, etc. 000HGZP746-4451 IRRIGATION Serving Citrus County longer than the rest, consistently voted Best of the Best!1723 N. Lecanto Hwy. Lecanto, FL 34461Irrigation Repairs & Installation Sod Sales & Install3 Time Winner 2011 2012 2013 Lic. #2646 Insured Bonded Lic. & Insured POOLS AND PAVERS 000I7CL Copes Pool & PaversYOUR INTERLOCKING BRICK PAVER SPECIALIST More Photos on our Facebook page WEEKLY POOL SERVICE DRYER VENT CLEANING Call1-352-566-6615Dr. Vent1-855-4DR-VENTLocally Owned 15+ Yrs. Lic./ins., Bonded $39Flat Rate No Hidden Costs000I49U DONT LET YOUR DRYER START A FIRE! 000I086 PEST CONTROL SERVICESHasta La Bye Bye.Tri-County Services, Inc.Pest Control, Termite & Lawn CareLicensed and InsuredFamily owned and operated Serving Central Florida over 20 yearsToll Free 1-888-352-9290 or call Rick 352-266-4613 000I1YH WINDOW CLEANING Window Cleaning Window Tinting Pressure Washing Gutter CleaningFREE ESTIMATES352-503-8465Bonded & Insuredwww.windowgenie.com/springhill Bonbon Cleaning, Lawn, & Prop Main. Comm, Res, & Industrial; Lic/Ins, Ref avail 476-4202; 697-1625 Budd Excavating &T r ee W ork clearing hauling, rock drives, demo, bushhogging Lamar 352-400-1442 D & R TREE SERVICE Lawn & Landscape Specialist. Lic. & Ins. Free Est. 352-302-5641 DOUBLE JTree Service Stump Grinding, bulk mulch, lic/ins 302-8852 Heavy Bush-hogging Land clearing, Fill Dirt Seeding,Tree removal, Lic/Ins 352-563-1873 R WRIGHT TREE Service Tree Removal & Trimming. Ins. & Lic. # 0256879 352-341-6827 REALTREE SERVICE (352) 220-7418 RIVENBARK LAWN & LANDSCAPE. 15% off Tree Trimming w/ Ad.(352) 464-3566 RON ROBBINS Tree Service Trim, Shape & Remve, Lic/Ins. Free est. 352-628-2825 StumpGrinding cheap avg cost $25-18stump volume disc. over 5 call Rich 352-586-7178 SEWING & REPAIR Awnings RV & Home Boat Canvas & Seats Golf CartSeatsTops Patio Furn., 563-0066 344-2556, Richard Water Pump Service & Repairs-all makes & models. Call anytime! ALL TYPE S OF TILE INST ALLED! Anthony Stender (352)628-4049 COUNTYWIDE DRY-WALL25 yrs exp. lic.2875, all your drywall needs! Ceiling & Wall Repairs. Pop Corn Removal 352-302-6838 Complete T r ee Serv TREE REMOVAL & STUMP GRINDING 55ft. Bucket Truck 352-344-2696 Lic/ins. ATREE SURGEON Lic. & Ins. Lowest Rates Free est. (352)860-1452 All Tractor & Tree Work Land Cleared, Hauling 1 time Cleanup, Driveways (352) 302-6955 Bruce Onoday & Son Free Estimates Trim & Removal 352-637-6641 Lic/Ins Your world first.Every Dayvautomotive Classifieds Floors /walls. Tubs to shower conv. No job too big or small. Ph: 352-613-TILE /lic# 2441 NA TURE COAST R V R V service, parts, sales Mobile Repair/Maint. 352-795-7820, Lic/Ins. SEWING & REPAIR Awnings RV & Home Boat Canvas & Seats Golf CartSeatsTops Patio Furn., 563-0066 Attention Consumers!Please make sure you are using a licensed and insured service professional. Many service advertisers are required by state law to include their state license number in all advertisements. If you dont see a license number in the ad, you should inquire about it and be suspicious that you may be contacting an unlicensed business. The Citrus County Chronicle wants to ensure that our ads meet the requirements of the law. Beware of any service advertiser that can not provide proof that they are licensed to do business. For questions about business licensing, please call your city or county government offices. A-1 CompleteRepairs Pres. Wash, Painting (Int/Ext) 25 yrs, Ref, Lic # 39765, 352-513-5746 Bonbon Cleaning, Lawn, & Prop Main. Comm, Res, & Industrial; Lic/Ins, Ref avail 476-4202; 697-1625 CALLSTELLAR BLUE All Int./ Ext. Painting Needs. Lic. & Ins. FREE EST. (352) 586-2996 INTERIOR/EXTERIOR & ODD JOBS. 30 yrs J. Hupchick Lic./Ins. (352) 726-9998 Joels Handyman Serv. Pressure Washing, Painting, General Rpr. Lic/Ins 352-476-4919 Bonbon Cleaning, Lawn, & Prop Main. Comm, Res, & Industrial; Lic/Ins, Ref avail 476-4202; 697-1625 CALLSTELLAR BLUE All Int./ Ext. Painting Needs. Lic. & Ins. FREE EST. (352) 586-2996 Clean View: Pressure washing,windows,odd jobs, Free Est. 407-591 -7572 or 352-860-3820 Joels Handyman Serv. Pressure Washing, Painting, General Rpr. Lic/Ins 352-476-4919 Lawncare-N-More Spring Clean-Up, press. wash, bushes, beds, mulch, mow, handyman service 352-726-9570 Pressure Washing, Roof Coating, Drive ways & any Handyman Repair Lic# 39477 (352) 464-3748 All phases of T ile Handicap Showers, Safety Bars, Flrs. 422-2019 Lic. #2713 Lawncare-N-More S pring Clean Up, press. wash, bushes, beds, mulch, mow, handyman service 352-726-9570 MOWING, TRIMMING MULCHAND MORE LocalANDAffordable 352-453-6005 RIVENBARK LAWN & LANDSCAPE. 15% off Tree Trimming w/ Ad.(352) 464-3566 STEVES LAWN SERVICE Mowing & Trimming Clean up, Lic. & Ins. (352) 797-3166 NUISANCE WILDLIFE CONTROL David P Crissman (352)563-5545 A-1 Hauling, Cleanups, garage clean outs, trash, furniture & misc. Mark (352) 287-0767 JEFFS CLEANUP/HAULING Clean outs/ Dump Runs Brush Removal Lic., 352-584-5374 Lawncare-N-More Spring Clean-Up, press. wash, bushes, beds, mulch, mow, handyman service 352-726-9570 ASAPPAINTING CHRIS SATCHELL 30 yrs. Exp., Excel. Ref. Insured 352-464-1397 All Tractor & Tree Work Land Cleared, Hauling 1 time Cleanup, Driveways (352) 302-6955 AllAROUND TRACT OR Landclearing, Hauling Site Prep, Driveways Lic/Ins 352-795-5755 Budd Excavating &T r ee W ork clearing hauling, rock drives, demo, bushhogging Lamar 352-400-1442 Heavy Bush-hogging Land clearing, Fill Dirt Seeding,Tree removal, Lic/Ins 352-563-1873 CURBAPPEAL Yardscape, Curbing, Flocrete. River Rock Reseals & Repairs. Lic. (352) 364-2120 D & R TREE SERVICE Lawn & Landscape Specialist. Lic. & Ins. Free Est. 352-302-5641 Design & Install PlantSodMulch WeedTrimClean lic/ins 352-465-3086 #1 Professional Leaf Vac system why rake? FULL LAWN SERVICE Fr ee Est. 352-344-9273 AFFORDABLE LAWN CARE Cuts $10 & Up Res./Comm., Lic/Ins. 563-9824, 228-7320 Bonbon Cleaning, Lawn, & Prop Main. Comm, Res, & Industrial; Lic/Ins, Ref avail 476-4202; 697-1625 D & R TREE SERVICE Lawn & Landscape Specialist. Lic. & Ins. Free Est. 352-302-5641 Helpin Hand Grass Man Cut Clean Mulch Edge FREE ESTIMATES! Russell 352-637-1363 #1A+TECHNOLOGIES All Home Repairs. All TVs Installed lic#5863 352-746-3777 Af for dable Handyman FAST 100% Guar. AFFORDABLE RELIABLE Free Est 352-257-9508 Af for dable Handyman FAST 100% Guar. AFFORDABLE RELIABLE Free Est 352-257-9508 Bonbon Cleaning, Lawn, & Prop Main. Comm, Res, & Industrial; Lic/Ins, Ref avail 476-4202; 697-1625 Joels Handyman Serv Pressure Washing, Painting, General Rpr. Lic/Ins 352-476-4919 Lawncare-N-More Spring Clean-Up, press. wash, bushes, beds, mulch, mow, handyman service 352-726-9570 Pressure Washing, Roof Coating, Drive ways & any Handyman Repair Lic# 39477 (352) 464-3748 Bonbon Cleaning, Lawn, & Prop Main. Comm, Res, & Industial; Lic/Ins, Ref avail 476-4202; 697-1625 Kats Kritter Kare & Kastle Kleaner, Pet Sitting & House Cleaning (352) 270-4672 A-1 CompleteRepairs Pres. Wash, Painting (Int/Ext) 25 yrs, Ref, Lic # 39765, 352-513-5746 #1A+TECHNOLOGIES All Home Repairs. All TVs Installed lic#5863 352-746-3777 DUN-RITE ELECTRIC Since / Free Est. lic EC 13002699 352-726-2907 ROCKYS FENCINGFREE Est., Lic. & Insured 352-422-7279 FENCE PRO all types painting, repairs, gates, free estimates veteran owned lic/ins (352) 563-8020 OWENS QUALITY FENCING, ALL TYPES. Free Est. Comm/Res. 352-628-4002 Install, restretch, repair Clean, Sales, Vinyl Carpet, Laminent, Lic. #4857 Mitch, 201-2245 ABOVEALL M & W INTERIORS Handyman services Northern Quality Southern prices! (352) 537-4144 ANDREW JOEHL HANDYMAN. Gen. Maint/Repairs Pressure Cleaning. 0256271 352-465-9201 Af for dable Handyman FAST 100% Guar. AFFORDABLE RELIABLE Free Est 352-257-9508 Airport/Taxi Transportation Carols Airport T ransport 352-746-7595 SMITTYSAPPLIANCE REPAIR.Also W anted Dead or Alive W ashers & Dryers. FREE PICK UP! 352-564-8179 Caregiver avail for inhome service Lic/Ins Ref avail. Hourly or live in; 352-697-1625 Will Provide Trips to Appointments, Grocery Stores, ETC.JOAN (352) 382-8802 JEFFS CLEANUP/HAULING Clean outs/ Dump Runs Brush Removal. Lic. 352-584-5374 ROBS MASONRY & CONCRETE Driveways tear outs, tractor work, Lic. #1476, 726-6554 AFFORDABLE Top Soil, Rock, Driveways Hauling & Tractor Work 352-341-2019, 201-5147 AllAROUND TRACT OR Land clearing, Hauling Site Prep, Driveways Lic/Ins 352-795-5755 Heavy Bush-hogging Land clearing, Fill Dirt Seeding,Tree removal, Lic/Ins 352-563-1873 COUNTYWIDE DRY-W ALL25 yrs exp. lic.2875, all your drywall needs! Ceiling & Wall Repairs. Pop Corn Removal 352-302-6838 www.twitter.com/ citruschronicleFollow the 000I2B5 Haulmark 6x12 Enclosed Trailer Ramp Door Brand New with Factory Warranty $2388. Love Motorsports 352-621-3678 Enclosed 5x8, v-nose, w/ramp door, holds 46 mower or 1 or 2 cycles, like new $1500. firm (352) 513-5436 12 SPEED WOMANS HUFFYMOUNTAIN BIKE 24 INCH SUPER SHAPE ONLY$60. 464-0316 26, 6 sp, folding unisex Mountain Bike. Equ. like new cond. $125. (352)344-5933 Concealed Weapons Permit Course DANS GUN ROOM (352) 726-5238 GOLF DRIVER 2013 RocketBallz Clone mrh Grafalloy Reg EXC $85. Dunnellon 465-8495 GOLF IRONS Adams Idea mrh 7&8 graphite new grips $15ea $25pair Dunnellon 465-8495 GOLF WOODS MRH #7 #9 Graphite Good Grips and Head Covers $15ea $25pair Dunnellon 465-8495 INSTEPBIKETRAILER Seats 2, with rain cover. Folds Compact,100lb capacity.$60.00 352-795-9649 INSTEPBIKETRAILER Seats 2, with rain cover. Folds Compact,100lb capacity.$60. (352)795-9649 MENS SCHWINN DELMAR BIKE-26, 1 spd, comfort ride, black, like new, $80. (352)628-0033 METALHUNTER GREEN GUN SAFE $100 (352)302-5468 SEWING & REPAIR Awnings RV & Home Boat Canvas & Seats Golf CartSeatsTops Patio Furn., 563-0066 WILSON WOMENS GOLF CLUBS Set of Power Chamber Golf Clubs, plus extras. $75.00 352 795-9649 WILSON WOMENS GOLF CLUBS Set of Power Chamber Golf Clubs, plus extras. $75. (352)795-9649 WOODEN GUN CABINET$100 (352)302-5468 Yamaha GolfCart Canvas Enclosure New Batteries $2288. Love Motorsports 352-621-3678 Traveling Wheelchair $50. Hospital Bedside Table $25. (352) 205-7973 DRUM SET complete, cymbals, high hat, dual toms, floor tom, paid $400, asking $200 (352) 419-2442 SOLDPIANO JANSSEN SPINETGOOD CONDITION $100.00 OR BEST OFFER AEROBEDTWIN-one click inflation and quick deflation, adjustable, $40. 634-2004 CEILING FAN with lights. Ready to put up. Works great. Text for pics. $35. (203)509-7638 CEILING FAN with lights. Ready to put up. Works great. Text for pics. $35. (203)509-7638 HALOGEN DESK LAMPBlack, Hi/Lo set 50W $35 OBO can email pic 352-382-3650 ELECTRICTREADMILL WITH DIGITAL READOUT. FOLDS UP FOR EASYSTORAGE. ONLY$100. 464 0316 ELLIPTICALEXERCISE MACHINEALLDIGITAL WORKS GREATONLY $100. (352)464-0316 MANUALTREADMILL DIGITALREADOUT, FOLDS UPFOR EASY STORAGE, ONLY $75. 464-0316 SITUPBENCH 6x16 Commercial size. Black. Great shape. $40 Beverly Hills (203)509-7638 Weider Weight Bench $35. (352) 564-0726 SAFE WITH Combo CODE $75 (352)302-5468 Very large vanity Scify, horror, fantasy, hardback collection. Along with mini-scifi paperbacks. Some 1st add. w/authors signature. Must sell entire collection. Price negotiable. (352)399-2751 MANICURETABLE 4 drawers, lamp and stool. Like new.$100. 203-509-7638 4 INCH TOILETSEAT RISER ITMAKES IT EASIERTO GETUP ONLY$25. (352)464-0316 4 WHEELED WALKER WITH SEATAND BAG ONLY$70. 464-0316 BEDSIDE COMMODE &ALUMINUM WALKER both have adjustable legs only $20 each (352)464-0316 CHILDS MANUAL WHEELCHAIR, GOOD SHAPE,YELLOW W/ FOOTRESTS. ONLY $85. (352)464-0316 ELECTRIC HOSPITAL BED. Excellent condition. Has head and foot board. $100. (352)637-6463 Electric Mobility Chair Rascal Model R6-300 Like New, $1200 Cell-(786) 523-4637 MANUALWHEELCHAIR GREATSHAPE WITH FOOTRESTS ONLY$100. (352)464-0316 THREE WHEELED WALKER LARGE WHEELS ONLY$50. 464-0316 TRANSPORTCHAIR (SMALLWHEELS) GOOD SHAPE. WITH FOOTRESTS ONLY $100. 464-0316 Craftsman Lawn Tractor, 18HP 42 elect. start $650. obo GE Freezer 7 cu ft., $75. (352) 503-9450 FIBERGLASS HARD SIDED PETCAGES ONE 18BY. 24 30.00 ONE 12 BY18 25.00 352-464-0316 FIBERGLASS HARD SIDED PETCAGES ONE 18BY. 24 30.00 ONE 12 BY18 25.00 (352)464-0316 GRAPPLER REEF BOATANCHOR-5 tines, 60ft of 1/2 line, Ex+, $70. (352)628-0033 HARLEYSTOC EXHAUSTPIPES NEW FITS 1350-1450 SLIDE ON ONLY $75. (352)464-0316 Restaurant dinnerware New. Oneida. 10 boxes of 12 pcs. ea. $100. (352)503-2373 RIGID DIG EZ POST HOLE DIGGER-professional grade, fiberglass handles, Ex. $35. 628-0033 Rowing Machine Used once $100. Convertible chair bed for child $20. (352) 860-0736 SAFEWAZE CLIMBING HARNESS & 6LANYARD-excellent condition, $75. (352)628-0033 STAINED GLASS LAMPSHADES, pair, neutral colors, scalloped edges, $80, Call (352)465-1813 TIRES 4 General Amer-trac Load range E, 95% tread, 235-85-16 $200 firm 352-228-7715 TRAILER HITCH FOR DODGE OR CHRYSLER VAN 05-07 ONLY $85. (352)464-0316 Twin Bed $50. obo Electric Chainsaw $40. obo (352) 249-7064 BEANIE BABYBONGO THE MONKEY Price: $10 (352)465-1616 Beverly Hills Moving Sale, DR, LR and BR Furniture, Kit items. Beautiful wood desk & Hutch. Much More Pls call (989) 293-4404 Bissell Carpet Cleaner. Used once. Cost $135, $70 OBO. Adj. 2-tier rolling garment rack, $10. (352)341-1941 BOATOARS-pair, Feather Brand, 60 inches long, new, $40. (352)628-0033 BOOKS FLREALESTATE STOCK MARKET, Options, Futures, Books, tapes etc $5$10 ea (352)270-3527 BREATHABLE CAR COVER MEDIUM SIZE CHEVYIMPALAONLY 25.00 352-464-0316 BREATHABLE CAR COVER MEDIUM SIZE CHEVYIMPALAONLY $25. (352)464-0316 BROTHER FAX MACHINE WORKS GREATONLY40.00 352 464 0316 GENERAL MERCHANDISE SPECIALS!!! -6 lines -10 daysup to 2 items $1-$200.. $11.50 $201-$400.. $16.50 $401-$800.. $21.50 $801-$1500.. $26.50 LADIES TOPS 50 Pcs Ladies Tops, size Med & Large $2 ea. lil 352-476-7516 CELLPHONE MOTOROLAWX416 NEW w/case, Consumer Cellular or unlock $28 352-382-3650 2 CRAB TRAPs-coated metal trap, 24 x 24 x 18 tall, Ex., $20 each. (352)628-0033 2 FLYRODS WITH REELS-8 ft. fiberglass 2 pc. rods, $25 ea., (352)628-0033 4 Chevy 6 lug Wheels/tires/skins Wrangler LT 255/70/16R $400 obo (352) 746-9212 8 FT. RADIUS CASTING NET16 ft. diameter, 1/2 mesh, Ex., $40. (352)628-0033 30 qt. Turkey fryer w/ 45,000 BTU gas burner $85. Motorcycle or ATV Jack, $60. (352) 564-0726 225/75R-16 Goodyear light truck tire GREATSHAPE ONLY$50. (352)464-0316 7-5 GALLON METAL OLD FUELCANS WITH SPOUTSALLFOR $80. 464-0316 AAAMAPS US CANADA-50 states n all Canada provinces $1 ea 352-270-3527 ADVENT(REMOTE ) STEREO SPEAKER. TAKES D BATTERIES ONLY40.00 352-464-0316 ADVENT(REMOTE ) STEREO SPEAKER. TAKES D BATTERIES ONLY$40. (352)464-0316 APPLIANCES like new washers/dryers, stoves, fridges 30 day warranty trade-ins, 352-302-3030 www.twitter.com/ citruschronicleFollow the PAGE 28 C12TUESDAY,MAY13,2014 CLASSIFIEDS CITRUSCOUNTY( FL ) CHRONICLE 000I2B2 Taurus MetalRecycling Best Prices for your cars or trucks also biggest U-Pull-It with thousands of vehicles offering lowest price for parts 352-637-2100 WE BUY ANY VEHICLE In Any Condition, Title, No Title, Bank Lien, No Problem, Dont Trade it in. We Will Pay up to $25K Any Make, Any Model 813-335-3794, Call AJ 813-458-0584 ACURA MDX2006, exc. cond. $14,000 (352) 513-4759 CHEVROLET2001, Impala, 22, Chrome Wheels $3,995. 352-341-0018 CHEVROLET2004,Monte Carlo 22 Chrome Wheels $4,450. 352-341-0018 CHEVY2010 Equinox LT excellent cond. 51k miles $17,000. (352) 860-0736 DUDLEYS AUCTION 5-15-Thursday Estate Adventure Auction3pm outside household, tools, box lot 5;30 CARS-BOATS Corvette Camaro Berlinetta Sea Ray 26 75 Fbgl Boat 14 6pm EST A TE ITEMS appliances, quality furniture, new items, shell-phosphorescent rock collection ******************** call for info 637-9588 dudleysauction.com 4000 S Florida Ave (US41S) Inverness Ab1667 10% bp cash/ck. SELL YOUR VEHICLE IN THECLASSIFIEDS3 SPECIALS 7 days $26.50 14 days $38.50 30 Days $58.50 Call your Classified representative for details. 352-563-5966 SELLING OUT ALLBUY-SELL-TRADE VEHICLES, M H & RVs Financing & Rentals CONSIGNMENT USA US 19 & US 44, CR 461-4518 & 795-4440 CHEVROLET94 CORVETTE, CONV. very clean, only 50k mi. NADA $12,500. $9500. (352) 419-4970 CHEVROLET2004, 3500 HD Diesel crew Cab Dully $12,495. 352-341-0018 GMC02, 1500 Sierra/Denali AWD, exc. condition 82k mi. $14,500. (352) 637-0765 Larrys Auto Sales 1955 S. Suncoast Blvd. (352) 564-8333 BUY HERE, PAY HERE 2001 Suzuki Intruder 1300 CC $800 down 2007 Suzuki Forenza low mi., $895 down 91 F150 Short Bed, Auto,A/C,6 cyl $995 Down Chevy Hi Top Conv. Van, 5.7, V-8, Auto, $995 down SUBARU FORESTER2013 Subaru Forester 2.5X Limited with 14,000 miles. Options include: climate control, AM/FM/CD audio, steering wheel audio controls, Bluetooth hands free phone, cruise control, tilt wheel, power door locks and mirrors, power windows, power drivers seat, leather seats, heated front seats, roof rails, power moonroof, all-wheel drive,ABS,TPMS, anti-theft alarm, back-up camera, puddle light kit and splash guard kit and remaining warranty. Price: $23,800, Call: 352-601-1319 Floral CityWaterfront. 6 adj. Lots, 3/4 acre on chain of lakes. Huge oaks, good fishing. $110,000 OBO. (352)596-2921 Floral City,nice 3/2 open view on Duval Isl. ,owner fin. w/15 k down, 15 yrs @ 6% call Justin Monahan 352-697-0240 ERA American Realty Oak Forest, Floral City 1 acre corner lot off S Fern Pt. High & Dry. City Water, Home site only. Price Reduced $14,500 352-678-7145 SEWING & REPAIR Awnings RV & Home Boat Canvas & Seats Golf CartSeatsTops Patio Furn., 563-0066 BUY, SELL & TRADE CLEAN USED BOATS THREE RIVERS MARINE US 19 Crystal River 352-563-5510 ACHILLESInflatable boat 12, 25 HP Yamaha, aluminum fl, on trlr, garaged, used little fresh water only. All accessories $4300 obo (352) 697-5677 BOAT TRAILERAluminum, NEW 2014 18-20 FT, w/ tortion axle, folding tonque, LED lights, and disc brakes all below cost @ $2,195. Open Mon. Wednesday & Friday Only(352) 527-3555 CAROLINA SKIFF2011, J16, center console, 25HP, 4 stroke Mercury, 2013 trlr. $8700 obo (352) 697-2323 CAROLINASKIFF212001 DLX115 Suzuki 4 stroke. New power head. $9,000. Dave (352)563-1265 DUDLEYS AUCTION 515-Thursday Estate Adventure Auction3pm outside household, tools, box lot 5;30 CARS-BOATS 74 Corvette 86 Camaro Berlinetta Sea Ray 26 75 Fbgl Boat 14 6pm EST A TE ITEMS appliances, quality furniture, new items, shell-phosphorescent rock collection ****************** call for info 637-9588 dudleysauction.com 4000 S Florida Ave (US41S) Inverness Ab1667 10% bp cash/ck. SCOUT 17 C.C.90HP Yamaha (low hours) Alum trlr, New Garmin,GPS, Cplotter very clean, gar kept $9200 (352) 795-5519 Sportscraft 8827 Coastal Fisherman, cabin cruiser, $7,995 813-244-3945 352-634-4768 SUNDANCE19ft. 2004 Skiff. 60 yamaha motor, plus many extras $5000. 352-637-5661 WE HA VE BOA TS GULF TO LK MARINE We Pay CASH For Used Clean Boats Pontoon, Deck & Fishing Boats (352)527-0555 boatsupercenter.com Break Buddy w/ accessories and owners manual $250 (352) 344-2161 HONDA, CRV, Equipped with Blue Ox Towing Package details (352) 746-0524 TOY HAULER2011 Forest River, 18ft L. 8ft wide, Living quarters w/beds microwave, stove, refrig. sink, bthrm., awning, dish TV ready, full back ramp, Pd $18K Asking $10,500 obo (352) 422-5622 WE BUYRVS, TRUCKS, TRAILERS, 5TH WHEELS, & MOTOR HOMES Call US 352-201-6945 AVION1976 26FTTravel Trailer, fully equipped excel. cond. $6,800 (352) 795-1958 NA TURE COAST R V R V service, parts, sales Mobile Repair/Maint. 352-795-7820, Lic/Ins. Autos, Trucks, SUVs & Vans-Cash Pd LarrysAuto Sales 352-564-8333 BUYING JUNK CARS Running or Not CASH PAID-$300 & UP (352) 771-6191 CONSIGNMENTS W ANTED!!! cars, trucks, RVs, vans, boats, trailers, tractors, etc. for INVERNESS MOTORS & SHEDS @NEW LOCA TION Rt 44 accross from Times Square-call Bob@ 352-341-0090 SEE AL for CARS & SHEDS @ Hernando location corner of 486 and 41 SELLING OUT ALLBUY-SELL-TRADE VEHICLES, M H & RVs Financing & Rentals CONSIGNMENT USA US 19 & US 44, CR 461-4518 & 795-4440 MICHELE ROSERealtorSimply put I ll work harder 352-212-5097 isellcitruscounty@ yahoo.com Craven Realty, Inc. 352-726-1515 SANDI HARTRealtorListing and Selling Real Estate Is my Business I put my heart into it!352-476-9649sandra.hart@ era.com ERA American Realty 352-726-5855 Tony PauelsenRealtor352-303-0619ILL TAKE NEW LISTINGS BUYING OR SELLING TOP PERFORMANCEReal estate Consultant tpauelsen@ hotmail.com Your Citrus County Residential Sales Specialist!Michael J. Rutkowski(U.S. Army Retired) Realtor (352) 422-4362 Michael.Rutkowski @ERA.com Integrity First in all Aspects of Life!ERA American Realty & Investments $100,000 + Closing Cost wll get you this 2,100 sq. ft., 3BR 3 BA Fully furn. Condo in Citrus Hills Call 352-419-5268 FREE Foreclosure and Short Sale Lists Desperately Need Rentals Office Open 7 Days a WeekLISA VANDEBOE Broker (R) Owner Plantation Realty 352-634-0129 www.plantation realtylistings.com Your High-Tech Citrus County RealtorROD KENNER352-436-3531 ERA Suncoast Realty SCAN OR GO TOwww. BestNatur eCoast Pr operties.com To view my properties 4/2, CEMENTHOME, 1/4ACRE, 1,200 sq. ft. Good Location Easy to own. $65,000. Cell (305) 619-0282 3/2/2 Sugarmill Woods $119.900.1 Fig Court W. OWNER FINANCING Agent (352) 382-1000 Buying or Selling REALESTATE, Let Me Work For You!BETTYHUNTREALTORERA KEY 1 Realty, Inc. 352 586-0139hunt4houses68 @yahoo.comwww.bettyhunts homes.com. Its a SELLERS Market #1 Company + Experienced Agent = SOLD! Sold! Sold!DEB INFANTINERealtor(352) 302-8046Real Estate!... its what I do. ERA American Realty Phone: 352-726-5855 Cell: 352-302-8046 Fax: 352-726-7386 Email:debinfantine@ yahoo.com Adopt a Shelter Pet www. citruscritters.com Phyllis StricklandRealtorTHE MARKETIS GOODThinking of selling? Now is the time to get listed. Still great values out there. Call for foreclosure lists Phyllis Strickland TROPIC SHORES REALTY. 352-613-3503-Cell 352-419-6880-Office BETTY J. POWELLRealtorYour Success is my goal.. Making Friends along the way is my reward !BUYING OR SELLING CALL ME 352-422-6417bjpowell@ netscape.com ERA American Realty & Investments Buying or Selling, its time to make your move!Coleen Fatone-Anderson Realtor Cell:(352) 476-8579email: Cfatone@t amp abay .rr com ERAAmerican Realty & Investments LaWanda WattNOW IS A GREA T TIME T O LIST YOUR HOME CALLLAWANDA FORAFREE, NO OBLIGATION MARKETANALYSIS! 352 212 1989 lawanda.watt@ century21.com Century 21 J.W. Morton Real Estate, Inc. UNIQUE & HISTORIC Homes, Commercial Waterfront & Land Small Town Country Lifestyle OUR SPECIALTY SINCE 1989LET US FIND YOUAVIEW TO LOVEwww. crosslandrealty.com(352) 726-6644Crossland Realty Inc. FOR RENT 3200 Sq. Ft. COMMERCIAL BLDG Large Paved Parking Lot, Cent. Heat/Air Open Floor Plan 1305 Hwy 486 352-584-9496/464-2514 Open floor plan built in 2005 on 1+ Acres. 3 beige rugged BRs 2 tiled baths, 2 car garage with ladder to attic. Eat in Kitchen, LR, DR, & inside laundry. Eight appliances installed new in 2012; elec glass top range, micro, refrig (bottom freezer) dishwasher (never used) washer & dryer. Each bath has new low flow high, elongated toilets. Three ceiling fans with globed lights, newly painted interior/ext., Guest BRs have sliding mirror closet doors. MBR has separate his/her walk-in closets with closet made shelving, duel sinks, glass enclosed tile area with waterfall shower head & bench seat, jetted spa tub, & private toilet. Plantation shutters in LR, DR w/ wood planked vinyl; tiled kitchen and entry way. 10 x 30 rocked area next to garage for boat or other vehicle space. $2500 cash allowance at closing for outside planting Must sell Relocating $173,000 Furniture for sale too 352-513-5202 PINE RIDGE GOLF COURSE 1 AC LOT HIGH, WOODED. BLOSSOM DRIVE MIDDLE OF FAIRWAY. $55,000. WILL FINANCE PART. JIM RICH 941-223-6870 Comm.1 WilliamTell + Storage Bldg. close 491 79K, 352-795-6282 2/2/2 on 1 acre Family Room, updated items, patio, 12x20 shed, etc. $138,500. (352) 419-6327 2/2/2 Open, lanai, stucco, lg screend pool, tiki bar, 1 ac. SS appls, low assumable rate, $199,000 (352) 220-4060 or 352-220-4084 3/2/2 + Den On acre, Move in Condition! Built in 2008 Selena Hills $165,000. 352-341-0118 Realty Connect THE PREMIER BOUTIQUEReal Estate Group Buying or Selling? We Tailor Our Services. Teri Paduano, Broker 352-341-2588 or 352-212-1446 Cell 119 E. Dampier St., Inverness TheFLDream.com Nice private 1200sqft home w/scrd patio, carport & scurity lights. Close to fishing, boating & gulf, $42,000 obo As is. (786) 301-3805 TAMI SCOTTExit Realty Leaders 352-257-2276 [email protected] When it comes to Real Estate ... Im there for you The fishing is great Call me for your new Waterfront HomeLOOKING TO SELL ? CALL ME TODAY !!! CRYSTAL RIVER2/1 on land, remodeled, rent $600. long or short Sell $42K OBO (352) 427-2640 FLORAL CITYLAKEFRONT 1 Bedrm. AC, Clean, No Pets (352) 344-1025 FOR RENT 3200 Sq. Ft. COMMERCIAL BLDG Large Paved Parking Lot, Cent. Heat/Air Open Floor Plan 1305 Hw 486 Hernando 352-584-9496/464-2514 US 19 Office-$550. office/warehouse 1/b-1ba $1200. util. incl. 352-634-0129 CITRUS HILLS2 story condo 2 bd/2 ba, fully furnished w/social membership (352) 201-7229 INVERNESS2/1 Brand New, Upscale $599.(786)405-3503 HOMOSASSA1/1, Duplex $435. mo. C. Riv. 3/2 House $650 1st.& Sec. 212-4981 CRYSTALRIVER3/B $850., sec. $450. FencedYd.563-9857 Beverly Hills2 BR,1 BA;$675/mo, 1st month free. (352)442-7794 BEVERLY HILLS3BR, 1BA,$650 mo Extremely Clean, 352-461-4518 DEBTHOMPSON One call away for your buying and selling needs. Realtor that you can refer to your family and friends. Service with a smile seven days a week. Parsley Real Estate Deb Thompson 352-634-2656 [email protected] and debthomp son.com PUBLISHERS NOTICE:All real estate advertising in this newspaper is subject to Fair Housing Act which makes it illegal to advertise any preference, limitation or discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, handicap, familial status or national origin, or an intention, to make such preference, limitation or discrimination. Familial status includes children under the age of 18 living with parents or legal custodians, pregnant women and people securing custody of children under 18. This newspaper will not knowingly accept any advertising for real estate which is in violation of the law. Our readers are hereby informed that all dwellings advertised in this newspaper are available on an equal opportunity basis.To complain of discrimination call HUD toll-free at 1800-669-9777. The toll-free telephone number for the hearing impaired is 1-800-927-9275. SELL YOUR HOMEIN THECLASSIFIEDS SPECIAL 30 Days $58.50Its Easy Call Today (352) 563-5966 Specializing in Acreage,Farms Ranches & Commercial Richard (Rick) Couch, Broker Couch Realty & Investments, Inc. (352) 212-3559 RCOUCH.com FLORALCITY2/1 Cent H/A, 1st, last, $525 mo. (352) 419-5154 FLORALCITY3/2 1+ACRE treed lot, DOCK, garage, very nice, $89,900 716-434-6527 3/2 WATERFRONT, DOUBLEWIDE $75.900. 10480 S. McClung Lp. OWNER FINANCING Agent (352) 382-1000 Hernando 15 minutes to Ocala/ Hernando; 5 min to fishing 3/2 w/ land. $49k obo (352) 795-1272 Homosassa 2006 DW 3/2 on acre. Mint Cond. $500/mo. $1500 clsng cost. 5k dwn. Nw tile/wd flr. & pnt. O/F avl. (352)422-6974 HOMOSASSA 3/2 singlewide on acre 5192 S Amanda PT $15,000 212-2051 HOMOSASSA RENT TO OWNLarge 2BR/1 BA, DW, 3360Arundel Ter.; SW with large add on bedroom & living room carport, sheds 3901 Sonny Ter Call for appointment Tony Tubolina Broker Owner (727) 385-6330 OWNER FINANCING!Home for Sale 4/3 on 1.25 acres, paved rd. fenced yard, work shop & utility shed, Florida room, deck on back & front concrete driveway with carport. Only $79,900. $14,000 down only $648.92/mo W.A.C. Call to View 352-621-3807 Perfectly Charming 2004 3/2 M.H. on 1+ acres; 18 x 31 Shed Port. Wood flr scr porch; light & bright 12x24 sun porch, pri patio W/retrac. awning. Absolute move in condition. $79,900 Call Louise Lubranecki 305-491-1051 w/ Parsley Real Estate 352-726-2628 WESTWOODACRES 3 bedroom. 2 bath. $68000. 1768 SQ FT..-PICSAT ZILLOW.COM-9515 W MIDLAND LN C.R. No owner finance Call Terry-(352)697-1218 2 Bedroom, 1Bath, furn, Carport, scrn rm good value, In quiet 55+Park $5,500. 386-234-0254 (352) 748-5325 2br/2ba, 55+ Thun derbird Park. Lot 45 crpt, furnished, washer dryer, freezr. Porch w/ sliding windows. For Sale 352-794-3441 Crystal River 2 bed 1 bath partially furnished home in 55+ park includes carport, FL room & shed. $ 7,000. 607-591-0273 Crystal River Village 3 bedroom. 2 bath. 1248 SqFt 2005 Merit MH w/screen porch, 2-car carport & storage shed located in 55+ gated comm. w/pool & clubhouse. $28K OBO, motivated seller will negotiate. (352)564 -0819 Floral City-BEAUTIFUL 14X60, in Adult Park, 2BR, 2BA, 1 scr. room, 1 sunrm, completely furn., Park Rent $183. Shed, $25,000 352-860-2105 Nice Older Singlewide in Singing Forest Adult Park, has addition and partially furn. Low Lot Rent $18,300 obo 352-726-9369 Blue & Gold McCaw. 10 yrs. old, talks w/ huge 6 cage & many extras. $2,000. (352)637-7124 FRENCH BULLDOG PUPS, 2 Females & 1Male 2 Brindle, 1 fawn AKC and all Shots $1500. Call for info (352) 613-3778 (352) 341-7732 MIN PIN PUPPIES 2 Blue, 2 Fawn, 1 Chocolate 15 inch 10-15 lbs, Health Certs CKC $1,200-$1,400. (352) 503-7919 Schnauzer Pups 2 male, Born Nov. 14 Shih-Tzu Pup 1 male Born Jan. 21, 352-795-5896 Day BRINGYOUR FISHING POLE! INVERNESS, FL55+ park on lake w/5 piers, clubhouse and much more! Rent incl. grass cutting and your water 1 bedroom, 1 bath @$425 Pets considered and section 8 is accepted. Call 800-747-4283 For Details! HOMOSASSA2/2, Unfurnished elec. incld $165 wk, 352-621-0601 HOMOSASSAFurnished Dbl. Wide, acre 2BD/2BA carport, scrn. por., Nice $650 + Dep. 352 628-1723 INVERNESS1/1, $375/mo 1st, last sec. Pets negotiable 9929 E Bass Cir cle (352) 212-3385 RENTEDCRYSTAL RIVER2/2, Privacy, 5 Acres alarm sys. $475. mo RENTEDHOMOSASSAunfurn. 2/2w/enclosed back porch, shed w/ WD hkup., clean, private, almost acre, 3771 S. Millston Pt. $495.mo $12,000 In Homosassa 2Br/1Ba 1982 SW NO HIDDEN FEES! Includes Delivery 1-727-967-4230 2/2 Doublewide In 55+ Park, Homoassaa Well maintained very nice $23,500. (407) 617-5507 Cell MOVE IN NOWNice Home on AC fenced yard, 1500 sf 3/2 Home in new cond., Drywall with 2 x 6 construction. New appliances, carpet, paint, decks, & ceramic tile flooring. Financing available only $69,900. ($450/mo.) W.A.C. Call (352) 621-9183 NEW NEW NEW 1460 Sq ft 3/2 No Hidden Fees Incls: Delv, Set-up,A/C Heat, Skirt, Steps, Furn & Decor $60k 352-795-2377 NEW NEW NEW MUST SEE 2036 Sq ft 4/2 No Hidden Fees Incls: Delv, Set-up,A/C Heat, Skirt, Steps, Furn & Decor $70k 352-795-2377 Palm Harbor Homes limited time offer $5k towards any exterior package. We have 24 wide, 26, 28 and 30 wide homes. 3 stock units reduced 26k, Homes from the $60s plantcity p almharbor .com or 800-622-2832 Se habla espanol SA VE ,SA VE ,SA VE $3,000-$11,000 on our huge lot model sale going on now. Only 3 left! Call Taylor Made Homes Call (352) 621-9181 New Homes from $40.00 per sq. ft. WANT TO BUY HOUSE or MOBILE Any Area, Condition or Situation Fred, 352-726-9369 RV CORD ADAPTER 18 INCH NEW 30 amp Female to 50 amp Male w/ Power Lt. $10 352-382-3650 Robin LongUrban Suburban Hair Studio 352-637-0777 From Cutting Edge to Care Free Seeking new Color and Foil Clients looking for a change. Come give me a try. Wed-Sat appointments available. Redken Educator and trained 20+ years experience. ALPACAS Open House Pet/fleece quality males $400 & up Females start at $1,200. Great gift for Mom 352-628-0156 surialp aca@ yahoo.com BUDLooking for new best friend? Heres Bud, beautiful red/white terrier mix, heartworm-negative, housebrkn. Wt. 33 lbs. Very friendly, walks well on a leash. Thinks hes a lapdog. Should be only dog in the home. Call Joanne @ 352-795-1288 or 352-697-2682. GROVERGrover, cutest face ever! Boxer/terrier mix, 1 y.o., appears housebrkn, Wt. 39 lbs. Gets along well with other dogs and also cats! Not treated well by prev. owner, still sweetest & most loveable dog you could find. Call Joanne @ 352-795-1288 or 352-697-2682. JENSEN3-4 y.o. American Bulldog, 50 lbs, beautiful red & white. Appears housebroken, walks well on leash. Knows certain commands. Very friendly & loves people, best as only dog in the home. Would be a great family member & perfect companion. Call Dreama @ 813-244-7324. Your Worldof garage sales Classifieds ww.chronicleonline.com PAGE 29 TUESDAY,MAY13,2014C 13 CITRUS COUNTY (FL) CHRONICLE CLASSIFIEDS 581-0513 TUCRN 5/20 MEETING NOTICE PUBLIC NOTICE NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN that the AFFORDABLE HOUSING ADVISORY COMMITTEE will meet at 5:00 PM on the 20th of May, 2014, at the Lecanto Government Building, 3600 W. Sovereign Path, Room 166 Lecanto, Florida Any person desiring further information regarding this meeting may contact Citrus County Housing Services, 2804 W. Marc Knighton Court, Lecanto, FL 34461 (352) 527-7520. Any person who requires a special accommodation (ADA) must provide at least 72 hours notice. NOTICE TO THE PUBLIC : Any person who decides to appeal any decision of the Governing Body with respect to any matter considered at this meeting will need a record of the proceedings and for such purpose may need to provide that a verbatim record of the proceeding is made, which record includes testimony and evidence upon which the appeal is to be based (Section 286.0101, Florida Statute) Published one (1) time in the CITRUS COUNTY CHRONICLE May 13, 2014 582-0513 TUCRN NOTICE OF PUBLIC MEETING PUBLIC NOTICE The Southwest Florida Water Management District (SWFWMD) announces the following public meeting to which all interested persons are invited: Southern Water Use Caution Area (SWUCA) Ridge Lakes Stakeholder Workgroup Meeting. Discussion is focused on evaluating and recommendations for adjustments to the strategies in the SWUCA Recovery Strategy intended to meet the minimum lake levels along the Lake Wales Ridge. All or part of this meeting may be conducted by means of communications media technology in order to permit maximum participation of Governing Board members. DATE/TIME: Thursday, May 22, 2014; 1:30 p.m. PLACE: Bert J. Harris Agricultural Center Auditorium, 4509 George Rd., Sebring, FL 33875 Pursuant to the provision of the Americans with Disabilities Act, any person requiring reasonable accommodations to participate in this workshop/meeting is asked to advise the agency at least 5 days before the workshop/meeting by contacting SWFWMDs Human Resources Bureau Chief, 2379 Broad Street, Brooksville, Florida 34604-6899; telephone (352) 796-7211, ext. 4703 or 1-800-423-1476 (FL only), ext. 4703; TDD (FL only) 1-800-231-6103; or email to ADACoor [email protected] For more information, you may contact:SWUCA.r ecovery@water matters.or g ; 1(800)423-1476 (FL only) or (352)796-7211, Melissa Dickens x4422 Published in the CITRUS COUNTY CHRONICLE May 12, 2014. #EXE0324 583-0513 TURN Animal Services Impoundment Notice PUBLIC NOTICE To Whom It May Concern: You are hereby notified that the following described livestock, white, young adult gelding, is now impounded with the Citrus County Animal Services, 4030 S. Airport Road, Inverness, FL 34450. This animal was found on 5/6/14 with no halter, near Santos Drive in Citrus Springs, however initial reports spotted this horse in Pine Ridge near Apple Valley Avenue. Unless redeemed with 3 days from date hereof, this animal will be offered for sale at public auction to the highest and best bidder for cash. Citrus County Sheriffs Office Published one (1) time in the Citrus County Chronicle on Tuesday, May 13, 2014. 573-0513 TUCRN Norman, Lalander Stadig 2014-CP-108 NTC PUBLIC NOTICE IN THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR THE FIFTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT IN AND FOR CITRUS COUNTY, FLORIDA PROBATE DIVISION File No.: 2014-CP-108 IN RE: ESTATE OF LALANDER STADIG NORMAN,, Deceased. NOTICE TO CREDITORS The administration of the estate of LALANDER STADIG NORMAN, deceased, whose date of death was July 26, 2013, is pending in the Circuit Court for CITRUS County, Florida, Probate Division, the address of which is 110 N. Apopka Ave., Inverness, F134450. The names and addresses of the personal representatives and the personal representatives attorney are set forth below. All creditors of the decedent and other persons having claims or demands against decedents estate on whom a copy of this notice is required to be served must file their claims with this court WITHIN THE LATER OF 3 MONTHS AFTER THE TIME OF THE FIRST PUBLICATION OF THIS NOTICE OR 30 DAYS AFTER THE DATE OF SERVICE OF A COpy OF THIS NOTICE ON THEM. All other creditors of the decedent and other persons having claims or demands against decedents estate must file their claims with this court WITHIN 3 MONTHS AFTER THE DATE OF THE FIRST PUBLICATION OF THIS NOTICE. ALL CLAIMS NOT FILED WITHIN THE TIME PERIODS SET FORTH IN SECTION 733.702 OF THE FLORIDA PROBATE CODE WILL BE FOREVER BARRED. NOTWITHSTANDING THE TIME PERIODS SET FORTH ABOVE, ANY CLAIM FILED TWO (2) YEARS OR MORE AFTER THE DECEDENTS DATE OF DEATH IS BARRED. The date of first publication of this Notice is May 6, 2014. Person Giving Notice: By: /s/ SHlRLEY A. COOK 21 Graytwig Ct. W., Homosassa, Florida 34446 Attorney for Person Giving Notice: By: /s/ ROBERT S. CHRISTENSEN, ESQ., Fla. Bar No. 0075272 P.O.Box 415, Homosassa Springs, FL 34447 Telephone: (352)382-7934, Fax: (352)382-7936, E-Mail:[email protected] Published in the Citrus County Chronicle, May 6 & 13, 2014. 574-0513 TUCRN Scroppo, Joseph 2014-CP-282 NTC-SA PUBLIC NOTICE IN THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR THE FIFTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT IN AND FOR CITRUS COUNTY, FLORIDA PROBATE DIVISION File No.: 2014-CP-282 IN RE: ESTATE OF JOSEPH SCROPPO, Deceased. NOTICE TO CREDITORS (Summary Administration) TO ALL PERSONS HAVING CLAIMS OR DEMANDS AGAINST THE ABOVE ESTATE: You are hereby notified that an Order of Summary Administration has been entered in the estate of JOSEPH SCROPPO deceased, File Number 2014-CP-282, by the Circuit Court for CITRUS County, Florida, Probate Division, the address of which is 110 N. Apopka Ave., Inverness, FL 34450; that the decedents date of death was December 8, 2012; and that the names and addresses of those to whom it has been assigned by such order are: Name Address Barbara Scroppo 7033 Shadow Ct., Homosassa, FL 34446 ALL INTERESTED PERSONS ARE NOTIFIED THAT: All creditors of the estate of the decedent and persons having claims or demands against the estate of the decedent other than those for whom provision for full payment was made in the Order of Summary Administration must file their claims with this court WITHIN THE TIME PERIODS SET FORTH IN SECTION 733.702 OF THE FLORIDA PROBATE CODE. ALL CLAIMS AND DEMANDS NOT SO FILED WILL BE FOREVER BARRED. NOTWITHSTANDING THE TIME PERIODS SET FORTH ABOVE, ANY CLAIM FILED TWO (2) YEARS OR MORE AFTER THE DECEDENTS DATE OF DEATH IS BARRED. The date of first publication of this Notice is May 6, 2014. Person Giving Notice: By: /s/ Barbara Scroppo PO Box 1220, Homosassa Springs, FL 34447 Attorney for Person Giving Notice: By: /s/ ROBERT S. CHRISTENSEN, ESQ., Fla. Bar No. 0075272 P.O.Box 415, Homosassa Springs, FL 34447 Telephone: (352)382-7934, Fax: (352)382-7936, E-Mail:[email protected] Published in the Citrus County Chronicle, May 6 & 13, 2014. 575-0513 TUCRN Lackenbacher, Raoul 2014-CP-187 NTC PUBLIC NOTICE IN THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE FIFTH JUDICIAL COURT IN AND FOR CITRUS COUNTY, FLORIDA Probate Division Case No. 2014-CP-187 IN RE: Estate of RAOUL R. LACKENBACHER a/k/a RAOUL ROBERT LACKENBACHER, Deceased. NOTICE TO CREDITORS The administration of the Estate of RAOUL R. LACKENBACHER a/k/a RAOUL ROBERT LACKENBACHER, deceased, whose date of death was February 6, 2014, is pending in the Circuit Court for Citrus County, Florida, Probate Division, the address of which is 110 N. Apopka Avenue, Inverness, FL 34450. The names and addresses of the Personal Representative and the Personal Representatives Attorney are set forth below. ALL INTERESTED PERSONS ARE NOTIFIED THAT: All creditors of Decedent and other persons having claims or demands against the Decedents estate on whom a copy of this notice has been served must file their claims with this Court WITHIN THE LATER OF THREE (3) MONTHS AFTER THE DATE OF THE FIRST PUBLICATION OF THIS NOTICE OR THIRTY (30) DAYS AFTER THE DATE OF SERVICE OF A COPY OF THIS NOTICE ON THEM. All other creditors of the Decedent and other persons having claims or demands against the Decedents estate must file their claims with this Court WITHIN THREE (3) MONTHS AFTER THE DATE OF THE FIRST PUBLICATION OF THIS NOTICE. NOTWITHSTANDING THE TIME PERIOD SET FORTH ABOVE, ANY CLAIM FILED TWO (2) YEARS OR MORE AFTER THE DECEDENTS DATE OF DEATH IS BARRED. The date of first publication of this notice is May 6, 2014. Personal Representative: MARK LACKENBACHER 65 Wildwood Lane, Saugerties, New York 12477 Attorney for Personal Representative: James David Green, Esq.,Florida Bar Number 0241430 GREEN & GREEN, P.A. 9030 W. Fort Island Trail #5, Crystal River, FL 34429-8011 Tel: 352/795-4500 Fax: 352/795-3300 Published in the CITRUS COUNTY CHRONICLE May 6 & 13, 2014 576-0513 TUCRN Blackhall, Robert 2014-CP-229 NTC PUBLIC NOTICE IN THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR THE FIFTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT IN AND FOR CITRUS COUNTY, FLORIDA PROBATE DIVISION File Number: 2014-CP-229 IN RE: ESTATE OF ROBERT W. BLACKHALL, Deceased. NOTICE TO CREDITORS The administration of the estate of ROBERT W. BLACKHALL, deceased, whose date of death was August 25, 2013, and whose Social Security Number is xxx-xx-7247, is pending in the Circuit Court for Citrus County, Florida, Probate Division, the address of which is 110 North Apopka Avenue, Inverness, FL 34450. The names and addresses of the personal representative and that of personal representatives attorney are set forth below. All creditors of the decedent and other persons having claims or demands against decedents estate on whom a copy of this notice is required to be served must file their claims with this court WITHIN THE LATER OF 3 MONTHS AFTER THE TIME OF THE FIRST PUBLICATION OF THIS NOTICE OR 30 DAYS AFTER THE DATE OF SERVICE OF A COPY OF THIS NOTICE ON THEM. All other creditors of the decedent and other persons having claims or demands against decedents estate must file their claims with this court WITHIN 3 MONTHS AF577-0513 TUCRN Ensing, Andrew D. 2014-CP-40 NTC PUBLIC NOTICE IN THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR CITRUS COUNTY,FLORIDA PROBATE DIVISION File No. 2014 CP40 IN RE: ESTATE OFANDREW D. ENSING Deceased. NOTICE TO CREDITORS The administration of the estate of Andrew D. Ensing, deceased, whose date of death was October 10, 2013, is pending in the Circuit Court for Citrus County, Florida, Probate Division, the address of which is 110 N. Apopka Avenue, Inverness, Florida 34450. The names and addresses of the personal representative and the personal representatives attorney are set forth below. All creditors of the decedent and other persons having claims or demands against decedents estate on whom a copy of this notice is required to be served must file their claims with this court ON OR BEFORE THE LATER OF 3 MONTHS AFTER THE TIME OF THE FIRST PUBLICATION OF THIS NOTICE OR 30 DAYS AFTER THE DATE OF SERVICE OF A COPY OF THIS NOTICE ON THEM. All other creditors of the decedent and other persons having claims or demands against decedents estate must file their claims with this court WITHIN 3 MONTHS AFTER THE DATE OF THE FIRST PUBLICATION OF THIS NOTICE. ALL CLAIMS NOT FILED WITHIN THE TIME PERIODS SET FORTH IN SECTION 733.702 OF THE FLORIDA PROBATE CODE WILL BE FOREVER BARRED. NOTWITHSTANDING THE TIME PERIODS SET FORTH ABOVE, ANY CLAIM FILED TWO (2) YEARS OR MORE AFTER THE DECEDENTS DATE OF DEATH IS BARRED. The date of first publication of this notice is May 6, 2014. Personal Representative: Suzanne E. Ensing 105 West Doerr Path,Hernando, Florida 34442 Attorneys for Personal Representative: Sharon R. Henderson, Florida Bar No. 0298751 McGuireWoods LLP 50 N. Laura St., Suite 3300, Jacksonville, Florida 32202 published in the CITRUS COUNTY CHRONICLE May 6 & 13, 2014. 578-0513 TUCRN Bronne, Mary M. 2014-CP-128 NTC PUBLIC NOTICE IN THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR CITRUS COUNTY, FLORlDA PROBATE DIVISION File No.: 2014-CP-000128 Division: IN RE: ESTATE OF MARY M. BRONNE Deceased NOTICE TO CREDITORS The administration of the estate Mary M. Bronne deceased, whose date of death was November 28, 2013 is pending in the Circuit Court for Citrus County, Florida, Probate Division File No 2014-CP-000128 the address of which is 110 N. Apopka Ave. Inverness, FL 34450-4231. The names and addresses of the Personal Representative and the Personal Representatives attorney are set forth below. All creditors of the decedent and other persons having claims or demands against decedents estate on whom a copy of this notice is required to be served must file their claims with this court ON OR BEFORE THE LATER OF 3 MONTHS AFTER THE TIME OF THE FIRST PUBLICATION OF THIS NOTICE OR 30 DAYS AFTER THE DATE OF SERVICE OF A COPY OF THIS NOTICE ON THEM. All other creditors of the decedent and other persons having claims or demands against decedents estate must file their claims with this court WITHIN 3 MONTHS AFTER THE DATE OF THE FIRST PUBLICATION OF THIS NOTICE. ALL CLAIMS NOT FILED WITHIN THE TIME PERIODS SET FORTH IN SECTION 733.702 OF THE FLORIDA PROBATE CODE WILL BE FOREVER BARRED. NOTWITHSTANDING THE TIME PERIODS SET FORTH ABOVE, ANY CLAIM FILED TWO (2) YEARS OR MORE AFTER THE DECEDENTS DATE OF DEATH IS BARRED. The date of first publication of this notice is May 6, 2014. Personal Representative: Jane M. Galluccii 128 Iron Wolf Road, Stewartsville, NJ 08886 Attorney for Personal Representative: Bruce A. McDonald, Florida Bar No. 263311 McDonald Fleming Moorhead d/b/a Statewide Probate 25 West Government Street, Pensacola, FL 32502 (850) 477-0660 (850) 477-098:2 FAX [email protected] mtnstoner@pensacolalaw. com Published in the CITRUS COUNTY CHRONICLE May 6 & 13, 2014. 579-0513 TUCRN Valentine, Patricia W. 2014-CP-109 NTC PUBLIC NOTICE IN THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR CITRUS COUNTY FLORIDA PROBATE DIVISION File No. 2014-CP-109 IN RE: ESTATE OFPATRICIA W. VALENTINE Deceased. NOTICE TO CREDITORS The administration of the estate of PATRICIA W. VALENTINE, deceased, whose date of death was March 19, 2011, is pending in the Circuit Court for Citrus County, Florida, Probate Division, the address of which is Citrus County Courthouse, 110 N. Apopka Ave., Inverness, FL 34450. The names and addresses of the personal representative and the personal representatives attorney are set forth below. All creditors of the decedent and other persons having claims or demands against decedents estate on whom a copy of this notice is required to be served must file their claims with this court WITHIN THE LATER OF 3 MONTHS AFTER THE TIME OF THE FIRST PUBLICATION OF THIS NOTICE OR 30 DAYS AFTER THE DATE OF SERVICE OF A COPY OF THIS NOTICE ON THEM. All other creditors of the decedent and other persons having claims or demands against decedents estate must file their claims with this court WITHIN 3 MONTHS AFTER THE DATE OF THE FIRST PUBLICATION OF THIS NOTICE. ALL CLAIMS NOT FILED WITHIN THE TIME PERIODS SET FORTH IN SECTION 733.702 OF THE FLORIDA PROBATE CODE WILL BE FOREVER BARRED. NOTWITHSTANDING THE TIME PERIODS SET FORTH ABOVE, ANY CLAIM FILED TWO (2) YEARS OR MORE AFTER THE DECEDENTS DATE OF DEATH IS BARRED. The date of first publication of this notice is May 6, 2014. Personal Representative: /s/ ROBERT E. THOMPSON 1249 Tallent Cove Road, Franklin, North Carolina 28734 Attorney for Personal Representative: /s/ DAVID J. WOLLINKA, Florida Bar Number: 608483 WOLLINKA & WOLLINKA Trinity Professional Center, 1835 Health Care Dr., Trinity, FL 34655 Telephone: (727) 937 4177 Fax: (727) 934 3689 E-Mail:[email protected] Secondary E-Mail:[email protected] Published two (2) times in the Citrus County Chronicle, May 6 & 13, 2014. 580-0513 TUCRN Mancaruso, Anthony Christopher 2014-CP-88 NTC PUBLIC NOTICE IN THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR CITRUS COUNTY, FLORIDA File No.: 2014-CP-88 Division PROBATE IN RE: ESTATE OF ANTHONY CHRISTOPHER MANCARUSO, A/K/A ANTHONY C. MANCARUSO, A/K/A ANTHONY MANCARUSO Deceased. NOTICE TO CREDITORS The administration of the estate of ANTHONY CHRISTOPHER MANCARUSO, A/K/A ANTHONY C. MANCARUSO, A/K/A ANTHONY MANCARUSO deceased, whose date of death was December 6, 2013, is pending in the Circuit Court for Citrus County, Florida, Probate Division, the address of which is 110 N. Apopka Ave., Inverness, Florida 34450. The names and addresses of the personal representative aud the personal representatives attorney are set forth below. All creditors of the decedent and other persons having claims or demands against decedents estate on whom a copy of this notice is required to be served must file their claims with this court WITHIN THE LATER OF 3 MONTHS AFTER THE TIME OF THE FIRST PUBLICATION OF THIS NOTICE OR 30 DAYS AFTER THE DATE OF SERVICE OF A COPY OF THIS NOTICE ON THEM. All other creditors of the decedent and other persons having claims or demands against decedents estate must file their claims with this court WITHIN 3 MONTHS AFTER THE DATE OF THE FIRST PUBLICATION OF THIS NOTICE. ALL CLAIMS NOT FILED WITHIN THE TIME PERIODS SET FORTH IN SECTION 733.702 OF THE FLORIDA PROBATE CODE WILL BE FOREVER BARRED. NOTWITHSTANDING THE TIME PERIODS SET FORTH ABOVE, ANY CLAIM FILED TWO (2) YEARS OR MORE AFTER THE DECEDENTS DATE OF DEATH IS BARRED The date of first publication of this notice is May 6, 2014 Personal Representative: By: /s/ FRANK MANCARUSO 17907 Gardenview Road, Hagerstown, MD 21740 Attorney for Personal Representative: By: /s/ GLEN C. ABBOTT Esquire, Florida Bar No. 235911 Post Office Box 2019, Crystal River, Florida 34423-2019 Telephone: (352)795-5699 Email:[email protected] Published in the CITRUS COUNTY CHRONICLE May 6 & 13, 2014. 585-0520 TUCRN Wynne, Laura Nadine 2012-CP-000477 NTC PUBLIC NOTICE IN THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE FIFTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT IN AND FOR CITRUS COUNTY, STATE OF FLORIDA PROBATE DIVISION FILE NO: 2012-CP-000477 IN RE: ESTATE OF LAURA NADINE WYNNE A/K/A NADINE M. WYNNE Deceased. NOTICE TO CREDITORS The administration of the estate of LAURA NADINE WYNNE deceased, whose date of death was April 19, 2012; is pending in the Circuit Court for Citrus County, Florida, Probate Division; File Number 2012-CP-000477; the mailing address of which is 110 North Apopka Avenue, Inverness, Florida 34450. The names and addresses of the personal representative and the personal representatives attorney are set forth below. All creditors of the decedent and other persons, who have claims or demands against decedents estate, including unmatured, contingent or unliquidated claims, and who have been served a copy of this notice, must file their claims with this court ON OR BEFORE THE LATER OF THE DATE THAT IS THREE (3) MONTHS AFTER THE DATE OF THE FIRST PUBLICATION OF THIS NOTICE OR THIRTY (30) DAYS AFTER THE DATE OF SERVICE OF A COPY OF THIS NOTICE ON THEM. All other creditors of the decedent and other persons who have claims or demands against the decedents estate, including unmatured, contingent or unliquidated claims, must file their claims with this court WITHIN THREE (3) MONTHS AFTER THE DATE OF THE FIRST PUBLICATION OF THIS NOTICE. ALL CLAIMS NOT SO FILED WILL BE FOREVER BARRED. NOTWITHSTANDING THE TIME PERIODS SET FORTH ABOVE, ANY CLAIM FILED TWO (2) YEARS OR MORE AFTER THE DECEDENTS DATE OF DEATH IS BARRED. THE DATE OF FIRST PUBLICATION OF THIS NOTICE IS MA Y 13, 2014 Personal Representative: /s/ TRACI GRULKE 15375 Grand Oak Drive, Grand Haven, MI 49417 Attorney for Personal Representative: /s/ MARLA E. CHA VERNA Y ESQ. Florida Bar No: 143138 Law Offices of George R. Brezina, Jr., P.A. 1218 Oakfield Drive, Brandon, FL 33511 (813) 870-0500 Published in CITRUS COUNTY CHRONICLE May 13 & 20, 2014. 586-0520 TUCRN Frey, Walter Lawrence 2014-CP-202 NTC PUBLIC NOTICE IN THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR THE FIFTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT IN AND FOR CITRUS COUNTY, FLORIDA CASE No.: 2014-CP-202 IN RE: ESTATE OF WALTER LAWRENCE FREY, Deceased. NOTICE TO CREDITORS 587-0520 TUCRN Fredericks, Paul O. 2014-CP-106 NTC PUBLIC NOTICE IN THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR CITRUS COUNTY, FLORIDA PROBATE DIVISION File No. 2014-CP-106 IN RE: ESTATE of PAUL O. FREDERICKS DECEASED, NOTICE TO CREDITORS The administration of the estate of PAUL O. FREDERICKS deceased, whose date of death was May 8, 2013, is pending in the Circuit Court for Citrus County, Florida, Probate Division, the address of which is 110 North Apopka Avenue, Inverness, Florida 34450. The names and addresses of the personal representative and the personal representatives attorney are set forth below. All creditors of the decedent and other persons having claims or demands against decedents estate on whom a copy of this notice is required to be served must file their claims with this court WITHIN THE LATER OF 3 MONTHS AFTER THE TIME OF THE FIRST PUBLICATION OF THIS NOTICE OR 30 DAYS AFTER THE DATE OF SERVICE OF A COPY OF THIS NOTICE ON THEM. All other creditors of the decedent and other persons having claims or demands against decedents estate must file their claims with this court WITHIN 3 MONTHS AFTER THE DATE OF THE FIRST PUBLICATION OF THIS NOTICE. ALL CLAIMS NOT SO FILED WILL BE FOREVER BARRED. NOTWITHSTANDING THE TIME PERIOD SET FORTH ABOVE, ANY CLAIM FILED TWO (2) YEARS OR MORE AFTER THE DECEDENTS DATE OF DEATH IS BARRED. The date of first publication of this notice is May 13, 2014. Personal Representative: /s/ PAUL S. FREDERICKS 237 Caddie Court, DeBary Florida 32713 Attorney for Personal Representative: /S/ Tyler J. Chasez, Esq Florida Bar Number 72483 MCINTYRE ROY, P. A. 1485 International Pkwy Suite 1071, Lake Mary, FL. 32746 Telephone: 407.869.1414 Fax: 407.674.2256 E-Mail: [email protected] Published two (2) times in the CITRUS COUNTY CHRONICLE May 13 & 20, 2014 588-0520 TUCRN Bolden, Rosemarie 2014 CP 000145 NTC PUBLIC NOTICE IN THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE FIFTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT IN AND FOR CITRUS COUNTY, FLORIDA PROBATE CASE NO. 2014-CP-000145 IN RE: THE ESTATE OF ROSEMARIE C. BOLDEN a/k/a ROSE MARIE BOLDEN, Deceased. NOTICE TO CREDITORS The administration of the estate of Rosemarie C. Bolden, deceased, whose date of death was March 20, 2001, is pending in the Circuit Court for Citrus County, Florida, Probate Division, File Number 2014-CP-000145; the address of which is 110 North Apopka Avenue, Inverness, FL 34450. The names and addresses of the personal representative and the personal representatives attorney are set forth below. All creditors of the decedent and other persons having claims or demands against decedents estate, on whom a copy of this notice is required to be served must file their claims with this court WITHIN THE LATER OF 3 MONTHS AFTER THE TIME OF THE FIRST PUBLICATION OF THIS NOTICE OR 30 DAYS AFTER THE DATE OF SERVICE OF A COPY OF THIS NOTICE ON THEM. All other creditors of the decedent and other persons having claims or demands against decedents estate must file their claims with this court WITHIN 3 MONTHS AFTER THE DATE OF THE FIRST PUBLICATION OF THIS NOTICE. ALL CLAIMS NOT SO FILED WITHIN THE TIME PERIODS SET FORTH IN SECTION 733.702 OF THE FLORIDA PROBATE CODE WILL BE FOREVER BARRED. NOTWITHSTANDING THE TIME PERIODS SET FORTH ABOVE, ANY CLAIM FILED TWO (2) YEARS OR MORE AFTER THE DECEDENTS DATE OF DEATH IS BARRED. The date of first publication of this Notice is May 13, 2014. Personal Representative: Rebecca N. Monka 520 South Barbour Street, Beverly Hills, FL 34465 Attorney for Personal Representative: /s/ Thomas M. VanNess, Jr., Esq., Florida Bar No. 0857750, [email protected] VanNess & VanNess, P.A. 1205 North Meeting Tree Blvd., Crystal River, FL 34429, 352-795-1444 Published in the Citrus County Chronicle, May 13 & 20, 2014. 589-0520 TUCRN Duncan, Kerri F. 2014-CP-68 PUBLIC NOTICE IN THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR THE 5TH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT IN AND FOR CITRUS COUNTY, FLORIDA File No.:2014-CP-68 Division Probate IN RE: ESTATE OF KERRI F. DUNCAN Deceased. NOTICE TO CREDITORS The administration of the estate of Kerri F. Duncan deceased, whose date of death was January 17, 2014, is pending in the Circuit Court for Citrus County, Florida, Probate Division, the address of which is Clerk of the Circuit Court, Probate Division 110 N. Apopka Avenue Inverness, Florida, 34450. The names and addresses of the personal representative and the personal representatives attorney are set forth below. All creditors of the decedent and other persons having claims or demands against decedents estate on whom a copy of this notice is required to be served must file their claims with this court WITHIN THE LATER OF 3 MONTHS AFTER THE TIME OF THE FIRST PUBLICATION OF THIS NOTICE OR 30 DAYS AFTER THE DATE OF SERVICE OF A COPY OF THIS NOTICE ON THEM. All other creditors of the decedent and other persons having claims or demands against decedents estate must file their claims with this court WITHIN 3 MONTHS AFTER THE DATE OF THE FIRST PUBLICATION OF THIS NOTICE. ALL CLAIMS NOT FILED WITHIN THE TIME PERIODS SET FORTH IN SECTION 733.702 OF THE FLORIDA PROBATE CODE WILL BE FOREVER BARRED. NOTWITHSTANDING THE TIME PERIODS SET FORTH ABOVE, ANY CLAIM FILED TWO (2) YEARS OR MORE AFTER THE DECEDENTS DATE OF DEATH IS BARRED. The date of first publication of this notice is May 13, 2014. Personal Representative: /S/ Colton D. Brooks 1649 Willow Oak Lane Sanford, Florida 32773 Attorney for Personal Representative: /S/ Vicki Levy Eskin, Florida Bar No.: 0896357, Attorney for Dianne L. Peterson 1732 N. Ronald Reagan Blvd. Longwood, FL 32750-3409 Telephone: (407)321-4844V [email protected] Sheila@ levylawyers.com Published in the CITRUS COUNTY CHRONICLE May 13 & 20, 2014. The administration of the estate of Walter Lawrence Frey, deceased, whose date of death was August 24, 2013, is pending in the Circuit Court for Citrus County, Florida, Probate Division, the address of which is 110 N. Apopka Avenue, Inverness, Florida 34450. The names and addresses of the personal representative and the personal representatives attorney are set forth below. All creditors of the decedent and other persons having claims or demands against decedents estate on whom a copy of this notice has been served must file their claims with this court WITHIN THE LATER OF 3 MONTHS AFTER THE TIME OF THE FIRST PUBLICATION OF THIS NOTICE OR 30 DAYS AFTER THE TIME OF SERVICE OF A COPY OF THIS NOTICE ON THEM. All other creditors of the decedent and other persons having claims or demands against decedents estate must file their claims with this court WITHIN 3 MONTHS AFTER THE DATE OF THE FIRST PUBLICATION OF THIS NOTICE. ALL CLAIMS NOT SO FILED WITHIN THE TIME PERIODS SET FORTH IN SECTION 733.702 OF THE FLORIDA PROBATE CODE WILL BE FOREVER BARRED. NOTWITHSTANDING THE TIME PERIODS SET FORTH ABOVE, ANY CLAIM FILED TWO (2) YEARS OR MOREAFTER THE DECEDENTS DATE OF DEATH IS BARRED. The date of first publication of this Notice is May 13, 2013. Personal Representative: /s/Larry P. Freyi 1430 1st Street North, St. Petersburg, FL 33704 Attorney for Personal Representative: /s/ Dawn Ellis, Esq., Florida Bar No. 091979 My Florida Probate, P.A. P.O. Box 952, Floral City, Florida 34436-0952, Telephone: (352) 726-5444 E-mail:dawn@myfloridapr obate.com Published two (2) times in the CITRUS COUNTY CHRONICLE May 13 & 20, 2014. TER THE DATE OF THE FIRST PUBLICATION OF THIS NOTICE. ALL CLAIMS NOT FILED WITHIN THE TIME PERIODS SET FORTH IN SECTION 733.702 OF THE FLORIDA PROBATE CODE WILL BE FOREVER BARRED. NOTWITHSTANDING THE TIME PERIODS SET FORTH ABOVE, ANY CLAIM FILED TWO (2) YEARS OR MORE AFTER THE DECEDENTS DATE OF DEATH IS BARRED. The date of the first publication of thisNotice is May 6, 2014. Person Giving Notice: By: /s/Martha K. Blackhall 989 East Liberty Street, Hernando, Florida 34442 Attorney for Person Giving Notice: By: /s/ Michael T. Kovach, Jr., Esquire, FL Bar # 0308020 KOVACH LAW FIRM, P.A. Post Office Box 635, 303 Tompkins Street, Inverness, FL 34451-0635 (352)341-5557 Published in the CITRUS COUNTY CHRONICLE May 6 & 13, 2014. 584-0520 TUCRN 5/27 Self Storage Lien ARVANA MINI STORAGE 5164 S. Floria Ave. Inverness, FL 34450 SALE OF CONTENTS Pursuant to Florida Statute 83.805, the entire contents of the following storage unit(s) will be sold in order to pay for past due rental, advertising and other charges owed by these tenants. The sale will take place at 10:00 a.m. on May 27, 2014 which is 2 weeks from the first publication of this notice. Thomas Fadden III C-8 Charissa Tracey B-11 Published twice in the Citrus County Chronicle, May 13 & 20, 2014. 907-0530 DAILY CRN Surplus Property Sale PUBLIC NOTICE The Citrus County Board of County Commissioners will be selling surplus property and equipment via the internet at govdeals.com from April 25, 2014 May 30, 2014 Published in the Citrus County Chronicle April 25, May 30, 2014 Suzuki, S40 Old-school Single Cylinder Low Mileage. Low Seat Height $4488. Love Motorsports 352-621-3678 SUZUKIBoulevard C50 Classic ,2007, Exc Cond $3,700 (352) 634-4427 SuzukiModel GZ250. Street Bike. Black. Less than 400 mi. $1995. (352)527-0115 Yamaha V-star 1100, dressed out, real low mi, eye candy $4900 obo (352) 746-9212 Harley DAVIDSON2012 FXDWG Dyn Wide Glide Windshield,6,000 miles, 7 year extended warranty, 2.5% assumable loan $11,295.00 (352)302-6055 Harley Davidson2014, Heritage, soft tail, black, factory opt. + accessories, 1000 miles, serviced, Title in hand $17,500. 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What is the process of gathering fabric by means of drawn or elasticated threads in parallel rows?	Edition 8 online by Lot's Wife Magazine - issuu issuu Thanks 20. Student Affairs To all of those who have contributed to the creation of Lot’s Wife 2013, writers, sub-editors, photographers, artists - your work is the life-blood of this magazine. To our printers - Streamline - in particular Catherine and Jim (sorry for all the late night phone calls). To our friends and families for putting up with us dissappearing into the nebulous of ‘layout week’ once a month. To our friends in the MSA (you know who you are) for keeping sane in this chaos and to you, our readers, for giving the magazine a purpose. 32. Science 6. Editorials 8. National Affairs 18. International Affairs To Christopher Pyne, for wanting to bring back VSU. 36. Music To trail mix, for being so boring, but so addictive (the cranberries are good though). 42. Film & TV Apologies 46. Performing Arts In the last edition of Lot’s Wife, an untitled poem was incorrectly attributed to Marcus Littlewood. The author was Aiden Parisi. 52. Creative Space 56. Culture Jasmine Roney Section Editors National Affairs: Thomas Clelland and Elizabeth Boag International Affairs: Carlie O’Connell Student Affairs: Hannah Barker and Ioan Nascu Science: Caitlyn Burchell, Shalaka Parekh and Nicola McCaskill Music: Dina Amin, Augustus Hebblewhite, Leah Phillips and Steven M. Voser Film & TV: Ghian Tjandaputra and Patricia Tobin Performing Arts: Christine Lambrianidis and Thomas Alomes Creative Writing: Allison Chan, Michelle Li and Thomas Wilson Culture: Hannah Gordon and Christopher Pase Online News: Julia Greenhalf Web Design: Choon Yin-Yeap and Jake Spicer As you read this paper you are on Aboriginal land. We at Lot’s Wife recognise the Wurundjeri and Boon Wurrung peoples of the Kulin Nations as the historical and rightful owners and custodians of the lands and waters on which this newspaper is produced. The land was stolen and sovereignty was never ceded. Lot’s Wife Student Newspaper est. 1964. Monash University Clayton, VIC. Lot’s Wife does not condone the publishing of racist, sexist, militaristic or queerphobic material. The views expressed herein do not necessarily reflect the views of the editors or the MSA. Submitted articles may be altered. All writing and artwork remains the property of the producers and may not be reproduced without their written consent. T: 03 9905 8174 W: lotswife.com.au @lotswifemag www.facebook/lotswifemagazine don’t look back. [email protected] © 2013 Monash Student Association. All Rights Reserved. 4 LOT’S WIFE EDITION 8 • 2013 LETTERS talkback radio hosts seem to care so much? To the weary Lot’s editors, bourne. What was initially intended to be an anonymous reflection on Last year, a student reported on their experiences as an intern at the Herald Sun in Farrago, the student publication at the University of Mel- I thank you for your excellent editorship of Lot’s Wife this year—as a journalism intern’s experience, and how it clashed with their ideology well as everyone else who has contributed. The space occupied by Lot’s may and ideas of respect, became an astounding demonstration of media inhave shrunk along with the cutting of funding, interest in print media and dustry culture. Media outlets poured derision and vitriol over the student, infiltration of Host Scheme, but Lot’s Wife still punches above its weight, which aside from bringing the intern’s opinion to a far greater audience, particularly at the likes of Tony Abbott. essentially illustrated the student’s core concern about respect through the This year has seen Lot’s initiating a special edition that challenged very published responses and comments that formed their horrific public University management’s iron fist as well as building action against cuts to immolation. Higher Education. With close to 10,000 views, Lot’s ‘Monash is my store?’ Whether you personally agree with the politics and motivations be- video now forever floats as an independent ship, rocking against a sea of hind these articles and actions is irrelevant to the argument behind this bullshit corporate Monash PR videos on YouTube. letter. What, however, does remains true in all these scenarios is that they With threats to student union funding on the horizon and an already have raised issues that were vitally important to discuss. They have, in limiting reliance on procuring advertising, it’ll be up to students to hope- their own way, pushed the boundaries of journalism not only hard enough fully come out in force—as they have previously—and defend an independ- to pierce the fabric of the industry status quo, but also the sphere of public ent newspaper that they like lots. consciousness. - Anonymous. “Progressive” isn’t simply a synonym for left-wing. It is not simply a political term. It is a word that by its definition demands momentum, yet Dear Lot’s, it does not specify which direction or in which capacity that momentum Having been a regular fixture of the Monash student media land- is required to take. Experimentation with the journalistic form holds just scape for quite some time, people often approach me with a wide variety of as much merit as the strict and formulaic writing that is often taught in opinions on the state of student media affairs. Sadly, by far the most voiced lecture theatres and tutorials. opinion I receive is an expression of disdain over the content of Lot’s Wife. Push the boundaries, whatever you perceive them to be. Challenge Some of the comments I’ve heard include “too much politics”, “boring and the status quo. Challenge yourself. And don’t look back. trivial”, “lefty rag”, and remarkably, even “dangerous”.With this in mind, - Bren Carruthers, Lot’s Wife Editor, 2012. and as a former editor of Lot’s Wife, I feel that there is a rather blunt and obvious point that I feel is my duty to make. The articles you want to read can only be published if they are written and submitted. You’ll notice that this letter is addressed, “Dear Lot’s”, but I am not writing this to the magazine and its editors. I am writing it to you, the reader, because you are the ultimate author of Lot’s Wife. Student media is a remarkably unique opportunity to push boundaries, whether they be personal, political, professional or, in the case of an overworked and under appreciated editor, physical. It is a blank canvas for creatives, and an opportunity for any student to opine and wax lyrical about current affairs. It can be fun. It can be serious. It is a forum for truly free speech, and a platform for those of us who are only just beginning to find our voice. Monash University has a proud history as a forward-thinking institution, and the student body is well recognised as a vanguard of progressive student politics in Australia. And despite being derived back in 1964, the Lot’s Wife’s motto, Don’t Look Back, is an ongoing testament to that legacy. Honi Soit, the student publication at the University of Sydney, drew massive public interest and controversy when it recently published a collage of vulvas on its front cover. In doing so, they raised significant questions about the status of female genitalia in society and censorship. Why is the labia somehow more taboo than its male counterpart? What constitutes supposed ‘good taste’ in a modern society? And why on earth do EDITORIAL MATTHEW CAMPBELL Every so often I sit down and flip through written about this year (some would say ad old editions of Lot’s Wife – from 1964 nauseum), and to illustrate exactly what I when it was founded, to last year when my mean when I allude to the historic recur- involvement began with the publication of rence that transpires in student politics some shitty poetry that I found on my blog when it comes to shadiness and the abuse from year 10. It was past deadline – which of power, let’s take a look back to Lot’s I thought was pretty serious business – and Wife in 2007. I still hadn’t submitted anything to one of In an article published in their fifth the previous editors, Mell, after promising edition, the editors at the time accused I would. Give me a break. And if I find out (with a stat dec as proof) MSA Executive you’ve been rummaging through editions of bribery and corruption in the previous of Lot’s Wife 2012 in some craven attempt years’ elections. The then-MSA Executive at bringing my name into disrepute by saw fit to censor the piece, citing a clause showing the poems to all your mates, in the MSA constitution which states there’ll be hell to pay. that the executive can refuse to print Lot’s Wife if material is considered But perhaps creepier than finding old poems that I wrote is read- ‘potentially defamatory’. The article was not considered defamatory in the ing through editions from the past decade or further back and realising legal sense (as confirmed by independent legal advice) but as it criticised that many of the issues we’ve encountered this year as editors appear to members of the administration, the editors were forced to “water [the be on a constant feedback loop. Florence and I may have been the first article] down” before the edition went to print. They were subsequently Lot’s Wife editors to produce a video as part of a campaign against federal told the Executive would be vetting all further editions for the year. government attacks on education, but we certainly weren’t the first to In more recent memory, members of Go! have registered deceptive encounter the problem. Similarly, diatribes against student political bod- ‘feeder’ ticket names (2010 and 2012) in elections in an effort to elimi- ies and the importance of tearing this magazine away from it all featured nate competition, and hired a factional associate to oversee the 2010 poll. heavily in final editorials over the years. What can we write that hasn’t I’m not bringing this up to be petty. It would be unfair of me not to been written before? Sometimes there’s no greater existential crisis than acknowledge that the other major tickets, Switch and Left Hook, don’t reading through history and realising you’re not special. have significant flaws. But this isn’t federal politics. There is no Opposi- The point is I’m filling space. Happy New Year everyone! Now give me my last pay check. tion to challenge the behaviour of the ruling group. It stands to reason that the administration, in the context of a student union, will stand up But seriously, what’s next? What do I do with all this horrendous free space left in my editorial? Write about Abbott? The protests in Bahrain? Miley? The human organ harvesting industry in Eastern Europe? Against my better judgement, I think I’m going to weigh in on this to more criticism. A friend of mine made an interesting point with regard to how this ticket has been able to twist the politics in its favour and weather the ensuing shit storms relatively unscathed. Students, she said, are in an out of student government stuff. Unfortunately, if general student sentiment is their degrees in a matter of three or four years, and in that time (roughly anything to go by, by doing so I’m part of the problem, not the solution. 90% of them, if we’re going by this year’s election results) pay no atten- At least that’s what the voter turnout statistics seem to suggest, with only tion to what goes on in the union. Hardly anyone’s left to give a shit. about 2,500 students on a campus of around 28,000 choosing to vote during MSA election week. In the context of student politics, how people perceive you is paramount, and I think that negative perception of the union and its major For a number of reasons, not least because they had the most cam- players contributes to student disengagement. Negative perception can paigners around the traps during election week, the majority incumbent render a cause or institution a dried up husk of what it could be, no mat- party of the MSA, Go!, pretty much managed a clean sweep of the ter how noble its ideology. elections this year. As of 2014, Go! will have had control of the MSA for The 1996 Lot’s Wife article that we republished that addresses nine years, but that barely captures the full extent of their influence over student apathy (pages 24-25) is a grim reminder that we all have a role to the union throughout the years. play in engaging students – not just Lot’s Wife editors and contributors, While the ticket has no doubt overseen important changes for stu- but student politicians and other hangers-on alike. dents, their rule hasn’t been without controversy. Some of this has been 6 LOT’S WIFE EDITION 8 • 2013 EDITORIAL FLORENCE RONEY Another month, another edition; only this month’s Lot’s Wife is a little bit special, being our last for the year. I can’t really describe the feeling, works at their publications. The results were incredibly varied. At the University of New England in Armidale NSW, for example, knowing this is the last editorial, the last stint on InDesign, the last trip editorial candidates are appointed by a panel made up of the current to the printers and then we will hand over the reins. year’s editors and others involved in student media. According to current I could write a thesis on the trials and tribulations of my year in the Lot’s Wife office, but I won’t. As Matthew so wonderfully articulated in his first editorial, the office has proven to be “alternately, an asylum; a editor, Sarita Perston, this is “so as to appoint the most capable applicants not the most popular, and also to avoid politicisation”. In stark contrast to this, at the University of Newcastle, the Media home-away-from-home; a precipice and a constant source – in sporadic Officer (and editor-in-chief of Opus) is a voting member of the Student yet equal amounts – of joy, rage and wonder”. Eight months later and I Representative Council. They are elected in general elections and thus couldn’t sum the year up more eloquently. position is highly politicised, the editor’s vote on council becoming hotly With the looming threat of further attacks on education, the possibility of the privatisation of HECs, the capping of places, and the contested between the different factions. While the concept of an interview based application process is life-blood of the MSA – the Student Services and Amenities Fee – fac- appealing on face-value, in the sense that selection would be based on ing the razor blade, we need a strong fighting student union. But just as merit, I worry that the process could too easily fall into a pattern of importantly, we need strong, independent student media that is open to cronyism and jobs for mates. And having a vote on council? Well that’s criticising the government, the university administration and even the essentially being the government and media at the same time. Not a student union when needed. Worryingly, the process for becoming editor of Lot’s Wife is also If we look to ANU, the editors of Woroni are elected in an election highly political. Encouragingly, Matt and I were elected on an independ- separate to that of their student union. In fact, student media at ANU is ent Student Media ticket, meaning we came into the job without having an entirely independent, incorporated entity, having separated from the been elected on one of the main political tickets. This was only achiev- ANU students association in 2010. The problem with this, though, is able as we were endorsed by them all – essentially elected unopposed. that without the support of the union, Woroni becomes dependent on the Having been recommended by the previous year’s editors, both having university for funding – perhaps even more problematic, especially when written for Lot’s that year, we came into the job with experience and im- issues of censorship come into the game. portantly, not as a member of any political ticket. Had we run indepen- A middle ground must be found, whereby student media is still a dently but against candidates running on tickets, we wouldn’t have stood part of the student union, but with separate elections. Or maybe editors a chance – the party machine too powerful. could be restricted from running on political tickets, with a separate While I have been criticised for being politicised over the course of this year, which eventually culminated in aligning with a ticket and ballot paper. Next year will be the magazine’s 50th birthday, an achievement, running in this year’s elections, I think it is a disservice to the magazine considering the number of student publications that folded when VSU to say that we have been ‘biased’. If you look back over past editions you was introduced. It seems a fitting anniversary to look at these issues, and will see work from those of varying political persuasions, representing perhaps make some changes. almost every group who contested the elections. You must also keep in mind that as editors we can only publish what has been submitted. Unfortunately our attempts at maintaining the independent Student Media ticket, this year, failed. This year has been one helluva ride, and it wouldn’t have been the same or possible without a few people who I have to mention. Thank you to Mell and Bren, for never leaving, keeping us company in the office and helping out when times got tough. Thank you to our team of While I am not suggesting that electing editors on a ticket ensures trusty sub-editors, in particular Chris and Hannah, for their dedication a magazine that shies away from the important issues and refuses to think and excellent editing skills over the entire year. To Mum, for picking me critically – you need only look to last year’s editors who were elected on up from uni at 2 in the morning and making us amazing food packages a ticket but produced a magazine of the highest quality – I do think we to tide us through layout week. But most importantly, to Matthew, I should work towards a system which does not make editorial independ- couldn’t imagine this job without him and despite all the ups and downs, ence such a pipe dream. he continues to make me chuckle more than anyone else I know. So what do I suggest? To be honest, I just don’t know. Every possibility I have thought about has some drawback. In my research for this I wish the new editors well. It’s a crazy job, but incredibly fulfilling. And I farewell you, readers, thank you for reading. editorial I asked student media types from around the country how it LOT’S WIFE EDITION 8 • 2013 7 NATIONAL AFFAIRS TRADE DEAL TO HAND POWER TO FOREIGN CORPORATIONS “The TPP has been widely criticised for its secretive negotiations, restrictive intellectual property provisions and, of perhaps the greatest concern, investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS).” James Brooks The Abbott government is poised to finalise a a perceived deficit of legitimacy and the Australian National University wrote that highly secretive international trade agreement transparency; contradictions between there has been an “explosive increase” in ISDS with arbitral awards; difficulties in correcting in recent years, impacting “sensitive issues such serious as access to drinking water, mining development The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) is about the independence and impartiality on sacred indigenous sites, health warnings on a proposed free trade agreement between 12 of arbitrators, and concerns relating to cigarette packaging and restrictions on the use of countries, including Australia, Canada and the costs and time of arbitral procedures.” dangerous chemicals”. the United States. Formal negotiations for the To illustrate the power wielded by foreign agreement commenced in March 2010 and Unpacking this statement, ISDS lacks legitimacy corporations over national governments through independent news sources are reporting that because it exists outside the formal court structure ISDS, take a recent example. The Northern it could be signed by the Abbott government and its safeguards. It lacks transparency because American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is a before the end of October. arbitral decisions frequently remain hidden from free trade agreement between the United States, the public; sometimes even the dispute itself is Canada and Mexico that contains an ISDS kept secret. clause. The TPP has been widely criticised for its secretive negotiations, restrictive intellectual property provisions and, of perhaps the greatest concern, investor-state There are contradictions between ISDS In 1996, the Canadian government passed decisions because arbitrators are not required to a law prohibiting the importation of MMT, a follow past decisions and because the procedural fuel additive associated with various health and ISDS refers to a provision in an rules used to resolve disputes can differ from one environmental side effects. Two months before international trade agreement allowing foreign dispute to the next. Erroneous decisions cannot the law came into effect, Ethyl Corporation, a investors to sue the national governments of be corrected because there is no appeal process. US company whose subsidiary imported MMT member countries whose policies harm their The independence and impartiality of into Canada, filed a Notice of Arbitration on the investments. Historically, only other national arbitrators has been questioned because the governments were able to enforce such parties choose them; they are not independent Ethyl Corporation sought over US$251 agreements under international law. like judges. Defending an ISDS claim made by a million in damages, plus costs. The Canadian While it appears that ISDS leads to greater foreign investor can cost governments millions government initially fought the case, before government accountability, there are a host of of dollars, often after a lengthy and expensive later agreeing to settle. Under the terms of the serious problems with ISDS. According to a battle through the ordinary court system. settlement, Canada agreed to reverse the MMT 2013 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development report, 8 But despite the litany of problems, ISDS decisions can have profound effects on ban, pay Ethyl Corporation’s legal costs and issue an official statement declaring MMT safe. government policy and societal wellbeing. In a Experts believe the Canadian government “Concerns with the current ISDS submission to the Department of Foreign Affairs settled to avoid the risk of huge damages if it system relate, among other things, to and Trade in 2010, Dr. Kyla Tienhaara from was unsuccessful. The back down did not come LOT’S WIFE EDITION 8 • 2013 NATIONAL AFFAIRS without a cost though: MMT continues to are unknown as the case is being conducted in be added to fuel in Canada. There have been secret; however, experts believe Philip Morris Subsequently, the trade policies of the dozens of cases like this under NAFTA and other alleges the Australian government’s legislation Rudd and Gillard governments explicitly ruled free trade agreements throughout the world. amounts to an expropriation or unauthorised out ISDS clauses in future international trade The potential for huge damages to be awarded taking of Philip Morris’ intellectual property, agreements. On the eve of the 2013 federal without any avenues of appeal or judicial namely the trade marks it used to display on its election though, the Liberal Party released its safeguards forces governments to surrender packaging. trade policy, declaring that it “remain[ed] open” to foreign corporations with no democratic legitimacy. What’s significant about this case is that led to its removal from the final version. to ISDS clauses in future. it arose even after the High Court of Australia Trade and Investment Minister Andrew Australia is not immune from corporate upheld the legality of the legislation, in a case Robb has been cagey about whether the TPP bullying through ISDS either. Since December brought by several tobacco companies last year. will include an ISDS clause. Many experts are of last year, plain tobacco packaging laws have Time will tell whether Philip Morris succeeds concerned about the softening of Australian been in force throughout Australia. Before the in its latest attempt to undo one of the most trade policy under Abbott though; particularly legislation even entered Federal Parliament, significant pieces of public health legislation in given how close Australia is to signing off on the Philip Morris Asia Limited, a Hong Kong based Australia in recent times. company, commenced the first ever ISDS claim ISDS was a hot topic in Australia in The ongoing Philip Morris case is proof against the Australian government. The claim 2004 as the Howard government completed that ISDS can threaten important public health was made under the ISDS clause of a 1993 negotiations with the United States over the and environmental legislation benefiting all investment treaty between Australia and Hong Australia-United States Free Trade Agreement Australians. It’s not just the experts who should Kong. (AUSFTA). The US government had sought an be worried about Australia’s current trade policy. The precise details of Philip Morris’ claim ISDS clause but public opposition in Australia Former Prime Minister Julia Gillard attends the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) meeting at the ASEAN Summit at Peace Palace in Phnom Penh on 20 November 2012. Tony Abbott is set to finalise the controversial free trade agreement soon. LOT’S WIFE EDITION 8 • 2013 9 NATIONAL AFFAIRS CONSEQUENCES IN ZONE 2 Linking east and west, dividing inner and outer Melbourne Anthony Taylor The proposal for a freeway from Clifton Hill to Parkville (and then to It is difficult to intelligently explain why there is such a divide in the Western Ring Road) may not seem immediately relevant to transport community response (or lack thereof) to transport projects. The answer in Clayton. However, the size of the project means it has significance which is often parroted would be that it is simply “hipsters” or “inner city for all of Melbourne, even all of Australia. This lefties” who protest road projects; meanwhile, the is because approximately $8 billion would be tied “battlers” in the outer suburbs don’t have time for to the project. The sheer amount of Victorian Government funding needed will preclude the implementation of other policies and infrastructure projects across the state. The commentary and developments regarding the East West Link proposal affirm, amongst many other things, a key lesson about transport policy in Victoria. The lesson is that there is an inner suburbouter suburb divide in Melbourne, which extends “Where inner Melbourne expanded with the provision of good public transport, and then cars augmented this later, in Zone 2 it has only ever been cars. In Zone 2, then, a new freeway further entrenches how necessary a car is to get around.” to community response to transport policy; and such bullshit. They have long hours and bills to pay, and cars are the only practical way of getting around. Sadly, the next move of the Hun-style argument is to convince people in outer suburbs that, since it is only the privileged city dweller who protests roads, the best they can and should expect is a new road. However, the overwhelming investment in private motor transport, and concomitant urban sprawl over the past 50 years can also do some work to explain the differing responses to road projects in inner and complementing this, there is a public transport- outer Melbourne. private (ie. motor) transport divide. There is certainly a complex and Every time a new freeway is built in this city, it sharpens the divide fascinating relationship between these two binaries which is played out in between the way transport works in Zone 1 and Zone 2. The impact of a the media and is also evidenced by actors: politicians, transport bureaucrats, new freeway, regardless of where it is built (leaving aside local impacts), is the road lobby, inner-city activists and so on. not so dramatic for those living in Zone 1. There remains a choice between 10 LOT’S WIFE EDITION 8 • 2013 NATIONAL AFFAIRS the full range of public and private transport options, and a new road will While East Link saw a few small scale protests on environmental grounds, simply augment or adjust this in a small way. Where inner Melbourne recently protesters in North Carlton attempted to stop preparatory expanded with the provision of good public transport, and then cars drilling work for the East West link. There have also been reasonably augmented this later, in Zone 2 it has only ever been cars. In Zone 2, then, large petitions, public meetings, rallies and strong stances from local a new freeway further entrenches how necessary a car is to get around. government against the project. The reasons for this response have Much of post-1950’s suburban Melbourne, in contrast to much of Zone included that is likely to aggravate traffic congestion, preclude funding 1, has been built with the provision of minimal “charity” public transport of other (public) transport projects, impact on local residents and on services. The layout of more recent suburbs actively discourages walking or parkland, and that the business case has not been officially released. cycling as modes of transport even for short journeys. This dynamic can partly explain the impressive shadiness of the People are forced into these circumstances to invest in private unreleased East West Link business case. Infrastructure business cases transport. In outer suburbs there is endemic car-dependency: 4-car always have a political dimension; in this case, the Liberal government is households, higher percentages of income spent on transport, social clearly staking its political fortunes on the appeal of this road in suburban isolation for non-drivers and no alternatives to avoid traffic congestion. Melbourne. As such, the business case reportedly includes long-term This leaves outer suburban communities in a bind, as the best short or peripheral factors which are not usually used to judge the economic term policy they could expect from the government is an ease on traffic benefit of a road project. The lack of a robust and politically neutral congestion. business case for this project must raise serious doubts independent of A better long term transport policy for all of Melbourne does not receive support in outer suburbs because people in outer suburbs are one’s view on other arguments made in this article. The construction of the East West Link is crucial for suburbs like economically bound to the current policy direction in a way those in the Clayton: East West Link is about the entrenchment of car-dependency inner city are not; there is no “choice” if you live in the outer suburbs. in Zone 2, much more than it is about the loss of inner city parkland The smooth functioning of people’s day-to-day lives is reliant on private or noise pollution. If the East West Link goes ahead, the consequences transport. To that extent, the Herald Sun prognosis is correct. One only will certainly not include money for a train to Clayton campus for at has to look at local community responses to recent major road projects least another generation, and (probably) not even for some modest bus in outer suburban Melbourne including East Link (running parallel to network improvements. Stud Road) and Peninsula Link (running from Frankston to Mornington Peninsula) in comparison to the ongoing local community response to Keep an eye out on https://www.facebook.com/ptua.vic for updates. Image: Chris Star, Yarra Campaign for Action on Transport (YCAT) East West Link to see this inner suburb-outer suburb dynamic at play. LOT’S WIFE EDITION 8 • 2013 11 NATIONAL AFFAIRS ANTI-CHOICE BIGOTS CRACKED Much like the egg splattered on Bernie Finn’s face Lauren Goldsmith & Shannen Bethune On October 12 a counter rally took place in opposition to the annual were actively engaging in violence against women, as a number of us anti-choice ‘March for the Babies’. This was attended by hundreds experienced at the rally. of people from a vast range of groups: feminists, socialists, first time The pro-choice side was led by a diverse range of people standing up protesters, unaligned progressives and other concerned people who would for the rights of uterus-bearers, but it was fantastic to see women’s voices prefer Abbott keep his hands off their bodily autonomy. take centre-stage. A new bill (dubbed ‘Zoe’s law’) which aims to define a foetus of 20 weeks gestation or more as a “living person” is currently being debated in NSW Parliament, so the demonstration couldn’t have come at a better time. Comparatively, the anti-choice demographic was composed overwhelmingly of white, middle-aged, middle-class men. This largely privileged bunch should have no authority over what reproductive choices we make, especially with regards to an issue that Unsurprisingly, right-wing media coverage of the protest has effects working class individuals the most, and people from rural and misrepresented pro-choice activists as ‘barbarians’ (I’m pointing at you, remote areas with lessened access to abortion both financially and Andrew Bolt!), committing all manner of unspeakable ‘savagery’ such as geographically. Anti-choice bigots have no respect for agency and the wearing ‘profane’ T-shirts and ‘destroying balloons’. The horror! Channel ability for us to determine if, when and under what circumstances we 9 falsely reported that Liberal MP and March for the Babies organizer shall raise children. Bernie Finn was ‘assaulted’, when in reality he was simply on the receiving end of a harmless, wayward egg. Shame on Andrew Bolt and the Herald Scum. Shame on Channel 9 and their predictable, biased media coverage. Most of all, shame on Quite frankly, Chief Fucktrumpet Bernie Finn deserved to get egg in his hair. anti-choice bigots calling themselves ‘pro-life’ when they are clearly only concerned with birth, not quality of life, or human rights and bodily Anti-choice marchers were certainly not protesting ‘peacefully’. In fact, the very premise of ‘March for the Babies’ is not a peaceful autonomy. Anti-choice troglodytes have recently been emboldened by the one; it entails an attack on our right to make our own choices about election of the most outwardly anti-choice Prime Minister in living what we does with our bodies, it shames those who make the innately memory. Over the next few months and years, those of us who support personal choice to end a pregnancy, and it harks back to the disgusting women’s rights must continue to come together and fight to protect the and archaic idea that a woman’s sole purpose is to produce and nurture rights that our feminist forerunners won for us decades ago. We must children in a life of domesticity. This was by no means a peaceful espousal continue to fight against legislation like ‘Zoe’s law’. of a ‘different point of view’; this was blatantly a parade of anti-woman bigotry, complete with rosaries and rubber fetuses. Pro-choice activists were both verbally and physically abused by the anti-choice side. Pro-choice activists were labelled as ‘whores’ and ‘harpies’, and told that we were murderous ‘baby killers’ and that we are ‘going to hell’. We were told that our bodies were not our own, and strange rubber embryos were shoved in our faces in what we can only assume was a pathetic attempt to shame us for believing that we can decide our own fate. Several people involved in the rally and confrontation were physically hit by anti-choice marchers, including one of the writers of this article being punched in the face by a man in a cowboy hat. This demonstrated that not only do these people want to prioritise a bunch of cells over living people with free will, they 12 LOT’S WIFE EDITION 8 • 2013 HUMAN TIDES Bren Carruthers It’s a scenario that is far too familiar to the Australian public. On October of those held in camps. In the most recent briefing, Morrison was forced 3, a small, barely seaworthy vessel sunk off the coast of a remote island, to concede – but only with considerable prompting – that medical staff at with at least 360 people dying in their quest for refuge and asylum. On Manus Island needed to be removed for their own safety on October 18. October 11, another shipwreck occurred, this time claiming 34 lives. Yet He refused to make any further comment, other than to pass the buck and these scenes occurred half a world away. That remote island is the Italian suggest it was an issue for the PNG Government to deal with. island of Lampedusa, around 110 kilometres from the Tunisian coast. From Eritreans, Somalis, Ghanaians and Syrians, to Iranians, Vietnamese, Sri Lankans and Afghans – it’s a sound reminder to Austral- The incident at Manus Island is, at the time of print, a national secret. The sad truth is that the asylum seeker issue in Australia is little ians that our country is not the only one facing an influx of desperate, more than a political weapon. “Stopping the boats” was a pivotal platform displaced peoples. The two theatres of exodus are remarkably similar, for the Coalition in this year’s Federal election, but there is no doubt that with Italy having already seen around 30,100 migrants arrive from across this is a bipartisan issue. Immediately upon the formulation of the Papua the Mediterranean this year, up from 10,380 in 2012, whilst Australian New Guinea agreement, the former Rudd Government spent millions in saw 25,541 arrivals in the 2012-13 period, up from 8,311 in the previous advertising the new regime. “If you come here by boat without a visa, you year. Yet one can’t help but note that, just like Lampedusa, the European won’t be settled in Australia”, was scrawled across all major newspapers response to this tragedy is also half a world away. for weeks, in what can only be described as a demonstration of action Upon the news of the Lampedusa disaster, Italian Prime Minister to the Australian people, as the sales of Australian newspapers in such Enrico Letta tweeted that it was ‘an immense tragedy’, and announced a exotic departure points such as Malaysia and Indonesia is somewhat low, national day of mourning. Pope Francis called for the use of abandoned to say the least. Catholic monasteries and convents to house the influx of refugees. And The most terrifying aspect of this myopic pursuit for short-term the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, António Guterres, political gain is the precedence it sets for the pacific region well into the was quick to commend the Italian Coast Guard for their swift response future. With effective global action on climate change unlikely, a massive to the disaster. The greater European response as a whole has also been crisis looms on Australia’s doorstep. Many pacific island nations are at sig- quite positive, with the European Union, an organisation on the financial nificant risk of either being severely depredated or completely decimated brink, immediately submitting €30 million in financial aid for the refu- by rising sea levels, erosion, and changing environmental conditions, and gees. Earlier this year, Sweden remarkably offered sanctuary to millions of Australia may well be facing a massive influx of environmental refugees displaced Syrians. in the decades to come. As the main safe haven in the region, it will be Comparatively, in August, whilst the public was pre-occupied with the Federal Election race, the UN’s Human Rights Committee found Australia guilty of almost 150 violations of international law. The an issue that Australia will be required to address – and there will be no option for return. The manipulation of the asylum seeker affair is the marque of cow- Australian Government’s latest program, Operation Sovereign Borders, ardice rather than leadership. The true measure of a leader is to do what is is laughably named, as it pours hundreds of millions of dollars worth of logical and right in the face of opposition. Former deputy Prime Minister funding and infrastructure into Papua New Guinea and Nauru: spoils Tim Fischer virtually destroyed his political career when he ensured the which are virtually impossible for the leaders of those financially strapped Australian Government passed gun control legislation in 1996, placing nations to reject. The Australian Government is now the largest employ- human lives over his popularity. Sadly, it is impossible to think right now er in Nauru. It’s a strange new mutation of neo-colonialism: supposedly that anyone with any real power in the two major parties would be willing buying Australian sovereignty by getting other nations to sell theirs. to make a similar stand. “We won’t be discussing operational matters”, Immigration and The refugee and asylum seeker issue will not simply go away through Border Protection Minister Scott Morrison says ad nauseum, in one of his mistreatment and secrecy. It breeds contempt, and dehumanises us as a weekly Operation Sovereign Borders briefings – the only avenue through society. With the lack of support of an organisation like the European which information about the crisis can now be sourced. ‘Operational mat- Union in our region, this situation requires Australian leadership, not ters’ appear to include the nationalities of asylum seekers, living condi- populism. Both Australia and the people seeking our assistance deserve it. tions in facilities, incidences of self-harm and the health and wellbeing Image: UNHCR LOT’S WIFE EDITION 8 • 2013 13 HOMELESSNESS IN AUSTRALIA Phillip Liberatore HOMELESS AND ACCESS TO SOCIAL SECURITY appropriateness of the allowance payment system as a support into work and the impact of the changing nature of the labour market. The Australian Council of Social Service has called on the Federal The homeless can face impediments in accessing entitlements under Government to increase the new start payment by $50 in line with the the Social Security Act 1991 (Cth) and therefore some of those facing the findings of the Senate Committee. A Salvation Army report found that greater financial struggles are denied help that could have been afforded 7% of single parents seeking emergency relief from the Newstart system to them. were homeless and yet single parents have lost around $60 - $100 per To make a claim from Centrelink, a person must establish their identity using “100 points” worth of evidentiary material. These include week under recent budget cuts. The Social Security Act does not mandate a minimum wage and birth certificates, driver’s licences and passports. Individuals who are those who cannot earn a livelihood are not guaranteed payment; the suffering from primary homelessness, that is they have no conventional Special Benefit for individuals in this situation being at the discretion of place of residence and rather take shelter in public places such as parks Centrelink. Furthermore, activity requirements are normally imposed on and streets, most often cannot meet these criteria or struggle to do so and the Newstart Allowance. These requirements are normally conditions of the process delays their ability to receive assistance as quickly as possible. job-seeking and they must be fulfilled before payments will be made. For A former identification system used to allow a person to rely on three an individual struggling to find accommodation, these conditions may documents, one of which could be a letter from a youth or social worker. not be imposed at the right time and may hinder rather than help the The reintroduction of this system would make it easier for homeless individual. persons to establish their identity because they do not have access to the range of documents that others have. The lack of a fixed address can also make it difficult for correspondence about benefits and conditions to be communicated The Newstart Allowance is a Centrelink payment for the to individuals. A lack of literacy and numeracy skills in the homeless unemployed. In 2012 there was a Senate Committee into the adequacy population means that some may struggle to understand correspondence of the allowance payment system for jobseekers and others, the when they can receive it. It has been recommended by Philip Lynch and 14 LOT’S WIFE EDITION 8 • 2013 NATIONAL AFFAIRS the Australian Human Rights Commission that Australia Post develop a (Vic) allows persons living in crisis accommodation to enrol as itinerant system where homeless individuals can elect to have their correspondence voters no matter how long they have stayed there. The Homeless Person’s directed to a post office of their choice and that post office workers can Legal Clinic has recommended that the one month restriction be be trained to go through the letters with individuals to ensure they are extended to six months to allow for homeless persons who do move into receiving all their entitlements and correspondence. crisis accommodation to be able to enrol as itinerant electors. Once identity requirements and activity requirements are made less For some homeless persons fear of being fined for failure to vote restrictive and correspondence mechanisms are made more accessible may deter them from enrolling. Itinerant voters will not be fined if they then homeless people should be better able to claim their entitlements fail to vote and this fact, along with the enrol options listed above must and build a foundation for a stronger economic future. continue to be communicated to them. If an itinerant voter fails to THE RIGHT TO VOTE AND HOMELESSNESS exercise their right to vote then they may be taken off the electoral roll. This practice should cease because it increases the risk a homeless person will be disenfranchised when they do attempt to vote in the future. The Homeless Persons’ Legal Clinic has said that the homeless are among In addition to location requirements, a voter must meet the proof of the most disenfranchised demographics in Australia. Voting in Federal identity requirements under section 98AA of the Commonwealth Electoral elections is a legal obligation under the Commonwealth of Australia Act. First priority is given to providing a driver’s licence number. Failing Constitution Act 1900 and the Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 (Cth). that, the person can have a prescribed enrolled elector cite a prescribed It is estimated that around 70,000 homeless people were eligible document and sign on the enrolment that form that they have done so. A to vote in 2007 but were not enrolled. In other words about 64% of the prescribed document includes, but is not limited to, a passport or a birth homeless population was of voting age. It is not compulsory for a person certificate. These criteria are restrictive for homeless people, particularly with no fixed address to vote in Federal elections but they do have a as those facing primary homelessness and secondary homelessness right to vote. Voters without a fixed address are called itinerant voters. (moving between various, temporary forms of shelter such as living in Itinerant voters can enrol in a division: crisis accommodation or coach-surfing with friends or relatives), and do not have access to such identifications. a) where they were last eligible to be enrolled, i.e. the last place they lived for at least one month The identification criteria are also problematic because prescribed electors are people of the professional classes, including lawyers, police and nurses and some homeless individuals do not have connections with b) where one of their next of kin resides, if they have not been previously these individuals and cannot afford to see them. Some may also not feel eligible to enrol as per above comfortable approaching these individuals. The Commonwealth Electoral Act does not allow Centrelink cards to be used, and yet this is one source c) where they were born, if the neither of the former options applies to them of identification that most homeless individuals have access to. During the 2013 Federal parliamentary election, the AEC ran a trial program to encourage more homeless people to participate in d) where they have the strongest connection, if none of the former democracy. Mobile polling booths were set up in community centres in options apply. three electoral divisions in Western Australia in the week leading up the general polling day, allowing individuals living in homeless shelters to An itinerant voter is defined by Section 96 of the Commonwealth enrol without a fixed address. This trial is expected to lead to nationwide Electoral Act 1918 (Cth) as someone who is in Australia and has had no changes in coming elections. Whilst these changes look likely to increase real place of living (which is a broader concept than permanent address) the number of homeless persons enrolling to vote, the changes argued for in a subdivision for at least one month. An application must be made in this article must also be undertaken in order to reach those homeless to the Australian Electoral Commission (AEC) to enrol as an itinerant persons who do not live in homeless shelters or community centres. The voter. Victorian Electoral Commission has initiated a community engagement A significant number of homeless persons access crisis accommodation, much of which is funded by state governments and various charities, when they are in serious need of immediate shelter. Data program to better educate homeless persons’ about their rights and the AEC should follow suit. Article 21 of the United Nations’ Universal Declaration of suggests that homeless persons who lived in crisis accommodation stay Human Rights 1948 states that everyone has the right to take part on average for 56 days; well over the maximum amount to be eligible to in the governance of his country directly or through freely chosen enrol as an itinerant voter. However they also cannot enrol as an ordinary representatives authorised by universal and equal suffrage. The homeless voter because they have no permanent or fixed address. This is an must not be forgotten when democratic opportunities come along in anomaly in the law that needs to change. Such an anomaly does not exist Australia. in the voting provisions for Victoria. Section 3A of the Electoral Act 2002 LOT’S WIFE EDITION 8 • 2013 15 GOODBYE, MR. CHOPS Bren Carruthers On October 9, Mark Brandon ‘Chopper’ Read finally submitted to his long for torturing drug dealers with blowtorches, and using bolt-cutters to avail battle with liver issues, and passed away. He was, to many, an archetypal members of the criminal underworld of their toes, in a less-than-subtle villain. A prolific stand-over man, he once claimed to have killed nineteen attempt to inspire them to pay their debts. It was these actions as a ‘head- men in his life, but was never sentenced for murder, instead spending a hunter’ that he became feared, first in the world of organised crime, then in good portion of his adult life behind bars for kidnapping, assault, arson, the public realm at large. and armed robbery. Years of incarceration followed. Between the ages of 20 and 38, Read Chopper was a man of significant, almost theatrical charisma. With spent only 13 months outside prison walls. Whilst inside, he waged a relent- the crafted swagger of a larrikin “bloke’s bloke” persona, he became an less and savage prison war, famously asking a fellow inmate to slice off his Australian icon, and a hero for the underclass. Australia, and Melbourne in ears so that he could be transferred to the mental health wing of the prison, particular, has always had a curious fascination with criminal figures, quite so that he could retreat to relative safety. Yet, despite his violent past, Chop- likely stemming from our convict past and to Australia’s most-loved folk per walked out of prison for the final time in 1998 as both a more mellow, hero, Ned Kelly. Chopper was only too happy to exploit that fascination. mature man, and an accomplished best-selling author. On the birth of his As a personality, he was so unique that Eric Bana’s remarkably accurate son Charlie, not long after his release, he wrote, “Fatherhood changed me. I portrayal in 2000’s film Chopper catapulted both Bana and Read to interna- reckon I became a human being at 45, when I saw my first boy born… that’s tional fame, and launched Bana’s Hollywood career. An impersonation also the moment I joined the human race.” helped secure Heath Franklin a comedy career. Now feeling truly human, he once again capitalised on the public’s Yet, one of Chopper’s most defining traits was his ability to inspire penchant for celebrity criminals, this time parlaying his fame into new fear in the hearts of the public, even in death. As I mentioned in passing ventures: a comedy career, an endless stream of writing gigs, a terrible rap to friends that I would be writing this article on the life of Chopper Read, album – even a children’s book, Hooky The Cripple. Grappling with more reactions were largely of apprehension and concern. serious issues, he also appeared in advertisements speaking out against I once, very briefly, crossed paths with Chopper on cold night in 2008 drink driving and domestic violence, and along with his film royalties, at the Leinster Arms Hotel, hidden away in the back streets of Collingwood. the proceeds from those appearances were donated to charity in full. And At that time, news of his illness had just become public knowledge. Pausing throughout his illness, from the initial diagnosis of Hepatitis C, until the for just a moment to subtly analyse the hunched figure, I saw Chopper as a liver cancer and cirrhosis that cost him his life, he continuously rejected the sickly, jaundiced figure, so far removed from the caricature of him that ex- offer of a liver transplant, saying that he was undeserving, and didn’t want ists in the minds of the public. Here was just a man… where was this myth? one when it could be used to save another life. When once he boasted that According to his own accounts, Mark Read was once a fat kid living he had killed 19 men, in his final days he conceded that he had lied, and in the suburbs of Melbourne, where he was routinely bullied by his peers had only killed “about four or seven, depending on how you look at it”, as and beaten by his father. He became a ward of the state at the age of 14, and he allowed his hard man persona to fade. spent his teens in and out of psychiatric care. His teens were spent swinging Even in the criminal world, nothing is black and white, good and between the dual pains of street fighting and electro-shock therapy. His evil. Chopper Read was a violent criminal and an admitted killer, and brutal upbringing was the catalyst for his life of crime. no-one could ever condone or absolve him of his actions. But he was also a In a twisted offshoot of vigilantism, he established his own moral victim of circumstance – a hurting child, a mentally ill teen, and a complex, code, and began to target fellow criminals, recognising that it was far troubled soul. We can only hope that he, like his claimed victims, can more profitable, but also more importantly that his victims were far more finally rest in peace. deserving of his wrath than the general public. He was particularly noted LOT’S WIFE EDITION 8 • 2013 17 THE HUMAN VOICE OF ASYLUM Arielle Milecki “The journey took two months… When I first for a year and after that they went to Kabul and “He said this in front of everyone in the airport. decided to come I knew how it would be. I’ve I was born there in 1994.” I had only $100 with me. He took my mobile seen a lot of terrible things in my life… For me Sultan’s family moved many times during phone, my money and he took some money it was very normal. I was looking forward to a those years, fleeing from the incessant threat of from everyone and then he left us and we went future for my family, a future where I can go the Taliban. to school. Without fear of shots, stabbing and “I remember the bombs hitting a car in front of bomb blasts. I was very excited. It was short us on the way to a village three hours away from lived.” Kabul. It was full of people. There were lots of From Jakarta, Sultanboarded his final boat, destined for Australia. On the last day, the weather turned and Sultan’s* story is unique and horrifying. bodies along the road. There was a little girl; the conditions worsened. Food and water was It is a story that must be told in the wake she was about my age at that time, alone sitting long gone and the boat’s condition was deterio- next to her dead mum. She was crying.” rating quickly. of new government policy that threatens to disrespect Australia’s obligation to engage in international human rights treaties. Sultan was born a Hazara Muslim in Kabul, Afghanistan in April 1994. Before Sultan was born, his parents lived on the west side of Kabul. “My family was inside their home when the Taliban came.” Sultan’s father was badly injured and after a quick stint in hospital, they escaped to Afshar. Then the Taliban came again. On the 11th of Febuary 1993, government Even after the American’s came, violence continued. “My parents were worried about my future.” “Everyone was tired of crying. Everyone was ready to sink.” Eventually, after 14 days at sea, a plane “After that, my father spoke with a people spotted the boat and called for the Australian smuggler and he brought me to Australia. Navy. “Then they took us to Christmas Island.” From Malaysia to Indonesia, Sultan lay in “It was a very nice feeling when I first got foetal position with no room to move. there... I had my own room. I had three meals a “There was a piece of wood sticking into my day… They transferred me to Melbourne after back for 21 hours. 90 days. I didn’t know what I was going to do. I After arriving in Indonesia, the people didn’t know anything. I was thinking if I go to smuggler arranged air tickets from Medan to the mainland I’ll be free. I’ll go to school. I’ll do forces entered Afshar and for 24 hours they Jakarta. killed, raped, set fire to homes and took young “I don’t know how they did it without a pass- children as captives. 700 people were estimated port. In the airport the police came because Immigration Transit Accommodation (MITA) to have been killed or to have disappeared. they knew we were illegal. They asked ‘do you for 11 months. want to go to jail?’” “It was like a fancy prison.” Sultan’s parents escaped the day before. “From Afshar my parents went to our native place in the Parwan Province. They were there 18 The policeman asked for a $2500 bribe for their freedom. LOT’S WIFE EDITION 8 • 2013 They transferred Sultan to the Melbourne “When we were going to eat we had to line up in a queue. Every day was the same. There was NATIONAL AFFAIRS nothing to do every day. For 11 months, every place by the Howard Government. Mandatory MITA. He was just 15 years old. day I was seeing the same people the same thing detention was one of them. The new policy in- was happening. I was really bored. troduced by Rudd dictated that people would be health deteriorated. In Port Augusta Jan’s mental and physical “Some people were hitting themselves, hitting detained as a ‘last resort’, rather than as stand- “He, and the others, had no idea that it is a bit their heads on the walls, cutting themselves. I ard practice. In August, a milestone of 50,000 of an Immigration Game. didn’t do that but my body was very weak and I ‘illegal’ people had arrived in Australia since “Very few asylum seekers are accepted with was shaking. It was very warm at that time but I Labor had been in office. It was only in July that their first application even if they can explain was feeling very cold. Kevin Rudd re-introduced off shore processing all the suffering they have experienced, and it is “I saved one of my friends’ lives. He tried to as boat arrivals had sky-rocketed. obvious that they tick the UNHCR criteria for hang himself. I called the security.” After five months, Sultan’s application But since the Liberal party came into power, Tony Abbott has said that no permanent refugee status.” Like Sultan, Jan was told Afghanistan was was rejected. They told him it was safe to go visas will be issued to those who come here ‘il- safe and that he would be returned. back to Afghanistan. legally’. Rather, temporary Protection Visas will “This started the roller coaster that I see in “If they really read my case, if they were really be issued to people classified as refugees in an them all. Increasing anxiety, inability to sleep, honest, they would never reject me.” effort to deter people smugglers. and inability to eat. So Sultan applied again. “I asked my case manager once what was happening as I always did. She said they had made This policy was first proposed by Pauline Hanson’s One Nation in 1998. Andrew Robb, the Minister for Trade and a decision and we were waiting to receive it. Investment has weighed into the debate, stating It took 3 months to get to me. I don’t know if that turning back the boats (by removing the they were walking the decision from Sydney to incentive for people smuggling) is important to Melbourne.” “Then I was rejected a second time.” In seven days, Sultan would return to The new Immigration Minister, Scott Morrison, insists that “people need to know not “My boy Jan still suffers sleep problems and anxiety and depression, and he has a permanent visa. He is extremely anxious about the safety of his surviving family members.” Jan’s case was reviewed by a Tribunal and only then was he accepted. This is the Tribunal that the Liberal Government have said they will get rid of. Halliday thinks the government needs Afghanistan. only will they not be resettled in Australia, they to be spending greater amounts of money get- “I heard later that no one with that particular won’t be settling in Australia after arriving as ting people processed by UNHCR in transit case manager had ever been accepted.” they have been under the previous government countries, and then sent to the countries that “Pamela Curr came to see me from the Asylum for months.” will take them, including Australia. Seeker Resource Centre (ASRC). She got Thus, the Abbott government’s plan is for “The other thing Australia should do is dra- some extra time for me from Immigration and disruption and deterrence, detection and inter- matically increase the refugee intake. We can’t got a lawyer to work on my case. The lawyer ception, off shore detention and then rapid re- stop the world’s wars and the displacement of appealed for us to the courts.” turn to their country of origin or resettlement in peoples, but we can help by taking more of a third country other than Australia wherever these people.” Finally there was some positive news. “They said Immigration had made a mistake… possible. However Sultan’s story demonstrates Finally, I came out of detention.” that, with violence continuing worldwide and proach the government has already taken since a lack of better options for refugees, prevalent the election. During his time in detention, Sultan’s This seems unlikely with the rigid ap- father was murdered by the Taliban. This forced corruption in neighbouring countries, and him to support his family by working exces- regular oversights by Immigration case manag- try he now resides in. sively, seven days a week. ers, Abbott’s proposed procedures are proven “Australia is a good country. But if my country inadequate to deal with the issue at hand. didn’t have problems I would never come to Sultan was reunited with his mother, two brothers and sister one month ago. Sultan now works for the Salvation Army on Manus Island where he is the bridge between clients in detention and the Australian people. This kind of help is welcomed as govern- The temporary status of asylum seekers’ residency creates a deep uncertainty and anxiety for their future. Alison Halliday has fostered an Afghani Hazara and has seen first hand the long term ment policy tightens and those in detention emotional affects government policy has had on further lose hope. To put this in context, when Labor were Sultan has mixed feelings about the coun- Australia. I love my country. I love my people.” The future is hopeful for Sultan. “I would like to travel. I am planning to go to Brazil for the World Cup.” For many, the future is much grimmer. Name changed at the request of the interviewee Her foster son Jan Ali spent two months elected in 2007, Kevin Rudd altered or abol- on Christmas Island, two months in a Port ished many of the asylum seeker policies put in August detention centre and then one year in LOT’S WIFE EDITION 8 • 2013 Image: UNHCR 19 SUBHEADING EGYPT: THREE YEARS ON Carlie O’Connell Almost three years have passed since Egypt’s Arab Spring began, but with “He broke four or five really important relationships that just over 50 fatalities from protest clashes this month alone, it is clear that the isolated him and his supporters. It was him, the party, and the ideological country is a far cry from the one protesters envisioned when they took to supporters that were left in a bad economic situation, with the military Tahrir Square all those months ago. always wanting to get back at him because they saw him as an enemy from In January 2011, Egyptians flocked to Tahrir Square in Cairo to protest against then President Hosni Mubarak and the oppressive government the country had been living under for decades. decades back. So he fully isolated himself from that, and created this sort of fervour,” Dr MacQueen says. Coupled with this was Morsi assigning himself powers of legal With mobile phones in hand, the protests and their military backlash immunity from any presidential decision he made. All of these factors were streamed live on social media around the world. Protests in Lebanon, culminated in the huge protests against President Morsi that were held on Oman, Yemen, Syria and Morocco began to ignite and with unrest already June 30, 2013, the one-year anniversary of his presidency, resulting in him bubbling over in Tunisia, it became a period of revolution for the region, being removed from power by the military the next month. popularly coined the ‘Arab Spring’. Since then, the country has reverted back to a military-run state, just By the time I travelled to Egypt the following September, President Mubarak had resigned months before. Beyond the bustling markets of as it was in 2011 after the initial revolution. The difference is that this time there is no decisive course of action. Cairo, the majesty of The Pyramids and the quiet villages the Nile curled Between August 14 and 18 this year, raids of sit-ins that supported around, there remained the scars of a revolution. The charred skeleton of ex-President Morsi left over 800 civilians and security personnel dead. On a building stood next to the National Museum as a reminder of what had October 6, Morsi supporters clashed with police, leaving at least 53 dead. passed. Tourists had all but depleted. Hour long lines of tourists eager to “In terms of popular support, there’s no precise gauge as to where enter The Pyramids no longer existed, with the few remaining visitors able sentiment lies. The protests against Morsi were massive, but there was a to walk straight in. negative motivation to wanting him gone, and not really a positive vision While the physical scars the city nursed were telling of what had been, it was the people who were telling of what was to come. of ‘we want this instead’,” explains Dr MacQueen. “When you look at it, it’s no longer even about findings solutions, it’s Even if the protests weren’t being discussed specifically, everything more about how can things be managed that mitigate the worst possible was referred to as ‘before the revolution’, or ‘after the revolution’. Even outcomes. As bleak as that sounds, that’s really where the situation’s at, from brief interactions, it was clear what a momentous split it was in their at the moment.” timeline as a country. The struggle for democratic freedom was far from Until a suitable candidate to run for presidency can be found, the over, but there was always hope that shone through; a sense of optimism military will continue to run the country. Considering Egypt is a nation of for the future that seemed to override the trepidation of how exactly they 90 million, 50% of which are on or below the poverty line, experiencing would get there. a wavering economy and bloodshed on the streets, it will be no easy feat. Fast forward to 2013 and for many Egyptians those rays of hope have all but diminished. Ultimately, when the crowds filled Tahrir Square in 2011, they had a list of demands that were well within reason. Stability. An accountable President Hosni Mubarak had ruled over Egypt for 30 years, and after his resignation the country entered a period of military rule. This military rule concluded in June 2012 when member of the Freedom and Justice Party (FJP – a party set up by the Muslim Brotherhood), Mohamed Morsi, became the first democratically elected President. However the popularity and legitimacy of the FJP and its leader quickly began to unravel. Senior Lecturer at the Monash University School of Political and Social Inquiry, Dr Benjamin MacQueen, explains that the declining and transparent government. A stable economy. A sense of certainty that their children will be educated and employed. Of course, these have always been hopes among the Egyptian people for their country, but until the Arab Spring, they didn’t seem attainable. Whether it is more crushing to come so close and miss an opportunity that at the time seemed so ready to unfold, or whether it should be viewed as a step in the right direction that has allowed for a more participatory civilian front, remains to be seen. support for Morsi’s presidency cannot be pinpointed on any one fault. 20 LOT’S WIFE EDITION 8 • 2013 SUBHEADING THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT AND AFRICAN STATES: A Troubled Relationship Tamara Preuss The birth of the International Criminal Court (ICC) was hailed around In particular, two cases have incited disagreement between the AU the world as a victory for international justice. It was hoped that its and the ICC. These are the indictments of Sudanese President Omar creation would spell the end of impunity for individuals guilty of the al-Bashir and the Kenyan President Uhuru Kenyatta. worst crimes known to the international community. Al-Bashir was indicted in 2009 for his alleged role in atrocities The ICC was created by an international treaty known as the committed in Darfur following a referral of the situation to the ICC by Rome Statute in 1998. The Court is historically unique as it is the first the United Nations Security Council. AU member states agreed to not permanent international criminal court. The court exercises jurisdiction enforce al-Bashir’s arrest warrant if he were to visit their country and over three crimes; namely, war crimes, crimes against humanity and they unsuccessfully petitioned the Court to defer the case. They argued genocide. Currently, 122 states are party to the Rome Statute with the that the need to resolve the conflict in Darfur should take precedence notable exceptions of the United States, China, Russia and Israel. over justice. In spite of the admirable aspirations that lead to the foundation The concerns of the AU bring to the fore the issue that sometimes of the Court it has been plagued with problems concerning state peace and justice are irreconcilable. From the AU’s perspective, the cooperation, funding and legitimacy. The Court’s relationship with the indictment provides an incentive for al-Bashir to cling to power, as African Union (AU) and the 34 African states that are party to the amnesty is no longer a possibility. Should the international community Rome Statute has been particularly problematic. place more importance on the punishment of a few individuals than a At an extraordinary summit of the AU, which took place on peace agreement that could resolve a long and bitter civil conflict? The the 11-12th of October, AU states considered the future direction of ICC has firmly decided in favour of this proposition; however perhaps their relationship with the ICC. The state parties declared that no they should reconsider their position. In some situations, the ICC should sitting government officials should be brought before the ICC, a direct allow a society embroiled in civil conflict the chance to establish peace contradiction to the Rome Statute. They also requested that the ICC before indicting those responsible for international crimes. defer the case against the Kenyan President Uhuru Kenyatta. The ICC indicted the current President of Kenya, Uhuru The long-term success of the Court depends on whether it can Kenyatta, in 2011 for his alleged role in the violence that followed the resolve its issues with the AU and African states and regain legitimacy as 2007 Kenyan presidential election. In response, the Kenyan National an arbiter of international justice. Assembly passed a motion to withdraw Kenya from the Rome Statute One charge that has been consistently leveled at the Court is that and petitioned the United Nations Security Council to defer the it is unfairly biased against Africans. All of the cases currently before case. Kenyatta has thus far cooperated with proceedings but there is the Court involve individuals of an African nationality. The AU argues speculation that he will not appear at The Hague when his trial starts on that the ICC targets Africans and ignores atrocities committed in other 12 November 2013. The fact that Kenyatta was democratically elected regions. whilst facing trial by the ICC shows that a majority of Kenyans do not The AU’s argument ignores the fact that the Court may only consider a case where the national court of the accused is unable or support the trial. The ICC must improve its relationship with Africa if it is to retain unwilling to do so. This implies a situation in which a state’s judicial legitimacy as an international arbiter of justice. Just how this may be system has either collapsed or sided with the accused. Arguably, this achieved is difficult to determine. The ICC’s past attempts to establish occurs disproportionately in African states hence the overrepresentation an African liaison office have been rejected by the AU but they must of African individuals at the Court. Indeed, four of the eight situations persist. The Court must actively engage with African governments currently being considered by the Court were referred by the state itself. to build relationships based on trust and understanding. In addition, Nevertheless, the ICC should take the AU’s concerns seriously. The declaration that no sitting head of state should appear before the the Court must recognise that in some situations peace must is more important than justice. ICC severely limits its capacity to deliver justice. LOT’S WIFE EDITION 8 • 2013 21 HOW TO MARKET ‘MARKETING’ In conversation with Colin Jevons Samuel Blashki In 1989, the Transport Accident Commission (TAC) introduced the now that they don’t want to do marketing because it’s what bad people do.” In iconic slogan “If you drink, then drive, you’re a bloody idiot.” It’s a clever line his opinion, if more good people put more energy into marketing things with a serious message and since it’s introduction, the Victorian road toll has ethically and in the public interest, then society would be the better for it. almost halved. TAC slogans have now been visible on billboards, newspapers He believes that if intelligent and passionate young people had skills in and TV commercials for more than 20 years, battling to keep road safety at marketing, they would be better equipped to have a significant impact on the forefront of public consciousness. Appearing amongst the never ending the world. stream of adverts for Coca-Cola, McDonalds and other big brands, the TAC’s In Jevons’ opinion, the process of marketing is amoral rather than relentless campaign is a prime example of advertising and marketing being immoral; a skill set that can be used equally to do good or bad. “Market- used to positively impact society. ing isn’t the problem,” he says, “it is an effective means of encouraging The marketing industry is not often associated with campaigns that benefit the public, like those produced by the TAC. Rather, the word ‘marketing’ tends to conjure images of shady men in suits finding ways to sell consumers things they don’t really want or need. This criticism was well articulated by American Professor of Economics Colston Warne, who in 1961 described the industry as being focused on “the manipulation of human personality into profitable molds.” There is an element of truth to this perspective, but is it really fair to dismiss the whole marketing industry as a cesspool of trickery and greed? Colin Jevons, Associate Professor in the Monash University Department of Marketing and course director of the Bachelor of Business, doesn’t subscribe to the view that marketing is evil. “Marketing is misunderstood, it has done a bad job of marketing itself,” he says, speaking from his corner office overlooking the city. Jevons comes across as quirky, affable and a little idealistic. He has years of experience in the market research industry and, as a respected academic, has developed strong opinions about the potential for marketing to be an agent of positivity in society. Jevons is on a mission to eradicate “the assumption by good people 22 LOT’S WIFE EDITION 8 • 2013 STUDENT AFFAIRS voluntary behaviour change.” The basic psychology of marketing involves While the premise of socially responsible marketing is positive and discovering the underlying desire of a consumer. Once a marketer knows a inspiring, the issue remains that the vast majority of marketing money is consumer’s desire, they can then create the perception that their product spent by private industry in pursuit of profit, without giving thought to ethi- fulfills that desire. Smirnoff doesn’t sell vodka, it sells a wild party lifestyle. cal considerations. Nestlé not only owns the brand Kit Kat, but also weight Tiffany & Co doesn’t sell diamonds, it sells elegance and class. The TAC loss company Jenny Craig. It’s disturbing to realise that the company has a doesn’t sell cautious driving, it sells avoidance of the danger and embarrass- massive vested interest in consumers yo-yoing between unhealthy eating and ment of an accident. Jevons argues that there’s nothing inherently wrong dieting. An even more worrying example of morally questionable marketing with this process of persuasion. Rather, he believes that putting marketing is that of the tobacco industry. In 2012, an investigation by British newspa- skills in the hands of more ethically minded people could significantly per The Independent found that “tobacco firms have taken advantage of lax improve society. marketing rules in developing countries by aggressively promoting cigarettes If more people knew how to ‘sell’ a charitable cause or social move- to new, young consumers, while using lawyers, lobby groups and carefully ment they are passionate about then they could, in Jevons’ opinion, signifi- selected statistics to bully governments that attempt to quash the industry cantly increase their chances of instigating social change. It’s true that the in the West.” These are just two examples of corporate behemoths at their most successful Australian charities and social movements have strong brand worst, using marketing might to drown out the voices of common sense and identities; Oxfam, World Vision and Red Cross are all instantly recognis- basic morality. able across Australia. In 2010, environmental organisation Greenpeace used Jevons accepts that marketing is often used as an agent of greed, but ingenious marketing strategies to pressure global food giant Nestlé into no he doesn’t believe that this negates it’s positive potential. “Most is done longer using palm oil as an ingredient in Kit Kat chocolate bars. The produc- by corporations for profit” he concedes, “but it can be used for the public tion of palm oil leads to rainforest destruction and the death of orangutans, benefit as well.” Whether marketing is being used to reduce drink driving, so Greenpeace created a parody advertisement in which a Kit Kat package encourage donations to charity or save orangutans, Jevons makes the case contained dismembered orangutan fingers in place of chocolate. With the that the art of persuasion is essential to getting good things done on a large right marketing approach, Greenpeace managed to attract significant public scale. The world is full of people with good ideas waiting to be heard, but attention and successfully pressure Nestlé into making major changes to their succeeding requires the tools to get people to listen. supply chain. FRAGMENTED NOTES FROM A DEPRAVED WEEK IN THE MSA Thomas Clelland ‘The kids are turned off from politics, they say. Most of ‘em don’t even want to hear about it. All they want to do these days is lie around on waterbeds and smoke that goddamn marrywanna... yeah, and just between you and me Fred that’s probably all for the best’. – Hunter S Thompson I begin my trudge across the Menzies lawn and disjointed wonderings about which class I your time to talk about the reasons to vote for toward the campus centre and rain immediately am actually here to attend occupy my already Go! in this year’s MSA elections!’ soaks through my Chinese-fabricated canvas limited attention span. As I enter the warmed His sudden appearance, which was jacket. The air sits heavy and surprisingly still confines of the Campus Centre I am suddenly probably not all that sudden, has me off guard in the Clayton wind tunnel; the humidity accosted by a young, sweaty man whose and reeling, frantically combing my mind for a would otherwise be a portent of a storm to enthusiasm is jarringly at odds with the maudlin response that will avoid the impending tirade. come, but the rain is already here with trenches weather outside. dug. The rhythmic squelch of my leather boots 24 ‘Hi mate! Just wanted to grab a minute of LOT’S WIFE EDITION 8 • 2013 I meet his eye and manage to garble something to the effect that I am a senior STUDENT AFFAIRS biology professor and therefore cannot vote. Go!. Holding the high majority of office bearing His hands frantically wring his t-shirt back and positions in the Monash Student Association, publication and the ideals of a democracy might forth and his mind feverishly tries to reconcile they are well equipped, influential, and be colouring my language. Maybe I should have the image in his head of a stately old biology numerous. The campus crawls with an army of slept more before writing this. Maybe having professor and the dishevelled and wet youth feverish blue shirts, and among their ranks are state run media at Monash will result in a fair standing before him. I take advantage of the without doubt a few future career politicians. and balanced approach to reporting. That’s ensuing pause and make my escape across the By sheer numbers alone they overwhelm actually not a bad mantra: fair and balanced. hallowed white masking tape on the worn competing tickets and feed on their carcasses. They should use that. carpet. Apparently it is election week. Maybe jumping into their sleeping bag isn’t so My usual tact in election week involves blending in with the wallpaper and avoiding incomprehensible after all. ‘They’re everywhere. It’s like an empire. Admittedly, my own affection for the Maybe I should just vote for Free Beer. They sound like they have solid policy. ‘Yeah you would vote for Free Beer, the manically enthusiastic advances of comers My advice is just not to fuck with them,’ wouldn’t ya.’ my friend continues. I think I’m from all sides as if they were infectious. The remarks another friend of mine whose political being lambasted. Clayton gods had different plans for me this libido, like my own, is satisfied by observation. year, though, and I immediately came face to He has a flair for the dramatic, but the tone like you to vote for that stupid stuff on the face with one of the head honchos of Clayton’s of the conversation still implored me to learn Feeder Tickets and it just consolidates the own resident career antagonists, running this more. We sat undercover as it rained, shooting empire.’ year on a ticket heavy-handedly dubbed “Left the shit, and he eventually mentioned the Hook”. He frantically began to inform me of extension of the Go! tentacle into my very own go at this. The “Feeder Tickets”, like “Free the fascist undertones of the bigoted policies Lot’s Wife. Beer” and “Free Parking” are like your friendly of the other ratfuckers running in the election, and though I don’t really align politically, it’s hard to ignore someone so honest in their fervour that they will walk around in red all day yelling at passers-by. Our discussion progressed and eventually it was time for consummation via how-to-vote card, which was forcefully I am out of my depth, but I’ll have a neighbourhood white supremacy party in the “What does that say about these parties, leagues apart on the political spectrum, willing to compromise their principles and dive into the mud together for just a sniff of political gravy?” thrust into my hand without my consent. At this point I noticed something odd, though. ‘That’s part of the empire, they get idiots following ways: they’re on the periphery, and only crackpots and people who don’t care will swing them a vote. However, behind closed doors they have a creepy preference deal that moves these votes gained in apathy and boredom to a mainstream political party, like the ALP. Or like Go!. As far as I can tell, Some of the most powerful laws in another layer was just added to the continually There were candidates for Left Hook, the most society aren’t law at all, but convention. ardently anti-establishment party on campus, They’re not written in black letter, but they running on the ticket of Go!. still carry weight in the mass respect they seething and forgetting. By the end of the week, inspire. An example is that, in our democracy, it’s clear that Go! has prevailed, with some of ideological. It’s fine. Don’t worry about it,’ he the government shouldn’t really meddle in the Left Hook candidates dragged in on their assured, his eyes glinting in a way that made me the affairs of the media. This idea is already a shirt tails. think that he probably realised it was a little little bit hobbled at Monash, as Lot’s Wife must fucked up, too. submit requests for money to the MSA, like a what it all means or what happens from here. ‘It’s because it’s strategic, it’s nothing That was enough to pique even my thickening plot and I am really out of my depth. I spent the rest of my Tuesday alternately Don’t look to me for a pronouncement of griping child to a parent. In fact, Lot’s has to ask The fog cleared and for an instant I saw the real interest. What does that say about these parties, for permission to spend the money generated by layout of the city. All that I really know is that leagues apart on the political spectrum, willing the magazine itself via advertising. Journalistic a lot more goes on behind closed doors in our to compromise their principles and dive into independence isn’t dead, per se, but it’s taken windy abode than I previously thought. the mud together for just a sniff of political a hell of a beating. Add to that the fact that gravy? Go! also decided to install their own choice of gonna be out of here soon and then it’s not our editors, rather than following convention and problem.’ ‘Ah, don’t worry about it bro. We’re unintentionally, I began to find out other accepting the endorsements of the previous things about this year’s election that made that editors for the position, and journalistic first fetid whiff seem like just a precursor to independence at Monash is lying in a gutter something more. outside the Nott in a pool of blood and shards from that dodgy sushi place. of glass, spitting out teeth and trying to work Thomas Clelland is not a member of any political out which way to crawl home. party on campus. The MSA elections have, in recent years, revolved around the incumbent juggernaut, LOT’S WIFE EDITION 8 • 2013 Maybe my doomsday ramblings aren’t really necessary. Maybe that decaying odour is actually just 25 THE APATHY MYTH Nicole Rodger This piece and image originally appeared on page 10 of Lot’s Wife a justification for ignoring the SGM motion and largely avoiding the Edition 6, 1996. difficult issues it raised. It was also a thinly veiled attack on the group of activists who worked very hard to make the SGM happen, and to I know it’s a cliché, but if I had a dollar for every time someone made a ensure that students did understand what was going on. Ironically, these despairing remark to me about student apathy, I’d be a rich woman. And office-bearers have internalised the notion of apathy, a thing which they to continue in the vein of my high-brow introduction, I will quote those constantly complain about, and then use as a weapon against students, masters of satire and cynicism, TISM; “I’m interested in apathy.” to either undermine something they have done or decided, or to deprive Apathy is regarded as the bane of student activists and student poli- them of the information they need. Such reactions from our student ticians everywhere. It is defined as insensibility, indifference and mental association facilitates a deeper, more hardened kind of apathy amongst indolence. Its tangible manifestations include lower voter turnout during students – cynicism. student elections, small rallies, ignorance about education/social issues, In many instances, the student apathy are the ones foundations for the introduction of Voluntary Student Unionism. Gov- something about it. Stu- ernments and University Administrations rely on student apathy to push to be inspired, informed through regressive and undemocratic changes to higher education policy. treated like intelligent During the recent media frenzy attracted by the closure of Lot’s Wife, adults rather than sheep to many journalists noted the lack of passion and activism amongst students be herded into polling booths of the 1990s. If we rewound the clock by thirty years, the loss of a student during election week. newspaper would have generated mass outrage and probably militant ac- Any person who is tion by the student population – a far cry from the comparatively muted involved with Apathy is something of a self-fulfilling prophecy. When people say associa- that students don’t care, don’t understand, don’t want to know, they are, tion has by implications, saying that we should not bother with them, that to a respon- expend any energy on a particular issue would be a waste of time. But if sibility to students are written off as apathetic, they are never given the opportunity work actively to prove themselves otherwise, and so the cycle continues. for, and more Often saying that students are apathetic is just a way of avoiding the importantly, hard work needed to get a campaign off the ground. Some people say that with students. the issues are too complicated, that students won’t understand, or that Yes it can be an you can’t expect students to get their head around them. I believe this uphill battle, is selling students short, and it says more about the people who articu- and it is often a late those theories than it does about students themselves. Such people thankless job, but have no faith in student organisations. After the first Student General if the MSA lacks Meeting for the year at which an overwhelming (but inquorate) majority the support and the voted that the Monash Student Association withdraw from the funding interest of students, it agreement binding it to compliance with Voluntary Student Unionism, is a grave dug not only it was said by many office-bearers that students didn’t know what they by Kennett’s anti- were voting for, or understand its implications. Partly, this reasoning was student unionism and inquorate Student General Meetings. Apathy also laid the perfect position to do legislations, but by a litany of office-bearers who failed to use their posi- get more than one bus load (usually only half a bus) of students going to tions in a constructive and inclusive way. rallies in the city. But on the other hand, Monash has a proud tradition of Another theory penned in 1969 by C. Davidson, is that “apathy is highly attended Student General Meetings with usually at least 300 and the unconscious recognition students make of the fact they are power- a few times in the past few years over 1000 students participating. This less”. There is probably some truth to this; many students of the nineties SGM culture is the envy of office-bearers and activists at other campuses seem to have internalised this notion of powerlessness on a more con- who can only marvel at it, as for example at Melbourne Uni and RMIT scious level. They merely throw up their hands in despair when some- they’re lucky to get 200 people to an SGM. thing goes wrong, as if that is justification for why they failed to show any Many Monash students walk around this campus as if blindfolded, interest in the issue or the thing in the first place. However, all is not lost. they don’t look at posters, they don’t get involved in extra-curricular ac- Power is relative. We may not be able to kick Jeff Kennett out of Spring tivities. And they don’t read this newspaper. That’s their loss. But I know Street (and you thought we was going to decriminalise marijuana – suck- from experience that if you approach any given group of people or any ers), but we do have the power to storm the rotunda when he makes his individual with something concrete to say, or for them to do, the majority annual visit to Monash. Students have won concessions on reforms in the do take some form of interest. So those of you subscribing to the apathy past, through lobbying and through direct action on the streets and in theory, get out there and give others a reason to take notice. To those universities. The most important thing we have is the power to question, who would put themselves in the apathetic basket, pop the bubble that to criticise, to challenge and to learn. We don’t just have to be passive your life is and you never know what you may learn or who you will meet. pawns in a game played by student political hacks or politicians of the We may not be about to have a revolution, and Monash has certainly State and Federal variety. changed a lot since its radical hey-days in the late 60s and early 70s, but I So are we Monasharians really irretrievably apathetic? We rarely In 2013? Florence Roney like to think there is hope for us yet. culture that Rodger describes has all but disappeared. In the last eight years, the MSA has held only two SGMs (meetings open to all Clayton students to vote and direct how the MSA should function) both of which were held this year after immense pressure from student activists. I was a part of the organising group for the first SGM, and it was heartening to see around 400 students turn up, despite the lack of recent precedence. But again, in the It might seem strange that we would choose to re-publish an article that was written nearly 20 years ago. But if you have had much to do with stu- context of 28,000 students it is not all that impressive. MSA elections, typically with a voter turnout of around 10 per cent dent politics in 2013, the resemblance outlined in Nicole Rodger’s piece of the student population, are another example of this ‘apathy’. But hav- to our current situation at Monash is striking; it feels like it could have ing campaigned during election week, speaking to hundreds of students, I been written last week. would argue that it is not so much that students are apathetic, disinterested As the 2013 Lot’s Wife Editors, Matt and I have worked on several or lazy, more that they are simply not informed. While I got my fair share of political campaigns over the year. It is easy to get disillusioned and unconvincing “already voted” rebuffs, I found that if you took the time to frustrated when the students around you don’t seem as passionate, or as talk to students, discussed ideas and issues with them that are important to pumped as you are for a cause. I remember working towards the National you and your campaign in an adult and clear way, most would be interested, Student Strike on May 14th, and feeling utterly perplexed: why wouldn’t and willing to talk. every student see what is happening and feel the dismay? More attacks I think this is the crux of the issue. How we (as student activists/ on education! (In the form of the $2.3 billion cuts to Tertiary education politicians/journalists) interact with the broader student body needs to by the Federal Government). Didn’t they want to fight for themselves? Is reflect that students are not stupid, or apathetic, or ‘right-wing bigots’. ‘student apathy’ the reason? Positive campaigning, that does not involve tricking students into thinking The ideas that Rodger touched on, all those years ago, still seem so their classes have been cancelled, or sitting in offices waiting for students pertinent. On a campus of 28,000 students, the fact that MSA member- to come to you, is important. But really, information is the key. From ship is less than a third is saddening, but really, not all that surprising. Rodger’s piece, it is clear that the cycle has been around for a long time, but As she argues, by dubbing students ‘apathetic’ - the catch-cry of student if students are informed, engaged and treated as capable of making critical politicians (myself included), we are essentially giving up, not providing decisions, rather than as an apathetic mob, we may just be able to turn this the opportunity, nor the tools for students to become involved in activism cycle around. or politics on campus. So what should we make of the situation in 1996? How do we compare? Unfortunately, the strong Student General Meeting (SGM) Florence Roney is current Lot’s Wife editor. She ran with the political ticket Switch at the 2013 MSA elections, unsuccessfully. LOT’S WIFE EDITION 8 • 2013 27 IN CONVERSATION WITH MSA PRESIDENT ELECT : BEN KNIGHT Louise Mapleston To the untrained (non-ticketed) eye, the Monash Student Association campus and we will be speaking out not in their favour a lot of the time,” (MSA) represents a maternity ward that fosters and prepares for the birth he says. of student politicians; outgoing presidents, office bearers and loose sup- Go! and its office bearers have been criticised in the past, particu- porters fall into simultaneous Labor (get it!?) around week 9 of semester- larly after the NTEU picket at the beginning of semester two, for a lack two each year, and without fail, a fresh-faced new president pops right of solidarity and unity endorsing a ‘whole-union’ approach to stop the on out. Through the sea of primary coloured t-shirts that persuaded, cuts and supporting university staff with industrial action outside of their argued and battled with you to cast a vote - a new president, Ben Knight, education portfolios. Ben, a member of the Monash Education Action was elected. Group was quick to retort such assumptions and assured me, “I’ve already It is difficult to fathom at first glance that Knight is in fact old sat down with incoming OB’s. It’s something you have to prioritise over enough to be in University, let alone president of one of Australia’s largest politics; we have to critise the ALP, criticise the LNP and all independ- Student Unions. Go!, primarily a Labor Left ticket, has held power in the ents attacking unions and education because if we don’t, we can’t build MSA for the past 8 years and Knight, 21, has quickly climbed the ranks for a movement we’re expecting from a very regressive government. from Education (Academic Affairs) Officer to President within a year. Working together collaboratively is key,” he says. First impressions of Knight are soon diminished as we settle into bean- Knight stresses collaboration and maintaining integrity are bags and drink coffee at Wholefoods. His tone of voice is much more paramount in Go!’s direction for 2014, “we come through with ethical calm and controlled than mine and I joke about my joining the MSA values,” he says as I prod him for answers about Go!’s pragmatic stance paying his salary, he is quick to correct me in between sips of his latte, “as on running non-Go! members for the Environmental and Social Justice President I will work about 50 hours a week and receive a very modest sti- (ESJ) portfolio. pend, for the enormous amount of work I will be doing,” he says. Despite The ESJ office-bearers oversee and raise awareness for environ- Knight’s baby-faced mien his professionalism and credible intellect shines mental and social justice issues within and outside Monash University. through within the first five minutes of the interview. Preference deals were made for the ESJ position between Go! and Left As the incoming MSA president at a time where the tertiary educa- Hook, a ticket comprised mostly of Socialist Alternative members. Left tion sector is facing the largest cuts to funding and casualisation of staff Hook members have taken a hard-headed, grass-roots approach to the in over a decade, Knight is all too aware he has his work cut out for him. cuts campaign and many others, in contrast to Go!’s more bureaucratic, The MSA’s relationship with University management and outgoing Pro lobby-style techniques. Vice-Chancellor Ed Byrne has been testy at best and Knight seems vague, If history between the two tickets is anything to go by, the marriage if not slightly weary to confirm his strategy to strengthen relationships could be somewhat dysfunctional. Under the direction of Knight, Go! with management and the new Pro Vice-Chancellor for 2014. must ensure that they are working together in placing priority on the cuts “We have to make sure that we retain our integrity, our collaborations and conversations with the University, while making sure it doesn’t override the fact that we do represent students. I have told the university campaign and various others next year. He shakes off my suggestion of dysfunction with a smile as we rearrange ourselves on the floor. Knight’s approach to interview questions is remarkably measured in discussions that we are looking to work with them in a manner that and sincere. He tells me he is from a financially disadvantaged back- brings benefits to students. And that means there may be protests on ground in Tasmania and unionism has run in his family for generations 28 LOT’S WIFE EDITION 8 • 2013 STUDENT AFFAIRS – compelling him to run as President for 2014. One of the running plat- Ben’s passion for equity in education and student services is admira- forms of his election was the introduction of ‘Household Goods Services’ ble. The necessity for strong, ethical leadership from an MSA president to provide free rental of lawn mowers, vacuum cleaners and whipper snip- has never been so imperative at Monash University, as we enter a term pers for students who couldn’t afford to invest in these items long term. under a national Liberal Government set to attack higher education and I told Ben that those items were too practical and that he should lobby its resources. Ben Knight is locked in for a hard and hopefully rewarding for either a massage parlour or monkey helpers to carry our books from term as President. And it wouldn’t be kosher unless I posed the question: lecture to lecture. Chuckling he replied, “I really would love to imple- Will Ben and his team transform into ‘Knights’ (cringe) in shining ment monkey helpers within the MSA but I’m afraid it’s not very ethical armour quick enough to defend Monash from extreme cuts to our much- and could create an internal coup and could compromise the values of the valued resources and staff? LOT’S WIFE EDITION 8 • 2013 29 MSA OFFICE BEARER REPORTS While Budget, projects and the continual would have seen that the MSA was successful day-to-day are keeping me more than busy, a in gaining a trial for after hours library access big part of this time is beginning the handover during SWOTVAC and exams – a massive process with next year’s Treasurer Sinead and win! The Matheson will be staying open until President: Freya Logan the 2014 team who I know will do an amazing 2am to trial the demand for study spaces after Hi all, After two years we’ve come to my last job, and who I am delighted to work with over 12am. If you wanted later library hours, make Lot’s Wife report ever! As your MSA President the next few weeks. sure you utilise the extended service to show this year and your MSA Secretary last year the University how much students need this I have had both great times and not so great service. times representing you all. It’s been a great One of the last few academic projects learning experience, and I encourage anyone that I’ve be working on for the year relates who has thought about getting involved with the MSA to absolutely do it. At the moment we are launching the to fair assessment procedure – enforcing and Secretary: Ben Zocco amending. Currently we’re collaborating with I can barely believe that this is my last report the University to create a better and more MSA Host Year program which will help bring to Lot’s Wife – a lot has happened since my effective exam-feedback process. Make sure the MSA to the wider student body by aiming first report more than nine months ago! I have you know what your assessment rights are, and to create 1000 student hosts. As a Host Year spent much of the last few weeks working on if you have any questions, email me at ben. volunteer you can help students with faculty finalising the projects I have undertaken this [email protected]. concerns, direct them to the MSA and listen year, including the policy review and strate- Also, congratulations to Nicholas to any concerns that you may have. I am very gic planning, which will continue right until Kimberley who is the Education (Academic proud to have helped lead this project and I the end of the year. It’s great to see that the Affairs) Officer-elect for 2014. Best of luck! am excited to see it in action next year! students of Monash, in their enduring wisdom, Adios! The past year has been so wonderful and have once again elected a fantastic group I have a lot of people to thank, Ben Zocco and of office-bearers to lead the MSA next year. Sam Towler for being a great executive team, Congratulations to everybody who was elected, and Ben Knight who has been an outstanding including my successor, Sarah Christie, who Education (Academic Affairs) officer and will I now have the pleasure of training up over be a brilliant President. Everyone else will the course of the next few months – I have no know who they are and know how much their doubt that she will do a fantastic job as MSA Education (Public Affairs): support and putting up with me meant. Secretary for 2014. I would also like to thank Sarah Christie & John Jordan the current office-bearing team for being such So here it is, the final report! What a year it a vibrant and hard-working group. In particu- has been! For us here in the Ed (Pub) office lar, to my fellow Executive members Freya it’s hard to believe that it’s almost over. 2013 Logan and Samantha Towler – it has been has been a massive year for education on humbling to work alongside two dedicated and campus. We have run campaigns around the passionate student representatives. I wish eve- cost of parking, 24 hour libraries, the state of ryone good luck with the upcoming examina- women in higher education, international and tion period, and, as always, if you wish to know postgraduate concession cards, the spiralling more, please feel free to contact me! cost of higher education, produced a guide Good luck with all your exams and have a great summer break! Treasurer: Samantha Towler I’m sure I wouldn’t be alone in feeling like to university life, run the campaign against we’ve hit the hectic point of the year. Budget the cuts to Higher Education alongside the Process is in full swing and between reviewing Monash Education Action Group, and much submissions, consulting with departments and more. It has been a fantastic year - we have pouring over bottom lines it can feel like there met so many fantastic activists, we have just aren’t enough hours in the day. The MSA Education (Academic Affairs): Ben Knight spoken to so many inspirational students “Stress Less” Petting Zoo was a huge success, For the final time this year, hey everyone! My- making the most of university, and of course and hopefully gave everyone to chance to take oh-my this year has flown by. we have cooked many sausages. We have a break and play with some adorable animals! 30 If you read the last Lot’s edition you LOT’S WIFE EDITION 8 • 2013 had such a great year, and we hope you have STUDENT AFFAIRS too. Lastly, a huge congratulations to Thomas the university a more inclusive and supportive Welfare: Alexandra Bryant Green and Declan Murphy who were recently place for queer students by making academic Hi all! Sitting down to write my last report for elected as your Education (Public Affairs) and professional staff more knowledgeable Lot’s is odd. A while back the department was Officers for 2014 - we know they will do a about queer issues and making queer allies more a part of R U OK? Day and of course as always brilliant job and we can’t wait to see them get visible on campus. The project will continue Free Food Mondays has run every week, well started! Sarah and John xx into next year with the year pilot coming to an except the week of the power outage that is. end in September next year. After a (hope- With the final go in Week 12 planned to be a fully) successful evaluation, the program will be bit more special than usual. I have to thank all rolled out across more faculties in future years. of the volunteers who have helped me week I have also been liaising with Monash to week, from the every week volunteers that Abroad to write a sexuality and gender presen- have helped all year to my fellow OBs who Environment & Social Justice: Rory Knight & Tamara Vekich tation for exchange students arriving in Aus- have helped me out of tight spots. Seeing as this is the last report from us, we for overseas study. This will be introduced into the NUS Student Mental Health Survey which want to thank all those who were involved pre-departure programs in the next few weeks is aiming to get current data about the state of with ESJ this year and to encourage you all to and then rolled out into other sessions over students minds. It talks a couple of minutes to continue pursuing your passions for environ- the next few months. Hopefully this will make fill out but every entry is more valuable knowl- mental and social justice issues. Every little more queer students feel supported by Monash edge, you can fill it out online at: https://docs. bit of individual effort will ensure progress University. continues, whether it’s signing a petition, tralia as well as Australian students departing Thanks for a fantastic year, all the best to The other semester long project has been yuknt5P3uixX1CxZXXv0N37EuE/viewform volunteering for a cause, or organising a move- Freddie in 2014! I think the only thing I have left to say ment yourself! We are looking at wrapping Female Queer: Cam Peter is that if you need anything during the more up this semester by perhaps organising a trip The MSA Queer Dept. has had an exciting stressful period of exams, the door to the wel- to the Tarkine rainforest in Tasmania, which year. We’ve organised and run some of the most fare Office is always open. is threatened by logging exploitation. If you well attended Queer Week and Queer Balls in are interested, give us a shout! In other news recent history, we’ve fundraised and sent record is good luck to next year’s Welfare officers Paul we have finished our cooking nights and will amount of attendees to Queer Collaborations and Sarah who have amazing plans for next be hopefully continuing at Wholefoods next and are looking forward to hosting Queer Col- year and who I know will do an amazing job. year too. If you are looking for causes to get laborations next year. That was a lie the last thing I have to say next year, drop us a line! Good luck for exams of, and one that is the most significant, is the Women’s Department: Edith Shephard & Sally-Anne Jovic and have a productive summer! way our collective has grown and has come The Women’s Department is slowing down to reflect the much greater diversity of our as we get towards the end of the semester, community. We have successfully organised and starting to prepare for next year. We’re a TISGD (Trans, Intersex, Sex and Gender currently finishing off our Trigger Warnings Diverse Caucus), as well as Dyques (a queer campaign, working with next year’s Women’s women’s social group). This is in addition to Officers Edie and Zoe, and doing some house- the forums, workshops, discussion groups and keeping activities to make the Department and resources we continue to provide to our collec- the Women’s Room all the better for next year. tive, and provide spaces for voices of our most As we’re currently in the planning stages of marginalized groups to be heard. next year’s activities, so we are looking for ideas involved in or inspired by for the summer or Male Queer: Asher Cameron Queer Affairs Committee elections were on last week and I would like to congratulate the 6 elected committee members for 2014! Good luck during your term!! Recently I’ve been continuing work with Perhaps the achievement I am most proud Next week is Asexuality Awareness and suggestions for events, campaigns, and Week and the MSA Queer Dept. is hosting an activities, as well as volunteers! If you have any ‘Asexuality 101 + Mythbusting’ workshop in ideas or want to get involved, please email us at Monash Equity and Diversity Centre on the the Queer Lounge from 1pm. We hope to see [email protected]. Ally Network pilot program, attending and you there! organizing the student panel and assisting with Activities: Amy Clyne & Eliza Gale the training package being offered to staff. For For our final Activities report of 2013, we’d like those who don’t know, the Ally Network is an to reflect on how our department has grown, education program for (primarily) staff to make and had much fun along the way! From Surfin’ LOT’S WIFE EDITION 8 • 2013 31 MSA to Oktoberfest, from free yoga to AXP, see lots of MAPSers there!!! MAPS such as wonderful place. Good luck the department has had many great new lega- We’d like to take this opportunity to cies added to it, which we’re sure will continue thank everyone for supporting our division this we look forward to seeing you all again next on through the ages. More recently, we had an year, using our fantastic facilities and making year. excellent Oktoberfest, and sold out AXP II in record time, with 1750 tickets gone less than 48 hours after they first went on sale. As 2014 looms, we’d like to thank every single person who’s attended one of our events, our extraordinary committee for their dedication and hard work, and Amy for her tireless passion in making Activities the best it can be this year. Let’s hope 2014 will be just as great, and wish Eliza and Sam luck for the year ahead. Mature Age and Part Time (MAPS): Rebecca Doyle-Walker As we wind up another successful year in MAPS it’s a good time to reflect on what we’ve done this year. We held two charity morning teas and raised almost $200. We continued with our popular morning teas almost every week which were organised by our social secretary Ange brilliantly. We also held several lunches each semester which were always well attended. There was also a Trivia night held which was poorly attended but those that did had a great time!! We were also able to send three committee members to the MASNA conference in September. The annual election was recently conducted and the 2013/14 MAPS Executive Committee members are: President: Rebecca Doyle-Walker Vice President: Monique Bell Treasurer: John Pollard Social Secretary: Angela Schuster Publicity Officer: John Storey Committee Member: Paul Hague Committee Member: Katherine Wozniak The new committee is full of energy and enthusiasm and looking forward to a fantastic 2014. A big thank you goes out to our outgoing committee members Sascha Rouillon and Kade Moore for their contribution to MAPS this year. But before then we are having our end of year function on Thursday 24 October – the details are in the MAPS lounge so we hope to 32 LOT’S WIFE EDITION 8 • 2013 with your exams, enjoy the summer break and STUDENT AFFAIRS AN OPEN LETTER TO MONASH UNIVERSITY SENIOR MANAGEMENT: Dear Chancellor Alan Finkel & Co., We were thrilled to hear that you have recently awarded an honorary Doctorate of Laws to big businessman John Gandel. Bold moves such as this are an important part of the Monash tradition of bequeathing honorary degrees on notorious and powerful figures such as that awarded to Victorian State Premier Henry “The Hangman” Bolte back in the 1967. Cementing Monash Uni’s world-class relationship with the private sector should be a priority in a difficult financial environment and we applaud you and your Senior Management colleagues for your initiative. However, while bestowing such a prestigious degree upon Gandel is certainly a step in the right direction, we think it is time for Monash to expand its business relationships further. We believe that you need to be even bolder. Now that we have cemented our close ties to Melbourne’s richest person, we think it’s time for Monash to go national and honour Australia’s richest individual: Gina Rinehart. Through sheer hard-work and brilliant entrepreneurship, Rinehart has been the key driving force behind the Australian economy for decades. Her wealth far surpasses Gandel’s meagre billions, and a close relationship with her could provide Monash with a mountain of resources to potentially fund increased salaries for our hard-working Senior Management team, consultants and lawyers who all do their best to keep Monash profitable in the difficult circumstances of the 21st century. It is important to note that Rinehart is not just about digging holes and selling coal. As the biggest shareholder of Fairfax media, she also stands for diverse big business interests. Moreover, Rinehart is 100% committed to expanding mining in our State. She owns almost 20% of Lakes Oil, which is planning dangerous but nonetheless exciting coal seam gas operations in Victoria. Recently we saw Western Australian Universities put Monash to shame in bonding with Rinehart’s miner friend Andrew Forrest who gave them tens of millions in donations for research. In contrast, Monash has only been able to secure $5 million from two mining corporations for its new-fangled Division of Mining this year. A relationship with Rinehart would complement Monash’s already existing partnership with the Coal Industry, which includes having former coal mining boss Ian Nethercote on our University Council. Potential degrees for Rinehart might include: Business, Economics, Politics or even Journalism. In summary, Monash must expedite its relationship with Australia’s greatest mining hero, or risk falling behind other Universities. We implore you to go more boldly. Yours in brilliance, Monash students everywhere SCIENCE The World Food Prize, Monsanto and Agricultural Biotechnology Laura Aston On October 18, three scientists responsible for breakthrough research in believe so; or at least their pockets do. But first there are many questions agricultural biotechnology will be presented with the 2013 World Food clouding a coherent discussion on the matter which must be answered Prize, the most prestigious award in food security. The scientists are first. pioneers of genetically modified (GM) food production, with links to GM Genetic modification of crops began in 1996. The reception to this giants Monsanto and Syngenta. Does this spell the souring of The World practice has been polarised. The European Union has condemned GM Food Prize, an organisation whose mission is to advance the quality, food, citing environmental risks and ethics as its reasoning. As a result, quantity and availability of food that is nutritious and sustainable? Or is China has also refrained from adopting GM crops, relying on entry into there more to Monsanto than a monopoly on mono-strain seeds? This the EU trade market for a significant portion of its agricultural revenue. development will undoubtedly further legitimise Monsanto’s exploits in In contrast, the United States and other parts of the American continents the realm of GM crops, a state of affairs that will no doubt exacerbate the have embraced GM technologies. While much praise is directed at mistrust and hatred of protestors who have been taking to the streets in a the potential for GM crops to combat food insecurity where the risk is wave of international protests against Monsanto’s empire. greatest, it is contradictory at best to note that the majority of GM crops In 1992, biotechnology was defined in such a way that even reside in Canada, the USA and Argentina. Australia has acted cautiously traditional processes like wine- and cheese-making, involving in comparison to the USA, but seems to be slowly following the path of the addition of cultures and bacteria to food, was considered bio- the US. A two-hectare GM wheat trial in central Victoria, scheduled manipulation. While there may be purists out there who see cause for for 2013 to 2015, will be the largest of its kind. A decision looms as to concern in these mainstream practices, the majority of Monsanto sceptics whether Australia’s farmers will endorse or reject GM crops. It will not be would not blink at the ethics of a humble glass of wine. It is the much possible to take a middle way in GM production, since the nature of GM narrower, modern definition of biotechnology that the Monsanto-hate crops is that they produce higher yields, thereby crowding out traditional is directed toward. Modern biotechnology involves gene manipulation farmers who refuse to adopt the technology. via two mechanisms: selective breeding or breeding improvements; and manipulation of genetic patterns. Major uncertainties reside in the long-term ramifications of GM crop use. A report by the World Food Organisation cites several Much has been done to demonstrate the immediate advantages concerning potentialities, including unpredictable demand for water and of GM food. Indeed, it is the very promise of contributing to the fight nutrients, undesired gene transfers and mutations, transfer and creation of against hunger that has earned Monsanto’s scientists the prestigious allergens and ecological break-down as a result of favouring certain food food award. There is no end to the possibilities for nutrient enrichment, sources over others. Current GM practices are characterised by a lack of weather resistance, drought tolerance, yield increases and reduction of controls for potential environmental snowball effects, and little academic production costs that genetic manipulation could entail. There is even research into the safety of GM. Monsanto has conistently blurred the the advantage of reducing the demand for other evil inputs: fertiliser facts, utilising the data of pseudo-environmental research bodies such as and pesticides. Is there scope to see GM as a lesser evil, and the ethical the Climate Corporation – founded to assist farmers to produce more food ambiguity of genetic manipulation a worthy trade-off for reducing world with fewer resources – to keep allegations of unsustainability at bay. hunger? Clearly those responsible for the award of the World Food Prize 34 While there are clear advantages of GM food, the sources of LOT’S WIFE EDITION 8 • 2013 SCIENCE public concern continue to be consciously ignored by Monsanto. This and environmental benefits of genetically modified food outweighed the lack of certainty surrounding the existence or nonexistence of long- disadvantages then I would concede that there was no reason to reject term environmental risks, which potentially outweigh the acclaimed GM food production on the grounds of sustainability. Of course, this advantaged of yield-enhancing GM technology, makes it difficult for would not justify its business ethics, but that is a topic warranting its the public to direct their outrage. Until such a time as Monsanto gives own discussion. Until then, I shall continue to employ the precautionary me reason to believe – despite my antipathy of their ruthless crowding principle with respect to my diet. Strictly local or organic puh-lease. out of small-holder farms and monopolisation of seeds – that the social SCIENCE LESSONS FROM... GAME OF THRONES Chris Pase The fictional world of Westeros where Game of Thrones is set is subject Greek fire was a closely guarded state secret, just as the Alchemist’s Guild to unusual seasonal patterns. We’ve been warned: winter is coming, and in King’s Landing controlled the creation of wildfire. While the makeup it could last generations. Seasons are mostly controlled by a planet’s tilt of Greek fire was lost, it is most commonly believed to be petroleum based towards the Sun, with Uranus’ North Pole pointed towards the Sun for like napalm. All these weapons are activated in two stages; firstly the 42 years and then away from it for another 42. Unusually long seasons are delivery of the flammable substances, and secondly a reactant to ignite definitely possible, but the seasons on Westeros seem to arrive unpredict- the fuel. George R.R. Martin makes his wildfire a little more dramatic, ably and vary dramatically in length. Astrophysicist Greg Laughlin of The its haunting green glow turning into an eerie explosive light show. This University of California says a ‘wobbly’ axis like the one on Mars can vary colouring wouldn’t be hard to achieve, with compounds such as trimethyl season length, but only makes gradual changes over thousands of years, borate producing emerald flames and copper chloride providing the green not the random fluctuations seen on Westeros. Laughlin has suggested tinge to the liquid. that if Westeros were part of a multi-planet system, with its orbit being pulled out and affected by the planets around it, wild season change could Incest. It appears to be one of Martin’s favourite plot drivers. One of the occur. Similarly, a group of graduate students from John Hopkins Univer- sub-characters, Craster, is a wildling who continually reproduces with his sity in the United States have released a research paper concluding that daughters. And their daughters. This means some of his daughters are also Westeros orbits 2 suns; yielding an irregular orbit, meaning it is impossible his granddaughters, and sisters with their own mothers. A slightly less to predict the length of seasons. confusing case is Joffrey Baratheon, said to be the love child of his mother * Cersei Lannister and her brother Jaime despite the former being married Another weather related phenomenon, the ice wall, seems harder to to king Robert Baratheon. Robert Baratheon has a host of bastard chil- explain from a scientific point of view. Over 200m tall and almost 500km dren all born to other women, all of which take after his father in having long, the ice wall is an impressive natural defence against the North. dark hair. Yet Joffrey has blonde hair (as well as his two siblings) like his According to Engineer Mary Alibert from the Ice Drilling Program Office mother and uncle (father?). It is possible that while Robert has domi- at Dartmouth College, “even at very cold temperatures, large ice masses nant dark hair alleles (groups of genes), these may mask blonde alleles. deform under their own weight,” let alone “hold its original shape for However, given none of his bastard children have blonde hair but all of thousands of years.” The ice wall is far too big to support its own weight, Cersei’s children do, the odds are stacked against him. That and the scene with a slope needed to support a structure that high. This means the wall where Jamie shows off his swordsmanship to his sister Cersei. would be 40 times wider than it is high – still an impressive structure but slightly easier to scale. Once again gravity spoils all the fun, and with no evidence to suggest gravity varies greatly between Westeros and Earth this one has to be put down to the magic that helped create it. *** The wildfire used in the battle at Blackwater Bay is strikingly similar to ancient Greek fire, or the modern equivalent, napalm. Greek fire was used by the Byzantines to sink rival ships, exactly as Tyrion did. Furthermore, LOT’S WIFE EDITION 8 • 2013 35 A SCIENTIFIC MANIFESTO: THESE ARE MY HOPES AND DREAMS Nicola McCaskill Science was new, the sense of wonder at the world and universe. And while there are my first love. some fantastic extracurricular programs for kids, it’s a testament to anyone I was raised by involved in science that they didn’t have all enthusiasm for the subject two scientist smacked out of them early by the school system. Learning science should parents in a be fun and exciting, not dull and rage inducing. household Science education in schools is a massive and complex issue. At the where father- heart of it, I think it’s vital that we acknowledge the fact that the majority daughter of school students do not study science in VCE. While it would be great bonding time to change that, there’s little reason for students to take it at year 12 unless involved they plan to study a science-based degree afterwards. So, let’s just work diagrams of with the assumption that most students will stop studying science for pathogens good at year 10. That gives us up until then to give each student the skills and antibodies. required to understand scientific issues in society and the media, to be There was never a time that I remember wanting to be anything other able to determine scientific fact from fiction, and even to feel comfortable than a scientist, and my favourite childhood fantasy consisted of hanging voting on these issues. I don’t believe the current curriculum can achieve out in labs, curing various diseases and winning the Nobel Prize. As I this. got older, though, I realised maybe there were areas outside of discovery The immediate reaction to science as a subject is often that it’s and research where science could do with a bit of work. My present day just too hard - that it’s a field consisting only of geniuses and the average ultimate fantasy is to be instrumental in a paradigm shift in society’s person need not apply. I wish I could tell people who feel this way just perception of science. I don’t want to live in a world where politicians how many morons I’ve come across in my science degree, but I digress. that do not comprehend the basics of climate science make catastrophic A teacher who’s scared of teaching science to a classroom of students decisions, where the average citizen lacks the skills to distinguish between who are scared of learning science does not exactly make for a magical pseudoscience and the real thing, and where young people are scared learning experience filled with wonder and joy. The risk of not adequately or pushed out of studying science or considering it as a career. I’d much educating school leavers is far greater than people just not understanding rather these problems weren’t around for me to try and solve, so that I how super cool science is. The endgame is where a person who refers to could get back to more important scientific pursuits, like curing cancer or carbon dioxide as “weightless” is elected as Prime Minister. tracking down the last unicorn. But since they are, in my last column as science editor for Lot’s Wife, here are just a few of the problems I hope to The Media play a part in solving (should I ever manage to graduate from this place): I don’t want to blame the so-called singular entity of ‘the media’ for perpetuating myths and shitty pseudoscience, since it can only reflect Education what’s already around and what people want to see. It’s a vicious cycle Science should be the most exciting thing ever for kids. Science contains when those reporting science in the media do not generally have a sci- the answers to their questions, the constant thrill of learning something ence background, and those reading it do not generally have the skills 36 LOT’S WIFE EDITION 8 • 2013 SCIENCE to determine what is reliable information and what is bullshit. It bothers to encourage boys in maths and science, believing they have some natural me a little when people (both in science and in the media) are pleasantly aptitude in those, whereas girls get more encouragement in English and surprised that I am studying science and journalism because I want to be the arts. Given the amount of pressures and social cues telling young a science journalist. It’s more standard practice for someone to start out women that they are not naturally talented at science, it stands to reason in one field and slowly merge into the other. With that in mind, I think that even those who have chosen to study it at university have internal- we really do need to push harder for quality science journalism, to benefit ised these ideas – in stark contrast to young men, who have never had both the science community and the general public. their natural scientific ability questioned. The main issue I have with the mainstream media’s reporting on Growing up, I felt a distinct lack of the presence of a female role scientific issues is that of false balance. In journalism classes, it’s drilled model in science. Any woman whose work I did admire seemed to get into us from the beginning that we should always give equal weight to all screwed over, anyway – Rosalind Franklin as a prime example. The more sides of a story. For the most part, this is the essence of fair reporting, but I learn about the history of science, the more I see that there actually when it comes to science, all sides of the story do not necessarily have were a number of absolutely brilliant women doing incredible work over equal veracity. When the overwhelming consensus among climate scien- hundreds of years – it’s just that their presence tends to be erased in the tists is that climate change is driven by human activity, and you find one way history is remembered. crazy loon with a PhD who disagrees, giving both sides equal time is Science is not an easy field for women not balance – it’s misleading. When immunologists agree that to enter. It is inherently difficult, for vaccines are beneficial and very rarely harmful, and one mother example, to return to research believes they cause autism – without any evidence to back her after a woman takes any consid- up – giving that one person a platform from which to give erable break to have children. their baseless opinions is genuinely harmful to the com- This is due to the nature of how munity. It is part of a journalist’s job to determine science works and not any kind whose opinions are valid and deserve to be heard of insidious action by the by the wider community. It’s their job to patriarchy, but it’s enough to distinguish between truth and fiction, put many brilliant women not to perpetuate absolute lies off. Whether we like it or under the guise of journalistic not, we also have to realise balance and integrity. The there is still a general cul- only way to improve this is to ture of sexism within the scientific improve the general standard of community. Sometimes it’s subtle, sometimes less scientific literacy, both in the media so, but I do believe nearly every woman in science will and throughout the general public. have felt it at some point. Indeed, the next guy to imply I’m only where I am because I want to find myself a ‘rich husband’ Women is getting a test tube to the face (as if a research scientist is going to be This is not an issue I want to dwell on, since anything I have to say about raking it in, anyway). it has probably been said before. There does seem to be the general idea It is absolutely vital to me to do my best to become a visible, floating around that, simply because it’s the year 2013, sexism in science positive female role model for other young women thinking of entering is no longer a thing. This kind of thinking is a logical fallacy if there ever science. Whilst there are some amazing women doing fantastic work in were one. science communication, I think it’s high time one of us achieved the An observation: in first year laboratories, female students tend to mainstream success and recognition of people like Dr. Karl, Brian Cox doubt themselves. They ask their supervisors if they’re doing the right and David Attenborough. I want a future where being female is not any thing at every step. They double, even triple check their measurements. If kind of barrier to becoming involved in science. something goes wrong, they blame themselves. Male students tend to be Finally, I want to thank any readers that I may have had over the overconfident. They don’t read the entire practical before starting, they year, everyone who’s contributed their fabulous stories, and the amazing rush their measurements, and if they’re unsure, they just try it anyway. If team at Lot’s Wife I’ve gotten to know and love during my time as science something goes wrong, they blame anything – the equipment, the materi- editor. It’s been an amazing experience and I’m so, so grateful for having als, the practical, the demonstrator – but themselves. I don’t think this been able to share my passion with you all. is surprising in the least. Whether you notice it or not, multiple studies have shown science is a gender biased subject. Teachers and parents tend LOT’S WIFE EDITION 8 • 2013 37 Lady Gaga has always positioned herself as an eccentric artist following Tunick said Gaga’s involvement would “bring a new perception or in the footsteps of David Bowie, Michael Jackson and Madonna. With a an experience of the avant garde to a mass audience… [and] any artistic debut album entitled The Fame, it comes as no surprise that Gaga is in- intervention into the masses will only move societies in borderline fatuated with celebrity culture and pop culture prominence. In the most conservative countries to have more acceptance towards human rights recent phase of her musical career, Gaga is attempting to cement her issues, women’s rights and artistic freedom. Art cannot change the world legacy through the marriage of art and music. Citing the work of artist within a bubble. It takes artists like Warhol, Koons and Abramovic to Andy Warhol, Gaga, 27, is setting out “to alter the human experience make strong waves of change in conservative societies.” And it is these with social media” and to “bring art culture into pop in a reverse Warho- very artists that Gaga has worked with to integrate the spheres of art and lian expedition” to be henceforth known as ARTPOP. music. The movement known as pop art began in Britain during the mid1950s before being appropriated by artists such as Roy Lichtenstein and Famed artist Jeff Koons designed the cover for Gaga’s upcoming album, ARTPOP. The artist created a sculpture of Gaga in the same Andy Warhol. Flourishing in a new setting (the New York art scene), the movement began to steer the concept of ‘culture’ away from elite groups through its use of imagery from popular culture, such as advertising, news and ordinary, everyday objects. The elements of irony and kitsch utilised in this new art form can be seen in Andy Warhol’s most famous piece, Campbell’s Soup Cans. This utilisation of found objects and images is similar to the work of the ilk as his previous work entitled Michael Jackson and “ARTPOP could very well have a revolutionary impact on the way art is viewed and shared in the modern world” European Dada movement in the 1910s. Constantly refer- Bubbles, a 1988 series of three life-size gold-leaf plated porcelain statues of the sitting singer cuddling Bubbles, his pet chimpanzee. Depicted as the goddess Venus, Gaga is seen giving birth to Koons’ The Gazing Ball, which looks like an ornament coloured globe. This portrayal of Venus was altered by Koons in a similar manner as Edouard Manet – the father of modern art – did to Titian’s Venus in his painting Olympia (1863). Whereas Manet brought ring to Warhol as an inspiration for her outlandish videos and fashion, the image up to date by turning Venus into a hooker, Koons has done it Gaga has her own creative production team, the Haus of Gaga, which is by transforming her into a pop star. The background images of the cover modelled on Andy Warhol’s Factory. take inspiration from Botticelli’s The Birth of Venus, which portrayed From an early age, Gaga immersed herself in the world of art, the goddess of love emerging from the sea as a fully-grown woman, and writing a thesis on the work of Damien Hirst and the New York-based Gian Lorenzo Bernini’s Apollo and Daphne, which portrays the battle photographer Spencer Tunick. Now Gaga is beginning a new movement between chastity (Daphne) and sexual desires (Apollo). that depicts classic and modern art in popular culture to educate the Gaga’s foray into the artistic world was announced through her masses about the power and history of art. Tunick recently expressed his work with Serbian artist Marina Abramovic. Respected as the ‘grand- approval of the singer’s use of her “phenomenal success.” He declared mother of performance art’, Abramovic seeks to promote the preser- that “any time there is a new perception within the mass culture, there is vation of long durational work. Gaga immersed herself in this work growth and enlightenment. Whether it’s through museums, mass media by participating in the Abramovic method, which is designed to train and, in Lady Gaga’s case, music, the inclusion of depth and art into a artists for physical endurance. “She is a hardcore student.” Abramovic viral expressive mass outlet like pop music is invaluable in the expansion said of Gaga. “I had to blindfold her, and she was in the forest [naked] for of new ideas.” three hours, eaten by mosquitoes and spiders, scratched by the bushes. It 38 LOT’S WIFE EDITION 8 • 2013 MUSIC Spanish instruments into EDM production by ‘Clarity’ DJ Zedd. Gaga’s growing fondness for depicting art in music videos, which Slated for an 8 November release, ARTPOP could very well have a was already apparent in the use of Botticelli’s Venus in ‘Judas’, is even revolutionary impact on the way art is viewed and shared in the modern more pronounced in her latest video ‘Applause.’ Directed by Inez and Vi- world. Through mass appeal, Lady Gaga is uniting fashion (meat dress), noodh, the video includes references to the aforementioned Venus, War- art, music, technology (social media) and performance into one globally hol’s depiction of Marilyn Monroe, the black swan, and John Galliano’s shared experience. The inspiration of Andy Warhol is well noted in the 2009 fashion show. Gaga has also injected her music and presence into lyrics “pop culture was in art, now art’s in pop culture in me.” With the the world of films, appearing in Robert Rodriguez’s 2013 film Machete veneration of art as her ultimate goal, ARTPOP looks likely to fortify the Kills. A trailer for the film utilises a new Gaga song, ‘Aura’ that infuses legacy of Lady Gaga as a true artist. THE MISTIQUE OF THE ARTIST: Lorde Fabrice Wilmann Recently dubbed ‘The New Queen of Alternative’, 16 year-old New cry for attention and a marketing ploy to bolster sales. It seems clear Zealand native Lorde revealed in an interview with Billboard Magazine however that all this inflammatory behaviour is simply a way to hide the her desire to remain an enigma to the world. With the release of her fact that Miley Cyrus has no real lasting talent. debut album Pure Heroine, and the mounting success of singles ‘Royals’, In the comparatively small number of interviews that she has ‘Tennis Court’, and now ‘Team’ across the world, Lorde is positioning done, Lorde has revealed only morsels of information that provide us herself as the antithesis of the modern archetypal pop star. with a snapshot image of who she truly is; an obsession with reading as a In her cover feature with the magazine, she disclosed that “in a child, how writing short stories since the age of ten has helped with her perfect world, I would never do any interviews… and probably there song writing, and her love of electronic, pop and hip-hop music. “You would be one photo out there of me, and that would be it.” Lorde, can step into Kanye’s world and it’s like you being there,” Lorde muses, real name Ella Yelich-O’Connor, prefers the impression of mystique, admitting that she wants to make a “sweet, really cool rap song” in the believing that “mystery is more interesting.” This aspiration has never future. The singer also proclaimed her love of Nicki Minaj and Miley been more pronounced than in this day and age, where over-sharing on Cyrus’ current hit ‘Wrecking Ball.’ Twitter, Instagram and Facebook has left little to the imagination. Lorde Lorde’s live performances also display her rapport with simplicity. astutely recognises that “people respond to something that intrigues Performing her song ‘Royals’ (a #1 hit on the U.S. Billboard charts) on them instead of something that gives them all the information — Good Morning America, the singer simply stands and delivers her lyrics particularly in pop, which is like the genre for knowing way too much with conviction. Dressed in simple, one might say ‘old-lady clothes’, about everyone and everything.” the only movements are that of her hands, which seem to flow and In this way, Lorde can be seen as the anti-Miley Cyrus. The latter bounce eerily to the beat of her music. This performance underlines has established herself as a constant presence in the media spotlight Lorde’s immense talent, not only as a singer-songwriter, but also as a since her provocative and poorly executed mash-up performance of ‘We true performer and captivating entertainer. These two attributes are not Can’t Stop’ and ‘Blurred Lines’ with Robin Thicke at the 2013 Video always so easily intertwined, something that was made all too obvious Music Awards. This has been followed expeditiously by a disturbing through Lana Del Rey’s largely criticised performance of ‘Video Games’ music video whereby she rides naked on a wrecking ball and seduces on Saturday Night Live. a sledgehammer, a series of highly sexualised photo shoots with famed Having shattered the record for longest weeks on the alternatives photographer Terry Richardson, an apparent break-up between former song chart (a record previously held by Alanis Morisette’s 1995 classic fiancé Liam Hemsworth, a bevy of interviews and music performances ‘You Oughta Know’), Lorde has immersed herself in a torrent of and a recent – completely unprovoked – attack on celebrity victims of worldwide success and critical acclaim. However, it seems as though the mental illness (Amanda Bynes and Sinead O’Connor) that resulted talented singer has managed to preserve her down-to-earth Kiwi persona in all-out warfare with pop icon O’Connor. Many people see Cyrus’ and not fall victim to the hazards of the music industry. Lorde has behaviour as an attempt to annihilate the association with her eternal remained true to her introverted self, presenting only a glimpse into the good-girl alter ego Hannah Montana, whilst others just view it as a brilliantly complex passages of her mind and of her young life. LOT’S WIFE EDITION 8 • 2013 39 SUBHEADING 60 minutes with Jennifer Kingwell Dina Amin Meet Jen Kingwell. Born in Darwin, raised in Canberra and now based formed a duo and started performing under the name ‘Tom and Jen,’ a in Melbourne, Kingwell is gearing up for the release of her first single temporary title that was officially replaced with ‘The Jane Austen Argu- off her debut solo EP, The Lotus Eaters, due for release early next ment.’ Did the name come to them whilst arguing about Miss. Austen year. ‘Kissing in Tutus’ is a bold declaration of resistance and love perhaps? Laughing, Jen replies “I’m a huge Jane Austen fan and Tom can’t in the face of war and chaos and Kingwell is only a few weeks away stand reading her. He is under the impression that all her novels are about from releasing it at the Empress Hotel in Fitzroy. Formerly known as doilies and balls. We needed a name and Tom came up with it – I don’t one-half of the indie-cabaret sensation The Jane Austen Argument, know if he had been thinking about it for a while or if it just came to him Kingwell will be joined on the night by her new band, The Garland – but we were at the pub and he was like ‘How about The Jane Austen Thugs. Sitting inside her cosy flat – complete with Film Noir artworks, Argument?’ and I was like ‘That’s a terrible idea!’ but it somehow caught scattered keyboards, an overstuffed bookcase dedicated to Jazz music on.” and an adorable black pussycat named Maceo – Jen openly discusses A blend of cabaret and indie folk music, Tom and Jen were taken her new tunes, The Jane Austen Argument, her nostalgia for Casio under the wing of the infamous Amanda Palmer, a kinship that led to the keyboards, her fascination with Greek mythology and her upcoming duo supporting Amanda on her Amanda Palmer Goes Down Under tour in collaboration with Neil Gaiman – yes that Neil Gaiman. 2011. It all started with a Casio keyboard. You know the one – that basic After three years together which saw the release of two EP’s and one beginner’s instrument with the “cheesy backing tracks.” Laughing, Jen LP, Somewhere Under The Rainbow (recorded in Seatle last year), Tom and recalls her first instrument, the first medium that really kicked off her love Jen separated with the motivation of beginning solo careers. Will we be for music. She even wrote her first song on it: a country love ballad. How seeing The Jane Austen Argument again? “Absolutely! We haven’t offi- old was she? “I was six,” she cackles. How cute. After graduating from the cially stopped doing stuff.” So it’s like an indefinite hiatus? “Yep, exactly.” school of Casio, Jen went on to study classical piano, a study that evolved In saying this, Jen emphasises the importance of moving away from into the dream of wanting to play professionally. After high school, Jen the Jane Austen sound in her solo release. “I wanted to pursue something was accepted into the Canberra School of Music. However, halfway that wasn’t necessarily right for The Jane Austen Argument. I want to through her degree, she dropped out. Her heart wasn’t in it anymore and explore different sonic possibilities and weave in electronic elements. I she had lost her perseverance. “I didn’t have the disposition to stay in a want to push the limits of a three-minute pop song and I want to work music room by myself for eight hours a day, pumping out classical tunes.” with other musicians that are pushing the limits of their instruments.” She then did the polar opposite and began a degree in Electronic Music and Interactive Multimedia, where she stayed until graduation. With a degree under her belt, Jen then took her boyfriend and bike So what can we expect from the single launch with new band The Garland Thugs? Jen answers with a big smile, “Apart from the audience thinking ‘That was a fucking killer show!’ they can expect killer songs, to Central Europe, where she rode the streets, sightseeing. After do- a killer band and a really intense set with real audience connection. It’s ing a few odd jobs here and there, she returned to Australia, moved to also going to have a really lush, rich orchestral feel. Chad Blaster, my Melbourne in 2006 and went back to school to study a Masters of Com- drummer, brings this real hip-hop element in, so there’s a real hard groove munication. in there.” The band also features Jess Keeffe on electric cello and Adam It was at RMIT where she met Tom Dickens, a cabaret aficionado who was in desperate need of a pianist for his upcoming show. They 40 Rudegeair – Jen’s partner – on bass. The single in question, ‘Kissing in Tutus’ is an ode to radical love in LOT’S WIFE EDITION 8 • 2013 MUSIC the face of revolution. Jen’s poignant lyrics focus on the powerful image of takes its title from a much-loved story which Jen discovered as a child. love as a tool of resistance. The words are supported by a beautiful piano The Lotus Eaters, a short retelling of Homer’s original story of the same composition, a string section and light percussion. An anarchist’s anthem, name from his classic, The Odyssey, tells the tale of what happens to Od- ‘Kissing in Tutus’ celebrates infinite, universal emotion in a chaotic and ysseus’ men on a small island dominated by lotus plants. These plants are uncertain reality. The idea came to Jen when she was recording The Jane narcotic and cause the men to become stoned, happily content in their Austen Argument’s debut LP in Seattle. “We lived in Seattle for around apathy. By using Odysseus’ men as a metaphor, Jen’s EP is fundamentally six weeks and it was just when the Occupy Wall Street movement was about overcoming obstacles and temptation, avoiding indifference and kicking off. It was really inspiring to see this totally like, complete grass- lethargy and being enlightened about a specific purpose, “waking up from roots swelling of resistance. I was really fascinated. The single came to me a dream that is keeping you down.” Funnily enough, most of the tracks because I had the idea of this power of people who come together to resist off the new EP came to her in a dream, hence the essential themes of the something and want to change something rattling around in my head.” record: Dreaming and awakening. When she was at University, Jen was also a radical cheerleader for the Before we round up our interview, Jen lets slip of a little teaser that G20 protests, another image of resistance that inspired the theme of the is only mildly exciting: “One of the tracks on the EP is going to be an in- single. One particular image of the G20 protests stands out. “A while ago, strumental improvisation to a spoken word piece that I wrote and which I discovered a photo – which I haven’t been able to find since – of me and Neil Gaiman will narrate.” Seeing as Mr. Gaiman is married to Jen’s good my partner at the time kissing in the street in our tutus. I just remember mate Amanda Palmer, this collaboration really doesn’t come as a surprise. one of the cheerleaders saying that that was her favourite moment from Oh man, March/April is too far away, what a tease. the whole thing.” The beauty of ‘Kissing in Tutus’ is further solidified by this deeply personal recollection. Jennifer Kingwell will be launching her brand new single ‘Kissing in While ‘Kissing in Tutus’ sees its official launch on Friday October 25, Jen’s debut solo EP, The Lotus Eaters, teases us a little more with its Tutus’ at the Evelyn Hotel on Friday October 25. Her debut EP The Lotus Eaters will be released next year. release date. Expected in March, maybe even early April, The Lotus Eaters ANIMAUX Live @ The Workers Club Leah Phillips ‘Alaska’ is the latest single from Melbourne’s Animaux (pronounced teraction on ska soaked ‘Paradise’ and the popular ‘Lie To Me’ and ‘Wave an-ee-mo) produced by John Castle and Rosce James Irwin (The Cat Of Change’ had fans singing along. Mid-set they covered American Empire). The band of seven know how to pull a crowd, after countless sisters, Haim with a gutsier version of ‘The Wire’. packed out residences at The Evelyn over the past year or so. Tonight’s Animuax’s infectious tunes had people crowd surfing, jumping on gig was no exception, with the band comfortably selling out The Workers mates’ shoulders, and dancing uncontrollably. They ended their set with Club a week before the show. Come 9pm, bodies’ filled the band room the new single ‘Alaska’ featuring the best percussion instrument going to its stylishly exposed wooden rafters, and there was a distinct feeling of round, the cowbell. Before coming back for more in an encore shortly relaxed excitement among the masses. after, they rounded up the night with a huge rendition of ‘Questions & Supporting acts included self-proclaimed ‘progressive cosmic soul’ Exclamation Marks’. With members of Velma Grove and the audience band Ghost Orkid, and eight-piece folk troupe Velma Grove. There was jumping up on the tiny stage and playing whatever instruments they a bit of a sad vein through Velma Groves set, as it was the last show for a could find, or just dancing along with them. few members of the band. Nonetheless, the optimistic bunch played songs After the euphoric set, Animaux, Velma Grove and Ghost Orkid from their debut album, Older, with enthusiasm. The lush vocal har- members mingled with punters and friends, while most just headed to the monies they produce live are beautiful, led by vocalist and banjo player, bar to rehydrate. Maxie Roberts, with an Angus Stone-esque tone. Animaux hit the stage and BAM, a huge force field of happy sounds Animaux launch their EP Vale Street at The Northcote Social Club on filled the room for the solid hour-long set. You couldn’t help but be taken December 5th with Albert Salt, and are also playing at this years Inca along for the ride with the boppy, carnival-sounding sax and trumpet in- Roads Music Festival, Nov 29 - Dec 1. LOT’S WIFE EDITION 8 • 2013 41 Linh Nguyen Cut Copy’s fourth album, Free Your Mind, is a psychedelic dance record, since when you were starting out as a band? a radical celebration of youth counter-culture and the forms of cultural Dan: I think it’s changed each time we do a record, or each time we practice which develop in and around the club. I spoke to Dan Whit- come back from touring. In that sense we have quite a unique perspective ford and Mitchell Scott about their upcoming album, recording in Dave on how Melbourne’s music scene is constantly evolving. In terms of the Fridmann’s upstate New York studio, and being ‘bros’ with Alexander music that we make, when we started there wasn’t really anyone pushing Skarsgard. the boundaries of electronic music – now there’s quite a lot of people doing interesting dance music, both on a larger, more commercial scale and Lot’s Wife: I saw your D.J set with World’s End Press at Pony on a smaller one. The underground scene when we first started was really just Friday – it was great! How does it feel to play in smaller, local venues ‘indie’, so I feel that the possibilities are a lot more open now. back in Melbourne? LW: I find what is interesting about Cut Copy’s sound is that you guys Dan: I guess we spend so much time now overseas, touring, that coming have this dance, clubhouse, electro-pop vibe, but you infuse your mu- home can be a bit strange sometimes, it feels sort of like coming back sic – explicitly so on this latest album, although it’s certainly present in down to earth. In Ghost Colours and Zonoscope – with a somewhat spiritual sensibility. Mitchell: It can be quite funny. It’s just the way it works. It’s pretty cool to be able to catch a tram to the venue, or to do a show that doesn’t rely Dan: I guess the spiritual aspect is subjective; everyone has their own on any sort of grand effects, or big staging and lighting designs – you have thing which resonates with them. Making this new record, for me, one to win over a smaller crowd right from the start. of the things I found interesting was the power of dance music – and the sub-cultures surrounding it – to bring and unify people who otherwise Dan: And the music that we like are more underground and niche, so wouldn’t have that much in common together, on a dance floor, or in that they’re the kind of shows that probably we would have grown up going environment with the music when you’re there in that moment. As a to, enjoying electronic dance music live, so I guess it’s cool that we get to band, we’re trying to get back to the basics of what dance music is about, do smaller shows that are a bit more targeted, rather than playing in big what it’s been about since the 60s, 70s; the acid house days. arenas every time. The experience is different. LW: In your press release, you spoke about counter-culture revoluLW: I feel that Melbourne’s music scene in the last few years has been tions and youth movements as a theme of the album. What is the idea particularly dynamic and interesting - how do you think it has changed behind Free Your Mind? LOT’S WIFE EDITION 8 • 2013 MUSIC Dan: I’m not sure when we first became aware that there was this the- Mitchell: This one had heating. matic link between the tracks as we were writing the new record. Part of our approach to working on this record is trying to channel a time when Dan: It had heating, it had carpet - music existed more in the real world; the notion of music as a medium to push youth culture out there to actually do things, and make the world Mitchell: It was still all our own gear, so in that sense it was a similar better, even becoming a catalyst for social change. That’s not necessarily concept –a space where we could just record by ourselves. what we expect that to happen with this record, I don’t think you can pre-engineer that kind of thing – it’s more just a celebration of that idea, Dan: We spent a couple of months doing that, and then once we got that ethos. I feel the way people receive and explore music nowadays has things to a certain point we went across to the U.S to work with Dave become disengaged; it’s too easy and readily available. Fridmann in his studio in upstate New York. It was this sort of self sufficient artist commune; a house in the middle of the forest which had a LW: Where did the idea for placing huge billboards displaying the studio on the ground floor and living space upstairs. I guess the idea is that phrase “Free Your Mind” – in remote areas of the Californian desert, any band that goes there, stays there and lives there. It was something we Chile, Western Australia, Mexico City, Wales and Detroit – come had never done before, and it was a cool way to finish the record. from? It’s a very inspired concept. Mitchell: It was actually really funny, imagining bands like ‘The Flaming Mitchell: I guess that’s another extension of having things exist in the Lips’ or ‘MGMT’ actually living in the same tiny shared living space. The real world, in contrast to having things available on cue and on demand whole idea is that it’s supposed to be like a communal, collective camping in a virtual space. We had this idea of people making this mini odyssey, experience, so bands who were uncomfortable sharing rooms together, or trekking out into the desert or where ever to listen to our new track - it wanted to be divas, – well, they’re not the bands Dave wanted to be work- was putting this challenge out there for people to go out into the wilder- ing with. ness and actively experience our music. Of course it was an advertising experiment as well. Tim had always wanted to put a billboard in the Dan: It’s quite hilarious though, because they were essentially kids desert when he was an art student, and as a band we wanted to do some- bedrooms. It was great for us – cooking meals together, going grocery thing which could cover the corners of the globe. Partly, it came from a shopping together. It was like a sharehouse. place of thinking that if we could put a billboard in Sydney or Melbourne – that’s what our record label had the budget for – if we could take that LW: So I saw the film clip for ‘Free Your Mind’ – I thought it was away, and do the opposite instead, and put our billboards in the most absolute genius, simultaneously hilarious and disturbing. What was it remote, the worst ‘advertising’ locations. Rather than having a billboard like working with Alexander Skarsgard? telling you to do something, or buy something, our billboards essentially tell you nothing – it doesn’t even tell you what it is about. In essence, we Dan: Yeah, I think there are a lot of people in the same boat, including use the internet to drive people to the billboard, and flip or subvert that us. We met him when we were touring the last record. He came to one of relationship around. our shows in Rio, and the promoter was like – ‘you have to meet this guy’, so this massive Swedish man comes in and tells us how much he loves our Dan: It’s also a reflection of where we are at in this moment in time. I music. It was strange, having this guy who was obviously much more fa- think, as a band, we had become a bit bored of the way new tracks were mous than us, coming in and telling us how much of a fan he was. But we being premiered – things just came and went in the space of 24 hours. hung out with him after the show, and we just became bros after that, and Our attention span has become so short. As individuals, we are also sus- became really good friends. So when we came to be doing another clip, ceptible to that, and what’s always stuck for me are things which have an we contacted him to see if he would be interested, and he was psyched. It interesting idea behind it. So this allowed us to have some fun with new was really just another chance for us to hang out. concepts, and hopefully capture our audience’s attention as well. LW: You guys are touring at the end of the month – the U.S, and around LW: I know for your last album, Zonoscope, you shut away in an Europe, promoting your new album. How does this album differ to your industrial warehouse for a few months. What was the process behind previous ones? creating this new record? How was recording and working with Dave Dan: For this album, part of my inspiration was getting back to Mel- Fridmann in New York? bourne, and re-immersing and reconnecting with my life. I guess I fell Dan: Like last time, we set up our own space – it wasn’t a big, abandoned back in love with the idea of underground music, the scenes and sub- warehouse like the last one, it was more suited to- cultures, and we tried to connect that with our love of old school acid house, early rave culture, and dance music. LOT’S WIFE EDITION 8 • 2013 43 FILM & TV MOVIES FOR THE MODERN GRADUATE Patricia Tobin Alas, for many of us, the time remaining in this semester marks our last it can also be quite lovely and, oddly enough, fun. This black-and-white weeks as university students. The final hurdle of major essays and exams flick follows New Yorker Frances (Greta Gerwig), an aspiring dancer, will be a bittersweet experience for some, and perhaps it will venture who has trouble with money and maintaining friends. Frances is a like- towards the usual terrain of the exasperated dread for many. Later on able protagonist, and she is the kind of person that eats cereal for dinner this year, we are rewarded for passing our exams with a piece of paper and thinks it’s fine (we’ve all done that at some point). At one point, that indicates our past few years of academic achievement. But what desperate for cash, Frances returns to her former college to help out with next? Graduating is terrifying, and the “aimless grad” is an aspect we can orientation and lives in her old dorm. It is a briefly poignant moment that all identify with. While that honours option or post-graduate degree is questions if there is any real growth or change, for Frances or otherwise, looking strangely inviting at this time, maybe it would be best to grimly from undergraduate to “adult”. Frances’s character plainly shows that how confront the daunting notion of the “real world” with a little wisdom you encounter your problems as an adult is really quite similar to what you from the movies. are doing now. Frances remains hopeful throughout, which could come off as naïve, but it certainly becomes the best way for her to confront her problems. The film also has a John Hughes moment: an unexpected musical number where Frances dances down the streets of New York to David Bowie’s Modern Love. Frances Ha carries a sense of optimism and charm that Girls struggles to have, and the film is enjoyable for any graduate who wants a peek into the future; the world of a twenty-something. Liberal Arts (Josh Radnor, 2012) How I Met Your Mother’s Josh Radnor writes, directs and stars in this film as Jesse, a jaded 35-year-old college admissions officer who visits his alma mater. The almost-romance storyline between Jesse and a bright, young drama student named Zibby (Elizabeth Olsen) takes the forefront of the film, but most strikingly and endearingly, Liberal Arts displays the struggles of romanticising the past. Sure, your university experience was a blast, but leaving university has made you a different person and the community The Graduate (Mike Nichols, 1967) you were once part of is no longer there. The addictive pull of nostalgia also horrifyingly applies to many twenty-somethings of today (I’m looking As cliché as it seems, The Graduate is arguably the perfect movie for the at you, Instagram user who tags #nostalgia on #ThrowbackThursday). modern graduate. This 60s classic consists of a timid, indecisive graduate Liberal Arts earnestly shows that reminiscing the past is common for all facing the troubles of an ailing society. The themes of the film revolve of us, but perhaps looking towards the future really isn’t that bad either. around the social anxieties and stark generational differences of a pre- Also, from the title alone, Liberal Arts gives reference to great works of Vietnam America, but it can easily be applied to contemporary society. literature from Romantic poets to David Foster Wallace, which is a huge Dustin Hoffman plays Ben, a college graduate returning home in Los An- treat for English majors. However, the film is fairly problematic in its geles. He is unsure about the future, feels alienated, and appears to have portrayal of women (it fails the Bechdel test, for one), but as a delightful no plans for his life. Ben is eventually exploited, manipulated, seduced take on university, books, love and life, Liberal Arts is still a pretty great (both literally and figuratively) and betrayed by a corrupted older genera- movie for any grad. tion, symbolised by Mrs. Robinson (Anne Bancroft). The generation gap of the sixties is evidently encapsulated with Ben’s attempt to find a way to live his life, and his parents’ and Mrs. Robinson’s decadent Californian lifestyle. The Simon & Garfunkel soundtrack, of course, is remarkable. The memorable closing scene, featuring ‘The Sound of Silence’, is deeply haunting, and it precisely expresses the younger generation’s journey towards an unpredictable, ambiguous future. The Graduate captures the Frances Ha (Noah Baumbach, 2013) uncertainty that comes with youth that is undeniably relevant to our In a post-Girls world, the storyline of white, twenty-something girls who world today, and to every modern graduate too. are scrambling to find stability in their life is becoming increasingly stale. But Frances Ha reassuringly shows that while modern life can be difficult, 44 Honourable mentions: An Education (Lone Scherfig, 2009), The Breakfast Club (John Hughes, 1985). LOT’S WIFE EDITION 8 • 2013 SUBHEADING NOW YOU SEE ME Levi Truong Do you believe in Magic? of disbelief; in return for turning your brain off the film must deliver Well, no, of course not, silly fool. The point is not to believe in the magic, but to be entranced by the trickery behind the illusion. To deconstruct the process and make visible the deception would benefit no one past the initial amusement, thus making miserable geezers of us all. Now You See Me is the latest comeback (or, if you’d like, something worthwhile. So, does the film achieve this tricky equilibrium? A quick glance through recent reviews suggests the negatory, with many finding the logical leap within the mechanics of the heist too much to handle. Though this is understandable, it is unfortunate that many redemption) for director Louis Leterrier of Transporter fame and Clash have lost the ability to appreciate (or consider themselves too superior of the Titans shame. The scene opens with four self-assured, practiced for) popcorn flicks; isn’t magic itself inconsequential and, at the end of magicians/tricksters: J. Atlas (Jesse Eisenberg), the illusionist; Merritt the day, insignificant? McKinley (Woody Harrelson), a mentalist; Henley Reeves (Isla Fisher), No, I’m not advocating the perpetuation of the mindless, money- an escapist and Jack Wilder (James Franco the younger, Dave) as a churning monster that is the current Hollywood movie-making culture. sleight-of-hand pickpocket – all being recruited by a brooding, enigmatic And yes, just because you want to turn your mind off and escape doesn’t hooded figure to be part of some kind of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles mean you can. However, this is different to the critics purposeful hyper- gang. The assemblage is inexplicably titled ‘The Four Horsemen’ (so I scrutiny. It ruins the enjoyment of the film (which is rich coming from guess they’re more like Adult Magical Ninja Horses). an aspiring film critic) when one refuses to forgive the minor flaws. It’s Things get interesting for the AMNH as - now famous and funded okay to hate these films when you really can’t overlook all the gimmicks by insurance mega-millionaire Arthur Tressler (Michael Caine) - they (which is why the seasoned critics, already overexposed to many films like seemingly rob a bank in Paris and distribute the spoils to their supposedly this a year, cannot tolerate so well). But this film, I feel, has more to offer underprivileged Las Vegas audience (via bombastic cash storm). Needless in return than people realise. You’ll just have to let yourself appreciate the to say, this is all rather suspicious, and before anyone can say ‘alacazam’ magic. the Horsemen are arrested and interrogated by FBI agent Dylan Rhodes Part of the reason it was harder to notice the film’s misgivings and (Mark Ruffalo) and his new partner Alma Dray (Beginners beauty cheesiness was the acting. The ubiquitous beauty of Freeman’s melodic- Melanie Laurent). Predictably, they reveal nothing, because one must money-making voice does not require reiteration, and Michael Caine is not dishonour the Magician’s Code, so Rhodes enlists the help of a Michael Caine. Your arguments are invalid, and so are his adversaries’. magic debunker with a mystical yet pretentious name, Thaddeus Bradley Each word he says, no matter how clichéd or expository in nature, is (Morgan Freeman). Spills and thrills and clashes occur, and what was a universal truth. You, the audience, are the one who is clichéd and originally an innocent show becomes more thrilling when it appears their expository. tricks are no longer working to their advantage And that’s my point entirely. You can definitely notice the long- Throughout the film, characters warn us with a heavy heart to avoid winded exposition necessary for the audience’s understanding. And yes “com[ing] in closer, because the closer you think you are, the less you’ll you can criticise its lack of subtlety (though be kind, magic tricks are hard actually see.” In order for the film to establish some kind of believability, to explain!). But Freeman’s delivery was so natural and perfectly adapted the director must navigate between what to portray, and what to leave to the character that in the end, it doesn’t even matter. You should only to the imagination. Two fundamental questions need to be asked: Can notice the flaws because of poor movie-making, not because you are it balance realism without losing the – for lack of a better word – magic anhedonic and hypercritical. of film? To spend the entire film explaining how each trick was executed would be a bore (and perhaps not even a movie), but to then leave everything unexplained and for the audience to fill in the gaps is lazy Do you need to believe in magic to like this film? No. But you do need to give it a break. Go see it, now. But not too closely. and unrewarding. There is only so much one can expect from suspension LOT’S WIFE EDITION 8 • 2013 45 FILM & TV CLASSIC FILM REVIEW MILLION DOLLAR BABY (2004) Directed by Clint Eastwood Starring Hillary Swank, Clint Eastwood and Morgan Freeman Duncan Wallace I recently saw the new Ron Howard film, Rush, in which a devastating ac- In the early scenes, his most persistent reminder of the sport’s lasting toll cident is so well executed that it reminded me of an even more affecting is former trainee and now-employee Eddie ‘Scrap-Iron’ Dupris, played by moment on film that, too, has the brutal antagonism of sport as its central Morgan Freeman (who also lends his magnificent voice to the film’s nar- tragedy. In Million Dollar Baby, Clint Eastwood’s most important film as ration). Scrap’s partial blindness as a result of a fight where he just didn’t director, we see the thirty-something Maggie Fitzgerald (Hillary Swank) give in leaves Frankie with the indelible feeling that he’s ruined people’s rise from persistent wannabe to boxing champion, only to see her fall in lives. But the pressure from his students, who want nothing more than an aggravated incident which was at once beyond her control and seem- to fight, just keeps coming — his most successful boxer even leaves him ingly inevitable. Both films work incredibly well to show us the flimsiness because Frankie refuses to set him up for the big, but risky, champion- of safety in two ridiculously dangerous sports, but they do so in different ship fights. And Maggie, the rising amateur, constantly asks Frankie to ways. Rush positions us to see the shakiness of the Formula 1 driver in move her up the field as she stunningly dominates every match. Frankie is the heat of the moment, battling all the elements — the possibly faulty always hesitant, but he succumbs in the end. The results are brutal. mechanics of the car, the torrential weather, the sheer speed on the track It’s a careful trick of the film that we know, deep down, something that makes it impossible for us to concentrate on anything — let alone depressing is about to happen to Maggie. Frankie is too worried, too their competitors. Million Dollar Baby shows us a more direct situation, paranoid about his influence over her for there not to be a significant where opponents tackle no one and nothing but themselves. The episodes consequence. The engineering of the audience’s anticipation gives the of these sports are equally electric, but boxing for me is the more terrify- film its real weight and amplifies our eventual frustration, devastation and ing because there are no intermediary obstacles — nothing to distract the acceptance about Maggie’s injury in equal measure. The altogether nega- players from their own violence, from the possibility of their own cruelty. tive influence of Maggie’s family — first unsupportive, then indifferent Eastwood, who plays Maggie’s boxing coach Frankie, is acutely and ungrateful, and ultimately manipulative — certainly doesn’t help, but preoccupied with the idea of withdrawal. He is interested in knowing it elevates Frankie’s role in her life, and we come to identify beauty and when to call it quits, in playing a risky game carefully. But his pupils don’t tragedy in their relationship. quite see it the same way — they’re more likely to see an exit from the There is something disturbing and morbidly fascinating about box- ring for want of safety as a kind of weakness, as surrender. But Frankie’s ing that has made it the most interesting sport as a subject for film. Many regret about his perceived failures — both personal and professional — to great films, whether uplifting, depressing or some weird combination of ‘throw in the towel’ invariably informs his approach to coaching, and the two — including Scorsese’s Raging Bull, David O Russel’s The Fighter ultimately makes his role in the film’s final moments all the more chilling. and Jacques Audiard’s Rust and Bone — have explored ideas of heal- 46 LOT’S WIFE EDITION 8 • 2013 FILM & TV ing, injury and obsession through a vigorous focus on boxing as a sport soberly reminds us of an inconvenient truth: that this conduct is a deplor- that can destroy its competitors. But these films also show us that these able, but maybe unavoidable, by-product of a sport premised on inflicting competitors can be remarkable people — people with relentless determi- physical injury. nation, a fascinating appetite for combat, and overpowering self-belief. Scrap is the only person who can rationalise the whole thing and Million Dollar Baby presents to us both the allure of the sport and a dark come to some sort of peace about it. He tries to comfort Frankie and give caution about its frightening risks. We always see these things together: him perspective about his sense of responsibility for Maggie’s condition. scenes of Maggie’s charming and magnetic rise, performed impeccably by Scrap’s thoughts give us a painful but honest account of the desperation Hillary Swank, interrupted by those of Frankie’s tormented reflections, and joy with which Maggie and all boxers alike hope to find success in presented by that characteristic Eastwood expression. It should be said, their sport: though, that Maggie’s (successful) fights are truly the most entertaining “It was because of you that she was fighting the championship of and even comic scenes of the film. The film doesn’t downplay the ‘magic’ the world. You did that. People die everyday, Frankie — mopping floors, of boxing; it even goes to poetic lengths to explain it to us. washing dishes and you know what their last thought is? I never got my Scrap says the ‘magic’ about the sport lies in ‘fighting battles beyond endurance, beyond cracked ribs … risking everything for a dream that nobody sees but you’. Maggie clearly feels the same way, but her passion shot. Because of you Maggie got her shot. If she dies today you know what her last thought would be? I think I did all right.” The film presents this as a persuasive interpretation — a feasible for the sport is further founded in a kind of all-or-nothing choice. Maggie translation of the American Dream to boxing — but it doesn’t, I think, sees boxing as her way out of everything. Her charming personality and give us enough cause to accept it outright. Yes, it shows us these pictures optimism is never enough to hide her deep dissatisfaction with her life of Maggie running up and down the beach, relentlessly training herself to outside the sport. Eastwood sets up a decision where the allure of the impress Frankie, but it also leaves us with Frankie as a deeply tormented, game is the trump card in Maggie’s decision. This is not to say that the ‘lost’ man. It is a measure of the film that it doesn’t try to assuage our sport vitiates her career choices, but simply to stress that the film high- moral qualms about Frankie’s final actions or to condemn our possible lights something disarming about sports, even those which are the closest sympathy for them. It simply leaves us in a position without clear answers, to unrestrained physical combat — to fighting, pure and simple. And it and where, unusually, you might even find yourself watching all of the is Maggie’s attraction to the sport which makes the incident, arising out credits, listening to the slow piano-chord soundtrack, trying to come to of her opponent’s malicious conduct, all the more painful. To be sure, the terms with everything that just happened. film makes us feel truly great anger about the opponent, but it equally and PERFORMING ARTS SEARCHING FOR THE MOUNTAINTOP David Nowak Well, I don’t know what will happen now. We’ve got some difficult days ahead. But it doesn’t really matter with me now. Because I’ve been to the mountaintop. I don’t mind. Like anybody, I would like to live - a long life; longevity has its place. But I’m not concerned about that now. I just want to do God’s will. And He’s allowed me to go up to the mountain. And I’ve looked over. And I’ve seen the Promised Land. I may not get there with you. But I want you to know tonight, that we, as a people, will get to the Promised Land. So I’m happy, tonight. I’m not worried about anything. I’m not fearing any man. Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord. -Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. On 4 April, 1968, Dr Martin Luther King Jr. gave his last speech. We I feel like the message that the playwright has given in the play is very know that on that night he went to stay at a motel where he is believed much based Dr. King’s own thoughts and ideas about where society needs to have formed an intimate relationship with a maid there. The following to be and needs to grow, and his struggles and his battles through that day, he was assassinated on his balcony. whole period of time, and there’s a lot of factual information in the play Katrori Hall came at this history with an imaginative gaze, creat- as well about things that had happened and trials and tribulations. I feel ing a tale of that night based on what we know about the personalities like I’m playing the man. I feel like I’m playing the man going through of those two figures. It’s a strange mix of fictionalisation and reality – not knowingly – the last couple of hours of his life and where he might which he turned into a play called The Mountaintop. Now, it hasn’t yet have been at that point in time. At times it can be kind of overwhelming been released here in Melbourne, but had a humble location in Theatre when you’re standing there and you’re saying particular words and you 503 in London before being noticed, and moved on to the West End to can only imagine what that would have felt like for him to say, and it can receive critical acclaim. I hear good things about it, and it sounds like a be really beautiful”. fascinating idea, but it’s hard to really appreciate this if the cast are being And then I hear a few small details, and it’s cast on a stormy night. so secretive about the plot. Under the direction of Alkinos Tsilimidos, There are incredibly intimate scenes which build up to its climax with Melbourne Theatre Company’s Bert LaBonté and Zahra Newman are added flairs. King himself seems to be on a pedestal of greatness, regard- bringing this work to the city in November, and I got them both to open less of the possible affair. One might think the play was in danger of up where they could. dehumanising their key star through the dramatic necessities of a play. Newman, as polite and good natured as she was, went on to tell me However, LaBonté has his only feelings about the role here. “The play about just as much as a PR release will on this point: “It is a playwright makes him more like one of us. Without giving anything away, you’ll see musing on ‘what if’, you know, or what would it have been like for – you moments of the man that we knew and we witnessed and we have footage know, no one actually knows.” I turned my hand over to LaBonté: if it of now, but the play, most of the time, is about the man not many people was fiction, did he feel he was playing a character or King himself? When got to see – the human being not many people got to see – as opposed to so little is known about King’s personal life, how can you enter that the ‘superstar’”. mindset? It’s a superstar sized pair of shoes to be filled by an actor, and La- Maybe it was the recitals doing it, but LaBonté answered back in another American slanted voice: “I feel like I’m playing a real person and 48 Bonté admits that he didn’t take on the role without a sense of daunting. “If someone asks you to play Martin Luther King, there’s a pretty simple LOT’S WIFE EDITION 8 • 2013 PERFORMING ARTS answer to that one,” he says with a laugh before going into detail. “It was having a group energy. This project, The Mountaintop, is more refined and a quick, ‘Yes’, and then it was a, ‘Oh, hang on. Ahhhh… No, of course. honed. In this one you have to have laser precision in where you direct Yes, of course I can do that.’ I mean, it’s a huge honour and a privilege your energy … The Mountaintop [has] more given circumstances, more and … I’ve gone through the whole scale of crapping my pants, but it was specifics in terms of context, time, place, just where these characters are, a no-brainer. When I read the script – I read the script over a year ago – how they speak, there’s a lot more guidelines. It is quite a different charac- and I loved the message in the story. When I knew it was going to be with ter. This character’s a lot more fiery and spicy. I’d say they’re a lot more in Zahra, I had no qualms the whole time with taking it on.” control of their sexuality than Varia [her previous character] was.” For co-star Newman, it was entirely about the merit of the script LaBonté himself has transferred from screen time on ABC’s Middle itself: “… [R]eading the script, it’s very playful. When you read it, it’s kind Class Bogan and playing Rupert. “The whole thing’s been a big transition of like, ‘Oh, I really want to be doing that.’ I really … want to be engaged for me,” he tells me. “Like Zahra was saying, we were both in quite large in that story. So for me that was the biggest part in taking it on. And also, ensemble casts, in kind of long, muscular types ways. But then we come in knowing that Bert would be a part of it and knowing that we have a social to this, which is a lot more intimate, and … the intensity factor certainly and a personal relationship just kind of blends itself to making something ramps up ten-fifteen degrees, because it’s just the two of us on stage and like doing an intense two-hander about a famous public figure – the it’s ninety minutes and it’s condensed and it’s got to run at a certain feroc- friendship that we have – makes doing something like that much easier, ity so that it can continue to build and build and build into the climax of and makes it fun to kind of embark on”. the play”. Newman herself has just come off of a successful run of Chekhov’s Little in the nature of context to work with, but there certainly The Cherry Orchard and admits that it has been a big change in gears seems to be a lot of secrets hiding in the periphery. All I can say is that moving into this play. “I think the biggest shift really is the shift in energy it’ll be interesting to see the answers described on stage when we see the and how to focus energy … The Cherry Orchard was such an ensemble play open on November 6. piece and that was a large focus in how we made the work and ultimately what ended up being on stage was very much driven by the ensemble and Images: MTC Pam Kleemann LOT’S WIFE EDITION 8 • 2013 49 PERFORMING ARTS BRING IT INTO FOCUS: FESTIVAL WRAP UP Patricia Tobin For the past thirty years, the Melbourne Fringe Festival has been a proud Melbourne Fringe's cabaret performances were simply superb as well. supporter of independent arts and this year was no different. Melbourne In Here Comes Your Man, MUST's Alex Roe played an assassin that dealt Fringe 2013 was a fantastic fourteen days packed with more than 3400 with the grim matters of death, while still keeping an appealing touch artists who performed, exhibited, explored and created a diverse range by singing the blues and, unexpectedly, Portishead. The notion of “girl of works in over 100 venues. This year's Fringe also entered the digital power” ruled, but not in a corny Spice Girls way, with Lady Sings It Better. realm, with the Digital Gardens initiative – a pop-up space that consisted Defying gender expectations, the girl group took on the most misogynistic of an immersive multiplayer game designed by Wander, a Melbourne- songs by male musicians (Shaggy's It Wasn't Me, anyone?) and re- based gaming developer. Donning virtual reality headgear, players could invented them as a high energy, feminist cabaret. In A Singer Must Die, become a walking tree, a flying gryphon, or other characters to explore a Melissa Langton tells amusing stories and sweet lullabies of aspiration virtual world (I'd like to testify that it's not as lame as it sounds and was in between her powerhouse performance of captivating songs. The 2013 in fact, really fun). Fringe Furniture, a design exhibition, included twice Fringe Winner of Best Cabaret, This is Why We Can't Have Nice Things, as many works as last year, and presented refreshingly innovative works. featured Gillian Cosgriff producing original songs on very relatable topics Melbourne Fringe also heralded the best in independent Australian comedy, which included standup from Dave Callan, Adam Knox, Khaled Kalafalla and my personal favourite, Luke McGregor. McGregor’s best for the modern twenty-something: drunk texts, disgusting ex-boyfriends and social humiliation. Never hesitant in exploring the unconventional, Melbourne known for his awkward OCD persona, and his endearing performance was Fringe theatre was also truly memorable. MKA: Theatre of New Writing utterly hilarious. Sketch comedy was not to be missed either, as the end- presented startling productions, like the pulp-violence play Kids Killing lessly energetic Wizard Sandwiches won the Fringe 2013 People's Choice Kids, which won the Fringe 2013 award of Best Experimental Perfor- Award. The Experiment clumsily meshed together different comic styles mance. Also under MKA, Mark Wilson starred in Unsex Me, a riveting into an alternative comedy club of sorts. The highlight was comedian gender-bending solo performance which culminated in a shockingly Oliver Clark, a pale caricature of a cheesy 70s TV presenter, reading love disturbing scene involving a microphone. The Fringe 2013 winner of the poetry to a sandwich, only to become increasingly aroused and subse- Tour Ready Award, FOMO, featured Zoe McDonald who played several quently stuffing the sandwich down his pants. Comedy, eh? A more solid characters discussing social anxiety, the fear of missing out. McDonald comedy performance was Radio Variety Hour, a show that satirised a 1950s was an engaging performer, but the subject quickly wore thin. Innovation radio experience with its bad sound effects and cliché “lady detective” in Theatre Award Fringe 2013 winner, Black Faggot was a bittersweet and story pieces. Backed by a ten-piece band, Kai Smythe starred in Hairy poignant production about homosexuality set in New Zealand's migrant Soul Man, where he blasted through some righteous soul music. Smythe Pacific Islands communities. Spoken-word show Love in the Key of Britpop was slightly lacking in charisma, but he ended the night with a hysterical followed Emily Andersen falling in love against a backdrop where the rendition of the viral hit, Ain't Nobody Got Time For That. Parodies of Blur vs. Oasis battle is still very much alive. Lastly, A Chekhov Triptych popular culture appeared to be a common theme as well. Stephen Hall consisted of three of Chekhov's one-act plays. The show exquisitely re- pulled off quite a feat, doing a One Man Lord of the Rings, Indiana Jones- produced Chekhov's signature vaudevilles, with an undertone of pathos. style, in Raiders of the Temple of Doom's Last Crusade. The most talked- Without forgetting its compelling visual arts exhibitions, such as about parody of Melbourne Fringe was arguably Wolf Creek: the Musical. 101 Vagina Book, a decent range of live art including the award-winning With its low-budget props and amateur singing, the musical humorously Confetti, and some pretty remarkable performances from the circus, mocked the Australian horror film. Another personal favourite of mine dance and kids, this year's Melbourne Fringe was definitely one of the was Winter is Coming, a Game of Thrones parody that was highly absurd, best. With such bold plays, engrossing performances and riotous comedy, insanely manic and extremely funny. it is hard to imagine how next year's Fringe would beat this. 50 LOT’S WIFE EDITION 8 • 2013 PERFORMING ARTS MELBOURNE FRINGE FESTIVAL REVIEWS It’s Happening in the Space Between My Face and Yours sound designer James Hogan, who successfully matched the audience’s eardrums and heart rates with the characters’. I’m not saying it’s the most polished piece of theatre – it’s not. Some Hannah Barker scenes were rather clunky, and some characters appeared two-dimensional There is theatre that and under-developed. That said, the entire cast was infuriatingly attrac- makes you want to see tive so I’m willing to suggest that these flaws were merely representative more theatre. There is of the kind of ungainly squalor and haughty individuals that every good theatre that makes you Reeking of poeticism and finesse, the script was penned by the theatre. There is theatre talented and charming Izzy Roberts-Orr, who, whilst gratified with the that makes you want to production, promises to take the show back to the workshop for reinvig- design more theatre. There is theatre that makes you want to write more oration before a second season sometime in the future or so. theatre. Izzy Roberts Orr’s It’s Happening in the Space Between My Face and Yours is theatre that makes you want to do a little bit of each. When a young woman named Jack goes missing from her innerMelbourne share house, her roommates are at a loss. They can’t contact Surreal and visceral, It’s Happening in the Space Between My Face and Yours is at its core an exploration of sex and death, à la hipsterdom. The tagline says it best: “We love. We fuck. We live. We survive. We’re afraid.” their friend. They can’t pay the rent. They can’t resolve their various sexual tensions. They can’t deal with the vacuous RIP messages their acquaintances are posting on Facebook. They can’t ride their fixies too far Gouti: The God of Them All at night, can’t roll their cigarettes, can’t fill the void. They can’t drink the Hannah Barker soymilk because the replacement roomie is relentlessly stealing it. Said soy-thief can’t even describe the new musical direction his band is taking. I honestly do Meanwhile, the audience is sporadically confronted by a sullen- not have the faced Jack (Jennifer Speirs), back from beyond the grave to deliver words to accu- ever-more graphic monologues on her experience of death. The stage rately describe is also flanked constantly by two ever-vigilant, ever-scathing ‘wolves’ the spectacle (Tom Molyneux & Meagan Lawrie), who wait their turn to spit threats that is Gouti: and obscenities that embody the sense of fear permeating through the The God of story. Mesmerising and penetrative, they might be distracting were their Them All. A Co-presented by MUST and Spare Room, It’s Happening ran as part combination of musical comedy and absurdist theatre, Gouti (pronounced of the Fringe Festival at Sketch and Tulip Café/Bar in North Melbourne. GOO-TEE) is a strange, boisterous adventure among the mythical Span- The upstairs space lent itself to the dingy rawness of the show. Precarious ish gods. It’s as charming as it is peculiar, and probably broaches some piles of chairs in either corner of the stage sank into the brick backdrop sincere issues to do with human eccentricity - but I just can’t be sure. seamlessly, and the transformative door cum table cum bed looked as if it Performed at The Owl and the Pussycat in Richmond, in a cramped, belonged to the venue. Dim lighting threw appropriately eerie shadows cement space (which is actually cosier that it sounds), Gouti’s cast mem- across the floorboards, and across an LED sign to one side of the set ran a bers outnumbered the audience on the evening I attended (other nights series of alternately lyrical and blunt observations relating to each scene were sold out, though). Despite the scale and flamboyance of the show, (because what’s a Fringe show without a bit of Brecht?) the intimate setting played to its advantage, heightening its melodrama First-time director Nick Fry, also responsible for the lighting and set design, deserves commendation for his efforts, and kudos similarly go to and absurdism tenfold. It also allowed for close admiration of the array of crude and colourful costumes. LOT’S WIFE EDITION 8 • 2013 51 PERFORMING ARTS Gouti was written, composed and starred in by VCA graduate – never mind if he’s decked out in a blue Lycra suit and an aluminium foil Joachim Coghlan. The show was originally presented as part of Mel- helmet. But Marek Platek says his suggestive show is all part of physical bourne Uni’s Mudfest in 2011. Back then though, it comprised a mere comedy. single act. In its current manifestation, the story spreads across three increasingly farcical parts. In the first we meet El Todopoderoso (Christopher Nye), also known as The God of Them All, in his school for nursery “I like to involve myself in the jokes and physically just go really over the top.” Worm Hole is Platek’s third show, performed at North Melbourne’s rhyme composition in Spain. Little Juan (Coghlan) is El Todopoderoso’s Club Voltaire, as part of the Melbourne Fringe Festival. The performance prized student, and all is well amongst the gods. That is until Gouti centred on the adventures of a time traveller from a distant future, ruled (Emily Brown) shows up with her raucously uncouth verses to usurp not by Poland, whose actions inconceivably change the past, but not in the only Little Juan’s rank but also his wife Anita Bonita Maraca Alpaca way Hollywood blockbusters would have us imagine. (Jessica Harris), and becomes co-God of Them All at the insistence of El Todopoderoso (or something to that effect). “Some people often have the idea of going back and changing things, their mistakes or changing the past to make a better world,” Platek says. Following an odd battle in which Gouti and Little Juan each sum- Worm Hole tosses the heroic time traveller cliché aside. Platek’s un- mon the protagonists of their rhymes, respectively the Triple-Breasted named character spends much of his time bragging about life in the future Whore and a giant spider named Pepito (both marvellously constructed and his only notable contribution is changing the price of dim sims. puppets), and let them battle it out like Pokémon, Little Juan is banished “It’s quite funny because people will expect the show to be like Back to New Zealand for the second act. There he meets Tharbor and Aranel to the Future when Marty McFly goes back in time to save Doc Brown, (James Brooks & Holly Sharpe), who suspiciously resemble certain elfin whereas I go back in time and change the past by accidently increasing characters from Lord of the Rings, and their friend Guimo (Christian Gil- the price of dim sims. They go from 50 cents to 90 cents,” he says. lett), who happens to be the New Zealand God of Them All and Gouti’s twin brother. A fast food price hike is hardly irreversible damage, but travelling back in time to meet, and have sex with, his past self, inevitably leads to After a further hour-and-a-half of baffling absurdity, striking operatic Platek nursing a broken heart. composition, anarchic dance breaks and impossible subplots, Little Juan But he dismisses the intimate moments with himself onstage as and Guimo eventually return to Spain to resolve their differences with worm hole-induced tangents, saying excessive time travel fried his charac- The God(s?) of Them All in the only partially-scripted third act, and ter’s mind. “There are a lot of tangents but I blame them on the worm- they all live happily ever after – except for Little Juan, who is tragically hole, because one of the side effects of travelling through a wormhole, as a killed. use of time travel, is you come out with wormholes in your brain,” he says. Scattered with references not only to Lord of the Rings and Pokémon but also Sweeney Todd, Avatar, The Princess Bride, Wicked (The Musical) and countless other anomalous pop culture fixtures, Gouti is tre- Even when armed with his exaggerated swagger, Platek’s character was at times upstaged by his own obscenely skin tight, blue Lycra suit. But the suit itself has a history: it’s featured in both of its wearer’s mendously postmodern. But its interactivity and constant self-reflexivity previous shows. For Platek this was reason enough to bring the suit back don’t distract from the sheer talent of the cast. There is more than one set for his third stint at the Melbourne Fringe Festival. of remarkable, classically trained vocal chords among the ensemble, with “My first show was called Adventures in the Blue Lycra Suit and I re- special mentions going to Nye, Harris, Gillett and Sharpe. Similarly, the ally wanted to bring that suit back because one of the characters in Party small orchestra, comprised of a piano, a saxophone, a flute, a guitar and at My House, my show last year, is called Domestos the Acid Fairy and he an accordion, offers a rather impressively composed addition. wears the suit. People love the suit,” he says. My overall opinion of the show is quashed somewhat by the fact People might love the suit, but they also love Platek. He’s recently that I still haven’t quite figured out what exactly I witnessed, but I did acquired his first diehard fans, a young couple from Brunswick who attend leave with a head sore from befuddlement and a stomach sore from laugh- nearly every show. It’s a small following and his shows never sell out, but ter, which I suppose can only be a nod toward Gouti’s narrative complex- the man in the blue Lycra suit isn’t fazed. Even when faced with an audi- ity and comedic triumph. (Image: Raquel Betiz) ence of just eight, he was unperturbed and began to jokingly spruik his character’s new book, complete with an impressive mock cover. In Club Voltaire’s foyer Platek is warm and engaging, happy to com- Worm Hole pete with the loud screams heralding the show before his that evening. Emma Nobel It becomes clear how much time he has invested into Worm Hole when Platek explains the popularity of the sci-fi genre, his speech is littered It takes a certain degree of self-confidence for a per- with scientific terms and sci-fi jargon. “There’s the theory of general relativity and all these scientific former to simulate having formulas that show that wormholes can exist. Things like time travel, sex with himself on stage parallel universes, warp speed and the speed of light. I think people’s 52 LOT’S WIFE EDITION 8 • 2013 PERFORMING ARTS imaginations can always relate to that as a really great basis for stories and “Those friendships are built on trust, truths and courage. movies. You can do anything with sci-fi.” “But coming out to the media is a different story.” “I’ve done a fair bit of research about time travel and parallel universes, but I didn’t want it to be too science-orientated,” he says. It’s not easy juggling a full-time job with Fringe Festival commitments, but Platek’s day job isn’t something you’d expect either. “You’ve got to do everything; I’m my own producer and I work full The issue of homosexuality in sports has long been very controversial, especially in the media. Long have gay rights advocates espoused ideas of equality, but it has been a slower process for these ideas to merge with the mainstream values of society. This could be as sport has so long been seen as highly masculine in nature. time as well...I’m a land surveyor, so I stand behind the instrument on With mounting pressure on all sporting codes to become more in- the tripod and I’m constantly talking to myself, just pushing buttons and clusive of gay athletes, there has also been much public debate surround- thinking up ideas for shows.” ing the culture of sport and whether there is the support for gay players to Next year the stand up comedian, who earned his stripes hosting feel safe coming out trivia nights for six years, plans to employ his own producer and take Worm Hole to the Melbourne Festival. The low point of this ongoing debate was when former AFL player Jason Akermanis, in a 2010 column in the Herald Sun, warned gay AFL If you’ve ever wondered what those people with tripods on the side players who were thinking of coming out to “forget about it”. of the road are doing, they’re probably writing comedy shows. There has, however, been some hope in the likes of Jason Ball, the 24-year-old footballer at the Yarra Glen Football Club in the Yarra Valley Mountain District Football League who came out, first to his teammates The Sheds According to Cunningham, “Homosexuality in sports… differs from sport to sport. Australian Rules “The culture of diving was an open enough environment for Mat- football is one of thew Mitcham to come out, but it would be very different for an AFL or the most watched NRL player who wanted to do the same.” and most masculine Originally written as a screenplay with sixteen characters and the sports, and is one of intention of making it into a short film, Cunningham instead chose to only few sporting codes in the country to not have an openly gay athlete; turn it into a stage play and had to eliminate a lot of elements to the the issue of tackling homophobia in AFL has long been a highly conten- story. tious issue. “For the stage version I really wanted a private fly-on-the-wall The Sheds, writer/director James Cunningham’s contribution to this year’s Melbourne Fringe Festival, attempts to address the homosexuality in AFL and the wider world of sports. locker room experience, so I got rid of anyone who wasn’t a footy player, like the coach and the players’ managers,” says Cunningham. The cast was narrowed down to four people, but unluckily an un- This one-hour long three-man play depicts the story of Darren Anderson (Patrick Chirico), the star player for the fictional Fitzroy Fighters who comes out to the media with grand hopes of being accepted by his teammates and fans. committed actor left Cunningham to remove a character altogether until the cast was made up of “a protagonist, an antagonist and a narrator.” The use of a narrator is somewhat perplexing and jarring, as it interrupts the action and gives information that is unnecessary for understand- “While the topic of how public figures ‘come out’ in the media and how it’s received is something that interests me, locker room culture is ing the play. The masculinity and testosterone-fuelled environment of the locker something that I love to observe and study” says Cunnigham on what room is conveyed through unrestrained bouts of swearing and unashamed inspired him to write The Sheds. nudity. Loud and vulgar and, literally, in your face (an audience member “Men can act very different in the locker room.” in the front row shielded her face when one of the nude actors had a faux- Set entirely within the confines of a locker room, The Sheds looks shower right in front of her) the performance is a stark contrast with the at how Darren’s teammates Liam and Jimmy (Ludwik Exposto and Andii Mulders, respectively) react to the news of his homosexuality. Liam is the typical can-do-no-wrong team captain who openly accepts Darren’s sexuality, whereas Jimmy is an irrational and mentally troubled teammate who reacts with a mixture of anger, for not being told by Darren earlier and jealousy, for his new media fame. sensitive nature of the issue it addresses. Unfortunately a cliché twist at the play’s conclusion seems to counteract Cunningham’s intention of portraying the reactions of straight males to news of their teammates homosexuality. What promises to be a “controversial examination of mateship and masculinity”, the ambitious and experimental The Sheds falls short of any “If a player were to come out years after all the other players had such expectations and fails to leave any lasting impression on the audience. formed close bonds with him, then all the trust is broken, suspicion is born, and many close fraternal bonds have to be rebuilt,” he says. LOT’S WIFE EDITION 8 • 2013 53 I said nothing for a moment and then raised my voice. ‘I know,’ I said, ‘but then again neither are you.’ Joshua Reinders He shook his head and tapped the darkly glowing collar around his neck. ‘I got the clearance, asshole. Curfew don’t apply to me.’ The man stuck the cigarette back between his lips and switched I limped towards a couple of nearby ground cars and went around one of on the lighter and then held the flame to the end of the cigarette. He them jiggling the doorhandles. The front passenger door clicked open and took a puff and blew out a plume of smoke. ‘You going to show yourself al- I smiled, punched the air and clambered in. I pulled the door shut behind ready,’ he asked, ‘or am I going to have to call down a couple pain-givers?’ me. Inside it was dark. The windscreen and the car windows were I held my hands in the air and stood up and took a couple of steps towards him. ‘If it’s all the same to you,’ I said, ‘I’d rather this busi- opaque with grime. A pair of fluffy dice dangled from the rear-view mirror ness just stay between us.’ and a knife with dry blood on the blade lay on the dashboard. I grabbed the knife and slipped it into my pocket, then unwound the pair of fluffy way? Something got you tired of living all of a sudden?’ dice from the rear-view mirror and threw them onto the back seat. ‘Something like that,’ I replied as I held out my wrists. He took another puff of the cigarette and then flicked it to the I leaned over and felt around underneath the steering wheel. He turned and looked at me. ‘What you doing out here, any- There was no ring of keys hanging out of the ignition. I sighed, sat back ground and grinded it into the dirt with the toe of his boot. ‘This the first and closed my eyes. time you ever been caught?’ he said as he unlooped a pair of shackles from * Something boomed in the distance and echoed nearby. I gasped and sat ‘Yes.’ up, listened for a moment. I pressed a button on the door beside me so that when I jiggled the doorhandle the door did not budge. other onto my wrists. ‘You won’t feel a thing, really,’ he said. ‘You’ll just wake up a couple days from now in one of them rehab facilities, maybe I clicked open the glovebox. In it were a couple of manuals and He grinned then and snapped first one shackle and then the a plastic bag full of some small round objects. I pulled out the plastic bag with an ache in your head at the most—just like any other bender you and pushed the glovebox shut and then laid the plastic bag on my lap and ever woke up from, only without all the fun parts beforehand.’ tore it open. The small round objects were stupe cartridges. I picked one out and twisted off the cap and stared at the needle for a moment, and then I pulled up my sleeve and felt a sting as I pricked my inner elbow and squeezed the cartridge. My arm tingled and went numb. The cartridge rolled out of my hand. My eyelids drooped shut and my chin hit my chest. Everything disappeared. The next morning I was crouching next to a boulder in the middle of a Amelia Moulis desert plain and the sky above me was grey and sunless. A pair of headlights appeared on the horizon. It was a limou- sine. It glided soundlessly across the plain and then slowed not far away Tillie’s life—her life on Kangaroo Island—had been eleven years of un- from the boulder and stopped. tempered blue: azure sky, cobalt sea and the iridescent blues of the bush. From the beach, the seals bellowed on the sand, beckoned to Tillie, sing- A door on it opened and a man with a moustache stepped out. He shut the door behind him and glanced around and then slapped the ing: Come to the water, come in the waves, come Tillie. She spent hours roof of the limousine and watched as it turned around and started gliding in the surf every day on the other side of the island, away from their calls. back towards the horizon. At night, from her bedroom in the Park Rangers’ hut—the closest hut to Seal Bay—she fell asleep to their songs pouring through the garden with The man took a lighter and a cigarette packet out of his pocket. He slid out a cigarette and stuck it between his lips and then slipped the cigarette packet back into his pocket. He raised the lighter. the sea breeze, rusting all the hinges. On the nights when it was most still, her Dad sometimes tiptoed ‘Hey, you!’ I shouted. in, a silhouette against the hallway light, and they would steal out the The man lowered the lighter and plucked the cigarette from his backdoor with Liam, the fly screen rapping shut behind them. They crept lips. He took a couple of steps towards where he must have thought I was on through the paperbarks and the eucalypts of the bush track, past the hiding. ‘Whoever you are,’ he shouted, ‘you ain’t supposed to be out here banksias and the wattles on the dunes, until their feet squeaked against 54 LOT’S WIFE EDITION 8 • 2013 CREATIVE SPACE the dry white sand glowing under the metallic light of the moon. They would sit together at the top of the beach and feel the salt hitting their pores and tightening the skin across their foreheads. With the high tide lapping out across the shore, they watched the seal pups sleeping, waddling, waiting for their mums to return with food and to rest with them. LITERARY NOTES Thomas Wilson WRITING WISDOM: ZADIE SMITH ‘You know, this colony has five percent of all the world’s sea lions,’ Dad whispered morsels of trivia. ’And eighty-five percent of the world’s • When still a child, make sure you read a lot of books. Spend more time sea lion population is here in South Australia, that’s something to be doing this than anything else. proud of, hey?’ • When an adult, try to read your own work as a stranger would read it, Dad’s pride was endless; he’d never left Australia and he never or even better, as an enemy would. wanted to. He was a Park Ranger, the same as Mum. They’d met on the • Don’t romanticise your ‘vocation’. You can either write good sentences island and had never before felt the need to leave the bay. or you can’t. There is no ‘writer’s lifestyle’. All that matters is what you ‘There’s one of the mums,’ Dad would say, animated leave on the page. He pointed as the mums wobbled and tottered, rocking their flippers • Avoid your weaknesses. But do this without telling yourself that the up the shore to their pups and curling their necks around each other— things you can’t do aren’t worth doing. Don’t mask self-doubt with Hey there, I missed you—the mums gently licking the chocolate fur atop contempt. the pups, combing stray hairs flat on their crowns. • Leave a decent space of time between writing something and editing it. ‘Look kids, she’s been out fishing,’ he’d say as the pups greedily ate the fish. • Avoid cliques, gangs, groups. The presence of a crowd won’t make your writing any better than it is. When they returned to bed, their bodies calm with the rolling tide, • Work on a computer that is disconnected from the internet. specks of sand and broken shells were coarse across their skin. The frag- • Protect the time and space in which you write. Keep everybody away ments fixed to their sheets, to their legs, and stayed there until the sheets from it, even the people who are most important to you. were washed and made fresh once again. • Don’t confuse honours with achievement. The sand of the desert was different to the sand of the sea. Desert • Tell the truth through whichever veil comes to hand — but tell it. sand was chalky, the granules smaller and finer. On the road from Ad- • Resign yourself to the lifelong sadness that comes from never being elaide to Alice Springs, where they stopped for a break, resting on the side satisfied. of the road, Tillie sat and ran her hands through the earth. The sand was more silky than coarse there, and it ran between her fingers, in the gaps PUBLISHING NEWS AND BLUES from where her palm split off into five. The remains of the earth stuck to her palms, gripped her skin, but when she wiped her hands on her shirt, Everybody, Ebooks! After JB Hifi started selling ebooks a few months ago, the particles turned to dust, red handprints smeared on her stomach, it seems everyone is getting on the bandwagon. Similar to major chains in vastly different to the harder, scratching sand of Seal Bay. The sand at the United Kingdom, Big W has started selling ebooks through Overdrive Seal Bay seemed more real to her; it turned your skin into a raw, blushing and Google has launched ebookstores in New Zealand a handful of Asian red when you rubbed against it. You could feel it press into your skin, feel countries. it sting, as opposed to the artificial colour, the dyes of the desert, ready to Ama-zing: Andrew Wylie, a literary agent who was in partnership be wiped away. with Amazon, has outright told publishers to reject them. Asked in an The rains arrived the day after they got to Alice Springs. Tillie woke interview for New Republic what it would take for him to sell a book early to the cool desert morning, dark shadows still draped over the room, through the retailer he said, ‘If one of my children were kidnapped and the air still. She slipped out from under her covers and over to Liam, they were threatening to throw a child off a bridge and I believed them, I careful not to wake him. She stole a glance at Liam’s eyes, still closed, his might.’ Harsh, but fair? chest rising, falling. Tillie lay still beside him and tried to sleep but the raindrops began to whisper above her head, louder, still louder, until they REFINING READS were yelling into the room. ’Do you think about it much?’ Liam asked, barely audible above the rain. Your choice. This may seem like a bit of a cop out, but truly the best way to learn how to write better is to emulate the best. Get out your favourite ‘Think about what?’ Tillie asked, but she knew. book, re-read it and find out exactly why. Write out the start of a scene ‘Home,’ he said, eyes still closed. ‘Dad.’ and try and finish it in a way that would remain consistent to the voice of The door creaked open and the crown of Mum’s head appeared at the author. Alternatively, read books recommended by friends and family the door, her new husband behind her. and work out why they love it. You can never read enough. LOT’S WIFE EDITION 8 • 2013 55 THE RAINDROP SWIRLS DOWN FROM THE SKY Balraj Singh Saini POETRY The Raindrop swirls down from the sky Riding on the wind’s stable curls – The gentle tapping of the tender water A giant rainbow beneath it unfurls. SUNSET Ravena Anjalee The thrilling lights of the night-time sky Across the pale canvas, a stroke of deep red Play a game so queer. The colour of the liquid that spills when we’ve bled The magic of the earth unfolds The orange follows on, not a second in advance To all who are eager to hear. Twisting with the red, they merge and they dance The drums of the sky remind us Yellow cascades down, filling in the gaps And celebration of freedom in equality, That the world is very odd The last remains of canvas it holds and it traps A destiny forged by fire The strong waves of the sea affirm Red, orange, yellow painted with such grace When it formed a symbol of humanity. With its ever firm nod. Every inch is covered, not the slightest pale space The globe is indeed a very strange place. Then upon this image another colour creeps A life blessed with pain and agony A place where you and I survive. The darkest of them all slowly and softly seeps But ruled by hope. A place where love begets denial. The black of the shadows created by the light An inspiration is born A place where foul’s in the jive!. Draws pictures so familiar, all those in our sight From the womb of liberty. A place where one man struggles to walk A solid heavy contrast against the radiant sky Like a hidden volcano, they erupt And another drives a car. Creatures of the land and even birds up so high In spontaneity, A place where people starve, but donate Trees, plants, flowers, natures little gifts Where endless imaginations are mixed with fire. Their money to wage a War. As the light below moves, and dances and shifts Like a rampaging river, they flow A place where fair is only a color It’s a beauty so exquisite, a wonder of the earth But not a deed to man. One that can’t be matched in splendour or in worth Poetic disturbances! A place where lies fetch more amnesties The beauty of the sky, when the sun says goodnight Like lightning, they strike Than a thousand truths ever can. As it slowly then descends and sinks from our sight And burn the cores of all hearts. A place where power defeats love Just before it’s dark, before the darkness falls When the rhythms of the winds And hatred rules the day. Between the sun and moon, the sky loudly calls Compel rogue waves to dance. A place where man bequests treachery Once a bare canvas, so still and so mellow And applies it in every way. It is splashed with coloured paint, of red, orange, POETIC DISTURBANCES Md. Roysul Islam A life of revolution in dissent Poetic disturbances! In glorious calamity. The castles of immorality collapse, yellow Indeed I wonder at the strangeness of the world. I think but remain bemused. I live in a place where things are loved, But people? Oh, they are used! This is not what we imagined. This is not what we crave. Perhaps a little light to the blind Will usher a golden wave. Thus we wait, you and I. We wait till God looks awake. One day, we believe, love will beat power, And we’ll live again for each other’s sake. Image: Marcus Littlewood RACHMAD IMAM TARECHA LOT’S WIFE EDITION 8 • 2013 57 CULTURE BATTLE OF THE SEXES: 40 YEARS ON The gender equality debate in tennis Fabrice Wilmann Last month, Serena Williams and Rafael Nadal you are not. That’s it.” Tsonga’s comments are of the WTA Tour Championships was a best-of- became the 2013 champions of the U.S. Open evidently sexist in nature, and fail to grasp the five-set match between 1984 and 1998 before Grand Slam tournament. For winning the U.S. crux of the equality debate. reverting to best-of-three, though only three Open Series, the two players each received Whilst Simon’s view that “men’s tennis matches went the distance. $3.6 million – the record for the largest prize is ahead of women’s tennis” is a re-emerging money paycheck for a single tennis tournament. view in the gender debate, the main point resurfaced at the most inopportune time for Even though Serena may be one of the of contention of gender equality is that at the Women’s Tennis Association (WTA), as greatest champions of the sport, this parity in the Grand Slam level, women do not play they are celebrating the 40th anniversary of the prize money is unjust because, put simply, the best-of-five-set matches. At the lower levels of ‘Battle of the Sexes’ and the advent of equal women’s tour at this moment in time is inferior the sport, both men and women play best- prize money for women at the U.S. Open. to the men’s tour. of-three set matches, and in these instances, The issue of equal prize money in the This highly contentious debate has The Battle of the Sexes was the title given equal prize money is warranted. The debate, to a series of matches between male and female sport of tennis has been the subject of debate therefore, is not about gender at all, but rather tennis players in 1973. American Grand Slam for decades. Whilst women have enjoyed equal the differences in structure of the men’s and champion Bobby Riggs began this series of prize money across all four grand slams since women’s tours. contests when he challenged Billie Jean King 2007, recent criticism of this equality has been Two-time Grand Slam champion Andy to a match, claiming that the women’s game building within the Association of Tennis Murray recently reiterated this view, proposing was inferior and that even at the age of 55, he Professionals (ATP) and the wider tennis that women should play for the same number could beat one of the best women’s players of audience. of sets as men if they are to receive equal that time. After King initially declined, world prize money. Murray astutely recognised that number #1 Margaret Court faced off against at last year’s Wimbledon tournament when The subject was brought into the spotlight at one point in time, women did play for Riggs instead, losing in two sets. Four months French player Gilles Simon, who sits on the the same duration as men: “Steffi Graf and later however, King accepted Riggs challenge ATP council alongside Roger Federer, stated [Martina] Navratilova and those players were and defeated him in straight sets (best-of-five that women’s tennis was not as entertaining as unbelievable over five sets, and in great shape. format), resulting in the U.S. Open becoming the male equivalent. In addition, Simon argued So it’s not that. That isn’t the issue.” The final the first Grand Slam to offer equal prize money. that this view was representative of the entire men’s tour: “It’s not only my point of view, it’s the point of view of everybody in the locker room.” Earlier this year at the Australian Open, Simon’s compatriot Jo-Wilfred Tsonga expressed his views on the topic of gender equality, sparking serious backlash from his female counterparts. He expressed his belief that “the girls, they are more unstable emotionally than us… it’s just about hormones and all this stuff. We don’t have all these bad things, so we are physically in a good shape every time, and 58 LOT’S WIFE EDITION 8 • 2013 CULTURE The Australian Open and French Open the first benefactor of this equalisation of prize Slams (Nadal and Djokovic’s almost six-hour followed suit in 1984 and 2006 respectively. money at Wimbledon, receiving the same slugfest at the 2012 Australian Open is widely amount as men’s champion Roger Federer. regarded as one of the greatest finals of all time). King’s win, whilst historic, and a crucial proponent in acquiring equal money for female Another point discussed by the seven- However, the same cannot be said for tennis players, drew significant criticism, much time Grand Slam champion in her essay is one women’s tennis. Even Serena Williams, who of which was based on the age of the players, that has been challenged by many leading male recently won her 17th Grand Slam title and King being 26 years younger than Riggs at the players. Williams pronounced that women is regarded as the best female tennis player of time. Furthermore, many people speculated that “enjoy huge and equal celebrity and are paid our generation, has been unable to maintain Riggs threw the match, taking advantage of the for the value we deliver to broadcasters and a consistent level of success throughout overwhelming odds against King to settle his spectators, not the amount of time we spend on the course of her career, though this can be debt to the mob. the stage.” It is often argued that men’s tennis attributed to injury, family tragedy, and a lack attracts the most spectators. Tickets to men’s of interest in her earlier years. There have been place throughout the decades, the most notable Several other ‘battles of the sexes’ took finals, for example, cost more than tickets to the several one-Slam wonders over the past few of which included the Williams sisters. During women’s final at Wimbledon. years (Ivanovic, Kvitova and Bartoli to name the 1998 Australian Open, 203rd ranked male Many detractors from equal pay often a few), as well as players who reached the top player Karsten Braasch challenged Venus and speculate that if the WTA were to organise of the rankings without winning a Grand Slam Serena, who were 17 and 16 years of age at the their own grand slams, separate from the men’s (Safina, Wozniacki and Jankovic). Spectators time respectively, after the sisters had claimed they could beat any male player ranked above 200. Braasch overwhelmed the sisters by a score of 6-2 against Venus, and 6-1 against Serena. The obvious disparities between the men’s and women’s game, namely speed and power, continued to inhibit equal prize money being offered across all four Grand Slams. Despite years of protesting by Billie Jean King and other prominent female players, Wimbledon continued to deny equal pay for female players. constantly complain of the shrieking made by “This highly contentious debate has resurfaced at the most inopportune time for the Women’s Tennis Association (WTA), as they are celebrating the 40th anniversary of the ‘Battle of the Sexes’ and the advent of equal prize money for women at the U.S. Open.” The turning point came in 2006 when Venus Azarenka and Sharapova and the encumbering grunting of Errani and Schiavone. More importantly, there have been no compelling rivalries to keep audiences interested. This is only a representation of the current state of tennis however. Men’s tennis was regarded as particularly weak and uninteresting in the period helmed by Hewitt and Roddick, whereas women’s tennis enjoyed several periods of enticing rivalries (involving Graf, Evert, and Seles) in which a consistently high level of play Williams published an essay in The Times in was maintained. which she accused Wimbledon of “being on the tour, they would fail to raise the same amount of wrong side of history.” revenue as the ATP. As it stands, female tennis of catching the attention of tennis audiences players benefit from the revenue brought in by around the world. The emergence of the ‘Big male tennis players. Three’ in women’s tennis (Serena, Azarenka, A notable part of her essay included an acknowledgment that women “would be happy to play five-set matches in Grand Slam Andy Roddick stressed that gender This shows that women’s tennis is capable and Sharapova) is definitely a step in the right tournaments”, though this has obviously issues should not be at the centre of the direction. As a result of the enthralling five set not come to fruition. Venus Williams also debate; rather, he argued that tennis should be showdowns between the ‘Big Four’ in men’s recognised the uniqueness of the sport of tennis: approached from the point of view of a business. tennis, however, competitive rivalries will “No other sport has men and women competing “I’m sure there’s a way to figure out who people not be able to shine as brightly in a best-of- for a grand slam championship on the same are coming to watch,” Roddick said. “There’s three sets format, even if stability at the top is stage, at the same time. So in the eyes of the TV ratings to look at. I’m sure there are ample established. general public the men’s and women’s games numbers out there to dissect. As any business have the same value.” goes, you look at those numbers and then of their game is the main obstacle in the decide where it goes from there.” acceptance of equal prize money for women. By In response to Venus’ cry for equality, British Prime Minister Tony Blair and members Currently, men’s tennis is experiencing The WTA must realise that the format slowly integrating the best-of-five sets format of parliament endorsed her arguments, a ‘Golden Era’ of accomplished players and into Grand Slams (first in finals, then filtered ultimately leading to the equal pay for female enticing rivalries. The ‘Big Four’, made up down), women’s tennis will not only begin to tennis players at Wimbledon. Described as the of Federer, Nadal, Djokovic and Murray, are rival their male counterparts, but they will also ‘single factor’ that resulted in this momentous consistently successful at the Grand Slams, and raise the overall level and appeal of their sport. change, Venus would then go on to become their hard-fought battles often define Grand LOT’S WIFE EDITION 8 • 2013 59 SUBHEADING LITERARY FICTION UNDER THE MICROSCOPE Amelia Moulis Since being published earlier this month, a study from the New School is why I love science … [Because the researchers]found a way to prove for Social Research in New York has sparked claims that literary fiction true the intangible benefits of literary fiction.” Nonetheless, these results teaches its audience how to read minds, makes individuals better people must be put into context. First, as scientists know, studies ‘suggest’ rather and even improves a reader’s soul. This is a worrying prospect: how will than ‘prove’, and second, the benefits of literary fiction have been made the rest of the world survive when literary elitists can reach into peoples’ tangible in a host of other studies and essays. minds – like at the end of Chekhov’s The Seagull – and gauge how dearly In his book, The Better Angels of Our Nature, Steven Pinker the people wished to murder every last character? Hopefully, with their explains how realistic fiction “… may expand readers’ circle of empathy superior souls, these higher literary beings will bestow forgiveness upon by seducing them into thinking and feeling like people very different those poor, misunderstanding mortals. But, in fact, the study itself made from themselves.” In the late 18th Century Humanitarian Revolution, far less dramatic claims. one such reader – a retired military officer writing to Rousseau about his Social researchers Emanuele Castano and David Comer Kidd epistolary novel Julie, or the New Heloise – lamented, “Never have I wept published a study in Science on October 3 that supports the positive cor- such delicious tears. That reading created such a powerful effect on me relation between reading literary fiction and performing well on theory of that I believe I would have gladly died.” These comments seem especially mind tests. Theory of mind details the ability to attribute mental states telling when reminded that the grieving reader must have had little-to- such as beliefs, intentions, knowledge and desires to oneself and to others. nothing in common with the heroine, the sensitive and emotive Julie The experiment required subjects to read ten to fifteen pages of ‘literary’ fiction, popular fiction, nonfiction unrelated to people, or nothing (despite the reader’s uncanny ability to write like a sensitive female). Further to this example, Tolstoy’s The Death of Ivan Ilych was once at all. Literary excerpts featured American National Book Award winners used in medical schools to teach students what it felt like to die, and or short stories by Anton Chekhov or Don DeLillo, whilst somehow many other studies have been conducted to examine and support the navigating the distinction between ‘high’ and ‘low’ art, which is itself positive impact of long term reading on the capacity to empathise. The contentious and historically fickle. The popular works were selected from current study even supports these earlier studies in showing a larger Amazon.com topsellers, and nonfiction pieces were taken from Smithso- disparity between theory of mind results separated along an ‘Author Rec- nian Magazine and included ‘How the Potato Changed the World’. ognition Test’, designed to ascertain how much literary fiction the subject Immediately after reading, the subjects completed five tests designed has read in his or her life prior to participating in the test. The Author to measure theory of mind, such as Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test Recognition Test assessed each reader’s previous exposure to fiction and it (RMET) where they were asked to match a strip of face to a correspond- was a general finding in the study that a high recognition of authors led to ing complex emotion. On average, subjects who were exposed to either a significantly better cognitive performance. breeds of fiction scored better than those who read nonfiction or those This leaves us to wonder: why is this particular indicator of who didn’t read at all. Between the breeds of fiction, subjects who read short-term effects measured by this particular experiment apparently literary works scored higher than those who read popular works, yet the so groundbreaking? The reality is that its outcomes appear to confirm absolute differences were hardly dramatic. For example, on the RMET something many of us already know is true. Author Louise Erdich admits test, the literary group outperformed the popular group on average by that although “… it’s nice to be told what we write is of social value … I about two questions out of 36. would still write even if novels were useless.” And it’s safe to assume that The researchers proposed in their conclusion that “…by prompting readers of literary fiction would still read, no matter if reading such pieces readers to take an active writerly role to form representations of charac- was proven to have no effect whatsoever on their social or intellectual ters’ subjective states, literary fiction recruits Theory of Mind”. Theory of competence. Thus it seems absurd that this study is having such wide Mind is an elusive and multifaceted social capacity, and the notion that coverage. Those of us who write literary fiction know that our writing reading literary texts can mold one’s social aptitude in such a way is un- affects readers in one way or another, and those of us who read it feel doubtedly exciting. In commenting on the study, Louise Erdich, author of the effect it has on us. So frankly, if you’re not a writer or a reader, then The Round House, a text used in one of the experiments, exclaimed “This you’re missing out no matter what science can ‘prove’. 60 LOT’S WIFE EDITION 8 • 2013 LOVE ADVICE WITH... KARL MARX - The advice column with class - Dear Karl, Do you mind if I tangent onto how self-improvement is My boyfriend can’t dance to save his life. the idea of taking him to a perhaps even more oppressive for women in capitalist society? Lately dance party is mortifying. what do I do? there is this ‘Super Mum’ trope that you can see in ads everywhere. -Embarrassed GF It usually portrays a woman who seems much empowered because ps. I don’t think dancing classes will do much good. she can work and cook and clean and mother her children and be attractive all at once. Wow! An alluring idea, until you stop and Embarrassed GF, consider, ‘why should she work herself to death when it would Talk about ‘first world problems!’ If that is the worst thing that you can seem much easier and simpler to demand that men share some of fault him for, then he must be pretty swell. So, I presume you’re pretty the burden of housework and parenting, and perhaps not objectify satisfied with his personality, looks, commitment to the struggle, and women to boot?’ Yet advertising prefers to pressure women to charm. And yet you want more? C’mon! think otherwise. That way, business can sell lots more cleaning Your feelings may be related to this recent phenomenon products, cookbooks, beauty products, convenience and time-saving in capitalist society today that I have noticed – it’s called ‘self- products to women who feel they must ‘have it all’ or else they are improvement.’ It seems to be gaining popularity in many pulp books, inadequate. This is part of the reason why some feminists, such as workshops and a general attitude to life that some people adopt. It Bell Hooks, argue that true gender equality is not possible within a is as if it is no longer enough for everyone to just be themselves, but capitalist system. must improve constantly and endlessly in every way. I think this is a So the pressure on men to be muscular, high-income earners, very dangerous idea that will never lead to happiness. Indeed, many and good dancers is nothing compared to the pressures that are psychologists have come out to critique this trend as unhealthy. imposed on women today by capitalism and its insidious idea that we Accepting others and ourselves and seeking understanding is all pursue self-improvement. Nevertheless, you would be nobler for recommended as a better attitude. trying to overcome your embarrassment and letting go of your desire However, psychologists miss capitalism’s role apropos self- to change your boyfriend. Love him for who he is. improvement. Capitalism must always grow, grow, and grow, like the Yours, Hungry Little Caterpillar book you were perhaps read in kindergarten. K. M. This is why capital always seeks new markets, produces new useless crap for you to buy, and advertising becomes increasingly pervasive. Now we are encouraged to feel dissatisfied with ourselves and others. We must always grow, grow, and grow – not only must we earn more and buy more, but now we must be more. We are made to feel that we must look better (by buying new beauty products) or be stronger (by paying to join a gym) or be thinner (by buying a magazine that describes a celebrity fad diet) or be more talented (by paying to join some hipster class in art or cooking). It is never enough, and even people who end up perfectly moisturised, thin, muscular, wealthy and hip, never seem to end up happy, as they are pressured to want even more. I believe dance classes and such (unless you join them for fun, which of course is fine, but frivolous) are merely another extension of this idea. Whatever happened to accepting people for who they are? I have often been quoted as saying, ‘From each according to his (or ‘her’ – I just revised it) ability, to each according to her/his need.’ Most people have since focused on the second half of the quote. But I also meant that people should not get any less just because they might have different abilities. So, maybe your bloke can’t jiggle his butt around on the dance floor as well as some others – then I say, appreciate him ‘according to his ability.’ THREE MATES AND A TRUCK Annabel Pirrie It’s the first hot day of spring in Melbourne, a day when you’re willing and Charlie Maginnes, also 22, youth and inexperience are viewed as to overlook the dirty syringes littering St. Kilda Beach for a chance strengths. Says Morgan, “we wanted to get involved earlier because we’re to swim in the bay, and where the warm glow of the sun on your back motivated by passion and not influenced by the pressures that come with holds the potential for the first sunburn since March. Down the end older age.” Indeed the core beliefs driving their company are indicative of of a quiet residential street a crowd is gathering in a backyard of one their youth, encouraging risk taking and innovation on any scale. of the houses. In one corner of the yard a large, fort-like structure has These are beliefs that the boys have adopted into their own lives been erected and is providing shelter for a group of twenty-somethings as well; during founders meetings at Charlie’s parents’ house it’s not sprawled out on bean bags and old crates who pass around acoustic unusual to find the trio shrieking and offering hi-fives as a member uses guitars, clap sticks, a tambourine, and an electric bass. Opposite, past a “big word” correctly. Despite the fun-loving atmosphere, however, at odd clusters of chairs and a bin with a sign that reads “FEED ME”, a dog the centre of their business lies a keen desire to see BlendCo. succeed. kennel has been re-imagined as a table and become a gathering point for Acknowledging their Generation Y heritage, the founders have embraced others to stand about in conversation. Almost every single person holds the tech-savvy nature of their peers and drawn heavily upon the tools a cup of red, green, or white liquid in their hands from which they sip of the internet to grow their company. Social Media networks such intermittently. The centre of attention however, the reason why all are as Facebook and Instagram have been indispensable in establishing a gathered here today, is a large white trailer parked by the yard’s entrance BlendCo. following, and multimedia websites such as TED Talks are that is distributing these drinks. Within its four walls resides BlendCo., regularly consulted upon for inspiration and education. One of the more a superfoods blending company founded by three mates in their early influential TED Talks the founders have viewed is Simon Sinek’s ‘How twenties that is preparing to lay siege upon Melbourne’s festival circuit great leaders inspire action’ in which Sinek stated that “people don’t buy this summer. Today is their launch party. what you do but why you do it.” This has become a central notion in the In Melbourne, food is king. We host roughly 70 food events annually, entice world-renown chefs and cooks to come see what’s on running of BlendCo. and is encapsulated in their motto “We Blend.” Back at the launch, the party is in full swing. From forth the offer, and are home to a plethora of markets selling food from all corners BlendCo. trailer fly enviro-friendly cups filled to the brim with various of the globe. It’s an ideal breeding ground for innovative food ideas, a cocktails of health, thrust into the warm air and consumed eagerly by characteristic that younger generations of Melburnians are embracing the waiting crowd. The founders can be seen moving about in the yard; wholeheartedly. There’s the Brulée Cart on St Kilda Road started up Charlie is chatting with his Grandma, Morgan is running about with by twenty-somethings Jack and Bart White who, at the ripe old ages of some tools to fix the trailer’s yoghurt machine, and Mat has picked up a 13 and 15, were also owners of the Belgian Waffle Cart. After winning guitar and joined the crowd of musicians in the fort. It’s an interesting $70,000 on Deal or No Deal, 23 year old Scotty Bradley created frozen group gathered together in the throes of the late Sunday afternoon: a yoghurt chain Yo-Get-It; where if you can guess the correct weight of your mix of old and young, family and friends, health nuts and party people, yoghurt, “yo-get-it” for free. There’s also Kinfolk Café on Bourke Street, superfood smoothies and celebratory alcohol. Conversations on people, begun by Jarrod Briffa, 28, and Asuka Hara, 27, in 2010, that redistributes health, food, experience, the past, and the future intermingle and rise up its profits to four development projects based in Rwanda, Ghana, and into the spring air. Observing the scene in front of them, the founders’ Australia. BlendCo. is the newest member to their ranks. nerves slowly ease into excitement for the oncoming festival season as As increasing amounts of young entrepreneurs hit the scene, it’s interesting to consider what the appeal is for starting up a business at a they examine the mixing pot of people and ideas they have brought together. It’s their vision come to life. They’re BlendCo. and they blend. younger age. For BlendCo. founders Mat Bate, 21, Morgan Cottee, 22, LOT’S WIFE EDITION 8 • 2013 63 SUBHEADING GAME REVIEW: OUTLAST Has ‘Amnesia: The Dark Descent’ finally met its match? Anthony Sarian It has been three years since Amnesia: The Dark Descent both frightened are out to slaughter you. Instead you’ll stare straight at them, bathed in and delighted fans of the horror genre. Since then the gaming com- the neon-green light of your camera’s night-vision. You will see them, munity has waited with bated breath for something, anything that can but they won’t see you. The effect is a delightfully terrifying experience. deliver a horror experience that even compares to the visceral terror You’ll spend much of the game looking at horrible things in this way. that Amnesia provided. This gives the game an effect comparable to found footage horror films In comes Outlast, a recent title by Red Barrel games. Red Barrel has made a bold claim. They claim that Outlast qualifies as the “Scariest Game Ever”. such as the Blair Witch Project, the Spanish horror film REC or even Paranormal Activity. A lot of what Outlast tries to achieve is aided through its use of That’s a big claim, but does the horror live up to the hype? atmosphere and sound. The environments have a strong, gritty atmo- You play as Miles Upshur, a journalist investigating ‘Mount sphere. You’ll see mangled corpses, blood-soaked mirrors and messages Massive Asylum’ for corruption and wrongdoing. You spend the game written in blood. The games graphics help assist this. I played this with running from the mad and the monstrous, through blood soaked hall- the graphics set to ‘Low’ on my mid-range laptop. It ran perfectly fine, ways, and through corpse ridden corridors. In a similar vein to Amnesia, and still looked excellent. The character models are a bit bland, and there is no combat. You have only your trusty video camera to stand towards the end of the game you will notice some recycling. However, between you and the horrors that wait. You need to rely on a mixture of you’ll spend most of this time staring at them from behind a night-vision speed and stealth to survive. You’ll run. You’ll slam doors behind you to camera, which cleverly serves to mask the graphical flaws in character delay pursuers. You’ll hide in closets and lockers. You’ll wait as a creature designs. searches for you in the darkness. The way your character moves, breathes and talks further aids this The core gameplay borrows much from Amnesia, while still intro- effect. Your avatar, Miles Upshur, moves with a sense of corporality. ducing a bit of its own original flair. Like Amnesia, resource management When sidling on a wall you see his hands. When you run and crouch the of your only light source plays a pivotal part of the gameplay. Instead of camera shakes and bounces chaotically; when hiding Miles will hyper- a lantern, you will be relying on a night-vision camcorder. The camera ventilate. And unlike many games, the protagonist’s arm stretches out is vital for seeing in the dark, but quickly runs out of battery. You’ll soon in full view of the gamer upon opening a door. Subtle touches like this fall into a ritual of searching for batteries in every room, turning off your have the effect of making your in-game presence feel personal and real. camera when it is light, and turning it on when it is dark. Unlike Amnesia, however, you aren’t discouraged from looking at the creatures that 64 This corporality is mixed in with an excellent and highly intuitive control scheme. When running away in a moment of panicked frenzy LOT’S WIFE EDITION 8 • 2013 GAMING you’ll find yourself easily and intuitively jumping, sliding and climbing rather than fear. The gory and blood soaked levels soon become tired at the tap of a key. Hiding spots identify themselves to the player as they and cliché, as the levels barely vary in design or feel. A few novel expe- approach with a subtle button prompt, aiding the player without ruining riences and levels are thrown in, but for the most part each minute of the tension or atmosphere. A minute into the game and you’ll find your- Outlast plays much like the last. When the ending credits roll, you’ll be self effectively using your camera, reloading the batteries and turning the glad they’ve arrived. night-vision on and off with complete ease. Has Amnesia: The Dark Descent finally met its match? Not really. Yet despite all of its clever game design, Outlast quickly outstays its Outlast has excellent game design, an intuitive control scheme and is welcome. Although only a 6 hour game, after an hour or so of gameplay initially delightfully scary. The tangible and real effect of Miles’ body, Outlast will turn from horrifying and fun to dull and repetitive. Unlike and the sounds of fear he emits, make the game feel real and terrifying. Amnesia, Outlast lacks subtlety in its horror. You’ll soon grow accustomed Unfortunately, Outlast relies too heavily on ‘shock’ horror and jump to the sight of madmen suddenly leaping out at you and struggling with scares, and the levels soon grow repetitive and stale. At $19.99 on you. Jump scares are everywhere. Jump scares may be fun the first few Steam, you’re getting good value for your money. But its lack of subtlety times, but they quickly ruin the tension as the player becomes desensi- means that Outlast doesn’t live up to the title of ‘Scariest Game Ever’. tised to their effect. Soon you’ll find yourself responding with cynicism IS GAMING CULTURE, CULTURE ? Jake Spicer This is the last edition of Lot’s Wife for the year, and also my last video fulfillment are found across books and film. But video games have more gaming column. This has caused me to look back and reflect on what direct access to our brains. You don’t see as many book addicts. While I’ve written over the year. I established a purpose rather early on: to it doesn’t mean we should outlaw video games, it does certainly require embed video games in a more general cultural discussion. I wanted to more care. discuss video game news in a wider creative context. In doing so, I tried Another argument is the idea that video games are a my hand at New Games Journalism, an application of New Journalism predominantly solo hobby. Shouldn’t we spend our spare time building (see Wolfe, Capote, Thompson), using personal anecdotes, literary and strengthening your interpersonal relationships rather than in an techniques and creative analysis and then applying them to video games unproductive time sink? Disregarding the fact that many people play (for a seminal and excellent example, Google ‘Bow Nigger’). multi-player games with their friends, a lot of people play so they can One theme that has repeatedly popped up throughout the year is join in broader cultural discussion. Have you ever felt social pressure to the justification of video games as a hobby. My first piece, titled Gaming. watch a TV show like Game of Thrones or Breaking Bad? It’s the same A Bloody Waste of Time? was a quickly thrown-together defence in thing. Social groups are built around the discussion of this kind of stuff. response to a Facebook friend commanding people to “put down the I know I’ve played games in the past just so I can feel included. Video controller and read a damn book” (and presumably to get off his damn games are clearly not the only media we consume in private for the lawn, too). It’s not something to dismiss lightly though, it’s important purpose of public discussion. We’ve built our culture around these games that we should be analysing whether we are spending our time wisely. in the same way we’ve built our culture around books and movies. Video games are a relatively new form of entertainment; it’s It’s an ongoing dilemma in my head; the constant no surprise to see a push against it. It has the disadvantage of being a questioning, rationalising, and perhaps excuse-making regarding the form of entertainment, and a ubiquitously popular one at that: resulting time I spend playing video games. Recently I’ve found I use games as in cultural doomsayers pointing their callused fingers at gamers’ callused more of a relaxation process with injections of ‘good feeling’, rather than thumbs. an exploration of artistic creativity. But that doesn’t mean I’m not taking An argument that I find persuasive is the concept that video games something away from the experience. My views have remained much try and hook you in in a malicious way. It’s such a competitive market the same throughout the year: perturbed yet devoted. As I write this I that publishers would try anything to keep you coming back. League can feel the soft tug of my PC, luring me into some new, exciting and – of Legends, for example, gives you a bonus amount of Influence Points believe it or not – intellectually stimulating gamescape... Luckily I have for your first win of the day. In the context of gaming, this is a process a community of likeminded friends with which to discuss the cultural known as ‘gamification’: using regular, small rewards to condition you implications of gaming after this column reaches an end. to want more. While effective, the tactic feels dirty. Of course, other media aren’t completely innocent. Cliff-hangers, pulpy twists, and wish- Farewell, dear readers. LOT’S WIFE EDITION 8 • 2013 65	i don't know
Northern Rhodesia is now known by what name?	Rhodesia \| region, south-central Africa \| Britannica.com region, south-central Africa Africa Rhodesia, region, south-central Africa, now divided into Zimbabwe in the south and Zambia in the north. Named after British colonial administrator Cecil Rhodes , it was administered by the British South Africa Company in the 19th century and exploited mostly for its gold, copper, and coal deposits. In 1911 it was divided into Northern and Southern Rhodesia (present-day Zambia and Zimbabwe, respectively); Southern Rhodesia became a self-governing British colony (1923) and Northern Rhodesia a British protectorate (1924). They joined with Nyasaland to become the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland (1953–63). See also Malawi . From 1964 to 1979, Rhodesia was the name used by the former Southern Rhodesia , first as a British colony (1964–65), then as a self-declared independent country without international recognition (1965–79). Learn More in these related articles: Malawi landlocked country in southeastern Africa. A country endowed with spectacular highlands and extensive lakes, it occupies a narrow, curving strip of land along the East African Rift Valley. Lake Nyasa, known in Malawi as Lake Malawi, accounts for more than one-fifth of the country’s total... Zimbabwe landlocked country of southern Africa. It shares a 125-mile (200-kilometre) border on the south with the Republic of South Africa and is bounded on the southwest and west by Botswana, on the north by Zambia, and on the northeast and east by Mozambique. The capital is Harare (formerly called... Corrections? Updates? Help us improve this article! Contact our editors with your feedback. MEDIA FOR: You have successfully emailed this. Error when sending the email. Try again later. Edit Mode Submit Tips For Editing We welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles. You can make it easier for us to review and, hopefully, publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind. Encyclopædia Britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience. You may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered. Any text you add should be original, not copied from other sources. At the bottom of the article, feel free to list any sources that support your changes, so that we can fully understand their context. (Internet URLs are the best.) Your contribution may be further edited by our staff, and its publication is subject to our final approval. Unfortunately, our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions. Submit Thank You for Your Contribution! Our editors will review what you've submitted, and if it meets our criteria, we'll add it to the article. Please note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors, and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed. Uh Oh There was a problem with your submission. Please try again later. Close Date Published: March 24, 2009 URL: https://www.britannica.com/place/Rhodesia Access Date: January 18, 2017 Share	Zambia
Thermodynamics is the study of what?	Northern Rhodesia - definition of Northern Rhodesia by The Free Dictionary Northern Rhodesia - definition of Northern Rhodesia by The Free Dictionary http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Northern+Rhodesia Related to Northern Rhodesia: Southern Rhodesia Northern Rhodesia (Placename) the former name (until 1964) of Zambia Zam•bi•a (ˈzæm bi ə) n. a republic in S central Africa: formerly a British protectorate; gained independence 1964. 11,163,160; 290,586 sq. mi. (752,614 sq. km). Cap.: Lusaka. Formerly, Northern Rhodesia. Zam′bi•an, adj., n. ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: Noun 1. Northern Rhodesia - a republic in central Africa; formerly controlled by Great Britain and called Northern Rhodesia until it gained independence within the commonwealth in 1964 capital of Zambia , Lusaka - the capital and largest city of Zambia Africa - the second largest continent; located to the south of Europe and bordered to the west by the South Atlantic and to the east by the Indian Ocean Victoria Falls , Victoria - a waterfall in the Zambezi River on the border between Zimbabwe and Zambia; diminishes seasonally Zambezi , Zambezi River - an African river; flows into the Indian Ocean Cewa , Chewa , Chichewa - a member of the Bantu-speaking people of Malawi and eastern Zambia and northern Zimbabwe Zambian - a native or inhabitant of Zambia Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: ON THIS DAY Australia - New Zealand - Barbados - Northern Rhodesia (Zambia) - Belgium - Poland - Canada - Republic of Ireland - Czechoslovakia (Czech Republic and Slovakia - South Africa - France - Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) - Jamaica - United Kingdom - Newfoundland (now part of Canada) - United States of America Nun better than Sr Sarah, 100, as she enjoys big day His father Alec emigrated in 1927 to the then Northern Rhodesia, where he worked as a doctor, a politician, a lawyer and a newspaper publisher. SPREAD OF STATE; PIECE MISSION AFRICAN LEADER'S SCOTS ROOTS; Son of Carluke jam-maker becomes interim president of Zambia Brought up on a cattle farm in Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) in a strict household headed by his father, a rancher. I'm a good writer, not a good father; After 34 bestselling books AUTHORWILBUR Smith tells Hannah Stephenson he's too busy to have regrets PROFILE The British colonial administrators in Nyasaland (Malawi), Northern Rhodesia (Zambia), Uganda, Kenya, and Zanzibar cooperated to undermine the work of the organization.	i don't know
A ‘Nelipot’ is someone who is said to walk without what?	Walk \| Define Walk at Dictionary.com walk verb (used without object) 1. to advance or travel on foot at a moderate speed or pace; proceed by steps; move by advancing the feet alternately so that there is always one foot on the ground in bipedal locomotion and two or more feet on the ground in quadrupedal locomotion. 2. to move about or travel on foot for exercise or pleasure: We can walk in the park after lunch. 3. (of things) to move in a manner suggestive of walking, as through repeated vibrations or the effect of alternate expansion and contraction: He typed so hard that the lamp walked right off the desk. 4. Baseball. to receive a base on balls. 5. to go on strike; stage a walkout: The miners will walk unless they get a pay raise. to be acquitted or to be released or fined rather than sentenced to jail: If the prosecutor doesn't present his case well, the murderer may walk. 6. to go about on the earth, or appear to living persons, as a ghost: to believe that spirits walk at night. 7. (of a tool, pointer, or pen of a recording device, etc.) to glide, slip, or move from a straight course, fixed position, or the like: A regular drill bit may walk on a plastic surface when you first try to make a hole. When the earthquake started, the pen on the seismograph walked all over the paper. 8. to conduct oneself in a particular manner; pursue a particular course of life: to walk humbly with thy God. 9. Basketball. (of a player in possession of the ball) to take more than two steps without dribbling or passing the ball. 10. Obsolete. to be in motion or action. verb (used with object) to proceed through, over, or upon at a moderate pace on foot: walking London streets by night; walking the floor all night. 12. to cause to walk; lead, drive, or ride at a walk, as an animal: We walked our horses the last quarter of a mile. 13. to force or help to walk, as a person: They were walking him around the room soon after his operation. 14. to conduct or accompany on a walk: He walked them about the park. 15. to move (a box, trunk, or other object) in a manner suggestive of walking , as by a rocking motion. 16. Baseball. (of a pitcher) to give a base on balls to (a batter). 17. to spend or pass (time) in walking (often followed by away): We walked the morning away along the beach. 18. to cause or accomplish by walking : We saw them walking guard over the chain gang. 19. to examine, measure, etc., by traversing on foot: to walk a track; to walk the boundaries of the property. 20. Basketball. to advance (the ball) by taking more than two steps without dribbling or passing. 21. Informal. to send (a person who has a reservation at a hotel) to another hotel because of overbooking: It's exasperating to find yourself walked when you arrive at a hotel late in the evening. noun an act or instance of walking or going on foot. 23. a period of walking for exercise or pleasure: to go for a walk. 24. a distance walked or to be walked, often in terms of the time required: not more than ten minutes' walk from town. 25. the gait or pace of a person or an animal that walks. 26. a characteristic or individual manner of walking: It was impossible to mistake her walk. 27. a department or branch of activity, or a particular line of work: They found every walk of life closed against them. 28. to walk out of a committee meeting. 45. walk out on, to leave unceremoniously; desert; forsake: to walk out on one's family. 46. walk out with, British. to court or be courted by: Cook is walking out with the chauffeur. 47. walk through, Theater, Television. to release (a play) by combining a reading aloud of the lines with the designated physical movements. Informal. to perform (a role, play, etc.) in a perfunctory manner. to make little or no effort in performing one's role: He didn't like the script and walked through his part. 48. walk up, (of a hunter) to flush (game) by approaching noisily on foot and often with hunting dogs. Idioms 49. take a walk, Informal. to leave, especially abruptly and without any intention or prospect of returning (often used imperatively to indicate dismissal): If he doesn't get his way, he takes a walk. I don't need your advice, so take a walk. 50. walk (someone) through, to guide or instruct carefully one step at a time: The teacher will walk the class through the entire testing procedure before the real test begins. 51. (transitive) to pass through, on, or over on foot, esp habitually 3. (transitive) to cause, assist, or force to move along at a moderate rate: to walk a dog 4. (transitive) to escort or conduct by walking: to walk someone home 5. (intransitive) (of ghosts, spirits, etc) to appear or move about in visible form 6. (of inanimate objects) to move or cause to move in a manner that resembles walking 7. (intransitive) to follow a certain course or way of life: to walk in misery 8. (transitive) to bring into a certain condition by walking: I walked my shoes to shreds 9. (transitive) to measure, survey, or examine by walking 10. (transitive) (baseball) to allow a batter to go to first base without batting by throwing four balls outside of the strike zone 11. (intransitive) (basketball) Also travel. to take more than two steps without passing or dribbling the ball 12. to disappear or be stolen: where's my pencil? It seems to have walked 13. (intransitive) (slang, mainly US) (in a court of law) to be acquitted or given a noncustodial sentence 14. walk it, to win easily 15. walk the plank, See plank 1 (sense 4) 16. walk on air, to be delighted or exhilarated 17. (informal) walk tall, to have self-respect or pride 18. the act or an instance of walking 21. the distance or extent walked 22. a manner of walking; gait 23. a place set aside for walking; promenade 24. a chosen profession or sphere of activity (esp in the phrase walk of life) 25. a foot race in which competitors walk 26. an arrangement of trees or shrubs in widely separated rows the space between such rows 27. an enclosed ground for the exercise or feeding of domestic animals, esp horses 28. (mainly Brit) the route covered in the course of work, as by a tradesman or postman 29. a procession; march: Orange walk 30.	Shoe
Princess Margaret, the sister of Queen Elizabeth II, had what middle name?	Who Walks You Down The Aisle \| Bridal Spectacular \| Bridal Show Who Walks You Down The Aisle Home · Wedding Tips · Who Walks You Down The Aisle As times continue to change and weddings become more personalized, Las Vegas brides are asking: Who walks me down the aisle? We all know the traditional answer. Look at any wedding ceremony processional guide, and you’ll find the bride is escorted by her father. Today's bride has many more options! For brides with fathers at home, You may decide to share the longstanding tradition with your father. Your Dad will be honored to give his little girl away to be married to the love of her life. But if “Traditional” is not for you there are plenty of important figures in your life that would be honored and deserve to be honored. Who will you choose to walk you down the aisle? Brides in any circumstance deserve to feel radiant as they walk down the aisle at their Las Vegas weddings . As a cornerstone of the ceremony, this walk lets the bride make her wedding day debut special and memorable. Naturally, Las Vegas brides, you want someone with you who will make you feel confident and calm as you take steps to transition into a new phase of life as a married woman. That special person could be your mom or dad. If your parents are not available to walk you down the aisle for whatever reason, embrace your identity as a modern bride. Recently, we spoke with several brides to explore what they would recommend, from the classic “father of the bride” walk down the aisle to nontraditional methods for brides who were from non-traditional families. Of course, each bride is different. You have to find what best works for you, your family, and your fiance. But if you aren’t sure where to start, here are a few “walk down the aisle” options: If your father and mother are married and both are important to you: You love the idea of walking down the aisle with Dad. However, since Mom played a huge role in your life too, you don’t want her to feel like she’s not included or recognized in your wedding. Ask Mom how she wants to be involved. Does she want to walk you down the aisle? She may be completely content letting Dad walk you down the aisle since she’s involved in many separate, important roles in the wedding. But if you both feel that’s not enough, feel free to ask Mom to escort you down the aisle with Dad. With one parent on each arm, you’ll show your guests just how important both your parents are to you. If you want your father to walk you down the aisle: You’ve always known Dad would walk you down the aisle. Now that special moment is coming quicker than you can imagine, and you can’t wait to share this special moment as father and daughter. When you walk together at your wedding, take small steps to take your time and soak in the moment. Share a few final words with Dad, who raised you, loved you, and is now letting you go for you to become the woman he always hoped you’d be. Even if you don’t remember what was said, you’ll remember the way you felt on your wedding day, arm-in-arm with Dad as he walked you to your groom. These feelings can be the same even if you have two dads or two moms, walk with the parents or person who is most special to you. If your parents and step parents equally important to you: Your parents are divorced, and both Mom and Dad have been remarried for years. You’ve always considered yourself lucky because you have two father figures--Dad and Step Dad--and both have always treated you like their own kid. Or you may have two mother figures. Since you love them both and want to show them your appreciation, you can ask both sets of parents to be involved in the wedding aisle walk. Have one of them walk you halfway. When you reach halfway down the aisle, have the other parent(s) walk you the rest of the way and give your hand to your fiance. Also, if you have enough room in the aisle way, you can consider having one "father" figure on each arm the whole way. If your father has passed away: You love your Dad, and you always envisioned him walking you down the aisle for your wedding day. Even if he isn’t physically present, you can include his memory in the ceremony. Ask your mom, uncle, grandparent, sister or brother. You may consider walking alone since no one can truly fill Dad or Mom's shoes. Just remember it may be beneficial to have someone who loves you and supports you at your side for this big moment on your special day. If your biological parent wants to walk you down the aisle but your stepparent raised you: You see your biological parent once a year or so but they did not raise you, On the other hand, your stepparent has been consistently there for you, and your siblings. You wish your step parent could walk you down the aisle, but your other parent is getting demanding. If he can’t walk you all the way, he won’t come to your wedding. As the bride, you deserve to make the decision of who will walk you, not to have it made for you. If you want both parents to be involved, consider compromises, like having them both walk with you. However, if you’d regret having your biological father or mother give you away, then you’ll have to talk with them. Calmly explain that you would love to have them in attendance at your wedding. However, you are the bride and you are the one with the right to decide who walks you down the aisle. If you have wholeheartedly chosen only your step parent for your walk, don’t let family drama deter you. Hope for the best, and remember how happy you’ll be when you’re supported on your wedding day walk by the parent who has supported you every day of your life. If your mother and/or extended family raised you: Dad has never been in the picture. Mom has raised you, and she did a pretty good job, if you do say so yourself. Now that you’re older, she’s become not just a mother, but also a good friend. Honor Mom by asking her to walk with you down the aisle. If you were raised by Mom’s family as a joint effort, consider asking extended family members. If you are close to your grandfather or an uncle, ask him to walk you down the aisle and give your hand to your groom. Don’t forget to think about your brother. If he has always been there for you, he might be honored to step up and fill these shoes. Whichever family member you choose for the aisle walk, they’ll all be there as guests to support your marriage. If you are afraid of upsetting too many people by choosing the wrong person: You have no idea who to choose for your aisle walk. In the wake of your parents’ divorce, Mom’s family would take it as a personal affront if you to choose to walk with Dad. You considered asking your best friend who’s had your back since middle school, but he thinks it’s horridly inappropriate. Your brother is volunteering, but you haven’t been close in recent years. Rather than deal with this, you just want to throw your hands in the air and walk by yourself. While this may solve the problem, you don’t want to look back on your wedding with regrets. Talk with your groom, and decide together what would be appropriate and make you happy. Then find a way to make it happen. Easier said than done, we know. See how you can compromise and remind yourself that this is your wedding. While that doesn’t give you power to lord over others, it does give you the right to choose who you want to walk you down the aisle, whether it’s your father or your groom himself. If you are getting remarried: Dad walked with you once, and he is willing to support you again. If you would like him to escort you down the aisle, then go for it! There’s nothing that says you can’t walk with him just because you haven’t been living under his roof for fifteen years. Enjoy this special moment with Dad. However, if you’ve grown apart from your parents, you’re also allowed to consider your options. If you have a son who’s old enough and mature, ask him if he would like to participate in your new marriage in this way. Either way, make sure that you and the person you’re walking with feels comfortable and proud to be walking down the wedding aisle arm-in-arm. If you want to walk alone: You’ve been on your own for a long time, and there are no family members who you feel comfortable asking. Also, as an independent bride, you worry that leaning on someone else’ arm as you walk down the aisle shows you’re not self-sufficient. We’re all about beautiful brides with spirit. By carrying yourself to your fiance, you certainly can symbolize your independence as a woman as well as your choice, not anyone else’s decision, to join with your partner in marriage. However, we recommend walking down the aisle with someone not because we doubt what you’re made of. Rather, we know how special it is to have someone with you to share those moments and morally support you as you enter a new stage of life. If you’re walking alone, consider your motives, your family’s wishes, and your happiness with this decision. If you’re walking alone to dodge family drama, then consider compromises and ultimately choose what makes you feel the most happy and supported on your wedding day. However, if you’re confident about going solo and you can gather all the support you need by looking to the end of the aisle where your groom awaits, then step out and strut down that aisle on your own to your future husband. From that moment forward, you’ll never have to walk alone again. How to Choose: Final Thoughts As a bride, you can choose whatever you want for your walk down the aisle. Keep your family’s feelings in mind, and do your best to make sure all sides are pleased. But remember this is your wedding day. Don’t compromise your happiness. If family drama arises, don’t be afraid to stand up for yourself. You’re the bride. You deserve to be happy on your wedding day. When you walk down the aisle at your wedding, walk with someone who loves you and supports your decision to marry your loved one. Enjoy the moment, and take time to absorb the conversation, the emotion, and even your surroundings, from attending guests to decor. Then you’ll feel at ease and at peace for the moment you’ll take your groom’s hand, say your vows, and begin your blessed marriage as a happy couple. Updated: August 2015 Debra Hansen Author: Allyson Siwajian	i don't know
Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park is in which country?	Phong Nha Ke Bang National Park \| Vietnam Country Phong Nha Ke Bang National Park January 1st, 2010 \| admin \| 0 Comments » In the 27th meeting took place in Paris from June 30 to July 5, the United Nation Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) recognized Phong Nha Ke Bang national park and others worldwide as world natural heritage sites. Now, after Ha Long Bay, the imperial city of Hue, the ancient quarter of Hoi An and the My Son historical site Phong Nha Ke Bang park is the fifth natural heritage in Vietnam . Phong Nha Ke Bang National Park , suited in the Truong Son range’s North in central Quang Binh province, is the richest location for primates in Indo-China. It is one of the world’s two largest limestone regions. Coming Phong Nha – Ke Bang National Park, you can see with naked eyes the oldest major karts area in Asia. It has two parts: Phong Nha Nature Reserve and Ke Bang forest. The limestone, grottoes and caves, cover over 200,000 ha of parkland, 95% of the park area is boast lush forest. It has over 300 caves, underground rivers and fascinating rock formations. . It is regarded as a paradise for researchers and explorers of grottoes and caves. The phong Nha cave is the most beautiful cave in whole system, having many fascinating rock formations, interesting visitors with evocative names such as Lion, Fairy Caves, Royal Court and Buddha. Specially, visiting Phong Nha cave, tourists have chance to see the longest underground rivers, the largest caverns and passageways. The widest and prettiest sand banks, the most astonishing rock formations in the world are also attractions of the Phong Nha Ke Bang’s site. Phong Nha Ke Bang has 140 families, 427 branches, and 751 species of high-rated plants, among of them has 36 species are listed in the Viet Nam Red Book. There are also 32, 98 families, 256 races and 381 species of four land backboned animals. Vietnam red book has sixty-six animal species and 23 other species in the World Red Book. Phong Nha-Ke Bang’s animals are the most diverse in national parks’ animals. Phong Nha-Ke Bang also has dozens of unexplored mountain peaks of over 1,000 meters; it is an ideal site for climbing and exploration. Peak Co Rilata with the height of 1,128 m and Peak Co Preu, 1,213 m are the outstanding mountains. Tourists will can visit the valleys which lie between these peaks and can bring about exciting eco-tours. Moreover, Phong Nha Ke Bang is home of archaeology and historical relics namely King Ham Nghi’s Base, built in the late 19th century, the Xuan Son ferry station, Ho Chi Minh trail and road, and ancient hieroglyphic script of the Cham ethnic minority. Phong Nha Ke Bang today has been attracting many tourists. Central Quang Binh province has invested much money to upgrade the Phong Nha-Ke Bang. It became one of the country’s major tourist destinations. Anthony Sun in USA said that “ Phong Nha is by far the best and most natural with the most unique rock formations”. Phong Nha-Ke Bang, together with Ha Long Bay and Faxipan of Vietnam , is listed as a candidate for 7 new world natural wonders vote. As of February 12, 2008 it ranked 10th in the voting list In brief, Phong Nha shows an impressive amount of evidence for the history of the earth. It is a site of great importance in increasing our understanding about the geologic, geomorphic and geo-chronological history of the region. Vietnam-country.com	Vietnam
What was the name of the first US space station, launched in 1973?	Phong Nha Ke Bang National Park, Vietnam \| Audley Travel Make an inquiry Phong Nha Ke Bang National Park, Vietnam Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park is located in western Bo Trach district, close to the border with Laos and was designated a Unesco World Heritage site in 2003. The national park is situated in one of the largest areas of contiguous limestone karst in Asia, which also includes Hin Namno National Protected Area in Laos, nestled between the northern and central Annamite Mountains. The topography of the national park is characterised by precipitous karst ridges which rise to elevations of around 400m. Scattered among these ridges are narrow valleys and pockets of igneous rock formations. An impressive system of 300 caves is in existence here with many now accessible to visitors including Phong Nha Cave, Paradise Cave and Hang En. This is still a largely undiscovered area which offers those with a sense of adventure the chance to come face to face with giant stalactities and stalagmites and explore nature's mystical wonders. Speak to someone who's been there Start planning your tailor-made trip by calling one of our Vietnam specialists at 1-855-838-0140	i don't know
What breed of dog is a Blenheim?	Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Puppies Color Colour Blenheim When you breed a Blenheim to a Blenheim you always receive Blenheim puppies. The genetic make-up of a Blenheim is ee:ss. Blenheim is the easiest color genectic make-up for Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. When you breed Blenheim to Tri Color you can receive both Blenheim or Tri Color. When a Blenheim is being bred to a Ruby which does not carry the white gene all the puppies will be ruby and some white mismarking is possible. When a Blenheim is being bred to a Ruby with the white gene then both Ruby and Blenheim colored puppies are possible and some white mismarking on the Ruby colored puppies is possible. Whan a Blenheim is being bred to a Black & Tan that does not carry the white gene then both whole colors are possible and some white mismarking is possible. If the Blenheim is being bred to a Black & Tan that does carry the white gene then all four colors are possible and some white mismarking is possible on the whole colors. When you breed a Blenheim to a whole color (black/tan or ruby) the offspring will automatically carry the white gene giving the whole color offspring the ability to produce all 4 colors if bred to a Blenheim or tri color or if bred to another whole color that carries the white gene as well. Sometimes when you breed a Blenheim to a rich dark ruby you can greatly improve the rich dark red coloring in the Blenheim offspring. * Characteristics * Obtaining the desired shape of the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel head seems to be easier to obtain in the Blenheim colored Cavalier over the other colors. While you do find good head shape in the other colors...the consistency within the Blenheim seems to rank higher. Cruisin Peek-A-Blue ICU (2 1/2 years) Our "Sadie" is a little character and her spaniel instincts are alive and keep her very active. She is always on the move or should I say prowl for a flying bug of some kind and I cannot tell you how many she manages to catch. She is extremely light footed as she flows across the yard following an unsuspecting bug with great detail. She can turn on a dime and stay right with them for extended periods of time and if they do not rise up higher than she can jump she will surely catch them. She also talks to me during feeding time as she patiently waits for her bowl to be delivered. Cruisin Princess TallyHo (7 weeks) Resides in a companion pet home in Oklahoma Cruisin Cinnabon Roll (7 weeks) Resides in a companion pet home in Florida Cruisin Cinderella (10 weeks) "Ella" resides in Texas with her owner, Susan Skaggs. Ella began showing at the CKCSC-NT Sweepstakes Event on September 17, 2010 in Dallas, Texas. Ella has also earned her Canine Good Citizen (CGC) certification and Susan hopes to be able to to continue on so she can become a therapy dog.	Spaniel
In medicine, dysphonia is difficulty in doing what?	Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Dog Breed Information - American Kennel Club 01 02 03 04 05 06 General Appearance The Cavalier King Charles Spaniel is an active, graceful, well-balanced toy spaniel, very gay and free in action; fearless and sporting in character, yet at the same time gentle and affectionate. It is this typical gay temperament, combined with true elegance and royal appearance which are of paramount importance in the breed. Natural appearance with no trimming, sculpting or artificial alteration is essential to breed type. Head Proportionate to size of dog, appearing neither too large nor too small for the body. Expression - The sweet, gentle, melting expression is an important breed characteristic. Eyes - Large, round, but not prominent and set well apart; color a warm, very dark brown; giving a lustrous, limpid look. Rims dark. There should be cushioning under the eyes which contributes to the soft expression. Faults - small, almond-shaped, prominent, or light eyes; white surrounding ring. Ears - Set high, but not close, on top of the head. Leather long with plenty of feathering and wide enough so that when the dog is alert, the ears fan slightly forward to frame the face. Body Neck - Fairly long, without throatiness, well enough muscled to form a slight arch at the crest. Set smoothly into nicely sloping shoulders to give an elegant look. Topline - Level both when moving and standing. Body - Short-coupled with ribs well sprung but not barrelled. Chest moderately deep, extending to elbows allowing ample heart room. Slightly less body at the flank than at the last rib, but with no tucked-up appearance. Tail - Well set on, carried happily but never much above the level of the back, and in constant characteristic motion when the dog is in action. Docking is optional. If docked, no more than one third to be removed. Forequarters Shoulders well laid back. Forelegs straight and well under the dog with elbows close to the sides. Pasterns strong and feet compact with well-cushioned pads. Dewclaws may be removed. Coat Of moderate length, silky, free from curl. Slight wave permissible. Feathering on ears, chest, legs and tail should be long, and the feathering on the feet is a feature of the breed. No trimming of the dog is permitted. Specimens where the coat has been altered by trimming, clipping, or by artificial means shall be so severely penalized as to be effectively eliminated from competition. Hair growing between the pads on the underside of the feet may be trimmed. Hindquarters The hindquarters construction should come down from a good broad pelvis, moderately muscled; stifles well turned and hocks well let down. The hindlegs when viewed from the rear should parallel each other from hock to heel. Faults - Cow or sickle hocks. Cavalier King Charles Spaniel	i don't know
Sophie, Mark and Jeremy are the three main characters in which UK Channel 4 television series?	Episode guide \| Peep Show Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Share Peep Show is an award-winning British sitcom that stars David Mitchell and Robert Webb . It is broadcast on Channel 4 in the UK. Written by Jesse Armstrong and Sam Bain, the series explores the lives of Mark Corrigan (Mitchell) and Jeremy "Jez" Osborne/Usbourne (Webb; the spelling of the character's surname is uncertain). It is filmed entirely from the physical points-of-view of the characters, and viewers can hear the interior monologues of Mark and Jez.	Peep show (disambiguation)
What type of animal is a chital?	Peep Show review – the final ride of the El Dude brothers \| Television & radio \| The Guardian Last night's TV Peep Show review – the final ride of the El Dude brothers We say goodbye to the era-defining sitcom with an episode full of the depravity, hilarity and human truths that have set it apart for 12 years. Plus: a sobering look at one year of domestic violence Jez and Mark: back where they started. Photograph: Angus Young/Channel 4 Wednesday 16 December 2015 17.30 EST Last modified on Thursday 17 December 2015 03.01 EST Share on Messenger Close Here goes then, the last ever episode of Peep Show (Channel 4). It’ll be hard to top last week – Jeremy and Hans’s artistic-rights feud, Mark’s post-toilet-sex smugness, the ball-burial of Sophie, snakes in the soft-play centre. Of course, Rachel Blanchard, who used to play Jeremy’s girlfriend Nancy , went on to be in Snakes on a Plane ; I wonder if that was the inspiration. Anyway, that was ages ago, in Jez’s straight youth. Now he’s turning 40 and finding it hard to keep up with boyfriend Joe’s three-day drug binges. Drinking his own wee doesn’t seem to be helping. I imagine there’s quite a high drug content in the wee – that’s probably why he can’t sleep. His reference book – The Golden Fountain: The Complete Guide to Urine Therapy by Coen van der Kroon – is actually real. Amazon would do well to stock up, since there’s sure to be sudden interest – the ideal Christmas present idea for the Peep Show fanatic. Bloody hell, it’s expensive if you want a new one. Mark is sacked, replaced by Jeff! I would rather have seen the return of Nancy, to be honest, with or without snakes (maybe with, thinking about it). We’ve already had welcome farewell returns from Dobby and Sophie this series. The end of Peep Show: ‘Super Hans took the sofa’ It’s Jez’s fault, obviously, that Mark was sacked, for which he gets hit – ouch, a point-of-view punch in the mouth, nice touch. Did they miss a trick by not doing a point-of-view sip of “the original vaccine, the watery battery, the mellow yellow” for extra grossness? Possibly. The camera operator probably wasn’t keen. On to the big storyline of this one, which is the kidnapping of Angus. Ha, good – I hate Angus. It means Mark can have a coffee with April and tell her how he really feels. He even uses the L word, the love one. Also, after catching himself saying something his father would have said, he delivers my favourite line of the evening, to himself: “Hello, Dad, you’re living inside me now, are you?” Every bloke of a certain age has done it, no, caught himself turning into his father? It’s one of the brilliant things about Peep Show – not just piss and handjobs, depravity, excruciating hilarity, but also the occasional human truth, a POV peep inside the head of the male psyche. And this is a lovely finale (if lovely can ever be the word to use about anything that contains Mark and Jeremy) of a wonderful final series. It’s absolutely the right decision to stop now, though, at the top, ensuring that Peep Show goes down in TV history, an era-defining sitcom. Mark has his horrid way with April in another toilet. Hang on – he’s got the girl, they’re off together on the cruise, in to the sunset ... is this all going to end happily ever after? Don’t be daft. The plan goes wrong – everything goes wrong. Angus escapes and gets April back; Joe leaves Jeremy, for lying about his age; Molly leaves Super Hans, who decides it’s time to van it to Macedonia and finally set up the moped rental. (That has got to be worth a spin-off hasn’t it? I know I’d watch it, Super Hans in the Balkans.) All of which leaves the El Dude brothers pretty much as they started, all those years ago, with only each other. Jez asks Mark to pull him off, although only half-heartedly, to be fair. Mark declines; he wants Jeremy out. The wolf on the telly howls, aaaooow, the end. They’ll carry on, as before, even if we’re not peeping any more. *** Love You to Death: A Year of Domestic Violence (BBC2) takes on extra poignancy, coming in a week of news that police forces in England and Wales are being overwhelmed by a staggering rise in domestic violence cases. Vanessa Engle’s numbing film looks at one year, taking a roll call of the 86 women killed by their partners or former partners. A few of these women – Kirsty Humphrey (aged 23), Anne-Marie Birch (47), Amina Bibi (43), Chantelle Barnsdale-Quean (35), Joanna Hall (35), Assia Newton (44), Chloe Siokos (80) – get more than a name: they get their story told, by their families, parents, children, neighbours. Individual human tragedies picked from a shocking statistic. It’s not just the ages of the victims that vary so. There are completely different circumstances, motives, jealousy, cruelty, psychosis, so-called “honour”. But, at the heart of them all, it’s the same old story – women being killed by men.	i don't know
Who became the first female Prime Minister of Israel, in 1969?	BBC ON THIS DAY \| 7 \| 1969: Israel elects first female leader About This Site \| Text Only 1969: Israel elects first female leader Golda Meir, the "grand old woman of Israeli politics", is to become the first female prime minister of Israel. The 70-year-old's candidature was officially accepted by the Labour Party in Tel Aviv after she received 287 votes from her own central committee. Forty-five MPs abstained. On Sunday she will formally succeed her political friend and colleague Levi Eshkol, who died of a heart attack last week. I have faced difficult problems in the past but nothing like the one I'm faced with now in leading the country Golda Meir Mrs Meir, who has come out of retirement to take up the role, pledged to maintain national unity and called on the people who worked with Mr Eshkol to "continue in the same framework" in her government. She added: "I have never failed to accept party decisions and I shall not refuse now. "I have faced difficult problems in the past but nothing like the one I'm faced with now in leading the country." With her party controlling the largest faction in parliament, Acting Prime Minister Yigal Allon and Defence Minister Moshe Dayan have agreed to step aside and reserve their own bids for power until later in the year. Following their decision, she was the only nominee put forward before the central committee. Mrs Meir, a former schoolteacher in America, previously served as Israeli foreign minister for 10 years before she retired following ill health. Because of her age and condition, her appointment is regarded by many as a stop-gap, intended to maintain national unity before the Labour Party chooses a leader for the October general elections. Many supporters within the party consider General Dayan to be a more suitable candidate. Acting Prime Minister Mr Allon also has substantial backing within the party leadership. Both are younger than Mrs Meir and considered national heroes. Despite such opposition, General Dayan, who is expected to retain his post as defence minister, said he would be honoured to work with Mrs Meir. Her government is expected to reflect the same parties and ministers who previously served under Mr Eshkol. Details of her new cabinet will be announced in the next few days.	Golda Meir
US actress Susan Tomalin is better known by what name?	Golda Meir - First Female Prime Minister of Israel Golda Meir Resources Golda Meir Golda Meir has an impressive story. Between 1898 and 1914, two and a quarter million Jews left Russia for the United States. It was during this time that the roots of modern Zionism was born. Zionists believe that because Jews have been oppressed in Europe and other parts of the world, the only way than overcome this oppression and gain self-sufficiency and acceptance is to migrate to Israel and build a nation there. Golda Meir Jews first arrived to Israel in the early 20th century, when Britain allowed Palestine to be an establishment for Jews. And it is within this environment that Zionism flourished. Zionism was founded primarily by secular Jews and there are different branches of this movement. In Labor Zionism, socialist-leaning Zionists believed that Jews could overcome their second-class status and succeed by migrating to Israel and build a utopian proletariat society that's operated by the workers, and they promoted the idea of kibbutz, which is a commune that reflects a cooperative agriculture system. In Revisionist Zionism, some leaders focus on the cultural heritage of Israel as the basis for establishment of the nation. This group of Zionists is also opposed to Labor Zionism and socialistic approaches to the operation of Israel. And in Religious Zionism, some leaders believed that traditional Judaism played an important role in Zionism's values. It was out of the rise of Zionism that Israel gained its' first and only female Prime Minister, Golda Meir, who ruled from 1969 to 1974. Golda Meir was born in the Ukraine in 1898. Her father was a skilled carpenter who saved money to move with his family to the United States due to severe persecution of the Jews in he Ukraine. Golda's paternal grandfather was kidnapped at age thirteen to join the Czar's army and he refused to convert to Christianity and eat non-kosher foods. At age 8, Golda moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin and when she turned 14, she wanted to attend high school but her parents refused to let her do so because they believed women would do better as wives and mothers. Her father even told her once, "It doesn't pay to be too clever. Men don't like smart girls." Upset by this, Golda ran way and went to live with her older sister in Denver. While there, she developed a strong interest in Labor Zionism due to her sister's friends who often visited and had conversations about this topic. It was also during this time that she met her future husband Morris Myerson, a quiet man who worked as a sign painter but who didn't share her Zionist views. Sometime later her parents let her return to Milwaukee and after graduating from high school, she attended a teachers' college and taught at a Yiddish school. Golda's purpose for life changed when in 1917, Britain declared Palestine an establishment for the Jews. After marrying Morris a year later, they moved to Palestine, where they both worked on a kibbutz and made a good impression on fellow workers there. In the 1920s, Golda and Morris moved to Jerusalem and she gave birth to two children. The tension in her marriage also increased during this time because while Morris wanted her to live a more conventional life as a wife and mother, Golda had bigger aspirations, which included a political career and Zionist activism. She then worked with the General Federation of Labor's Women Worker's Council and she held key positions with the World Zionist Organization. After Israel's official establishment in 1948, Golda traveled to the United Stated to raise $50 million for funds to support Israel's military since the nation had been receiving attacks from neighboring Arab nations. In 1949 she was elected to the Israeli Parliament then became Israel's first female Foreign Minister. Then in 1969, she became the first and only female prime minister. However, her most disappointing moment occurred during this time because Israel received a surprise attack from Syria and Egypt during the Yom Kippur War in 1973. Israel wasn't prepared for this attack, and Golda didn't plan to take military action when she first heard of threats from these nations. As a result, people in Israel lost confidence in her abilities and she resigned in 1974. Golda Meir died at age 80 in 1978. There is a secret you don't know Besides the factual Golda Meir biography presented above there is a super-sized secret that no one must ever know about except you and me. And that secret is that when Golda Meir wasn't leading her country she was designing video games about alien zombie kittens.	i don't know
Who plays Dr John Becker in the US television series ‘Becker’?	Becker (TV Series 1998–2004) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Dr. John Becker goes through his daily routine of being a doctor, stopping at his favorite diner, and other various situations, all the while hating life and everything around him. Creator: Linda deletes some important files and spends the day trying to recover them or cover up what she's done. Some out-of-town friends have come to see John but he's nowhere to be seen so Chris must ... 8.7 Becker's intended talk to children about nutrition abruptly becomes a discussion about sex. Two police officers conduct a stakeout at the diner. 8.6 As he does with everyone else, Becker finds fault with his attorney. Nevertheless, she refuses to let him take the stand, fearing that he won't be able to control his temper. 8.5 a list of 21 titles created 23 Jun 2011 a list of 38 titles created 07 Mar 2012 a list of 34 titles created 31 Aug 2012 a list of 45 titles created 11 Jul 2014 a list of 26 titles created 30 Mar 2015 Search for " Becker " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Nominated for 1 Golden Globe. Another 4 wins & 9 nominations. See more awards » Videos Hot-tempered journalist Maya Gallo got herself fired from yet another job when she made an anchorwoman cry on the air with some gag copy on the teleprompter. Unable to find a job anywhere ... See full summary » Stars: Laura San Giacomo, Enrico Colantoni, George Segal The regulars of the Boston bar Cheers share their experiences and lives with each other while drinking or working at the bar where everybody knows your name. Stars: Ted Danson, Rhea Perlman, John Ratzenberger In this sitcom, Charlie, who takes Mike Flaherty's place in later years, is the Deputy-Mayor of New York City, and his team of half-wits must constantly save the Mayor from embarrassment and the media. Stars: Michael J. Fox, Charlie Sheen, Heather Locklear The workplace sitcom "NewsRadio" explores the office politics and interpersonal relationships among the staff of WNYX NewsRadio, New York's #2 news radio station. Beleaguered news director ... See full summary » Stars: Dave Foley, Stephen Root, Andy Dick Drew is an assistant director of personnel in a Cleveland department store and he has been stuck there for ten years. Other than fighting with co-worker Mimi, his hobbies include drinking ... See full summary » Stars: Drew Carey, Diedrich Bader, Ryan Stiles Light television comedy featuring Paul and Jaime Buchman as a recently married couple in New York City. They point out the gentle humor of domesticity and in the everyday situations of life. Stars: Paul Reiser, Helen Hunt, John Pankow Dr. Frasier Crane moves back to his hometown of Seattle where he lives with his father and works as a radio psychiatrist. Stars: Kelsey Grammer, Jane Leeves, David Hyde Pierce 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 6.3/10 X A free spirited yoga instructor finds true love in a conservative lawyer and they got married on the first date. Though they are polar opposites; her need of stability is fulfilled with him, his need of optimism is fulfilled with her. Stars: Jenna Elfman, Thomas Gibson, Joel Murray Edit Storyline Misanthropic Dr. John Becker runs a clinic in New York City. He is assisted by super-capable Margaret Wyborn and less-than-capable Linda, who's only kept on because no one else can stand the doctor. Becker's best (some would say only) friend is the blind Jake Malinak, who runs a newsstand in the diner across the street. The diner used to be run by Reggie Kostas, but it has been taken over by Chris Conner, a lady whom Becker fluctuates between loathing and being attracted to. The diner is also frequented by Robert Benito, who is universally known as Bob and is the super at Becker's apartment (much to the doctor's regret). Written by Thanos6 His bedside manner is no manners at all! See more » Genres: 2 November 1998 (USA) See more » Also Known As: Did You Know? Trivia Bob disappeared at the start of the 6th season, the character was said to "be on vacation" and was then never referred to again. This was because Saverio Guerra had left the show between the 5th and 6th seasons. See more » Quotes (United Kingdom) – See all my reviews We love Becker here in the UK it is a really funny comedy and look forward to each hilarious episode Ted Danson Plays an excellent role as Becker He is ably supported by Nancy Travis ,Shawnee Smith,Alex Desert, and the rest of the crew There is a great rapport between the characters which blend well together We think it is one of the most original and funniest situation comedies of all time There is nothing to compare with the quality of the scripts at present here in the UK at present and the fine acting compliments the scripts well. I heard that it has ended production in 2004 I hope that it does carry on as the standard has not fallen throughout it's production run 25 of 30 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	Ted Danson
Freetown is the capital of which African country?	Biografía de Ted Danson Nacido en: San Diego, California, United States Edad: 69 años Biografía From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Edward Bridge “Ted” Danson III (born December 29, 1947) is an American actor best known for his role as central character Sam Malone in the sitcom Cheers, and his role as Dr. John Becker on the series Becker. He also plays a recurring role on Larry David's HBO sitcom Cu... Mostrar más From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Edward Bridge “Ted” Danson III (born December 29, 1947) is an American actor best known for his role as central character Sam Malone in the sitcom Cheers, and his role as Dr. John Becker on the series Becker. He also plays a recurring role on Larry David's HBO sitcom Curb Your Enthusiasm, starred alongside Glenn Close in legal drama Damages and is now a regular on the HBO comedy series Bored to Death. In his thirty-year career, Danson has been nominated for fourteen Primetime Emmy Awards, winning two; ten Golden Globe Awards nominations, winning three; one Screen Actors Guild Awards nomination; one American Comedy Award and a star on Hollywood's Walk of Fame. He was ranked second in TV Guide's list of the top 25 television stars. Danson has also been a longtime activist in ocean conservation. In March 2011, he published his first book, "Oceana: Our Endangered Oceans And What We Can Do To Save Them," written with journalist Michael D'Orso. Description above from the Wikipedia article Ted Danson, licensed under CC-BY-SA, full list of contributors on Wikipedia. Mostrar menos	i don't know
Russian doctor Ivan Pavlov was known for his experiments on which animals?	Pavlov's Dog Pavlov's Dog Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936) Who was Ivan Pavlov? The Russian scientist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was born in 1849 in Ryazan, where his father worked as a village priest. In 1870 Ivan Pavlov abandoned the religious career for which he had been preparing, and instead went into science. There he had a great impact on the field of physiology by studying the mechanisms underlying the digestive system in mammals. For his original work in this field of research, Pavlov was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1904. By then he had turned to studying the laws on the formation of conditioned reflexes, a topic on which he worked until his death in 1936. His discoveries in this field paved the way for an objective science of behavior. Pavlov's drooling dogs While Ivan Pavlov worked to unveil the secrets of the digestive system, he also studied what signals triggered related phenomena, such as the secretion of saliva. When a dog encounters food, saliva starts to pour from the salivary glands located in the back of its oral cavity. This saliva is needed in order to make the food easier to swallow. The fluid also contains enzymes that break down certain compounds in the food. In humans, for example, saliva contains the enzyme amylase, an effective processor of starch. Pavlov became interested in studying reflexes when he saw that the dogs drooled without the proper stimulus. Although no food was in sight, their saliva still dribbled. It turned out that the dogs were reacting to lab coats. Every time the dogs were served food, the person who served the food was wearing a lab coat. Therefore, the dogs reacted as if food was on its way whenever they saw a lab coat. In a series of experiments, Pavlov then tried to figure out how these phenomena were linked. For example, he struck a bell when the dogs were fed. If the bell was sounded in close association with their meal, the dogs learnt to associate the sound of the bell with food. After a while, at the mere sound of the bell, they responded by drooling. Different kinds of reflexes Reflexes make us react in a certain way. When a light beam hits our eyes, our pupils shrink in response to the light stimulus. And when the doctor taps you below the knee cap, your leg swings out. These reflexes are called unconditioned, or built-in. The body responds in the same fashion every time the stimuli (the light or the tap) is applied. In the same way, dogs drool when they encounter food. Pavlov's discovery was that environmental events that previously had no relation to a given reflex (such as a bell sound) could, through experience, trigger a reflex (salivation). This kind of learnt response is called conditioned reflex, and the process whereby dogs or humans learn to connect a stimulus to a reflex is called conditioning. Animals generally learn to associate stimuli that are relevant to their survival. Food aversion is an example of a natural conditioned reflex. If an animal eats something with a distinctive vanilla taste and then eats a tasteless poison that leads to nausea, the animal will not be particularly eager to eat vanilla-flavoured food the next time. Linking nausea to taste is an evolutionarily successful strategy, since animals that failed to learn their lesson did not last very long. Why were Pavlov's findings given so much acknowledgment? Pavlov's description on how animals (and humans) can be trained to respond in a certain way to a particular stimulus drew tremendous interest from the time he first presented his results. His work paved the way for a new, more objective method of studying behavior. So-called Pavlovian training has been used in many fields, with anti-phobia treatment as but one example. An important principle in conditioned learning is that an established conditioned response (salivating in the case of the dogs) decreases in intensity if the conditioned stimulus (bell) is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus (food). This process is called extinction. In order to treat phobias evoked by certain environmental situations, such as heights or crowds, this phenomenon can be used. The patient is first taught a muscle relaxation technique. Then he or she is told , over a period of days, to imagine the fear-producing situation while trying to inhibit the anxiety by relaxation. At the end of the series, the strongest anxiety-provoking situation may be brought to mind without anxiety. This process is called systematic desensitization. Conditioning forms the basis of much of learned human behavior. Nowadays, this knowledge has also been exploited by commercial advertising. An effective commercial should be able to manipulate the response to a stimulus (like seeing a product's name) which initially does not provoke any feeling. The objective is to train people to make the "false" connection between positive emotions (e.g. happiness or feeling attractive) and the particular brand of consumer goods being advertised. Pavlov's prize Although the first image that comes to mind while mentioning Ivan Pavlov's name is his drooling dogs, he became a Nobel Laureate for his research in a different field. In 1904 he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his pioneering studies of how the digestive system works. Until Pavlov started to scrutinize this field, our knowledge of how food was digested in the stomach, and what mechanisms were responsible for regulating this, were quite foggy. In order to understand the process, Pavlov developed a new way of monitoring what was happening. He surgically made fistulas in animals' stomachs, which enabled him to study the organs and take samples of body fluids from them while they continued to function normally. By Lotta Fredholm, Science Journalist First published 15 May 2001	Dog
Which British monarch died in October 1760?	Ivan Pavlov Glossary Ivan Petrovich Pavlov Essentially, only one thing in life is of real interest to us - our psychical experience. Its mechanism, however, was and still is shrouded in profound obscurity - I. P. Pavlov Ivan Pavlov was a Russian scientist most famous for describing the psychological phenomenon referred to as a "conditioned response". Pavlov made a number of other very important discoveries in the realm of physiology, particularly related to digestion. Indeed, it was while studying the secretion of digestive enzymes that he became interested in the integration of the body and the brain. Born to a Russian minister on September 14, 1849, Pavlov grew up in the town of Ryazan. Due to a childhood accident, Ivan was unable to attend school as early as other children, but did get started at age 11. After finishing school he was sent to theological seminary to follow in his father's footsteps, but dropped out in 1870 to enroll at the University of St. Petersburg. It was there that Pavlov became interested in and started his career in physiology. His first research project, under the tutelage of Elie Cyon, involved investigation of pancreatic nerves, and this work earned him gold medal honors at the university. Pavlov continued his studies at the Military Medical Academy between the years of 1875 and 1879. He finished his dissertation and earned the degree of doctor of medicine in 1883. Pavlov gained the influence of prominent researchers such as Ludwig, Heidenhain, and Bofkin during the next several years, and was named Professor of Pharmacology at St. Petersburg Institute of Experimental Medicine in 1895. Soon after this honor he became Professor of Physiology, and held that position until 1924. Pavlov's first independent work focused on the physiology of the circulation of the blood. He studied the influence of variations in blood volume on blood pressure. He also investigated the nervous control of the heart, and argued that rhythm and strength of cardiac contractions are controlled by four types of nerves. It was during this first independent study that Pavlov used unanesthetized, neurologically intact dogs. This method became the mainstay of Pavlov's methodology. Pavlov felt that the experimental methods used by many physiologic researchers introduced too many sources of error. In order to understand the true physiological mechanisms of an organ, that organ had to be observed as it functioned as a part of whole body: "I would prefer to remain a pure physiologist, that is, an investigator who studies the functions of separate organs, the conditions of their activity, and the synthesis of their function in the total mechanism as a part or in the whole of the organism; and I am little interested in the ultimate, deep basis for the function of an organ or of its tissues, for which primarily chemical or physical analysis is required." Pavlov's methodology involved training dogs to lie calmly on the operating table while he incised the skin and surface tissues, disclosed the artery, and connected it to instruments for measuring blood pressure. Pavlov's second independent work centered around digestion. He started studying digestion as early as 1879, and it was his major focus from 1890 to 1897. His work was an accumulation of observations on the nervous control of one organ system through the method of chronic experiment. The study of digestion involved developing "fistulas" through which secretions from salivary glands, stomach, the pancreas, and small intestine could be collected. His technique was truly unique in that he did not cut the nerve supply nor contaminate the secretions with food. Pavlov's accomplishments from study of digestive organs included: discovery of enterokinase, an enzyme in the duodenum that activates trypsin description of the neural control of the pancreas and pancreatic control as a response to different foods demonstration that chewing and swallowing alone would cause gastric secretion conclusion that the secretory nerve that controls the gastric glands is the vagus nerve demonstration of variance in types and amounts of secretions of the stomach is a response to different foods observation that the mere sight of food stimulates salivary and gastric secretion In 1897, Pavlov published his results and generalizations in a book called "Work of the Digestive Glands". For this work, he was the first Russian and physiologist to receive the Nobel Prize, which was awarded in 1904. This last observation listed above marks the beginning of a shift of Pavlov's research focus. He began to study the "higher mental processes", particularly the effects of sight and smell of food on salivation. He classified all the reactions of an animal as conditioned or unconditioned. The most famous and well-known experiment of Pavlov is that he conditioned dogs to initiate a salivary response to the sound of a bell. He began by measuring the amount of salivation in response to only food. As the experiments continued, he rang a bell as he presented the food. Again, he noted a salivary response. Finally, by only ringing the bell, Pavlov observed the same response as having presented food to the dogs - salivation. These experiments defined what has been a "conditioned response". It is this same principle that makes our our mouths water and stomachs awaken when we smell the odors of a restaurant or see the 'golden arches' come into view. The final 35 years of Pavlov's research were devoted to the investigation of the conditioned reflex and the study of the brain. In the late 1920's, he began working with clinical patients, trying to understand the qualitative differences between the higher nervous processes of animals and of people. "Science will sooner or later bring the obtained objective results to our subjective world, and will at once illuminate our mysterious nature, will explain the mechanism and vital meaning of that which eternally occupies the human mind - it's conscience, and it's tribulations." The 'conditioning' model presented by Pavlov had an enormous influence on western behavioral psychology. For Pavlov, the assumption was that the unconscious processes that existed were simple reflexes which could be conditioned to affect behavioral change. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov can be thanked for maintaining the purity of observational science and striving to keep the standards for experimental methodology at its highest level. Although he is most remembered for his groundbreaking work in behavioral psychology, the inspiring research that led Pavlov to these observation cannot be forgotten. He was a truly great scientist and researcher. References Girogian, NA: Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich. In The Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Charles Schribner's Sons, New York, Vol 10, pp. 431-6, 1974. Kozulin, Alex. Personalities and Reflexes: The Legacies of Ivan Pavlov and Vladimir Bekterev. In Psychology in Utopia: Toward a Social History of Soviet Psychology. MIT press, Cambridge, pp. 40-61, 1984. Thanks to Dr. Daniel Todes for translation of the opening quote from the original Russian. Last updated on April 24, 2006 Author: R. Bowen	i don't know
In nature, what are Spring and Neap?	Spring Tides Neap Tides \| The Old Farmer's Almanac Rate this Article: Average: 3.4 (441 votes) The following is a explanation of spring and neap tides in relation to lunar and solar cycles. Since antiquity, people have noticed that oceans exhibit a much greater tidal range around the time of the full Moon and new Moon. This is when the Moon and Sun are either together in the sky or are on opposite sides of the heavens. Higher tides occur during these Moon phases because the Sun also exerts a gravitational pull on our oceans, although it is only 46 percent as strong as the Moon's. When the gravitational effects of the Sun and the Moon combine, we get spring tides, which have nothing to do with the season of spring. The term refers to the action of the seas springing out and then springing back. These are times of high high tides and low low tides. A week later, during either of the two quarter Moon phases , when the Sun and Moon are at right angles to each other and their tidal influences partially cancel each other out, neap tides occur, and the tidal range is minimal. In fact, because the oceans take a bit of time to catch up to the geometry of the Moon, spring and neap tides usually occur about a day after the respective lunar cycles. Now morn has come,	Tide
The Singapura is one of the smallest breeds of which animal?	Tides explained Yet More... Tides Most people grow up thinking that the tides are caused by the moon, and indeed that gravitational 'pull' of the moon is a major factor, as is the gravitational effect of the sun but there is another major factor, which is less often mentioned, and that is the force created by the rotation of the earth itself. So the diagram on the left shows how the water on the earth gets pulled into a bulge one way by the moon's gravity and into a bulge on the opposite side by the rotational force of the earth. As the earth rotates on its axis once every 24 hours, if the moon stood still then the moon will be overhead and 'underfoot' once in every 24 hours giving (in most places) 2 high and 2 low tides a day, but as the moon is also orbiting in the same direction as the earth revolves it actually takes about 24 hours and 50 minutes for the moon to be in the same place overhead. So the period from one high tide to the next is about 12 hours 25 minutes. Spring Tides When the sun, moon and earth all line up at new (as in the picture) or full moon then we get the highest (and indeed lowest) tides which are called 'spring' tides (nothing to do with the time of year!). In fact it takes a bit of time for the enormous mass of water to move, so the spring tide will actually occur a couple of days after the new (or full) moon, so the picture on the left is a simplification. You can find more on ( moon phases here ) Because of the tilt of the earth on its axis, at the equinox the sun appears to be over the equator and if there is a new or full moon at about the same time then all the forces contrive to create the highest of high tides and if the moon is also at perigee (closest to the earth in its orbit) then that will produce the biggest tides of all. Neap Tides When the moon is at first or third quarter (you can find more on moon phases here ) then the moon and sun are exerting forces from two different directions and the overall effect on the water is less, so the high tides are lower than average and the low tides are higher than the average and we call these low tides 'neap' tides. The word 'neap' is thought to have originated from the Middle English Word 'neep' meaning small. Other Factors and Facts Although the sun, the moon and the rotation of the earth are the major forces involved in creating the tides the local conditions such as the shoreline and the contour of the ocean floor also have an effect. Because of this not everywhere has 2 tides a day - there are some places that experience what is known as a double-high water (e.g. Southampton) or double-low water (e.g. Portland). The highest tides of all (17m) occur in Canada and after a long running dispute between the famous tides of the Bay of Fundy and those of Ungava Bay on the northern coast of Quebec, the Canadian Hydrographic Service has declared a draw. Most people think of the Mediterranean area as being without tides and it is true that the tides there are very small, and can often go unnoticed as atmospheric conditions and headwinds can attenuate the effect of these tides making them difficult to see. The very smallest tidal ranges (actually 0) are found in the Adriatic and South of Sicily. "Everything has a natural explanation. The moon is not a god, but a great rock, and the sun a hot rock. " Anaxagoras "I think that when NASA works on a moon shot, they know too well that all of the people working on it must do their job at 110 percent. Sometimes they probably put in 18 hour days, but they're aiming for the moon, and that's what counts. " Marvin Hamlisch	i don't know
The First World War began during which month of 1914?	First World War.com - Timeline - 1914 Timeline Timeline - 1914 The First World War spanned four years and involved many nation states. This section lists the landmark events of the year 1914, the first year of the war which began as the widely expected war of movement, but which inexplicably (to contemporary eyes) settled into stubborn trench warfare. Sponsored Links For a day by day account click any given month using the sidebar to the right. Date Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Austro-Hungarian empire, in Sarajevo, Bosnia July 28 Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia July 29 - December 9 Austria-Hungary repeatedly invades Serbia but is repeatedly repulsed August 1 Outbreak of war - Germany declares war on Russia August 3 Germany declares war on France August 4 Britain declares war on Germany August 4 US President Woodrow Wilson declares policy of US neutrality August 14 Battle of the Frontiers begins August 17-19 Japan declares war on Germany August 23 - September 2 Austria-Hungary invades Russian Poland (Galicia) August 26-30 Battle of Tannenberg, which Russia loses; Germany's greatest success of the war on Eastern Front September 5-10 First Battle of Marne, halts German advance, resulting in stalemate and trench warfare September 9-14 First Battle of Masurian Lakes, which Russia loses September 14 First Battle of Aisne begins September 15 - November 24 The "race to the sea", trenches appear on September 15 September 17-28 Austro-German attack on western Poland October 14 - November 22	July
Who wrote the 1963 novel ‘Ice Station Zebra’?	The History Place - World War I Timeline - 1914 - War Erupts 1914 : War Erupts 1871 - Following the defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War, Germany is unified as an Imperial federation of states, led by the King of Prussia (Kaiser Wilhelm I). This spurs a new era of population growth and rapid industrialization. The Germans also forcibly annex the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine from France. 1882 - Germany, Austria-Hungary (Hapsburg Empire) and Italy form the Triple Alliance. 1891 - The Russian Empire and France form their own alliance in reaction to the Triple Alliance. 1898 - Germany begins to build up its navy to challenge the British Navy's long-standing global supremacy. January 1902 - Britain and Japan form a naval alliance. April 1904 - The British reach a strategic agreement with France which includes mutual military support in the event of war. January 1905 - Troops of Russian Czar Nicholas II fire upon peaceful demonstrators in St. Petersburg killing hundreds in what comes to be known as Bloody Sunday. May 1905 - Russia suffers a military defeat at sea by newly industrialized Japan, thwarting Russia's territorial ambitions toward Manchuria and Korea. October 1905 - Continuing political unrest in Russia, including a general strike, results in the creation of a national legislative assembly (Duma) by the Czar. February 1906 - H.M.S. Dreadnought is launched by Britain, marking the advent of a new class of big-gun battleships. The Germans follow suit and begin building similar battleships as an all-out arms race ensues between Germany and Britain. August 1907 - The British reach a strategic agreement with Russia. October 1908 - Austria-Hungary, backed by Germany, annexes Bosnia-Herzegovina. Neighboring Serbia, with the backing of Russia, voices its objection in support of the Serbian minority living in Bosnia. March 1909 - Germany forces Russia to endorse the annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina by Austria-Hungary. 1910 - Germany surpasses Britain as the leading manufacturing nation in Europe. The United States remains the world leader, surpassing all of the European manufacturing nations combined. October 1912 - The Balkan War erupts in southern Europe as Serbia leads an attack by members of the Balkan League (Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece) against the Ottoman (Turkish) Empire to drive the Turks out of Europe. May 1913 - The Balkan War ends with the Turks driven out of southern Europe. A peace settlement is then drawn up by the major European powers that divides up the former Turkish areas in southern Europe among the Balkan League nations. However, the peace is short-lived as Bulgaria, desiring a bigger share, attacks neighboring Greece and Serbia. Romania then attacks Bulgaria along with the Turks. This Second Balkan War results in Bulgaria losing territory and the Serbians becoming emboldened, leaving the Balkan region of southern Europe politically unstable. 1914 June 28, 1914 - Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne, and his wife, visit Sarajevo in Bosnia. A bomb is thrown at their auto but misses. Undaunted, they continue their visit only to be shot and killed a short time later by a lone assassin. Believing the assassin to be a Serbian nationalist, the Austrians target their anger toward Serbia. July 23, 1914 - Austria-Hungary, with the backing of Germany, delivers an ultimatum to Serbia. The Serbs propose arbitration as a way to resolve dispute, but also begin mobilization of their troops. July 25, 1914 - Austria-Hungary severs diplomatic ties with Serbia and begins to mobilize its troops. July 26, 1914 - Britain attempts to organize a political conference among the major European powers to resolve the dispute between Austria-Hungary and Serbia. France and Italy agree to participate. Russia then agrees, but Germany refuses. July 28, 1914 - The Austro-Hungarian Empire declares war on Serbia. July 29, 1914 - Britain calls for international mediation to resolve the worsening crisis. Russia urges German restraint, but the Russians begin partial troop mobilization as a precaution. The Germans then warn Russia on its mobilization and begin to mobilize themselves. July 30, 1914 - Austrian warships bombard Belgrade, capital of Serbia. July 31, 1914 - Reacting to the Austrian attack on Serbia, Russia begins full mobilization of its troops. Germany demands that it stop. August 1, 1914 - Germany declares war on Russia. France and Belgium begin full mobilization. August 3, 1914 - Germany declares war on France, and invades neutral Belgium. Britain then sends an ultimatum, rejected by the Germans, to withdraw from Belgium. August 4, 1914 - Great Britain declares war on Germany. The declaration is binding on all Dominions within the British Empire including Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India and South Africa. August 4, 1914 - The United States declares its neutrality. August 4-16, 1914 - The Siege of Liege occurs as Germans attack the Belgian fortress city but meet resistance from Belgian troops inside the Liege Forts. The twelve forts surrounding the city are then bombarded into submission by German and Austrian howitzers using high explosive shells. Remaining Belgian troops then retreat northward toward Antwerp as the German westward advance continues. August 6, 1914 - The Austro-Hungarian Empire declares war on Russia. August 6, 1914 - French and British troops invade the German colony of Togo in West Africa. Twenty days later, the German governor there surrenders. August 7, 1914 - The first British troops land in France. The 120,000 highly trained members of the regular British Army form the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) commanded by Field Marshal John French. August 7-24, 1914 - The French desire to score a quick victory ignites the first major French-German action of the war. The French Army invades Alsace and Lorraine according to their master strategy known as Plan XVII. However, the French offensive is met by effective German counter-attacks using heavy artillery and machine-guns. The French suffer heavy casualties including 27,000 soldiers killed in a single day, the worst one-day death toll in the history of the French Army. The French then fall back toward Paris amid 300,000 total casualties. August 8, 1914 - Britain enacts the Defense of the Realm Act (DORA) granting unprecedented powers to the government to control the economy and daily life. August 12, 1914 - Great Britain and France declare war on Austria-Hungary. Serbia is invaded by Austria-Hungary. August 17, 1914 - Russia invades Germany, attacking into East Prussia, forcing the outnumbered Germans there to fall back. This marks the advent of the Eastern Front in Europe in which Russia will oppose Germany and Austria-Hungary. August 20, 1914 - German troops occupy undefended Brussels, capital of Belgium. Following this, the main German armies continue westward and invade France according to their master strategy known as the Schlieffen Plan. It calls for a giant counter-clockwise movement of German armies wheeling into France, swallowing up Paris, and then attacking the rear of the French armies concentrated in the Alsace-Lorraine area. Under the overall command of Helmuth von Moltke, Chief of the German General Staff, the Germans seek to achieve victory over France within six weeks and then focus on defeating Russia in the East before Russia's six-million-man army, the world's largest, can fully mobilize. August 23, 1914 - Japan declares war on Germany. The Japanese then prepare to assist the British in expelling the Germans from the Far East. German possessions in the South Pacific include a naval base on the coast of China, part of New Guinea, Samoa, and the Caroline, Marshall and Mariana Islands. Battle of Tannenberg August 26, 1914 - On the Eastern Front, German troops in East Prussia under the new command of Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff oppose the Russian 2nd Army. Aided by aerial reconnaissance and the interception of uncoded Russian radio messages, the Germans effectively reposition their troops to counter the initial Russian advance. Five days later, after surrounding the Russians, the battle ends with a German victory and the capture of 125,000 Russians. Following this success, the Germans drive the Russians out of East Prussia with heavy casualties. The impressive victory elevates Hindenburg and Ludendorff to the status of heroes in Germany. August 30, 1914 - German possessions in the Far East are attacked as New Zealand troops occupy German Samoa. Three days later, Japanese forces land on the coast of China, preparing to attack the German naval base at Tsingtao (Qingdao). A month later, the Japanese begin their occupation of the Caroline, Marshall and Mariana Islands. Battle of the Marne September 5-12, 1914 - On the Western Front, Paris is saved as French and British troops disrupt the Schlieffen Plan by launching a major counter-offensive against the invading German armies to the east of Paris. Six hundred taxi cabs from the city help to move French troops to the Front. Aided by French aerial reconnaissance which reveals a gap has developed in the center of the whole German advance, the French and British exploit this weakness and press their advantage. The Germans then begin a strategic withdrawal northward as the Allies pursue. Each side repeatedly tries to outmaneuver the other and gain a tactical advantage as they move northward in what becomes known as the Race to the Sea. September 7, 1914 - In the Far East, a German naval squadron, commanded by Graf von Spee severs the British Pacific communications cable. September 8, 1914 - The French government enacts nationwide State of War regulations which include total control over the economy and national security, strict censorship, and suspension of civil liberties. September 17, 1914 - On the Eastern Front, Austrian forces steadily retreat from the advancing Russian 3rd and 8th armies fighting in southern Poland and along the Russian-Austrian border. The Germans then send the newly formed 9th Army to halt the Russians. This marks the beginning of a pattern in which the Germans will aid the weaker Austro-Hungarian Army. September 22, 1914 - The first-ever British air raid against Germany occurs as Zeppelin bases at Cologne and Düsseldorf are bombed. First Battle of Ypres October 19-November 22, 1914 October 19, 1914 - Still hoping to score a quick victory in the West, the Germans launch a major attack on Ypres in Belgium. Despite heavy losses, British, French and Belgian troops fend off the attack and the Germans do not break through. During the battle, the Germans send waves of inexperienced 17 to 20-year-old volunteer soldiers, some fresh out of school. They advance shoulder-to-shoulder while singing patriotic songs only to be systematically gunned down in what the Germans themselves later call the "massacre of the innocents." By November, overall casualties will total 250,000 men, including nearly half of the British Regular Army. October 29, 1914 - The Ottoman Empire (Turkey) enters the war on the side of the Germans as three warships shell the Russian port of Odessa. Three days later, Russia declares war on Turkey. Russian and Turkish troops then prepare for battle along the common border of the Russian Caucasus and the Ottoman Empire. October-November, 1914 - Germans and Austrians launch a combined offensive against the Russians on the Eastern Front. The German 9th Army targets Warsaw, Poland, but is opposed by six Russian armies and withdraws. The Austrians attack the Russians in Galicia (a province in northeast Austria) with indecisive results. However, the Russians fail to press their advantage at Warsaw and instead begin a split counter-offensive moving both southward against the Austrians in Galicia and northward toward Germany. The German 9th Army then regroups and cuts off the Russians at Lodz, Poland, halting their advance and forcing an eastward withdrawal by the Russians. November 1, 1914 - Austria invades Serbia. This is the third attempt to conquer the Serbs in retaliation for the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. This attempt fails like the two before it, at the hands of highly motivated Serbs fighting on their home ground. The Austrians withdraw in mid-December, after suffering over 220,000 casualties from the three failed invasions. November 1, 1914 - The British Navy suffers its worst defeat in centuries during a sea battle in the Pacific. Two British ships, the Monmouth and Good Hope, are sunk with no survivors by a German squadron commanded by Admiral Graf von Spee. November 3, 1914 - Kaiser Wilhelm appoints Erich von Falkenhayn as the new Chief of the German General Staff, replacing Helmuth von Moltke who is sacked due to the failure of the Schlieffen Plan. November 5, 1914 - France and Britain declare war on the Ottoman (Turkish) Empire. November 6, 1914 - In the Persian Gulf, a major British offensive begins as the 6th Indian Division invades Mesopotamia. The objective is to protect the oil pipeline from Persia. Two weeks later they capture the city of Basra. November 7, 1914 - In the Far East, the German naval base at Tsingtao is captured by the Japanese, aided by a British and Indian battalion. Trench Warfare Begins December 1914 - The Western Front in Europe stabilizes in the aftermath of the First Battle of Ypres as the Germans go on the defensive and transfer troops to the East to fight the Russians. The 450-mile-long Western Front stretches from the Channel Coast southward through Belgium and Eastern France into Switzerland. Troops from both sides construct opposing trench fortifications and dugouts protected by barbed wire, machine-gun nests, snipers, and mortars, with an in-between area called No Man's Land. The Eastern Front also sees its share of trenches as troops dig in after the Russians hold off the Germans in Poland and the Austrians hold off the Russians at Limanowa. The 600-mile Eastern Front stretches from the Baltic Sea southward through East Prussia and Austria to the Carpathian Mountains. December 8, 1914 - The Battle of Falkland Islands occurs as British Navy warships destroy the German squadron of Admiral Graf von Spee in the South Atlantic off the coast of Argentina. Von Spee and two sons serving in his squadron are killed. December 10, 1914 - The French begin a series of attacks along the Western Front against the Germans in the Artois region of northern France and Champagne in the south. Hampered by a lack of heavy artillery and muddy winter conditions, the French fail to make any significant gains and both offensives are soon suspended. December 16, 1914 - Britain suffers its first civilian casualties at home in the war as the German Navy bombards the coastal towns of Whitby, Hartlepool and Scarborough, killing 40 persons and wounding hundreds. December 25, 1914 - A Christmas truce occurs between German and British soldiers in the trenches of northern France. All shooting stops as the soldiers exit their trenches, exchange gifts, sing carols and engage in a soccer game. This is the only Christmas truce of the war, as Allied commanders subsequently forbid fraternization with orders to shoot any violators. [ The History Place Main Page \| American Revolution \| Abraham Lincoln \| U.S. Civil War \| Child Labor in America 1908-1912 \| John F. Kennedy Photo History \| Vietnam War \| The Rise of Adolf Hitler \| Triumph of Hitler \| Defeat of Hitler \| Hitler Youth \| Timeline of World War II in Europe \| Holocaust Timeline \| Irish Potato Famine \| Photo of the Week \| This Month in History \| History Videos \| Hollywood's Best History Movies \| Send Feedback ] Copyright © 2009 The History Place All Rights Reserved Terms of use: Private home/school non-commercial, non-Internet re-usage only is allowed of any text, graphics, photos, audio clips, other electronic files or materials from The History Place.	i don't know
‘The Fight of the Millennium’ took place in Las Vegas in September 1999 between Felix Trinidad and which other boxer?	Felix Trinidad - Public Speaking & Appearances - Speakerpedia, Discover & Follow a World of Compelling Voices Claim Felix's Profile Felix Trinidad Felix 'Tito' Trinidad, Jr. is a boxer from Cupey Alto, Puerto Rico and a former multi-division champion of the International Boxing Federation and the World Boxing Council. Felix Trinidad has an impressive record of 42 wins and 2 losses, with 35 wins by knockout, and is considered one of the best Puerto Rican boxers in history, along the likes of Wilfred Benitez, Ivan Calderon, and Hector Camacho. When Trinidad Sr. announced his decision to turn his son into a professional boxer rather than wait for the 1992 Barcelona Olympics, he was met with skepticism and criticism from Puerto Rico's top boxing experts. Trinidad Jr, however, proved them wrong quickly by burying opponent after opponent. Among Trinidad's victims was Jake Rodriguez, a fellow Puerto Rican and former Jr. Welterweight champion of the world, who was the only one to last 10 rounds with him during this period. In 1993, Trinidad traveled to San Diego, California and defeated the crafty defending world Welterweight champion Maurice Blocker in 2 rounds, in a fight televised by Showtime. It was the beginning of a long-lasting friendship between the new champion and the cable network. Defending this title, he beat former and future world champions Hector 'Macho' Camacho, Freddie Pendleton, and 'Yori Boy' Campas among others. He kept defending the title until he was able to sign for an unification bout with the other world Welterweight champ, Oscar De La Hoya. During all of that, Trinidad changed alliegances from Showtime to HBO. The highly anticipated bout between the 2 Welterweight champions took place September 18, 1999 at the Mandalay Bay Hotel in Las Vegas. It was nicknamed Fight of the Millennium. De La Hoya dominated the early part of the fight, but decided to coast during the final rounds. Thinking he had the fight won, De La Hoya preferred to evade Trinidad rather than exchange punches with him. In a highly controversial decision, Trinidad won the fight by majority decision. After leaving the Welterweight world championships vacant, Trinidad moved in weight to challenge World Jr Middleweight champion David Reid, a Las Vegas talent, again at the Mandalay Bay. Trinidad was knocked down in the 3rd, but proceeded to beat Reid, dropping him 5 times and winning a unanimous decision. Next, he unified the title vs the other world champion, power puncher Fernando Vargas of Oxnard, California. This bout saw Trinidad rise from the canvas in round 4 after a fast start that saw him knock down the Mexican warrior twice in round one, but he prevailed after dropping Vargas again 3 times in round 12, the last knockdown after which the fight was stopped. After Trinidad left the division, he came back and regained the world title. Trinidad once again moved up in weight, lured by Don King's Middleweight unification tournament and he beat William Joppy by a knockout in 5 rounds to become world Middleweight champion. His unification bout with the other world champ, Bernard Hopkins of Philadelphia, originally scheduled for September 15, 2001 at the Madison Square Garden had to be postponed because of the September 11 Terrorist attacks. It was fought, however, two weeks later, on September 29, and Trinidad had to taste the sour taste of defeat this time, losing for the first time, to the physically more mature Hopkins, who then became the undisputed world champion in the division. Trinidad's fans in Puerto Rico proved how much they really loved him by mounting another large welcoming at the airport after his defeat. After beating former Middleweight world champ Hassine Cherifi of France by knockout in 4 rounds in San Juan, Trinidad shockingly announced his retirement, leaving the sport of boxing with a record of 41 wins, only 1 defeat, and 34 wins by knockout. He reconciled with his wife Sharon, after a scandal broke out where it was discovered he had a baby girl with a TV model that he had an affair with. He has committed to pay the child's support and help raise her along with his 2 other daughters with Sharon. Trinidad announced a comeback on March 2, 2004. On October 2 of that same year, he recovered from a third round knockdown to drop the former world champion, Ricardo Mayorga, three times in the eighth, knocking Mayorga out. (See Trinidad versus Mayorga) On May 14, 2005. Trinidad challenged Winky Wright. The winner would become the WBC's number one Middleweight challenger, but Trinidad was outpointed over twelve rounds by Wright. After which, Trinidad finally retired. He is considered by many the best Puerto Rican boxer to this day. Trinidad currently holds a record of 42 wins and two losses, with 35 wins by knockout. Click Here to register and get pricing on booking Felix Trinidad for your next event! Speakerpedia Network	Oscar De La Hoya
In which year was the maximum speed limit of 70 mph introduced in the UK?	Barney Vinson's World Barney Vinson's World By Barney Vinson <a href='http://as1.casinocity.com/www/delivery/ck.php?n=aae8c64d&cb=0.866914874181' target='_blank'><img src='http://as1.casinocity.com/www/delivery/avw.php?zoneid=4&cb=0.866914874181&n=aae8c64d' border='0' alt='' /></a> Well, I just got screwed again in Las Vegas. I'm talking about the big prize fight between Oscar De La Hoya and Felix Trinidad in September. From my ringside seat (sofa in the living room watching Pay For View at $49.95), I was all set for the Fight of the Millennium, and what did I get? The Blight of the Millennium. It would have been a better fight if they had put Trinidad and De La Hoya in the corners, and let Don King and Bob Arum duke it out. As if De La Hoya didn't make enough money on the fight ($15 million), he won another $100,000 shooting craps in the Mandalay Bay casino that same night. Preparing to leave the table, he exchanged five $5 chips for a $25 chip. "Here comes our tip," the dealers must have been thinking. Nope. De La Hoya took it all with him, including the $25 chip. But the problem with boxing nowadays is that it's all hype. The fights themselves are letdowns. The scoring by the judges isn't much better. I had the fight as a draw. The television people had De La Hoya winning. The judges gave it to Trinidad. It was even worse when Evander Holyfield fought Lennox Lewis. Lewis pounded Holyfield unmercifully, and the judges called it a draw. They're fighting again later this year and nobody cares. Of course, I'll be watching again on Pay For View. This one might be different. Somebody might knock somebody down, or maybe even win by a knockout. It never seems to happen, though, and I keep getting screwed again, year after year. I should have learned my lesson a long time ago. I remember when Larry Holmes was fighting a big bruiser named Gerry Cooney. I never liked Holmes, who had the audacity to say that Rocky Marciano couldn't carry his jock strap. So I put a bundle ($20) on Cooney to win. Holmes scored an easy TKO, and Cooney took his money and bought a big restaurant. Mike Tyson seemed to be boxing's salvation for a while, but then he started winning more fights out of the ring than in it. And that rape conviction practically ruined his reputation. We need fighters today like Joe Louis, and Jack Dempsey, and Marciano. We need to change the rules. No more rap music when the fighters come into the ring. Make them keep fighting until somebody actually wins, like in the days of John L. Sullivan. And give the winner all the money. I would pay to see that. Wouldn't you? This article is provided by the Frank Scoblete Network. Melissa A. Kaplan is the network's managing editor. If you would like to use this article on your website, please contact Casino City Press , the exclusive web syndication outlet for the Frank Scoblete Network. To contact Frank, please e-mail him at [email protected] . Recent Articles	i don't know
What was the name of the speech delivered by Martin Luther King Jr in Washington DC in August 1963?	Martin Luther King, Jr. \| National Archives Hire a Researcher Martin Luther King, Jr. On August 28, 1963, Martin Luther King Jr., delivered a speech to a massive group of civil rights marchers gathered around the Lincoln memorial in Washington DC. The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom brought together the nations most prominent civil rights leaders, along with tens of thousands of marchers, to press the United States government for equality. The culmination of this event was the influential and most memorable speech of Dr. King's career. Popularly known as the "I have a Dream" speech, the words of Martin Luther King, Jr. influenced the Federal government to take more direct actions to more fully realize racial equality. Mister Maestro, Inc., and Twentieth Century Fox Records Company recorded the speech and offered the recording for sale. Dr. King and his attorneys claimed that the speech was copyrighted and the recording violated that copyright. The court found in favor of Dr. King. Among the papers filed in the case and available at the National Archives at New York City is a deposition given by Martin Luther King, Jr. and signed in his own hand. Educational Activities Discussion Questions: What was the official name for the event on August 28th, 1963? What does this title tell us about its focus? What organizations were involved in the the March on Washington? What does this tell us about the event? How does Martin Luther King, Jr. describe his writing process? What are the major issues of this case? In other words, what is Martin Luther King, Jr. disputing? How does Martin Luther King, Jr. describe his earlier speech on June 23rd in Detroit? How does Martin Luther King, Jr. compare and contrast the two "I have a dream..." speeches? What are the major similarities and differences?	I Have a Dream
Roman Abramovich bought which English football club in 2003?	The I Have a Dream Speech - The U.S. Constitution Online - USConstitution.net The I Have a Dream Speech Advertisement In 1950's America, the equality of man envisioned by the Declaration of Independence was far from a reality. People of color — blacks, Hispanics, Asians — were discriminated against in many ways, both overt and covert. The 1950's were a turbulent time in America, when racial barriers began to come down due to Supreme Court decisions, like Brown v. Board of Education; and due to an increase in the activism of blacks, fighting for equal rights. Martin Luther King, Jr., a Baptist minister, was a driving force in the push for racial equality in the 1950's and the 1960's. In 1963, King and his staff focused on Birmingham, Alabama. They marched and protested non-violently, raising the ire of local officials who sicced water cannon and police dogs on the marchers, whose ranks included teenagers and children. The bad publicity and break-down of business forced the white leaders of Birmingham to concede to some anti-segregation demands. Thrust into the national spotlight in Birmingham, where he was arrested and jailed, King helped organize a massive march on Washington, DC, on August 28, 1963. His partners in the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom included other religious leaders, labor leaders, and black organizers. The assembled masses marched down the Washington Mall from the Washington Monument to the Lincoln Memorial, heard songs from Bob Dylan and Joan Baez, and heard speeches by actor Charlton Heston, NAACP president Roy Wilkins, and future U.S. Representative from Georgia John Lewis. King's appearance was the last of the event; the closing speech was carried live on major television networks. On the steps of the Lincoln Memorial, King evoked the name of Lincoln in his "I Have a Dream" speech, which is credited with mobilizing supporters of desegregation and prompted the 1964 Civil Rights Act. The next year, King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. The following is the exact text of the spoken speech, transcribed from recordings. I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation. Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice. It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity. But one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free. One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later, the Negro is still languishing in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land. So we have come here today to dramatize a shameful condition. In a sense we have come to our nation's capital to cash a check. When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir. This note was a promise that all men, yes, black men as well as white men, would be guaranteed the unalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note insofar as her citizens of color are concerned. Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check, a check which has come back marked "insufficient funds." But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt. We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this nation. So we have come to cash this check — a check that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom and the security of justice. We have also come to this hallowed spot to remind America of the fierce urgency of now. This is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drug of gradualism. Now is the time to make real the promises of democracy. Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice. Now is the time to lift our nation from the quick sands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood. Now is the time to make justice a reality for all of God's children. It would be fatal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the moment. This sweltering summer of the Negro's legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn of freedom and equality. Nineteen sixty-three is not an end, but a beginning. Those who hope that the Negro needed to blow off steam and will now be content will have a rude awakening if the nation returns to business as usual. There will be neither rest nor tranquility in America until the Negro is granted his citizenship rights. The whirlwinds of revolt will continue to shake the foundations of our nation until the bright day of justice emerges. But there is something that I must say to my people who stand on the warm threshold which leads into the palace of justice. In the process of gaining our rightful place we must not be guilty of wrongful deeds. Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred. We must forever conduct our struggle on the high plane of dignity and discipline. We must not allow our creative protest to degenerate into physical violence. Again and again we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul force. The marvelous new militancy which has engulfed the Negro community must not lead us to a distrust of all white people, for many of our white brothers, as evidenced by their presence here today, have come to realize that their destiny is tied up with our destiny. They have come to realize that their freedom is inextricably bound to our freedom. We cannot walk alone. As we walk, we must make the pledge that we shall always march ahead. We cannot turn back. There are those who are asking the devotees of civil rights, "When will you be satisfied?" We can never be satisfied as long as the Negro is the victim of the unspeakable horrors of police brutality. We can never be satisfied, as long as our bodies, heavy with the fatigue of travel, cannot gain lodging in the motels of the highways and the hotels of the cities. We cannot be satisfied as long as the Negro's basic mobility is from a smaller ghetto to a larger one. We can never be satisfied as long as our children are stripped of their selfhood and robbed of their dignity by signs stating "For Whites Only". We cannot be satisfied as long as a Negro in Mississippi cannot vote and a Negro in New York believes he has nothing for which to vote. No, no, we are not satisfied, and we will not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream. I am not unmindful that some of you have come here out of great trials and tribulations. Some of you have come fresh from narrow jail cells. Some of you have come from areas where your quest for freedom left you battered by the storms of persecution and staggered by the winds of police brutality. You have been the veterans of creative suffering. Continue to work with the faith that unearned suffering is redemptive. Go back to Mississippi, go back to Alabama, go back to South Carolina, go back to Georgia, go back to Louisiana, go back to the slums and ghettos of our northern cities, knowing that somehow this situation can and will be changed. Let us not wallow in the valley of despair. I say to you today, my friends, so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream. I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal." I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today. I have a dream that one day, down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of interposition and nullification; one day right there in Alabama, little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers. I have a dream today. I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight, and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together. This is our hope. This is the faith that I go back to the South with. With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. With this faith we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day. This will be the day when all of God's children will be able to sing with a new meaning, "My country, 'tis of thee, sweet land of liberty, of thee I sing. Land where my fathers died, land of the pilgrim's pride, from every mountainside, let freedom ring." And if America is to be a great nation this must become true. So let freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New Hampshire. Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York. Let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania! Let freedom ring from the snowcapped Rockies of Colorado! Let freedom ring from the curvaceous slopes of California! But not only that; let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia! Let freedom ring from Lookout Mountain of Tennessee! Let freedom ring from every hill and molehill of Mississippi. From every mountainside, let freedom ring. And when this happens, when we allow freedom to ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God's children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, "Free at last! free at last! thank God Almighty, we are free at last!"	i don't know
Phobophobia is the irrational fear of developing a what?	Learn About Phobophobia: The Fear of Phobias Phobias SHARE Learn About Phobophobia: The Fear of Phobias Phobias are intense, irrational fears caused by non-dangerous stimuli. Examples of common phobias include arachnophobia (fear of spiders), social phobia (fear of social situations), and acrophobia (fear of heights). There are even phobias of long words and left handed people. But what you may not have known is that some people have a fear of phobias. It's known as phobophobia, and in some ways it's more common than you may think. Have a Phobia? What About Anxiety? Find out what your anxiety says about you and how you can treat it by taking my free 7 minute anxiety test now. Start the test here . How Phobophobia Works Experts are somewhat mixed on whether or not phobophobia is common. The truth is that it seems to affect those that already have fears or phobias, which may imply that it's not a phobia itself, but rather a symptom of the phobia. Make sure you've taken my anxiety test yet if you haven't already. But the idea behind phobophobia is that there are those that are either: Intensely afraid of phobia/anxiety symptoms, or Intensely afraid of developing a phobia. Many people experience the former. Those with panic attacks or severe anxiety are actually very prone to experiencing "fear of fear," where they become very fearful about experiencing another attack of anxiety – especially anxiety with severe physical symptoms. The symptoms of anxiety can be so severe that they cause immense distress, and in some cases make the person either feel like they're having a heart attack or feel like something is seriously wrong with their health. Many just develop a fear because it's so difficult to deal with anxiety symptoms. For those with phobias, this may be considered its own symptom of the phobia. But if you experience anxiety so strong over the idea of encountering your phobia, your psychologist may want to consider it a separate disorder. Getting a Fear of Having a New Phobia Of course, much rarer would be a fear of developing a phobia. This is likely more common in those with many phobias that seem to develop them quickly. They may start to believe or fear that they are destined for another phobia, thus causing them intense anxiety. This is of course much less common. You Can Fear Anything Phobias are often not something a person can control, and no matter how irrational a fear may be, it's usually difficult for someone's own willpower to overcome it. Those with phobias often know they're irrational, but can't control the fear. But the good news is that nearly all phobias can be cured, so you do not have to live with these symptoms forever. I've helped thousands of people overcome their anxiety and phobias starting with my free 7 minute anxiety test. Take the test now to learn more about your own anxiety and what you can do to cure it.	Phobia
Which famous British graffiti artist describes himself as a ‘Quality Vandal’?	Rare Phobias: A Top Ten List Top Ten List of Rare Phobias written by: Shel1488 • edited by: Paul Arnold • updated: 1/6/2011 Have you ever heard of gallophobia, the fear of French culture, or peladophobia, the fear of bald people? Find out more with our top ten list of rare phobias. This article will introduce you to some of the oddest fears running rampant in the human mind. slide 1 of 12 Rare Phobias: An Introduction Phobias are irrational fears stemming from unpleasant past experiences with particular stimuli. Individuals suffering from phobias will experience symptoms similar to a panic attack when confronted by their fears. These following phobias are both rare and unusual. slide 2 of 12 1) Chorophobia While some individuals may find the Macarena to be perplexing, chorophobes will find it downright horrifying. Chorophobia is the fear of dancing--dancing of any kind. Through therapy and gradual exposure to busy dance halls, chorophobes may overcome their fears and join the fun. slide 3 of 12 2) Heliophobia Heliophobia is the second of our rare phobias on this list and it is an irrational fear of the sun. It’s likely that most heliophobes are actually afraid of getting skin cancer through sun exposure. It’s also possible that many heliophobes are simply overly sensitive to sunlight. In addition to impairing an individual’s social life, heliophobia can lead to Vitamin D deficiency. slide 4 of 12 3) Peladophobia Peladophobia is the fear of bald people or of going bald. In some cases, a peladophobe is an individual who may have experienced past cruelty or trauma at the hands of a bald person. The phobia may also develop as a reaction to jokes and sometime negative perceptions in the media associated with baldness. slide 5 of 12 4) Triskaidekaphobia In Western culture, the number 13 is associated with bad luck and looming misfortune. This superstition contributes to triskaidekaphobia, which is the fear of 13. Triskaidekaphobes will go out of their way to avoid the number, even if it means changing airline flights and hotel rooms. The fear of Friday the 13th has its own name: paraskevidekatriaphobia. slide 6 of 12 5) Gallophobia Gallophobia is the fear of French culture. Individuals with this phobia may even fear hearing French words. Treatment of gallophobia can involve introducing the gallophobe to an (amiable) person from France, or even taking a trip to the European country. slide 7 of 12 6) Equinophobia Equinophobia is an irrational fear of horses, even those with a gentle nature. The fear can stem from riding accidents or experiences with unfriendly horses. Equinophobia also encompasses the fear of other hoofed animals, such as zebras and donkeys. slide 8 of 12 7) Alliumphobia Vampires aren’t the only ones who find garlic distressing. Generally, alliumphobia is the fear of garlic, but the phobia may also encompass other odorous plants, such as onions and chives. slide 9 of 12 8) Dendrophobia Dendrophobia is the fear of trees. The phobia may develop in an individual who has experienced a traumatic fall from a tree. An otherwise peaceful forest can be a nightmare for a dendrophobe. slide 10 of 12 9) Chirophobia Chirophobes may be easy to spot. Most of the time, they will wear gloves or mittens and refuse to shake hands. Chirophobia may seem to be a fear of germs , but actually it is the fear of hands--even your own. slide 11 of 12 10) Phobophobia Franklin D. Roosevelt once suggested that the only thing worthy of fear is fear itself. Phobophobes take Roosevelt’s words literally. Phobophobia is the fear of fear, or the phobia of developing phobias. Unlike most phobias, phobophobia stems from internal sensations rather than tangible sources. Individuals who suffer from panic attacks or anxiety disorder may develop this phobia. slide 12 of 12	i don't know
Mount Tiede is a volcanic peak in which group of islands?	Teide Volcano in the Canary Islands \| Volcano Teide Teide Volcano Mount Teide is the third highest volcanic structure and most voluminous in the world after Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea in Hawaii. It is the highest peak on the Canary Islands and in the whole of Spain. The formation began 170,000 years ago following the giant collapse of the former volcanic edifice, which was even bigger than the one that stands today. That is how Las Cañadas caldera was formed. Today we can only see part of the escarpment because as the inside of Teide grew, it gradually filled the caldera with its materials. Stratovolcanoes grow because the successive lava eruptions, with increasingly viscous lava, settle one on top of another. In the last 20,000 years, most eruptions (Montaña Blanca, Pico Cabras, etc.) have taken place around the base of Teide, because it is harder for lava to spew from the very peak at such a great height. According to the beliefs of the Canary Island aboriginals (guanches), Guayota, the king of evil, the devil, lived inside Teide (hell), and he kidnapped the god Magec (god of light and sun), and took him down inside Teide. The guanches asked Achamán - their supreme god - for mercy, and he managed to defeat Guayota, rescue Magec from the bowels of Teide and plug up the crater. It is said that the whitish plug that Achamán put in place is the last cone of the volcano, crowning Teide. In the classical world, Teide was the source of great fascination. Even the Greek historian Herodotus mentioned Teide twice: “(…) Atlas is lofty and has a cylindrical form. It is said to stand so tall that one cannot see its summit on account of the clouds which in summer as well as winter envelope it, and it is called by the inhabitants a Pillar of Heaven (…)”. The other quote reads as follows: “(…) There is a hill of salt called Atlas that is round and steep and so lofty that its summit cannot be clearly discerned (…)”. In his work called "Naturalis Historia" the Roman author, Pliny the Elder, (AD 24-79) mentions the snow sighted by the expedition that King Juba II sent to the islands: “(…) Ninguaria, so named from its perpetual snow, wrapped in cloud (…)”. During the Renaissance, many historians and adventurers begin to identify and relate the Atlantic islands with the remains of Atlantis, and Teide with Mount Atlas, with the Canary Islands representing the highest parts of the sunken continent. In the era of European expansion, Teide, with its imposing height, was considered to be the highest mountain in the world, since it was used as a navigation beacon in the Atlantic Ocean by southbound Spanish, Portuguese and British seafarers. Select type of activity:	Canary Islands
What is the title of J K Rowling’s first book for adults?	Global Volcanism Program \| Tenerife Cite this Report 2004 seismic crisis; January 2005 escalation in monitored parameters at Tiede Juan Carlos Carracedo notified Bulletin editors that seismic activity in Tenerife during April and May 2004 was not followed by any volcanic activity. More than 200 earthquakes from magnitude 1 to 3 were recorded, but residents felt only three of them. Most of the epicenters were localized around the NW rift zone of Tenerife and in the strait between Gran Canaria and Tenerife. The crisis was probably related to dike emplacement at 3-4 km depth. On 12 January 2005, an increase in unrest at Tenerife's Teide volcano over the previous 2 weeks was reported. Carbon dioxide emissions rose from 75 to 354 tons per day, and hydrogen sulfide emissions rose from 35 to 152 tons per day. Seismic activity remained elevated under the volcano. Fumaroles increased in pressure, and emitted sounds. No significant ground deformation was observed. In a recent article in Eos, scientists from Spain and The Netherlands (Garcia et al., 2006), described a monitoring program for the Canary Islands. They noted that the Canary Islands started to show signs of seismo-volcanic activity at the end of 2003. In spring 2004, there was a significant increase in the number of seismic events (a mixture of regional, volcano-tectonic, and volcanic events such as tremor and long-period signals) located beneath Tenerife Island. The authors also noted an increase of fumarolic activity, an increase in carbon dioxide emissions in the NW part of the island, and changes in the gravimetric field on the N flank. After several seismic events had been felt by the population, the first alert level was declared by the civil protection division of the local government. The volcano has a history of large eruptions destructive to populated areas. The authors reported that in 1992, the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI) identified Teide, with its high-risk level, as one of the European Laboratory Volcanoes, thus receiving special consideration from the European Union concerning research proposals. In the spring of 2005, the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) initiated the TEGETEIDE project (Geophysical and Geodetic Techniques for the Study of the Teide-Pico Active Volcanic Area). It will monitor the seismicity of the volcano and include background noise analysis. The system's main goal is to detect precursors to a potentially dangerous eruptive episode at an early stage. The scheme is to use signals in both the time and the spectral domains. References. Garcia, A., Vila, J., Ortiz, R., Macia, R., Sleeman, R., Marrero, J.M., Sanchez, N., Tarraga, M., Correig, A.M., 2006, Monitoring the reawakening of Canary Islands' Teide Volcano: EOS Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 87, no. 6, p. 61, 65. Information Contacts: Juan Carlos Carracedo, Estación Volcanológica de Canarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC, Spanish National Research Council), Serrano, 117 28006, Madrid, Spain (Email: [email protected]); Josep Vila, Departament d'Astronomia i Meteorologia, Universitat de Barcelona and Laboratori d'Estudis Geofísics "Eduard Fontserè," Institut d'Estudis Catalans, Barcelona, Spain (Email: [email protected]). Weekly Reports - Index Cite this Report Local volcanologists reported that there was increased seismicity at Tenerife in mid-May, according to a news article. The article stated that during several days before 18 May there were "five successive low-intensity earthquakes in the island's most volcanically active zone in the area between Mont Teide and Santiago del Teide." The director of the Estación Vulcanológica de Canarias stated that the earthquakes, which were less than M 2, could be an early sign that something unusual was happening at the volcano. Source: Yorkshire Post Today News Bulletin Reports - Index Reports are organized chronologically and indexed below by Month/Year (Publication Volume:Number), and include a one-line summary. Click on the index link or scroll down to read the reports. 02/2006 (BGVN 31:02) 2004 seismic crisis; January 2005 escalation in monitored parameters at Tiede Information is preliminary and subject to change. All times are local (unless otherwise noted) February 2006 (BGVN 31:02) 766,276 Geological Summary The large triangular island of Tenerife is composed of a complex of overlapping Miocene-to-Quaternary stratovolcanoes that have remained active into historical time. The NE-trending Cordillera Dorsal volcanic massif joins the Las Cañadas volcano on the SW side of Tenerife with older volcanoes, creating the largest volcanic complex of the Canary Islands. Controversy surrounds the formation of the dramatic 10 x 17 km Las Cañadas caldera, which is partially filled by Teide stratovolcano, the highest peak in the Atlantic Ocean. The origin of the caldera has been variably considered to be due to collapse following multiple major explosive eruptions or as a result of a massive landslide (in a manner similar to the earlier formation of the massive La Orotava and Guimar valleys), or a combination of the two processes. The most recent stage of activity beginning in the late Pleistocene included the construction of the Pico Viejo and Teide edifices. Tenerife was perhaps observed in eruption by Christopher Columbus, and several flank vents on the Canary Island's most active volcano have been active during historical time. References The following references have all been used during the compilation of data for this volcano, it is not a comprehensive bibliography. Ablay G J, Ernst G G J, Marti J, Sparks R S J, 1995. The ~2 ka subplinian eruption of Montana Blanca, Tenerife. Bull Volc, 57: 337-355. Ablay G J, Marti J, 2000. Stratigraphy, structure, and volcanic evolution of the Pico Teide-Pico Viejo formation, Tenerife, Canary Islands. J Volc Geotherm Res, 103: 175-208. Ablay G, Hurlimann M, 2000. Evolution of the north flank of Tenerife by recurrent giant landslides. J Volc Geotherm Res, 103: 135-159. Ancochea E, Fuster J M, Ibarrola E, Cendrero A, Coello J, Hernan F, Cantagrel J M, Jamond C, 1990. Volcanic evolution of the island of Tenerife (Canary Islands) in the light of new K-Ar data. J Volc Geotherm Res, 44: 231-249. Ancochea E, Huertas M J, Cantagrel J M, Coello J, Fuster J M, Arnaud N, Ibarrola E, 1999. Evolution of the Canadas edifice and its implications for the origin of the Canadas caldera (Tenerife, Canary Islands). J Volc Geotherm Res, 88: 177-199. Brown R J, Barry T L, Branney M J, Pringle M S, Bryan S E, 2003. The Quaternary pyroclastic succession of southeast Tenerife, Canary Islands: explosive eruptions, related caldera subsidence, and sector collapse. Geol Mag, 140: 265-288. Brown R J, Branney M J, 2004. Event-stratigraphy of a caldera-forming ignimbrite eruption on Tenerife: the 273 ka Poris Formation. Bull Volc, 66: 392-416. Bryan S E, 2006. Petrology and geochemistry of the Quaternary caldera-forming, phonolitic Granadilla eruption, Tenerife (Canary Islands). J Petr, 47: 1557-1589. Bryan S E, Cas R A F, Marti J, 2000. The 0.57 Ma plinian eruption of the Granadilla Member, Tenerife (Canary Islands): an example of the complexity in eruption dynamics and evolution. J Volc Geotherm Res, 103: 209-238. Carracedo J C, 1994. The Canary Islands: an example of structural control on the growth of large oceanic-island volcanoes. J Volc Geotherm Res, 60: 225-241. Carracedo J C, 2006. El Volcan Teide, Volcanologia, Interpretacion de Paisajes e Itinerarios Comentados. CajaCanarias, 431 p. Carracedo J C, Paterne M, Guillou H, Perez Torrado F J, Paris R, Rodriguex BAdiola E, Hansen A, 2003. Dataciones radiometreicas (14C y K/Ar) del Teide y el rift noroeste, Tenerife, Islas Canarias. Estudios Geol Museo Nac Ciencias Nat, 59: 15-29. Carracedo J C, Rodriguez Badiola E, Guillou H, Paterne M, Scaillet S, Perez Torrado F J, Paris R, Fra-Paleo U, Hansen A, 2007. Eruptive and structural history of Teide volcano and rift zones of Tenerife, Canary Islands. Geol Soc Amer Bull, 119: 1027-1051. Carracedo J C, Singer B, Jicha B, Perez Torrado F J, Guillou H, Badiola E R, Paris R, 2010. Pre-Holocene age of Humboldt's 1430 eruption of the Orotava Valley, Tenerife, Canary Islands. Geol Today, 26: 101-104. Cas R, Edgar C J, Pittari A, Middleton J, Wolff J, Marti J, Olin P, Nichols H, 2005. Using the stratigraphic record to understand the nature of caldera collapse: the 1.59-present Las Canadas caldera complex, Tenerife, Spain. Workshop Caldera Volcanism: Analysis, Modelling and Response, Parador de las Canadas, 16-22 October, 2005, Abs, p 7-8. Coppo N, Schnegg P-A, Heise W, Falco P, Costa R, 2008. Multiple caldera collapses from the shallow electrical resistivity signature of the Las Canadas caldera, Tenerife, Canary Islands. J Volc Geotherm Res, 170: 153-166. del Potro R, Pinkerton H, Hurlimann M, 2009. An analysis of the morphological, geological and structural features of Teide stratovolcano, Tenerife. J Volc Geotherm Res, 181: 89-105. Edgar C J, Wolff J A, Nichols H J, Cas R A F, Marti J, 2002. A complex Quaternary ignimbrite-forming phonolitic eruption: the Poris Member of the Diego Hernandez Formation (Tenerife, Canary Islands). J Volc Geotherm Res, 118: 99-130. Edgar C J, Wolff J A, Olin P H, Nichols H J, Pittari A, Cas R A F, Reiners P W, Spell T L, Marti J, 2007. The late Quaternary Diego Hernandez Formation, Tenerife: volcanology of a complex cycle of voluminous explosive phonolitic eruptions. J Volc Geotherm Res, 160: 59-85. Fuster J M, Arana V, Brandle J L, Navarro M, Alonso U, Aparicio A, 1968. Geologia y Volcanologia de las Islas Canarias - Tenerife. Madrid: Inst "Lucas Mallada", 218 p. Huertas M J, Arnaud N O, Ancochea E, Cantagrel J M, Fuster J M, 2002. 40Ar/39Ar stratigraphy of pyroclastic units from the Canadas edifice (Tenerife, Canary Islands) and their bearing on the structural evolution. J Volc Geotherm Res, 115: 351-365. Marti J, Gundmundsson A, 2000. The Las Canadas caldera (Tenerife, Canary Islands): an overlapping collapse caldera generated by magma-chamber migration. J Volc Geotherm Res, 103: 161-173. Marti J, Mitjavila J, Arana V, 1994. Stratigraphy, structure and geochronology of the Las Canadas caldera (Tenerife, Canary Islands). Geol Mag, 131: 715-727. Mitchell N C, Masson D G, Watts A B, Gee M J R, Urgeles R, 2002. The morphology of the submarine flanks of volcanic ocean islands, a comparative study of the Canary and Hawaiian hotspot islands. J Volc Geotherm Res, 115: 83-107. Mitchell-Thome R C, 1976. Geology of the Middle Atlantic Islands. Berlin: Gebruder Borntraeger, 382 p. Neumann van Padang M, Richards A F, Machado F, Bravo T, Baker P E, Le Maitre R W, 1967. Atlantic Ocean. Catalog of Active Volcanoes of the World and Solfatara Fields, Rome: IAVCEI, 21: 1-128. Newhall C G, Dzurisin D, 1988. Historical unrest at large calderas of the world. U S Geol Surv Bull, 1855: 1108 p, 2 vol. Pittari A, Cas R A F, Marti J, 2005. The occurrence and origin of prominent massive, pumice-rich ignimbrite lobes within the Late Pleistocene Abrigo Ignimbrite, Tenerife, Canary Islands. J Volc Geotherm Res, 139: 271-293. Ridley W I, 1971. The field relations of the Canadas volcanoes, Tenerife, Canary Islands. Bull Volc, 35: 318-334. Romero C, 1991. Las Manifestaciones Volcanicas Historicas del Archipielago Canario. Tenerife: Gobierno de Canarias, 2 vol, 695 & 768 p. Schmincke H-U, Sumita M, 2010. Geological evolution of the Canary Islands. Koblenz: Gorres-Verlag: 188 p. Solana M C, 2012. Development of unconfined historic lava flow fields in Tenerife: implications for the mitigation of risk from a future eruption. Bulletin of Volcanology 74:2397-2413. http://dx.doi.org/DOI 10.1007/s00445-012-0670-5 Soriano C, Galindo I, Marti J, Wolff J, 2006. Conduit-vent structures and related proximal deposits in the Las Canadas caldera, Tenerife, Canary Islands. Bull Volc, 69: 217-231. Watts A B, Masson D G, 2001. New sonar evidence for recent catastrophic collapses of the north flank of Tenerife, Canary Islands. Bull Volc, 63: 8-19. Eruptive History Summary of Holocene eruption dates and Volcanic Explosivity Indices (VEI). Start Date Dome Photo Gallery Teide volcano, the highest point on the island of Tenerife, towers above the scarp of the massive 600,000-year-old Orotava landslide. The light-colored area on the eastern foot of the volcano is covered by plinian tephra deposits from the Mount Blanca eruption about 2000 years ago. Tiede was constructed within the dramatic 10 x 17 km wide Las Cañadas caldera on the SW side of Tenerife. The large triangular island is composed of a complex of overlapping stratovolcanoes that have remained active into historical time. Photo by Alexander Belousov (Institute of Volcanology, Kliuchi). Smithsonian Sample Collections Database The following 3 samples associated with this volcano can be found in the Smithsonian's NMNH Department of Mineral Sciences collections . Catalog number links will open a window with more information. Catalog Number	i don't know
How many stations are there on the Chicago ‘L’ rail system?	CTA Facts at a Glance CTA Facts at a Glance Spring 2016 Service Overview The Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) operates the nation’s second largest public transportation system. On an average weekday, 1.6 million rides are taken on CTA. The CTA is a regional transit system that serves 35 suburbs, in addition to the City of Chicago, and provides 83 percent of the public transit trips in the six-county Chicago metropolitan area either with direct service or connecting service to Metra and Pace. CTA has 1,888 buses that operate 130 routes and 1,301 route miles. Buses make about 18,843 trips a day and serve 10,813 bus stops. On the rapid transit system, CTA’s 1,492 rail cars operate eight routes and 224.1 miles of track. CTA trains make about 2,276 trips each day and serve 145 stations. Chicago is one of the few cities in the world that has rail service to two major airports. CTA’s Blue Line ‘L’ can take customers to O’Hare International Airport. Orange Line trains, which operate clockwise on the Loop ‘L’ structure, travel to Midway Airport. CTA also provides around-the-clock service on certain routes. During late night and early morning hours, major rail lines and some of CTA’s bus routes offer “Night Owl” service, much of it with connecting schedules and routing. Organization Chicago Transit Authority is an independent governmental agency created by state legislation. CTA began operating on Oct. 1, 1947, after it acquired the properties of the Chicago Rapid Transit Company and the Chicago Surface Lines. On Oct. 1, 1952, CTA became the predominant operator of Chicago transit when it purchased the Chicago Motor Coach system. Governance & oversight The governing arm of CTA is the Chicago Transit Board. Terry Peterson serves as chairman. The board consists of seven members, four appointed by the Mayor of Chicago and three by the Governor of Illinois. The Mayor’s appointees are subject to the approval of the Governor and the Chicago City Council; the Governor’s appointees are subject to the approval of the Mayor and the Illinois State Senate. CTA’s day-to-day operations are directed by Dorval R. Carter, Jr., president. CTA generates revenue from both farebox collections and nonfarebox revenues, and also receives supplemental funding for operating expenses through the Regional Transportation Authority (RTA). The RTA was established in 1974 to oversee local transportation operators in the six-county Chicago metropolitan area. Illinois state law requires the three RTA service boards— CTA, Metra (the suburban rail system) and Pace (the suburban bus system) — to recover collectively at least 50 percent of operating costs from farebox and other system revenues.	145
Actor and theatre producer Bill Kenwright became chairman of which English football club in 2004?	CTA Facts at a Glance CTA Facts at a Glance Spring 2016 Service Overview The Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) operates the nation’s second largest public transportation system. On an average weekday, 1.6 million rides are taken on CTA. The CTA is a regional transit system that serves 35 suburbs, in addition to the City of Chicago, and provides 83 percent of the public transit trips in the six-county Chicago metropolitan area either with direct service or connecting service to Metra and Pace. CTA has 1,888 buses that operate 130 routes and 1,301 route miles. Buses make about 18,843 trips a day and serve 10,813 bus stops. On the rapid transit system, CTA’s 1,492 rail cars operate eight routes and 224.1 miles of track. CTA trains make about 2,276 trips each day and serve 145 stations. Chicago is one of the few cities in the world that has rail service to two major airports. CTA’s Blue Line ‘L’ can take customers to O’Hare International Airport. Orange Line trains, which operate clockwise on the Loop ‘L’ structure, travel to Midway Airport. CTA also provides around-the-clock service on certain routes. During late night and early morning hours, major rail lines and some of CTA’s bus routes offer “Night Owl” service, much of it with connecting schedules and routing. Organization Chicago Transit Authority is an independent governmental agency created by state legislation. CTA began operating on Oct. 1, 1947, after it acquired the properties of the Chicago Rapid Transit Company and the Chicago Surface Lines. On Oct. 1, 1952, CTA became the predominant operator of Chicago transit when it purchased the Chicago Motor Coach system. Governance & oversight The governing arm of CTA is the Chicago Transit Board. Terry Peterson serves as chairman. The board consists of seven members, four appointed by the Mayor of Chicago and three by the Governor of Illinois. The Mayor’s appointees are subject to the approval of the Governor and the Chicago City Council; the Governor’s appointees are subject to the approval of the Mayor and the Illinois State Senate. CTA’s day-to-day operations are directed by Dorval R. Carter, Jr., president. CTA generates revenue from both farebox collections and nonfarebox revenues, and also receives supplemental funding for operating expenses through the Regional Transportation Authority (RTA). The RTA was established in 1974 to oversee local transportation operators in the six-county Chicago metropolitan area. Illinois state law requires the three RTA service boards— CTA, Metra (the suburban rail system) and Pace (the suburban bus system) — to recover collectively at least 50 percent of operating costs from farebox and other system revenues.	i don't know
The Parietal lobe and Temporal lobe are part of which organ of the body?	Parietal Lobe Anatomy & Pictures \| Body Maps Your message has been sent. OK We're sorry, an error occurred. We are unable to collect your feedback at this time. However, your feedback is important to us. Please try again later. Close Parietal lobe The parietal lobe is located near the center of the brain, behind the frontal lobe, in front of the occipital lobe, and above the temporal lobe. The parietal lobe contains an area known as the primary sensory area. This is where impulses from the skin, such as warmth, cold, pain, and touch, are interpreted. Just like the primary motor area in the frontal lobe, the more sensory input that comes from an area of the body (like the fingers), the more surface area of the parietal lobe is involved in the processing of that information. The parietal lobe is also an essential element of spatial information, which gives us the ability to judge size, distance, and shapes. A specific triangular-shaped area known as the parietal association cortex gives us the ability to understand written language and solve mathematical problems. The left hemisphere of the parietal lobe is often more active in right-handed people. This lobe is known for handling the symbolism of letters and numbers. The right hemisphere tends to be more active in left-handed people and helps with the interpretation of images and spatial distances within them, such as those that exist in maps. Regardless of handedness, people are not “right brained” or “left brained”; we use both sides of our parietal lobe.	Brain
How many white stripes are there on the national flag of Greece?	Parietal Lobe - RightDiagnosis.com Parietal Lobe Descriptions of Parietal Lobe Parietal Lobe: that part of the cerebral cortex in either hemisphere of the brain lying below the crown of the head Source: WordNet 2.1 Summary Information: Parietal Lobe Parietal Lobe: The parietal lobe is one of four paired functional sections or divisions of the cerebrum. The parietal lobe plays an important role in processing and feeling sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain and the visual perception of spatial relationships. It is also involved in the thought process that happens before we speak. The parietal lobe contains the general sensory areas and the taste areas. Conditions that can afflict the parietal lobe include head trauma, parietal lobe seizures, somatosensory seizures, subdural hematoma, cancer, stroke, hemorrhage, and infection. Closely Related Organs: Parietal Lobe The following organs are closely related to the organ: Parietal Lobe:	i don't know
In which US city was Senator Robert F Kennedy assassinated in June 1968?	Bobby Kennedy is assassinated - Jun 05, 1968 - HISTORY.com Bobby Kennedy is assassinated Publisher A+E Networks Senator Robert Kennedy is shot at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles after winning the California presidential primary. Immediately after he announced to his cheering supporters that the country was ready to end its fractious divisions, Kennedy was shot several times by the 22-year-old Palestinian Sirhan Sirhan. He died a day later. The summer of 1968 was a tempestuous time in American history. Both the Vietnam War and the anti-war movement were peaking. Martin Luther King Jr. had been assassinated in the spring, igniting riots across the country. In the face of this unrest, President Lyndon B. Johnson decided not to seek a second term in the upcoming presidential election. Robert Kennedy, John’s younger brother and former U.S. Attorney General, stepped into this breach and experienced a groundswell of support. Kennedy was perceived by many to be the only person in American politics capable of uniting the people. He was beloved by the minority community for his integrity and devotion to the civil rights cause. After winning California’s primary, Kennedy was in the position to receive the Democratic nomination and face off against Richard Nixon in the general election. As star athletes Rafer Johnson and Roosevelt Grier accompanied Kennedy out a rear exit of the Ambassador Hotel, Sirhan Sirhan stepped forward with a rolled up campaign poster, hiding his .22 revolver. He was only a foot away when he fired several shots at Kennedy. Grier and Johnson wrestled Sirhan to the ground, but not before five bystanders were wounded. Grier was distraught afterward and blamed himself for allowing Kennedy to be shot. Sirhan, who was born in Palestine, confessed to the crime at his trial and received a death sentence on March 3, 1969. However, since the California State Supreme Court invalidated all death penalty sentences in 1972, Sirhan has spent the rest of his life in prison. According to the New York Times, he has since said that he believed Kennedy was “instrumental” in the oppression of Palestinians. Hubert Humphrey ended up running for the Democrats in 1968, but lost by a small margin to Nixon. Related Videos	Los Angeles
Who commanded the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia during the American Civil War?	Robert F. Kennedy assassinated in Los Angeles on June 5, 1968 Share Search FILE - This June 5, 1968 file photo shows Sen. Robert F. Kennedy speaking at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, following his victory in the previous day's California primary election. A moment later he turned into a hotel kitchen corridor and was critically wounded. His wife, Ethel, is just behind him. (AP Photo/Dick Strobel, File) U.S. Sen. Robert F. Kennedy holds two fingers up in a victory sign as he talks to campaign workers at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, Ca., June 5, 1968. He is flanked by his wife Ethel, left, and his California campaign manager, Jesse Unruh, speaker of the California Assembly. After making the speech, Kennedy left the platform and was assassinated in an adjacent room. (AP Photo) This is the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, seen June 1968, where Sen. Robert F. Kennedy was assassinated during his campaign for the presidency. (AP Photo) Sirhan Sirhan, charged with the assassination of Senator Robert Kennedy during a campaign stop in California. (Photo by Keystone/Getty Images) Edward M. Kennedy with Ethel Kennedy and others at the airport in Los Angeles, June 6, 1968 as they depart with the body of the late Senator Robert F. Kennedy. (AP Photo/Harold Filan) File - In this Oct. 15, 1966 black-and-white file photo, Sen Robert F. Kennedy, D-N.Y., and his wife Ethel Kennedy pose with eight of their nine children on the lawn of their home at McLean, Va. From right are: Kathleen; Joseph; Robert Jr.; David; Mary Courtney; Michael; Kerry; and Christopher. (AP Photo, File) Ethel Kennedy, widow of assassinated Sen. Robert F. Kennedy, and her children leave St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York after funeral services, June 8, 1968. At her side is her brother-in-law Edward M. Kennedy. (AP Photo) The casket of the late Sen. Robert F. Kennedy is carried from St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York, June 8, 1968. (AP Photo) Edward M. Kennedy, brother of assassinated Senator Robert F. Kennedy, delivers a eulogy for his brother at St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York, June 8, 1968, with New York City Archbishop, Cardinal Terence Cooke, seated in center background. (AP Photo) Sirhan Bishara Sirhan is shown as he leaves the courtroom in Los Angeles, Ca., on July 19, 1968. Sirhan assassinated Sen. Robert F. Kennedy. (AP Photo) Pall bearers stand over the casket of assassinated New York Senator Robert F. Kennedy in St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York, June 8, 1968. (AP Photo) FILE - In this June 8, 1968 file photo, Ethel Kennedy is escorted by her brother-in-law, Sen. Edward Kennedy, to their pew in St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York for the funeral services of Sen. Robert F. Kennedy. (AP Photo, File) Mourners stand outside of St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York on the day of the funeral for assassinated Sen. Robert F. Kennedy, June 8, 1968. (AP Photo) American actor, dancer, and singer, Sammy Davis, Jr. (1925 - 1990) signing the book of condolences for Robert Kennedy at the American Embassy, London, 6th June 1968. (Photo by Maher/Daily Express/Hulton Archive/Getty Images) Mrs. Ethel Kennedy, left, wife of the slain Sen. Robert F. Kennedy, follows his casket into St. Patrick's Cathedral, June 7, 1968. With her are two sisters of the late senator, Patricia Lawford, right, and Jean Smith, center. Sen. Kennedy was assassinated in Los Angeles at a campaign rally. (AP Photo) File - Frank Mankiewicz, Sen. Robert F. Kennedy's press secretary, tells a news conference outside Good Samaritan hospital in Los Angeles, June 5, 1968., that Kennedy emerged from three hours of surgery in "extremely critical condition." All but one fragment of a bullet in Kennedy's head was removed by a team of surgeons. (AP Photo) File - Charles Wright, a police technician, and officer Robert Rozzi inspects a bullet hole discoverd in a door frame in a kitchen corridor of the Ambassador hotel in Los Angeles near where Sen. Robert F. Kennedy was shot and critically wounded June 5, 1968. Bullet is still in the wood. (AP Photo/Dick Strobel) Jacqueline Kennedy and her two children, John Jr. and Caroline, kneel at the grave of Sen. Robert F. Kennedy, June 9, 1968 in Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia. Both Robert and Jacqueline's husband John F. Kennedy were shot to death by assassins. Others are unidentified. (AP Photo/Henry Burroughs) File - This is an undated portrait of Robert F. Kennedy. Kennedy died at Good Samaritan Hospital in Los Angeles, a day after he was shot by Sirhan Bishara Sirhan on June 6, 1968.(AP Photo) Sirhan Bishara Sirhan, center, listens to his attorney Russell Parsons as they leave his court appearance in Los Angeles, Aug. 2, 1968, at which Sirhan pleaded "not guilty" to a charge he murdered Sen. Robert F. Kennedy. (AP Photo/Pool) Mrs. Jacqueline Kennedy is seen with her children Caroline, right, and John Jr., behind, as they walk past the casket of her late husband's brother, Sen. Robert F. Kennedy, at St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York City on June 7, 1968. (AP Photo) This picture of Sen. Robert F. Kennedy talking to campaign workers in Los Angeles was made minutes before he was shot early today, June 5, 1968. At his side are his wife, Ethel, and his California campaign manager, Jesse Unruh, speaker of the California Assembly. After making a short speech, Kennedy left the platform and was shot in an adjacent room. (AP Photo/Dick Strobel) File - This file photo from June 1968 shows Sirhan Bishara Sirhan, right, accused assassin of Sen. Robert F. Kennedy with his attorney Russell E. Parsons in Los Angeles. Sirhan Sirhan shot Robert F. Kennedy, June 5, 1968, at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles after Kennedy's victory in the state's Democratic presidential primary. Kennedy died the next day. (AP Photo/File) FILE - Sen. Robert F. Kennedy watches election returns with his son Michael Kennedy, 10, at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles in this June 5, 1968 file photo, taken an hour before Kennedy was shot. Michael Kennedy died of head injuries on Wednesday, Dec. 31, 1997, after slamming headfirst into a tree as he played football on skis in Aspen., Colo. (AP Photo/Look Magazine) MANDATORY CREDIT - LOOK MAGAZINE. Sen. Robert F. Kennedy is seen during a campaign tour through Oxnard, Calif., as political advance man Jerry Bruno runs along side his limousine, trying to clear the way and keep the candidate on schedule, June 1, 1968. (AP Photo/George Brich) This was the scene at KGO-TV station in San Francisco as Senator Eugene McCarthy and Robert Kennedy were readied for their presidential debate, June 1, 1968. From left: ABC White House correspondent William Lawrence; floor man attaches mike to Sen. McCarthy's neck; Peggy Whedon, producer; Frank Reynolds, ABC newsman who was moderator; Sen. Robert Kennedy; and ABC political correspondent, Robert Clark. (AP Photo) Democratic Sen. Robert F. Kennedy of New York runs through the surf with his dog, Freckles, during a stop in Astoria, Ore., May 24, 1968, during his campaign for the presidential nomination. Kennedy was shot and killed by Sirhan Sirhan shortly after a California primary election victory speech on June 5, 1968, at the Los Angeles Ambassador Hotel. Bobby Kennedy served as campaign manager for his brother John F. Kennedy's successful presidential bid, and was later appointed by President Kennedy as U.S. Attorney General. (AP Photo/Barry Sweet) The Democratic presidential hopeful, Sen. Robert F. Kennedy, attracted crowds of young blacks during a tour down Detroit's Twelfth Street, May 15, 1968. The street was the center of last July's riot. Looking on is Kennedy's wife, Ethel. (AP Photo/Preston Stroup) Sen. Robert F. Kennedy and his wife Ethel walk quietly toward the plane in Indianapolis, May 8, 1968, as the senator left Indiana after his victory in Tuesday's Indiana Primary. Kennedy won the primary over Sen. Eugene McCarthy and Indiana Gov. Roger D. Branigin. (AP Photo/Richard Sroda) Sen. Robert F. Kennedy, D-NY, and Sen. Eugene McCarthy, D-Minn, strike thoughtful poses during funeral services for Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. on April 09, 1968 in Atlanta. (AP Photo/pool) Sen. Robert F. Kennedy, his wife Ethel and Lord Harlech, walk along Fifth Avenue to the Plaza Hotel where a buffet supper was held following star-studded American premiere of “Doctor Faustus” at New York’s Cinema 57 Rendezvous Theater, Feb. 6, 1968. (AP Photo/Jack Kanthal) Senator Robert F. Kennedy (D-NY) is shown during a news conference at the Overseas Press Club in New York, Feb. 1, 1968. (AP Photo) Sen. Robert F. Kennedy is shown at the World Series with his father Joe and brother Ted, Oct. 1967 in Boston. (AP Photo) Senator Robert F. Kennedy was paired with top-ranked Arthur Ashe, left, in an exhibition doubles tennis match at a block party near Lincoln Park in northeast Washington, August 3, 1967. Kennedy and Ashe were opposed by #2 ranked player, Charles Pasarell, third from left, and former Davis Cupper Donald Dell. The affair was sponsored by the D.C. Recreation Department. (AP Photo/Bob Schutz) Father Albert Pereira presides over the rites of baptism for Douglas Harriman Kennedy, the youngest son of Sen. Robert F. Kennedy (D-N.Y.), and his wife, Ethel, June 18, 1967 at St. Luke’s Church in McLean, Va.. Courtney Kennedy holds the baby with her brother, David, at her side. In the right background are the child’s namesakes, Douglas Dillon, left, and Averell Harriman. (AP Photo/Harvey Georges) The Senators Kennedy, Edward of Massachusetts left, and Robert of New York, sit together during a session of the Senate Labor Subcommittee on March 15, 1967 in Washington. The two brothers, both Democrats, are members of the subcommittee. (AP Photo) From left to right: Ed McMahon, Sen. Robert F. Kennedy (D-N.Y.), and talk show host Johnny Carson are seen on the "Johnny Carson Show," April 1957, in Burbank. (AP Photo) FILE - In this June 7 1966 file photo Sen. Robert F. Kennedy is surrounded by students and newsmen as he tours Stellenbosch, South Africa during five-day visit to South Africa as the guest of the multiracial National Union of South African students. In 1966 Kennedy traveled to apartheid South Africa and spoke about equality and the rule of law. (AP Photo/Dennis Lee Royle, File) Sen. Robert F. Kennedy, D-NY, shuts his eyes and paddles hard as he shoots some rapids during the last day of his trip down Idaho's "River of No Return," July 5, 1966. Senator Kennedy rode out the last 40 miles of the river in a kayak. The senator, along with his family and several friends, spent four days floating down the river in rubber rafts. (AP Photo/stf) Sen. Robert F. Kennedy and his wife, Ethel, pose with Pope Paul VI during a visit at the Vatican, June 6, 1966. (AP Photo) Senator Robert F. Kennedy, visiting the grave of his brother , the late president , in Arlington National Cemetery, January 20, 1965. (AP Photo) Sen. Robert Kennedy (D-N.Y.), left, and Sen. Edward Kennedy (D-Mass.), leave the Capitol, Oct. 21, 1965 after a surprise request by the younger brother won approval of the Senate. The Massachusetts senator, in an emotional speech to colleagues, asked that Francis X. Morrissey nomination for a federal judgeship be sent back to the Senate Judiciary Committee. The senate did as the younger Senator Kennedy asked. (AP Photo/Henry Griffin) Sen. Robert F. Kennedy (D-NY), holds his new son, eight-day-old Matthew, as he and his wife, Ethel, leave New York’s Roosevelt Hospital, Jan. 19, 1965. Kennedy said Matthew is “going to be leader of the assembly in Albany - we finally came up with a candidate.” He referred to the current Democratic leadership deadlock in the state legislature. (AP Photo) Sen. Edward M. Kennedy, D-Mass., holds a cane as he sits beside his freshman senator brother, Robert Kennedy, D-N.Y., in the last row on the floor of the House chamber for President Lyndon Johnson's State of the Union speech on Jan. 4, 1965 in Washington. When he was Attorney General, Robert sat in the front row for such speeches. (AP Photo) Robert Kennedy, senator-elect from New York, speaks December 2, 1964 at the groundbreaking ceremonies for the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C. Kennedy said his brother "recognized in the arts something that revealed the truth about human beings and their suffering." Seated at left are President Johnson, who lifted the first shovel full of earth, and the First Lady. (AP Photo/stf) U.S. Senator-elect Robert F. Kennedy is shown with his wife Ethel boarding plane on Nov. 4, 1964 in New York City at LaGuardia Airport for flight to Glens Falls, N.Y. (AP Photo) Robert F. Kennedy, senatorial candidate from New York, is accompanied by his wife, Ethel, and three of his eight children as he visits the Fordham University campus in the Bronx on the final day of campaigning, Nov. 2, 1964. The children are Joseph, 12; David, 9; and Kathleen, 13. Others are unidentified. (AP Photo/Harry Harris) Robert F. Kennedy poses with his wife Ethel, pose with seven of their eight children at the Bronx Zoo, on Nov. 3, 1964 in New York City. Mrs. Kennedy is expecting her ninth child in a few months. (AP Photo) Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, left, and President Lyndon Johnson walk toward a receiving line on the White House lawn at a reception for 90 U.S. Marshals, Aug. 18, 1964. (AP Photo/Charles Tasnadi) Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy and his family kneel at the grave of his brother, John F. Kennedy, in Arlington National Cemetery, May 29, 1964, the assassinated president's birthday. From left: Robert Kennedy; Kathleen, 12; Michael, 6; Joseph, 11; Mary Kerry, front, 4; Patricia Lawford; David, 8; Mary Courtney, 7; Ethel Kennedy, the senator's wife, and Robert Francis, 10. Jacqueline Kennedy and her children, Caroline and John, Jr., stand in center background. (AP Photo/Harvey Georges) Mrs. John F. Kennedy, heavily veiled in black, arrives at the Capitol rotunda with the late President's two brothers, Attorney General Robert Kennedy, left, and Sen. Edward M. Kennedy, (D-MA), November 25, 1963, to pay a final tribute at the flag-draped casket lying in state on Capitol Hill. (AP Photo/stf President John F. Kennedy's widow and his brothers arrive for the funeral Mass at St. Matthew's Cathedral in Washington, Nov. 25, 1963. In front are Robert F. Kennedy, Jacqueline Kennedy, and Edward M. Kennedy. In between and behind Robert and Mrs. Kennedy is Sargent Shriver. President and Mrs. Lyndon Johnson are in the background. Others are unidentifed. (AP Photo) Jacqueline Kennedy stands with daughter Caroline as Chief Justice Earl Warren eulogizes the slain president in the Capitol rotunda in Washington, Nov. 24, 1963. From left: soldier Stephen Smith, unidentified, President Lyndon B. Johnson, Patricia Kennedy Lawford, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, Peter Lawford comforting daughter Sydney and Mrs. Smith. (AP Photo) First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy, her dress stained with blood, stands with Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, holding her hand, as they watch the casket of her slain husband, President John F. Kennedy, placed in an ambulance at Andrews Air Force Base, Md., near Washington, November 22, 1963. The body of the president was flown from Dallas, Texas, where he was fatally shot earlier in the day. At right are Evelyn Lincoln, glasses, and Kenneth O'Donnell of the White House staff. Mrs. Lincoln was the late president's personal secretary. (AP Photo) The casket containing the body of slain U.S. President John F. Kennedy is moved to a Navy ambulance from the Presidential plane which arrived from Dallas, Tex, where Kennedy was assassinated, to Andrews Air Force Base, Md., on Nov. 22, 1963. U.S. First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy is behind on the elevator. Attorney General Robert Kennedy, his brother, is beside her. Lawrence O'Brien of the White House staff is at the right. Secret Service men are directly behind the casket. (AP Photo) File - In this August 23, 1963 file photo, Sen. Edward M. Kennedy, D-Mass., center, poses with his brothers U. S. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, left, and President John F. Kennedy at the White House in Washington. (AP Photo) Jacqueline Kennedy, widow of slain President John F. Kennedy, holds her children's hands outside St. Matthew's Cathedral in Washington, after funeral Mass for the president, Nov. 25, 1963. In front, from left: Caroline, Jacqueline and John F. Kennedy Jr. Behind them are the president's brothers, Sen. Edward M. Kennedy (D-Mass.), left, and Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy. (AP Photo) Attorney general Robert F. Kennedy and wife Ethel pose with their seven children, Feb. 10, 1963. Mrs. Kennedy is expecting their eighth child in June. The boys, from left, are Robert Jr., 8, David, 7; Michael, 4; and Joe, 10. The girls, from left, are Kathleen, 11; Kerry, 3; and Mary Courtney, 6. (AP Photo) U.S. President John F. Kennedy, right, confers with his brother Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy at the White House in Washington, D.C., on Oct. 1, 1962 during the buildup of military tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union that became Cuban missile crisis later that month. (AP Photo) Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, left, and Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas are shown crossing a bridge five miles up the Elwha River trail as they hike into the Olympic National Park, Port Angeles, Washington, August 9, 1962. (AP Photo) Attorney General Robert Kennedy talks with his brother, President Kennedy, at the White House, February 28, 1962, after returning to Washington from an around-the-world trip. Vice President Lyndon Johnson is at left. (AP Photo/Charles Gorry) Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy and his wife Ethel brought five of their seven children to the opening of the Washington International Horse Show, where Mrs. Kennedy rode in a hunter event, Oct. 24, 1961. The children are, left to right, front: Kathleen, Mary Courtney and David. Joseph is in center rear and Bobby stands in front of his father. Mrs. Kennedy was also opening night chairman. (AP Photo/Bob Schutz) President John F. Kennedy walks towards his car leaving his brother, Atty. Gen. Robert F. Kennedy, left, and his father, Joseph P. Kennedy, right, moments after his arrival on Oct. 20, 1961 at Quonset Point Air Station, Rhode Island. The President and his family will spend the weekend at Newport, Mass. His brother, who made the trip from Washington, flew to Hyannis, Mass. with his father, in the family plane. (AP Photo) President John F. Kennedy gestures as he stands with Mrs. Kennedy and a group at a White House reception, October 10, 1961, for the Supreme Court and federal judges. Left to right, front, the President and Mrs. Kennedy, Chief Justice Earl Warren, Mrs. Johnson and Vice President Johnson, Mrs. Earl Warren, Attorney General Robert Kennedy and wife. Center row: Justice William J. Douglas and wife, Justice Hugo Black. Top row: Justice Tom C. Clark, Justice John M. Harlan, Justice William J. Brennan, Jr. and wife. Informal dress replaced the white tie reception of other years. (AP Photo/Bob Schutz) Robert F. Kennedy, U.S. Attorney General and brother of President John F. Kennedy, is deep in thought at the Justice Department as he worked with aides considering legal measures to be taken following racial violence in Montgomery, Ala., May 21, 1961, Washington, D.C. The riot was touched off by a freedom ride test by mixed whites and African Americans arriving there from Birmingham, Ala., May 20. He ordered a task force of U.S. Marshals and Byron R. White, Deputy U.S. Attorney General, to the area to safeguard federal rights. (AP Photo/Byron Rollins) Robert F. Kennedy. United States attorney general, and his wife, Ethel, take a view of the Continental Divide while skiing at Independence Pass on Oct. 2, 1961 in Aspen, Colorado. (AP Photo) Following John F. Kennedy's election as President, the Kennedy clan gathered for this group photo at the Hyannisport, Mass. home of Joseph P. Kennedy, their father, on November 9, 1960. Shown standing, left to right are: Mrs. Robert F. Kennedy; Steve Smith and his wife, Jean Kennedy; John F. Kennedy; Robert Kennedy; sister, Patricia Lawford; Sargent Shriver; brother Ted's wife, Joan; and British actor, Peter Lawford. In foreground, left to right: Eunice Shriver, a sister; Joseph P. Kennedy with wife seated in front; Jacqueline Kennedy, and Ted Kennedy. (AP Photo) John F. Kennedy, at right, stands with Lyndon Baines Johnson before the Texas delegation caucus in Los Angeles July 12, 1960 prior to the Democratic Convention. Both Senators are Democratic contenders for the Presidential nomination. Behind Senator Kennedy is his brother Robert F. Kennedy, his campaign manager. Man behind Senator Johnson at left rear is unidentified. (AP Photo) Robert F. Kennedy, left, Counsel for the Senate Rackets Committee, confers with his brothers Edward Kennedy, center, and Sen. John F. Kennedy during a committee hearing in Washington, D.C., in 1959. (AP Photo) James R. Hoffa, president of The Teamster's Union, right, stands with Robert Kennedy, counsel of the Senate Rackets Committee, as he speaks to Kennedy in the hearing room, on September 17, 1958, in Washington. Walter J. Sheridan, a committee investigator looks over Hoffa's shoulder. (AP Photo) Sen. John F. Kennedy, center, D-Mass., and his brothers Edward Kennedy, left, a student at the University of Virginia, and Robert F. Kennedy, chief counsel to the Senate Rackets Committee, attend the annual Gridiron Club dinner in Washington, D.C., on March 15, 1958. (AP Photo) Sen. John Kennedy, D-Mass., and his wife, Jacqueline Kennedy, watch as her sister, Mrs. Lee Bouvier Canfield, holds their 15-day-old daughter during her christening in St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York City on Dec. 13, 1957. At left is the senator's brother, Robert Kennedy, acting as godfather. Third from left is Stephen Smith, the senator's brother-in-law. Boston's archbishop Richard Cushing christened the baby, named Caroline. (AP Photo) Robert Kennedy, chief counsel of the Senate Labor Rackets Committee on investigations is shown at the hearing on March 19, 1957 in Washington at a hearing. (AP Photo) Robert F. Kennedy, assistant counsel of the Senate Investigations subcommittee, testifies May 4, 1953, that 19 owners of the 82 ships flying flags of western allies of the U.S. are taking money from Communist China with one hand and from the U.S. with the other. Kennedy testified about the "dual trade" at a hearing of the subcommittee headed by Sen. Joseph McCarthy (R-Wisc.). (AP Photo/Henry Griffin) Robert F. Kennedy, left, brother of Massachusetts Sen. John F. Kennedy, and his tourist companion, Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas, turn out in ceremonial robes for a souvenir picture, Sept. 15, 1955, in Stalingrad, Russia. The colorful outfits were picked up during the recently concluded tour of Asia and Siberia. (AP Photo) Newlyweds Ethel Skakel and Robert F. Kennedy leave St. Mary's Roman Catholic church in Greenwich, Ct. on June 17, 1950. After a wedding reception at the Skakel's home, the couple departed for a 3-month trip to Hawaii. (AP Photo) Robert F. Kennedy and his bride, the former Ethel Skakel, are shown walking down the aisle of St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church in Greenwich, Conn., after their marriage on June 17, 1950. (AP Photo) Robert F. Kennedy is shown at age 17 being sworn in as a naval aviation cadet at the First Naval District headquarters in Boston, Mass., October , 1943. The swearing-in officer is Lt. Cmdr. Edward S. Brower. (AP Photo) Members of the cabinet of US President John Fitzgerald Kennedy take the oath during the swearing-in of the new cabinet by Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warren in the East Room of the White House in Washington DC on January 23, 1961. From L to R : Secretary of State Dean Rusk, Secretary of the Treasury C. Douglas Dillon, Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, Postmaster General J. Edward Day, Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall, First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy, President John Fitzgerald Kennedy, Secretary of the Agriculture Orville Freeman, Secretary of Commerce Luther H. Hodges, Secretary of Labor Arthur Goldberg, Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare Abraham A. Ribicoff. (Photo credit should read STF/AFP/Getty Images) 4th July 1939: Robert Kennedy (1925-1968) ( on the left) eating ice-cream with John Sheffield in the garden of the American embassy in London during the time when his father, Joseph Kennedy was ambassador to Great Britain. (Photo by Fox Photos/Getty Images) 16th March 1938: Joseph Patrick Kennedy (1888 - 1969), the American Ambassador and financier with his wife and five of their nine children at the Princes Gate home in London. Left to right: Kathleen, Edward (who became a Democratic senator), Joseph Kennedy, wife Rose Kennedy, Patricia (1924 - 2006), Jean and Robert, who became a Democratic senator before his assassination. (Photo by H. F. Davis/Topical Press Agency/Getty Images) 1937: American multi-millionaire Joseph Patrick Kennedy (right), the newly-appointed ambassador to London, with his wife Rose Kennedy (second from right) and eight of their nine children, in London. From left: Edward, Jeanne, Robert, Patricia (1924 - 2006), Eunice, Kathleen, Rosemary and John F Kennedy who later became the 35th President of the United States. (Photo by Keystone/Getty Images) British zoologist, author and humanist Sir Julian Sorell Huxley opening Pets Corner, with Edward Kennedy (front) and Robert Kennedy (rear) when their father, Joseph Kennedy, was the American ambassador to Britain. Original Publication: People Disc - HE0207 (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images) ‹	i don't know
Which London university was founded in 1837 as the Government School of Design?	Physick, John, The Victoria and Albert Museum, the history of its building. London: V&A, 1982 Pressmark: Ref 708.21 PHY Victoria and Albert Museum, A Grand design: the art of the Victoria and Albert Museum. London: V&A Publications with the Baltimore Museum of Art, 1997 Pressmark: Ref 708.21 VIC/GRA Further reading Barontini, Chiara, 'From the library of the School of Design to the National Art Library: 150 Years of art librarianship.' M.A. thesis, School of Library, Archive and Information Studies, University College London, 1993 Pressmark: 21.G.82 Barontini, Chiara, The National Art Library and its buildings: from Somerset House to South Kensington. London: National Art Library, 1995 Pressmark: NJ.95.0358 Barringer, Tim, 'The South Kensington Museum and the mid-Victorian moment.' In: Victorian: the style of empire; selected proceedings of the Fourth Annual Decorative Arts Institute. Toronto: Decorative Arts Institute, about 1996. Pressmark: 47.Y.2319 Bonython, Elizabeth. "Index to the Henry Cole diaries, 1822–1882, held in the National Art Library, Victoria & Albert Museum." 5 vols. Unpublished typescript, National Art Library, V&A, about 1992. 5 volumes, alphabetically arranged by names and subjects. See entries under: South Kensington File and Schools of Art (Design) Pressmark: Ref 016.091 BON Bonython, Elizabeth, King Cole: a picture portrait of Sir Henry Cole, KCB., 1808–1882. London: V&A, 1982. Pressmark: 190.H.117 History of art education and the Schools of Design Bell, Quentin, The Schools of Design. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1963 Pressmark: 90.F.47 Denis, Raphael Cardoso, 'The Brompton Barracks: war, peace and the rise of Victorian art and design education.' Journal of Design History 8, no.1 (1995) Pressmark: PP.2.O Frayling, Christopher, The Royal College of Art: one hundred and fifty years of art and design. London: Barrie & Jenkins, 1987 Pressmark: 504.C.112 MacDonald, Stuart, The history and philosophy of art education. London: University of London, 1970 Pressmark: 22.F.104 Sparkes, John C.L., Schools of art: their origin, history, work, and influence. London: printed and published for the Executive Council of the International Health Exhibition and for the Council of the Society of Arts by William Clowes and Sons, Limited, 1884. Published as part of the International Health Exhibition, 1884 Pressmark: A.44 (2) National competition prize winners and national scholars Wallis, George, Catalogue of the exhibition of works of manufacture: designed or executed by students of the Schools of Art in connexion with the Science and Art Department of the Committee of Council on Education, South Kensington, London. London: HMSO, 1858 Pressmark: 502.B.42 Includes indexes of manufacturers, schools and student exhibitors. Sparkes, John C.L., Schools of art: their origin, history, work, and influence. London: William Clowes & Sons, 1884 Pressmark: A.44 (2) Appendix F includes list of students, past and present, of the Training Class at South Kensington. Appendix G includes a list of National Scholars. Wallis, George, 'The work of the students of the Schools of Art in Great Britain and Ireland, in connection with the Science and Art Department, South Kensington.' In: International Health Exhibition, 1884. Section II. Education. London: William Clowes & Sons, Limited, 1884. Lists students who passed through the National Training School (Central School, Marlborough House and South Kensington) from 1853 and a list of National Scholars Central School, South Kensington. Pressmark: A.44 (3) ; photocopies of lists of students at Ref 745.44941 CEN Report of the examiners on the works sent from various schools of art in competition for national medals (1857–1868), continued as: Report of the examiners on the national competition: together with the results of the examination of students in schools of art and of the examination of works sent up from schools of art in competition for prizes (1870–1882), continued as: Reports of the examiners on the results of the art examinations ... (1898–1899) Pressmark: 97.PP.75 Great Britain: Dept. of Science and Art, National Competition ...: list of students rewarded, with the report of the examiners on the selected works of schools of science and art and art classes (1892–1898), continued as: Great Britain: Board of Education, National competition ...: list of students rewarded, with the report of the examiners on the selected works of schools of science and art and art classes 1899–1914 Pressmark: 97.PP.82 Fisher, John, An illustrated record of the retrospective exhibition held at South Kensington, 1896. London: Chapman & Hall, 1897. Contains 256 illustrations of the work of gold and silver medal winners. Pressmark: 21.F.60 Fisher, John, An illustrated record of national gold, silver and bronze medal designs, models, drawings, etc. London: Chapman & Hall, 1899. At head of title: National competitions 1896–97. Pressmark: 97.E.3 National Competition, retrospective exhibition, 1908: illustrated list ...works for which gold or silver medals have been awarded during the years 1897 to 1906. London: HMSO, 1908. Pressmark: 97.E.2 NB Prize winners and National Scholars are also listed in Reports of the Dept. of Science & Art (see Official reports for details). National Competition reports also list National Scholars. Selected journals Journal of design and manufactures (1849–1852) Pressmark: 95.EE. 29–35 Victoria and Albert Museum bulletin (1965–1968) Pressmark: PP.8.0 Victoria and Albert Museum yearbook (1969–1974) Pressmark: PP.8.0 Victoria and Albert Museum album (1982–1989) Pressmark: PP.5.A In-View: news and events at the Victoria & Albert Museum (1992–1997) Pressmark: PP.44.U Victoria and Albert Museum, Strategic plan, 1991–1992 Pressmark: V&A Pubs Coll VS Victoria and Albert Museum, Corporate plan, 1993–1998 Pressmark: V&A Pubs Coll VS Victoria and Albert Museum: annual review, 2002– Pressmark: PP.600.H Press cuttings 227 volumes of press cuttings. Early volumes compiled by Henry Cole and containing contemporary references to the V&A, the Schools of Design and art education. 135 volumes cover the period 1837–1914 and 92 volumes relating to the period 1915–1955. Six index volumes. The collection appears on the NAL Online Catalogue under the title 'Press Cuttings'. Available by advance appointment only. Please contact the V&A Archive on: +44 (0) 20 7602 8832 or Contact us online . The National Art Library also holds a single volume of press cuttings relating to the opening of the V&A on 26 June 1909 (Pressmark: 50.A.52). In addition, the NAL holds press cuttings for the past ten years. They can be requested by month and year. Older press cuttings are kept at the V&A Archive. NAL information files Reviews and other articles relating to temporary V&A exhibitions are listed by date on the Online Catalogue, in the Title A–Z index, under the general heading: 'V&A Exhibition Reviews etc.' The Library has also compiled a number of information files relating to permanent V&A galleries. V&A archives Unpublished material relating to the Museum's history is held in the V&A Archive at Blythe Road. Details of archival papers for the period 1844–1936 are given in a typescript list: 'Victoria & Albert Museum: Records, 1844–1936 (ED.84): key to arrangement' which is available at the Library's Counter (pressmark: CTR REF). The ED.84 files were formerly held at The National Archives, returning to the V&A in early 1995. For further information about access to ED.84 files, and to subsequent records, contact: V&A Archive, 23 Blythe Road , London W14 0QF. Tel: + 44 (0) 20 7602 8832 or contact us online . The National Archives In addition to the ED.84 series, the following files held at The National Archives (formerly the Public Record Office) hold substantial material which either originates from the V&A or relates to the Museum, its early history and to the South Kensington site: ED.9 Miscellanea 1839–1906 ED.24 Surviving correspondence of the President and the Vice President ED.28 Science & Art Department minute books Works 17 Art & Science buildings Works 33 Art & Science buildings (maps and plans) Contact: The National Archives, Kew, Surrey, TW9 4DU. Telephone: +44 (0) 20 8876 3444 Searching the NAL online catalogue The following headings are particularly useful for undertaking comprehensive research on material relating to the history of the V&A and the Schools of Design. Do a Name (as Author or Subject) Browse search on the Library Catalogue under the following headings: Great Britain. Dept. of Practical Art Great Britain. Dept. of Science and Art Great Britain. Board of Education Government School of Design (Somerset House, London) Central Training School (Marlborough House) National Art Training School (South Kensington) Royal College of Art (Great Britain) Museum of Ornamental Art	Royal College of Art
How many tiles are there in a standard game of Scrabble?	Heythrop College (University of London) guide :: Jenkers Heythrop College (University of London) guide Heythrop College was founded in 1614 at Louvain in Belgium with the purpose of training young English Jesuits for the clergy. In the 18th century it moved to Stonyhurst, Lancashire, before moving again to Heythrop, Oxfordshire, in 1926. In 1970 it moved to London and became part of the University of London. Courses and Teaching The college has specialised in Philosophy and Theology since it opened in the early 17th century, and offers further degrees covering Ethics and Religion. Its most popular courses are Philosophy, Theology and the undergraduate programme in Philosophy, Religion and Ethics. It also offers the Abrahamic Religions course, where students can study Judaism, Islam and Christianity and their impact upon the contemporary world. All three years of the degree count towards its final classification. Costs Full time undergraduate courses cost 9,000 annually. Student Life Students have access to the University of London's bars and Student Union venue, as well as the rest of London. Based in opulent Kensington, Heythrop's students can walk to the West End and catch the tube or bus around the city easily to reach their favourite clubs and restaurants. Facilities Heythrop College is based in Kensington, south west London, just behind Kensington High Street. Accommodation Catered accommodation at Heythrop costs 6,500 per year. Students can also stay in the University of London's intercollegiate halls of residence. Education The Heythrop Library is one of the oldest and most important libraries of theological and philosophical books in the UK and has approximately 180,000 volumes in its collections. Students can also make use of the University of London's academic facilities including the Senate House Library. Sport Heythrop itself doesn't have any on site sporting facilities but students are automatically members of the University of London's union, and can use those affiliated with the institution. Popular sports on campus include cricket and dance. Other 2016 sees Heythrop age to a ripe 402 years old. The Institute of Cancer Research guide The Institute of Cancer Research, (ICR), was established in 1909 as a small research department of the Royal Marsden Hospital. Its mission is to make the discoveries that defeat cancer. Since its foundation the ICR has made a number of breakthrough discoveries. It provided the first convincing evidence that DNA damage is the basic cause of cancer, laying the foundation for the now universally accepted idea that cancer is a genetic disease. It also helped identify the link between smoking and lung cancer. Today, the ICR leads the world at isolating cancer-related genes and discovering new targeted drugs for personalised cancer treatment. As a college of the University of London, the ICR provides postgraduate higher education. Each year the ICR offers around 10 - 12 fully funded PhD studentships. Courses and Teaching The ICR has long-established provision for MPhil/PhD and MD(Res) students. Its Doctor of Medicine (Research) course is aimed at those in clinical practice, who are examined by thesis and oral examination. There are eight research divisions including Genetics and Epidemiology and Molecular Pathology. PhD studentships are usually funded for a period of up to four years. Initially, students are registered for an MPhil and after the first year has been completed, an upgrade report and oral examination takes place. Successful students will then be transferred onto PhD registration. The institute also introduced an MSc in Oncology from which the first students graduated in 2009. This is designed for medically qualified candidates who intend to pursue a professional career in some aspect of clinical or medical oncology, either as a clinical academic or a clinician. The course provides for students who are currently working in the NHS (or similar clinical service provider) and will suit those who are planning to complete Specialist Registrar training. Costs The Home/EU fee for MPhil/PhD students is 4,000 per year, and the fee for overseas students is 16,760 annually. The Home/EU fee for the first two years of the MSc (Oncology) is 1,710 annually, or 8,675 yearly for overseas students. For the third year, the Home/EU fee is 1,050 per annum and 2,500 for overseas students. Student Life The ICR's London campus is set in fashionable Chelsea, which means that students can make the most of the boutiques, bars and restaurants in the area. The second campus is set in Sutton, which is close enough to the capital to enjoy all of the benefits of the city, without living in the centre of the bustle. Facilities The ICRs research and teaching is carried out across two modern sites in London; one in the heart of Chelsea and the other in Sutton, Greater London. Both sites are next to The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, a hospital whose unique partnership with the ICR forms Europes largest Comprehensive Cancer Centre. Accommodation The Institute of Cancer Research does not have its own accommodation. However, current PhD students organise an Accommodation Day as needed to help new students find flat-shares or other arrangements. Education All laboratories are equipped with state-of-the-art instrumentation, and during the last five years, more than 8 million has been invested into new scientific initiatives including the development of a new cancer imaging laboratory. The onsite library provides subscriptions to an extensive range of scientific and medical journals, as well as specialised databases to support the ICRs research. Sport Student can use recreational facilities on the Sutton site, including a swimming pool, gym, tennis and squash courts, and relax in the pH Bar after a hard day's work. All students have access to The University of London Union sports clubs, societies and facilities including fitness centres, swimming pools, cafes, bars and music venues. Other Studentships are funded by the ICR and funding bodies such as Cancer Research UK, the Wellcome Trust and EPSRC. Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance guide The Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance institution was formed in 2005 when Trinity College of Music and Laban came together. Trinity was founded in the Victorian age by Henry Bonavia to improve the standard of church music. The Laban Dance centre is where choreographer Matthew Bourne began his career. Courses and Teaching Trinity Laban's Music degree in Performance/Composition/Jazz is its most over-subscribed, with its MA in Dance Theatre similarly popular amongst prospective students. The nature of the institution's undergraduate Music degree is 74% practical, with 26% coursework. Costs Undergraduate degrees at Trinity Laban cost 9,000 per year. Student Life Trinity Laban's two sites are in historic Greenwich, close to the redeveloped Docklands area, thus allowing students to sample the best of London's old character and new dynamism. Good transport links mean students have access to the West End and Southbank areas, which can cater to all their eating, drinking and partying needs. The Student Union also stages a number of events throughout the year, including boat parties along the Thames. Facilities The two original campuses of Trinity and Laban are within 10 minutes' walk of each other in south-east London. Accommodation Students can apply for rooms at the MacMillan Student Village which has a range of single rooms with shared facilities and twin bedroom flats. Rooms there cost 135 per week, or students can rent a room in privately owned accommodation for approximately 85-135 weekly. Education The Laban Building is the world's largest purpose built contemporary dance centre, and comprises of 13 studios. It also houses the UK's largest dance library and the world's largest dance science facilities. Sport The institution has no on-site sporting facilities, but students can join local gyms or jog in the area. Other Trinity Laban's Summer Ball will take place in the Painted Hall at the Old Royal Naval College. School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) guide Founded in 1916 as the School of Oriental Studies (SOAS), the institution took its present name of the School of Oriental and African Studies in 1938. The school is a constituent college of the University of London and its early history was marked by the uncertainties of the wartime capital. Having moved for a short time to Cambridge to escape the Blitz, it moved to its present central London site in 1941. Courses and Teaching Popular courses at SOAS include LLB Law, History, Economics, Politics, Arabic and Social Anthropology. There are also options to study abroad, i.e. students who take the Modern and Classical Chinese programme spend their second year studying at the Beijing Normal University. Costs The courses at SOAS range in price from 3,000-9,000 per year for UK students, and 7,295-14,590 annually for international students. Student Life The Student Union organises events including music and art exhibitions, as well as running societies and representational groups. SOAS is located central London and is surrounded by bars, clubs and galleries, with lively Islington and Camden nearby. Facilities The college has two sites, both of which are located in central London. Its main campus is next to Russell Square, and the Vernon campus is a short walk from Kings Cross station. Accommodation Dinwiddy House and Paul Robeson House are SOAS's halls of residence, both located within walking distance to the university's campuses. Prices at both sites are 139 per week, and all residences are self-catered. Education SOAS's library is one of just five National Research Libraries in the country. It also has its own exhibition and conference space, the Brunei Gallery, which presents events related to the cultures of Asia, Africa and the Middle East. Sport Many sports teams including five-a-side football, volleyball and snowboarding are organised through the Student Union. Other The university is celebrating its 100th birthday in 2016. Royal Veterinary College guide The oldest veterinary school in the English-speaking world, the Royal Veterinary School (RVC) was established in 1791. The college styled itself Royal from 1826 due to the patronage of George IV and received a formal Royal Charter from Queen Victoria in 1875. Since 1949 the college has been part of the University of London. Courses and Teaching The most popular courses at RVC are VetMed, Bioveterinary Sciences and Veterinary Nursing. The institution also offers postgraduate programmes in Control of Diseases in Animals, Livestock Health and Production, Veterinary Epidemiology, Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, Wild Animal Biology, Wild Animal Health and Veterinary Education. Costs Tuition fees at RVC are 9,000 per annum. Student Life Camden Market and London Zoo are two of the attractions to be found close to the campus and with the large park of Hampstead Heath a short walk away, escaping urban life in Camden is easy. London is peppered with bars, pubs, restaurants and clubs which cater to a very diverse range of tastes and budgets. Facilities The historic original campus in London's Camden Town is now partnered by the Hawkshead site near St Albans in Hertfordshire. Accommodation Charges in self-catering halls range from 136.50-146.23 a week, and 166.25-229.25 a week in catered accommodation. Education An equine clinic and referral hospital, farm animal centre, post-mortem hall and a number of other hospital units are available for students to use. Sport The RVC student union organises a number of sports teams including tennis, riding and mountaineering. Other Royal Holloway guide Founded as a women-only college in 1879 by Thomas Holloway, the college officially became part of the University of London in 1900 and started to admit male students in 1946. In 1985, it merged with Bedford College. The institution is based in Egham, Surrey, and has a total of 19 academic departments. Courses and Teaching There are a number of new courses available at the university starting from 2013, which include Applied Psychology, Multilingual Studies, Philosophy, Politics and Economics and International Relations. Costs All undergraduate degrees cost 9,000 per year for UK citizens. International students' fees are variable according to the nature of their degree, and range from 12,600 to 14,250 annually. Student Life There are lots of opportunities to make music at the university, and The Choir of Royal Holloway broadcasts tours overseas every summer. With central London at students' fingertips as well as the leafy plains of Surrey, there is no shortage of things to do in the area. Facilities The Surrey campus, based in Egham 19 miles to the west of central London, is set in 135 acres of parkland. Accommodation Prices for Royal Holloway's halls of residence start at 83.96 per week, and cost 158.28 weekly for their most expensive rooms. There are 11 separate housing buildings which contain 3102 beds, all based around the main campus. Education Work begins this year on the final phase of redevelopment of the old Victorian Boiler House to create a multi-purpose cultural space to be used for performance and student events across the Arts Faculty and Students Union, due to open in September 2014. Many students are taught in the university's listed buildings. Sport A 46 piece 'fitness suite', badminton courts and indoor cricket nets are amongst the facilities on offer to students. Royal Holloway hosted over 1,400 athletes during 2012's Olympic Games in its role as the official Rowing and Canoe Sprint Village. Other The central Founders building was inspired by the Chateau Chambord in the Loire Valley, and was opened by Queen Victoria in 1886. Royal Conservatoire of Scotland guide Royal Conservatoire of Scotland was previously known as the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama. With roots dating back to 1847, the conservatoire is one of the most historic and busiest performing arts venues in Scotland. In 1962 it became the first drama school in the UK to have a full broadcast-specification television studio. It changed its name for the start of the academic year 2011/12. Courses and Teaching The conservatoire offers undergraduate degrees in Music, Scottish Music, Acting, Contemporary Performance Practice, Musical Theatre, Production Technology, Production Arts & Design, Digital Film & Television and Modern Ballet. It also offers a range of postgraduate qualifications. Costs Undergraduate courses cost 1,820 per year for Scottish and EU (non-UK) students, and 9,000 per year for students from the rest of the UK. International students are charged 13,779 per year. Student Life Scotland's second city is a diverse and culturally active place which has attracted awards and recognition for its contribution to the arts. Located on the Clyde, Glasgow's major industry was historically ship building. Although the city has great deprivation and contains the area of lowest life expectancy in Europe, Glasgow's strong creative scene has seen it fare better than many post-Industrial cities. With Celtic and Rangers both based in the city, Glasgow is also the heart of Scottish football. There are over 700 bars, pubs and clubs to choose from and the University of Glasgow's large student population helps ensure that there is a host of options for those on a budget or looking for something trendier. Glasgow has produced some of Britain's most successful British chart-toppers meaning it's almost always visited by even the biggest bands and artists when they tour. From freshers week onwards, the student union organises events throughout the year. Facilities The conservatoire is based in the heart of central Glasgow. Accommodation Accommodation is offered to all first year students. The academy has an arrangement with student residence company Liberty Living who charge from 103 per week for a room in their central Glasgow halls. A room in a four bed privately-rented student flat costs from 325 per week. Education There are rehearsal and performance spaces for students practicing a selection of different artistic pursuits. Sport Glasgow has many facilities for sports and fitness which can be accessed privately. Other Actors David Tennant, Robert Carlyle and John Hannah all attended the conservatoire. Royal College of Music guide Founded by the Prince of Wales (later Edward VII) in 1882, the Royal College of Music (RCM) has seen some of the greatest composers and musicians of the 20th century come through its doors, including Gustav Holst, Benjamin Britten and Andrew Lloyd Webber. Courses and Teaching As well as courses in Music, Performance and Composition for the Screen, the college also offers an undergraduate degree in Physics and Music Performance, which is taught jointly with Imperial College London. Costs The undergraduate Music degrees cost 9,000 per annum, while Master's courses range between 8,960-11,190 annually for full time home students. Student Life Kensington is where many of the UK's most famous museums are based and is not far from Green Park and Buckingham Palace. From watching sports to visiting art galleries, there is always a variety of things to do, and those in search of livelier evening entertainment can catch a tube or bus to clubs and bars around the city. Facilities The college is directly opposite the Royal Albert Hall in Kensington, central London. Accommodation Fees for RCM's halls of residence range between 86-151 weekly, while private accommodation can usually be rented between the 100-140 mark. Education RCM's library is one of the foremost music libraries in the UK, with a wealth of scores and material dating from the 15th century onwards. Sport Students are able to use Imperial College's indoor swimming pool and gym facilities. Other The RCM Chamber Choir were the rain-soaked singers who sang Land of Hope and Glory through the torrential downpour at the Queens Diamond Jubilee Thames Pageant. Royal College of Art guide The Royal College of Art (RCA) was founded in 1837, although it was then known as the Government School of Design and didn't incorporate art until after the Great Exhibition of 1851. At this point it became known as the National Art Training School and moved from Somerset House on the Strand to its new home in South Kensington. Approximately half a century later it changed its name again and became what it is now, the Royal College of Art. The college claims to have been behind many of the UKs foremost creative movements from the Arts and Crafts philosophy, Pop Art and more recently the Young British Artists, of which Tracey Emin and Jake and Dinos Chapman play influential roles. Courses & Teaching RCA is an entirely postgraduate institution. It offers MA, MPhil and PhD degrees in fine art, applied art, design, communication and humanities. The college offers 21 different courses in total, also including fashion menswear, curating contemporary art, vehicle design and goldsmithing. The RCA's partners include Imperial College London, Tsinghua University, Politecnico di Milano, the Victoria and Albert Museum, British Film Institute, Cambridge University and the Science Museum. Costs Tuition fees for UK/EU students starting at RCA are 9,500 per year. Non-EU students pay 28,400 annually for their first year of study. Student Life Kensington is in the heart of London and a variety of cultural and social opportunities lie at the feet of RCA students. High Street Kensington is renowned for its shops, ranging from standard high street names to the more exclusive boutiques. Further along from High St Ken is London's famous Harrods department store. Nearby South Kensington is one of the most affluent parts of London with a rather village-like feel. Despite being in the heart of London, the backstreets around South Kensington are quiet and quaint. Outside of the college, students can enjoy some of London's more swanky nightclubs including nearby Boujis and Public. The Anglesea Arms is a popular pub for the young crowd in South Kensington. The West End is within walking distance and all other parts of London a short tube ride away. Students have the college's vibrant, experimental ArtBar where they can enjoy regular late nights, cocktail promotions and various parties and events throughout the year, with the grande finale being the Convocation Ball. A state-of-the-art projection system provides a good backdrop for dancing the night away. Facilities The college is divided up between the painting department, the sculpture department and the moving image studio. All three buildings are located on Howie Street in Kensington Gore, south west London. Plans are afoot for the departments of fine and applied art to move to a new campus in Battersea. Accommodation The college doesn't provide accommodation but it does provide assistance to students via its student support centre. Most RCA students live in private rented accommodation but there are other options such as hostels, student residences or lodging with a host family. London living isn't cheap, particularly in the Kensington area, and average private rents locally are upwards of 110 per week. Education A drawing studio, an innovation technology centre, a moving image studio, photography facilities and equipment, a digital media studio and training room are all available for student usage. Students can also use the facilities of Imperial College London. Sport Students and staff at the Royal College of Art Students and Staff at the RCA are entitled to join the Ethos Sports facilities at Imperial College London, which is located on Exhibition Road and the surrounding campus. Facilities include swimming pool, gym, squash courts Other Famous alumni include artists David Hockney and Tracey Emin, film director Sir Ridley Scott, illustrator Quentin Blake, musician Ian Dury and Burberry creative director Christopher Bailey. Transport Bus High Steet Kensington is a hub for the bus network in London, as is Gloucester Road, which is a short walk away. For more information, see bus routes on the Transport for London website. Train RCA's nearest tube station is High Street Kensington, which is in Zone 1, on the Circle and District lines. You can travel to all London's main tube and train stations within 45 minutes Air Heathrow Airport and London City Airport are the nearest to the RCA and can be reached within one hour by public transport. Coach National Express serves all of London's major stations Contact information Website: www.rca.ac.uk Address: Royal College of Art, Kensington Gore, London SW7 2EU Telephone: +44 (0) 20 7590 4444 Royal Academy of Music guide Founded in 1822, the Royal Academy of Music (RAM) has almost two centuries of experience in training musicians from very young children to adults. The academy, which moved to its current home in 1911, is part of the University of London. Courses and Teaching RAM offers one undergraduate course, in Music, while Master's subjects include Arts, Vocal Studies and Opera. Costs The academy's undergraduate Music course costs 9,000 per year, while most postgraduate courses cost around 10,000 annually. Student Life With the entire city of London at their fingertips, students will never be short of things to do. There are bars, pubs, clubs, restaurants, galleries, cinemas and more on every corner around the city, and good tube and bus links make it easy to get around. Facilities RAM is near Regent's Park in central London. Accommodation The school doesn't have any accommodation of its own, but there are spaces available at the University of London's Intercollegiate halls of residence, which range in price from 123.90-441 per week. Education As well as performance spaces and musical equipment, the academy's collection of historic instruments is of international significance. Sport Students have full access to the University of London's many sporting facilities including its private health club, Energybase. Transport Local bus Bus numbers 27, 30, 88, 205, 453 stop immediately outside the Royal Academy of Music. Buses 2, 13, 74, 82, 113, 139, 189, 274 stop at nearby Baker Street Underground Station. For more information see Transport for London. Train The nearest tube stations are Regent's Park on the Bakerloo line or Baker Street (Bakerloo, Jubilee, Metropolitan, Hammersmith & City and Circle lines). Both are a short walk away along Marylebone Road. See Transport for London for details of London's tube network. See National Rail for more details of services from outside the city. Air Heathrow and Gatwick Airports run many services to and from the rest of the world and are well-connected to central London. London City Airport serves the UK, Europe and the USA and is closer to Regent Business School's central location. Coach See National Express for more information on services into and across London. Contact information Website: www.ram.ac.uk Address: Marylebone Road, London NW1 5HT, UK Telephone: 020 7873 7373 Ravensbourne guide Although it might be able to trace its origins back to the 19th century, Ravensbourne is an institution firmly entrenched in the modern. Specialising in digital media and design, Ravensbourne opened a new campus in September 2010 which is designed to simulate professional media environments. There are 1,900 students at the institution. Courses and Teaching All of the qualifications at Ravensbourne are vocational, and their digital media and design programmes can be taken at pre-degree, undergraduate, postgraduate and professional short course level. The teaching style is practical, rather than academic, which Ravensbourne believes best prepares their students for the workplace. Costs British citizens who are under the age of 19 by the time the course begins are able to take Ravensbourne's Further Education programme without having to pay fees. A 140 registration fee is payable on enrolment. Undergraduate courses cost between 8,750-8,850 for the year for home students, while international students pay between 10,200-10,300 annually. Postgraduate courses are cheaper for home students at 8,500 per year, or 12,500 annually for those without British citizenship. Student Life The nearby amenities of Greenwich are easily accessible for students, who study next to the O2 Arena. Central London can be reached quickly by tube, bus or boat for those who want to venture into the city centre. Facilities Ravensbourne moved to its new location on the Greenwich peninsula next to the O2 Arena in an effort to bring students closer to potential employers and the media events of the capital. The Greenwich Peninsula building cost 70m to create. Accommodation An en suite room in university halls costs 174 per week at Space Greenwich, the institution's closest accommodation. Ravensbourne has a partnership with the University of London Housing Service which provides housing advice and guidance on private accommodation. Visit The London Student Housing Guide (LSHG) website for more information. Education The institution has a TV studio, an audio control studio and studios for rapid prototyping. Students can also borrow a range of equipment for free throughout their course including cameras, lighting, microphones, laptops and leads through the Central Loan Resource. Sport Ravensbourne doesn't have its own sports facilities, but encourages students to make the most of those nearby. Other Students and staff benefit from discounts at a number of shops and restaurants in the O2 complex. Transport Bus London's public transport offers cheaper rates for students. For more information see Transport for London. Train As well as all of the usual options, London has the oldest underground rail network on offer for fast and convenient travel between all major transport hubs and districts throughout the city. See Transport for London for details of London's tube network. See National Rail for specific details on journeys to and from any London station, including prices and times. Air Heathrow and Gatwick Airports run many services to and from the rest of the world and are well-connected to central London. London City Airport serves the UK, Europe and the USA and is close to Ravensbourne's East London location. Coach See National Express for more information. Contact information Website: www.rave.ac.uk Telephone: 020 3040 3500 Address: Ravensbourne, 6 Penrose Way, London SE10 0EW Website: www.rave.ac.uk London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine guide The London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (the School), was founded in 1899 as the London School of Tropical Medicine. The School of Hygiene united with the founding institute in 1924, and is part of the University of London. Courses and Teaching There are three faculties at the School: Epidemiology and Population Health, Infectious and Tropical Diseases and Public Health and Policy. The School specialises in postgraduate training and research, with available courses including Veterinary Epidemiology, Medical Parasitology and Global Health Policy. Costs Full time Master's courses at the School cost between 8,320-10,530 per annum for UK/EU, with the fee rising to between 18,290-22,000 annually for international students. Research studies cost 4,850 per year for full time Home/EU students, and between 14,450-17,550 for overseas students. Student Life Set in the heart of London, there is never a shortage of ways for students to entertain themselves. From clubs to museums, there are establishments to suit all tastes, and the tube makes travelling around the capital easy. Facilities Teaching at the School is divided between 2 buildings in Bloomsbury, London. The School doesn't have its own sporting facilities, but students are able to use those at other institutions affiliated with the University of London. There is also 24 hour access to computing facilities on site. Accommodation The School doesn't have any accommodation of its own, but has an allocation of rooms University of London's Intercollegiate Halls of Residence, which range in price from 123.90-441 per week. Education The library at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine holds one of the world's most comprehensive collections of books and journals relating to the fields of international public health and tropical medicine. Other The school houses the world's longest-established mosquito colony in the vaults under Gower Street. London Business School guide London Business School was established in 1964 and gained a Royal Charter in 1986, changing to its current name. Courses and Teaching The school's most popular course is the MBA, a 20 month programme with a suggested internship in the summer between the years of study. Also on offer is the Executive MBA, where students are taught between London and Dubai, and the EMBA, which spans across London and New York. There are a number of Master's programmes on offer in Management and Finance, which last for 22 months. Costs The MBA costs 70,800 in total, while the Master's in Management costs 28,900 overall. Student Life Being based in London, there's always a wealth of things for students to get involved with both on and off campus, from bars to theatres, and football stadiums to museums. Facilities This school is located in central London, and its 19th century Nash Terrace base is close to Regent's Park. Accommodation There are no halls of residence on site but students can stay in the hotel suites. Education London Business School has an Alumni Business Centre alongside its library where alumni can make use of the facilities after they've graduated. Sport The school has over 25 sports clubs that compete in tournaments around the world. It also has a fitness centre with a gym, swimming pool, sauna, steam room and jacuzzi. Other Tony Wheeler is an alumnus of London Business School, who founded Lonely Planet with his wife Maureen. Your ultimate guide to Cindy Sherman Cindy Sherman, Untitled #92, 1981, chromogenic color print, 24 x 48 inchesThe Eli and Edythe L. Broad Collection, courtesy of the artist and Metro Pictures Cindy Sherman has spent most of her 62 years using her camera as a way to explore concepts of identity, sexuality, and largely, femininity. Starting out as a painter in 1972, she moved towards photography and began using make-up and costume to create images of herself as various societal archetypes. Usually shooting solo in her New York studio, Sherman assumed the role as author, director, designer and model, often with no knowledge of what she was trying to say but arriving at perceptive social critiques nonetheless. A contemporary master of the cultural zeitgeist, Sherman is now known as one of the most influential and pioneering photographers of her generation. Pulling inspiration from pop culture imagery, film and television, the artist challenged the restrictive roles of women in the media and the perpetual objectification of female sexuality. Often hailed as a feminist, postmodernist, post-structuralist, and many other labels, but Shermans resistance to categorisation has often left somewhat of a question mark over her work. Rising to international notoriety with her seriesUntitled Film Stills, a Hollywood shape-shifter was born and the world couldnt help but take notice. While there is a plethora of literature documenting the life, the love and the artistry of Sherman including her current exhibition Imitation of Life at LAs The Broad, as well as an upcoming book published by Prestel this guide will serve you as a handy overview. Its amusing how far someone can stretch my intentions and make a concept that fits their theories Cindy Sherman A IS FOR ALIENATION, ARTIFICIALITY AND AMBIGUITY Shermans work was born out of an almost crippling shyness and fear of the outside world. After moving to New York art college, she became aware of how performances outside the home and on the street differed immensely from the comfort of her own apartment. During the 70s and 80s, the photographer withdrew to the safety of her own studio, shooting alone to battle with what she referred to as a social depression. While her images have captured the attention of art critics, scholars and fans alike, an ambiguity that feeds into all of her photographs is perhaps their only homogenous characteristic. Speaking in 1994, Sherman explained: I often dont know what Im going after until after its shot. Its amusing how far someone can stretch my intentions and make a concept that fits their theories. Furthermore, the artists ability to demonstrate the theatricality and artificiality of gendered performance is widely credited her as being a key player in post-structuralist thought. B IS FORBUS RIDERS Bus Ridersset a precedent for Shermans future projects. The series which came to fruition in 1976 was a collection of black and white photographs of herself as a variety of closely observed subjects. As a young woman grappling with big city life, the photographer would meticulously examine fellow commuters on New Yorks public transport. Shermans capacity to be both the object and the looker is what marked her work from its inception; a narrative that unravels the voyeur-gaze paradigm. Far from trying to be a true replication of reality, Shermans crude use of black face, hammy costumes and clearly staged scenes disrupts clear processes of self-identification and explores the act of portraiture itself. The images were first exhibited in 2000, 24 years after their creation, at Glen Horowitz Booksellers, along with another series entitledMurder Mystery People. C IS FOR CHANGING FACES Although Sherman consistently takes photographs of herself, she has always maintained that they are not self-portraits. Growing up in the suburbs of Long Island, she always loved to play dress-up, and when she was just out of Buffalo State College she abandoned painting and decided to focus on the camera. Surrounded by media images purporting restrictive archetypes of female subjectivity, Sherman began to use the lens as a medium for social critique often unwittingly. In what grew to be a series of 69 photographs in her genre-definingUntitled Film Stills,the artist assumed the role of housewife, career girl, siren, to name a few, and almost without knowing gave voice to the struggle of second wave feminism. While the movement focused on suffrage and overturning legislature in the 60s, the 70s and 80s saw a move towards the home and the workplace, battling against the labels foisted upon women during this time. D IS FOR DEATH Shermans fixation on the lineal space between life and death has permeated almost all of her photo collections. As she tends to focus on the plight of the Caucasian woman, many scholars have taken this to be a comment on both domestic and sexual violence, but its more than that. Fear of the unknown and the dark abyss lingers throughout her work and it leaves an uncomfortable taste in your mouth. She previously said: I guess death is a partial theme Im not afraid to die, its just the unknown. While others may find such explorations troubling, Sherman finds them comforting. "Untitled #153", which was auctioned for $2.7 million in 2010, sees a blonde woman lying on the grass, covered in mud, having just been (presumably) killed. Reminiscent of film noirs punishment of the femme fatale, Sherman opens up a dialogue about societys voyeuristic obsession with brutality and death. "Untitled #512", 2010/2011 Chromogenic color print 79 3/4 x 136 7/8 inches© Cindy Sherman Courtesy of the artist and Metro PicturesE IS FOR EXHIBITIONS Shermans first solo exhibition was in New York in 1980 at a non-commercial space called Kitchen. As she often challenged the capitalistic drive of the art world, much of her work was initially showcased in non-profit organisations.Untitled Film Stillsperhaps the artists most famed collection was debuted at a grass roots gallery named Artists Space where Sherman herself worked as a receptionist. Among many other notable shows in her unrivalled career, the Museum of Modern Art presented a show in 2012 calledCindy Sherman, which chronicled her work from the 1970s and included more than 170 photographs. Additionally, Shermans archives are held at the Tate Gallery in London, as well as many more prestigious institutions such as the Art Institute in Chicago, the Museum of Contemporary Art in Los Angeles and the Hamburger Bahnhof in Berlin. Her latest exhibition, Imitation of Life,which engages with the 20th centurys fascination with fame and celebrity, is currently being shown at The Broad, Los Angeles and Queensland Gallery of Modern Art, Brisbane. F IS FOR FEMINISM The assimilation of feminism with Shermans art is problematic, but not incorrect. Her entire lexicon of feminine identities and aversion to objectification clearly champion her as a feminist role model, but she has always maintained that the product precedes the intention. In each picture, rather than deconstructing the relationship between image and identity, Sherman leads the viewer to construct it in their own terms. Judith Williamson, the author ofImages of Women,argues: I dont think Sherman is a feminist artist or a non-feminist artist. I dont think it really matters if she has set out to be either. The ambiguity and performativity of her work means we, as lookers, place our own ideology onto the portraits rather than there being a conscious authorial rhetoric. As a person, Im not overtly political, Sherman told to BBC2. I think of myself as too wishy-washy to be this heavy feminist, political person. But it does come out in my work. I dont think Sherman is a feminist artist or a non-feminist artist. I dont think it really matters if she has set out to be either Judith Williamson G IS FOR GROTESQUE Abjection, monstrosity and the grotesque began to appear in Shermans photographs more intensely when she moved away from self-portraits and starting playing with plastic and prosthetics. AfterUntitled Film Stills,Shermans work took an arguably darker turn and she started to utilise props and mannequins more heavily. The monstrous feminine began to take form in both herSex Picturesseries andFairy Tales.Grotesque images of dismembered bodies, pubic hair and traumatised genitalia were just some of the themes that the artist touched on. Exemplified by her 1985 image "Untitled #140", which features her lying on the ground with a pig snout covered in blood, Sherman articulates the uncanny and carnivalesque qualities that are conveyed through fairy tales. During this time, many critics were turned off by the direction her series were taking. H IS FOR HOLLYWOOD, HORROR AND FILM NOIR Hollywood and pop culture imagery is the lynchpin of almost all of Shermans collections. Growing up in the 50s when television and film were becoming more widely available, she felt there was a limitation to the way women were being represented. The Hollywood starlet platinum, bored, angry came to be a central figure in herUntitled Film Stills("Untitled #122" in particular).Any woman was a role model, but not in a positive way, Sherman said. It frustrated me in terms of what was expected of me as a young girl turning into a woman. Furthering her interest in film as a medium, Sherman turned to horror and film noir to create unsettling, but undeniably artistic, photographs of the Final Girl or femme fatale as a victim of the darkness. Incorporating Italian neorealism from the 40s, 50s, and 60s, as well as taking inspiration from cult classics such asHalloweenandNight Of The Living Dead, she used the contrast of black and white light and dark to create fear in the viewer. As Shermans favourite genre, she argued that horror makes you feel secure about your life. Untitled Film Still #47, 1979 Gelatin silver print 8 x 10 inches© Cindy Sherman Courtesy of the artist and Metro PicturesI IS FOR IMITATION AND IDENTITY Imitation is what makes Shermans work so influential: she is able to create portraits of herself but still throw off the binary relationship between author and subject, as well as being able to de-centre the Self from her photographs. She has always said that the shots taken are not of her, but are a replication of varying subjectivities and archetypes, posing important questions about identity, representation and the role of imagery in contemporary culture. And, this seems to be more relevant now than ever with the creation of social media and how we carefully manufacture a mediated version of ourselves online. Sherman should be championed as the ultimate Selfie queen. Her exhibitionImitation of Life,now being shown in Los Angeles and Melbourne, celebrates the photographers expansive use of imitation as an art form and the ways it displaces identification with its subject. J IS FOR JUXTAPOSITION Shermans career, in its entirety, could arguably be read as one huge juxtaposition. Challenging the capitalistic drive of the art world yet being one of the most successful and highly paid photographers of a generation; creating self-portraits that should be viewed as anything but that; being a feminist icon without ever truly engaging with the movement; finding comfort in life by examining death. Far from being like a book that can be studied from cover-to-cover, it seems Sherman herself is as unsure about what it is shes trying to say through her art as critics who have spent years asking the same question are. K IS FOR KILLING CENSORSHIP Censorship in the USA in 1990 became a huge issue for artists who pushed the boundaries of social acceptance. The National Endowment for The Arts pulled its funding for controversial art projects in the country, making it harder for creatives to express themselves outside the rigid barriers that were set. Shermans answer to this was to create outrageous and perverse portraits of pornography and genitalia using plastic. As a way of mocking the conservatism of America at the time, and the art world more specifically, she refused to inhibit her work by instruction of governing institutions. Through her use of broken and disfigured mannequins and dolls, and explicitly haunting imagery, Sherman put two fingers up to the system. L IS FOR LYNDA BENGLIS AND POSTMODERNISM Influenced by postmodernism and conceptual art, Sherman took influence from other artists who were not only challenging the status quo, but were also challenging what was actually perceived as art. Lynda Benglis, an American sculptor and visual artist, is emblematic of the postmodern movements self-referential treatment of photography as a medium. Famed for her advert inArtforumwhich featured her completely naked except for a dildo and a pair of sunglasses, as a way of satirising pin-up girls and the male ethos, Benglis would go on to motivate Shermans 1981Centerfoldseries in the same publication. Using the centrefold of the magazine to convey a victim-like Sherman in a range of styles, costumes and poses, the collection is widely thought of as one of her most feminist narratives. She said of the series: The horizontal pictures I did were meant to resemble in format a centrefold, but in content a man who was opening up the magazine and feel like the violator that they would be. Im trying to make someone feel bad for having certain expectations. Cindy Sherman, Untitled #122, 1983, chromogenic color print, 35 1/4 x 21 1/4 in. (89.54 x 53.98 cm)© Cindy Sherman, courtesy of the artist and Metro PicturesM IS FOR MALE GAZE The male gaze a concept theorised by Laura Mulvey in 1975 has become instrumental in examining film and image in terms of gender, sexual identity and human relations. Shermans utilisation of the male gaze is complex: in one sense she diverts her passivity by being both the looker and the looked at, but in another way she consistently re-establishes the gaze by playing the victim or sexualised object. Take "Untitled Film Still #6", taken in 1977, the artist exposes herself in her underwear, holding a mirror in one hand as she dons her usual emotionless expression. While the image is clearly sexualised, Sherman also demonstrates how femininity is a disguise, a performance, and then so too becomes the commander of the gaze. N IS FOR NEW YORK CITY The Big Apple, New York City, is the backdrop in which all examinations of Shermans work should be centred around. After studying the visual arts at Buffalo State College, she moved back east in the 70s to pursue her interests in photography. Admittedly, Sherman found New York isolating, dangerous, yet inspirational, and became almost reclusive in her notorious studio. Feeling victimised outside the comfort of her walls, she observed the motions and performances of everyday life at a time when womens civil liberties were limited. New York, in and of itself, serves as a central character in Shermans collections. She married French photographer and filmmaker Michel Auder in 1984, but they divorced 15 years later. Sherman now lives in Soho where she continues to make conceptual art. Untitled #70, 1980 Chromogenic color print 20 x 24 inches© Cindy Sherman Courtesy of the artist and Metro PicturesO IS FOROFFICE KILLER Shermans 1997 feature film directorial debut came in the form ofOffice Killer,a film noir pastiche and comedy-horror which follows the story of Dorine (Carol Kane),a magazine editor with a thirst for blood who goes on a murdering rampage. Although badly received by critics for its poorly-executed plotline and seemingly out-dated cinematography, it can be widely read as classic Sherman. Incorporating her favourite genres and themes horror, death and the female she created a humorous ode to slasher films of the 80s, with no apologies for its unconvincing gore and schlocky aesthetic. P IS FOR PORNOGRAPHY AND PROSTHETICS ShermansSex Picturesat the beginning of the 90s took a turn towards the pornographic in what can be described as an almost medical or anatomical examination of sexuality. Living through the AIDS crisis in the previous decade, particularly in New York City, she felt it was important to scrutinise the body as a way of understanding society. Filling her studio with life-sized dolls and prosthetics, Sherman dissected, and mutilated, humanity itself by posing questions about sex, gender and disease through plastic. One image that usually stands out in the minds of Sherman enthusiasts is Untitled #263, which saw a fusion of male and female genitalia in a deeply de-eroticised form. The hermaphroditic portrayal of sexuality as fluid or seamless is typical Sherman, as well as the recognition that it is not reality. Untitled #258, which features a mannequin from behind with a gaping hole where her anus should be, should be examined under the conservative lens of the US at the time. Q IS FOR QUESTIONING MARKETABILITY I got nervous when my work starting to become popular, so I started making things that would challenge someone to hang it over their sofa, Sherman said of her deviation from portraiture and towards a pictorial theatre of the perverse. In an almost deliberate act of regression, she started to venture into unmarketable territory in what many have theorised as a protest against the traditionalist values of the 80s. With Regan and Thatcher at the helm of foreign politics, there was a sense that society yearned for the past and a stunted nostalgia reared its head. Artists returned to painting and an expressionist onslaught, largely by male painters, withdrew support for work such as Shermans. Pictures of vomit, condoms, dildos, pubic hair and women with their heads and genitalia chopped off challenged the nature of capitalism in the art world. However, she was named the recipient of the MacArthur Fellowship in 1995 regardless. R IS FORREAR SCREEN PROJECTIONS In 1980, Sherman moved from black and white to colour in her series entitledRear Screen Projections.In the collection, she would pose in front of projections of various cityscapes and backgrounds, creating a surreal and abstract aesthetic. In Untitled #66, the artist poses in the middle of a highway holding her bike, giving the impression that she could be killed at any moment. Although this series is lesser known, it provides insight into the introspection of Sherman and work. I got nervous when my work was starting to become popular, so I started making things that would challenge someone to hang it over their sofa Cindy Sherman S IS FORSEX PICTURES Sex Pictures, shot in 1992, is Shermans most controversial project and the first in which she did not appear in the images. Using a mix of prosthetics, dolls and mannequins, she dissected the body and problematised the relationship between physicality and sexuality. One figure posed with a tampon in its vagina, another with sausages excreted from the vulva, and others were arranged in ways that art critic Jerry Saltz dubbed anti-porn porn, the unsexiest sex pictures ever made. Some saw the series as a progressive exploration of anatomy and cultural conceptions of sex and the body, while others viewed them as a tasteless departure from her previous work. T IS FOR TELEVISION AND POP CULTURE Shermans capacity to bridge the gap between low culture and high culture is demonstrated by her use of pop culture imagery and television. A dream for students of cultural and gender studies, the artist drew inspiration from whatever was available to her as she grappled with becoming a woman through the revolution of the 50s and 60s. Visiting thrifts stores, dressing up as pin-up girls seen on poorly made adverts, Shermans style evolved as one that is all-encompassing at the same time as being utterly inaccessible. The simple concept of dressing up and taking pictures that resemble something she has seen on the small screen are far more puzzling in practice. Cindy Sherman, Untitled #140, 1985© Cindy Sherman via moma.orgU IS FORUNTITLED FILM STILLS Untitled Film Stills (1977-80),which catapulted Sherman into global notoriety, consists of 69 black and white photographs where she poses in a number of different settings, characters, and costumes. Leaving the images untitled, the artist was able to preserve the ambiguity of the scenes that she created. Sherman hoped to tell a moving narrative through the use of stills, re-creating iconic films and imagery as a way of re-imagining mainstream forms of storytelling. Many in the series were fiercely critical of the way women were portrayed in the media, while others were simply shot to evoke an ambivalent reaction from the spectator. Taken in a mixture of locations, ranging from her studio, Long Island, Arizona and New York, the series continued until Sherman had ran out of clichs. The Museum of Modern Art boughtUntitled Film Stillsin 1995 for $1 million. V IS FOR VOYEURISM The voyeuristic quality of Shermans photographs is as unsettling as it is captivating. Capturing the sadistic pleasure of the viewer in the way that we intrude into uncomfortable depictions of violence as sexual pleasure is a testament to the artists staging, camera placement, lighting, and so forth. Presented to us in an arguably peep show fashion, we are no longer invisible voyeurs but are active participants in critical viewing. Critic Therese Lichtenstein writes: By self-consciously watching ourselves watching, by catching ourselves in the act, we interrupt the gazes of voyeurism, fetishism, and even narcissism. This meta-narrative is a heavily embedded throughout Shermans photographs: a postmodern self-awareness that blurs the boundaries between looking and being looked at is ever-present. Shermans career, in its entirety, could arguably be read as one huge juxtaposition. Challenging the capitalistic drive of the art world yet being one of the most successful and highly paid photographers of a generation; creating self-portraits that should be viewed as anything but that W IS FOR WOMEN It seems like an obvious one, but W is definitely for women. Although Shermans first seriesBus Riderssaw her assume the roles of both male and female, almost every photograph after this would focus on the white woman. While some of her critics have assimilated this with the white-washing of second-wave feminism, it seems Shermans images have somewhat unintentionally become a core narrative for both the subordination and emancipation of 20th-century women. X IS FOR XL The size of Shermans portraits became larger as she became more successful, which is perhaps a fairly straightforward correlation. Her first breakout collection,Untitled Film Stillswere all 8 by 12 inches, displayed in simple black frames.Centrefoldsa year later made a jump to 24 by 48 inches, and the pattern continued. Now, Shermans exhibitions feature wall-length pictures of the artist, and many of her original works have been enlarged to fit the demand for her work. Y IS FOR YEARNING FOR LOVE Although her work is marked by alienation and isolation, particularly as much of it was shot alone in her studio, Sherman insists that she has a fear of being alone. Growing up as the youngest of five in the suburbs, with one brother tragically committing suicide at the age of 27, she admitted to finding comfort in relationships when she moved away from home. Sherman was married to Michel Auder for 17 years, who was addicted to heroin for much of the time. She entered into another ill-fated romance with filmmaker Paul H-O, which came to an abrupt end when he made a documentary,Guest of Cindy Sherman,about being the insignificant other to Shermans fame and success. Z IS FOR ZEITGEIST One of Shermans greatest abilities is to voice the mood and spirit of a particular generation. Whether it be the disturbing broken sex dolls, or funny clown series, or the large photographic murals that popped up at the 2011 Venice Biennale, she has always mimicked, and often anticipated, the cultural zeitgeist. As with feminism, Sherman almost accidentally stumbled into a more nuanced dialogue about female representation than many vehement second-wavers managed to. Far from an active trendsetter, she shot photographs through no-ones lens but her own, but always embodied the soul and anguish of the time. For the full Guest of Cindy Sherman documentary, click here Cindy Sherman: Imitation of Life is set to be published by Prestel. Shermans exhibition at Los Angeles The Broad is on until 2 October 2016	i don't know
The Mount in Shrewsbury, Shropshire was the birthplace of which 19th Century naturalist?	Peter D. A. Boyd's paper on Shrewsbury, Charles Darwin and the Darwin Country website Charles Robert 1809-1882 Emily Catherine 1810-1866. Charles's sisters had a great influence on his upbringing and were important correspondents, keeping him in touch with news of Shrewsbury when he was away from it. Susan Darwin lived at The Mount until her death in 1866. She was the last member of the Darwin Family to live there. The sale details of the house and contents provide an insight into the nature of the household and way of life of the Darwins in Shrewsbury. Shrewsbury and the Darwins Shrewsbury is the County Town of Shropshire. Shropshire is England's largest inland county with Wales bordering it on its west side. The historic town centre of Shrewsbury is within a loop of the River Severn. It is well known for its historic buildings including Norman castle, medieval abbey, timber-framed tudor buildings, fine churches and museums. The remains of the Roman town of Viroconium (Uriconium) at Wroxeter and the Ironbridge Gorge ('Birthplace of the Industrial Revolution') are nearby. Shrewsbury is a popular destination for visitors not only because of the interests of the town itself and the nearby heritage sites but also for the wonderful countryside of hills, valleys, rivers, lakes, moors and mountains within easy reach. This was the countryside in which Charles Darwin was brought up and which influenced his lifelong interest in natural history. Visitors to Shrewsbury can walk the same streets and passage-ways (shuts) that Charles and his family walked. Parts of Shrewsbury are very little changed from his time and many buildings associated with him may be seen (even though the interiors of some are not open to the public). Among the many places that visitors may see in Shrewsbury include:- · 'The Mount', where CD was born, and some remaining features of its gardens (access limited) · St Chad's Church, opposite The Quarry Park, where CD was christened · The Unitarian Chapel on the High Street, attended by CD and his mother (contains an interesting memorial to CD) · Site of Rev. Case's day school on Claremont Hill attended by CD (private house not open to the public) · The old Shrewsbury School building near the Castle attended by CD as a boarder (now the public library) · The Bell-stone in the precincts of the Morris Hall (glacial erratic shown to CD by Mr Cotton -said to be CD's introduction to geology) · The bronze statue of CD erected in 1897 outside the old Shrewsbury School building · A bronze statue (erected in 2000) at the present Shrewsbury School site - representing a younger CD · Shrewsbury Museum and Art Gallery (new Darwin displays planned) Shrewsbury can also form a base to visit various sites further afield including:- · The grave and memorial of Dr Robert Darwin and Susannah Darwin at Montford Church (a few miles north west of Shrewsbury). · the Wedgwood Museum, Barlaston, Stoke on Trent - pictures, documents and other items associated with the Darwin and Wedgwood families (see http://www.wedgwoodmuseum.org.uk ) · Lichfield - home of Erasmus Darwin (CD's grandfather) from 1756-1781 (see http://www.lichfield.gov.uk and http://www.erasmus-darwin.org ). The writer plans to create a virtual tour of the Shrewsbury sites on the Darwin Country website at http://www.darwincountry.org. However, real Darwinian visitors to Shrewsbury should make enquiries at the Tourist Information Centre in Shrewsbury for further details (see also Shrewsbury Tourism's website at http://www.shrewsburytourism.co.uk ). Henri Quinn, Robert Darwin enthusiast and local businessman, has carried out research into the Darwins over many years with a band of fellow local researchers. In 1999, Henri published a useful guide to some of the places in Shrewsbury associated with Charles Darwin and the Darwin Family (Quinn, 1999). The Mount and the Darwin's Garden Robert Darwin started his garden in about 1800 when he built The Mount on the north side of Shrewsbury. The garden was maintained by members of the Darwin family and their staff until the death of Susan Darwin in 1866 and its arrangement remained similar for many years afterwards. However, in the 1920s, the small housing estate 'Darwin Gardens' was built on about 2.5 acres of the walled kitchen garden and pleasure grounds (about half the total acreage of the garden). Some features of the original garden (e.g. walls, potting shed, ice house) survive in the gardens of these houses (Boyd, 1999 and 2000). The Mount itself, with its surviving garden, is currently occupied by The Local Valuation Office (Inland Revenue offices responsible for property tax valuation - not local Council offices). It is not open to the public but arrangements can sometimes be made for small parties to visit limited parts of the property. Robert Darwin, assisted by members of his family, maintained a 'perennial garden diary' recording details of flowerings and fruiting in the kitchen garden, pleasure gardens and glasshouses of The Mount. It seems that Charles Darwin may have sent seeds or plants back to his father in Shrewsbury from his voyage on The Beagle 1831-1836. After Robert died in 1848, one of his daughters, Susan, continued the diary until her own death in 1866. The garden diary is in private hands but the garden history writer, Susan Campbell, is working with the owner of the diary to publish a book based on its contents. Much of the information the diary contains is being kept secret until it has been published! However, other information may be culled from the many publications on the life of Charles Darwin, archives kept in the Shropshire Records and Research Centre and other sources. The census returns for 1841, 1851 and 1861 provide details of the household. The 65-page catalogue for the 6-day dispersal sale of the contents of The Mount and garden in 1866 includes a list of potted plants and garden equipment. The plan included in the sale details of The Mount itself in 1867 provides details of the greenhouses and outline plan of the gardens. The 1881 1:500 scale Ordnance Survey map shows the same design. Photographs or other depictions of the garden have been harder to find. Two photographs of the house (of unknown dates) show different versions of the conservatory. The present writer has published some of the results of his research into the history of the garden in the Newsletter of the Shropshire Parks and Gardens Trust and these are available on his website ( http://www.peterboyd.com ). He has also incorporated some of this information into the Darwin Country website where details of the garden plans may be seen. Some of the trees, shrubs and other plants growing at the Mount may have been planted in Darwin times. It is difficult to be certain about some until the detailed contents of the garden diaries become available and comparisons between then and now may be made. However, large specimens of Magnolia acuminata adjacent to the house are thought to be original Darwin plantings and it is tempting to conjecture that the luxuriant sward of the tender Selaginella kraussiana that was, until recently, growing outside close to the house was an escape from one of the Darwins' greenhouses! Shrewsbury Museum and Art Gallery The collections of Shrewsbury Museums Service owe their initiation to Darwin's contemporaries, several of whom were his school-fellows and who founded the Shropshire and North Wales Natural History and Antiquarian Society in 1835. Charles Darwin was told of the newly formed society by his sister who wrote to him while he was on The Beagle. Charles Darwin became a member of the Society when he returned from his voyage on the Beagle and he was made an Honorary Member in 1842. Shrewsbury Museum and Art Gallery is the headquarters museum of Shrewsbury Museums Service (website at http://www.shrewsburymuseums.com). The collections of Shrewsbury Museums Service comprise about 166,000 items. Natural Science and Archaeology have remained, numerically, the most important components since those early days with about 112,000 archaeological objects, 18,000 biological specimens and over 5000 geological items currently in the collections. Several of the collections have been judged to be of National importance. The smaller collections of fine and decorative arts also include component collections of National importance. The collections are rich in Shropshire ceramics (c.2500 items), costume and textiles (c.1500 items), Fine Art (c.1800 items) and photographs (c.3000 items). In addition, the collections include some 1400 miscellaneous items of general social history interest. The museum collections have evolved since 1835 in parallel with scientific, archaeological and social developments. Shrewsbury Museums Service is responsible for three museum buildings: Shrewsbury Museum and Art Gallery (Rowley's House), Shrewsbury Castle and Coleham Pumping Station. A former museum building, Clive House, was sold in 2001 and the contents transferred to Shrewsbury Museum and Art Gallery. Shrewsbury & Atcham Borough Council has recently given approval for planning to proceed on the redevelopment and enlargement of Shrewsbury Museum and Art Gallery. The development will include 'new build' to provide up-to-date museum and gallery facilities adjacent to the 17th century Rowley's House as well as work to provide access to new displays and other facilities within the original building. New displays about Charles Darwin, the Darwin Family in Shrewsbury and the development of natural sciences in 19th century Shropshire will be part of the new museum complex. If the plans, currently being prepared, are approved by Shrewsbury & Atcham Borough Council, grant-aid is obtained from the Heritage Lottery Fund and other necessary funding forthcoming, the redeveloped museum and art gallery should open in late 2007. The Darwin Country website "Darwin Country" is a website project that was initiated in February 2000. It was grant-aided by the Resource IT Challenge Fund and the West Midlands Regional Museum Council until March 2001 and, with funding for additional digitisation, by WMRMC April 2001- March 2002. The WMRMC has supported further development of the website in 2002-2003. A prime purpose of the website and the funding that it has obtained has been to make images and information about museum collections more accessible. 'Darwin Country' may be found at http://www.darwincountry.org . The first stage of the project was called "Cradle of Science, Technology and the Better Life!" It was intended to provide an introduction to scientific, technological and social development in part of the West Midlands of England during the 18th and 19th centuries illustrated by the archives, paintings, decorative arts, archaeology and scientific collections of the partner museums. The initial partners were Shrewsbury Museums Service (the lead partner), Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust and the Wedgwood Museum. After March 2001, the scope of Darwin Country was extended by Shrewsbury Museums Service to include material from other historic, prehistoric and geological periods. By April 2002 the website had about 9000 pages and 6000 images and it will have about 3000 more images by April 2003. The site provides information about Charles Darwin, the Darwin Family, Shrewsbury and other parts of Shropshire but also much more. It provides access to thousands of images of people, places and museum objects that act as a valuable resource for Lifelong Learning. This has been recognised by its early inclusion in the National Grid for Learning, The People's Network, Curriculum Online (forthcoming) and other portals. Many of the places depicted on the website are those known by Charles Darwin and the objects depicted made, used or found during his lifetime. His friends and contemporaries initiated the Shrewsbury museum collections in 1835 and continued to contribute items during the following decades. This database-driven website provides multi-disciplinary content in what the writer has called a 'knowledge-net' environment. The software that runs the site has been developed with Shrewsbury-based software engineers Orangeleaf Systems Ltd. The concepts behind and techniques employed in the creation of the website have been described in detail elsewhere (e.g. Boyd, 2002a and b). Website versions of these papers are accessible at http://www.peterboyd.com . Charles Darwin Memorial Lecture and Darwin Week Shrewsbury has been looking at ways of increasing interest in Charles Darwin for several years. In 1997, the first phase of new interdisciplinary displays about Charles Darwin and the history of natural history were opened at Clive House Museum and the first annual Charles Darwin Memorial Lecture instigated by the Museums Service. Professor David Bellamy, the well-known naturalist (who was inspired by Charles Darwin) opened the new displays and gave the first lecture to a packed Shrewsbury Music Hall. We have held five more annual lectures plus an extra Millennium Lecture in 1999. They have all been held at the Music Hall on the Sunday closest to Charles Darwin's Birthday. Proceeds have gone to the Friends of Shrewsbury's Borough Museums. 1997 Professor David Bellamy (Naturalist) 1998 David Shepherd (Natural History Artist) 1999 Michael Leach (Natural History Photographer) 1999 Professor Steve Jones (Geneticist and Darwin author) [Millennium Lecture] 2000 Dr. Janet Browne (Biographer of Charles Darwin) 2001 Professor Chris Stringer (Human Palaeontologist) 2002 Randal Keynes (Great Great Grandson of CD and author of 'Annie's Box) 2003 Professor Sir Paul Nurse These lectures, the Darwin Country website and other activities have helped to raise the level of interest in Charles Darwin in Shrewsbury and February 2003 will see an even wider range of activities. Jon King is a popular broadcaster on BBC Radio Shropshire with a daily programme of music, local news and interviews. Following a recording with the present writer about the history of the garden at the Mount for his programme and another soon afterwards with Randal Keynes (our 2002 Memorial Lecture speaker), Jon decided it was time for more to be done in Shrewsbury about Charles Darwin! He called together a wide range of individuals with an interest in Darwin to discuss what might be done and this engendered further support not only for the concept of a Charles Darwin Birthplace Trust but for a far wider range of activities around the time of his birthday. As a result, 2003 will see the first of an annual Shrewsbury Darwin Week of events that will grow in future years including lectures, exhibitions and arts events inspired by Darwin or Darwin-related themes. Charles Darwin Birthplace Trust Perhaps, it is a little surprising that, with the success of the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust in Stratford, the idea of a Charles Darwin Birthplace Trust for Shrewsbury was not discussed until 2001 and not put before the public tentatively as an idea until 2002. A questionnaire on the matter distributed at the 2002 Memorial Lecture received considerable support and support has grown as plans for Darwin Week in 2003 have progressed. At the time of writing, the Trust has not been formally set up but it is hoped that this will happen in the near future. At least two models for the Trust have been suggested but one model, suggested by the present writer, might be an independent charitable trust supported by public subscription, grants, sponsorship and income from appropriate activities. The aims of such a Trust might be to:- · collect and disseminate accurate information about Charles Darwin (1809-1882), his family and times in Shrewsbury and its region (c.1786-1866); · encourage/support appropriate research into Charles Darwin, the Darwin family and their times in Shrewsbury and its region; · if the property was ever offered for sale, seek to acquire and develop and manage the birthplace and home of Charles Darwin in Shrewsbury (known as The Mount or Mount House) as a museum/visitor facility and study centre; · if The Mount was ever acquired, seek partnerships with Shrewsbury Museums Service (SABC) and other bodies to support the appropriate interpretation of the buildings and garden, the lives of the Darwin Family and their times; · if The Mount was ever acquired, seek partnerships and funding to support and sustain the long-term preservation/public use/interpretation of the building and grounds and otherwise support the aims of the Trust; · provide an annual programme of talks and other events to support the aims of the Trust; · celebrate the birthday of Charles Darwin each year on or near 12th February through the support of appropriate educational activities; · plan for and carry out/support an appropriate celebration of the bicentenary of Charles Darwin's birth in 2009; · carry out such other activities as may support the aims of the Trust and extend public knowledge of Charles Darwin and his family in Shrewsbury. The Trust would be managed by a specified number of Trustees and a membership that supported the work of the Trust through an annual subscription and fund-raising. It should be noted that: · the Mount House (the Birthplace building) may or may not become available. The suggested aims provide for such a Trust having a role whether or not the building could ever be acquired as the focus for activities. · Shrewsbury is the Birthplace town of Charles Darwin. The Trust would have particular interest in the history of Shrewsbury, its people and its natural history from the late 18th century onwards. · the Trust could start as a society with a committee and membership and then seek charitable status once it had been founded. If readers of this article would be interested in membership of such a Trust, they may contact the author to be added to the mailing/e-mail list to be informed when there is more news of the Trust. Conclusion Charles Darwin is Shrewsbury's most famous son and the town has perhaps been a little slow to honour him and his family. However, now (nearly 200 years since his birth) there is a growing movement to honour him and his work. The 'Darwin Country' website, Memorial Lectures, Darwin Week initiatives, plans for new Museum displays and the possible formation of a 'Charles Darwin Birthplace Trust' have all raised awareness and interest in Charles and other members of the Darwin Family in Shrewsbury. Shrewsbury has always been a rather special place and it gave rise to a special man. That man and his links with Shrewsbury and its region have helped to make it even more special! References Boyd, P.D.A. (in press). 'Darwin Country - a case study in website creation and content management' In Special Content Management issue of Spectra (a publication of the Museum Computer Network) Spring 2002, vol. 29, pp20-27. [Available at: http://www.peterboyd.com/spectra2002.htm ] Boyd, P.D.A. 2002. 'Darwin Country - Cradle of Science, Technology and the Better Life!' - a case study In mda information vol 5, no5, pp 35-44. Proceedings of the Museum Documentation Association Conference, September 2000: 'Clicks and Mortar - building cultural spaces for the 21st century'. [Available at: http://www.peterboyd.com/mda2000.htm ] Boyd, P.D.A. 2000. Darwin Garden Project - Sale of The Mount in 1866. Shropshire Parks and Gardens Trust Newsletter [Available at http://www.peterboyd.com/darwingard2.htm ]. Boyd, P.D.A. 1999. Darwin Garden Project. Shropshire Parks and Gardens Trust Newsletter [Available at http://www.peterboyd.com/darwingard1.htm ] Quinn, H. 1999. 'Charles Darwin: Shrewsbury's Man of the Millennium'. Privately printed. Shrewsbury. Links Darwin Country website at http://www.darwincountry.org Shrewsbury Museums Service Website at http://www.shrewsburymuseums.com Shrewsbury Tourism website at http://www.shrewsburytourism.co.uk Shrewsbury and Atcham Borough Council's website at http://www.shrewsbury.gov.uk Ironbridge Gorge Museums website at http://www.ironbridge.org.uk Wedgwood Museum website at http://www.wedgwoodmuseum.org.uk Erasmus Darwin Foundation website at http://www.erasmus-darwin.org Orangeleaf Systems website at http://www.orangeleaf.com Peter D. A. Boyd's website at http://www.peterboyd.com The Darwin Family and their Plants at The Mount in Shrewsbury A Darwin Birthplace Society has now been formed. This society has applied for charitable status and is working towards acquiring The Mount to achieve at least partial public access to the building and grounds by the Bicentenary of Charles Darwin's Birth, in 2009. Peter Boyd is Curatorial Advisor to the Society. Darwin Birthplace Society There is also a website to publicise the Darwin Festival which takes place in Shrewsbury in February each year and other Darwin-related events in Shrewsbury. Information about international activities to celebrate Charles Darwin may be found on the Darwin Day Program website	Charles Darwin
‘The Beehive’ is the common name of the Executive Wing of the parliamentary building in which country?	Monuments and statues \| Original Shrewsbury Monuments and statues Monuments and statues Hercules The statue of the heroic Hercules stands proudly on the riverbank in the Quarry . He once stood in the grounds of Condover Hall and was a little worse for wear before restoration - his foot was crushed, his left arm badly decaying and his wrought iron internal skeleton had rusted away. Hercules once stood opposite St Chad's Church and it's thought that the statue had been completely naked at that time. According to local legend, Hercules' nudity was an embarrassment to the church-going ladies of Shrewsbury, and so the fig leaf was added to the statue. But the restoration work, paid for by the Heritage Lottery Fund, discovered that poor Hercules never had the necessary equipment, and had always been covered up. The sensitive repairs were carried out at a London conservation studio. Charles Darwin Shrewsbury was Charles Darwin's place of birth, home, inspiration and influence, which is why a statue of the famous naturalist sits proudly outside the town's library . Darwin was born at Mount House in Shrewsbury in 1809 and is certainly the town's most famous son. He claimed he was born a naturalist and that his liberal childhood in Shropshire helped to create the perfect inquisitive mind. To follow in the famous footsteps of the explorer you can pick up the Darwin Town Trail which takes you to the important places around the town that influenced the young naturalist. Quantum Leap Sat on the banks of the river Severn you'll find the Quantum Leap. The abstract sculpture celebrates the bicentenary of the birth of Charles Darwin, who was born in the town in 1809, and is known locally as 'The Slinky'. The sculpture is 12 metres (40 ft) high, 17.5 metres (57 feet) long, and weighs more than 113 tonnes, excluding foundations and piles. The work is abstract, and due to its Darwinian theme is commonly interpreted as representing dinosaur bones, DNA or a backbone. Quantum Leap is the main point of a 'Geo-Garden', which celebrates Shropshire's geological diversity (the county containing 10 of the 12 geological periods). Clive of India A bronze monument of Clive India, M.P. for the borough of Shrewsbury in 1761 and its Mayor in 1762, stands proudly in the town square. It was erected as a memorial to Robert Clive of India in 1860 Few great Salopians have changed the world in the way that Robert Clive did. As a British officer he established the military and political supremacy of the East India Company in Bengal and is credited with securing India, and the wealth that followed, for the British crown. Together with his compatriot Warren Hastings, he was one of the key early figures in the creation of British India. Mary Webb A bust of critically-acclaimed Shropshire writer, Mary Webb, can be seen in the gardens beside Shrewsbury Library. Mary Webb was born in Shrewsbury in 1881 and wrote poetry and novels inspired by the villages, towns and nature of Shropshire. The Mary Webb Society commissioned the bust to mark the centenary of Mary Webb’s first novel, The Golden Arrow, which was written in Pontesbury. It was created by local sculptor Jemma Pearson, cast in bronze at the Castle Fine Arts Foundry in Llanrhaeadr and unveiled in July 2016. Lord Hill Lord Hill's Column towers on the outskirts of the town centre and is one of Shrewsbury's most notable landmarks. It is the tallest Doric column in England (a Doric column is thicker and heavier than an Ionic or Corinthian column) and stands at an impressive 133 ft 6 in (40.7 m) tall. It commemorates Rowland Hill, 1st Viscount Hill with a 17 ft (5.2 m) tall statue standing on the top. The column has been listed by English Heritage as a Grade II* structure. Laura's Tower For impressive, panoramic views, head to Laura's Tower at the Castle . Built by Thomas Telford, the 19th century tower is the perfect place to see the river Severn winding around the town, the column climbing high and the commanding Abbey. The tower was built as a summerhouse around 1790 for Laura, the daughter of Sir William Pulteney. Its octagonal design, red sandstone walls and conical copper roof certainly make it stand out in Shrewsbury's skyline. Shrewsbury was Charles Darwin's place of birth, home, inspiration and influence, which is why a statue of the famous naturalist sits proudly outside the town's library Famous Faces Shrewsbury's famous faces add their own story to the town. Charles Darwin was born in Shrewsbury in 1809 and is certainly the town's most famous son. He was educated at Shrewsbury School, in the building that now houses Shrewsbury Library , where his statue sits proudly. Darwin's	i don't know
Which modern-day country was known as the Khmer Republic between 1970 and 1975?	Khmer National Army \| Military Wiki \| Fandom powered by Wikia Edit The oldest and largest branch of the Cambodian armed forces in terms of personnel and matériel, the Royal Khmer Army (French: Armée Royale Khmère – ARK) was officially created on November 20, 1946, after the signing of a French-Khmer military agreement. [1] [2] Three days later, the first entirely Cambodian regular military unit, the 1st Khmer Rifle Battalion (French: 1ér Battaillon de Chasseurs Khmères – 1st BCK), was raised in Phnom Penh, formed by elements transferred from both the Khmer National Guard or ‘Indigenous Guard’ (French: Garde Indigène) and the Cambodian Rifle Regiment (French: Régiment de Chasseurs Cambodgiens – RCC) of the colonial French Union Army . A second rifle battalion (French: 2éme Battaillon de Chasseurs Khmères – 2nd BCK), created out from locally-recruited Khmer irregular auxiliaries (French: Supplétifs) was raised in Kratie in December that year. Led by a cadre of French officers and senior NCOs, and intended to be used on internal security operations to bolster French Far East Expeditionary Corps (CEFEO) regular troops, the new Khmer battalions saw their first combat in 1947 against Vietminh guerrilla forces in north-eastern Cambodia . Small-scale counter-insurgency operations, this time against the Cambodian nationalist Khmer Issarak rebel movement, continued over the next three years, during which the Khmer battalions gradually assumed responsibility for the defence of Battambang and Kampong Thom Provinces . The ARK in the First Indochina War Edit This period saw a rapid expansion of ARK units – a third Rifle Battalion (3rd BCK) was raised in August 1948 at Takéo , followed in January 1951 by other two rifle battalions (5th BCK and 6th BCK) at the French-run Pursat Infantry Training Center (French: Centre d’Entrainement de Infanterie – CEI). Specialized formations were also raised. Two armoured car squadrons were formed, the 1st Reconnaissance Squadron (French: 1ér Esquadron de Reconnaissance Blindée – 1st ERB) in August 1950 and the 2nd Reconnaissance Squadron (French: 2éme Esquadron de Reconnaissance Blindée – 2nd ERB) in July 1951 at Phnom Penh, [3] and a Khmer Parachute Battalion (French: 1ér Battaillon Parachutiste Khmèr – 1st BPK) was officially created in December 1952. [4] Two additional infantry battalions were raised in April 1953 – 7th BCK in Siem Reap and 8th BCK at Ta Khmao, Kandal Province . Although French-trained Khmer junior officers and NCOs slowly began to take a leading role over time, the ARK was still kept firmly under the control of French colonial authorities. By mid-1953, however, Khmer military personnel began not only to participate in anti-French nationalistic demonstrations calling for complete Cambodian independence, but they also deserted French-led units by the hundreds. In October that year, the French High Command finally agreed to transfer responsibility for Cambodian national security to the ARK; for that purpose, two new light infantry battalions were added in November, the 9th BCK raised in Svay Rieng and the 10th BCK at Prey Veng . On November 20, 1953, the Kingdom of Cambodia was granted full independence, though France maintained control over all Air and Naval assets, and the right to station CEFEO units in north-eastern Cambodia to guard its communications links with Tonkin. [5] Pre-1970 organization Edit By January 1970, the Royal Khmer Army standed at about 35,000 Officers and enlisted men and women, organized according to French practice into 53 regiments (actually, battalions) and 13-15 regional independent companies; slightly over half were designated infantry battalions (French: Battaillons d’Infanterie), and the remainder light infantry battalions (French: Battaillons de Chasseurs) and border commando battalions (French: Battaillons Commando). Elite troops and some support units, including the Khmer Royal Guard (French: Garde Royale Khmère), Phnom Penh garrison, Airborne troops (French: Parachutistes), Signals (French: Transmissions), Engineers (French: Génie), Artillery (French: Artillerie), Anti-Aircraft (French: Defense Antiaérienne), and Transport (French: Train) were organized into six larger formations termed Half-Brigades (French: Demi-Brigades). Other technical branch services such as Medical (French: Service de Santé), Ordnance (French: Service de Matériel), Quartermaster (French: Service de Intendance), and the Military Police (French: Prevôtée Militaire) were placed under the responsibility of the Service Directorates subordinated to the Ministry of National Defense. Most ARK units were concentrated in the northeast at Ratanakiri Province and on the Phnom Penh area; the latter was the headquarters of the six main Half-Brigades and supporting services whereas infantry formations were deployed throughout the country. The small armoured corps was also organized into an Armoured Half-Brigade (French: Demi-Brigade Blindée Khmère). [6] consisting of two independent tank battalions – one stationed at Phnom Penh and the other at Kampong Cham – and an armoured reconnaissance regiment, 1st ARR (French: 1re Régiment de Reconnaissance Blindée) at Sre Khlong . [5] Although a sizeable reserve cadre of trained Officers and NCOs did existed, there was a persistent lack of reserve units. Some units were posted to the General reserve forces, which consisted merely of the Phnom Penh garrison troops – a half-brigade made of two light infantry battalions – and the combat support units (signals, engineers, armoured, and artillery half-brigades). [7] Weapons and equipment Edit With the exception of a few specialized units, most of these formations actually fell below strength, were poorly trained and equipped in a haphazard way with an array of French, American, British, Belgian, West German, Czechoslovakian, Chinese, and Soviet weapon systems. Logistics were the responsibility of the transport corps, equipped with a variety of liaison and transportation vehicles. The motor pool consisted in a mixed inventory totalling 150 vehicles, including WWII-vintage US Willys 1/4 ton, (4x4) Jeeps , Land Rover (4x4) Series I-II, Soviet GAZ-69A (4x4) light trucks and GAZ-63 (4x4) 2-ton trucks . [10] Heavy transport vehicles ranged from ex- French Army WWII-vintage US GMC CCKW 2½ ton (6x6) and Chevrolet G506 1½ ton (4x4) trucks to Chinese Yuejin NJ-130 2.5 ton (4x2) trucks and Jiefang CA-30 general purpose 2.5 ton (6x6) trucks . Expansion 1970-71 Edit Following the March 1970 coup, the new Head of State Marshal Lon Nol issued a general mobilization order and, after securing American, Thai, and South Vietnamese military support, promptly set up ambitous plans to expand the Khmer armed forces. By June 1970, the rechristened Khmer National Army (French: Armée Nationale Khmère – ANK), had rapidly expanded to 110,000 men and women, though most of them were untrained raw recruits organized into a confusing array of French- and American-modelled combat formations, staffed by elderly NCOs and unexperienced officers. At the same time, there were several changes regarding field organization. Regular infantry battalions were at first amalgamated into autonomous regiments (French: Régiments d’Infanterie Autonomes – RIA), soon abolished in favour of a brigade grouping several battalions. By early May 1970, eighteen new Infantry Brigades (French: Brigades d’Infanterie – BI) had been created, but only twelve – the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, and 14th Inf. Bdes – were properly manned, the other six – 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th, and 20th Inf. Bdes – were never brought to strength or remained on paper. From mid-1970, Infantry units began to be formed into larger 15 Brigade Groups (French: Groupments Brigades d’Infanterie – GBI), each comprising two brigades and roughly the size of a Division, but lacking support units. Of these, only three were military effective by January 1972, other three were still undergoing training, and the remaining nine were only marginally reliable. [11] [12] The Artillery, Signals, Engineer, and Armoured Half-Brigades were also brought to brigade strength, with the latter becoming the 1st Khmer Armoured Brigade (1st Arm. Bde, 1re Brigade Blindée Khmère in French). [13] [14] Re-organization 1972-73 Edit To streamline the mass of ground forces’ combat formations, a major reshuffle was implemented between July and December 1972 under American lines. The old colonial organizational structure inherited from the French was abandoned in favour of a modern conventional organization based on the US Army model. By January 1973, all brigade group headquarters (HQs), 17 regimental HQs, 16 brigade HQs, and 13 battalions had been dissolved, replaced by newly created 32 Infantry Brigades, 202 Infantry Battalions, and 465 Territorial Infantry Companies. Out of these totals, 128 battalions formed the maneuver elements for the 32 brigades, of which 20 would remain independent and 12 were to be distributed among new four Mechanized Infantry Divisions (French: Divisions d’Infanterie) – 1st Inf. Div. , 2nd Inf. Div. , 3rd Inf. Div. , and 7th Inf. Div. – whilst a fifth, the understrength 9th Guards Division was later raised in April 1974. The Armour, Artillery, Signals, and Engineer arms were left untouched by this reorganization and retained their separate brigade structure under their own commands. The General Reserve was also reorganized by Marshal Lon Nol in April 1972 by sub-dividing it into three groups: the Forces A, attached to a MR for combat operations; Forces B, the General Staff reserve comprising five brigades; and Forces C, two airborne battalions under the personal command of Lon Nol. [15] Weapons and equipment 1970-75 Edit Cambodian army strength stood at 220,000-230,000 troops on paper by mid-1972, but is estimated that the actual number was no less than 150,000, armed by the United States with an $US 1.18 billion-worth of weaponry and equipment. [16] Its inventory included 241,630 rifles, 7,079 machine guns, 2,726 mortars, 20,481 grenade launchers, 304 recoilless rifles, 289 howitzers, 202 M113 APCs (including 17 M106 mortar carriers equipped with a 107mm heavy mortar), and 4,316 trucks. [17] In October 1970, the Cambodian Army command sought to expand its armoured corps but, despite repeated requests for more modern M41 Walker Bulldog light tanks and Cadillac Gage V-100 Commando armoured cars , Washington refused to deliver them. [18] Thus Cambodian armoured units continued to rely on its ageing fleet of US M-24 and French AMX-13 light tanks, and M8, M20 and AML armoured cars until 1974, when mounting combat losses and shortages of spare parts forced the withdrawal of most of these vehicles (in particular the French ones, after France placed a spare parts embargo) from frontline service, [19] being gradually replaced by M-113s. Besides armoured personnel carriers, the Cambodian Army also received after 1970 a new influx of much-needed softskin transport and liaison vehicles. Early in the War, the Army Command was confronted with a serious logistical problem – the small number of outdated US, Soviet, and Chinese military trucks available from its transport corps soon proved insufficient to carry the increasing number of troops mobilized, let alone resupplying them over long distances. To remedy the inequaties of its transportation system during the first year of the War, Army field commanders resorted to commandeering civilian buses and other commercial vehicles to get their troops to the front. [20] In 1971-72, the transport corps was re-organized and expanded with the help of the US and Australia, who provided 350 M151 1/4 ton (4x4) ‘Mutt’ Jeeps (a number of which were converted into makeshift armoured cars for security and convoy escort duties), Dodge M37 - 3/4 ton 1953 (4x4) utility trucks , and M35A2 2½ ton (6x6) cargo trucks , followed by 300 American militarized commercial trucks assembled in Australian plants. [21] The Artillery Corps was also re-estructured under US lines in 1972-73, receiving additional twenty-five M101A1 105mm towed field howitzers , ten M114A1 155mm towed field howitzers and eight tracked M109 155mm self-propelled guns , meant to replace the Soviet artillery pieces gradually withdrawn from service due to a lack of spare parts and ammunition. Elite Forces Edit On April 17, 1975 the Khmer Rouge entered Phnom Penh, bringing the Cambodian Civil War to an end. Long Boret , Lon Non and other FANK senior staff officers and top officials of the Khmer Republic Government were summarly executed without trial at the Cércle Sportif complex, while Army troops in the city were disarmed, being subsequently taken to the Olympic Stadium and executed as well. [22] The same fate befell on the remaining Cambodian Army units and garrisons still holding on to the provincial capitals and some key towns. Throughout the country, thousands of demoralized Cambodian men and women who had the misfortune of being captured wearing the Army uniform – ranging from officers to NCOs, and even ordinary soldiers, regardless if they had committed any war crimes or not – were rounded up by Khmer Rouge guerrilla units and massacred. In Phnom Penh and elsewhere, some officers and enlisted men narrowly avoided capture by quickly changing to civilian clothes and went underground. While scores of surrendering Cambodian soldiers were simply shot by firing squad and had their bodies dumped into shallow graves dug in forest areas, a considerable number of them were sent to be ‘re-educated’ in the new labor camps (best known as the “ Killing Fields ”) promptly set up by the Khmer Rouge shortly after their victory, where they were forced to endure the camps’ terrible living and working conditions until the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia in 1978. Only a few Army personnel in April–May 1975 did managed to escape by foot or by vehicle across the border into Thailand, where in the late 1970s they would provide the founding cadre for the anti-Vietnamese ANS and KPNLF guerrilla forces. Cambodian Army uniforms and insignia Edit The Cambodian Army owed its origin and traditions to the Khmer colonial ARK troops on French service of the First Indochina War and even after the United States took the role as the main foreign sponsor for the Khmer National Armed Forces at the beginning of the 1970s, French military influence was still perceptible in their uniforms and insignia. Service dress and field uniforms Edit The basic Royal Cambodian Army (ARK) work uniform for all-ranks was a local copy of the French Army’s tropical working dress (French: Tenue de toile kaki clair Mle 1945), consisting of a light khaki cotton shirt and pants modelled after the WWII US Army tropical ‘Chino’ khaki working dress. The M1945 shirt had a six-buttoned front, two patch breast pockets closed by clip-cornered straight flaps and shoulder straps (French: Epaulettes) whilst the M1945 ‘Chino’ pants featured two pleats at the front hips. In alternative, the short-sleeved M1946 shirt (French: Chemisette kaki clair Mle 1946), featuring two pleated breast pockets closed by pointed flaps could be worn; a long-sleeved version also existed, based on the French M1948 shirt (French: Chemise kaki clair Mle 1948). [23] Short-sleeved shirts and shorts (French: Culotte courte kaki clair Mle 1946) were also issued and worn according to weather conditions. In the field, Cambodian officers and enlisted men wore a combination of Olive Green (OG) US M-1943 HBT and French all-arms M1947 jungle fatigues (French: Treillis de combat Mle 1947). [24] After March 1970, as part of the US-sponsored MAP re-equipment program, the Cambodian Army (ANK) was supplied with new American olive green tropical uniforms, the US Army OG-107 utilities and the M1967 Jungle Utility Uniform which quickly replaced the older fatigue clothing. [25] As with the ARVN , the Cambodians soon produced their own interesting variety of versions of these jungle utilities or had tailors to modify them to suit their tastes and needs, with mix-and-match combinations being far from uncommon. It was not infrequent to see Cambodian male and female soldiers wearing an OG-107 shirt accompanied by a pair of M1967 Jungle Utility trousers or vice-versa. [26] The OG-107 trousers were often converted by the addition of cargo pouches; shirts and jackets had their sleeves cut at elbow level, shoulder straps were added, single-buttoned pocket flaps could be replaced by two-button versions (with either clip or round corners) or concealed ones, and – a common practice for officers – the addition of a shoulder pocket on the upper left sleeve for ballpoint pens, which were the symbol of authority in Indo-Chinese armed forces. [27] Sometimes fatigue shirts were converted into light bush jackets by adding two-buttoned patch pockets on the lower skirt. [28] Reflecting the increasing American influence, ANK senior officers adopted in 1970-71 a new dress uniform, which consisted of an Olive Green tunic and slacks worn with a white shirt and black tie. The cut of the four-buttoned tunic was a hybrid design resembling both the US Army M-1954 "Class A" green dress and the French Army M1946/56 khaki dress (French: Vareuse d’officier Mle 1946/56) uniforms; it had two pleated breast pockets closed by pointed flaps and two unpleated at the side closed by straight ones whilst the sleeves had turnbacks. The front fly and pocket flaps were secured by gilt buttons bearing the combined service emblem of the FANK General Headquarters. [29] The earlier ARK khaki working uniform was retained however, now being worn as a service dress by officers on informal occasions and for walking-out by the rank-and-file. Camouflage uniforms Edit French “Lizard” (French: Ténue Leopard) camouflage M1947/53-54 TAP jump-smocks and M1947/52 TTA vests with matching trousers were issued to ARK airborne troops since the 1950s, though later shortages in the early 1970s limited its use to officers and NCOs only. Enlisted-rank paratroopers received a locally-produced spotted camouflage uniform (known as “Spot pattern”) during the 1960s, which consisted of olive green and russet blotches on a pale green background. [25] After 1970, Tigerstripe and “ Highland ” (ERDL 1948 Leaf pattern or “Woodland”) patterns of US, Thailand (Thai Tadpole), and South Vietnamese (Tadpole Sparse) origin were also provided to the ANK. Headgear Edit The most common headgear for ARK/ANK all-ranks was a lightweight beret made of light khaki cotton cloth surnamed the “gourka”, adopted by the French Army as the M1946 (French: Bérét de toile kaki clair Mle 1946) during the First Indochina War , who copied it from a tropical beret pattern previously worn by British troops in the Far East during WWII. [30] Berets were worn pulled to the left in French fashion, with the colour sequence as follows: General Service – light khaki, Infantry – light Olive Drab, Armoured Corps – black, Paratroopers and Para-Commandos – cherry-red ( maroon ), Special Forces – forest green, Military Police and Regional Gendarmerie – dark blue; berets made of “Tigerstripe” and “Highland” camouflage cloth were also issued to elite units. With the exception of the light khaki and camouflage versions – which were manufactured in three pieces –, all other corps’ berets were made of wool in a single piece attached to a black (or tan) leather rim provided with two black tightening straps at the back, following the French M1946 (French: Bérét Mle 1946) or M1953/59 models (French: Bérét Mle 1953/59). ARK officers received a light khaki service peaked cap based on the French M1927 pattern (French: Casquette d’officier Mle 1927) to wear with the khaki service dress, whilst a white summer top version was worn with the FARK full dress uniform. After March 1970 these caps were replaced by an Olive Green version – incidentally, the change of colour made it to resemble more the US M1954 Visor Cap – for wear with the new Americanized dress uniform adopted by the ANK. In the field, ARK officers and enlisted men wore a mixture of light khaki tropical berets, US M-1951 cotton field caps, and French bush hats (French: Chapeau de brousse Mle 1949) in Khaki or OG cotton cloth. Later, a khaki patrol cap resembling a simplified baseball cap version was adopted as the standard ANK fatigue headgear for all-ranks, though the South Vietnamese ARVN fatigue cap in OG cotton cloth, whose shape recalled the US Marines utility cap, was sometimes seen. [31] In addition, a wide range of OG or camouflage jungle hats and baseball caps also found their way into the ANK from the US, South Vietnam and Thailand though they never displaced entirely the earlier headgear. Period photos do show that the old French bush hat remained popular with the troops, who also wore Cambodian- or South Vietnamese-made versions in camouflage cloth. Steel helmets, in the form of the US M-1 and French M1951 OTAN were standard in the ARK, with paratroopers receiving either the US M-1C jump helmet and its respective French-modified versions (Casque USM1 TAP type Métropole and Casque USM1 TAP type EO) or the French M1951 TAP variant (French: Casque type TAP, modéle 1951). [32] During the Republic, the ANK standartized on the M-1 1964 model provided with the US Army Mitchell ‘Clouds’ camouflage pattern cover, though some units retained the older US and French steel helmets throughout the war. ARK armoured crews received the French M1951 and M1958/65 dark olive green leather crash helmets (French: Sous-casque radio-char modéle 1951, Sous-casque radio-char modéle 1958 and Sous-casque radio-char modéle 1965); after 1970, Cambodian M-113 APC crewmen were issued the US Combat Vehicle Crew (CVC) fibreglass ‘bone dome’ helmet, though neither models offered any satisfactory protection against Shrapnel or small arms rounds. Footwear Edit White low laced leather shoes were worn with the FARK white cotton full dress, with brown shoes being prescribed to wear with the khaki working uniform, and later, black ones with the new ANK OG dress uniform. On the field, all Army personnel wore US brown leather M-1943 Combat Service Boots or French canvas-and-rubber ‘Pataugas’ tropical boots, and sandals; paratroopers received the calf-length French M1950 or M1950/53 TAP (French: Bottes de saut modéle 1950 et 1950/53) black leather jump-boot models. After 1970, the ANK standartized on the American black leather M-1967 model with ‘ripple’ pattern rubbler sole and Jungle boots , and South Vietnamese Bata boots, which replaced much of the older combat footwear. Army Ranks Edit In deep contrast to the South Vietnamese ARVN and Laotian FAR , who replaced the French-style military ranks previously worn during the colonial period with their own devised rank insignia after 1954, the standard FARK rank chart continued to follow closely the French pattern. The Cambodian Armed Forces’ system of military ranks was almost identical to the sequence laid out by the French Army 1956 regulations [33] and common to all branches of service, differing only on some details. Removable stiffened shoulder boards (French: pattes d’épaule) were worn by officers on their dress uniforms as per in the French practice, except that Cambodian Generals’ (French: Officiers géneraux) wore their stars above gold laurel-like leaf embroidery on the outer edge, and a miniature royal coat-of-arms featuring a combined crown-and-crossed spears device was incorporated on the inner end of the shoulder boards for all-ranks. [34] The colour sequence of the FARK shoulder boards also varied according to the arm of service: general service – very dark blue or black; airborne troops – light green; medical corps – maroon. On both the khaki working and olive green (OG) field uniforms, Generals’ and senior officers’ ranks (French: Officiers supérieures) were usually worn on shoulder strap slides (French: passants d’épaule) but, if the issued combat jacket or shirt was not provided with buttoned shoulder straps, a single chest tab (French: patte de poitrine) following French practice could be worn instead. [35] As for senior (French: Officiers subalternes) and junior NCOs (French: Sous-officiers), they wore metal or cloth chevrons pinned to the chest; [36] [37] NCOs serving in combat units were intitled to wear their chevrons pointed upwards whereas their counterparts assigned to non-combatant, rear-echelon support formations had to wear their chevrons pointed downwards. [38] Privates (French: Hommes de troupe) wore no insignia. This basic system was maintained during the Republic, though standard black shoulder boards without the royal crest were adopted in 1970 for all services and from 1972 onwards some Cambodian officers began wearing metal pin-on collar rank insignia, obviously inspired by American practice. [27] Although the system of military ranks remained unchanged, the rank of Field Marshal (French: Maréchal) was created in 1970 for the President of the Khmer Republic and FANK Commander-in-Chief Lon Nol . [23] ANK Ranks ↑ Sutsakhan, The Khmer Republic at War and the Final Collapse (1980), p. 182, Appendix C (Army Item). ↑ Grandolini, Armor of the Vietnam War (2): Asian Forces (1998), p. 29. ↑ Grandolini, Armor of the Vietnam War (2): Asian Forces (1998), pp. 30; 65. ↑ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970-1975 (2011), p. 181. ↑ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970-1975 (2011), pp. 130; 264. ↑ Becker, When the War was over Cambodia and the Khmer Rouge Revolution (1988), p.160. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970-1975 (2011), p. 15. ↑ Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970-75 (1989), pp. 38-39, Plate A1. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970-75 (1989), p. 18. ↑ Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970-75 (1989), pp. 18 and 25. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970-75 (1989), p. 45, Plate F3. ↑ Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970-75 (1989), p. 11. ↑ Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970-75 (1989), p. 44, Plate E3. ↑ Dutrône and Roques, L’Escadron Parachutiste de la Garde Sud-Vietnam, 1947-1951 (2001), p. 14, photo caption 1. ↑ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970-1975 (2011), p. 278. ↑ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970-1975 (2011), p. 182. ↑ Gaujac, Le TTA 148, la nouvelle tenue de l’armée du terre (2011), pp. 38-45. ↑ Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970-75 (1989), p. 19. ↑ Lassus, Les marques de grade de l’armée française, 1945-1990 (1er partie-introduction) (1998), pp. 12-15. ↑ Conboy and Bowra, The War in Cambodia 1970-75 (1989), pp. 5-6. ↑ Lassus, Les marques de grade de l’armée française, 1945-1990 (2e partie-les differents types de galons) (1998), pp. 54-58. ↑ Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970-1975 (2011), pp. 268; 281. References Edit Albert Grandolini, Armor of the Vietnam War (2): Asian Forces, Concord Publications, Hong Kong 1998. ISBN 978-9623616225 Arnold Issacs, Gordon Hardy, MacAlister Brown, et al., Pawns of War: Cambodia and Laos, Boston Publishing Company, Boston 1987. Elizabeth Becker, When the War was over Cambodia and the Khmer Rouge Revolution, Simon & Schuster, New York 1988. ISBN 1891620002 George Dunham, U.S. Marines in Vietnam: The Bitter End, 1973–1975 (Marine Corps Vietnam Operational Historical Series), Marine Corps Association, 1990. ISBN 978-0160264559 Gordon L. Rottman and Ron Volstad, Vietnam Airborne, Elite series 29, Osprey Publishing Ltd, London 1990. ISBN 0-85045-941-9 Kenneth Conboy, FANK: A History of the Cambodian Armed Forces, 1970-1975, Equinox Publishing (Asia) Pte Ltd, Djakarta 2011. ISBN 9789793780863 Kenneth Conboy, Kenneth Bowra, and Simon McCouaig, The NVA and Viet Cong, Elite 38 series, Osprey Publishing Ltd, Oxford 1992. ISBN 9781855321625 Kenneth Conboy, Kenneth Bowra, and Simon McCouaig, The War in Cambodia 1970-75, Men-at-arms series 209, Osprey Publishing Ltd, London 1989. ISBN 0-85045-851-X Kenneth Conboy and Simon McCouaig, South-East Asian Special Forces, Elite series 33, Osprey Publishing Ltd, London 1991. ISBN 1-85532-106-8 Michael Green and Peter Sarson, Armor of the Vietnam War (1): Allied Forces, Concord Publications, Hong Kong 1996. ISBN 962-361-611-2 Sak Sutsakhan, The Khmer Republic at War and the Final Collapse, U.S. Army Center of Military History, Washington 1980 [available online at http://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/star/images/239/2390505001A.pdf Part 1] Part 2 Part 3 Part 4 . William Shawcross, Sideshow: Kissinger, Nixon and the Destruction of Cambodia, Andre Deutsch Limited, 1979. ISBN 0233970770 Secondary sources	Cambodia
The wine Retsina is native to which European country?	Cambodia Civil War 1970-1975 Cambodian Civil War 1970-1975 [ 1970 - 1975 ] Sihanouk was away on a trip to Moscow and Beijing when General Lon Nol launched a successful coup d'état. On the morning of March 18, 1970, the National Assembly was hastily convened, and voted unanimously to depose Sihanouk as head of state. Lon Nol, who had been serving as prime minister, was granted emergency powers. Sirik Matak, an ultraconservative royal prince who in 1941 had been passed over by the French in favor of his cousin Norodom Sihanouk as king, retained his post as deputy prime minister. The new government emphasized that the transfer of power had been totally legal and constitutional, and it received the recognition of most foreign governments. Most middle-class and educated Khmers in Phnom Penh had grown weary of Sihanouk and apparently welcomed the change of government. But he was still popular in the villages. Days after the coup, the prince, now in Beijing, broadcast an appeal to the people to resist the usurpers. Demonstrations and riots occurred throughout the country. In one incident on March 29, an estimated 40,000 peasants began a march on the capital to demand Sihanouk's reinstatement. They were dispersed, with many casualties, by contingents of the armed forces and the Khmer Serei. From Beijing, Sihanouk proclaimed his intention to create a National United Front of Kampuchea (Front Uni National du Kampuchéa--FUNK). In the prince's words, this front would embrace "all Khmer both inside and outside the country-- including the faithful, religious people, military men, civilians, and men and women who cherish the ideals of independence, democracy, neutrality, progressivism, socialism, Buddhism, nationalism, territorial integrity, and anti-imperialism." A coalition, brokered by the Chinese, was hastily formed between the prince and the KCP. On May 5, 1970, the actual establishment of FUNK and of the Royal Government of National Union of Kampuchea (Gouvernement Royal d'Union Nationale du Kampuchéa--GRUNK), were announced. Sihanouk assumed the post of GRUNK head of state, appointing Penn Nouth, one of his most loyal supporters, as prime minister. Khieu Samphan was designated deputy prime minister, minister of defense, and commander in chief of the GRUNK armed forces (though actual military operations were directed by Pol Pot). Hu Nim became minister of information, and Hou Yuon assumed multiple responsibilities as minister of interior, communal reforms, and cooperatives. GRUNK claimed that it was not a government-in-exile because Khieu Samphan and the insurgents remained inside Cambodia. For Sihanouk and the KCP, this was an extremely useful marriage of convenience. Peasants, motivated by loyalty to the monarchy, rallied to the FUNK cause. The appeal of the Sihanouk-KCP coalition grew immensely after October 9, 1970, when Lon Nol abolished the monarchy and redesignated Cambodia as the Khmer Republic. The concept of a republic was not popular with most villagers, who had grown up with the idea that something was seriously awry in a Cambodia without a monarch. GRUNK operated on two tiers. Sihanouk and his loyalists remained in Beijing, although the prince did make a visit to the "liberated areas" of Cambodia, including Angkor Wat, in March 1973. The KCP commanded the insurgency within the country. Gradually, the prince was deprived of everything but a passive, figurehead role in the coalition. The KCP told people inside Cambodia that expressions of support for Sihanouk would result in their liquidation, and when the prince appeared in public overseas to publicize the GRUNK cause, he was treated with almost open contempt by Ieng Sary and Khieu Samphan. In June 1973, the prince told the Italian journalist Oriana Fallaci that when "they [the Khmer Rouge] no longer need me, they will spit me out like a cherry pit!" By the end of that year, Sihanouk loyalists had been purged from all of GRUNK's ministries. The 1970 coup d'état that toppled Sihanouk dragged Cambodia into the vortex of a wider war. The escalating conflict pitted government troops, now renamed the Khmer National Armed Forces (Forces Armées Nationales Khmères--FANK), initially against the North Vietnamese and the Viet Cong, and subsequently against the old RAK, now revitalized and renamed the Cambodian People's National Liberation Armed Forces (CPNLAF). As combat operations quickly disclosed, the two sides were mismatched. The inequality lay not so much in sheer numbers. Thousands of young urban Cambodians flocked to join FANK in the months following the coup and, throughout its five-year life, the republican government forces held a numerical edge over their opponents, the padded payrolls and the phantom units reported in the press notwithstanding. Instead, FANK was outclassed in training and leadership. With the surge of recruits, the government forces expanded beyond their capacity to absorb the new inductees. Later, given the press of tactical operations and the need to replace combat casualties, there was insufficient time to impart needed skills to individuals or to units, and lack of training remained the bane of FANK's existence until its collapse. While individual soldiers and some government units fought bravely, their leaders-- with notable exceptions--were both corrupt and incompetent. Arrayed against an armed force of such limited capability was arguably the best light infantry in the world at the time--the North Vietnamese and the Viet Cong. And when there forces were supplanted, it was by the tough, rigidly indoctrinated peasant army of the CPNLAF with its core of Khmer Rouge leaders. With the fall of Sihanouk, the North Vietnamese and the Viet Cong became alarmed at the prospect of a pro-Western regime that might allow the United States to establish a military presence on their western flank. To prevent this from happening, they began transferring their military installations away from the border area to locations deeper within Cambodian territory. A new command center was established at the city of Kracheh (Kratié). On April 29, 1970, South Vietnamese and United States units unleashed a multi-pronged offensive into Cambodia to destroy the Central Office for South Vietnam (COSVN), the headquarters for North Vietnamese and Viet Cong combat operations in South Vietnam. Extensive logistical installations and large amounts of supplies were found and destroyed, but as reporting from the United States MACV subsequently disclosed, still larger amounts of material already had been moved deeper into Cambodia. The North Vietnamese army turned on the republican government forces, and by June 1970, three months after the coup, they and the CPNLAF had swept FANK from the entire northeastern third of the country. After defeating the government forces, they turned newly won territories over to the local insurgents. The Khmer Rouge also established "liberated areas" in the south and the southwestern parts of the country, where they operated independently of the Vietnamese. The KCP's debt to the North Vietnamese after March 1970 was one that Pol Pot was loath to acknowledge; however, it is clear that without North Vietnamese and Viet Cong assistance, the revolutionary struggle would have dragged on much longer than it did. United States bombing of enemy troop dispositions in Cambodia-- particularly in the summer of 1973, when intense aerial bombardment (known as Arclight) was used to halt a Khmer Rouge assault on Phnom Penh--bought time for the Lon Nol government, but did not stem the momentum of the communist forces. United States official documents give a figure of 79,959 sorties by B-52 and F-111 aircraft over the country, during which a total of 539,129 tons of ordnance were dropped, about 350 percent of the tonnage (153,000 tons) dropped on Japan during World War II. Many of the bombs that fell in Cambodia struck relatively uninhabited mountain or forest regions; however, as declassified United States Air Force maps show, others fell over some of the most densely inhabited areas of the country, such as Siemreab Province, Kampong Chhnang Province, and the countryside around Phnom Penh. Deaths from the bombing are extremely difficult to estimate, and figures range from a low of 30,000 to a high of 500,000. Whatever the real extent of the casualties, the Arclight missions over Cambodia, which were halted in August 15, 1973, by the United States Congress, delivered shattering blows to the structure of life in many of the country's villages, and, according to some critics, drove the Cambodian people into the arms of the Khmer Rouge. The bombing was by far the most controversial aspect of the United States presence in Cambodia. In his book Sideshow, William Shawcross provides a vivid image of the hellish conditions, especially in the months of January to August 1973, when the Arclight sorties were most intense. He claims that the bombing contributed to the forging of a brutal and singlemindedly fanatical Khmer Rouge movement. However, his arguments have been disputed by several United States officials--including the former ambassador to Cambodia, Emory C. Swank, and the former Air Force commander in Thailand, General John W. Vogt--in an appendix to the second volume of the memoirs of then Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger. From the Khmer Rouge perspective, however, the severity of the bombings was matched by the treachery of the North Vietnamese. The Cambodian communists had refused to take part in the Paris peace talks. When North Vietnam and the United States signed the Paris Peace Accords on January 27, 1973, bombing missions over Vietnam and Laos were terminated. The fighter bombers and other aircraft thus released were diverted to strike Khmer Rouge positions in Cambodia. One of the earliest accounts of life under the Khmer Rouge was written in 1973 by a school administrator, Ith Sarin, who had joined the movement after becoming disillusioned with Lon Nol and the Khmer Republic, then rose to the status of candidate member of the KCP, but left the party and returned to Phnom Penh after nine months in the underground. His work, Regrets for the Khmer Soul (in Khmer, Sranaoh Pralung Khmer), it revealed the secrecy with which the Khmer Rouge concealed the existence of the communist party, which they referred to by the sinister term Angkar Loeu (High Organization), or simply, Angkar. The KCP Central Committee was referred to as the Kena Mocchhim (or Committee Machine, mocchhim being derived from the Western term, "machine"). Territories under Angkar control were well organized. Ith Sarin described a five-level hierarchy of Angkar-controlled bodies reaching from the six areas, or phumphaek into which the country was divided down to the hamlet, or phum level. The Angkar imposed a grim regime in which hatred for Lon Nol, the Americans, and, at times, the North Vietnamese "allies" was assiduously cultivated. Expressions of support for Sihanouk were firmly discouraged and people were encouraged to spy on each other. Discipline was unremittingly harsh. Ith Sarin concluded from his experience that the great majority of the people did not like the Angkar and the collective way of life it imposed, that they despaired that Sihanouk would ever return to power, and that they would support the Khmer Republic if it carried out genuine reforms. Oddly, Lon Nol's security forces banned the book for a time on the grounds that it was "pro-communist." Although this was not true, it did provide a foretaste of what the entire Cambodian population would endure after April 1975. Disturbing stories of Khmer Rouge atrocities began to surface as the communists prepared to deal the coup de grace to the Khmer Republic. In March 1974, they captured the old capital city of Odongk north of Phnom Penh, destroyed it, dispersed its 20,000 inhabitants into the countryside, and executed the teachers and civil servants. The same year, they brutally murdered sixty people, including women and children, in a small village called Sar Sarsdam in Siemreab Province. A similar incident was reported at Ang Snuol, a town west of the capital. Other instances of what one observer, Donald Kirk, described as a "sweeping, almost cosmic policy" of indiscriminate terror, were recounted by refugees who fled to Phnom Penh or across the Thai border. Kirk contrasted this behavior with the Viet Cong's use of "a modicum of care and precision" in applying terror in South Vietnam (for instance, assassination of landlords or of South Vietnamese officials). Atrocity stories, however, were considered to be anticommunist propaganda by many, if not most, Western journalists and other observers; nevertheless, Phnom Penh's population swelled to as many as 2.5 million people as terrified refugees sought to escape not only the United States bombing and the ground fighting, but the harshness of life under the Angkar. The Khmer Rouge initiated their dry-season offensive to capture the beleaguered Cambodian capital on January 1, 1975. Their troops controlled the banks of the Mekong River, and they were able to rig ingenious mines to sink convoys bringing relief supplies of food, fuel, and ammunition to the slowly starving city. After the river was effectively blocked in early February, the United States began airlifts of supplies. This was extremely risky because of Khmer Rouge rockets. The communists also fired rockets and shells into the city, causing many civilian deaths. Doomed units of republican soldiers dug in around the capital; many of them had run out of ammunition, and they were overrun as the Khmer Rouge advanced. American observers, who generally had little esteem for FANK officer corps, were impressed by the determination of the Khmer enlisted men to fight to the end. On April 1, 1975, President Lon Nol resigned and left the country. His exit was prompted by fear of certain death if he fell into Khmer Rouge hands. The communists had included him among "seven traitors" who were marked for execution. (The others were non-communist, nationalist leaders Sirik Matak, Son Ngoc Thanh, In Tam, Prime Minister Long Boret, Cheng Heng, who became head of state after Sihanouk's ouster, and Sosthene Fernandez, the FANK commander in chief). Saukham Khoy became acting president of a government that had less than three weeks to live. Last-minute efforts on the part of the United States to arrange a peace agreement involving Sihanouk ended in failure. On April 12, United States embassy personnel were evacuated by helicopter. The ambassador, John Gunther Dean, invited high officials of the Khmer Republic to join them. But Sirik Matak, Long Boret, Lon Non (Lon Nol's brother), and most members of Lon Nol's cabinet declined. They chose to share the fate of their people. All were executed soon after Khmer Rouge units entered Phnom Penh on April 17, 1975.	i don't know
Who became British Prime Minister in June 2007?	History of Gordon Brown - GOV.UK GOV.UK The Rt Hon David Cameron MP Gordon Brown Gordon Brown Labour 2007 to 2010 Born 20 February 1951, Giffnock, Glasgow, Scotland Dates in office Labour Major acts Climate Change Act 2008: to set a target for the year 2050 for the reduction of targeted greenhouse gas emissions. Counter-Terrorism Act 2008: to confer further powers to gather and share information for counter-terrorism and other purposes. Interesting facts Britain’s longest-serving modern Chancellor of the Exchequer. He was appointed Chancellor in May 1997, when Tony Blair became Prime Minister, through to June 2007 when he started as Prime Minister himself. As Prime Minister, Gordon Brown oversaw the devolution of powers in Northern Ireland, the withdrawal of troops from Iraq, and the world's first ever Climate Change Act. Gordon Brown was born in Scotland and grew up in the industrial town of Kirkcaldy. He started at Edinburgh University aged 16, becoming the youngest fresher there since the war. It was at university that he began to have problems with his sight and doctors diagnosed him with a detached retina, which was caused by an injury he received in his final game for his school rugby team. He gained a First Class honours degree in History and became the youngest ever Rector of Edinburgh University in 1972. Gordon Brown became MP for Dunfermline East in the 1983 General Election with a majority of 11,000 and shared his first office in the House of Commons with Tony Blair, where they became friends. Later he became Shadow Chancellor and backed Tony Blair for the leadership of the Labour Party. Working together they won a landslide majority in 1997. He was Chancellor of the Exchequer during the longest ever period of economic growth. He also made the Bank of England independent and announced, at the Gleneagles Summit in 2005, an agreement to support the world’s poorest countries and deal with climate change. His passion for global justice was shown in his negotiation to cancel the debts of the world’s poorest nations and the tripling of the development budget. It was during his time as Chancellor that he proposed to Sarah Macaulay and 7 months later they were married at their home in North Queensferry. Gordon Brown became Prime Minister on 27 June 2007 after Tony Blair left office. During his time as Prime Minister he oversaw changes such as the introduction of neighbourhood policing in every area, a legally-enforceable right to early cancer screening and treatment, and the world’s first ever Climate Change Act, which was implemented in autumn 2008. The greatest challenge he faced in office was the worldwide financial crisis and the following recession. In April 2009, he hosted the G20 Summit in London where world leaders pledged to make an additional $1.1 trillion available to help the world economy through the crisis and restore credit, growth and jobs. They also pledged to improve financial supervision and regulation. UK combat operations in Iraq, which had begun during his predecessor’s time in office, came to an end under Gordon Brown. British forces withdrew from the country at the end of April 2009. He regularly visited Iraq and Afghanistan and, in December 2009, he became the first Prime Minister for some considerable time to stay in a war zone when he stayed overnight in Kandahar, Afghanistan. He became heavily involved in international negotiations to reach an agreement to replace the Kyoto Treaty and, in December 2009, he attended the United Nations summit in Copenhagen. Following the summit, he pledged to lead an international campaign to turn the agreements reached at Copenhagen into a legally binding treaty. During his time in office, he worked with his Irish counterpart Brian Cowen to negotiate the devolution of policing and justice powers in Northern Ireland. An agreement was finally reached in February 2010 and the powers were passed to Northern Ireland’s government in the following April. Help us improve GOV.UK	Gordon Brown
The Naga Viper is what type of foodstuff?	BBC - History - Tony Blair z Tony Blair © Blair was prime minister for a decade from 1997 - 2007. He is responsible for moving the Labour Party from the left towards the centre ground of British politics, resulting in an unprecedented three consecutive terms in power for the party. Anthony Blair was born on 6 May 1953 in Edinburgh. Educated at Oxford University, he became a barrister and in 1983 was elected Labour member of parliament for Sedgefield. He soon became identified with a group of self-conscious party 'modernisers' (which also included Gordon Brown and Peter Mandelson), who sought to make Labour more acceptable to the electorate by repudiating its association with the trade unions, unilateral nuclear disarmament, public ownership and high taxation. In 1994, following the unexpected death of then leader John Smith, Blair became Labour Party leader after Gordon Brown stood aside to avoid splitting the pro-modernising vote in the leadership ballot. Blair quickly attained unquestioned authority as leader, which was further underlined by Labour's landslide victory in the 1997 general election. At 43, he was the youngest premier since Lord Liverpool in 1812. He attempted to promote a youthful, modern image of Britain symbolised by BritPop, BritArt and the Millennium Dome. Some of his policies were genuinely radical, especially the constitutional reforms that delivered a measure of self-government to Wales and Scotland. But a promise to reform public services proved less easy to implement, and a controversial reliance on private enterprise initiatives did not seem to deliver the expected improvements in transport, education or health care. Blair was re-elected in 2001. His second term was more troubled, being dominated by a rift with his former ally, Chancellor Gordon Brown. In 2002 - 2003 Blair risked his personal authority by supporting the US government's 'war on terror', despite serious disquiet in his own party and among the wider public. Blair was re-elected in 2005, in an unprecedented third consecutive term for a Labour prime minister. The same year he chaired the G8 summit at Gleneagles and focused on two issues - climate change and Africa - which had become increasing priorities for him. Blair stepped down in June 2007 and was succeeded as prime minister by Gordon Brown. Blair and his allies succeeded in making the Labour Party electable again, after almost two decades in opposition. To his critics, this achievement was made at the cost of abandoning the party's principles. To his supporters, he was a man willing to risk public unpopularity in the pursuit of policies (most notably the war in Iraq) that he felt were morally justified.	i don't know
Who hosted the ‘$64,000 Question’ on British television?	The 64,000 Dollar Question - TvWiki, the free encyclopedia The 64,000 Dollar Question The $64,000 Question was a popular United States television game show from 1955-1958; The $64,000 Challenge (1956-1958) was its popular spinoff show. Contents The $64,000 Question--- CBS , June 1955-June 1958, Tuesday 10-10:30 p.m.; September-November 1958, Sunday, 10-10:30 p.m. The $64,000 Challenge---CBS, April 1956-September 1958, Sunday, 10-10:30 p.m. [ edit ] The Idea The $64,000 Question had its roots in the CBS radio quiz show, Take It or Leave It, which ran from April 20, 1940, to July 27, 1947, hosted first by Bob Hawk and then by Phil Baker. In 1947, the series switched to NBC , hosted by Baker, Garry Moore, Eddie Cantor and Jack Paar . On September 10, 1950, Take It or Leave It changed its title to The $64 Question. With Paar and Baker still on board as hosts, the series continued on NBC radio until June 1, 1952. On both Take It or Leave It and The $64 Question, contestants were asked questions devised by the series' writer-researcher Edith Oliver. She attempted to make each question slightly more difficult than the preceding one. After answering a question correctly, the contestant had the choice to "take" the prize for that question or "leave it" in favor of a chance at the next question. The first question was worth one dollar, and the value doubled for each successive question, up to the seventh and final question, worth 64 United States dollars . During the 1940s, "That's the $64 question" became a common catchphrase for a particularly difficult question or problem. In addition to the common phrase "take it or leave it," the show also popularized another phrase, widely spoken in the 1940s as a taunt but now mostly forgotten. Chanted in unison by the entire audience when someone chose to risk their winnings by going for the $64 prize, it was vocalized with a rising inflection: "You'll be sorrr-REEEE!" Strangely, the phrase "the $64,000 question" is common in Britain , where it means "the most important question," despite the fact that the original game show is virtually unknown in the UK. Later there was a British adaptation of the show, also known as The $64,000 Question, hosted by Bob Monkhouse , although the top prize was only £6,400. This was, however, quite a lot of money for a British game show at the time (early 1990s ). [ edit ] The Hard Sell The $64,000 Question, as American television audiences would know and love it, was created by Louis G. Cowan , formerly known for radio's Quiz Kids . Cowan had a difficult time finding sponsorship for The $64,000 Question. Cosmetics giant Helena Rubenstein (who eventually did become a familiar television advertiser) rejected the idea, reportedly because its wealthy founding namesake didn't even own a television set at the time and had no idea of television's advertising potential. The Chrysler Corporation turned down the chance to launch the show because the automaker reportedly feared sponsoring a big-money quiz show would outrage company workers whose wages they were trying not to inflate. A vacuum cleaner company also said no to Cowan, reportedly because the concept would be too glamorous for its product. It was an intriguing argument considering that print ads of the time featured vacuum cleaners operated by women who stopped just short of being glamour queens but never appeared in soiled housework clothes. Finally, Cowan convinced Revlon . The key: Revlon founder and chieftain Charles Revson knew top competitor Hazel Bishop had fattened its sales through sponsoring the popular This is Your Life , and he wanted a piece of that action if he could have it. According to Fire and Ice , a 1970s book chronicling Revson and his company, Revson first signed a deal to sponsor Cowan's brainchild for 13 weeks with the right to withdraw when they expired. The $64,000 Question premiered June 7, 1955 on CBS-TV, sponsored by cosmetics maker Revlon and originating from the start live from CBS-TV Studio 52 in New York (now the disco-theater Studio 54 ). To increase the show's drama and suspense, it was decided to use an actor rather than a broadcaster as the host. Television and film actor Hal March , familiar to TV viewers as a regular on The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show and My Friend Irma , found instant fame as the quiz show's host. Lynn Dollar appeared as his on-air assistant, while Dr. Bergen Evans served as the show's expert authority. To capitalize on the initial television success, the show was also simulcast for two months on CBS Radio where it was heard from October 4, 1955, to November 29, 1955. [ edit ] How The Game Was Played Contestants would be asked several questions, earning money which escalated ($1, $2, $4, $8, $16, $32, $64, $128, $256, $512, $1,000, $2,000, $4,000, $8,000, $16,000, $32,000, and $64,000) as the questions became harder. Once the contestant had reached $4000 in winnings, they would come back the next week for one question. They could quit at any time and retire with their money, but until they won $8000, if they got a question wrong, they were eliminated without winning anything. Once the contestant won $8000, if they missed a question they received a consolation prize of a new Cadillac . Once reaching the $8000 level, they were placed in the Revlon " isolation booth ", where they could hear nothing but the host's words. As long as the contestant kept answering correctly, they could stay on the show until they had won $64,000. [ edit ] Triumph on Tuesday Night Almost immediately, The $64,000 Question was what a later generation would call a mega-hit. It swiftly outrated everything else on Tuesday nights; in fact, it was believed that U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower himself did not want to be disturbed while the show was on the air. It was also believed that the nation's crime rate and movie and restaurant patronage dropped dramatically when the show was on. The show's success spawned a fresh rash of either imitators or new big money quiz shows, aimed at catching Question's lightning. Among those imitators or inspirations were The Big Surprise , Tic-Tac-Dough , and Twenty-One . Not only did Charles Revson not exercise his withdrawal right, but he wanted another way to take advantage of Question's swollen audience. Within ten months of Question's premiere came The $64,000 Challenge, hosted first by future children's television star Sonny Fox and then, for the remainder of the show's life, Ralph Story. Challenge pitted Question winners against each other in a new, continuing game where they could win another $70,000. In time, the sister show came to include various celebrities---including bandleader Xavier Cugat and child star Patty Duke ---as well as former Question champions. [ edit ] Everyday Celebrities Question contestants sometimes became celebrities themselves for a short while, including 11-year-old Robert Strom (who won $192,000) and Teddy Nadler ($252,000 across both shows), the two biggest winners in the show's history. Other such newly made celebrities included shoemaker Gino Protto, who won $64,000 for his encyclopedic knowledge of opera. But perhaps the longest-enduring of such newly made celebrities was a then-unknown psychologist who won big on Question because she knew everything knowable about boxing: Joyce Brothers , who went on to make a career dispensing psychological advice on numerous television programs and in newspaper columns for four decades after her Question success. Another winner, Pennsylvania typist Catherine Kreitzer, would read Shakespeare on The Ed Sullivan Show . And TV Guide kept a running tally of the money won on the show, which hit $1 million by the end of November 1956 . [ edit ] Punch Lines and Parody At the height of its popularity, The $64,000 Question even found itself referenced in the scripts of some other CBS programs, usually but not exclusively through punch lines that included references to "the isolation booth" or "reaching the first plateau." Typical of these was a line put into the mouth of Ed Norton, the scatterbrained sewer worker played by Art Carney in The Honeymooners , who identified three times in a man's life when he wants to be alone, with the third being "when he's in the isolation booth of The $64,000 Question." Plus, there were at least three other Honeymooners episodes that feature a reference to The $64,000 Question, including A Woman's Work Is Never Done (Ralph proposes to Alice that he go on that show because he's an expert in one category: AGGRAVATION) and Hello, Mom (Norton tells Ralph that if she were on that show, his mother-in-law's category would be NASTY). Another episode of The Honeymooners, in fact, delivered maybe the best known of Question references---a parody of the show itself, in one of the so-called "Original 39" episodes of the timeless situation comedy. In this episode, blustery bus driver Ralph Kramden becomes a contestant on the fictitious $99,000 Answer. Still considered perhaps the best quiz show parody in television history, the episode depicted Kramden spending a week studying and re-studying popular songs, only to blow the first question on the subject he faced when he returned to play on the show. The host of the fictitious $99,000 Answer was one Herb Norris---played by Jay Jackson , the former Twenty Questions host and briefly the real-life nighttime host of Tic-Tac-Dough . But three years after it exploded into a nation's consciousness, The $64,000 Question and its progeny were dead. [ edit ] The Cancellation Having faded in popularity as it was, in the wake of the hugely popular Twenty-One championship of Charles Van Doren , The $64,000 Question and The $64,000 Challenge were yanked off the air within three months of the quiz show scandal 's eruption. Challenge went first, in September 1958, with Question---once the emperor of Tuesday night television---taking its Sunday night time slot, until it, too, was killed in November 1958. [ edit ] The Scandal First, the relatively new but phenomenally popular Dotto , and then Twenty-One were found to have been rigged and cancelled. Then, one Challenge contestant, the Rev. Charles Jackson, told the federal grand jury probing the quiz shows that he received answers during his screening for his appearance. That prompted Challenge's sponsor, the P. Lorillard tobacco company (Kent, Old Gold cigarettes), to drop the show. (Revlon, presumably, pulled out some time earlier.) Question had the opposite problem: sponsor Revlon ---possibly under pressure from its chieftain, Charles Revson, who has been credited with expressing the desire for famous faces that prompted Challenge's expansion to include celebrities---often tried to interfere with Question's production, including and especially trying to bump contestants it simply disliked, no matter whether the audience liked them. (Revson's brother, Martin, was assigned to oversee Question---including heavy discussions of feedback the show received.) The would-be bumpees were believed to include Joyce Brothers herself, who proved strong enough that the bid to bump her finally ended, and on she went to the maximum prize. In due course, it was revealed during Congressional investigations into the quiz show scandal that Revlon, the sponsor, was as determined to keep the show appealing---even if it meant manipulating the results---as the producer of Twenty-One (albeit also under sponsor pressure) had been. But unlike with Twenty-One and Dotto, where contestants got the answers in advance, Revlon was reportedly far more subtle: they may have depended less on asking questions on the air that a contestant had already heard in pre-air screenings than on switching the questions kept secure in a bank vault at the last minute, to make sure a contestant the sponsor liked would be suited according to his or her chosen expertise. The most prominent victim may have been the man who launched the franchise in the first place. Louis Cowan, made CBS Television president as a result of Question's fast success, was forced out of the network as the quiz scandal ramped up, even though it was NBC 's and not CBS's quiz shows bearing the brunt of the scandal---and even though CBS itself, with a little help from sponsor Colgate-Palmolive , had moved fast in cancelling the popular Dotto at almost the moment it was confirmed that that show had been rigged. Cowan had never been suspected of taking part in any attempt to rig either Question or Challenge; later CBS historians have suggested his reputation as an administrative bottleneck may have had as much to do with his firing as his tie to the tainted shows. But Cowan may have been a textbook sacrificial lamb, in a bid to pre-empt any further scandal while the network scrambled to recover, and while its president Frank Stanton was accepting complete responsibility for any wrongdoing committed under his watch. [ edit ] Aftermath By the end of 1959, all the first generation big-money quiz shows were gone, with single-sponsorship television following and a federal law against fixing television game shows (an amendment to the 1960 Communications Act) coming. Except for a short-lived ABC quiz show called 100 Grand, the networks stayed away from awarding five-figure cash jackpots until the premiere of The $10,000 Pyramid in 1973. None of the people who were directly involved in rigging any of the quiz shows faced any penalty more severe than suspended sentences for perjury before the federal grand jury that probed the scandal, even if many hosts and producers found themselves frozen out of television for many years. One Question contestant, Doll Goostree, sued both CBS and the show's producers, in a bid to recoup $4,000 she said she might have won if her Question match had not been rigged. Neither Goostree nor any other quiz contestant who sued similarly won their cases. [ edit ] A $64,000 Icon While many if not most of its imitators or inspirations disappeared forever, and went almost forgotten, The $64,000 Question never really did, not in terms of American pop culture history. And it was not because people continue to use "that's the $64,000 question" as a part of the language. Perhaps that was because it was the first and the biggest of the quiz shows that riveted American viewers in the mid-1950s. Perhaps, too, the aforesaid episode of The Honeymooners helped. Perhaps, especially, that position was aided by the fact that neither The $64,000 Question nor The $64,000 Challenge were held as deeply culpable in the quiz scandals as the two shows whose riggings started them so explosively in the first place, Dotto and Twenty-One. That might have reflected the fact that the $64,000 franchise sponsor tampered more directly than on the NBC shows, where the tampering was done (whatever the sponsorship input or demands) by the producers. This does not stop some people from thinking the Question/Challenge franchise had actually launched the quiz show scandal, even after Quiz Show---the Robert Redford film which revisited the scandal and Twenty-One's role therein---proved a film hit in the mid-1990s. But the ultimate reason why The $64,000 Question survived as an era's signature, if not as a continuing television show, was the show itself. It set the essential blueprint for the first generation of popular television games; it touched a deep American nerve of aspiration and identification---the idea that anyone from anywhere could be, and often was, knowledgeable enough to hit it big on his or her brains alone. For those reasons, when attempts to revive the show occurred two decades later, it may not have been as surprising as some at the time believed. [ edit ] The Resurrections It may or may not have been inspired by the resurrection of quiz-scandal figures Jack Barry (creator and host of the mid-1970s hit The Joker's Wild ) and Dan Enright (the reputed mastermind of the Twenty-One fix and Jack Barry's production partner, restored to their former partnership as Joker was about to move from network to syndication production), but a resurrection of The $64,000 Question arrived in 1976. Selected PBS outlets showed surviving kinescopes of the original Question in the summer of 1976, as a run-up to a new version of the show called The $128,000 Question, which ran for two years. The 1976-77 episodes were hosted by Mike Darrow and produced at the Ed Sullivan Theater in New York, just around the corner from Question's original home at CBS-TV Studio 52. The 1977-78 version was produced in Toronto and hosted by Alex Trebek , then the host of Double-Dare and later to become famous as the longest-serving (and still serving) host of a new version of Jeopardy! , whose original broadcast run (daytime, 1964-1975) ended a year before the new Question arrived. In the 1990s, future Who Wants to be a Millionaire executive producer Michael Davis attempted to revive Question under its original name for ABC , before abandoning that effort in favor of the British hit. And, in 2000, Question's original home, CBS , bought the rights to the property in a reported effort to produce a new, rival quiz, The $1,064,000 Question, hosted by Greg Gumbel . Because of format issues similar to those encountered by Davies for ABC , this version never made it to the air. [ edit ] Where Are They Now? Louis Cowan---In addition to Quiz Kids (1949-1951), Cowan also created Down You Go (1951-1956) and the short-lived Ask Me Another. Cowan briefly served as CBS Television Network president before leaving in the wake of the quiz show scandals. He later joined the faculty of the Columbia University school of journalism. He and his wife Polly were killed in an apartment fire in New York City in 1976. Lou Cowan's son Geoffrey Cowan later produced brief revivals of Quiz Kids in the 1970s, 80s and 90s and is currently dean of the University of Southern California Annenberg School for Communication. Hal March---The former comic actor who became an overnight star on The $64,000 Question continued to appear as an actor in television and movies through the 1950s and 1960s. Shortly after he signed on as host of It's Your Bet in 1969, he was diagnosed with lung cancer and died in 1970, four months short of his 50th birthday. Irwin (Sonny) Fox---The first $64,000 Challenge host was also known at the time for co-hosting the CBS children's travelogue Let's Take a Trip ("[T]aking two children on sort of an electronic field trip every week -- live, remote location, no audience, no sponsors," Fox has described the show.) But his fame rests predominantly on his eight-year (1959-67) tour as the suave, congenial and dryly witty fourth host of New York's Sunday morning children's learn-and-laugh marathon, Wonderama Fox hosted the Way Out Games Saturday-morning series for CBS in the 1976-77 season. He later spent a year (1977) running children's programming for NBC and eventually became a chairman of the board for Population Communications International, a nonprofit dedicated to "technical assistance, research and training consultation to governments, NGOs and foundations on a wide range of social marketing and communications initiatives," for which he is still an honourary chairman. Fox has also been a board chairman for the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. Ralph Story---He became the much-loved host of Ralph Story's Los Angeles (1964-70), still considered the highest-rated, best-loved local show in Los Angeles television history. Story has also hosted A.M. Los Angeles and was the narrator for the ABC series Alias Smith and Jones in 1972-73.	Bob Monkhouse
Eid al-Fitr is a Muslim holiday which marks the end of what?	The $64,000 Question - UKGameshows The $64,000 Question Announcer: Nick Jackson (1990-3) Broadcast as The 64,000 Question: ATV, 19 May 1956 to 18 January 1958 (85 episodes in 3 series, 1957 as The 64,000 Challenge) Central for ITV, 1 June 1990 to 4 September 1993 Synopsis Early days A phenomenally successful version of the American original, which ran live every week and helped cement the new ITV's place as Britain's favourite channel. Contestants would choose a specialist subject, and answer questions of increasing value - a single question on their subject for 100 and 500, a two-part question for 1000 and 2000, three parts for 4000, four for 8000, five parts for 16,000, six for 32,000, and a question of no fewer than seven parts for the 64,000 top prize. With each contestant returning on up to six shows, audience interest built to a frenzy, or the 1950s equivalent. In summer 1957, the most successful contestants to date faced The 64,000 Challenge. Members of the public would challenge them head-to-head on their specialist subjects for cash prizes. Double Your Money... Gagmeister-in-chief Monkhouse hosted a tensionless but otherwise well-produced update version in the 1990s. Contestants would choose a specialist subject from which their questions were drawn. The first stage of the game offered £1 for the first question, leading up to questions worth £25, £50, £100, £200 and £400 (the last two of which were two-part questions). If they reached the £400 level, their money would be safe. Host Bob Monkhouse and his nifty glass panel of questions Video Wall & Isolator The £800 and £1,600 questions were played at the video wall. The £800 question was in three parts, the £1,600 question was in four parts (and each of the four correct answers would reveal part of a picture via the video wall). The £1,600 milestone was the next safeguard point. In order to earn the "right and obligation" to go for the £3,200 and £6,400 questions, the contestant would have to answer a "key question" which would be related to the picture revealed during the £1,600 question. For the final two questions, the contestants were placed in a way-over-the-top isolation booth known as "The Isolator" that wouldn't have looked out of place in Encounters of the Third Kind. As the booth entered the studio from above, huge jets of dry ice rained down on to the studio, causing an awful mess to clear up, no doubt. The £3,200 question was a five-parter, but an extra sixth part would be made available if the contestant was in trouble. (In the second Monkhouse-series, this sixth part was no longer offered, hence the fact that fewer contestants made it to £3,200 - although at least they'd still go away with £1,600). The £6,400 question was a six-parter (with a seventh part in reserve), but unlike the £3,200 question, Bob would read out all six questions in a row before letting the contestant decide whether to answer them straight away, or use ten seconds of thinking time and collect their thoughts. Contestants could also pass, in which case Bob would come back to the question at the end, but before the 'reserve' sixth or seventh part if the contestant had answered a question incorrectly. The spaceship/booth affair makes its entrance The booth traps its victim. A contestant awaits their $64,000 question in the isolation booth. Nearly, but not quite The disappointment of this show was two-fold. Firstly, the top prize was only £6,400, but this is not the fault of the programme makers. At the time, the top prize allowed by the IBA (Independent Broadcasting Authority) for off-peak television programmes was £6,000, and special permission had to be sought to break this slightly. Secondly, players were guaranteed £1,600 even if they failed on the £3,200 or big £6,400 question. The show was later relegated to a Sunday tea-time slot, but was notable for its slick approach, rather like Monkhouse himself. Key moments The outtake where Bob couldn't open the briefcase of money. Bob trying to crack the case. The man who took "Geography" as his category and failed on the £1 question which was a 50-50 choice between spring or neap tides. Bob asking a contestant if she wishes to 'PISS' instead of 'PASS'. One contestant informed Bob that he (the contestant) had an interest in monasteries. Bob replied (predictably enough), "Well, you should be all right with an old Monkhouse, then!" Catchphrases On being asked why they didn't rename the show given that $64,000 dollars wasn't on offer, Bob Monkhouse replied "You don't fool around with successful catchphrases". A brilliant Monkhouse segue into the commercials: "This is the show that likes to give everyone a break, and here's yours..." At the beginning of the show: "With TV's biggest cash prize, it's The $64,000 Question - and here's the master of the quiz - Bob Monkhouse!" "Could I ask you, please, to step into...the Isolator?" (Once the contestant was inside the Isolator): "Can you hear my voice clearly?" (The usual response was, "Loud and clear, Bob, yes!") "...Should you fail on any of the six parts, it will bring into play the seventh and final part, which I'm holding in reserve! Should you wish to pass on any of the six parts, please let me know and we can come back to it at the end!" (After giving the contestant the synopsis of the 6 questions required for the £6,400): "Would you like to dive straight into the questions, or would you like some thinking-time?" (This was usually followed by, "Your ten seconds' thinking time starts...now!" since most contestants wisely opted for the thinking-time). "You've just won £6,400!" "Oh, I'm so sorry - that's incorrect!" Inventor The original TV format was based on a radio show called Take It or Leave It, which had a top prize of $64. The phrase "sixty-four dollar question" was commonly used in the US during the 1940s to signify a particularly difficult or crucial question; it became the "sixty-four thousand dollar question" shortly after the US television series began in 1955. Theme music By Jerry Allen and his TV Trio, who were ATV's house band and also provided the music for Dotto , among other shows. Ed Welch (1990-3) Two board games were released - one for the adults and one for the kids. Trivia On the original US version, the first person to win the grand prize on TV was Richard McCutchen on the subject of cooking. He had to answer the question "Name and describe five dishes and two wines from the menu of a royal banquet given in 1939 by King George VI of England for French President Albert Lebrun." The prize for the ATV era was 64,000 sixpences (£1,600), doubling late in 1956 to 64,000 shillings (£3,200). Actor Bruce Seton, who played the title role of the 1955 ITV drama Fabian of Scotland Yard, was the "Guardian of the Questions" for the ATV era. Moira Lamb writes: My husband, BJK Lamb, was the youngest competitor on the show. He appeared in April 1957 answering questions on Astronomy and was 13 at the time. During the first Monkhouse series, when winning the £6,400 top prize, a specialised printer was used to print out a personalised cheque which were signed by Bob Monkhouse himself, many years before Chris Tarrant could be seen signing cheques ten times the amount on Who Wants to be a Millionaire? During the second series, this changed to a briefcase of money. The first two people to win the £6,400 prize were Brian Jones (on the operas of Gilbert and Sullivan) and Kate Vernon-Parry (the works of Beatrix Potter), the first two contestants on the programme. Ms Vernon-Parry had been a Mastermind finalist only a few years before. The last person to win the top amount on the British show was Anthony Holley answering questions on The Rolling Stones. Bob read the questions from a neat piece of clear glass, which refracted the questions shown from a computer screen in the floor. Excellent host though Bob undoubtedly was, his habit of both pointedly reminding the contestants how much money they were on the point of winning and keeping them on the hook after they had given their final answers could often prove highly irritating. It was therefore to the considerable credit of many of the contestants that they seemed able to stay cool as cucumbers, even when inside the Isolator - indeed, their friends and relatives in the audience usually looked far more tense! The Central series is the only version to have all of its episodes survive from the archives because the ATV series was broadcast live and it would've been very difficult to have the show pre-recorded as it was quite pricey to do it. Web links	i don't know
In the novel ‘The Lord of the Rings’, who is the King of Rohan?	Rohan \| The One Wiki to Rule Them All \| Fandom powered by Wikia Lifespan TA 2510 - Rohan was a great kingdom of Men , located in the land once known as Calenardhon , situated in the great vale between the Misty Mountains to the north and the White Mountains to the south. The land of Rohan extended from the fords of the river Isen in the west, up to the shores of the river Anduin in the east. The forest of Fangorn lay within the borders of Rohan, and the Elven city of Lorien lay to the north of the river Limlight . The land of Rohan was orginally part of Gondor but it gained independence from Gondor . The land was first known as "Rohan" to the Men of Gondor , and its people the Rohirrim , meaning 'the Horse-lords', but the people of Rohan called themselves the Eorlingas, sons of Eorl the Young, first King of Rohan , as the land of Calenardhon was given in gift to Eorl and his people by Cirion , Steward of Gondor , in thanks for their service to Gondor in battle against the Balchoth . Eorl, the first king, swore an oath of friendship, at need or at call, to the Lords of Gondor , and thus the Rohirrim became the greatest allies of the Men of Gondor throughout the Third Age and beyond. They were known for their cavalry and horse training, which came into use countless times in battles such as the Battle of the Hornburg and on the Pelennor Fields . Contents Edit In the 1200s of the Third Age , the Kings of Gondor made alliances with the Northmen of Rhovanion , a people thought to be distantly descended from the Edain , those peoples of Men who crossed into Beleriand in the First Age and later settled in Númenor . The men who would become the Rohirrim were in fact more closely akin to the Beornings and the Men of Dale , and are accounted as Middle Men , who, while not directly descended from the Men of Númenor, never served the will of Sauron . In "The Two Towers", Aragorn describes the Rohirrim thusly: "Their kinship is rather with the Beornings of the Wood, or the Bardings of Dale, among whom may still be seen many Men tall and far, as are the Rohirrim...They are proud and willful, but they are true-hearted, generous in thought and deed; bold but not cruel; wise but unlearned, writing no books but singing many songs, after the manner of the children of Men before the Dark Years " — pg. 41, The Two Towers In the early part of the Third Age, such men occupied a territory known as Rhovanion, the lands east of Mirkwood , Greenwood the Great, west of the inland Sea of Rhûn , and south of the Celduin (the River Running). While never united under one singular king, the Men of Rhovanion nonetheless were allies of Gondor, and many of the great Princes of Rhovanion and their kin served in the armies of Gondor. In this way was the ruling House of Gondor mingled with the Northmen during the reign of King Eldacar , and the Northmen intermarried with the Dúnedain of the South and were eventually reckoned Men of Gondor. Through nearly constant conflict with the Men of Rhûn (Balchoth, Wainriders, and the like), the population of Rhovanion dwindled. In the late 1000s of the Third Age, one such population of Northmen, dwelling in the eaves of Mirkwood, became a separate people under the lordship of Marhari , a descendant of Vidugavia , one of the most powerful princes of Rhovanion. Fighting alongside King Narmacil II of Gondor, his people were defeated by the Wainriders , invaders from the east, and the last remnants of the Northmen were scattered. Marhwini , son of Marhari, took up the lordship of his father and, retreating north with a remnant of his people, became the first chieftain of the people who would become the Rohirrim. Settling first in the vales of Anduin between the Carrock and Gladden Fields , his people began to slowly recover their strength, and became known as the Éothéod , the horse peoples. Marhwini, and later his son Forthwini , continued their alliance with Gondor, fighting the Wainriders and other eastern invaders alongside Kings Calimehtar and Ondoher. Although the Eotheod won pyrrhic victories over their foes while allied to Gondor, and reconquered the lands once held by Lords of Rhovanion, their settlements remained near the Anduin. The Éothéod Edit In the 1970s of the Third Age, after the downfall of the Witch-king and his Kingdom of Angmar , their need for larger lands and the growing menace of Dol Guldur , forced Frumagar (called Frungor in some texts), chieftain of the Éothéod, to lead his people north along the eastern banks of Anduin. They settled near the sources of Anduin, south of the Grey Mountains. Their chief city became Framsburg , which lay in a vale between the rivers Limlight and Greylin . During their time in the far north, the Éothéod and their horses multiplied, and they drove the last remnants of the Hillmen of Angmar out of their lands. Fram , son of Frumagar, slew the dragon Scatha , last of the Great Worms of the Grey Mountains, save Smaug of the Lonely Mountain ; thus he won great wealth from the horde of Scatha, as well as renown for the deed. He also earned the hatred of the Dwarves of that region, for they claimed the treasure of Scatha. Fram infuriated the Dwarves by sending them the teeth of Scatha, strung as a necklace, and denying them the rest of the horde. Some say that for this reason the Dwarves slew Fram, for whom the city of Framsburg was named; for that reason there was no great love between the Rohirrim and Dwarves. Five hundred years of relative prosperity followed for the Éothéod in the north, and they multiplied into a numerous people, with many farms and horses. In 2501 , Léod , chieftain of the Éothéod, captured a white foal in the wilds; this foal would grow to great stature, but remain wild and was not tamed by any man. When Léod decided to mount the horse, it bore him away from his stables and eventually threw him, whereupon Leod's head struck a rock, killing him. Eorl , son of Léod, despite being just 16 years of age, took up the lordship of the Éothéod, and made it a mission to find the horse that had killed his father. Finally, he tracked down and confronted the stallion, but rather than slay him, Eorl commanded that the horse give up his freedom as a weregild for the killing of Léod. This horse understood the speech of men, and submitted to Eorl, and was named anew Felarof. The Gift of Calenardhon and the Oath of Eorl Edit In the year TA 2509 , Eorl received summons from Cirion , Steward of Gondor. The Steward pleaded for help from Gondor's old allies; as a combined force of Easterlings had invaded the province of Calenardhon and was nigh upon invading the rest of the South Kingdom. Therefore, Eorl surprised even the errand-rider of Gondor by agreeing to come to the aid of Cirion. Though young, Eorl wisely perceived that if Gondor should fall, all the lesser realms of men west of Anduin would eventually fall under the dominion of Sauron. He gathered all men of the Éothéod that could possibly be spared, and, leaving his land at risk of invasion itself, rode south to the aid of Gondor. Despite a prejudice against the Elves that would carry up until the time of the War of the Ring , a protective mist seemed to come out of Lothlórien as the Éothéod journeyed south, rejuvenating horse and rider and shielding their approach from their enemies. Believing that there would be no time for the Éothéod to help his armies, Cirion nonetheless met them in battle on the field of Celebrant , though Gondor's legions were worsted. All hope seemed lost when an army of Orcs came upon the flank of the army of Gondor, but at that moment Eorl and his cavalry thundered out of the north unlooked for and, smashing the rear of the orc battalions, completely reversed the fortunes of battle. Gondor's army was saved from destruction, and the riders of the Éothéod continued to pursue their enemies in a great rout across the eastern plains. Cirion committed the guardianship of Calenardhon to Eorl and his men for three months, during which time the Steward took council to determine what reward he could present to the Éothéod for their heroic arrival on the Field of Celebrant. At the end of the three months, he rode north to Calenardhon with his son Hallas and his counsellors, and led Eorl and some of his guard to the hidden tomb of Elendil upon Amon Anwar (Hill of Awe), which was later renamed Halifirien (the Holy Mountain) in Rohirric . Cirion realised that the Éothéod as a people needed more room to flourish, and that they would make for a strong ally to Gondor against the growing threat of Sauron and the continued harassment of the Easterlings. Therefore, upon Amon Anwar he told Eorl that in reward for their aid in battle, he would grant the land of Calenardhon to the Éothéod to dwell in. Eorl was so impressed and grateful for Cirion's gift that he swore to the Steward the 'Oath of Eorl', of everlasting friendship to Gondor, and aid to the South Kingdom in war against the East . Eorl thus became the first King of Rohan, and his army sent north for their wives and kin. Coming into the land of Calenardhon the Éothéod were named anew the Rohirrim in Gondor, and named their new realm the Mark of the Riders, and themselves the Eorlingas. Théoden, the King of Rohan during The Lord of the Rings The Kingdom of Rohan Edit Golden hall of Meduseld Eorl was succeeded upon his death in battle by his son Brego . It was Brego who completed the great hall of Meduseld , which became the home of the Kings of Rohan thereafter. Brego's first son Baldor made a vow to tread the Paths of the Dead at the celebration to commemorate the completion of Meduseld, but was lost in the caverns beneath Dwimorberg . Brego was grieved at the loss of his son and died soon after, leaving rule of Rohan to his younger son Aldor . Aldor was called 'the Old', for, coming young to the throne, he ruled the Mark for 75 years. Of the Kings between Aldor and the 7th king Déor , little is said, but during the time of Déor, the Dunlendings , lesser Men who once dwelt in the mountains and vales but whom the Rohirrim drove west over Isen upon entering Calenardhon, began again to raid the western borders of the Mark. In 2710, the Dunlendings captured the mostly-deserted fortress of Isengard , and held it in defiance of the Rohirrim. The Dunlendings continued their harassment of Rohan through the time of Helm Hammerhand , 9th king of Rohan. Helm was a man of great stature and strength, and a strong king who wished to again subdue the Dunlendings. One particularly troublesome Dunlending was named Freca ; though he claimed descent from the fifth king Fréawine , Freca was mostly of Dunlendish blood. Nonetheless, he held a good amount of land on the Adorn river, and had there made himself a stronghold where he largely ignored the rule of Helm. On a time, Freca came to Helm's counsel at Edoras , and there suggested that the King allow his daughter to wed with Wulf , son of Freca. Helm, seeing this as nothing but a ploy to bring Freca's heir close to the kingly House and thus increase the potential for Rohan to fall into Dunlending hands, mocked Freca. Freca then insulted the king, and eventually Helm smote him a blow with his fist, killing him. Then Helm sent his men west to drive away Wulf and his followers, declaring them enemies of Rohan. The fortress of Helm's Deep By ill chance, these events were followed by an attack upon Gondor by the Corsairs . Seeing the opportunity to attack Rohan while its allies were beset by other foes, Wulf led a strong force of the Dunlendings out of Isengard and defeated Helm's army, driving the king and many of his people to the fortress of the Hornburg , which was later known as Helm's Deep. Wulf captured Meduseld, and Helm's son Haleth was slain in its defense. Wulf sat upon the throne and called himself king and the Long Winter began, during which many of the people of Rohan perished from sickness and hunger and battle with the Dunlendings. Helm, besieged inside the Hornburg, became gaunt and grim, and eventually began to venture from the fort at night, stalking the camps of the Dunlendings and killing men with his bare hands. Before he would come forth in the dark, Helm would blow a blast upon his great horn, which struck fear into his enemies, and they fled upon hearing it (this was the Horn of Helm's Deep in the Lord of the Rings). In this way, Helm won renown, and was much feared for many generations after by the Dunlendings, but one night he froze to death outside the walls of the Hornburg, and the royal house fell into shambles. Terrain of Rohan With the onset of spring, Helm's nephew Fréaláf Hildeson led a small army down from Dunharrow , where another remnant of the Rohirrim had lasted out the winter. Coming upon Edoras unawares, they slew Wulf and reclaimed Meduseld. Helm's body was brought back from the Hornburg and buried in the last mound of the first line of the Kings of Rohan, and the white Simbelmyne grew so thick upon his mound that it appeared snow-capped. Fréaláf successfully drove out the remaining Dunlendings before the year was ended, finally receiving aid from Gondor, which had defeated the Corsairs, and Fréaláf became King. To his crowning came Saruman the White, bearing gifts and praising the Rohirrim for their courage. He took up his abode at Isengard in 2759, a gift from Beren , Steward of Gondor. Fréaláf was content to have such a strong ally in the west against the Dunlendings as Saruman, as the Rohirrim had suffered great loss of men and horses during the hard winter. Eventually, though, as is explained elsewhere, Saruman became an enemy of Rohan and deigned to rule from Isengard as a lord of Men. Fréaláf's son was Brýtta Léofa, a beloved king who stabilized Rohan once again, and the people began to prosper. In his time, however, orcs fleeing the Misty Mountains after the Battle of Azanulbizar in TA 2799 began to take refuge in the foothills of the White Mountains. Brytta's son Walda reigned for just nine years before he was killed by a group of Orcs. Folca , son of Walda, was a great hunter, and took a vow upon becoming king that he would not hunt beasts again until every orc had been driven out of Rohan. After destroying what was held to be the last orc-hold in Rohan, he journeyed to the Firien wood , to kill the Great Boar that lived there. He slew the boar, but died of the wounds he received in the act of killing it. The reign of Folcwine , son of Folca, saw a return to prosperity for Rohan, as he subdued the lands around the river Isen , and drove out the Dunlendings. In his reign, the Rohirrim recovered from their losses in the war against Wulf. He also came to the aid of Gondor when a great army of the Haradrim came up against the South Kingdom. Persuaded not to go to battle himself, Folcwine sent instead his twin sons, Folcred and Fastred . Although the combined armies of Rohan and Gondor won a great victory at the Battle of the Crossings of Poros on the banks of the River Poros in South Ithilien, the sons of King Folcwine fell side by side in battle. Steward Túrin II of Gondor therefore paid a rich weregild of gold to Folcwine for his sacrifice. Folcwine's third son, Fengel, is not remembered with honor. He did little to further strengthen Rohan, and was at odds with both his Marshalls and his kin. His only son, Thengel , therefore spent much time in Gondor, and won praise through his service to Steward Turgon . He married Morwen of Lossarnach, and began to raise a family in Gondor. Eventually, when Fengel died, Thengel returned to Rohan to take up the kingship. While Thengel was wise and restored dignity to the House of Eorl, he did create some discord by encouraging the use of the language of Gondor in Edoras. At the time of Thengel's return to Rohan, Saruman first began to openly trouble the Rohirrim, and he declared himself Lord of Isengard. Also during Thengel's reign, the captain Thorongil (later revealed to be Aragorn II Elessar) first appeared in Rohan, and entered the service of the king, and was renowned. Thengel's son was Théoden the Renowned. The War of the Ring The rohirrims preparing to charge towards the Orcs of Mordor and the armies of Minas Morgul during the Battle of the Pelennor Fields . On the road to Minas Tirith, Théoden's army received help from Ghân-buri-Ghân , chieftain of the Drúedain , and came to Rammas Echor at dawn of March 15 of the year 3019. That day he led the Rohirrim onto the Pelennor Fields , and the host of Rohan at first overwhelmed the orc-legions of Sauron. Théoden then led his knights against the cavalry of the Haradrim as well, personally slaying their chieftain, and hewing his banner. Yet in that moment of great victory for the king, the Lord of the Nazgul descended upon Théoden and mortally wounded him. Éowyn , sister of Éomer, had ridden to war with the Rohirrim, unknown to any of the men of the Mark, and revealed herself in single combat with the Witch-king. With the aid of Merry, Éowyn slew the Witch-king, and thus won great renown among all the peoples of the west for her bravery. Théoden, as he lay dying, called Éomer, now his heir, King of the Mark, and bade him tell Éowyn farewell, not knowing that his niece had defended him from the Witch-king. His knights bore Théoden's body out of the battle, while Éomer led the Rohirrim in their continued assault upon the Haradrim. The forces of Mordor greatly outnumbered the armies of Gondor and Rohan, however, and defeat appeared nigh, when Aragorn, returning from the Paths of the Dead, came up from the coast in the captured ships of the Corsairs, and, leading a great many warriors gathered from the southern fiefs of Gondor, helped to turn the tide of battle. After the victory on the field of Pelennor, Éomer took counsel with the Captains of the Host of the West, and it was decided that an attempt must be made to draw Sauron's eye away from his own lands, and to allow the Ringbearer time to complete his mission. Éomer led nearly three thousand of the Rohirrim to battle, leaving Elfhelm another three thousand to help defend Minas Tirith, as well as an eored that returned to Rohan's eastern borders to guard against a possible assault from the north. Upon reaching the land of Mordor, Éomer and his men helped to win Frodo time, and the Black Gates were thrown down, yet much more of that day is told elsewhere. The victorious army of the West returned to Minas Tirith for the crowning of Aragorn as King Elessar Telcontar; Éowyn agreed to marry Faramir , son of Denethor, and later Aragorn renewed the Gift of Cirion, and Éomer took again the Oath of Eorl. Weeks later, Éomer returned to Gondor with many of the Rohirrim, and they, along with Aragorn and many fair folk, rode to Meduseld, where they laid Théoden to rest in a great mound outside Edoras. In the years that followed the War of the Ring, Éomer Éadig ruled the Rohirrim with dignity, and the kingdom prospered once again. In the coming years, whenever King Elessar went with war to subdue the last remnants of his enemies, so too went his friend King Éomer; "And beyond the Sea of Rhûn and on the far fields of the South, the thunder of the cavalry of the Mark was heard, and the White Horse upon Green floated in many winds until Éomer grew old" — pg. 438, the Appendicies of The Return of the King Description Edit The capital of Rohan is the hill fort of Edoras which lies on the slopes of the White Mountains . Another large city is Aldburg , capital city of the Eastfold and original city of Eorl the Young . Other cities may have existed but are not named. A known camp is Dunharrow , even deeper in the White Mountains. One of the most impressive places in Rohan is the Hornburg , a great fortress which is part of a chain of fortifications at Helm's Deep . The borders of Rohan are: the river Isen (in the west , bordering Saruman ’s Isengard ); the river Adorn (a tributary of Isen , also in the west, forming the border with the unfriendly Dunlendings ); the White Mountains (in the south ); the Mering Stream (in the southeast , the border between Rohan and Gondor ); the Mouths of Entwash (in the east ); and the Limlight (a tributary of the Anduin , the northern border). At the time of the War of the Ring , Rohan was roughly a third the size of Gondor , whose borders had slowly been shrinking for decades. Climate and countryside Edit The countryside of Rohan is described as a land of pastures and lush tall grassland. It looks a lot like the Central Asian steppe or North American Great Plains, as does its climate. The lands of Rohan are frequently described as appearing like "seas of grass". Rohirric Edit Rohirric is, like the languages of all Men , akin to Adûnaic , the language of the Edain . The Rohirrim call their homeland the Ridenna-mearc, the Riddermark or Éo-marc, the Horse -mark, also simply the Mark and call themselves the Eorlingas, the Sons of Eorl . In the original Rohirric the name for their land is Lôgrad, with the element "lô-"/"loh-" corresponding to Anglo-Saxon "éo", horse. Rohirric bears a similar relationship to the Common Speech of Middle-earth as that of Old English to modern English, and so Tolkien renders Rohirric names and phrases into Old English (Anglo-Saxon), just as the Common Speech is translated into English. Examples include words such as Mearas (Old English for horses ) and éored. Tolkien was a philologist, with a special interest in Germanic languages. See separate article " Rohirric ". Many archaic Hobbit names bear similarities to Rohirric , since the ancestors of the Shire hobbits lived on the upper reaches of the Anduin , close to the ancestors of the Rohirrim , and there was apparently a good deal of linguistic cross-fertilisation. The name Hobbit itself is believed to be derived from the Rohirric Holbytlan(hole builders). These names are also translations of the original Westron Kuduk (Hobbit) and Rohirric kûd-dûkan (hole dweller), of course. Politics Edit The alliance between Rohan and Gondor came into existence in TA 2510 . In that year the Easterlings launched a massive invasion of Gondor. The army of Gondor was defeated and trapped between the Limlight and the Celebrant . Gondor, which had always been on friendly terms with the different tribes of the Northmen , sent messengers to the closest tribe, the Éothéod . Although it was unlikely that the message calling for aid would come through, it did. Then Eorl the Young and his fierce Éothéod Riders unexpectedly took the field during the Battle of Celebrant and turned the tide in the favour of Gondor. As a reward Cirion , the Steward of Gondor , gave Eorl the depopulated province of Calenardhon for his people to settle, while fulfilling Gondor's need for a strong ally. The Oath of Eorl was sworn by both Cirion and Eorl . Neither nation has broken the alliance ever since. Rohan has gone through great lengths to fulfill its part of the treaty including sacrificing two of its heirs when Gondor was under threat from the Haradrim in TA 2885 , when Fastred and Folcred , the twin sons of King Folcwine , were killed during the Battle of Crossings of Poros . King Théoden once again honoured the alliance in the Battle of the Pelennor Fields . War with the Dunlendings To the west of Rohan lived the Dunlendings , a native people who had been hostile to the Free Peoples for a long time. The Dunlending Wulf briefly was a usurper of the throne of Rohan during the long winter. Rumours of tributes paid to Sauron Edit During the early days of the War of the Ring , rumours were spread that the Rohirrim supplied Sauron 's armies with horses . These rumours were obviously false: the Rohirrim valued their horses more than anything, and would never send them away, even as tribute. Still, these rumours had some effect, in that they obscured the fact it was Saruman who had fallen, rather than Rohan. The basis of the rumour was that Sauron 's orcs on raids into Rohan stole their horses for use in Mordor 's army, but this was outright theft that angered the Rohirrim against Sauron. Wormtongue's influence Edit When King Théoden began to grow old, he took as an adviser Gríma , later called Wormtongue. Gríma quickly became Théoden ’s chief adviser, but unknown to all he was secretly working for Saruman . Gríma played on Théoden fears to further weaken the strength of the king and all of Rohan, always advising retreat where an attack was needed. He may have also begun poisoning the king at this time. This nearly proved disastrous for Rohan, and also for Gondor , by robbing them of their strongest ally in the north . Gríma Wormtongue’s plans were not revealed until Gandalf arrived at Edoras during the War of the Ring . Rohan's Military Edit The Rohirrims The Rohirrim are descendants of the Edain of the First Age . They didn't go to Beleriand like the Edain who were later rewarded with the island of Númenor by the Valar . The ancestors of the Rohirrim were known as the Éothéod and were given the province of Calenardhon by Gondor after the aforementioned Battle of the Field of Celebrant . The Rohirrim are famous as skilled horsemen, masters, and Horse breeding among the horses of the Rohirrim are the famed Mearas , the noblest and fastest horses who have ever roamed Arda ; Shadowfax was the greatest of all Mearas . There were very few Mearas left in Middle-earth at this point, but there were enough that a breeding population was present. The armies of Rohan are almost exclusively cavalry, divided into irregular units termed éoreds . Rohan's foot-men armies were more of a very well trained militia called upon in times of war, the militia of Rohan wielded wooden shields of all sizes and used four weapons: longswords, short bows, axes, and longspears. The actual standing infantry army was relatively small with the professional career limited to the royal bodyguard of Edoras . Royal Guard of Rohan of Edoras were the elite soldiers of Rohan and fought on foot as well as on their horses, they have heavy plate-armour and wield large round wooden shields, their weapons were mostly the longspears which were used for thrusting or throwing at their enemies, they also carried longswords for close combat in the event that they lost their spear. Their powerful cavalry (the Rohirrim) could cut through almost any infantry lines and cavalry units and turn the tide of battle. The warriors of Rohan used the same weapons as their footmen counterparts when on horseback. It was because of this close affiliation with horses, both in war and in peace, that they received their now famous name. Rohirrim (or more properly Rochirrim) is Sindarin for " Horse -lords," and Rohan (or Rochand) meant "Land of the Horse -lords." Translations around the World Edit Language See main article " Rohirric ". Tolkien rendered Rohirric as Old English, but also included Scandinavian names, such as Westfold . Even words and phrases that were printed in Modern English showed a strong Anglo-Saxon influence. Rohirric nouns were pluralized with the suffix "-as", as were Old English nouns of the strong-masculine declension. The Rohirrim used the Old English patronymic "-ing". They called themselves the Eorlingas, and Beorn ’s people were the Beorningas; Scyld's people were the Scyldingas in Norse and Anglo-Saxon mythology. Théoden was referred to as " Théoden King ", rather than " King Théoden ", just as Anglo-Saxon kings had the word "cyning" ("king") added after their names, rather than before. Many Rohirric names appear to be derived from Old English words. These include: Éothéod: from "eoh" ("war- horse ") and "þeod" ("folk", "people", "nation") Gríma: possibly from "grima" ("mask", "helmet", "ghost")or from gríma, the icelandic word for mask. Eorl: from "eorl" ("nobleman") Théodred: from "þeod" ("folk", "people", "nation") and "ræd" ("counsel") The antipathy between the Rohirrim and the Dunlendings resembles the historical tension between the Anglo-Saxon settlers of Britain and the native Celts . Names Rochann The name comes from the elvish tranlsation of horse-land into Rochand, the word later developed into Rochann. Important Rohan Men and Women	Théoden
Rodney Pattison won Olympic gold medals for Britain in 1968 and 1972 in which sport?	The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King Characters \| GradeSaver Buy Study Guide Aragorn (Strider, Elendil, Elessar) Aragorn is one of the original members of the Fellowship of the Ring, but he is also the Heir of Isildur. In The Return of the King, Aragorn successfully battles against Sauron's forces and he claims his throne, with Arwen Evenstar as his queen. There are numerous prophesies and songs that concern Aragornranging from his trek along the formidable "Paths of the Dead," to his role as Elessar, a healer-king. Eowyn Eowyn is the daughter of Eomund and Theodwyn. She appears in the story as Aragorn is preparing to ride towards the Paths of the Dead. As Eowyn has fallen in love with Aragorn, she is heartbroken, fearing his death. Though she is forbidden to join in the battle, she disguises herself as a ma and takes the name "Dernhelm," leaving Rohan and heading for the battle at Gondor. As "Dernhelm," she rides with Merry and both are wounded in valiant battle. Eowyn's disguise is uncovered and she is sent to the Houses of Healing, for her wound is serious. At the Houses of Healing, Eowyn becomes acquainted with Faramir, who is also injured. They are ultimately married. Frodo Baggins In The Return of the King, Frodo continues to carry the burdensome Ring. He is rescued from the orcs (by Sam) and with Sam, he continues to the Cracks of Doom. Frodo's will power wanes at the crucial moment but Gollum destroys the ring inadvertently. After the battles against Sauron, Frodo returns to the Shire where he serves as mayor for a time, before sailing away for the Grey Havens. Gandalf the White (Mithrandir) Gandalf is the wizard who assists the forces of Good throughout the trilogy. Gandalf also goes by the name Mithrandir and in the second part of the trilogy, he relinquishing the name Gandalf the Grey for a name more emblematic of his power: Gandalf the White. He is the one who supports Aragorn in battle, guides the debate of the captains, and crowns Aragorn as King once peace has been established. At the end of the novel, Gandalf sails with the large company that is headed for the Grey Havens. Gollum Gollum is a despicable, yet pitiable, creature who has occasional moments of genuine repentance which are dominated by hatred, fear, jealousy and greed. Gollum fulfills Gandalf's prophecy by making himself useful inadvertently: at the very end of the novel, just when Frodo's will power slackens, Gollum wrests the Ring away from Frodo (ripping his finger off in the process)but Gollum falls into the Cracks of Doom, destroying himself and also the Ring. Samwise "Sam" Gamgee Sam Gamgee is Frodo's fellow hobbit and servant. When Frodo tries to continue alone at the end of Book Two, Sam remains with him. In The Two Towers, Sam is faithful and Book 5 of The Return of the King opens with Sam's rescue of Frodo. Sam wisely takes the Ring from Frodo when he thinks Frodo is dead (though he gives the Ring back later). When Frodo's physical and/or emotional strength ebbs, Sam has the supplement. After battle, Sam's gifts and resourcefulness remain useful: he uses Galadriel's dust to reforest the Shire, he serves as mayor after Frodo and becomes the custodian of Frodo and Bilbo's literary works. He marries Rose Cotton (Farmer Tom's daughter) and has a young daughter Elanor. Saruman (Sharkey) Saruman is, in essence, a defrocked wizard. Gandalf demotes him in The Two Towers and he is sealed in a tower. In The Return of the King, we find that Saruman is continually ungrateful for the mercy and forgiveness that are repeatedly extended to him. He is joined by Grima (Wormtongue) and he is killed by this servant towards the end of his stint in the Shire. Sharkey is the alias that Saruman takes when he destroys the Shiremaking good on his threat to the hobbits. Since his home had been destroyed and his power had been lost, Saruman had little to lose. Grima kills "Sharkey" by slitting his throat. Sauron Sauron is the Evil One, and he remains "offstage" for the entire trilogy. He is never described physically, though he is sometimes engaged in long-distance communication (through the palantir). Sauron is really more of a force than a character, metonymically represented by the symbolic Evil Eye. The Eye of Sauron, the Ring of Sauron and the hosts of Mordor (the geographical location that functions as the seat of Sauron's power) are amply depicted but Sauron remains behind these many screens. We do know that his evil works precede the action of Book One of the Trilogy. The destruction of the Ring, however, destroys both Sauron and his power. Lady Arwen (Evenstar) the daughter of Elrond, she marries Aragorn and becomes Queen. She offers a gift to Frodo: a white gemstone that will help to relieve him of his pains and memories when they become intense. Beregond the son of Baranor, he is one of the soldiers of Minas Tirith and he befriends Pippin. Bergil a young boy who is the son of Beregond, he gives Pippin a tour of Minas Tirith. Bilbo Baggins the (hobbit) hero of The Hobbit, Bilbo originally steals the Ring from Gollum. He reappears in The Return of the King, as a very old and sleepy hobbit. He has begun the long process of writing the stories of the hobbits' heroic adventures and after passing this project to Frodo, who later passes the project to Sam. At the end of The Return of the King, Bilbo sails to the Grey Havens. Denethor the lord of the city (Minas Tirith) and the father of Boromir and Faramir. When he fears that his lineage is coming to an end and that defeat is inevitable he burns himself on a funeral pyre. He is unsuccessful in killing his wounded son, Faramir, in a similar manner. Elrond one of the older figures, he first appears in The Houses of Healing in The Fellowship of the Ring. He is the father of Lady Arwen and he sails along with Gandalf, Galadriel and the others who are destined for the Grey Havens. Eomer the brother of Eowyn, he is a Marshal of the Mark and the adopted son of Theoden. When Theoden dies at Pelennor, he names Eomer as his heir. Faramir the noble son of Denethor, Faramir is distinguished from his brother Boromir, who tried to steal the Ring and was killed earlier in the Trilogy. Faramir is wounded and he is almost burned on the funeral pyre by his suicidal father, Denethor. Faramir recovers from his battle injuries and marries Eowyn. Fredegar "Fatty" Bolger a Hobbit who first appeared in Book One, Fatty is imprisoned when the Shire is tyrannized by Sharkey. He loses weight in prison. Galadriel a Queen of the Elves, Galadriel is one of the Ring-bearers who must depart for the Grey Havens at the end of the trilogy. Though Galadriel is not as active in The Return of the King as she is in The Fellowship of the Ring, Galadriel's gifts to the hobbits prove very necessary in the battle and in the restoration that follows. Grima (Wormtongue) once an advisor to Theoden, Grima was is a spy for Saruman. He is imprisoned and released with Saruman and has little choice but to follow him to the Shire and do his bidding. In a fit of rage, Grima slits his master's throat, only to be shot dead with arrows a few moments later. Meriadoc "Merry" Brandybuck a hobbit who is part of the Fellowship of the Ring, though he is separated from Frodo, Sam and the Ring early on. Peregrin "Pippin" Took a less mature hobbit who is part of the Fellowship of the Ring. He makes the error of looking into the palantir at the end of the The Two Towers, though Gandalf forgives him. The Return of the King begins with Pippin and Gandalf's flight towards Minas Tirith. Perhaps it is Pippin's time with the Ents and his drink of their draughts that accounts for his growth in stature (tall by hobbit standards). Rose Cotton (Rosie)	i don't know
Which historic figure was reputed to have said ‘The die is cast’ as they stood at the edge of the Rubicon River?	3,000 B.C. - 1 A.D. Color Code Index Interlude: "Did orthodox church dogma suggest Earth was created about 4,000 B.C.? Apparently, it did . Unfortunately, this long-held popular paradigm has seriously warped a modern view of the ancient world by attributing post-4,000 B.C. dates to the oldest civilizations and world cultures on the planet. Not only the first people, the first civilizations, the first languages, the first calendars, the first monuments, the first governments and religions, but after about 4,000 B.C. one can find nearly every Biblical event [thus all of Earth's history]. One can find things this way because, what some people once believed (apparently) some people still do! [ ]" [- E.M.] 3,000 B.C. 3,000 B.C. - Wiki Trivia - "The 3rd millennium BC spans the Early to Middle Bronze Age. [NP] It represents a period of time in which imperialism, or the desire to conquer, grew to prominence, in the city states of the Middle East, but also throughout Eurasia, with Indo-European expansion to Anatolia, Europe and Central Asia. The civilization of Ancient Egypt rose to a peak with the Old Kingdom. World population is estimated to have doubled in the course of the millennium, to some 30 million people. [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3th_millennium_BCE] 3,000 B.C. - Altithermal - "It is suspected by Earth scientists that the sun shone particularly brightly about this time. This episode is called the Altithermal, and may have contributed to the rise of the early civilizations. Another similar high heat episode occurs around 1,000 A.D." 3,000 B.C. - Jiroft Culture - "A "Jiroft culture"[1] has been postulated as an early Bronze Age (late 3rd millennium BC) archaeological culture, located in what is now Iran's Sistan and Kerma-n Provinces. [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiroft_culture] 3,000 B.C. - Gilgamesh Epic - "The interesting fact for Sumer is that pictorial representations of the Mesopotamian classics appear many centuries before our earliest texts thereof. For example, the greatest Mesopotamian classic is the Gilgamesh Epic. Seals depicting scenes from the Gilgamesh Epic are exceedingly common, and begin about 1,000 years before the earliest cuneiform tablets dealing with those scenes. Accordingly, the materials out of which the Gilgamesh Epic was fashioned by the second millennium B.C. were circulating orally, and pictorally, around 3,000 B.C." [Link: 1 ] 3,000 B.C. - Astrology / China - "[....] Astrology is believed to have originated in China about the 3rd millennium BC. Astrology was always traditionally regarded very highly in China, and indeed Confucius is said to have treated astrology with respect saying: 'Heaven sends down its good or evil symbols and wise men act accordingly'. [12] The 60 year cycle combining the five elements with the twelve animal signs of the zodiac has been documented in China since at least the time of the Shang (Shing or Yin) dynasty (ca 1766BC - CA 1050BC). Oracles bones have been found dating from that period with the date according to the 60 year cycle inscribed on them, along with the name of the diviner and the topic being divined about. One of the most famous astrologers in China was Tsou Yen who lived in around 300 BC, and who wrote: 'When some new dynasty is going to arise, heaven exhibits auspicious signs for the people'. Astrology in China also became combined with the Chinese form of geomancy known as Feng shui. [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_astrology] - [T.D. - 08/02/08] 3,000 B.C. - Longshan culture - "The Longshan (or Lung-shan) culture [龙山文化 L�ngshān w�nhu�], also sometimes referred to as the Black Pottery Culture, was a late Neolithic culture in the middle and lower Yellow River valley areas of northern China, dated from about 3000 to 2000 BC. The culture is named after the modern town of Longshan (lit. 'Dragon Mountain') in the east of the area under the administration of Jinan, Shandong Province, where the first archaeological find (in 1928) and excavation (in 1930 and 1931) of this culture took place at the Chengziya Archaeological Site. [...] Evidence of human sacrifice becomes more common in Shaanxi and the Central Plain in the late Longshan period.[18][20] [... .]" [Based on: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longshan_culture] 3,000 B.C. - Trivia / Akkadians - "Beginning in 3,000 B.C. ... a group of people called Akkadians drifted into the Tigris-Euphrates valley along the northern fringes of Sumeria. They spoke a language entirely unrelated to Sumerian, one of a group we call 'Semitic' today, because the people who speak it are described, in the Bible, as having been descended from Shem, the oldest son of Noah." [Based on: Asimov's Chronology Of The World, Isaac Asimov, Copyright 1991, p. 33] Trivia: "[....] The spread of Akkadian as the language of administration throughout the Near East led to contacts with Indo-European languages and also facilitated the borrowing of hundreds of its lexical items by languages like Hebrew. [....]" [Based on: A History of the Hebrew Language, Angel Saenz-Badillos, 2000 edition, p. 13] Links: http://www.crystalinks.com/akkadia.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadian_Empire 3,000 B.C. - Trivia / Cuneiform - "It is estimated that 99 percent of the Babylonian tablets have yet to be dug. The oldest ones reportedly go back to 3,000 B.C. In tablets almost 5,000 years old, and others less than 3,000 years old - the 'Noah figure' of Utnapishtim is known variously as Zisudra, Xisuthros or Atrahasis." Link: http://www.crystalinks.com/cuneiformtablets.html 3,000 B.C. - Burial sites / Oman - " '[....] An area of 600sqkm has been covered and many new sites have been found that will shed light on Oman and its glorious past,' informs to Biubwa Ali Al Sabri, Director of Excavation and Archaeological Sites at the Ministry of Heritage and Culture. [N.P.] She added that many of the sites found in Sohar are burial sites belonging to the Wadi Souq period (1900- 1100 BC). 'Also older sites that are as old as 5000 years have been found and a distinctive pattern can be seen within the area that stretches from Liwa to Gyal as Shabol," pointed out the Omani archaeology expert. [...] She also pointed out that earlier excavations in Sohar had unearthed proofs of Oman's connections both with India, China and the city states of Mesopotamia. [NP] 'We also know through text from the old archives in Mesopotamia that Oman, or Magan as it was referred to in ancient times, played an important role as an exporter,' Al Sabri added. [....]" [Based on: gulfnews article (5,000-year-old burial sites discovered in Sohar / An area of 600sqkm has been covered and many new sites have been found, expert says) - Staff Report, Published: 15:47 December 11, 2011] Link: http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/oman/5-000-year-old-burial-sites-discovered-in-sohar-1.948807 3,000 B.C. - Astrology / Babylon - "The history of astrology can now be traced back to ancient Babylonia, and indeed to the earliest phases of Babylonian history, in the third millennium B.C. [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_astrology] - [T.D. - 08/02/08] 3,000 B.C. - Trivia / Old English - "Old English is spawned from a common Germanic language group in the Elbe river region." 3,000 B.C. - Valley of Lambayeque / Peru - "Two ancient temples thought to be about 3,000 years old, from the time when high civilisation established itself in northern Peru, have been uncovered in the archaeological complex of Collud-Zarp�n. [....] The two temples belong to the Cupisnique culture that developed in the region between 3000 and 2000BC. [....] The Collud and Zarp�n temples are from a time of consolidation of high civilisation in northern Peru, whereas the nearby temple of Ventarr�n, which last year it was discovered to be 4500 years old, is from a time when the first civilisations were only just beginning to form. [NP] The three archaeological complexes that cover an area of 40km2 en total, formed part of an ancient centre of civilisation in the valley of Lambayeque, 'that was one of the largest of the Peruvian coast, with the best water engineering and best soil quality', explains Ignacio." [Based on: Article (3000 year old temples discovered in Lambayeque), 10/22/08] Link: http://enperublog.com/2008/10/22/3000-year-old-temples-discovered-in-lambayeque/ Links: http://enperublog.com/2007/11/12/peru-unveils-4000-year-old-temple/ - [T.D. - 01/30/10] 3,000 B.C. - Canaanites Enter Canaan - "A traditional date when the Canaanites entered Canaan." [Link: 1 ] Trivia: "An alternate name for Canaan, especially for cities along the shore, was Phoenicia. This was used by the Greeks from their word for purple, because in later centuries a purple dye was manufactured there. The northern portion of Canaan came to be called Syria in later times; this again being a Greek name, taken from that of a tribe that lived in the region." [Based on: Isaac Asimov, Asimov's Chronology Of The World, Isaac Asimov, Copyright 1991, p. 34] Trivia: "The basic situation described in the Exodus saga - the phenomenon of immigrants coming down to Egypt from Canaan and settling in the eastern border regions of the delta - is abundantly verified in the archaeological finds and historical texts. From earliest recorded times throughout antiquity, Egypt beckoned as a place of shelter and security for the people of Canaan at times when drought, famine, or warfare made life unbearable or even difficult." [Based on: Israel Finkelstein, The Bible Unearthed, pp. 52-53.] 3,000 B.C - Neolithic Cathedral / Britain - "A team of archaeologists [2009] has unearthed a Neolithic cathedral a massive building of a kind never before seen in Britain, which go back nearly 5,000 years, easily predating the Egyptian pyramids. [NP] According to a report in The Press and Journal, the cathedral, at 82 ft long and 65 ft wide, is placed between two of Orkneys most famous Neolithic landmarks, the Ring of Brodgar and the Stones of Stenness. [....]" [Based on: Archaeology News article (Archaeologists unearth 5,000-year-old cathedral in Britian) Published on : Wednesday 26 Aug 2009 14:57 - by ANI] http://www.archaeologynews.org/story.asp?ID=487528&Title=Archaeologistsunearth5000-year-old cathedral in Britian Trivia: "A carving believed to be Scotland's earlist human face, dating back thousands of years, has been found on the Orkney island of Westray [Archaeologist Jakob Kainz made the discovery of the face]. [NP] The small Neolithic sandstone human figurine is believed to be up to 5,000 years old. [....]" [Based on: BBC News article (Scotland's 'earliest face' found) - Page last updated at 05:52 GMT, Friday, 21 August 2009 06:52 UK] Link: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/north_east/8212074.stm 3,000 B.C. - Trivia / Minoan Civilization - "Bronze Age civilization, centring on the island of Crete. It was named after the legendary king Minos. It is divided into three periods: the early Minoan period [c.3000-2200 B.C.], the Middle Minoan period [c.2200-1500 B.C.] and the Late Minoan period [c.1500-1000 B.C.]. According to Mythology, Crete was the place where Zeus grew up. He was especially worshipped on the island, and king Minos was considered his son. The island has many myths surrounding it: here, the Minotaur was defeated by Theseus, Daedalus and Icarus worked here. The first great civilization of Greece started on Crete. It is called the Minoan, after its most famous king, Minos. There is a theory that Minos actually was several kings. The Minoan period started sometime around the 3rd Millennium B.C. and ended in the 15th century, probably because of natural disasters like earthquakes. Reportedly, Minoan cities were unwalled." [Link: 1 ] 3,000 B.C. - Division / Semitic Language - "[....] A common view is that the first division within Semitic happened before 3000 BCE, separating Northeast Semitic (Akkadian) from the rest. It seems likely that before 2000 BCE West Semitic had already split into two branches, Northern and Southern. At the end of the second millennium the Canaanite and Aramaic groups emerged within Northwest Semitic. In the south, differences developed among the Arabic (North Arabian), South Arabian, and Ethiopic. Each one of these branches eventually evolved into the languages and dialects we know today. [....]" [Based on: Angel Saenz-Badillos, A History of the Hebrew Language, 2000 edition, p. 10] 3,000 B.C. - Archaic Indians / Newfoundland - "More than 5,000 years ago, this barren, sea-lashed coast [Labrador & Newfoundland] was home to the Maritime Archaic Indians [MAI], who hunted and fished the coasts of Labrador and Newfoundland for more than 2,000 years. The first evidence of the Maritime Archaic culture was discovered more than 30 years ago when James A. Tuck of Memorial University of Newfoundland excavated 56 elaborate burials exposed during housing construction on a small promontory at Port au Choix, on the Gulf of St. Lawrence just south of the Strait of Belle Isle. Buried between 4,400 and 3,300 B.P., the dead - along with offerings of tools, animal bones, carved animal effigies, and small, white quartz pebbles - were covered in red ochre, earning them the moniker the 'Red Paint People.' Tool kits contained woodworking implements for building dwellings and watercraft; finely wrought bone and ivory fishhooks, harpoons, and harpoon heads, bone foreshafts; and long, narrow ground slate lances for hunting whale and walrus; and fragments of fish spears, all of which pointed to a lifeway dependent on the deep sea." 3,000 B.C. - Maize Cultivation / Mesoamerica - "Evidence of maize cultivation in Mesoamerica." [Based on: Compact History Of The World, edited by Geoffrey Parker, copyright 2003, p. 16] - [First published by Times Books (as The Times Compact Atlas of World History) 1995 - updated and reprinted 2002] 3,000 B.C. - Commercial Capital / Elba, Syria - "Ebla, Syria, was a commercial capital of this era [3,000-2,000 B.C.]. In 1975 tens of thousands of cuneiform tablets were found that supported Ebla's role." Trivia: "[....] The archaeological mission working at the site of Tal Faras unearthed a number of buildings dating back to the 4th millennium BC, under which laid another building from the 5th millennium BC. The findings also included ovens to make pottery. [....]" [Based on: Global Arab Network article (French Archaeologists: Buildings Dating Back to 4th millennium BC Unearthed in Syria) By R. Raslan - Friday, 03 December 2010 17:20 ] http://www.archaeologynews.org/story.asp?ID=692744&Title=French%20Archaeologists:%20Buildings%20Dating%20Back%20to%204th%20millennium%20BC%20Unearthed 3,000 B. C. - Ship Transport / Byblos to Egypt - "Ships transported timber from Byblos to Egypt." Trivia: "A fleet of twelve 5,000 year old royal wooden ships were found buried under the sand at Abydos, approximately eight miles from the Nile river." Trivia: "At least two large high-prowed sea-going vessels were discovered buried [in pits] beside the Great Pyramid in Egypt. One of the pits, although still sealed, had been investigated with fiber-optic cameras and was found to contain a vessel more than 100 feet long. In the other pit was an even larger vessel, a full 141 feet in length. Made of cedarwood, the ship was still in perfect condition 4,500 years after it had been built. With a displacement of around 40 tons, it's design was particularly thought-provoking, with a prow and stern soaring higher than in a Viking ship." 3,000 B.C. 2,953 B.C. - Trivia / I Ching - "The I Ching, or Book of Changes, is the most widely read of the five Chinese Classics. The book was traditionally written by the legendary Chinese Emperor Fu Hsi [2,953-2,838 B.C.]. It is possible that the the I Ching originated from a prehistoric divination technique which dates back as far as 5,000 B.C. Futher commentaries were added by King Wen and the Duke of Chou in the eleventh century B.C." 2,900 B.C. - Trivia / Sumerian King Lists - "On Sumerian clay tablets dated around 2,900-2,800 B.C. found in Fara, Semitic [Akkadian] names are attested for the first time. It concerns the names of kings in the city of Kish. Kish is in the north of Babylonia where according to the Sumerian King Lists 'kingship descended again from heaven' after the great flood." [Link: 1 ] 2,890 B.C. - Trivia / Second Egyptian Dynasty - "A traditional date for the beginning of the Second Egyptian Dynasty [2,890 B.C.-2,650 B.C.]. The fifth king of the 2nd Dynasty, Khasekhemwy ['The Two Powerful Ones Appear'], was probably responsible for the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt. As he ascended the throne he had to put down a Northern rebellion. The rebels reached as far south as Nekheb and Nekhen, the ancient southern capital. His victory is described on two statues. Both portraits show the king with northerners cringing at his feet wearing the White Crown symbolizing the South. It is recorded that there were more than 47,000 casualties. A statue of him, which resides in the Cairo Museum, is the first example of the use of hard stone. He married Nemathap, a woman of royal Northern lineage. The marriage consolidated the kings rule in both regions. Nemathap is documented as being a 'King Bearing Mother'. She is also credited with being the ancestor of the 3rd Dynasty." [Links: 1 , 2 ] 2,863 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjunction - 2,800 B.C. - Baodun culture - "The Baodun culture [宝墩文化 Bǎo dūn w�nhu�] (2500 BC – 1750 BC[1]) was a Neolithic culture centered on the Chengdu Plain in Sichuan, China. [... .]" [Based on: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baodun_culture] 2,800 B.C. - Trivia / Avebury - "Avebury, constructed between 2,800 and 2,700 B.C., includes the world's largest stone circle [1,401 feet in diameter], numerous barrows, and the 130-foot-tall Silbury Hill, the largest man-made mound in Europe. Silbury Hill, located just south of the village of Avebury in Wiltshire, is a massive artificial mound with a flat top. Silbury Hill is the tallest man-made prehistoric mound in Europe. It was built in three stages, the first believed to have begun around 2,660 B.C." [Links: 1 , 2 ] Trivia: "Stonehenge was for a long while thought to have been built slowly - over about 1000 years between 2,100 and 1,100 BC. This chronology was called into question in 1996 by new archaeological evidence. Following a two-year study commisioned by the English Heritage Foundation, researchers concluded that the great circles of blustones and sarsens had in fact been put up between 2,600 BC and 2,030 BC. Less than a year after these results were published another study showed that the stone circles had been preceded by wooden circles of 6-metre pine 'totem poles' dated to 8,000 B.C. [Based on: by Graham Hancock and Santha Faiia, Heaven's Mirror, Quest For The Lost Civilization, p. xiii] 2,800 B.C. - Archaeology Trivia / Greece - "The secrets of a lost city that may have inspired one of the world's most enduring myths – the fable of Atlantis – have been brought to light from beneath the waters off southern Greece. [NP] Explored by an Anglo-Greek team of archaeologists and marine geologists and known as Pavlopetri, the sunken settlement dates back some 5,000 years to the time of Homer's heroes and in terms of size and wealth of detail is unprecedented, experts say. [NP] 'There is now no doubt that this is the oldest submerged town in the world,' said Dr Jon Henderson, associate professor of underwater archaeology at the University of Nottingham. 'It has remains dating from 2800 to 1200 BC, long before the glory days of classical Greece. There are older sunken sites in the world but none can be considered to be planned towns such as this, which is why it is unique.' [....]" [Based on: Guardian News article (Lost Greek city that may have inspired Atlantis myth gives up secrets) by Helena Smith in Athens guardian.co.uk, Friday 16 October 2009 19.49 BST] Link: http://www.archaeologynews.org/story.asp?ID=513760&Title=Lost Greek city may have inspired Atlantis myth 2,800 B.C. 2,799 B.C. - Configuration - "Uranus-Neptune Conjunction - Note: "This date represents a progressive estimation arrived at by subtracting multiples of 171 years from the date 576 B.C." [- E.M.] 2,772 B.C. - Egyptian Calendar - Reportedly, the date in Egypt when the 365 day calendar was introduced. 2,752 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjunction - 2. Baktun 1. Baktun of the Pyramid. 3718-2324 B.C. 1.0.0.0.0 Construction/activation of Great Pyramid at Giza, Egypt, 2700-2600 B.C., marks anchoring of planet light body. Spread of Sumerian civilization, Akkad and Ur, and development of bronze. Beginning of Harappa, Indus civilization. Beginning of settled agricultural life, China, Mesoamerica, Andes. [Based on: The Mayan Factor / Path Beyond Technology, by Jose Arguelles, Copyright 1939-, 1987, p. 114] 2,700 B.C. - Alpha Draconis - "The star Thuban (a Draconis) was the northern pole star around 2700 BC, during the time of the ancient Egyptians. Due to the effects of precession, it will once again be the pole star around the year 21000 AD." [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draco_%28constellation%29] Trivia: "[....] Alpha Draconis was 0.6 degree away from the heavenly pole in 2780 B.C. and this period corresponds to the Indus valley civilization. Approximately the time period from 10500 B.C. to 2500 B.C. can be understood as the Draco phase of the Indus valley civilization and possibly the Ursa Major phase followed the Draco phase. 2.6 [....]" [Based on: http://murugan.org/research/valluvan3.htm] 2,700 B.C. - Gilgamesh Rules Uruk - A reported date when the Sumerian King, Gilgamesh, ruled the city of Uruk. 2,700 B.C. 2,698 B.C. - Chinese Calendar - Reported date for the beginning of the Chinese calendar. Other dates associated with the beginning of the Chinese calendar include: 2,637 B.C. [Link: 1 ] 2,686 B.C. - Third Egyptian Dynasty - "A Traditional date for the beginning of the Third Egyptian Dynasty [2,686 B.C.-2,575 B.C.]. According to popular history, the Pharaohs of the Third Dynasty were the first to have actual pyramids constructed as shrines to their deaths. Although crude, these step pyramids were the predecessors to the later Pyramids of Giza and others. The first of these pyramids was designed by Imhotep for Dzoser. Prior to, and during the construction of the step pyramids, rulers were buried in a structure called Mastaba. The Mastaba were non-pyramidal shaped structures which did not contain walls or stone art and closely resembled burial mounds, with long shafts leading down into the tomb area. Sanakhte and Dzoser, the first two Pharaohs of this Dynasty, began exploitation of the Sinai Peninsula, which was rich in turquoise and copper. Little else was done by the kings during this dynasty." [Link: 1 ] 2,650 B.C. - Trivia / Step Pyramid, Egypt - "According to some reports, the Step Pyramid [reportedly built as a tribute to Zoser's greatness] is the oldest human-made structure in the world today. Zoser's Step Pyramid at Saqqara was an imposing edifice [200 feet tall], but it was built with relatively small, manageable blocks that five or six men working together could carry, and its internal chambers were structurally unsound." [Note: Since Carbon 14 dating measures the age of organic materials only, nearly all of the stone ruins [composed of inorganic rock] have not been Carbon 14 dated. Rather, what have been Carbon 14 dated are so many organic materials lying with, next to, or around those stone ruins." [Link: 1 ] 2,649 B.C. - Died / Zoser - "Reportedly died this date in history: Egyptian pharaoh Zoser [Dzoser]." [Based on: A&E Channel program, 10/31/04]." 2,609 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjunction - 2,600 B.C. - Giza Pyramids - "There is no doubt that the Pyramids of Giza, the best known of all the Egyptian monuments, have a strong connection to the epoch 2,600 to 2,300 BC, the same dates as Stonehenge. There is also no doubt that they show many signs of a far earlier genesis - again like Stonehenge. Indeed, the same geometrical and astronomical concerns that the megaliths express, linked to the same quest for immortality [and frequently to the number 72], are found not only in Egypt but in a great band of cultures encircling the globe and extending back in time to the remotest antiquity." [Based on: Heaven's Mirror, Quest For The Lost Civilization, Graham Hancock and Santha Faiia, p. xvi] 2,600 B.C. - Trivia / Indus Valley Script - Reportedly, the Indus Valley Civilization was the first major urban culture of South Asia. It reached its peak from 2,600 B.C. to 1,900 B.C. [Link: 1 ] 2,600 B.C. - Indus Valley Civilization - "The Indus Valley Civilization (Mature period 2600–1900 BCE), abbreviated IVC, was an ancient civilization that flourished in the Indus River basin. Primarily centred in Pakistan (Sindh and Punjab provinces) and India (Gujarat and Rajasthan), it extends westward into the Balochistan province of Pakistan. Remains have been excavated from Afghanistan, Turkmenistan and Iran, as well. The mature phase of this civilization is technically known as the Harappan Civilization, after the [1]first of its cities to be unearthed: Harappa in Pakistan. Excavation of IVC sites have been ongoing since 1920, with important breakthroughs occurring as recently as 1999.[2] [NP] The civilization is sometimes referred to as the Indus Ghaggar-Hakra civilization[3] or the Indus-Sarasvati civilization. The appellation Indus-Sarasvati is based on the possible identification of the Ghaggar-Hakra River with the Sarasvati River mentioned in the Rig Veda,[4] but this usage is disputed on linguistic and geographical grounds.[5] [....]" [Based on: Wikipedia article: Indus Valley Civilization - See link] Trivia: "[....] By 2600 BCE, the Early Harappan communities had been turned into large urban centers. Such urban centers include Harappa and Mohenjo Daro in Pakistan and Lothal in India. In total, over 1,052 cities and settlements have been found, mainly in the general region of the Indus Rivers and their tributaries. [....]" [Based on: Wikipedia article: Mature Harappan - See link] Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization - [T.D. - 10/26/08] 2,600 B.C. - Stone Structures / Caral Peru - "The ancient Peruvian site of Caral may have been one of the first urban centers in the Americas, thriving more than a thousand years before other known cities, according to a study in the April 27, 2001 issue of the international journal Science. New radiocarbon dating analysis indicates that Caral's immense stone structures were built between 2,600 and 2,000 B.C." Trivia: "Six earth-and-rock mounds rise out of the windswept desert of the Supe Valley near the coast of Peru. Dunelike and immense, they appear to be nature's handiwork, forlorn outposts in an arid region squeezed between the Pacific Ocean and the folds of the Andean Cordillera. But looks deceive. These are human-made pyramids, and compelling new evidence indicates they are the remains of a city that flourished nearly 5,000 years ago. If true, it would be the oldest urban center in the Americas and among the most ancient in all the world. [....]" [Based on: Smithsonian Magazine, August, 2004] 2,600 B.C. - Trivia / Neolithic Village, Britain - January 31st, 2007: "Ancient town [at the site known as Durrington Walls] found [summer 2006] at Stonehenge [The archaeologists announced Tuesday (01/30/07) that the 4,600-year-old ruins appear to form the largest Neolithic village ever found in Britain.]" [Based on: Title for New York Times article, p. A8, S.L.P.D., 01/31/07] 2,600 B.C. 2,600 B.C. - Earliest Known Nuclear Family / Central Germany - "A stone-age burial in central Germany has yielded the earliest evidence of people living together as a family. [NP] The 4,600-year-old grave, contained the remains of a man, woman and two youngsters, and DNA analysis shows they were a mother, father and children. [NP] 'Their unity in death suggests unity in life,' researchers said." [Based on: News Services article ( EULAY, SAXONY-ANHALT , Germany), p. A5, S.L.P.D., 11/18/08] 2,575 B.C. - Fourth Egyptian Dynasty - "A traditional date for the beginning of the Egyptian Old Kingdom [2,575 B.C.- 2,134 B.C.] period, or the Fourth Egyptian Dynasty [2,575 B.C.- 2,551 B.C.]. Unlike the pyramids before [3rd Dynasty] and after [5th and 6th Dynasties], the pyramids at Giza [attributed to the 4th Dynasty] were wonderfully well made and have endured the passage of thousands of years more or less intact. For this very reason scholars are beginning to see the light - that these structures may in fact be tens of thousands of years older than previously expected." [Link: 1 ] 2,551 B.C. - Pharoah Khufu / Egypt - Reported date when Khufu succeeded his father Sneferu. Khufu was believed to have built the Great Pyramid in Egypt. [Based on: A&E Movie, 10/31/04] 2,550 B.C. - Neptune-Pluto Conjunction - 2,540 B.C. - Trivia / Egyptian Sphinx - "The Sphinx is supposed to have been built by Khafre around 2,500 B.C., but since the beginning of dynastic times - say 3,000 B.C. onwards - there just hasn't been enough rain on the Giza plateau to have caused the very extensive erosion that we see all overe the Sphinx's body. You really have to go back to before 10,000 B.C. to find a wet enough climate in Egypt to account for weathering of this type and on this scale. It therefore follows that the Sphinx must have been built before 10,000 B.C. and since it's a massive, sophisticated work of art it also follows that it must have been built by a high civilization." [Links: 1 , 2 ] 2,530 B.C. - Trivia / Great Pyramid, Egypt - "According to popular history, this was the date when King Khufu [Cheops] completed construction of the Great Pyramid at Giza. At its uppermost point the whole structure reached a height of 481 feet. According to another report, the Giza pyramids were already ancient at the time of Khufu's restoration. On a scale of 1:43,200 the Great Pyramid serves as a model, and map projection, of the northern hemisphere of the earth. During all the centuries of darkness experienced by Western civilization when knowledge of our planet's dimensions was lost to us, all we ever needed to do to rediscover that knowledge was to measure the height and base perimeter of the great Pyramid and multiply by 43,200." [Link: 1 ] Trivia: "There is little history at all describing the builder of the Great Pyramid in Egypt." [Based on: A&E Movie, 10/31/04] Trivia: "CAIRO (AP) - Egypt displayed on Monday [01/11/10] newly discovered tombs more than 4,000 years old and said they belonged to people who worked on the Great Pyramids of Giza, presenting the discovery as more evidence that slaves did not build the ancient monuments. [....] The mud-brick tombs were uncovered last week in the backyard of the Giza pyramids, stretching beyond a burial site first discovered in the 1990s and dating to the 4th Dynasty (2575 B.C. to 2467 B.C.), when the great pyramids were built on the fringes of present-day Cairo. [NP] The ancient Greek historian Herodotus once described the pyramid builders as slaves, creating what Egyptologists say is a myth later propagated by Hollywood films. [....]" [Based on: A.P. article (Egypt: New Find Shows Slaves Didn't Build Pyramids), published 01/11/10 - Associated Press Writer Ian Deitch contributed to this report from Jerusalem.] Link: http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2010/01/11/world/AP-ML-Egypt-Antiquities.html 2,500 B.C. 2,500 B.C. - Shijiahe culture - "The Shijiahe culture [石家河文化 Sh� jiā h� w�nhu�] (2500–2000 BC) was a late Neolithic culture centered on the middle Yangtze River region in Hubei, China. [... .]" [Based on: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shijiahe_culture] 2,500 B.C. - Destruction / Gezer - "The site was destroyed approximately in the 25th century, based on finds of Khirbet Kerak ware." [Link: 1 ] 2,500 B.C. - Walled City? / India - "In India excavations in 2,000 A.D. revealed a walled city of the middle 3rd millennium at the Dholavira site in Gujarat state." 2,500 B.C. - Bronze Age / Canaan - A traditional date when the Bronze age reached Canaan. 2,500 BC - Clava Cairns / Scotland - "Neolithic tombs in Northern Scotland." [Link: 1 ] 2,500 B.C. - Troy II Settlement / Turkey - "Troy II, the second oldest discernible settlement on the site of the mound of Hissarlik in northwest Turkey, a good 1,200 years before the estimated date of the Trojan War." 2,500 B.C. - Established Cities / Assyria - "In 1932, Sir Max Mallowan, the eminent British archaeologist, dug a deep sounding which reached virgin soil ninety feet below the top of the mound of Nineveh; this gave a pottery sequence back to prehistoric times and showed that the site was already inhabited by 5,000 B.C. Very soon after that, the two other great Assyrian cities were settled, Ashur and Arbel, although an exact date has yet to be determined. Arbel is the oldest extant city, and remains largely unexcavated, its archaeological treasures waiting to be discovered. The same holds for Ashur. It is clear that by 2,500 B.C., these three cities were well established and were thriving metropoli." [Links: 1 , 2 , 3 ] 2,500 B.C. - Trivia / Chinese Pyramids - "Hartwig Hausdorf, a researcher in Germany, sent over these photographs from his collection, taken during his 1994 trip to the Forbidden Zone in The Shensi Province in China. Estimates for an age are 4,500 years old, but Hausdorf mentions the diaries of two Australian traders who, in 1912, met an old Buddhist monk who told them these pyramids are mentioned in the 5,000 year old records of his monastery as being 'very old'." [Link: 1 ] 2,496 B.C. - Trivia / Utah Villiages - "Archaeologists led reporters into a remote canyon Wednesday [06/30/04] to reveal an almost perfectly preserved picture of ancient life: stone pit houses, granaries and a bounty of artifacts kept secret for more than a half century [since about 1950]. [....] Archaeologists said the villiages were occupied more than 1,000 years ago and may be as old as 4,500 years. [....] Hundreds of granaries, ranging from cupboard-sized to several yards across, are in some cases hundreds of feet up nearly inaccessible cliffs. [....] Waldo Wilcox, the rancher who sold the land and returned Wednesday [06/30/04], kept the archaeological sites a closely guarded secret for more than 50 years." [Based on: article by Paul Foy, A.P., 07/01/04] Trivia: "Hidden deep inside Utah's nearly inaccessible Book Cliffs region, 130 miles from Salt Lake City, the prehistoric villages run for 12 miles and include hundreds of rock art panels, cliffside granaries, stone houses built halfway underground, rock shelters, and the mummified remains of long-ago inhabitants. The site was occupied for at least 3,000 years until it was abandoned more than 1,000 years ago, when the Fremont people mysteriously vanished. [....] The secret is coming to light after the federal and state governments paid Wilcox $2.5 million for the 4,200-acre ranch, which is surrounded by wilderness study lands. The state took ownership this year but has not decided how to control public access. [....] Metcalfe said a team of researchers has documented about 200 pristine sites occupied as long as 4,500 years ago, 'and we've only looked in a few places.' [....] Archaeologists think the sites may have been occupied as long as 7,000 years ago; they could shed light on the earliest inhabitants of North America, who are believed to have arrived by way of the Bering Strait 10,000 years ago. [....] 'I didn't let people go in there to destroy it,' said Wilcox, whose parents bought the ranch in 1951 and threw up a gate to the rugged canyon. 'The less people know about this, the better.' Over the years, Wilcox occasionally welcomed archaeologists to inspect part of the canyon, 'but we'd watch 'em.' When one Kent State researcher used a pick ax to take a pigment sample from a pictograph, Wilcox 'took the pick from him and took him out of the gate.' [....] He [Wilcox] said he gave up the land after the San Francisco-based Trust for Public Land, which transferred the ranch to public ownership, promised to protect it. [....] Archaeologists didn't realize the full significance of Range Creek until 2002. While many structures are standing or visible, others could be buried. Archaeologists have not done any excavations, simply because 'we have too big a task just to document' sites in plain view, Jones said. After The Associated Press started inquiring, Metcalfe decided to hasten an announcement. Next week, he plans to take news organizations to the ranch, 30 miles off the nearest paved highway over rough, mountainous terrain. A gate inside Range Creek Canyon blocks access; a dirt road continues from there about 14 miles down the canyon to a ranch house, now a hub of archaeological activity." [Based on: article by Paul Foy, A.P., 06/25/2004] 2,465 B.C. - Fifth Egyptian Dynasty - "Traditional date for the beginning of the Fifth Egyptian Dynasty [2,465 B.C.- 2,325 B.C.]. [Link: 1 ] 2,450 B.C. - Akkadian Inscriptions - Reportedly, "The earliest Akkadian cuneiform inscriptions date from the Old Akkadian or Early Akkadian period [2,450 to 1,850 B.C.], during which the inscriptions of Sargon were written. Since the Akkadian records start around the middle of the third millennium B.C., the formation of the Akkadian language in linguistic alliance with Indo-Europeans in Anatolia must have taken place still earlier. The western connections of the Akkad Dynasty are indicated in yet other ways. Only one western God, Dagan, obtained an important place in the old Mesopotamian pantheon, and he significantly is the patron god of the Akkad dynasty. This western god appears in the Linear A tablets of Hagia Triada; he is Baal's father according to the Epic of Kret from Ugarit; and he is chief god of the Biblical Plilistines.' Dagan was popularly depicted with the head and hands of a man, and the body and tail of a fish." Links: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadian_Empire 2,400 B.C. 2,400 B.C. - Amorites - "In the earliest Sumerian sources, beginning about 2400 BC, the land of the Amorites ("the Mar.tu land") is associated with the West, including Syria and Canaan, although their ultimate origin may have been Arabia. They appear as nomadic people in the Mesopotamian sources, and they are especially connected with the mountainous region of Jebel Bishri in Syria called as the 'mountain of the Amorites'. The ethnic terms Amurru and Amar were used for them in Assyria and Egypt respectively. [NP] From the 21st century BC and likely triggered by the 22nd century BC drought, a large-scale migration of Amorite tribes infiltrated Mesopotamia, precipitating the downfall of the Neo-Sumerian Third Dynasty of Ur, and acquiring a series of powerful kingdoms, culminating in the triumph under Hammurabi of one of them, that of Babylon. [NP] Known Amorites (mostly those of Mari) wrote in a dialect of Akkadian found on tablets dating from 1800–1750 BC showing many northwest Semitic forms and constructions. The Amorite language was presumably a northwest Semitic dialect. The main sources for our extremely limited knowledge about the language are proper names, not Akkadian in style, that are preserved in such texts. [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorite] - [T.D. - 07/16/09] Trivia: "Amurru (or Martu) are names given in Akkadian and Sumerian texts to the god of the Amorite/Amurru people, often forming part of personal names. He is sometimes called Ilu Amurru (DMAR.TU). Description [edit] This god Amurru/Martu is sometimes described as a 'shepherd', and as a son of the sky-god Anu . He is sometimes called b�lu šadi or b�l šad�, 'lord of the mountain'; d�r-hur-sag-g� sikil-a-ke, 'He who dwells on the pure mountain'; and kur-za-gan ti-[la], 'who inhabits the shining mountain'. In Cappadocian Zincirli inscriptions he is called �-li a-bi-a, 'the god of my father'.[citation needed] [NP] Accordingly, it has been suggested by L. R. Bailey (1968) and Jean Ouelette (1969), that this B�l Šad� might be the same as the Biblical ’El Šaddai who is the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob in the 'Priestly source' of narrative, according to the documentary hypothesis. It is possible that Šaddai means 'He of the mountains' or even 'the breasted God' as early iconography of Yahweh at Kuntilet Arjud shows him to have been hermaphroditic (possessing both breasts and male genitals). Alternately, B�l Šad� could have been the fertility-god 'Ba'al' , possibly adopted by the Canaanites, a rival and enemy of the Hebrew God YHWH , and famously combatted by the Hebrew prophet Elijah. [NP] Amurru also has storm-god features. Like Adad , Amurru bears the epithet raman 'thunderer', and he is even called bariqu 'hurler of the thunderbolt' and Adad ša a-bu-be 'Adad of the deluge'. Yet his iconography is distinct from that of Adad, and he sometimes appears alongside Adad with a baton of power or throwstick, while Adad bears a conventional thunderbolt. Wife [edit] Amurru's wife is sometimes the goddess Ašratum (see Asherah ) who in northwest Semitic tradition and Hittite tradition appears as wife of the god El which suggests that Amurru may indeed have been a variation of that god. If Amurru was identical with El, it would explain why so few Amorite names are compounded with the name Amurru, but so many are compounded with Il; that is, with El . [NP] Another tradition about Amurru's wife (or one of Amurru's wives) gives her name as Belit-Seri, 'Lady of the Desert'. [NP] A third tradition appears in a Sumerian poem in pastoral style, which relates how the god Martu came to marry Adg~ar-kidug the daughter of the god Numushda of the city of Inab. It contains a speech expressing urbanite Sumerian disgust at uncivilized, nomadic Amurru life which Adg~ar-kidug ignores, responding only: "I will marry Martu!". [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amurru] - [T.D. - 07/16/09] 2,400 B.C. - Walled City / Gezer - "The site was a Canaanite walled city. A 6 foot high wall, made of small uncarved stones was found from this time." [Link: 1 ] 2,375 B.C. - Lugalzaggisi / Sumeria - "Reportedly, after 2,375 B.C., Lugalzaggisi took over the cities of Kish and Lagash." 2,355 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjunction - 2,350 B.C. - Akkad Dynasty - According to popular belief: "In the 24th century B.C., a new dynasty got hold of Mesopotamia. Sargon, of the city of Akkad, established a Semitic Empire that reached out into the Mediterranian. From his time on, southern Mesopotamia came to be known as Sumer and Akkad; Sumer designating the more Sumerian south, and Akkad the more Semitic north. His success marked a turning point in history. From his time down to the present, Mesopotamia became a predominately Semitic land. Sargon claimed dominion over the entire world; a concept that has plagued mankind ever since." [Links: 1 ] Trivia: Reportedly, "By 2,350 B.C. all of Sumeria was under the control of Lugalzaggasi." 2,350 B.C. - Trivia / Cythera - According to one report: "Cythera began to attract foreigners as early as the Pyramid age. A stone cup, with the name of a Fifth Dynasty solar temple [sp-r] inscribed in Egyptian hieroglyphs, has been found on Cythera. Early in the second quarter of the second millennium, a Babylonian inscription of Naram-Sin, King of Eshnunna, was dedicated on Cythera 'for the life' of that Mesopotamian monarch. The interesting thing is that both of these texts found on Cythera are religious in character. Herodotus [1:105] relates that the Phoenicians erected a temple on Cythera to the goddess of the heavens. Finally in classical times, Cythera was a great center of the cult of Aphrodite. The ancient temples were built in the vicinity of Palaiopolis around the middle of the eastern shore.' Today, Cythera is a small island situated at the northeastern edge of the Mediterranian Sea. " 2,348 B.C. - Noah's Flood? - "As mentioned, the standard reckoning for the Flood is 2,348 BC, as given by Archbishop Ussher. But the fact is that there was no possible way prior to the 1920's for Ussher or anyone else to have known the date of the Flood - nor even if there actually was a flood in the region. Not for nearly three centuries after Ussher's lifetime did any noteworthy archaeological excavations begin in Mesopotamia." [Based on: Laurence Gardner, Genesis Of The Grail Kings] Trivia: "The Flood was chronologically moved in Genesis to the time of Noah, whereas it actually occured before the time of Adam." [Based on: Laurence Gardner, Genesis Of The Grail Kings, p. 60] 2,340 B.C. - United / Sumer & Akkad - Sargon of Agade (the leading city of Akkad) defeats Lugalzaggisi and gains control of Kish and later unites all of Sumer and Akkad. Sargon of Agade has been called the first great conqueror of history. [See: Asimov's Chronology Of The World, Isaac Asimov, Copyright 1991, p. 37] 3. Baktun 2. Baktun of the Wheel. 2324-1930 B.C. 2.0.0.0.0 Full establishment of wheel, initiation of transport technology and cyclical thought, written codes of law, and metallurgical technology in Mesopotamia. Sargon and first Babylonian empire. Beginnings of chariot warfare, territorial imperialism. Era of legendary emperors, China. Establishment of Minoan civilization, Crete. [Based on: The Mayan Factor / Path Beyond Technology, by Jose Arguelles, Copyright 1939-, 1987, p. 114] 2,323 B.C. - Sixth Egyptian Dynasty - "Traditional date for the beginning of the Sixth Egyptian Dynasty [2,323 B.C.-2,152 B.C.]. Manetho considered Teti as the founder of a new dynasty, a tradition which may go back at least as far as the composition of the Turin King-list, where Teti is listed as the first of a new group of kings. His wife, Queen Ipwet, is the daughter of King Unas who was the last king of the 5th Dynasty. She was the mother of Teti's heir, King Pepi I. Historians believe that she is the one that gave him the royal power. Almost all the major court officials of King Wenis remained in power during Teti's reign." [Link: 1 ] 2,320 B.C. - Sargon Rules Sumeria - Sargon conquered the independent city-states of Sumer and instituted a central government. 2,308 B.C. - Sumerian Sky Chart - Reportedly, "In 2,308 B.C. the Sumerians developed their equivalent of the 11:57 pm July 3rd 14,000 B.C. sky chart and Narmer Plate combined. It comes in the form of a royal cylinder-seal depicting 'The Sun is Risen'. The purpose of the seal is to celebrate the Dawn of the Age of Aries." [Link: 1 ] 2,300 B.C. 2,300 B.C. - Babylon - "The earliest mention of the city of Babylon can be found in a tablet from the reign of Sargon of Akkad , dating back to the 23rd century BC." [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Babylon] - [T.D. - 07/16/09] 2,300 B.C. - British Archer / Stonehenge - "A 4,000-year-old grave found near Stonehenge contains the remains of an archer and a trove of artifacts that make it one of the richest early Bronze Age sites in Europe. The burial, in about 2,300 B.C., occurred at 'the very brink of the Bronze Age,' where Neolithic and metal-using societies met, said one report. About 100 objects were found in the grave three miles east of Stonehenge, which is about 75 miles southwest of London. The grave was found May 3, 2002 A.D." 2,300 B.C. - Phoenicians / Levantine Coast - Phoenicians, a seafaring people, begin living along the Levantine coast. 2,300 B.C. - Cultural Exchange / Indus Valley & Mesopotamia - "Cultural exchange between the Indus Valley civilization and Mesopotamia (present day Iraq) is especially prominent." 2,289 B.C. - Pepi I Rules Egypt - A traditional date when Pepi I ruled in Egypt 2,289 - 2255 B.C. 2,279 B.C. - Fatality / Sargon of Agade - According to popular history, Sargon of Agade died in 2,279 B.C. 2,254 B.C. - Naramsin Rules Akkad - Traditional date when Sargon's grandson, Naramsin, reigned 2,254 - 2,218 B.C. Reportedly: "Kings of the Akkad Dynasty, notably Naram-Sin, often place the sign for divinity before their names, and are depicted in art as wearing the horned crown of godhood." 2,244 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjunction - 2,220 B.C. - Temple of the Fox / Peru - "[....] Benfer [Robert Benfer] and his team uncovered the 33-foot stepped pyramid temple, the temple of the Fox, in a 20-acre excavation site at Buena Vista, Peru. He says the temple dates to 2220 B.C. - which makes it 1,000 years older than anything of its kind previously found, he said. [....] Benfer worked with a team of Peruvian archaeologists, including Bernardino Ojeda, and students from Peruvian universities and from the University of Missouri. [....] The physical orientation of the temple's offering chamber is slightly different from the rest of the temple, so that it is directly aligned with the rising sun on December 21, the date of the Southern Hemisphere's summer solstice. That's when floodwater rose from the nearby Chillon River and crops should have been planted. Looking to the west, the chamber directly aligns with a natural platform over which the sun sets on June 21, marking the beginning of the harvest. At the same point in the west, people living 4,000 years ago would have observed the rising of the star constellation the Fox on March 21, when floodwater receded. [....] The Temple of the Fox is named for the etching of a fox found at the temple's entrance. In Andean cultures, the fox is associated with water. [....] It almost never rains at Buena Vista, Benfer said, so the remains found in the excavation site are in fairly good shape. They found twigs and pieces of cotton that they radio carbon-dated and found to be 4,000 years old, he said. Benfer began teaching at the University of Missouri in 1969. He retired in 2003 but continues to work with graduate students. He has been working in Peru since the 1970s, traveling there nearly every year - sometimes more than once. He has been working at the Buena Vista site for four years and discovered the Temple of the Fox in June 2004. [....]" [Based on: Article (Temple may be oldest to date / Retired UM prof says alignments suggest astronomical signs guided early Andeans farming.), p. A1 & A6, S.L.P.D., 04/25/06] 2,200 B.C. - Equinox at Aries - "The advent of the Age of Aries, shortly before the beginning of the second millennium B.C., was accompanied in Ancient Egypt by an upsurge in the worship of the god Amon whose symbol was a ram with curled horns. Work on the principal sanctuary of Amon - the Temple of Karnak at Luxor in upper Egypt - was begun at around 2,000 B.C. and, as those who have visited the temple will recall, its principal icons are rams, long rows of which guard its entrances. The period of a complete cycle of the vernal point around the celestial sphere is approximately 25,800 years. In other words, after 25,800 years, the vernal point is back at the starting point or fiduciary vernal point [zero degrees sidereal Aries]. For the same reason that astrologers have allowed for twelve signs as the sun passes through its annual orbit, this 25,800 years cycle is also divided into twelve signs, with each of these twelve signs averaging some 2,150 years each." 2,200 B.C. - Destruction of AI? / "West Bank" - See link section beginning at 29:20. Link: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/bibles-buried-secrets.html 2,200 B.C. - Indo-European Invaders? / Greece - Reportedly, "In Greece Indo-European invaders, speaking the earliest form of Greek, entered the mainland." Trivia: "The country of Greece has been inhabited since 70,000 B.C." [Based on: The History Channel , 2004] 2,200 B.C. 2,194 B.C. - Tropical "Stonehenge" / Lima, Peru - [....] Last month [May 2006], archaeologists working on a hillside north of Lima, Peru, announced the discovery of the oldest astronomical observatory in the Western Hemisphere - giant stone carvings, apparently 4,200 years old, that align with sunrise and sunset on Dec. 21. [....]" [Based on: A.P. article (Amazon stones hint at lost civilization), p. A11, S.L.P.D., 06/28/06] 2,180 B.C. - End / Akkad Empire - According to popular history, the Akkadian empire came to an end about this time, less than 40 years after the death of Naramsin. [Link: 1 ] 2,152 B.C. - 7th & 8th Egyptian Dynasties - Traditional date for the Seventh and Eighth Egyptian Dynasties [2,152 B.C.-2,130 B.C.]. [Link: 1 ] 2,144 B.C. - Gudea Rules Sumeria - Gudea of Lagash, a prominent Sumerian leader, reportedly ruled from 2,144 -2,124 B.C. [See: Asimov's Chronology Of The World, Isaac Asimov, Copyright 1991, p. 39] 2,137 B.C. - Eclipse - Reported date [October 22nd, 2,137 B.C.] for the earliest recorded eclipse according to the Shu King, the book of historical documents of ancient China. 2,135 B.C. - 9th & 10th Egyptian Dynasties - A traditional date for the Ninth and Tenth Egyptian Dynasties [2,135 B.C.-2,074 B.C.]. 2,125 B.C. - Trivia / Sumerian King Lists - Reportedly, "From the Sumerian King Lists an important caesure becomes apparent, the great Flood or Deluge. Names and events are either antediluvial or post diluvial. In later epics the flood signals the end of mythological times, when things were formed, and inaugerates the beginning of historical times. About eight [in other versions ten] antediluvial kings are mentioned with their periods of government. Extremely large areas were attributed to the kings before the flood. Added together they would have ruled for 241,200 years. Composed centuries after the times they refer to, the Sumerian King Lists were copied by generations of scribes and standardized in the process until the cononical version appeared in Old Babylonian times with kings extending up to that period. Reportedly, the surviving clay tablet was dated by the scribe who wrote it in the reign of King Utukhegal of Erech [Uruk], which places it around 2,125 B.C. After kingship had descended from heaven, Eridu became the seat of kingship. In Eridu Aululim reigned 28,800 years as king. Alalgar reigned 36,000 years. Two kings, reigned 64,800 years. Eridu was abandoned and its kingship was carried off to Bad-tabira. . . . Total: Five Cities, eight kings, reigned 241,200 years. The FLOOD then swept over. After the Flood had swept over, and kingship had descended from heaven, Kish became the seat of Kingship. In Kish. [....] Total: twenty-three kings, reigned 24,510 years, 3 months, 3 1/2 days. Kish was defeated; its kingship was carried off to Eanna. In Eanna, Meskiaggasher, the son of [the sun god] Utu reigned as En [Priest] and Lugal [King] 324 years - Meskiaggasher entered the sea, ascended the mountains. Enmerkar, the son of Meskiaggasher, the king of erech who had built Erech, reigned 420 years as king. Lugalbanda, the shepherd, reigned 1,200 years. Dumuzi the fisherman, whose city was Kua, reigned 100 years. Gilgamesh, whose father was a nomad (?) reigned 126 years. Urnungal, the son of Gilgamesh, reigned 30 years. Labasher reigned 9 years. Ennundaranna reigned 8 years. Meshede reigned 36 years. Melamanna reigned 6 years. Lugalkidul reigned 36 years. Total: twelve kings, reigned 2,130 years. Erech was defeated, its kingship was carried off to Ur. [....]" [Link: 1 ] 2,115 B.C. - Uranus-Neptune Conjunction - 2,101 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjuction - 2,100 B.C. - Egyptian Palestine - Reportedly: "During The Middle Bronze Age, Palestine became a part of the Egyptian empire. This was around 2100 B.C." 2,100 B.C. - Amorites / Damascus - According to one report, Amorites came from the Arabian peninsula and were the first important Semitic settlers in the area of Damascus. They established many small states. [Links: 1 , 2 , 3 ] 2,100 B.C. - Amorite Migration / Mesopotamia - "[....] From the 21st century BC and likely triggered by the 22nd century BC drought, a large-scale migration of Amorite tribes infiltrated Mesopotamia, precipitating the downfall of the Neo-Sumerian Third Dynasty of Ur, and acquiring a series of powerful kingdoms, culminating in the triumph under Hammurabi of one of them, that of Babylon. [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorite] - [T.D. - 07/16/09] 2,100 B.C. 2,095 B.C. - Golden Ornaments / Bulgaria - "Bulgarian archaeologists have unearthed [2005?] about 15,000 tiny golden pieces about 4,100 years old. Who made them isn't exactly known. The golden ornaments have been dug up during the past year from a tomb near the village of Dabene, about 75 miles east of the capital, Sofia, said Vasil Nikolov, an academic consultant on the excavations. He said the find rivaled that of the gold from Troy, the ancient city that was the scene of the Trojan War. 'This treasure is a bit older than Schliemann's finds in Troy, and contains much more golden ornaments,' Nikolov said. Heinrich Schliemann, an amateur German archaeologist, found the site of ancient Troy in 1868. He led ambitious excavations that proved he was right. The treasure from Bulgaria consists of miniature golden rings. Some are so finely crafted that the point where the ring is welded is invisible with an ordinary microscope. 'We don't know who these people were, but we call them proto-Thracians,' Nikolov said. [....] Bozhidar Dimitrov, director of the National History Museaum of Bulgaria, said the site consisted of a settlement and three mounds, and that excavations would continue. 'This is the oldest golden treasure ever found in Bulgaria after the Varna necropolis,' Dimitrov said. The golden artifacts from a vast burial complex discovered in the 1970s near the Black Sea port of Varna date back to the end of the fifth millennium B.C. and are internationally renowned as the world's oldest golden treasure." [Based on: A.P. article, p. A12, S.L.P.D., 08/18/05] - [Paragraph indents removed to save space - E.M.] 2,070 B.C. - Xia Dynasty / China - "The Xia dynasty (Chinese: 夏朝; pinyin: Xi� Ch�o; Wade–Giles: Hsia-Ch'ao ... c. 2070 – c. 1600 BC) is the first dynasty in traditional Chinese history. It is described in ancient historical chronicles such as the Bamboo Annals, the Classic of History and the Records of the Grand Historian. According to tradition, the dynasty was established by the legendary Yu the Great[1] after Shun, the last of the Five Emperors, gave his throne to him. The Xia was later succeeded by the Shang dynasty (1600–1046 BC). [... .]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xia_dynasty] http://www.crystalinks.com/chinahistory.html https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FMhLARFF85w 2,074 B.C. - 11th Egyptian Dynasty - A traditional date for the Eleventh Egyptian Dynasty [2074 B.C.-2064 B.C.]. [Link: 1 ] 2,057 B.C. - Neptune-Pluto Conjunction - "Neptune-Pluto cycles last about 495 years - half a millennium. They characterise an underlying driving-force behind history, an undertow of reality which marries the inevitable ram-force of Pluto with the imaginal, ideational power of Neptune." Note: "Neptune-Pluto configurations later than 600 B.C. represent estimated projections only - caluclated by subtracting alternating multiples of 493 years." [- E.M.] 2,040 B.C. - Egyptian Middle Kingdom - Traditional date for the beginning of the Egyptian Middle Kingdom period 2,040 B.C.-1,640 B.C. 2,010 B.C. - Ur-nammu / Ur - "In the early 1900's, the builders of the Baghdad railway placed a station about 120 miles north of Basra because the landmarked site was a recognized travellers' rest. Here, an enormous solitary hill rose above the desert - a hill known to the Bedouins as Tell al Muqayyar [Mound of Pitch]. But some thousands of years ago this desert waste was a lush, fertile valley with cornfields and date groves. As was soon to be discovered, within this great mound was the towering multi-levelled Temple of Ur, along with the rest of the ancient city. "In 1923 , the archaeologist Sir Charles Leonard Wooley, with a joint team from the British Museum and the University of Pennsylvania, set out to excavate the mound because some years earlier a collection of very old texts, engraved on stone cylinders, had been unearthed near the summit. One of these cylinder-seals [as they became known] had revealed the name of Ur-nammu, King of Ur in about 2,010 BC, and so it was determined that this was probably the location of Abraham's home." [Based on: Laurence Gardner, Genesis Of The Grail Kings] 2,000 B.C. - Chariots - "[....] The earliest fully developed chariots known are from the chariot burials of the Andronovo (Timber-Grave) sites of the Sintashta-Petrovka culture in modern Russia and Kazakhstan from around 2000 BC. This culture is at least partially derived from the earlier Yamna culture . It built heavily fortified settlements, engaged in bronze metallurgy on a scale hitherto unprecedented and practiced complex burial rituals reminiscent of Aryan rituals known from the Rigveda. The Sintashta-Petrovka chariot burials yield spoke-wheeled chariots. The Andronovo culture over the next few centuries spread across the steppes from the Urals to the Tien Shan, likely corresponding to early Indo-Iranian cultures which eventually spread to Iran, Pakistan and parts of India in the course of the 2nd millennium BC. [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chariot] 2,000 B.C. - Aryan City / Russia-Kazakhstan Border - "4,000-Year-Old Aryan City Discovered Near Russia-Kazakhstan Border " [Based on: Title for AHN News Staff article (4,000-Year-Old Aryan City Discovered Near Russia-Kazakhstan Border), October 5, 2010 1:49 p.m. EST] http://www.allheadlinenews.com/articles/7020118366?4,000-Year-Old%20Aryan%20City%20Discovered%20Near%20Russia-Kazakhstan%20Border Trivia: "[....] Although the settlement was burned and abandoned, much detail is preserved. Arkaim is similar in form but much better preserved than neighbouring Sintashta , where the earliest chariot was unearthed. The site was protected by two circular walls. There was a central square, surrounded by two circles of dwellings separated by a street. The settlement covered ca. 20,000 m2 (220,000 sq ft). The diameter of the enclosing wall was 160 m (520 ft). It was built from earth packed into timber frames, and reinforced with unburned clay brick, with a thickness of 4–5 m (13–16 ft). and a height of 5.5 m (18 ft). The settlement was surrounded with a 2 m (6 ft 7 in)-deep moat. [....] The 17th century date suggests that the settlement was about co-eval to, or just post-dating, the Indo-Aryan migration into South Asia and Mesopotamia (the Gandhara grave culture appearing in the Northern Pakistan from ca. 1600 BC, the Indo-European Mitanni rulers reached Anatolia before 1500 BC, both roughly 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) removed from the Sintashta-Petrovka area), and that it was either an early Iranian culture, or an unknown branch of Indo-Iranian that did not survive into historical times. [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkaim] 2,000 B.C. 2,000 B.C. - Incas / Peru - "Archaeologists have found evidence to show that the Incan culture grew out of a long slow development of civilization in the valley of Cusco and neighboring areas. The ancestors of the Incans lived in Peru as early as 2,000 B.C." [Links: 1 , 2 ] 2,000 B.C. - Trivia / Baalbek - "Situated in the Bekaa Valley, it was dedicated to Baal, the Phoenician god of rain and sun. During the period of Roman rule, Alexander the Great, Pompey, Julius Caesar, Hadrian and Caracalla all had a hand at restoring Baalbek’s temples, which dated to the 2nd millennium B.C., and building new ones. In 748 the Arabs came and in 1,400, the Mongol chieftain, Tamerlane." Links: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek 2,000 B.C. - Trivia / Mithraism - According to Persian mythology, Mithras was born of a virgin given the title 'Mother of God'. The name Mithras was the Persian word for 'contract.' Mithras was also known throughout Europe and Asia by the names Mithra, Mitra, Meitros, Mihr, Mehr, and Meher. The veneration of this God began about 4,000 years ago [2,000 B.C.] in Persia, where it was soon imbedded with Babylonian doctrines. [NP] Mithraism apparently originated in the Eastern Mediterranean around the first or second centuries BC. It was practiced in the Roman Empire since the first century BC, and reached its apogee around the third through fourth centuries AD, when it was very popular among the Roman soldiers. Mithraism disappeared from overt practice after the Theodosian decree of AD 391 banned all pagan rites, and it apparently became extinct thereafter. [....] Roman worship of Mithras began sometime during the early Roman empire, perhaps during the late first century of the Common Era (hereafter CE), and flourished from the second through the fourth century BCE. during which it came under the influence of Greek and Roman mythologies. The Mithraic cult maintained secrecy. Its teaching were only reveled to initiates. [....] In every Mithraic temple, the place of honor was occupied by a representation of Mithras killing a sacred bull, called a tauroctony. It has been more recently proposed that the tauroctony is a symbolic representation of the constellations rather than an originally Iranian animal sacrifice scene (Ulansey, 1991). [....] The identification of an "age" with a particular zodiac constellation is based on the sun's position during the vernal equinox. Before 2000 BC, the Sun could have been seen against the stars of the constellation of Taurus at the time of vernal equinox [had there been an eclipse]. Due to the precession of the equinoxes, on average every 2,160 years the Sun appears against the stars of a new constellation at vernal equinox. The current astrological age started when the equinox precessed into the constellation of Pisces, in about the year 150 BC, with the "Age of Aquarius" starting in AD 2600. [....] [Based on: http://www.crystalinks.com/mithra.html] 2,000 B.C. - Trivia / Cappadocia - "The Hittites lived around what is now Cappadocia. They mixed with the already-settled Hatti and were followed by the Lydians, Phrygians, Byzantines, Romans and Greeks. The name Cappadocia comes from the Hittite for 'land of pretty horses'." 2,000 B.C. - Trivia / Gawra, Assyria - "At Gawra, Assyria, a prehistoric seal was found bearing the figure of a man, a woman, a tree and a serpent, and this city had ceased to exist by 2000 B.C." [Based on: Deceptions And Myths Of The Bible, Lloyd M. Grahm] 2,000 B.C. - End / Sumerian Dynasty - "After the last Sumerian dynasty fell around 2,000 B.C., Mesopotamia drifted into conflict and chaos for almost a century. It is quite likely that the Third Dynasty of Ur, in Sumer, established around 2,000 B.C. a number of colonies called Ur in tablets from Nuzu, Alalakh and Hattusa. The Ur of the Chaldees, where Abraham was born, seems to have been one of the northern Urs. After the collapse of the Ur Dynasty, the colony continued its commercial way of life under the new masters who took over." [Links: 1 ] Trivia: "Abraham's home, Ur of the Chaldees, was a prominent city of the Sumerian Empire, and contemporary texts record that Ur was sacked by the king of nearby Elam soon after 2,000 BC. Although the city was rebuilt, the center of power then moved north to Haran in the kingdom of Mari. This was the very city to which Terah took Abraham and the others. But Haran was not just the name of a flourishing city: it was also the name of Abraham's brother [the father of Lot], who had died before the family left Ur of the Chaldees [Genesis 11:27-28]. Other cities in northern Mesopotamia were also named in accordance with Abraham's forefathers, as discovered by archaeologists excavating the region from 1934. In studying the clay tablets of reports from governors and commissioners of the era, they found the names of Terah [Abraham's father], Nahor [Terah's father], Serug [Nahor's father], and Peleg [Serug's grandfather]. "Clearly the patriarchs represented no ordinary family, but constituted a very powerful dynasty. But why would such a long-standing heritage of prominence and renown come to an abrupt end and force Abraham out of Mesopotamia into Canaan? A Sumerian text from 1960 BC [at about the time Terah moved his family from Ur to Haran] could well hold the initial key, for it states, 'The gods have abandoned us like migrating birds. Smoke lies on our cities like a shroud'." Trivia: "The family of the Hebrew patriarchs [Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob] is depicted in the Bible as having had its chief seat in the northern Mesopotamian town of Harran - then [mid-2nd millennium B.C.] belonging to the Hurrian kingdom of Mitanni. From there Abraham, the founder of the Hebrew people, is said to have migrated to Canaan [comprising roughly the region of modern Israel and Lebanon]. In Genesis 14, Abram [Abraham] is called a Hebrew [abrv] and is portrayed as a fighting prince. Reportedly, the initial level of Israelite culture resembled that of its surroundings; it was neither wholly original nor primitive. The tribal structure resembled that of West Semitic steppe dwellers known from the 18th-century-B.C. tablets excavated at the north central Mesopotamian city of Mari; their family customs and law have parallels in Old Babylonian and Hurro-Semite law of the early and middle 2nd millennium." Trivia: "Legends from Mecca indicate that the prophet Abraham built the Kaaba about this time. The Kaaba is a shrine meaning cube in Arabic, that enclosed the idols of their gods. Religious rituals were performed around the Kaaba which had a black stone embedded into a corner, said to be a gift to Abraham from the angel Gabriel for his belief in one god. By AD 500 more than 360 idols were housed within the Kaaba." 2,000 B.C. - Middle Kingdom / Egypt - "[....] ... by the year 2,000 B.C., Egypt was just beginning to recover from a period of feudalism in which both the economy and military power declined. [....] At the opening of this period [2000 B.C. to 1500 B.C.], Egypt had established a centralized government once again. This was the 'Middle Kingdom' under the rulers of the 12th Dynasty (as opposed to the 'Old Kingdom' of the pyramid-builders). [....]" [Based on: Asimov's Chronology Of The World, Isaac Asimov, Copyright 1991, pp. 38&39] 2,000 B.C. - Trivia / Chinese Pyramids - "According to Childress [Lost Cities of China..., Adventures Unlimited 1991], China's Great Pyramid is said to be at least 4,000 years old, and likely much older. It is said that its sides were originally painted black on the North, blue-gray [or faded green] on the East, red on the South, white on the West, and yellow on the top Center platform." [Link: 1 ] 2,000 B.C. - Trivia / Minoan Civilization - "Reportedly, "Crete was the cradle of the Minoan Civilization, which spanned roughly from 2,000 B.C to 1,200 B.C. In addition to incredible frescoes, indoor plumbing (!), the Minoans also developed the first written system of Europe. " [Links: 1 ] 2,000 B.C. - Caucasian Mummies / China - "Cherchen Man [a six-foot tall male Caucasian dead for about 3,000 years and buried in non-native garments made of wool], along with dozens of other perfectly preserved mummies found in Turkestan, in western China, has stood archaeology on its ears. When the earliest of these Central Asian corpses, nestled into the sands of tarim basin, about 2,000 B.C. or a little after, the pyramids of Egypt had already stood for half a millennium, but the best known pharaohs, Ramesses II and King Tut were rather more than five hundred years into the future. Next door in Mesopotamia, the Sumerians were already dying out and Hammurabi was soon to set up his famous law code; the Greeks and Romans had not yet even arrived in Greece and Italy from the northeast. On the other hand, 'Ice Man,' the late Stone Age body found in 1991 by hikers in the Alps, had died well over a thousand years before." Links: http://www.burlingtonnews.net/redhairedmummieschina.html 2,000 B.C. - Trivia / Ancient Temple, Peru - "A 4,000-year-old temple filled with murals has been unearthed on the northern coast of Peru, making it one of the oldest finds in the Americas, a leading archaeologist said on Saturday. [....]" It sits in the Lambayeque valley, near the ancient Sipan complex that Alva unearthed in the 1980s. Ventarron was built long before Sipan, about 2,000 years before Christ, he said. [NP] 'It's a temple that is about 4,000 years old,' Alva, director of the Museum Tumbas Reales (Royal Tombs) of Sipan, told Reuters by telephone after announcing the results of carbon dating at a ceremony north of Lima sponsored by Peru's government. [....]" [Based on: Reuters article (Temple built 4,000 years ago unearthed in Peru) by By Marco Aquino, 11/10/07] Links: http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20071111/sc_nm/peru_archaeology_dc 2,000 B.C. - Prehistoric Paintings / West Texas - "COMSTOCK , (AP) - A complex colorful mural painted on canyon walls some 4,000 years ago in West Texas is getting modern laser treatment as researchers try to unlock its mysteries and protect it from the unintended consequences of a nearby reservoir. [....] Carbon dating shows the Panther Cave paintings - a combined 150 feet wide and 13 feet high - were made by prehistoric Native Americans at the same time the Egyptians were constructing the pyramids. Some images have human characteristics, some are unknown and some are animal figures, including the cave's unmistakable signature 12-foot-long leaping red panther. The animal guards the hollowed out cavern overlooking the Rio Grande about 50 miles west of Del Rio. [....]" [Based on: A.P. article (West Texas prehistoric paintings get laser study) by MICHAEL GRACZYK, 05/29/11] http://www.beaumontenterprise.com/news/article/West-Texas-prehistoric-paintings-get-laser-study-1400797.php 2,000 B.C. - Agriculture-Based Settlements? / Cyprus - "[....] Archaeologists in Cyprus found evidence that inhabitants of the Mediterranean island may have abandoned a nomadic lifestyle for agriculture-based settlements earlier than previously believed. [NP] The excavations at the Politiko-Troullia site, near the capital Nicosia, unearthed a series of households around a communal courtyard, and proof of intensive animal husbandry and crop-processing, according to a statement today on the Web site of the Cypriot Interior Ministry’s Public Information Office. [NP] The dig revealed copper metallurgy and sophisticated ceramic technology during the middle part of the Bronze Age, or between 4,000 and 3,500 years ago, the statement said. Archaeologists had previously believed that such settlements, which went on to evolve into cities, only began developing toward the end of the middle Bronze Age. [....]" [My brackets. NP = new paragraph. - E.M.] [Based on: Archaeologynews.org article: (Cyprus Digs Reveal First Settlements May Be Older Than Thought) by Paul Tugwell - Last Updated: July 22, 2009 07:33 EDT] http://www.archaeologynews.org/story.asp?ID=472030&Title=Cyprus Digs Reveal First Settlements May Be Older Than Thought 1,971 B.C. - Sesostris I Rules Egypt - Reportedly, Sesostris I ruled in Egypt. 1,958 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjunction - 1,953 B.C. - Planetary Conjunction - "The five visible planets - Saturn, Venus, Mercury, Mars, and Jupiter - were believed to be the ministers of Shangdi, the Lord on High. Their conjunction in the predawn sky of February 1,953 B.C. was thought to indicate Shangdi's conferral of the right to rule on the Xia Dynasty." 1,944 B.C. - Uranus-Neptune Conjunction - 1,937 B.C. - 12th Egyptian Dynasty - A traditional date for the 12th Egyptian Dynasty [1937 B.C.-1908 B.C.]. [Link: 1 ] 4. Baktun 3. Baktun of the Sacred Mountain. 1930-1536 B.C. 3.0.0.0.0 Middle and New Kingdom in Egypt; relocation of center to Sacred Mountain of the West, Valley of the Kings, marks decision of Egyptians to perpetuate dynastic rule, consolidates pattern of defensive territorialism as norm for civilized life. Waves of invaders - Hittites, Aryans; destruction of Minoan, Indus civilizations. [Based on: The Mayan Factor / Path Beyond Technology, by Jose Arguelles, Copyright 1939-, 1987, p. 114] 1,900 B.C. - Enuma Elish - A reported date for the writing of the Enuma Elish, the Babylonian Creation Myth. The 19th century was believed to be the time when Babylonia began compiling Old Sumerian history into epic form. [Link: 1 ] 1,900 B.C. - Yueshi culture - "The Yueshi culture [ 岳石文化 Yu� sh� w�nhu�] of the Shandong region of China, is dated from 1900 to 1500 BC. It spanned the period from the Late Neolithic to the early Bronze Age. In the Shandong area, it followed the Longshan culture period (c. 2600–1900 BC), and was later replaced by the Erligang culture. [...] Yueshi was contemporary with the Erlitou culture and the early Erligang culture, both located to its west. The Tai-Yi Mountains (泰沂山脉) region in central Shandong is the core area of Yueshi, but as the Erligang state (commonly identified with the early Shang dynasty) expanded, Yueshi declined and retreated to the Shandong Peninsula in the east.[1] [... .]" [Based on: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yueshi_culture] 1,900 B.C. - Erlitou culture - "The Erlitou culture [二里头文化 �r lǐtou w�nhu�] is an early Bronze Age urban society and archaeological culture that existed in China from approximately 1900 to 1500 BC.[1] The culture was named after the site discovered at Erlitou in Yanshi, Henan. The culture was widely spread throughout Henan and Shanxi and later appeared in Shaanxi and Hubei. Chinese archaeologists generally identify the Erlitou culture as the site of the Xia dynasty, but there is no firm evidence, such as writing, to substantiate such a linkage.[2] [... .]" [Based on: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erlitou_culture] 1,900 B.C. - Amorites / Palestine - "Palestine was invaded by North Western Semites who came from Asia Minor, these Indo-Aryans nomadic desert tribes destroyed most of the cities in Palestine by 1900 B.C., they were a tall fair race they were called the Amorite [from the Babylonian word Amurru 'westerner']. The Amorites settled first in the Northern and the Eastern parts of Palestine then settled as Hill tribes in the South West of Palestine. Egypt was invaded also by the desert nomadic tribes the Amorites who destroyed Palestine [Hyksos kingdom in Egypt]." [Link: 1 ] Links: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorite 1,900 B.C. - Melchizedek? / Salem - Reportedly, "King Melchizedek ruled Salem before it became Jerusalem. He charged everybody in his domain a flat 10% tax." 1,900 B.C. - Amorites / Mesopotamia - Reportedly: "Around 1,900 B.C., a group of Semites - Canaanites - called the Amorites - had managed to gain control of most of the Mesopotamian region." Reportedly: the Amorite name means 'the high one.' " [Links: 1 , 2 ] 1,890 B.C. - Babylonian Era - "In its very oldest form, Marduk's story might be 1000 years older than the Genesis account, but it is distinctly Babylonian and the Babylonian era began in about 1890 BC. Prior to that was the Sumerian era from about 3800 BC to 1960 BC - the era of the kings of Eridu, Kish, Shuruppak, Larsa and Ur. It is within the records of ancient Sumer that Marduk's original prototype appears, and it is from these that we find the first account of Adam." [Based on: Genesis Of The Grail Kings, Laurence Gardner] [Link: 1 ] Trivia: "(CNN) - Over 1,000 years before Pythagoras was calculating the length of a hypotenuse (6th century B.C.?), sophisticated scribes in Mesopotamia were working with the same theory to calculate the area of their farmland. [....] 'This is nearly 4,000 years ago and there's no other ancient culture at that time that we know of that is doing anything like that level of work. It seems to be going beyond anything that daily life needs,' he [Alexander Jones, a Professor of the History of the Exact Sciences in Antiquity at New York University.] said. [....]" [Based on: CNN World article (Pythagoras, a math genius? Not by Babylonian standards) By Laura Allsop for CNN - December 17, 2010 9:34 a.m. EST] Link: http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/meast/12/17/old.babylonian.math/index.html?hpt=C2 1,878 B.C. - Sesostris III Rules Egypt - Sesostris III rules [1878- 843 B.C.] in Egypt during the 12th Dynasty. 1,850 B.C. - Hebrew Settlement? / Canaan - "The Genesis account of Abraham and his immediate descendants may indicate that there were three main waves of early Hebrew settlement in Canaan, the modern Israel. One was associated with Abraham and Hebron and took place in about 1850 BCE. A second wave of immigration was linked with Abraham's grandson Jacob, who was renamed Israel ['May God show his strength!']; he settled in Shechem, which is now the Arab town of Nablus on the West bank. The Bible tells us that Jacob's sons, who became the ancestors of the twelve tribes of Israel, emigrated to Egypt during a sever famine in Canaan. The third wave of Hebrew settlement occured in about 1200 BCE when tribes who claimed to be descendants of Abraham arrived in Canaan from Egypt. They said that they had been enslaved by the Egyptians but had been liberated by a deity called Yahweh, who was the god of their leader Moses. After they had forced their way into Canaan, they allied themselves with the Hebrews there and became known as the people of Israel. The Bible makes it clear that the people we know as the ancient Israelites were a confederation of various ethnic groups, bound together principally by their loyalty to Yahweh, the God of Moses. The biblical account was written down centuries later, however, in about the eigth century BCE, though it certainly drew on earlier narrative sources." [Based on: A History of God, Karen Armstrong, pp. 11-12] 1,847 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjunction - 18th Century B.C. Links: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_century_BC 1,800 B.C. - Buddha? - "[....] So if we arrive at the date of 1500 BC for the Buddhist Mauryan emperor Ashoka, as per the Buddhist scriptures, we can easily arrive at the date of the Buddha. Buddha precedes Ashoka by two hundred and eighteen years. So this would put Buddha at anywhere between 1700 BC and 1800 BC. This roughly tallies with the Puranic calculations as well, which put Buddha’s date to around 1800–1900 BC." [Based on: Boloji.com article (Buddha has to be Dated to 1800 BC), by Prithviraj R - Source: Excepts from author's forthcoming book on history - 19000 Years of World History: The Story of Religion. He can be reached at [email protected]] Link: http://www.boloji.com/history/047.htm - [T.D. - 06/21/09] 1,800 B.C. - Amorites / Babylon - "[....] A tribe known as the 'Amorites,' speaking a Semitic language, took over a small Akkadian town called Bab-ilum (Akkadian for 'Gate of God') about 1,800 B.C., and made it their capital. It then entered a 1500-year period of greatness. The later Greeks called it Babylon, and the region that had been thought of as Sumeria for 3000 years came to be called Babylonia. [....]" [Based on: Asimov's Chronology Of The World, Isaac Asimov, Copyright 1991, p. 40] 1,800 B.C. - Hyksos / Nile Delta - "c. 1800 BC: Hyksos start to settle in the Nile Delta. They had the capital at Avaris in northeastern Nile Delta." [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_century_BC] Trivia: "An archaeological dig was undertaken by Manfred Bietak, of the University of Vienna at Tell ed-Daba, at a site in the eastern Nile delta identified as Avaris, the reported Hyksos capital. Excavations there show a gradual increase of Canaanite influence in the styles of pottery, architeture and tombs from around 1800 BCE." 1,792 B.C. - Hammurabi rules Babylon - "(middle chronology) – Hammurabi rules Babylonia and has to deal with Mari, which he conquers late in his career." [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_century_BC] 1,785 B.C. - Rise of Nubian Empire / Egypt - "[....] This powerful dynasty [Nubian] rose just as Egypt's Middle Kingdom declined around 1785 B.C. By 1500 B.C. the Nubian empire stretched between the Second and Fifth Cataracts [Nile River]. [....]" [Based on: Article ( AN IGNORED CHAPTER OF HISTORY TELLS OF A TIME WHEN KINGS FROM DEEP IN AFRICA CONQURED ANCIENT EGYPT / Black Pharaohs, by Robert Draper, N.G.M. (February 2008), p. 40] 1,783 B.C. - 13th Egyptian Dynasty - A traditionaldate for the 13th Egyptian Dynasty [1783 B.C.-1640 B.C.]. [Link: 1 ] 1,773 B.C. - Uranus-Neptune Conjunction - 1,770 B.C. - Babylon - "Babylon, capital of Babylonia becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Thebes, capital of Egypt.[1]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_century_BC] 1,760 B.C. - Gilgamesh Epic? - A reported date for the writing of the Gilgamesh Epic. Other dates associated with the writing of this epic include: 1,600 B.C. According to one translation, the Babylonian name for the Epic of Gilgamesh is "He who Saw Everything." [Link: 1 ] 1,760 B.C. - Kassites / Babylon - "In Babylonia, about 1,760 B.C., the Kassites who conquered the land from western Iran, had a god written down as 'Suriias' - the Indo-Iranian, Suryas." Links: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassites 1,749 B.C. - Shamshi-Adad I Rules Assyria - Shamshi-Adad I rules [1749-1717 B.C.] in Assyria. 1,728 B.C. - Hammurabi Rules Babylon - "[....] In 1728 B.C., Hammurabi (d. 1686 B.C.) became king in Babylon and spread his rule over all of Babylonia. He is rememberd, in history, chiefly because of a stone pillar, dating back to his reign, still exists. It is inscribed with a law-code. [....]" [Based on: Asimov's Chronology Of The World, Isaac Asimov, Copyright 1991, p. 40] 1,720 B.C. - Joseph / Egypt? - "It is traditionally presumed that Joseph was sold into slavery in Egypt in the 1720's BC and was made Governor by the Pharaoh a decade or so later. Afterwards, his father Jacob [whose name was later changed to Israel] and seventy family members followed him into Goshen to escape the famine in Canaan. Notwithstanding this, Genesis 47:11, Exodus 1:11 and Numbers 33:30 all refer to 'the land of Ramesses' [Egyptian: 'the house of Ramesses'] - but this was a complex of grain storehouses built by the Israelites for Ramesses II in Goshen some 300 years after they were supposedly there!" [Based on: The Bible Unearthed, Israel Finkelstein & Neil Asher Silberman] 1,704 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjunction - 17th Century B.C. Links: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1700_BC 1,700 B.C. - Rig Veda - "It is one of the oldest extant texts of any Indo-European language. Philological and linguistic evidence indicate that the Rigveda was composed in the north-western region of the Indian subcontinent, roughly between 1700–1100 BC[4] (the early Vedic period). There are strong linguistic and cultural similarities with the early Iranian Avesta, deriving from the Proto-Indo-Iranian times, often associated with the early Andronovo (Sintashta-Petrovka) culture of ca. 2200-1600 BC. [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rig_Veda] - [T.D. - 01/27/10] 1,700 B.C. - Cities / Nubia - "Nubia, known as the Kingdom of Kush in the Bible. By this time the Nubians have established sizable cities with a class society of workers, farmers, priests, soldiers bureaucrats and an aristocracy with technological and cultural skills on a level with other advanced civilizations of their day." 1,700 B.C. - Proto-Canaanite - According to reports: "Proto-Canaanite, also known as Proto-Sinaitic, was the first consonantal alphabet. Even a quick and cursory glance at its inventory of signs makes it very apparent of this script's Egyptian origin. It is thought that at around 1,700 BCE, Sinai was conquered by Egypt (for its turquoise mines and trade routes). Egyptian influence must have poured into the local West-Semitic speaking population, who, among other things, adopted a small number of hieroglyphic signs (probably no more than 22) to write down their language. In the Old Testament, the Hebrews never call their language 'Hebrew' or 'Israelite,' but quite correctly 'the language of Canaan.' " [Link: 1 ] 1,700 B.C. - Earthquakes / Crete - "Knossos (Crete) was first destroyed by an earthquake. Mycenae, the great city of the Peloponnesus, was another earthquake victim about this time." 1,700 B.C. - Aryan Invasion? / Indus Valley - "In the seventeenth century BCE, Aryans from what is now Iran had invaded the Indus valley and subdued the indigenous population. They had imposed their religious ideas, which we find expressed in the collection of odes known as the Rig-Veda. There we find a multitude of Gods, expressing many of the same values as the deities of the Middle East presenting the forces of nature as instinct with power, life and personality." [Based on: A History of God, Karen Armstrong, p. 28] 1,700 B.C. - Massive Fortification / Canaan - "Archaeologists in east Jerusalem have uncovered a 3,700-year-old wall, which is the oldest example of massive fortifications to ever be discovered in the city, according to a statement made by the Israel Antiquities Authority on Wednesday [09/02/09]. [....] The wall dates to the 17th century BC, when Jerusalem was a small yet strong isolated group controlled by the Canaanites, which is one of the groups that the Bible refers to as living in the Holy Land before being conquered by the Hebrew conquest. [....]" [Based on: Archaeology News article (Oldest Wall In Jerusalem Found) - Posted on: Friday, 4 September 2009, 06:37 CDT] 1,700 B.C. - Trivia / New Year Festival, Babylon - "Like other people in the ancient world, the Babylonians attributed their cultural achievements to the gods, who had revealed their own lifestyle to their mythical ancestors. Thus Babylon itself was supposed to be an image of heaven, with each of its temples a replica of a celestial palace. This link with the divine world was celebrated and perpetuated annually in the great New Year Festival, which had been firmly established by the seventeenth century BCE. Celebrated in the holy city of Babylon during the month of Nisan - our April - the Festival solemnly enthroned the king and established his reign for another year. Yet this political stability could only endure insofar as it participated in the more enduring and effective government of the gods, who had brought order out of chaos when they had created the world. The eleven sacred days of the Festival thus projected the participants outside profane time and into the sacred eternal world of the gods by means of ritual gestures. A scapegoat was killed to cancel the old, dying year; the public humiliation of the king and the enthronement of a carnival king in his place reproduced the original chaos; a mock battle reenacted the struggle of the gods against the forces of destruction. "These symbolic actions thus had a sacramental value; they enabled the people of Babylon to immerse themselves in the sacred power of mana on which their own great civilization depended. Culture was felt to be a fragile achievement, which could always fall pray to the forces of disorder and disintegration. On the afternoon of the fourth day of the Festival, priests and choristers filed into the Holy of Holies to recite the Enuma Elish, the epic poem whic celebrated the victory of the gods over chaos. The story was not a factual account of the physical origins of life upon earth, but was a deliberately symbolic attempt to suggest a great mystery and to release its sacred power." [Based on: A History of God, Karen Armstrong, pp. 6-7] 1,700 B.C. - Ancient England: Wayland's Smithy - "[....] As a mortuary site, Wayland’s Smithy was originally a timber mortuary house. About 3700 BCE, Neolithic farmers constructed a large house with two large posts at each end to hold up the roof. [....]" [Based on: DAILY KOS article (Ancient England: Wayland's Smithy) Sun Oct 02, 2011 at 08:11 AM PDT, by Ojibwa - Originally posted to Ojibwa on Sun Oct 02, 2011 at 08:11 AM PDT.] http://www.dailykos.com/story/2011/10/02/1022096/-Ancient-England:-Waylands-Smithy?via=siderecent 1,680 B.C. - Labarnas I Rules Hatti - Labarnas I rules the kingdom of Hatti from 1,680-1,650 B.C. [Link: 1 ] 1,670 B.C. - Hyksos Invasion? / Egypt - "Manetho described a massive, brutal invasion of Egypt by foreigners from the east, whom he called Hyksos, an enigmatic Greek form of an Egyptian word that he translated as 'shepard kings' but that actually means 'rulers of foreign lands.' Manetho reported that the Hyksos established themselves in the delta at a city named Avaris. And they founded a dynasty there that ruled Egypt with great cruelty for more than 500 years. In the early years of modern research, scholars identified the Hyksos with the kings of the Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt, who ruled from about 1670 to 1570 BCE. The early scholars accepted Mantheo's report quite literally and sought evidence for a powerful foreign nation or ethnic group that came from afar to invade and conquer Egypt. Subsequent studies showed that inscriptions and seals bearing the names of Hyksos rulers were West Semitic - in other words, Canaanite. Recent archaeological excavations in the eastern Nile delta have confirmed that conclusion and indicate that the Hyksos 'invasion' was a gradual process of immigration from Canaan to Egypt, rather than a lightning military campaign." [Based on: Israel Finkelstein & Neil Asher Silberman, The Bible Unearthedpp. 54-55.] [Link: 1 ] 1,650 B.C. - Israelites? / Egypt - According to one report, this was the time when the Israelites were in Egypt [Jacob, Joseph]. 1,650 B.C. - Abydos Dynasty / Egypt - "Researchers from the University of Pennsylvania’s Penn Museum have made a discovery of epic proportions at the Egyptian dig site of Abydos. Archaeologists have unearthed the remains of the previously unknown Pharaoh [2014], Woseribre Senebkay. Along with this amazing discovery, comes proof that the Abydos Dynasty from 1650-1600 BC existed. [N.P.] The team from the museum, working closely with Egypt’s Supreme Council of Antiquities, revealed King Senebkay’s tomb close to the larger vault belonging to King Sobekhotep of the Thirteenth Dynasty of 1780 BC. [...] The Abydos site has been excavated by Penn Museum scholars since 1967 as a combined effort from Pennsylvania-Yale-Institute of Fine Arts/NYU Expedition to Abydos. The dig site is located on the western side of the Nile in Upper Egypt and was a religious center associated with the funerary god Osiris. [... .]" [Based on: redorbit.com article (Archaeologists Unearth An Unknown Pharaoh’s Tomb In Egypt) by Gerard LeBlond, 01/17/14] Link: http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1113049294/ancient-egyptian-tomb-unearthed-unknown-pharaoh-011714/ 1,640 B.C. - 14th Egyptian Dynasty - 1640 B.C. - 1540 B.C. encompasses the 14th, 15th, 16th, and 17th Egyptian Dynasties. [Link: 1 ] 1,634 B.C. - Senakht-en-Re / Egypt - "A new king has been added to the long list of ancient pharaohs, the Egyptian Minister of State for Antiquities, Mohamed Ibrahim, announced this week. [NP] The king's name, Senakht-en-Re, emerged from the engraved remains of a limestone door found by a French-Egyptian team in the Temple of Karnak complex on Luxor’s east bank. [...] Belonging to an administrative structure dating to the enigmatic 17th Dynasty (about 1634-1543 BC) the limestone remains featured hieroglyphics which indicated that the door was dedicated to Amun-Re. [...] At that time, the town was under the rule of the Hyksos. Known as the "rulers of foreign countries" (probably of Asiatic roots), they infiltrated Egypt and came to dominate the Nile valley for over a century during the Second Intermediate Period (1664-1569 B.C.). [....]" [Based on: FoxNews article (All hail the new king: New ancient Egyptian pharaoh discovered) Written By Rossella Lorenzi, Published March 08, 2012 - Discovery News http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2012/03/08/all-hail-new-king-new-king-ancient-egypt-discovered/?intcmp=features 1,628 B.C. - Volcanic Eruption / Thera - "New data about climatically-effective volcanic eruptions during the past several thousand years may be contained in frost-damage zones in the annual rings of [pine] trees. There is good agreement in the timing of frost events and recent eruptions, and the damage can be plausibly linked to climatic effects of stratospheric aerosol veils on hemispheric and global scales. The cataclysmic proto-historic eruption of Santorini [Thera], in the Aegean, is tentatively dated to 1,628-1,626 B.C. from frost-ring evidence. Other dates attributed to the eruption of Thera include: 1,645, 1,503, and 1,470 B.C." Trivia: 1630-1600 B.C. and 1628 B.C. dates are mentioned in National Geographic Channel program [04/23/11] entitled: Biblical Plagues: The Final Torments. Trivia: "Recent examinations of the eruption of the Santorini volcano suggest that it occurred very close (estimated between 1660-1613 BC) to the first appearances of the Sea People in Egypt.[43] The eruption and its aftermath (fires, tsunami, weather changes and famines) would have had wide-ranging effects across the Mediterranean, the Levant and particularly Greece, and could have provided the impetus for invasions of other regions of the Mediterranean." [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Peoples] 16th Century B.C. Links: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1600_BC 1,600 B.C. - Hellens / Greece - "[....] By 1600 B.C., invading tribes from the north entered the land we now call Greece, and they were the people we call Greeks (They themselves called the land Hellas, and themselves Hellenes. The name 'Greece' was first used by the Romans). [....]" [Based on: Asimov's Chronology Of The World, Isaac Asimov, Copyright 1991, p. 41] Trivia: "The country of Greece has been inhabited since 70,000 B.C." [Based on: The History Channel, 2004] Links: http://www.crystalinks.com/greekhistory.html 1,600 B.C. - Early Vedic Period - "Reportedly, according to one version of popular history, this was the beginning of the Early Vedic period [1,600-1,000 B.C.] of Indian civilization. Reportedly, the Vedas have been passed down through oral tradition for over 10,000 years, appearing in written form between 2,000 - 4,000 B.C." Trivia: "The Vedic Period (or Vedic Age) is the period in the history of India during which the Vedas, the oldest sacred texts of Hinduism, were being composed. Scholars place the Vedic period in the second and first millennia BCE continuing up to the 6th century BCE based on literary evidence. [NP] The associated culture, sometimes referred to as Vedic civilization, was centered in northern and northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent. Its early phase saw the formation of various kingdoms of ancient India. In its late phase (from ca. 600 BCE), it saw the rise of the Mahajanapadas, and was succeeded by the Maurya Empire (from ca. 320 BCE), the golden age, classical age of Sanskrit literature, and the Middle kingdoms of India. [....]" [Based on: Wikipedia Article: Vedic period - see link] Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_period - [T.D. - 10/26/08] 1,600 B.C. - Shang Dynasty / China - "The Shang dynasty (Chinese: 商朝; pinyin: Shāng ch�o) or Yin Dynasty (Chinese: 殷代; pinyin: Yīn d�i), according to traditional historiography, ruled in the Yellow River valley in the second millennium BC, succeeding the Xia dynasty and followed by the Zhou dynasty. The classic account of the Shang comes from texts such as the Classic of History, Bamboo Annals and Records of the Grand Historian. According to the traditional chronology based upon calculations made approximately 2,000 years ago by Liu Xin, the Shang ruled from 1766 BC to 1122 BC, but according to the chronology based upon the 'current text' of Bamboo Annals, they ruled from 1556 BC to 1046 BC. The Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project dated them from c. 1600 BC to 1046 BC." [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang_Dynasty] 1,600 B.C. - Astrology Text / Babylon - "The earliest extant Babylonian astrology text is the Enuma Anu Enlil (literally meaning 'When the gods Anu and Enlil...'), dating back to 1600 B.C. This text describes various astronomical omens and their application to national and political affairs. For example, a segment of the text says: 'If in Nisannu the sunrise appears sprinkled with blood, battles [follow].' Nisannu is the Babylonian month corresponding to March/April in the Western calendar. [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_astrology] - [T.D. - 08/02/08] 1,600 B.C. - Hittite Civilization / Mesopotamia - "The Hittites Empire stretched from Mesopotamia to Syria and Palestine. Their invasion spelled the end of the Old Babylonian Empire in Mesopotamia. The Hittite civilization dominated Mesopotamia from 1,600 B.C. to 1,200 B.C. The Bible mentions the Hittites among the early inhabitants of Palestine, and that intermarriage between Hebrews and Hittites took place. Ezekiel 16:3 goes so far as to tell the Jerusalemites that they are a hybrid people; their father, so to speak, is Amorite, and their mother, Hittite." Links: http://www.crystalinks.com/hittites.html 1,600 B.C. - Nebra Sky Disk / Mittelberg Germany - "The recent discovery of an astronomical artifact that is probably about 3600 years old just goes to show how little we really know about our ancestors. The location? Atop the Mittelberg, a 252m hill in the Ziegelroda Forest, 180km south-west of Berlin, in the German state of Saxony-Anhalt. The place of discovery, on the mountain's summit, has been compared to the Stonehenge ritual site in Britain. The artifact? Archaeologists are investigating a 32cm bronze-and-gold disc that maps 32 stars, including the Pleiades. The stars are shown as they appear in reference to a local mountain on the horizon, the Brocken. The Brocken is fabled in northern European mythology as the place where witches gather for a coven every April 3. The artifact was discovered within a pit inside a Bronze Age ringwall. The ringwall was built in such a way that the sun seemed to disappear every equinox behind the Brocken. Since the Mittelberg is near the German town of Nebra, the star map has been dubbed the 'Nebra Disc.' Experts believe the map and site formed an observatory, which was used to set the calendar for planting and harvesting crops. The nearby forest contains 1000 barrows or princely graves from the period. The identity of the Bronze Age people of Europe has been lost in the mists of time. They are not mentioned in ancient Greek or other Mediterranean sources. Only their hut sites, graves and treasures are left. It is impossible to guess the language they spoke." [Links: 1 , 2 ] 1,595 B.C. - Kassite Domination / Babylon - "The Hittites captured Babylon and retreated. They left the city open to Kassite domination which lasted about 300 years. The Kassites maintained the Sumerian/Babylonian culture without innovations of their own." 1,593 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjunction - 1,570 B.C. - Hyksos Expulsion? / Egypt - "By 1,570 B.C., a century and a half after the Hyksos had made their appearance, the Egyptians, under Ahmose, who ruled from 1,570 - 1,546 B.C., drove them out of the land. The Egyptians followed them across the Sinai Peninsula and annexed Canaan, hoping it would serve as a buffer against future invasions." [Based on: Isaac Asimov, Asimov's Chronology Of The World, p. 40] Trivia: "Manetho suggested that after the Hyksos were driven from Egypt, they founded the city of Jerusalem and constructed a temple there. Far more trustworthy is an Egyptian source of the sixteenth century B.C.E. that recounts the exploits of Pharoah Ahmose, of the Eighteenth Dynasty, who sacked Avaris and chased the remnants of the Hyksos to their main citadel in southern Canaan - Sharuhen, near Gaza - which he stormed after a long siege. And indeed, around the middle of the sixteenth century BCE, Tell ed-Daba was abandoned, marking the sudden end of the Canaanite influence there." [Israel Finkelstein & Neil Asher Silberman, The Bible Unearthed, pp. 55-56] Trivia: "Beginning after the expulsion of the Hyksos, the Egyptians tightened their control over the flow of immigrants from Canaan into the delta. They established a system of forts along the delta's eastern border and manned them with garrison troops and administrators. Incidentally, no mention of the name Israel has been found in any of the inscriptions or documents connected with the Hyksos period." [Israel Finkelstein & Neil Asher Silberman, The Bible Unearthed] 1,564 B.C. - Neptune-Pluto Conjunction - "Neptune-Pluto cycles last about 495 years - half a millennium. They characterise an underlying driving-force behind history, an undertow of reality which marries the inevitable ram-force of Pluto with the imaginal, ideational power of Neptune. This combined force helps us define our underlying historical reality on a collective-unconscious level - this world-view and body of collective experience being a combination of actualities and perceptions." Note: "Configuration dates on this timeline prior to the 6th century B.C. represent estimated projections only. In some cases they are off by several years." [- E.M.] 1,550 - Trivia / Palestine - "The Canaanites lived in small cities on the costal plains of Palestine and Syria under the rule of the Semites Hyksos until Amasis I [Ahmose] about 1550 B.C. liberated Egypt from the Hyksos and formed the New Kingdom." [Link: 1 ] 1,550 B.C. - 18th Egyptian Dynasty - Beginning of Egyptian New Kingdom [1550 B.C.-1070 B.C.] period. This was also the "Egyptian Empire," because it ruled over Asians as well as Egyptians. 1,540 B.C. represents a traditional date for the 18th Egyptian Dynasty [1540 B.C.-1514 B.C.]." [Link: 1 ] 1,550 B.C. - Destruction? / Indus Valley Civilization - "In India writing disappeared for a time with the destruction of the Indus Valley civilization." 1,550 B.C. - Stonehenge skeleton came from Mediterranean - " LONDON — A wealthy young teenager buried near Britain's mysterious Stonehenge monument came from the Mediterranean hundreds of miles away, scientists said Wednesday [09/29/10], proof of the site's importance as a travel destination in prehistoric times. [....] The British Geological Survey's Jane Evans said that the find, radiocarbon dated to 1,550 B.C., 'highlights the diversity of people who came to Stonehenge from across Europe,' a statement backed by Bournemouth University's Timothy Darvill, a Stonehenge scholar uninvolved with the discovery. [....]" [Based on A.P. article (Stonehenge skeleton came from Mediterranean / Discovery provides proof of site's importance as travel destination in prehistoric times), by Raphael G. Satter - updated 9/30/2010 12:21:44 PM ET] http://www.archaeologynews.org/story.asp?ID=666408&Title=Stonehenge%20skeleton%20came%20from%20Mediterranean 5. Baktun 4. Baktun of the House of Shang. 1536-1141 B.C. 4.0.0.0.0 Establishment of Shang Dynasty, China, enunciation of yin/yang doctrine, advanced bronze metallurgy and pattern of Chinese civilization. Beginnings of Vedic civilization, India. Emergence of Chavin civilization, Andes, and Olmecs, Mesoamerica. Akhenaton, Egypt; Abraham and Moses, Israel; Hittite consolidation, Mesopotamia. [Based on: The Mayan Factor / Path Beyond Technology, by Jose Arguelles, Copyright 1939-, 1987, p. 114] 1,530 B.C. - Kassite Domination / Mesopotamia - "About 1,530 B.C., a century and a half after the death of Hammurabi, Babylonia and Assyria alike were conquered by charioteers from the north, a group called 'Kassites' by the later histories. Under the Assyrian king, Ashur-Dan, the last Kassite king was driven from the Babylonian throne in the twelfth century B.C." [Link: 1 ] 1,525 B.C. - Birth / Hatshepsut - "In Egypt Queen Hatshepsut, one of the XVIII Dynasty rulers, was born. Her name translates as 'The Foremost of Noble Ladies'." 1,505 B.C. - Thutmose III / Egypt - "[....] Thutmose III reigned from 1479 BC to 1425 BC according to the Low Chronology of Ancient Egypt. This has been the conventional Egyptian chronology in academic circles since the 1960s,[6] though in some circles the older dates 1504 BC to 1450 BC are preferred from the High Chronology of Egypt.[7] These dates, just as all the dates of the Eighteenth Dynasty, are open to dispute because of uncertainty about the circumstances surrounding the recording of a Heliacal Rise of Sothis in the reign of Amenhotep I.[8] [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thutmose_III] 1,504 B.C. - Egyptian Campaign / Nubia & Levant - Egypt conquers Nubia and the Levant (1504 BC–1492 BC). [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1500_BC] 1,503 B.C. - Trivia / Deluge of Deucalion - "A traditional date for the deluge of Deucalion in Thessaly, a country of Greece. Reportedly, the island of Thera [actually the top of a volcano sticking out of the sea] exploded. A rain of ashes fell on Crete, and tidal waves struck its shores, and also the shores of Greece, which may have given rise to Greek legends concerning a great flood. Crete was greatly weakened by this explosion and the Minoan civilization tottered to its end, thereafter. Other dates attributed to the Thera eruption include: 1,628 B.C." 1,500 B.C. 15th Century B.C. Links: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1500_BC 1,500 B.C. - Heroic Age - "A traditional date for the 'Heroic Age' [1,500 B.C. - 1,000 B.C.] of Greece and Israel. Reportedly, the customs of both Greeks and Hebrews in the 'Heroic Age' were often alien to their descendants in the classical periods." 1,500 B.C. - Trivia / Olmecs - "According to popular belief, the Olmecs were a culture of ancient peoples of the East Mexico lowlands. Other reports suggest a much older culture was responsible for the ancient sites which the Olmecs ['their descendants'] later inherited. It was at San Lorenzo that the earliest carbon-dates for an Olmec site [around 1,500 B.C.] had been recorded by archaeologists. However, Olmec culture appeared to have been fully evolved by that epoch and there was no evidence that the evolution had taken place in the vicinity of San Lorenzo. Not a single, solitary sign of anything that could be described as the 'developmental phase' of Olmec society had been unearthed anywhere in Mexico [or, for that matter, anywhere in the New World]." [Links: 1 , 2 [see number 12] Trivia: "A four-tonne 'Olmec' head bearing African features located in La Venta, Gulf of Mexico, has been approximately dated to 1,500 BC. Trivia: "The roots of the Mayan civilization can be traced back thousands of years to the Olmecs, an earlier civilization that inhabited an area along the Gulf of Mexico. The Olmec, which means 'rubber people,' date back to at least 4000 BC. They began their rise to civilization around 1500 BC, and are considered to have reached the first advanced stages of high civilization around 550 BC." Links: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olmec_civilization - [T.D. - 11/29/08] 1,500 B.C. - Chinese Writing - "[....] The first recognizable form of Chinese writing dates from 3,500 years ago, but many argue that its origins lie much deeper in the past. Regardless of its actual age, Chinese has evolved substantially over time yet has retained its ancient core, making it one of the longest continuously used writing system in the world. [NP] The common consensus is that writing in China evolved from earlier non-linguistic symbolic systems. During the Late Neolithic period, at the latter half of the 3rd millenum BCE, many symbols or "pictograms" started to be incised on pottery and jades. These symbols are thought to be family or clan emblems that identify the ownership or provenance of the pottery or jades. [....]" [Based on: http://www.ancientscripts.com/chinese.html] Links: http://www.zhongwen.com/ 1,500 B.C. - Trivia / Shekhem - "[....] The city of Shekhem, positioned in a pass between the mountains of Gerizim and Eibal and controlling the Askar Plains to the east, was an important regional center more than 3,500 years ago. As the existing remains show, it lay within fortifications of massive stones, was entered through monumental gates and centered on a temple with walls five yards (meters) thick. [NP] The king of Shekhem, Labaya, is mentioned in the cuneiform tablets of the Pharaonic archive found at Tel al-Amarna in Egypt, which are dated to the 14th century B.C. The king had rebelled against Egyptian domination, and soldiers were dispatched north to subdue him. They failed. [....]" [Based on: FoxNews.com article (Archaeologists Uncover Ruins of Biblical City Shekem in War-Torn Palestine) - The Associated Press contributed to this report - 07/22/11] http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/07/22/in-palestinian-city-diggers-uncover-biblical-ruin/?test=faces 1,500 B.C. - Erligang culture - "The Erligang culture[a] [二里岗文化 �r lǐ gǎng w�nhu�] is a Bronze Age urban civilization and archaeological culture in China that existed from approximately 1500 to 1300 BC. The primary site was discovered at Erligang, within the modern city of Zhengzhou, Henan, in 1951. [... .]" [Based on: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erligang_culture] 1,500 B.C. - Trivia / Linear B - "With such a non-descriptive name, Linear B proved to be the oldest surviving record of a Greek dialect, known as Mycenaean, named after the great site of Mycenae where the legendary Agamemnon ruled. Its usage spanned the time period between 1,500 B.C. and 1,200 B.C. approximately, and geographically covered the island of Crete as well as the southern part of the Greek Mainland." [Link: 1 ] 1,500 B.C. - Trivia / Byblos Script - "Byblos is an ancient Phoenician city along the coast of modern day Lebanon. Its name was the origin of the Greek word 'biblion' which means 'book', hence 'bibliography' and 'Bible'. In short Byblos is nearly synonymous with writing. Ironically, Byblos was also home to a still poorly understood script during roughly the middle of the second millenium BCE. There are only a few short examples of this script, mainly on stone or metal. This script contains roughly 100 signs, which fits with the number of signs necessary for a syllabary." [Link: 1 ] 1,500 B.C. - Destruction of Jericho? - See link section beginning at 30:20. Link: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/bibles-buried-secrets.html 1,500 B.C. - Kush / Southern Egypt - "By this time the kingdom of Kush was established south of Egypt. The Kushites were dark-complexioned Negroids." 1,500 B.C. - Nubian Empire / Egypt - "[....] This powerful dynasty [Nubian] rose just as Egypt's Middle Kingdom declined around 1785 B.C. By 1500 B.C. the Nubian empire stretched between the Second and Fifth Cataracts [Nile River]. [....]" [Based on: Article ( AN IGNORED CHAPTER OF HISTORY TELLS OF A TIME WHEN KINGS FROM DEEP IN AFRICA CONQURED ANCIENT EGYPT / Black Pharaohs, by Robert Draper, N.G.M. (February 2008), p. 40] 1,500 B.C. - Independence / Assyria - According to popular history, Assyria becomes an independant kingdom. 1,500 B.C. - Aryan Invasion? / India - According to popular history, by 1,500 B.C. "[...] charioteers invaded Asia by 1500 B.C., and put an end to the Indus civilization, which may have had a population of 1 million at its peak. The invaders of India called themselves 'Aryans,' from their word for 'noble.' They spoke an Indo-European language known as 'Sanskrit.' It is because they brought this language into India, while other charioteers spread related languages westward into Europe, that we call the language-family 'Indo European.' [....]" [See: Asimov's Chronology Of The World, Isaac Asimov, Copyright 1991, p. 41] Trivia: "In 1999 researchers reported that gene patterns confirmed that Caucasoid invaders entered India between 1,000 and 2,000 BC." Trivia: "Vedism was the sacrificial religion of the early Indo-European-speaking peoples who entered India from about 1500 BC from the Iranian plateau via the Hindukush and mixed up with the local populations. [11] [NP] The earliest literature of Hinduism is made up of the four Vedas: the Rig-Veda, Sama-Veda, Yajur-Veda and the Atharva-Veda. Of these, the Rig-Veda is the oldest surviving work. These texts were composed between ca. 1500 and 800 BC, and were transmitted by oral tradition alone until the advent of the Pallava and Gupta period and by a combination of written and oral tradition since then. [....]" [Based on: Wikipedia article: Vedic period - See link] Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Hinduism 1,500 B.C. - Tsunami Event? / Caesarea - "[....] Geological drilling - in areas of 1-3 meters in length and at various depths - enabled Dr. Goodman [Beverly Goodman of the Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences at the University of Haifa] to date the underwater layers using two methods: carbon-14 dating and OSL (optically stimulated luminescence). She found evidence of four tsunami events at Caesarea: in 1500 BC, 100-200 CE, 500-600 CE, and 1100-1200 CE. [NP] In an article published by the Geological Society of America, Dr. Goodman explains that the earliest of these tsunamis resulted from the eruption of the Santorini volcano, which affected the entire Mediterranean region. The later, more local tsunami waves, Dr. Goodman assumes, were generated by underwater landslides caused by earthquakes. 'Local' does not necessarily imply "small". These could have been waves reaching 5 meters high and as far as 2 km onshore. Coastal communities within this range would have undoubtedly been severely damaged from such a tsunami. While communities onshore clear the ground after such an event and return to civilization, tsunami evidence is preserved under the water,' she explains." [Based on: ScienceDaily article (Tsunami Waves Reasonably Likely To Strike Israel, Geo-archaeological Research Suggests) - Journal reference: Beverly N. Goodman-Tchernov, Hendrik W. Dey, Eduard G. Reinhardt, Floyd McCoy, and Yossi Mart. Tsunami waves generated by the Santorini eruption reached Eastern Mediterranean shores. Geology, 2009; 37 (10): 943 DOI: 10.1130/G25704A.1] Link: http://www.sciencedaily.com� /releases/2009/10/091026093728.htm 1,491 - Biblical Exodus? - "According to standard Bible chronology, the Hebrews went to Egypt some three centuries before the time of Ramesses and made their exodus in about 1,491 BC, long before he came to the throne." 1,483 B.C. - Tuthmosis III / Canaan - "[....] Tuthmosis III, who reigned from 1504 to 1450 B.C., led Egyptian armies into Asia in 1483 B.C., and conquered Canaan. He then marched farther northward and defeated Mitanni. [....]" [See: Asimov's Chronology Of The World, Isaac Asimov, Copyright 1991, p. 42] 1,480 B.C. - Military Expansion / Egypt - "Following Queen Hatsheput's death, Thothmes III [her brother] began a campaign of military expansion which transformed Egypt into a world power." 1,479 B.C. - Canaanite Defeat / Megiddo - "Thutmose III defeats Canaanites at Megiddo." 1479 B.C. - Hatshepsut rules Egypt - "Recently the Public Radio Station in Boston had a one hour discussion on one of the rare female pharoah’s of Egypt — Hatshepsut (1479 to 1458 B.C.E.) — who ruled 150 years before Akhenaten , the monotheist pharoah. National Geographic had a cover story as well . [....]" [Based on: Varnam article (Hatshepsut and Mistress of the Lioness) By jk – April 22, 2009] Link: http://varnam.org/blog/2009/04/hatshepsut-and-mistress-of-the-lioness/ Trivia: [....] Exactly who was the intended audience for such propaganda is still disputed. It's hard to imagine Hatshepsut needed to shore up her legitimacy with powerful allies like the high priests of Amun or members of the elite such as Senenmut. Who, then, was she pitching her story to? The gods? The future? National Geographic? [NP] One answer may be found in Hatshepsut's references to the lapwing, a common Nile marsh bird known to ancient Egyptians as rekhyt. In hieroglyphic texts the word "rekhyt" is usually translated as "the common people." It occurs frequently in New Kingdom inscriptions, but a few years ago Kenneth Griffin, now at Swansea University in Wales, noticed that Hatshepsut made greater use of the phrase than other 18th-dynasty pharaohs. "Her inscriptions seemed to show a personal association with the rekhyt which at this stage is unrivaled," he says. Hatshepsut often spoke possessively of "my rekhyt" and asked for the approval of the rekhyt—as if the unusual ruler were a closet populist. When Hatshepsut's heart flutters this way and that as she wonders what "the people" will say, the people she may have had in mind were the ones as common as lapwings on the Nile, the rekhyt. [....] When archaeologists discovered evidence in the 1960s indicating that the banishment of King Hatshepsut had begun at least 20 years after her death, the soap opera of a hotheaded stepson wreaking vengeance on his unscrupulous stepmother fell apart. A more logical scenario was devised around the possibility that Thutmose III needed to reinforce the legitimacy of his son Amenhotep II's succession in the face of rival claims from other family members. And Hatshepsut, once disparaged for ruthless ambition, is now admired for her political skill. [....]" [Based on: NGM article (The King Herself / What motivated Hatshepsut to rule ancient Egypt as a man while her stepson stood in the shadows? Her mummy, and her true story, have come to light.) by Chip Brown, April 2009] Trivia: "[....] In comparison with other female pharaohs, Hatshepsut's reign was much longer and prosperous. She was successful in warfare early in her reign, but generally is considered to be a pharaoh who inaugurated a long peaceful era. She re-established trading relationships lost during a foreign occupation and brought great wealth to Egypt. That wealth enabled Hatshepsut to initiate building projects that raised the calibre of Ancient Egyptian architecture to a standard, comparable to classical architecture, that would not be rivaled by any other culture for a thousand years. [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatshepsut] 1,475 B.C. - Egyptian Palestine - "During the early period of The New Kingdom the Egyptian armies liberated Palestine Around 1475 B.C. Palestine revolted against the rule of the Egyptian Queen Hatshepsut. The next Egyptian Pharaoh Tuthmosis III reoccupied Palestine." [Link: 1 ] Trivia: "Palestine stayed as an Egyptian province during The Amarna Period 1450-1350 B.C." [Link: 1 ] 1,450 B.C. - Tyre Founded - "Tyre founded by colonists from Sidon." 1,450 B.C. - Trivia / Ugarit Culture - "The conception of a messenger of God that underlies Biblical prophecy was reportedly Amorite [West Semitic] and found in the tablets at Mari. Mesopotamian religious and cultural conceptions are reflected in Biblical cosmogony, primeval history [including the Flood story in Gen. 6:9-8:22], and law collections. The Canaanite component of Israelite culture consisted of the Hebrew language and a rich literary heritage - whose Ugaritic form [which flourished in the northern Syrian city of Ugarit from the mid-15th century to about 1200 B.C.] illuminates the Bible's poetry, style, mythological allusions, and religiocultic terms. Though plainer when compared with some of the learned literary creations of Mesopotamia, Canaan, and Egypt, the earliest Biblical writings are so imbued with contemporary ancient Middle Eastern elements that the once-held assumption that Israelite religion began on a primitive level must be rejected. Late-born amid high civilizations, the Israelite religion had from the start that admixture of high and low features characteristic of all the known religions of the area. Implanted on the land bridge between Africa and Asia, it was exposed to crosscurrents of foreign thought throughout its history." 1,450 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjunction - 1,450 B.C. - Amenophis II Rules Egypt - Amenophis II [son of Thutmosis III] rules [1450-1425 B.C.] Egypt. By 1,450 B.C. Egypt had reached its maximum expansion. [See: Asimov's Chronology Of The World, Isaac Asimov, Copyright 1991, p. 42] 1,440 B.C. - Biblical Exodus? - "I Kings 6:1 tells us that the start of the construction of the Temple in the fourth year of Solomon's reign took place 480 years after the Exodus. According to a correlation of the regnal dates of Israelite kings with outside Egyptian and Assyrian sources, this would roughly place the Exodus in 1,440 B.C. That is more than a hundred years after the date of the Egyptian expulsion of the Hyksos, around 1,570 B.C." [Based on: The Bible Unearthed, Israel Finkelstein & Neil Asher Silberman, p. 56] Trivia: "The basic situation described in the Exodus saga - the phenomenon of immigrants coming down to Egypt from Canaan and settling in the eastern border regions of the delta - is abundantly verified in the archaeological finds and historical texts. From earliest recorded times throughout antiquity, Egypt beckoned as a place of shelter and security for the people of Canaan at times when drought, famine, or warfare made life unbearable or even difficult." [Based on: Israel Finkelstein, The Bible Unearthed, pp. 52-53.] Trivia: 'THE SHASU OF YAHWEH AND THE DATE OF THE EXODUS There are two indisputable facts that Old Testament scholars must face when dealing with these hieroglyphic references to the Shasu of Yahweh. First, there is no doubt that the name of the Israelite God Yahweh appears in these hieroglyphic texts at Soleb and Amarah-West. And second, at Soleb the reference to Yahweh dates to 1400 BC, during the reign of Pharaoh Amenhotep III. In other words Pharaoh Amenhotep III, or his scribes, knew about the Hebrew God Yahweh in 1400 BC. This fact is highly significant when trying to date the exodus of the Israelites from Egypt under Moses. In Exodus 5:2 Pharaoh answers the first request of Moses to allow the Israelites to go into the desert to worship Yahweh by saying: “Who is Yahweh that I should obey His voice to let Israel go? I do not know Yahweh, and besides I will not let the Israelites go.” Pharaoh appears here to be saying that he had never heard of the God Yahweh. This interpretation of Pharaoh’s statement is reinforced by Exodus 7:17 where God responds to Pharaoh: “Thus says Yahweh, ‘by this you will know that I am Yahweh, behold I will strike the water that is in the Nile with the staff that is in my hand, and it will become blood.’” (NASV) In his third meeting with Moses and Aaron after the second plague, Pharaoh clearly recognized Yahweh as some sort of deity and asked Moses and Aaron to pray to Yahweh to remove the plague of frogs (see Exodus 8:8). If the Pharaoh of the Exodus had never before heard of the God Yahweh, this strongly suggests that the Exodus should be dated no later than 1400 BC because Pharaoh Amenhotep III had clearly heard about Yahweh by that time. http://www.assistnews.net/Stories/2010/s10010053.htm 1,431 B.C. - Uranus-Neptune Conjunction - 1,417 B.C. - Amenophis III Rules Egypt - "Amenophis III, the grandson of Thutmosis III, rules Egypt form 1417- 1379 B.C." [See: Asimov's Chronology Of The World, Isaac Asimov, Copyright 1991, p. 42] 1,413 B.C. - Joseph In Egypt? - "Reportedly, Joseph was in Egypt not in the early 18th century BC, but in the early 15th century BC. There he was appointed Chief Minister to Tuthmosis IV [1413-1405]. To the Egyptians, however, Joseph [Yusuf the viser] was known as Yuya and his story is particularly revealing - not just in the biblical account of Joseph, but also in respect to Moses." [Based on: Laurence Gardner] 1,400 B.C. 1,400 B.C. - Linear A - "Linear A reaches its peak of popularity." [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1400_BC] 1,400 B.C. - Amarna Age - "Reportedly, prior to the Amarna Age [i.e., before 1,400 B.C.] Egyptian, Canaanite, Mesopotamian, Anatolian, Aegean and other influences met around the East Mediterranean to form an international order, by which each in turn was effected. Out of the Amarna Age order emerged the earliest traditions of Israel and Greece." 1,400 B.C. - Thebes / Egypt - "Estimation: Thebes, capital of Egypt becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Memphis in Egypt.[2]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1400_BC] 1,400 B.C. - Ugarit / Canaan - "The height of the Canaanite town of Ugarit." [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1400_BC] 1,400 B.C. - Surya / Middle East - "Clay tablets from about 1,400 B.C. Egypt testify to gods with Iranian names in Syria and Palestine, and plainly enough, Syria and Assyria contain the name, Surya, itself, 'sura' being a common adjective in Persian scriptures meaning 'strong' or 'mighty,' evidently derived from the word 'surya.' " 1,400 B.C. - Mycenaean Greeks - "After the destruction of Knossos the Mycenaean civilization replaced the Minoan. Bronze weapons, war scenes on art, Cyclopean defense walls and the burial of male warriors with their weapons indicates that the Mycenaeans were militaristic. The horse drawn chariot emerged about this time. The Mycenaeans dominated the Aegean world for about 200 years." 1,400 B.C. - Ball-Habad, Canaan - "The myth of Marduk and Tiamat seems to have influenced the people of Canaan, who told a very similar story about Baal-Habad, the god of storm and fertility, who is often mentioned in extremely unflattering terms in the Bible. The story of Baal's battle with Yam-Nahar, the god of the seas and rivers, is told on tablets that date to the fourteenth century BCE. Baal and Yam both lived with El, the Canaanite High God. At the council of El, Yam demands that Baal be delivered up to him. With two magic weapons, Baal defeats Yam and is about to kill him when Asherah [El's wife and mother of the gods] pleads that it is dishonorable to slay a prisoner. Baal is ashamed and spares Yam, who represents the hostile aspect of the seas and rivers which constantly threaten to flood the earth, while Baal, the Storm God, makes the earth fertile. In another version of the myth, Baal slays the seven-headed dragon Lotan, who is called Leviathan in Hebrew. In almost all cultures the dragon symbolizes the latent, the unformed and the undifferentiated. Baal has thus halted the slide back to primal formlessness in a truly creative act and is rewarded by a beautiful palace built by the gods in his honor. In very early religion, therefore, creativity was seen as divine: we still use religious language to speak of creative 'inspiration' which shapes reality anew and brings fresh meaning to the world. "But Baal undergoes a reverse: he dies and has to descend to the world of Mot, the god of death and sterility. When he hears of his son's fate, the High God El comes down from his throne, puts on sackcloth and gashes his cheeks, but he cannot redeem his son. It is Anat, Baal's lover and sister, who leaves the divine realm and goes in search of her twin soul, 'desiring him as a cow her calf or a ewe her lamb.' When she finds his body, she makes a funeral feast in his honor, seizes Mot, cleaves him with her sword, winnows, burns and grinds him like corn before sowing him in the ground. Similar stories are told about the other great goddesses - Inana, Ishtar, and Isis - who search for the dead god and bring new life to the soil. The victory of Anat, however must be perpetuated year after year in ritual celebration. Later - we are not sure how, since our sources are incomplete - Baal is brought back to life and restored to Anat. This apotheosis of wholeness and harmony, symbolized by the union of the sexes, was celebrated by means of ritual sex in ancient Canaan. By imitating the gods in this way, men and women would share their struggle against sterility and ensure creativity and fertility of the world. The death of a god, the quest of the goddess and the triumphant return to the divine sphere were constant religious themes in many cultures and would recur in the very different religion of the One God worshipped by Jews, Christians and Muslims." [Based on: Karen Armstrong, A History of God, pp. 10-11] 1,400 B.C. - Ivory Pomegranate? - "An ivory pomegranate long touted by scholars as the only relic from Solomon's Temple is a forgery, the Israeli Museum said Friday [12/24/04], as investigators said they had broken up several fake antiquity rings in a wide-ranging investigation. Indictments in that investigation are to be handed down next week, the officials said. Among those to be indicted is Israeli collector Oded Golan, the Justice Ministry confirmed. Golan, who denied wrongdoing, owns the two most spectacular artifacts declared fakes last year [2003]: a burial chest purported to be that of James, the brother of Jesus, and a stone tablet with inscriptions on how to maintain the Jewish Temple. The pomegranate was examined by the museum independently of the investigation by the Israeli authorities, said the director of the Israel Museum, James Snyder. A team of experts reported the thumb-sized pomegranate dates to the Bronze period, or about 3,400 years ago, meaning it is considerably older than the first Jewish Temple, and the inscription was added recently, the museum said in a statement." [Based on: News Services article, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, p. A10, 12/25/04] 1,400 B.C. - Oracle Bone Script - "Oracle bone script [jia3gu3wen2] ... literally: 'shell bone writing') refers to incised (or, rarely, brush-written[1]) ancient Chinese characters found on oracle bones, which were animal bones or turtle shells used in divination in Bronze Age China. The vast majority[2] record the pyromantic divinations of the royal house of the late Shang dynasty at the capital of Yin (modern Anyang, Henan Province); dating of the Anyang examples of oracle bone script varies from ca. 14th -11th centuries BCE[3][4][5] to c. 1200–1050 BCE.[6][7][8][9] Very few oracle bone writings date to the beginning of the subsequent Zhou dynasty, because pyromancy fell from favor and divining with milfoil became more common.[10] The late Shang oracle bone writings, along with a few contemporary characters in a different style cast in bronzes, constitute the earliest[11] significant corpus of Chinese writing, which is essential for the study of Chinese etymology, as Shang writing is directly ancestral to the modern Chinese script. It is also the oldest known member and ancestor of the Chinese family of scripts." [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_bone_script] 1,400 B.C. - Trivia / Hsiung-nu - " From 1,400 B.C., but particularly around 200 B.C., Chinese chroniclers mention the existence of war-like tribes of nomads which they refer to as the 'Hiung-nu' or 'Hsiung-nu' who were posing a threat to the empire. These were some of the earliest reference to the evolving and growing race of nomadic warriors who were to become the Turks. " 1,400 B.C. - The Eleusinian Mysteries - "The most famous of the ancient religious Mysteries were the Eleusinian, whose rites were celebrated every five years in the city of Eleusis to honor Ceres (Demeter, Rhea, or Isis) and her daughter, Persephone. The initiates of the Eleusinian School were famous throughout Greece for the beauty of their philosophic concepts and the high standards of morality which they demonstrated in their daily lives. Because of their excellence, these Mysteries spread to Rome and Britain, and later the initiations were given in both these countries. The Eleusinian Mysteries, named for the community in Attica where the sacred dramas were first presented, are generally believed to have been founded by Eumolpos about fourteen hundred years before the birth of Christ, and through the Platonic system of philosophy their principles have been preserved to modern times. "The rites of Eleusis, with their Mystic interpretations of Nature's most precious secrets, overshadowed the civilizations of their time and gradually absorbed many smaller schools, incorporating into their own system whatever valuable information these lesser institutions possessed. Heckethorn sees in the Mysteries of Ceres and Bacchus a metamorphosis of the rites of Isis and Osiris, and there is every reason to believe that all so-called secret schools of the ancient world were branches from one philosophic tree which, with its root in heaven and its branches on the earth, is - like the spirit of man - an invisible but ever-present cause of the objectified vehicles that give it expression. The Mysteries were the channels through which this one philosophic light was disseminated, and their initiates, resplendent with intellectual and spiritual understanding, were the perfect fruitage of the divine tree, bearing witness before the material world of the recondite source of all Light and Truth. [....]" [Based on: The Secret Teachings Of All Ages, Manly P. Hall] 1,400 B.C. - Palace of Minos Destroyed - "Palace of Minos destroyed by fire." [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1400_BC] 1,400 B.C. - Trivia / Phoenician Language - The Phoenicians, located between Babylonia and Egypt, could not trade easily unless they could handle both languages. Attempts to work out a simpler writing code had begun as early as 1400 B.C., but without total success. [See: Asimov's Chronology Of The World, Isaac Asimov, Copyright 1991, p. 45] 1,400 B.C. - Trivia / Sea People & Philistines - "[....] There is no clue for the settlement of the Sea People, Philistines included, before the 1140s or 1130s BCE. The early phase of Philistine settlement started approximately at that time and lasted until the end of the 12th century BCE. The Bichrome phase should be dated, accordingly, to the 11th and much of the 10th centuries BCE. The Iron I/Iron IIA transition could not have taken place before the late 10th century BCE. [....]" [Based on: Article (Low Chronology Update / Archaeology, history and bible), Israel Finkelstein] http://isfn.skytech.co.il/articles/Low%20Chronology%20Update,%20Radiocarbon%20book%202005.pdf Trivia: "[....] In the 1140s or 1130s BCE, Egyptian domination in Canaan collapsed and many of the cities there were devastated, or partially destroyed, probably by groups of Sea Peoples and other, local, unstable elements. Many of the main cities recovered after a while and were resettled by a mixed population of local Canaanites and Aegean immigrants. The share of the new settlers in the population of Philistia was limited – probably a few thousands. But constituting an elite group, their material culture developed to dominate the scene. The Iron I cities in Philistia did not conduct a lively maritime trade; they were not equal in size, power and prosperity and they were not fortified. Dramatic changes in the size and power of these cities can be traced from the 9th century and mainly in the 8th century BCE. Philistia reached its peak power and prosperity only with the Assyrian conquest and the transformation of its cities into agents of Assyrian economic and political interests. Then, and only then, do the Philistines of archaeology become the Philistines of the Bible." [Based on: Article ( IS THE PHILISTINE PARADIGM STILL VIABLE? ), Israel Finkelstein] http://isfn.skytech.co.il/articles/The%20Philistine%20paradaigm,%20SCIEM%202000%20book%202007.pdf 1,394 B.C. - Birth? / Aminadab [Moses] - "Reportedly, Aminadab was born the son of Tiye and Joseph [Yuya]. He was subsequently set afloat downstream in a basket of reeds in order to save his life. Other words associated with Aminadab include: Moses." 1,390 B.C. - Height of Power / Hittites - "Hittites at height of power." 1,380 B.C. - Fruit Seeds / China - "Chinese archaeologists find [2002?] 3,000-year-old fruit seeds [Shaanxi Province]" [Based on: news.xinhuanet.com article (Chinese archaeologists find 3,000-year-old fruit seeds), 11/24/10] http://www.archaeologynews.org/story.asp?ID=688788&Title=Chinese%20archaeologists%20find%203000-year-old%20fruit%20seeds 1,379 B.C. - Amenophis IV [Akhenaton] Rules Egypt - "According to popular history, "[....] ... Amenophis IV, who reigned from 1379-1362 B.C. [....] He is the first person we know (as a historic figure and not as a legend) who was a 'monotheist' and believed in a single God - in his case, the Sun-God, or 'Aton.' He renamed himself 'Akhenaton' ('servent of Aton') and founded a new capital between Memphis and Thebes which is called Akhetaton ) 'place of power of Aton'). [....]" [See: Asimov's Chronology Of The World, Isaac Asimov, Copyright 1991, p. 42] Links: http://www.answers.com/topic/akhenaton 1,375 B.C. - Trivia / Palestine - "North Palestine was invaded by the Phoenicians and then the Hittite around 1375 B.C. The rest of Palestine stayed under the Egyptian control. The Egyptian Pharaohs Siti I then Rameses II managed to expel the Hittites from Palestine." [Link: 1 ] 1,375 B.C. - Suppiluliumas I Rules Hittites - Suppiluliumas I rules [1375-1334 B.C.] the Hittites. 1,362 B.C. - Tutankhamen Rules Egypt - "Akhenaton was succeeded by his sun-in-law, Tutankhamen, who reigned 1362-1352 B.C. Under him, the old religion was restored. His tomb ... was discovered, intact, in 1922." [See: Asimov's Chronology Of The World, Isaac Asimov, Copyright 1991, p. 42] Trivia: "King Tut ruled about 3,300 years ago. He ascended to the throne at about age 8 and died around 1323 B.C. at 17." [Based on: News Services article, S.L.P.D., 11/15/04] 1,359 B.C. - Sacred Almanac? / Izapa - "The exact origin of the Tzolk'in is not known, but there are several theories. One theory is that the calendar came from mathematical operations based on the numbers thirteen and twenty, which were important numbers to the Maya. The numbers multiplied together equal 260. Another theory is that the 260-day period came from the length of human pregnancy. This is close to the average number of days between the first missed menstrual period and birth, unlike Naegele's rule which is 40 weeks (280 days) between the last menstrual period and birth. It is postulated that midwives originally developed the calendar to predict babies' expected birth dates. [NP] A third theory comes from understanding of astronomy, geography and paleontology. The mesoamerican calendar probably originated with the Olmecs, and a settlement existed at Izapa, in southeast Chiapas Mexico, before 1200 BCE. There, at a latitude of about 15� N, the Sun passes through zenith twice a year, and there are 260 days between zenithal passages, and gnomons (used generally for observing the path of the Sun and in particular zenithal passages), were found at this and other sites. The sacred almanac may well have been set in motion on August 13, 1359 BCE, in Izapa. [....]" [Based on: wikipedia article (Origin of the Tzolk'in)] Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar - [T.D. - 11/29/08] 1,353 B.C. - Pharoah - "[...] The earliest instance where pr-`3 is used specifically to address the ruler is in a letter to Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten), who reigned c. 1353 - 1336 BC, which is addressed to 'Pharaoh, all life, prosperity, and health!.[5] During the eighteenth dynasty (sixteenth to fourteenth centuries BC) the title pharaoh was employed as a reverential designation of the ruler. About the late twenty-first dynasty (tenth century BC), however, instead of being used alone as before, it began to be added to the other titles before the ruler's name, and from the twenty-fifth dynasty (eighth to seventh centuries BC) it was, at least in ordinary usage, the only epithet prefixed to the royal appellative.[6] [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh] 1,350 B.C. - 'Mistress Of The Lionesses' - "[....] Around 1350 BCE, there was unrest in the region. Canaanite kings conveyed their fears via clay tablet letters to the Pharaoh in Egypt, requesting military help. But among all the correspondence by kings were two rare letters that stuck out among the 382 el-Amarna tablets uncovered a few decades ago by Egyptian farmers. The two letters came from a “Mistress of the Lionesses” in Canaan. She wrote that bands of rough people and rebels had entered the region, and that her city might not be safe. Because the el-Amarna tablets were found in Egypt rather than Canaan, historians have tried to trace the origin of the tablets. [....]" [Based on: ScienceDaily article (Was A 'Mistress Of The Lionesses' A King In Ancient Canaan?) 04/11/09] Link: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/04/090406132604.htm 1,339 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjunction - 1,334 B.C. - Mussilish II Rules Hittites - "The Hittites had become a great power under Suppiluliumas I, who reigned from 1375 to 1334 B.C. Under his son, Mussilish II, who reigned from 1334 to 1306 B.C., the Hittites raided Babylon and were then at the peak of their power. the Hittites." [Asimov's Chronology Of The World, Isaac Asimov, Copyright 1991, p. 43] 1,320 B.C. - Ramesses Rules Egypt - "The first pharaoh named Ramesses came to the throne only in 1,320 BCE - more than a century after the traditional Biblical date. As a result, many scholars have tended to dismiss the literal value of the Biblical dating." [Based on: The Bible Unearthed, Israel Finkelstein & Neil Asher Silberman, p. 56] 1,306 B.C. - Muwatallish Rules Hittites - "Under Muwatallish, who reigned from 1306 to to 1282 B.C., the Hittites fought the battle of Kadesh against Rameses II, and won, but the victory was a costly one. They recovered and continued to rule over most of Asia Minor, destroying and absorbing Mitanni, but they had been crucially weakened." [Asimov's Chronology Of The World, Isaac Asimov, Copyright 1991, p. 43] 1,304 B.C. - Semitic People / Goshen - "The annals of Ramesses II [1304-1237 BC] specify that Semitic people were settled in the land of Goshen and it is further explained that they went there from Canaan for want of food." 1,301 B.C. - Solar Eclipse - "Early Chinese Eclipse [June 5th]." 1,300 B.C. 13th Century B.C. Links: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1300_BC 1,300 B.C. - Trivia / Ur - Reportedly: "As late as the 13th century B.C., one of the northern Urs [Ur colonies] was an active community of merchants in the service of the Hittite kings." 1,300 B.C. - Israelite & Philistine Invaders? / Canaan - [....] The story of Samson (that redoubtable giant of a Judge) is well known, but the important aspect of his legend is that it is our first introduction to the most intimidating of all Israel's enemies; the Philistines. Heavily armed, they had arrived by sea, like plundering Vikings, in about 1300 B.C., with a trail of death and destruction behind them in Crete, Cyprus, Asia Minor, and Phoenicia. They had completely obliterated the Hittite empire, and the Egyptians called them the Pelestia, which in Hebrew was Peleshti. In all their years of wreaking havoc through the Medterranean, only pharaoh Rameses III ever defeated them on both land and sea. Claiming a stretch of coast in southern Canaan, these maritime warriors established the five city kingdoms of Askelon, Ashdod, Ekron, Gaza, and Gath, which together became known as Palestine. At the same time, The Israelite invaders held the north of Canaan, and they each had their sights set towards the occupation of the whole. Notwithstanding the continued struggle which persists between the Israelites and Palestinians over the same land today, the fact is that, in that era, they were both unwelcome invaders of Canaan. The Israelites had evolved through some four centuries in Egypt, prior to which their patriarch Abraham and his forebears were from Ur of the Chaldees in Mesopotamia (modern Iraq). Meanwhile, the Hebrews (from eber, meaning "other side") were the people from eber han-nahor: the "other side of the river" (the Euphrates), as explained in Joshua 24:3. These were the trading descendants of Abraham's sixth generational ancestor Eber (Heber), and the Egyptians called them Apiru or Habiru. As described in Genesis 11:28-32, the "other side of the river" was the land of Haran in the kingdom of Mari in Mesopotamia. The newly dubbed Palestinians (Philistines) hailed from Caphtor (called Kafto in the Ramesside inscriptions), a coastal region of southern Anatolia (modern Turkey), whose capital was Tarsus. This was the land of the Luwians, who had arrived in about 2000 B.C., bringing an Akkadian language and script from Mesopotamia. The chances are that, in more distant times, the Israelites and Philistines had related Mesopotamian origins. [....] [Based on: Laurence Gardner, Lost Secrets of the Sacred Ark, pp. 132-133] 1,300 B.C. - Abecedary Ugarit - "The earliest example of an abecedary [a list of the letters in an alphabet in the some kind of order] was found in the city of Ugarit. This abecedary shows a total of 30 symbols used in the Ugaritic script." [Link: 1 ] 1,300 B.C. - South Arabian Script - "At around 1,300 BC, a branch of the evolving Proto-Canaanite broke off and spread into the southern part of the Arabian Peninsula. This Proto-Arabian script eventually evolved by the 5th century B.C. into the highly elegant South Arabian script." [Links: 1 ] Trivia: "The South Arabian alphabet was used primarily in the Sabaean and Minaean kingoms in the Southern edge of the Arabian Peninsula. It is thought to have diverged from the Proto-Canaanite alphabet as early as 1,300 BCE, and a developing form appeared in Babylonia and near Elath of the Gulf of Aqaba around the 8th/7th centuries BCE." [Links: 1 , 2 ] 1,300 B.C. - Iron Age / Caucasian Foothills - "About 1300 B.C., the technique for smelting and carbonizing iron was developed in the Caucasian foothills. This was under control of the Hittites, who picked up the technique. [....] This marked the beginning of the 'Iron Age' and, once the Hittite Empire was destroyed, their monopoly was broken and the use of iron, beginning in 1200 B.C., started to spread." [Asimov's Chronology Of The World, Isaac Asimov, Copyright 1991, p. 43] 1,295 B.C. - 19th Egyptian Dynasty - The 19th Egyptian Dynasty [1295 B.C.- 1294 B.C.]. [Link: 1 ] 1,294 B.C. - Egyptian Influence / Canaan - "An Egyptian stronghold was excavated at the site of Beth-shean to the south of the sea of Galilee in the 1920's. Its various structures and courtyards contained statues and enscribed heiroglyphic monuments from the days of the pharaohs Seti I [1294-1279 BCE], Ramesses II [1279-1213 BCE], and Ramsees III [1184-1153 BCE]. The ancient Canaanite city of Megiddo disclosed evidence of strong Egyptian influence as late as the days of Ramesses VI, who ruled toward the end of the twelfh century BCE. This was long after the supposed conquest of Canaan by the Israelites. Other indications - both literary and archaeological - seem to show that in the 13th century BCE, the grip of Egypt on Canaan was stronger than ever." 1,279 B.C. - Ramesses II Rules Egypt - "Egyptian sources report that the city of Pi-Ramesses ['The House of Ramesses'] was built in the delta in the days of the great Egyptian king Ramesses II, who ruled 1,279-1,213 BCE, and that Semites were apparently employed in its construction." [Based on: Israel Finkelstein & Neil Asher Silberman, The Bible Unearthed, p. 57] Trivia: "The identification of Ramesses II as the pharaoh of the Exodus came as the result of modern scholarly assumptions based on the identification of the place-name Pi-Ramesses with Raamses [Exodus 1:11; 12:37]. In regard to the Biblical Exodus, beyond a vague reference to the Israelites' fear of taking the coastal route, there is no mention of the Egyptian forts in northern Sinai or their strongholds in Canaan." Trivia: "By tradition, Rameses II is the Pharaoh under whom the Israelites were enslaved and in whose court Moses grew to manhood. However there is nothing outside the Bible to support this." [Based on: Isaac Asimov, Asimov's Chronology Of The World, p. 42] 1,275 B.C. - Assyrian Victory / Mitanni - "Assyria conquers the Mitanni kingdom, as Assyria enters its first period of strength." 1,274 B.C. - Shalmaneser I Rules Assyria - Shalmaneser I rules [1274-1245 B.C.] in Assyria. 1,260 B.C. - Uranus-Neptune Conjunction - 1,250 B.C. - Plenard Period? - "[....] British anthropologist, Richard Desborough, said of the Plenard Period [from 1250 to 1000 B.C.?], 'the changes that came about were little short of fantastic. The craftsmen and artists seem to have vanished almost without a trace: there is little new stone construction of any sort, far less any massive edifices; the metal workers' techniques revert to primitive, and the potter, except in the early stages, loses his purpose and inspiration; and the art of writing is forgotten. But the outstanding feature is that by the end of the 12th Century B.C., the population appears to have dwindled to about one-tenth of what it had been little over a century before. This is no normal decline, and the circumstances and events obviously have a considerable bearing on the nature of the subsequent Dark ages, and must be in part at least a cause of its existence'. Franzen and Larsson locate the focus of the Bronze Age catastrophe in the the vicinity of Atlantis itself. 'We even suggest that relatively large asteroids or comets (c. 0.5 km diameter) hit somewhere in the eastern Atlantic, possibly at the shelf of the Atlantic west coast of Africa/Europe ... mainly affecting the Mediterranean parts of Africa and Europe, but also globally'. As our planet turned on its axis, the proto-Encke Comet, Oljato, bombarded every region in a world-wide swath from above the Equator to below the Arctic Circle, according to the comet's inclining angle to the Earth. [....]" [Based on: World-Mysteries.com article (The Destruction of Atlantis, By Frank Joseph, An essay regarding "The Destruction of Atlantis" (by the author).] Link: http://www.world-mysteries.com/newgw/atlantis_fj.htm - [T.D. - 04/04/10] 1,250 B.C. - Destruction of Hazor? - See link section beginning at 30:20. Link: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/bibles-buried-secrets.html 1,250 B.C. - Inca Empire, South America - According to popular history, beginning about 1,250 B.C., several advanced cultures, such as the Chavin, Chimu, Nazca, and Tiahuanaco, developed in different parts of Peru. [Links: 1 , 2 ] 1,245 B.C. - Tukultininurta I Rules Assyria - Tukultininurta I rules [1245-1208 B.C.] in Assyria. 1,235 B.C. - Nimrod Rules Assyria - According to popular history, Tukulti-Ninurta I [Nimrod] rules in Assyria. 1,230 B.C. - Israelite Conquest? / Canaan - A suggested date for the Israeli conquest of Canaan. 1,220 B.C. - Palestinian Control / Palestine - "Around 1200 B.C. Egypt lost control over Palestine and the Palestinian Canaanites controlled Palestine. During the Late Bronze Age c. 1220 or c. 1190 B.C. the Egyptian Hebrew [Israelite] tribes left Egypt with Moses through Sinai to the area south of Jordan and North West of Saudi Arabia [Mizraim] where they became by time powerful enough to group and invade some parts of Palestine which was inhabited by several groups of people. In this process the Egyptian Hebrews had to fight the Hill tribes of the Amorites and to conquer the Amorites kings Sihon and Og. During the Early Iron Age as Egypt lost control over Palestine, Palestine was invaded by Hebrew tribes from the north then by the Aegean [the Sea People] Philistines who by time controlled all Palestine. By that time, The Early Iron Age, several different people were living in Palestine: - Ammonites [the descendants of Amon, the son of the younger daughter of Lot, the son of Haran and nephew of Abraham; they were a transjordanic tribe] - Amorites - Canaanites [the Gibeonites] Hill people from Gibeon one of the four cities of the Hivites] - Edomites, Idumeans [The descendants of Esau] who were forcibly converted to Judaism by John Hyrcanus c. 125 B.C. and incorporated with the Jewish nation] - Hebrews [other than the Egyptian Hebrews] - Hittite [the descendants of Hath, the second son of Canaan, who were called the Hyksos by the Egyptians] - Hivites [a Canaanite nation that lived in four cities in Palestine: Gibeon, Chephirah, Beeroth and Kirjath-Jearim] - Horites, Horimes [cave-dwellers of Mount Seir] - Hurries - Khabiri - Jebusites [a Canaanite tribe that lived in the mountain; Jerusalem was their capital] - Leahhites [Mountain people from Mount Lebanon. They were descendants of Leah, the elder daughter of Laban, the son of Bethuel, and grand-nephew of Abraham] - Mitannies, Moabites [descendants of Moab, the eldest son of the eldest daughter of Lot, the son of Haran and nephew of Abraham. The Moabites spoke a dialect of Hebrew and gave a kindly reception to the Egyptian Israelites in the East of The Dead Sea] and - Philistines [the Sea People]. Some of these different people were Semites and the others were Hemites." [Link: 1 ] 1,213 B.C. - Merneptah Rules Egypt - "Merneptah (or Merenptah) was the fourth ruler of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt. He ruled Egypt for almost ten years between late July or early August 1213 and May 2, 1203 BC, according to contemporary historical records.[2] [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merneptah] 1,208 B.C. - Victory Stele of Merneptah - "The Merneptah Stele — also known as the Israel Stele or Victory Stele of Merneptah — is an inscription by the Ancient Egyptian king Merneptah (reign:1213 to 1203 BC), which appears on the reverse side of a granite stele erected by the king Amenhotep III. It was discovered by Flinders Petrie in 1896 at Thebes. [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merneptah_Stele] Trivia: "The earliest mention of Israel in an extrabiblical text was found in Egypt in the stele describing the campaign of Pharaoh Merneptah - the son of Ramesses II - in Canaan at the very end of the thirteenth century BCE. The inscription tells of a destructive Egyptian campaign into Canaan, in the course of which a people named Israel were decimated to the extent that the pharoah boasted that Israel's 'seed is not!' The boast was clearly an empty one, but it did indicate that some group known as Israel was already in Canaan by that time. In fact, dozens of settlements that were linked with the early Israelites appeared in the hill country of Canaan around that time. So if a historical Exodus took place, scholars have argued, it must have occurred in the late thirteenth century BCE." [Based on: The Bible Unearthed, Israel Finkelstein & Neil Asher Silberman, p. 57] Links: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/bibles-buried-secrets.html 12th Century B.C. Links: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1500_BC 1,200 B.C. - Ugarit - Reportedly: "Ugarit provides us with the clearest picture of what was happening in the Near East during the Amarna Age. The community might be called Semitic, because the official language [Ugaritic] is clearly Semitic. However, there was an influencial Aegean enclave there, attested by Cypro-Minoan texts, Mycenaean art objects, and the presence of a Caphtorian god in the Ugaritic pantheon. Hittites, Hurrians, Alashiyans and other segments of the community are mentioned in the tablets. Assyrian and Egyptian enclaves are recorded side by side, though Ugarit certainly did not belong to either the Assyrian or Egyptian kings. What we see at Ugarit is the interpenetration of commercial empires. At that important city, at the crossroads of east-west and north-south traffic, representatives of the Aegean, Hittite, Hurrian, Mesopotamian, Canaanite, Egyptian and other populations met to conduct their affairs in an international order. The ancient Canaanite city-state of Ugarit is of utmost importance for those who study the Old Testament. The literature of the city and the theology contained therein go a very long way in helping us to understand the meaning of various Biblical passages as well as aiding us in deciphering difficult Hebrew words. Ugarit was at its political, religious and economic height around the 12th century B.C. and thus its period of greatness corresponds with the entry of Israel into Canaan." [Link: 1 ] 1,200 B.C. - Tarshish Founded - Tarshish founded by colonists from Tyre. 1,200 B.C. - Jericho Destroyed - "By 1200 B.C., Canaan was virtually in anarchy, and Jericho, which had existed for nearly 7,000 years, was temporarily destroyed." [Based on: Isaac Asimov, Asimov's Chronology Of The World, p. 44] 1,200 B.C. - Change in Climate? - "[....] Swedish physicist, Lars Franzen (University of Goeteborg) and archaeologist Thomas B. Larsson (University of Umea) pointed out that general cooling, extreme precipitation, followed by catastrophic flooding before 1000 B.C. were earmarks of a celestial cataclysm. They concluded, 'it is obvious that these events were sudden and occurred world-wide'. They mentioned a particularly sharp change in climate, a steep drop in temperatures and simultaneous rise in wet conditions, noticeable in Europe, the Americas, the Near East, as far north as Alaska and south to the Antarctic, circa 1,200 B.C. [....]" [Based on: World-Mysteries.com article (The Destruction of Atlantis, By Frank Joseph, An essay regarding "The Destruction of Atlantis" (by the author).] Link: http://www.world-mysteries.com/newgw/atlantis_fj.htm - [T.D. - 04/04/10] 1,200 B.C. - Trivia / Hebrew Alphabet - According to reports: "The Hebrews adopted the alphabet in the twelfth or eleventh century B.C., but only one Hebrew inscription - the Gezer Calendar [which may, in fact, be Phoenician] - is known to be older than the eighth century B.C. Although it is likely that the Hebrew script was widely used in the ninth century, even by Israel's eastern neighbors [Mesha Stone], virtually no ninth-century Hebrew incriptions are known to date. In the Old Testament, the Hebrews never call their language 'Hebrew' or 'Israelite,' but quite correctly 'the language of Canaan.' " [Links: 1 , 2 ] Trivia: "Hebrew is a Semitic dialect or language which developed in the northwestern part of the Near East between the River Jordan and the Mediterranean Sea during the latter half of the second millenium BCE. The country comprising this area was known as Canaan, a name that is also associated with the language in its earliest written sources: spt knan 'the language of Canaan' (Is 19:18). Elsewhere, the language is called yhvdyt (yehudit) 'Judaean, Judahite' (2 K 18:26,28, etc.). In the Hellenistic period, writers refer to it by the Greek term Hebraios, Hebraisti (Josephus, Antiquities I, 1:2 etc.), and under the Roman Empire it was known as abryt ('ibrit) 'Hebrew' or lsvn abry(t) ' Hebrew language' (Mishnah, Gittin 9:8, etc.), terms that recalled Eber (Gn 11:14), ancestor of the people that would become known, like Abraham (Gn 14:13), by the name 'Hebrew'. [....]" [See: A History of the Hebrew Language, Angel Saenz-Badillos, 2000 edition, p. 1] 1,200 B.C. - Trivia / Phoenician Alphabet - "The Phoenician alphabet evolved from the more 'naturalistic' sytle of Proto-Canaanite into a more linear form during the 12th century B.C. or so. Most of the alphabets used today are descended from Phoenician. The immediate offspring of Phoenician were the old Hebrew alphabet, and Aramaic, as well as Archaic Greek according to tradition. The Hebrew alphabet was also used by Moabites as well as Israelites. This alphabet, though, eventually disappeared from the mainstream, and survived as the Samaritan script. Aramaic, on the other hand, became extremely popular, and many people adopted it." [Link: 1 ] 1,196 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjunction - 1,190 B.C. - Rameses III Rules Egypt - Rameses III rules [1188-1156 B.C.] Egypt and defeats the Philistines. 1,186 B.C. - 20th Egyptian Dynasty - Traditional date for the 20th Egyptian Dynasty [1186 B.C.-1069 B.C.]. [Link: 1 ] 1,180 B.C. - Trojan War? - "[...] Troy appears to have been destroyed around 1180 B.C. (this date corresponds to the end of our excavation of levels Troy VIi or VIIa), probably by a war the city lost. [... .]" [Based on: http://www.archaeology.org/0405/etc/troy.html] 1,175 B.C. - Civilizations collapse - "The fact that several civilizations around 1175 BCE collapsed has led suggestion that the Sea Peoples may have been involved in the end of the Hittite, Mycenaean and Mitanni kingdoms. The American Hittitologist, Gary Beckman, writes on page 23 of Akkadica 120 (2000):[32] A terminus ante quem for the destruction of the Hittite empire has been recognised in an inscription carved at Medinet Habu in Egypt in the eighth year of Ramesses III (1175 BC). This text narrates a contemporary great movement of peoples in the eastern Mediterranean, as a result of which "the lands were removed and scattered to the fray. No land could stand before their arms, from Hatti, Kode, Carchemish, Arzawa, Alashiya on being cut off. [ie: cut down]" Ramesses' comments about the scale of the Sea Peoples' onslaught in the eastern Mediterranean are confirmed by the destruction of the states of Hatti, Ugarit, Ashkelon and Hazor around this time. As the Hittitologist Trevor Bryce observes:[33] It should be stressed that the invasions were not merely military operations, but involved the movements of large populations, by land and sea, seeking new lands to settle. This situation is confirmed by the Medinet Habu temple reliefs of Ramesses III which show that:[33] the Peleset and Tjekker warriors who fought in the land battle [against Ramesses III] are accompanied in the reliefs by women and children loaded in ox-carts. [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Peoples] 1,170 B.C. - Israelites Enter Canaan? - A traditional date when the Israelites entered Canaan. Also, a time when the Philistines were thought to have settled the coast [Joshua]. Trivia: "[...] Ramesses III claims that he incorporated the Sea Peoples as subject peoples and settled them in Southern Canaan, although there is no clear evidence to this effect; the pharaoh, unable to prevent their gradual arrival in Canaan, may have claimed that it was his idea to let them reside in this territory. Their presence in Canaan may have contributed to the formation of new states in this region such as Philistia after the collapse of the Egyptian Empire in Asia. Ramesses III was also compelled to fight invading Libyan tribesmen in two major campaigns in Egypt's Western Delta in his Year 6 and Year 11 respectively.[3] [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesses_III] 1,167 - Solar Eclipse - "Total solar eclipse - 9 September 1167 BC" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar_eclipses_in_the_12th_century_BC 1,167 B.C. - Uranus Pluto Square - "The last time Uranus was in Aries and Pluto in Capricorn was in 1167 BC, but they were not at the same degrees [as in 2012] , so the situation was slightly different." http://mediaserver.fxstreet.com/Reports/27763304-b35a-4ea7-b5b8-21721bbad8f7/64b03b59-4847-4826-bad2-afc1aeee1df9.pdf Reference Links: http://www.astro.com/swisseph/ae/m1100/ae_m1167.pdf 1,159 B.C. - Hekla 3 Eruption - "The Hekla 3 eruption triggers an 18-year period of climatic worsening. (estimated date, disputed)" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1150s_BC] 1,157 B.C. - Labor Strike / Egypt - "[...] The heavy cost of these battles [with "Sea Peoples"] slowly exhausted Egypt's treasury and contributed to the gradual decline of the Egyptian Empire in Asia. The severity of these difficulties is stressed by the fact that the first known labor strike in recorded history occurred during Year 29 of Ramesses III's reign, when the food rations for the Egypt's favoured and elite royal tomb-builders and artisans in the village of Set Maat her imenty Waset (now known as Deir el Medina), could not be provisioned.[4] Something in the air (but not necessarily Hekla 3) prevented much sunlight from reaching the ground and also arrested global tree growth for almost two full decades until 1140 BC. The result in Egypt was a substantial inflation in grain prices under the later reigns of Ramesses VI-VII whereas the prices for fowl and slaves remained constant.[5] The cooldown, hence, affected Ramesses III's final years and impaired his ability to provide a constant supply of grain rations to the workman of the Deir el-Medina community. [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesses_III] 1,154 B.C. - Died / King Menelaus of Sparta - "Death of King Menelaus of Sparta (estimated date)." [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1150s_BC] 1,154 B.C. - Suicide / Queen Helen of Sparta - "Suicide of exiled Queen Helen of Sparta at Rhodes. (estimated date)." [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1150s_BC] 1,153 B.C. - Died / Ramsees III - "Death of pharaoh Ramesses III of Egypt" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1150s_BC] 1,150 B.C. - Period of Judges? - According to popular history, Barak and Deborah defeat Sisera; period of Judges. 6. Baktun 5. Baktun of the Imperial Seal. 1141-747 B.C. 5.0.0.0.0 Babylonian-Assyrian empires. Iron weaponry and war machines. Rise of Mycenean Greeks in Mediterranean, sack of Troy. Chou Dynasty, China, emergence of I Ching. Spread of Olmec culture throughout Mesoamerica. Horse used for warfare, pattern of militaristic imperial rule and dynastic succession established as norm for civilized life on planet. [Based on: The Mayan Factor / Path Beyond Technology, by Jose Arguelles, Copyright 1939-, 1987, p. 114] 1,122 B.C. - Old Chinese - "[...] Old Chinese, sometimes known as 'Archaic Chinese', was the language common during the early and middle Zhou Dynasty (1122 BCE–256 BCE), texts of which include inscriptions on bronze artifacts, the poetry of the Shijing, the history of the Shujing, and portions of the Y�jing (I Ching). The phonetic elements found in the majority of Chinese characters provide hints to their Old Chinese pronunciations. The pronunciation of the borrowed Chinese characters in Japanese, Vietnamese and Korean also provide valuable insights. Old Chinese was not wholly uninflected. It possessed a rich sound system in which aspiration and voicing differentiated the consonants, but probably was still without tones. Work on reconstructing Old Chinese started with Qi-ng dynasty philologists. [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language] Trivia: "[...] The present Chinese language varieties developed out of the different ways in which dialects of Old Chinese and Middle Chinese evolved. Traditionally, seven major groups of dialects have been recognized. Aside from Mandarin, the other six are Wu Chinese, Hakka Chinese, Min Chinese, Xiang Chinese, Yue Chinese and Gan Chinese.[6] More recently, other more specific groups have been recognized. [... .]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese] Trivia: "[...] The vast majority of the inscribed oracle bones date to the last 230 or so years of the Shang dynasty; oracle bones have been reliably dated to the fourth and subsequent reigns of the kings who ruled at Yin (modern Anyang)—from king Wu Ding to Di Xin.[4] However, the dating of these bones varies from ca. the 14th to 11th centuries BCE,[5][6] to ca. 1200–1050 BCE[7] because the end date of the Shang dynasty is not a matter of consensus. The largest number date to the reign of king Wu Ding.[8] Very few oracle bones date to the beginning of the subsequent Zhou Dynasty. [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_bones] 1,116 B.C. - Tiglath-Pilesar I Rules Assyria - Tiglath-Pilesar I rules in Assyria. 1,100 B.C. 11th Century B.C. Links: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1100_BC 1,100 B.C. - Greeks Settle Asia Minor Coast - Gideon defeats Midianites; Greeks begin to settle Asia Minor coast. 1,093 B.C. - Assyrian Decline - Death of Tiglath-Pilesar I; Assyria in decline. 1089 B.C. - Uranus-Neptune Conjunction - 1,085 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjunction - 1,080 B.C. - Philistine Victory / Shiloh - "Philistines defeat Israelites at Aphek; Shiloh destroyed." 1,070 B.C. - 21st Egyptian Dynasty - A traditional date for the 21st Egyptian Dynasty [1070 B.C.- 945 B.C.]. [Link: 1 ] 1,071 B.C. - Neptune-Pluto Conjunction - "Neptune-Pluto cycles last about 495 years - half a millennium. They characterise an underlying driving-force behind history, an undertow of reality which marries the inevitable ram-force of Pluto with the imaginal, ideational power of Neptune." Note: "Neptune-Pluto configurations on this site later than 600 B.C. represent estimated projections only. They were caluclated by subtracting alternating multiples of 493 years. For verification regarding planetary positions for 1,071 B.C, use the following pdf. file link below. [- E.M.] Link: http://www.astro.com/swisseph/ae/m1000/ae_m1071.pdf 1,050 B.C. - Jewish Monarchy - "The Gezer calendar was most probably derived from the Canaanite cycle before the establishment of the Jewish monarchy in 1,050 B.C. Evidence of the calendar's Canaanite origins is found in the Old Testament, which indicates that Hebrews were using Canaanite month names." 1,048 B.C. - King Saul? Rules Israel - "A reported date when the Israelite tribes united under their first king, Saul." [Link: l ] Trivia: "The Israelite [Hebrew] tribes came under one king [Saul] around 1,020 B.C. Saul ruled from 1,020 to 1,000 B.C." 1046 B.C. - Zhou dynasty - "The Zhou dynasty (Chinese: 周朝; pinyin: Zhōu Ch�o... was a Chinese dynasty that followed the Shang dynasty and preceded the Qin dynasty. Although the Zhou dynasty lasted longer than any other dynasty in Chinese history, the actual political and military control of China by the dynasty, surnamed Ji (Chinese: 姬), lasted only until 771 BC, a period known as the Western Zhou. [...] In the Chinese historical tradition, the Zhou defeated the Shang and oriented the Shang system of ancestor worship towards a universalized worship, away from the worship of Shangdi and to that of Tian or 'heaven'. They legitimized their rule by invoking the 'Mandate of Heaven', the notion that the ruler (the 'Son of Heaven') governed by divine right and that his dethronement would prove that he had lost the Mandate. Disasters and successful rebellions would thus show that the ruling family had lost this Mandate. [... .]" [Based on: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_dynasty] 1,040 B.C. - Samuel Judges Israeli Tribes - "According to popular history, Samuel judges the tribes." 1,031 B.C. - Ancient Alexandria? - "[....] A Smithsonian team has uncovered underwater evidence pointing to an urban settlement at the site dating back seven centuries before Alexander showed up in 331 B.C. [....] The discoveries are reported in the August issue of GSA Today, the journal of the Geological Society of America." [Based on: A.P. article (Team finds signs of city under Alexandria), p. A14, S.L.P.D., 07/27/07] 1,013 B.C. - Philistine Victory / Mt. Gilboa - "Philistines defeat Israelites at mount Gilboa: Saul and Jonathan killed; David rules Judah." 1,008 B.C. - King David? Rules Israel - "David of Bethlehem married Saul's daughter to become King of Judah [corresponding to half of the Palestinian territory] in around 1,008 B.C. Subsequently, he also acquired Israel [the balance of the territory] to become overall King of the Jews." Trivia: "From the time of King David, the dynasty of Abiathar [2 Samuel 20:25] was established in the hierarchy of senior priests. The line of Zadok was the primary priestly heritage and the line of Abiathar was second in authority. In addition to the traditional priestly styles, the Essenes also preserved the names of the Old Testament archangels within their governing structure. Hence, the Zadok priest was also the archangel Michael, while the Abiathar priest [whatever his personal name] was also the angel Gabriel. Being subordinate to the Zadok/Michael [the Lord - 'like unto God'], the Abiathar/Gabriel was designated Angel of the Lord [the ambassador of the Michael-Zadok]. This angelic system is detailed in the Book of 1 Enoch 4:9, wilst the War Scroll 9:15-17 identifies the angels' order of priestly ranking during the Gospel era." [Based on: Laurence Gardner] Trivia: "According to the Bible, Joshua led the Israelites into lands west of the Jordan river, where they routed the Canaanites but failed to win Gaza from the Philistines. Kind David expanded Israel and built his capitol around the ancient sacrificial altar at Mount Moriah in Jerusalem. There his son Solomon built a grand Temple of God. Later Israel split, and its pieces fell: to Assyria in 722 B.C. and to Babylon in 586 B.C., when the Temple was razed and the Israelites sold into slavery." [National Geographic Magazine / October 2002 / page 106] 1,000 B.C. 10th Century B.C. Links: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1000_BC 1,000 B.C. - Gathas - "Accoring to one report, before anyone other than the Pharaoh Akhenaton, Zoroaster introduced a practical monotheism equivalent to that the Jews and Christians think is unique to them. Zoroaster founded his religious system in the time when the Persians were migrating south of the Caucasus, from 1,000 B.C. onwards towards their eventual homeland. The date of Zoroaster's life is uncertain, no reference being made to him by the Persian kings or indeed until Xanthos of Lydia in 470 B.C., but the Gathas of Zoroaster have elements in common with the Vedas of India which date to the start of the first millennium B.C., suggesting that the religion that Zoroaster was reforming was similar to Brahminism." 1,000 B.C. - Rig Veda - "During this period [1,000-600 BCE] of Indian civilization, the Late Vedic period, the Aryans are integrated into Indian culture, and the Rig Veda is written." 1,000 B.C. - Luwian Script - "This script was originally mislabeled as Hieroglyphic Hittite, but the decipherment of the signs eventually led to the conclusion that the language recorded was not Hittite, but a related language called Luwian. Hittite and Luwian both belong to Anatolian subgroup of the Indo-European language family. Hieroglyphic Luwian was used in city-states of Southern Anatolia and Northern Syria, from 1000 BCE (?) to 700 BCE." [Link: 1 ] 1,000 B.C. - Old Testament - "More than two hundred years of detailed study of the Hebrew text of the Bible and ever more wide-ranging exploration in all the lands between the Nile and the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers have enabled us to begin to understand when, why, and how the Bible came to be. Detailed analysis of the language and literary geners of the Bible has led scholars to identify oral and written sources on which the present biblical text was based. At the same time, archaeology has produced a stunning, almost encyclopedic knowledge of the material conditions, languages, societies, and historical developments of the centuries during which the traditions of ancient Israel gradually crystalized, spanning roughly six hundred years - from about 1000 to 400 BCE. Most important of all, the textual insights and the archeological evidence has combined to help us to distinguish between the power and poetry of biblical saga and the more down-to-earth events and processes of ancient Near Eastern history." [Based on: The Bible Unearthed, Israel Finkelstein & Neil Asher Silberman, p. 5] Trivia: "[....] It is also clear that the interdentals / t, d / underwent a particularly large number of modifications, especially from the first millennium BCE - thus, in Hebrew / t / shifts to / s / (cf. Ugaritic tr, Hebrew sor), / d / to / z / (Ugaritic ' hd, Hebrew ' hz [chz]), / t / to / s [ts] / (Ugaritic tl [tsl], Hebrew sel [tsel]), and, similarly, / d / shifts to / s [ts] / (South Arabian ' rd, Hebrew ' eres [erets]). [....]" [Based on: A History of the Hebrew Language, Angel Saenz-Badillos, 2000 edition, p. 20] 1,000 B.C. - Trivia / I Ching - "The I Ching, or Book of Changes, is the most widely read of the five Chinese Classics. The book was traditionally written by the legendary Chinese Emperor Fu Hsi [2953-2838 B.C.]. It is possible that the the I Ching originated from a prehistoric divination technique which dates back as far as 5,000 B.C. Futher commentaries were added by King Wen and the Duke of Chou in the eleventh century B.C." 1,000 B.C. - Aramaic Script - "While Aramaic was displacing Akkadian in the course of the first millennium B.C., it absorbed a host of Sumerian words from Akkadian and transmitted them to the rest of the Near East. Some got into Arabic and have been carried to the ends of the eastern hemisphere by Islam. Of older date are the Sumerian loanwords in biblical Hebrew. According to popular belief: Originally Aramaic was spoken [and written] only in the region whose modern name is Syria. However, during the late Assyrian empire, and subsequently during the Babylonian and Persian empires, Aramaic became an international language, written and spoken in Anatolia, the Levantine coast, Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Persia where it was adopted by many local groups. In Israel, it became the 'Jewish' alphabet, the direct descendant of which is the modern Hebrew alphabet. It also became much more cursive as time goes on, such as the Nabatean alphabet, which eventually became Arabic." [Link: 1 ] 1,000 B.C. - Aramaeans / Syria - "A traditional date when the Aramaeans began infiltrating Syria." 1,000 B.C. - Trivia / King David - Reportedly: "David ruled from 1,000 to 961 B.C." 1,000 B.C. - Minor Power / Egypt - "Weakened by the invading 'Sea People' [the Phrygians, or Philistines], by 1,000 B.C. the Egyptian empire was no more, and Egypt remained a minor power thereafter." 1,000 B.C. - King Midas / Phrygia - "By 1,000 B.C. the Phoenicians had an alphabet, each letter representing a consonantal sound, and, using that alphabet, any language could be written down simply. King Midas ruled Phrygia around this time." 1,000 B.C. - Trivia / Jewish Calendar - "Present knowledge of the Jewish calendar in use before the period of the Babylonian Exile is both limited and uncertain. The Bible refers to calendar matters only incidentally, and the dating of components of Mosaic Law remains doubtful. The earliest datable source for the Hebrew calendar is the Gezer Calendar, written probably in the age of Solomon, in the late 10th century B.C. The inscription indicates the length of main agricultural tasks within the cycle of 12 lunations. The calendar term here is yereah, which in Hebrew denotes both 'moon' and 'month.' Thus, the Hebrew months were lunar. They are not named in pre-exilic sources except in the Biblical report of the building of Solomon's Temple in I Kings, where the names of three months, two of them also attested in the Phoenician calendar, are given; the months are usually numbered rather than named." 1,000 B.C. - Greek Colonies / Cyprus - "Reportedly, 'Cyprus may never have belonged to Greece, although Greek colonies have been on the island for over 3,000 years.' " 1,000 B.C. - Early Greek Inscriptions - "The earliest Greek inscriptions known today belong to the eigth century B.C. Although we cannot demonstrate that Greek inscriptions existed earlier than the eigth century B.C., a comparative analysis of the characteristic traits of the West Semitic script and those of Archaic Greek writing, leads to the assumption that the Greek borrowing of the alphabet should be dated some three hundred years earlier than the earliest known Greek inscriptions." 1,000 B.C. - Trivia / Etruscan Civilization - "Etruscan civilization existing by this time." [Link: 1 ] 980 B.C. - Height of Power / Israel - "A traditional date when King David's empire was at its peak" 976 B.C. - Jeroboam I Rules Israel - "Reportedly, the son of Nebat (1Ki 11:26-39), 'an Ephrathite,' the first king of the ten tribes, over whom he reigned twenty-two years (B.C. 976-945). He was the son of a widow of Zereda, and while still young was promoted by Solomon to be chief superintendent of the 'burnden', i.e., of the bands of forced labourers. Influenced by the words of the prophet Ahijah, he began to form conspiracies with the view of becoming king of the ten tribes; but these having been discovered, he fled to Egypt (1Ki 11:29-40), where he remained for a length of time under the protection of Shishak I. Other traditional dates attributed to Jeroboam I include: 931-909 B.C." 973 B.C. - Solomon Rules Israel & Judah - "A traditional date when Solomon ruled [962-922 B.C.] united Israel-Judah. Other traditional dates attributed to Solomon include: 970-931 B.C." 969 B.C. - Hiram Rules Tyre - "A traditional date when Hiram ruled Tyre." 962 B.C. - Jewish Temple Completed? - "A Traditional date for the completion of the First Jewish Temple by Solomon. Reportedly, this building was regarded as the repository of ancient occult wisdom and symbolism by both the Freemasons and the Knights Templar. King David initiated the building of the temple at Jerusalem and after his death his son Solomon completed the task. To build the edifice Solomon imported masons, artists and craftsmen from neighboring countries. Specifically he sent a message to the king of Tyre asking if he could hire the services of the king's master builder, Hiram Abiff, who was skilled in geometry. Solomon appointed Hiram as the chief architect and master mason of the temple to be built in Jerusalem. In the Old Testament it is said of Solomon that 'he sacrificed and burnt incense in high places', [I Kings 3:3] which were the sites of shrines dedicated to the worship of the Great Goddess. The available evidence suggests that during the 370-year history of the original temple at Jerusalem it was wholly or partly used for Goddess worship for 200 years of that period. When one of Yahweh's prophets denounced Solomon's waywardness in favor of a young man called Jeroboam who became the new king [I Kings 11:29-40], the worship of pagan gods briefly abated. In I Kings 23: 4-7 it is recorded that the high priest Hilkaih destroyed the shrines to the goddess Ashtoreth which Solomon had erected all over Israel." Trivia: "An ivory pomegranate long touted by scholars as the only relic from Solomon's Temple is a forgery, the Israeli Museum said Friday [12/24/04], as investigators said they had broken up several fake antiquity rings in a wide-ranging investigation. Indictments in that investigation are to be handed down next week, the officials said. Among those to be indicted is Israeli collector Oded Golan, the Justice Ministry confirmed. Golan, who denied wrongdoing, owns the two most spectacular artifacts declared fakes last year [2003]: a burial chest purported to be that of James, the brother of Jesus, and a stone tablet with inscriptions on how to maintain the Jewish Temple. The pomegranate was examined by the museum independently of the investigation by the Israeli authorities, said the director of the Israel Museum, James Snyder. A team of experts reported the thumb-sized pomegranate dates to the Bronze period, or about 3,400 years ago, meaning it is considerably older than the first Jewish Temple, and the inscription was added recently, the museum said in a statement." [Based on: News Services article, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, p. A10, 12/25/04] Commentary: "Not one relic from Solomon's Temple?" [- E.M.] 961 B.C. - Arabian Trade / King Solomon - Reportedly: "Solomon ruled from 961 to 922 B.C. and he started to trade with the Arabs who were in Arabia." 950 B.C. - Rezin Rules Syria - "A traditional date when Rezin founded the kingdom of Damascus [Syria]." 945 B.C. - 22nd Egyptian Dynasty - "traditional date for the 22nd Egyptian Dynasty [945 B.C.- 712 B.C.]." [Link: 1 ] 942 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjunction - 933 B.C. - Fatality / Solomon - "A traditional date when Solomon died." 933 B.C. - Jeroboam I Rules Israel - "On the death of Solomon, the ten tribes, having revolted, sent to invite Jeroboam I to become their king. The conduct of Rehoboam favoured the designs of Jeroboam, and he was accordingly proclaimed 'king of Israel' (1Ki 12:1; 1:1-20). He rebuilt and fortified Shechem as the capital of his kingdom. He at once adopted means to perpetuate the division thus made between the two parts of the kingdom, and erected at Dan and Bethel, the two extremities of his kingdom, 'golden calves,' which he set up as symbols of Jehovah, enjoining the people not any more to go up to worship at Jerusalem, but to bring their offerings to the shrines he had erected. Thus he became distinguished as the man 'who made Israel to sin.' This policy was followed by all the succeeding kings of Israel. Other traditional dates attributed to Jeroboam I include: 931-909 B.C." 931 B.C. - Rehoboam Rules Judah - "A traditional date when Rehoboam ruled in Judah 931-914 B.C." 922 B.C. - Secession / Israel from Judah - "The Bible describes how, soon after the death of Solomon, the ten northern tribes, resenting their subjugation to Davidic kings in Jerusalem, unilaterally seceded from the united monarchy, thus forcing the creation of two rival kingdoms: the kingdom of Israel, in the north, and the kingdom of Judah, in the south. For the next two hundred years, the people of Israel lived in two separate kingdoms, reportedly succumbing again and again to the lure of foreign deities." 918 B.C. - Uranus-Neptune Conjunction - 918 B.C. - Sacked / Jewish Temple - "About 918 B.C., an Egyptian army, under Sheshonk ['Shishak' in the Bible] of the 22nd Dynasty, who reigned from 935-914 B.C., sacked Jerusalem and the Temple." 914 B.C. - Abijam Rules Judah - "A traditional date when Abijam ruled in Judah 914-911 B.C." 911 B.C. - Asa Rules Judah - "A traditional date when Asa ruled in Judah 911-870 B.C." 909 B.C. - Nadab Rules Israel - "A traditional date when Nadab ruled in Israel 909-908 B.C." 908 B.C. - Baasha Rules Israel - "A traditional date when Baasha ruled in Israel 908-885 B.C." 9,00 B.C. 900 B.C. - Demotic Invented - "A modified form of heratic writing invented." 898 B.C. - Solar Eclipse - "China's Double-Dawn Eclipse [April 21st]" 900 B.C. - European trade - "The vessel, carrying copper and tin ingots used to make weapons and jewellery, sank off the coast near Salcombe in Devon and is thought to date from 900BC. [....]" [Based on: The Telegraph article (3,000-year-old shipwreck shows European trade was thriving in Bronze Age / The discovery of one of the world's oldest shipwrecks shows that European trade was thriving even in the Bronze Age, according to experts.) 7:30AM GMT 15 Feb 2010] http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/environment/archaeology/7238663/3000-year-old-shipwreck-shows-European-trade-was-thriving-in-Bronze-Age.html 8th or 9th Century B.C. - Kapila? - "[....] One such sage, named Kapila, who lived around the 8th or 9th century B.C.E. in the northeastern part of India, after realizing in himself the Truth of existence, made a valiant and brilliant attempt to explain the mysterious Unity-in-duality to the satisfaction of those who had not known It. [....] Kapila's explanation of Reality came to be known as the philosophy of Samkhya, a word which, like Veda, means 'knowledge' or 'wisdom.' To designate the Eternal, Kapila used the word, Purusha; it is a word which had appeared previously in the Vedas to mean the universal Self, or 'Person.' And to designate the creative Energy which manifests as the phenomenal world, he used the word, Prakrti. Prakrti is identical with Prthivi, the earth-Mother of the Vedas. It is Prakrti which appears as atoms, molecules, and all the sentient and insentient world composed of the elements. These two, Purusha and Prakrti, are what we today might call 'spirit' and 'matter,' except that Prakrti is more than what we regard as matter; it is the substance of all forms, dream images, and the individual psyche. It is everything that is experienced as 'the world' - on both the subtle and gross levels. Purusha, on the other hand, is the Eternal, the unmanifested Essence, the unstained and unchanging Consciousness. It is the light of conscious Awareness which not only illumes but allows us to perceive the world of Prakrti. [....]" [Based on: History of Mysticism, by S. Abhayananda, third revised edition, 1996, p. 45] - [Paragraph indents removed - E.M.] 900 B.C. - Bible Writing / Song of Deborah - "By 900 B.C., some Israelite writing had appeared that was later to be incorporated into the Bible. The Song of Deborah is an example of this." 900 B.C. - Height of Power / Olmec Civilization - "Olmec civilization [in southern Mexico] at its peak." Trivia: "The Olmec, which means 'rubber people,' date back to at least 4000 BC. They began their rise to civilization around 1500 BC, and are considered to have reached the first advanced stages of high civilization around 550 BC." 885 B.C. - Elah Rules Israel - "A traditional date when Elah ruled in Israel 885-884 B.C." 884 B.C. - Samaria Founded - "Date for the foundation of Samaria, mentioned in the Mesha stela from Moab." 884 B.C. - Zimri Rules Israel - "A traditional date when Zimri ruled in Israel 884 B.C." 884 B.C. - Tibni Rules Israel - "A traditional date when Tibni ruled in Israel 884-880 B.C." 884 B.C. - Omri Rules Israel - "A traditional date when Omri ruled in Israel 884-873 B.C." 883 B.C. - Ashurnasirpal II Rules Assyria - "A traditional date when Ashurnasirpal II ruled in Assyria 883-859 B.C." 874 B.C. - Ahab Rules Israel - "A traditional date when King Ahab ruled [874-853 B.C.] in Israel. Ahab, the king who actually stopped Assyria for a while, is painted in the darkest colors in the Bible, along with his wife, Jezebel. His victory over Assyria isn't even mentioned. Under the influence of Jezebel, King Ahab built an altar to Baal and a sacred grove to the goddess [I Kings 16:30-33]. It is said that 850 priests of Baal and Astoreth were entertained at a lavish banquet organized by the new queen. Other traditional dates attributed to Ahab include 873-852 B.C." 870 B.C. - Jehoshaphat Rules Judah - "A traditional date when Jehoshaphat ruled in Judah 870-846 B.C." 859 B.C. - Shalmaneser III Rules Assyria - "A traditional date when Shalmaneser III ruled in Assyria 859-824 B.C." 854 B.C. - Israelite Coalition - "Israel, in combination with Judah [a puppet of Israel at the time] and Aram [Syria] manage to defeat Assyria in battle. Later Syria and Israel turn against eachother and Ahab dies in battle against Syria. Meanwhile, Israel and Judah were not truly monotheistic. The writers of the Bible tried to make monotheism the stern belief of Moses and David, but even if it were, the people did not follow them any more than the Egyptian people had followed Akhenaton. The Yahwists [those who believe in Yahweh as the single god of the Jews] were always a minority at this time, and were, in fact, persecuted by the kings - who found them rigid and extreme, and getting in the way of practical politics. The outstanding Yahwists of this century were Elijah and Elisha. The Bible, written in later times by Yahwists, present them as wonder-working prophets and their opponents as villians. Thus, Ahab, the king who actually stopped Assyria for a while, is painted in the darkest colors in the Bible, along with his wife Jezebel. His victory over Assyria isn't even mentioned." 852 B.C. - Ahaziah Rules Israel - "A traditional date when Ahaziah ruled in Israel 852-851 B.C." 851 B.C. - Joram Rules Israel - "A traditional date when Joram [yvrm] ruled in Israel 851-842 B.C." 851 B.C. - Jehoram Rules Judah - "A traditional date when Jehoram [yhvrm] ruled in Judah 851-843 B.C." 850 B.C. - Mesha Stone - "Reportedly, the Mesha Stone inscription dates from 850 B.C." [Link: 1 ] 843 B.C. - AhaziahRules Judah - "A traditional date when Ahaziah ruled in Judah 843-842 B.C." 842 B.C. - Jehu Rules Israel- "A traditional date when Jehu [yhva] ruled in Israel 842-814 B.C." 842 B.C. - Athaliah Rules Judah - "A traditional date when Athaliah ruled in Judah 842-836 B.C." 836 B.C. - Jehoash Rules Judah - "A traditional date when Jehoash [yvas] ruled in Judah 836-798 B.C." 835 B.C. - Urartu [Ararat] Established - "Urartu, the Biblical 'Ararat,' was a kingdom established about 835 B.C. in the foothills of the Caucasus, north of Assyria." 836 B.C. - Median Empire - "The Medes were an ancient Iranian people ... who lived in the northwestern portions of present-day Iran. This area was known in Greek as Media or Medea ... Old Persian Mada; ... adjective Median, antiquated also Medean). Under Assyrian rule, the Medes were known as Madayu. They entered this region with the first wave of Iranian tribes, in the late second millennium BC (the Bronze Age collapse). [NP] By the 6th century BC, after having together with the Chaldeans defeated the Neo-Assyrian Empire, the Medes were able to establish their own empire, that stretched from southern shore of the Black Sea and Aran province (the modern-day Republic of Azerbaijan) to north and Central Asia, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, and which included many tributary states, including the Persians, who eventually supplanted and absorbed the Median empire in the Achaemenid Persian Empire. [NP] The Medes are credited with the foundation of the first Iranian empire, the largest of its day until Cyrus the Great established a unified Iranian empire of the Medes and Persians, often referred to as the Achaemenid Persian Empire, by defeating his grandfather and overlord, Astyages the king of Media. [....] The Medes, people of the Mada, ... appear in history first in 836 BC. Earliest records show that Assyrian conqueror Shalmaneser III received tribute from the "Amadai" in connection with wars against the tribes of the Zagros. His successors undertook many expeditions against the Medes (Madai). [NP] At this early stage, the Medes were usually mentioned together with another steppe tribe, the Scythians, who seem to have been the dominant group. They were divided into many districts and towns, under petty local chieftains; from the names in the Assyrian inscriptions, it appears they had already adopted the religion of Zoroaster. [....] Although Herodotus credits 'Deioces son of Phraortes' (probably c. 715) with the creation of the Median kingdom and the founding of its capital city at Ecbatana (modern Hamadan), it was probably not before 625 bc that Cyaxares, grandson of Deioces, succeeded in uniting into a kingdom the many Iranian-speaking Median tribes. According to Herodotus, the conquests of Cyaxares the Medes were preceded by a Scythian invasion and domination lasting twenty-eight years (under Madius the Scythian, 653-625 BC). The Medes tribes seem to have come into immediate conflict with a settled state to the West known as Mannae, allied with Assyria. Assyrian inscriptions state that the early Medes rulers, who had attempted rebellions against the Assyrians in the time of Esarhaddon and Ashur-bani-pal, were allied with chieftains of the Ashguza (Scythians) and other tribes - who had come from the northern shore of the Black Sea and invaded Asia Minor. The state of Mannae was finally conquered and assimilated by the Medes in the year 616 BC. [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_Empire] - [T.D. - 09/25/08] 831 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjunction - 825 B.C. - Jeroboam II Rules Israel? - "Reportedly, Jeroboam II, the son and successor of Jehoash, and the fourteenth king of Israel, over which he ruled for forty-one years, B.C. 825-784 (2Ki 14:23). He followed the example of the first Jeroboam in keeping up the worship of the golden calves (2Ki 14:24). His reign was contemporary with those of Amaziah (2Ki 14:23) and Uzziah (2Ki 15:1), kings of Judah. He was victorious over the Syrians (2Ki 13:4; 14:26-27), and extended Israel to its former limits, from 'the entering of Hamath to the sea of the plain' (2Ki 14:25; Am 6:14). His reign of forty-one years was the most prosperous that Israel had ever known as yet. With all this outward prosperity, however, iniquity widely prevailed in the land (Am 2:6-8; 4:1; 6:6; Ho 4:12-14). The prophets Hosea (Ho 1:1), Joel (Joe 3:16; Am 1:1-2), Amos (Am 1:1), and Jonah (2Ki 14:25) lived during his reign. He died, and was buried with his ancestors (2Ki 14:29). He was succeeded by his son Zachariah (q.v.). His name occurs in Scripture only in 2Ki 13:13; 14:16,23,27-29; 15:1,8; 1Ch 5:17; Ho 1:1; Am 1:1; 7:9-11. In all other passages it is Jeroboam the son of Nebat that is meant. Other dates attributed to Jeroboam include: 788 -747 B.C." [Based on: Traditional Old Testament] 817 B.C. - Jehoahaz Rules Israel - "A traditional date when Jehoahaz [yhvachz] ruled in Israel 817-800 B.C." 814 B.C. - Phoenicians Establish Carthage - "By 814 B.C. the Phoenicians established the city of Carthage near the site of modern Tunis." [Link: 1 ] 811 B.C. - Shammuramat / Assyria - "Shammuramat or Sammur-amat was Queen of Assyria 811 BC–808 BC. The widow of King Shamshi-Adad V reigned for three years on the throne of Assyria. Other chronologies suggest that her regency lasted from 809 to 792 BCE.[1] [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shammuramat] Trivia: "Toward 800 B.C., the Assyrian king was a minor, and his mother Sammuramat, was the effective head of the government. The Greeks built their legend of Semiramis about her." Reference Links: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Assyria 811 B.C. - Adad-nirari Rules Assyria - "A traditional date when Adad-nirari ruled in Assyria 811-783 B.C." 8,00 B.C. 800 B.C. - Axial Age - "The period 800-200 BCE has been termed the Axial Age. In all the main regions of the civilized world, people created new ideologies that have continued to be crucial and formative. The new religious systems reflected the changed economic and social conditions. For reasons that we do not entirely understand, all the cheif civilizations developed along parallel lines, even when there was no commercial contact [as between China and the European area]. There was a new prosperity that led to the rise of a merchant class. Power was shifting from king and priest, temple and palace, to the marketplace. The new wealth led to intellectual and cultural florescence and also to the development of the individual conscience. Inequality and exploitation became more apparent as the pace of change accelerated in the cities and people began to realize that their own behavior could affect the fate of future generations. Each region developed a distinctive ideology to address these problems and concerns: Taoism and Confucianism in China, Hinduism and Buddhism in India and philosophical rationalism in Europe. The Middle East did not produce a uniform solution, but in Iran and Israel, Zoroaster and the Hebrew prophets respectively evolved different versions of monotheism. Strange as it may seem, the idea of 'God,' like the other great religious insights of the period, developed in a market economy in a spirit of aggressive capitalism." [Based on: A History of God, Karen Armstrong, p. 27] Trivia: "[....] At the dawn of Western thought, the categories of matter and spirit had not yet been constituted as opposites, religion and science had not beeen conceived of as rivals. There existed in the world only a few features that we still recognize: the enigma of nature; the questions 'What are we humans?' and 'Where do we come from?' common to both science and religion; and the intuition that some vital something, which was everywhere and nowhere in particular, was the answer to it all.The quest of the phuseos was to understand this vital something that was both substance and action, both spirit and matter, both one and many, both everywhere and nowhere. [....]" [Based on: Parabola article (In the Greek Cosmos) by David Hoffman, Vol. 28, No. 3, Fall 2003 (Chaos And Order), p. 57] 800 B.C. - J / Jahwist - "In Chapter 18 of Genesis, J tells us that God appeared to Abraham by the oak tree of Mamre, near Hebron. Abraham had looked up and and noticed three strangers approaching his tent during the hottest part of the day. With typical Middle Eastern courtesy, he insisted that they sit down and rest while he hurried to prepare food for them. In the course of conversation, it transpired, quite naturally, that one of these men was none other than his god, whom J always calls 'Yahweh.' The other two men turn out to be angels. Nobody seems particularly surprised by this revelation. By the time J was writing in the eighth century BCE, no Israelite would have expected to 'see' God in this way: most would have found it a shocking notion. J's contemporary, 'E,' finds the old stories about the patriarchs' intimacy with god unseemly: when E tells stories about Abraham's or Jacob's dealings with God, he prefers to distance the event and make the old legends less anthropomorphic. Thus he will say that god speaks to Abraham through an angel. J, however, does not share this squeamishness and preserves the ancient flavour of these primitive epiphanies in his account." [Based on: A History of God, Karen Armstrong, pp. 15-16] 800 B.C. - Bible Authors - "During the nineteenth century, some German biblical scholars developed a critical method which discerned four different sources in the first five books of the Bible: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy. These were later collated into the final text of what we know as the Pentateuch during the fifth century BCE. This form of criticism has come in for a good deal of harsh treatment, but nobody has yet come up with a satisfactory theory which explains why there are two quite different accounts of key biblical events, such as the Creation and the Flood, and why the Bible sometimes contradicts itself. The two earliest biblical authors, whose work is found in Genesis and Exodus, were probably writing during the eigth century, though some would give them an earlier date. One is known as 'J' because he calls his God 'Yahweh,' the other 'E' since he prefers to use the more formal divine title 'Elohim.' By the eighth century, the Israelites had divided Canaan into two separate kingdoms. J was writing in the southern kingdom of Judah, while E came from the northern kingdom of Israel." [Based on: A History of God, Karen Armstrong, p. 12] 800 B.C. - Joash Rules Israel - "A traditional date when Joash [yvas] ruled in Israel 800-784 B.C." 800 B.C. - Homer? / Greece - "By 800 B.C., Homer [concerning whom next to nothing is known - not even if he really existed] had written the Iliad and the Odyssey. About the same time, Hesiod was writing Theogony, which was an important guide to Greek mythology." Trivia: "Homer [....] was a legendary early Greek poet and rhapsode traditionally credited with the composition of the Iliad and the Odyssey, commonly assumed to have lived in the 8th century BC. [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer] 800 B.C. - Brahmans / India - "The Brahmans, a priestly caste, begin [800-600 B.C.] to emerge around this time, along with the caste system. The Upanishads are written about this time [800-500 B.C.]." 800 B.C. - Inscriptions / Hebrew & Aramaic - From the eigth century onward, the number of Hebrew and Aramaic inscriptions gradually increases, testifying to the spread of writing. Reportedly, the progress of literacy in Greece was probably very similar to that in the East." 800 B.C. - Bronze Age Recession? / Britain - "In history lessons, the three ages of pre-history - Stone Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age - seem to flow together without a gap. [NP] But there is a 300-year period in British history between around 800 BC and 500 BC where experts still struggle to explain what happened, where bronze is in decline and iron was not widely used. [....]" [Based on: BBC News article (What caused Britain's Bronze Age 'recession'? / A large gap in pre-history could signal that Britain underwent an economic downturn over 2,500 years ago.), 04/07/11] Link: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-12989605 798 B.C. - Amaziah Rules Judah - "A traditional date when Amaziah ruled in Judah 798-769 B.C." 788 B.C. - Jeroboam II Rules Israel - "A traditional date when Jeroboam ruled in Israel 788-747 B.C." 785 B.C. - Azariah Rules Judah - "A traditional date when Azariah ruled in Judah 785-733 B.C." 776 B.C. - Olympics / Greece - "First recorded Olympic games." 770 B.C. - Birth? / Lao Zi (Lao Tze) - "Ancient Chinese sage [770 - 476 B.C.] who authored the Tao Te Ching." 762 B.C. - Solar Eclipse - "Assyrian Eclipse [June 15th]" 753 B.C. - Founded / Roman Kingdom - "Legend has it that Rome was founded by Latin colonists in 753 B.C. [1 A.U.C. Anno Urbis Conditae, meaning, in Latin, 'the year of the founding of the city'], but archaeological evidence reveals settlements going back to at least 1000 B.C." [Link: 1 ] Trivia: The Roman Kingdom (Latin: Regnum Romanum) was the monarchal government for the city of Rome and its territories from its founding. In Roman legend this took place in 753 BC by Romulus. The kingdom ended with the expulsion of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus in 510 BC and the establishment of the Roman Republic. In Roman legend, when the Greeks waged war against the city of Troy, the Trojan hero Aeneas sailed across the Mediterranean Sea to Italy and founded Lavinium. His son Iulus went on to found the city of Alba Longa. From Alba Longa's royal family came the twins Romulus and Remus, who went on to found the city of Rome in 753 BC. [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Kingdom] Links: http://www.gazzettadelsud.it/news/english/36543/Temple-of--Jupiter-the-Stayer--found.html 750 B.C. - King Piye / Nubia - "[....] Piye was the first of the so-called black pharaohs - a series of Nubian kings who ruled over all of Egypt for three-quarters of a century as that country's 25th dynasty. [....] The black pharoahs reunified a tattered Egypt and filled its landscapr with glorious monuments creating an empire that stretched from the southern border at present-day Khartoum all the way noirth to the mediterranean Sea. They stood up to the bloodthirsty Assyrians, perhaps saving Jerusalem in the process." [Based on: Article ( AN IGNORED CHAPTER OF HISTORY TELLS OF A TIME WHEN KINGS FROM DEEP IN AFRICA CONQURED ANCIENT EGYPT / Black Pharaohs, by Robert Draper, N.G.M. (February 2008), pp. 38-39] 750 B.C. - Trivia / Greek Mythology - "According to the History Channel, Greek Mythology was collected and written down [by Homer?] about this time." 750 B.C. - Greek Colonizing Expeditions - "First Greek colonizing expeditions." [Compact History Of The World, Geoffrey Parker, p. 32] 7. Baktun 6. Baktun of the Mind Teachings. 747-353 B.C. 6.0.0.0.0 Period of first wave of galactic Mayans in Mesoamerica. Persian Empire. Rise of philosophical individualistic thought supplanting earlier collective forms. Pythagoras, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle in Greece; six schools of Vedic thought, Mahavira and Buddha, India; Lao Tzu, Confucius, Cuang Tzu in China. Construction of Monte Alban, Mexico, beginnings of Mayan calendar systems. [Based on: The Mayan Factor / Path Beyond Technology, by Jose Arguelles, Copyright 1939-, 1987, p. 114] 747 B.C. - Uranus-Neptune Conjunction - 747 B.C. - Zechariah Rules Israel - "A traditional date when Zechariah ruled in Israel 747 B.C." 747 B.C. - Menahem Rules Israel - "A traditional date when Menahem ruled in Israel 747-737 B.C." 747 B.C. - Shallum Rules Israel - "A traditional date when Shallum ruled in Israel 747 B.C." 745 B.C. - Tiglath-Pilesar III Rules Assyria - "A traditional date when Tiglath-Pilesar III ruled in Assyria 745-727 B.C." 743 B.C. - Ahaz Rules Judah - "A traditional date when Ahaz ruled in Judah 743-727 B.C." 743 B.C. - Jotham Rules Judah - "A traditional date when Jotham ruled in Judah 743-729 B.C." 740 B.C. - 23rd Egyptian Dynasty - "A traditional date for the 23rd Egyptian Dynasty [740 B.C.- 725 B.C.]." [Link: 1 ] 737 B.C. - Pekahiah Rules Israel - "A traditional date when Pekahiah [pqchyh] ruled in Israel 737-735 B.C." 737 B.C. - Temple / West of Jerusalem - "Archaeologists have discovered a 2,750-year-old temple along with a cache of sacred artifacts, providing rare insight into religious practices at the time, the Israeli Antiquities Authority announced Wednesday. [NP] The temple was uncovered west of Jerusalem, at the Tel Motza archaeological site, in preparation for work on Highway 1. Among the finds are pottery figurines, fragments of chalices and decorated pedestals, which indicate the site was the stomping ground of a ritual cult. [... .]" [Based on: FoxNews.com article (2,750-year-old temple found near Jerusalem) 12/27/12] Link: http://www.foxnews.com/science/2012/12/27/2750-year-old-temple-found-near-jerusalem/ 735 B.C. - Pekah Rules Israel - "A traditional date when Pekah [pqch] ruled in Israel 735-732 B.C." 735 B.C. - Isaiah / Jerusalem - "In 735 B.C., when Jerusalem was under threat from Syria, the prophet Isaiah proclaimed to the troubled King Ahaz, 'Hear ye now, O house of David. [....] Behold, a virgin shall conceive, and bear a son, and shall call his name Immanuel' [Isaiah 7:13-14]." 732 B.C. - Assyrian Syria - "Traditional date when Assyria conquered Aramaic Syria." 732 B.C. - Hoshea Rules Israel - "A traditional date when Hoshea [hvsa] ruled in Israel 732-724 B.C." 730 B.C. - King Piye / Upper Egypt - "In the year 730 B.C., a man by the name of Piye decided the only way to save Egypt from itself was tio invade it. [....] The ancient world was devoid of racism. At the time of Piye's historic conquest, the fact that his skin was dark was irrelevant. Artwork from Ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome shows a clear awareness of racial features and skin tone, but there is little evidence that darker skin was seen as a sign of inferiority. Only after the European powers colonized Africa in the 19th century did Western scholars pay attention to the color of the Nubians' skin, to uncharitable effect. [....]" [Based on: Article ( AN IGNORED CHAPTER OF HISTORY TELLS OF A TIME WHEN KINGS FROM DEEP IN AFRICA CONQURED ANCIENT EGYPT / Black Pharaohs, by Robert Draper, N.G.M. (February 2008), pp. 38-39] 727 B.C. - Hezekiah Rules Judah - "A traditional date when Hezekiah ruled in Judah 727-698 B.C." 727 B.C. - Shalmaneser V Rules Assyria - "A traditional date when Shalmaneser V ruled in Assyria 727-722 B.C." 725 B.C. - 24th Egyptian Dynasty - "A traditional date for the 24th Egyptian Dynasty [725 B.C.- 715 B.C.]." [Link: 1 ] 722 B.C. - Assyrian Israel - "Sargon II attacked Israel and deported the aristocracy." 722 B.C. - Sargon II Rules Assyria - "A traditional date when Sargon II ruled in Assyria 722-705 B.C." 715 B.C. - Died / Piye - "[....] When Piye died at the end of his 35-year reign in 715 B.C., his subjects honored his wishes by burying him in a Egyptian-style pyramid, with four of his beloved horses nearby. He was the first pharaoh to receive such entombment in more than 500 years. [....] Under Nubian rule, Egypt became Egypt again. When Piye died in 715, his brother Shabaka solidified the 25th dynasty by taking up residence in the Egyptian capital of Memphis. Like his brother, Shabaka wed himself to the old pharaonic ways, adopting the throne name of the 6th-dynasty ruler Pepi II, just as Piye had claimed the old throne name of Thutmose III." [Based on: Article ( AN IGNORED CHAPTER OF HISTORY TELLS OF A TIME WHEN KINGS FROM DEEP IN AFRICA CONQURED ANCIENT EGYPT / Black Pharaohs, by Robert Draper, N.G.M. (February 2008), pp. 38 & 44] 714 B.C. - Sargon II Conquers Urartu - "Sargon II conquers Urartu." 712 B.C. - 25th Egyptian Dynasty - "A traditional date for the 25th Egyptian Dynasty [712 B.C.- 657 B.C.]." [Link: 1 ] 705 B.C. - Sennacherib Rules Assyria - "A traditional date when Sennacherib ruled in Assyria 705-681 B.C." 701 B.C. - Assyrian Jerusalem - "Assyrians attack Judah and lays seige to Jerusalem. After the siege of Jerusalem, Judah remained a loyal Assyrian puppet. Under the rule of Menassah, from 692-639 B.C., Judah paid its tribute and enjoyed a half century of peace." 700 B.C. 700 B.C. - Bible Chronology - "We now know that the early books of the Bible and their famous stories of Israelite history were first codified [and in key respects composed] at an identifiable place and time: Jerusalem in the seventh century BCE." [The Bible Unearthed, Israel Finkelstein & Neil Asher Silberman, p. 5] 700 B.C. - Theogony / Hesiod? - "According to the History Channel, Hesiod composed a history of the Greek Gods [Theogony] about this time." Trivia: "Hesiod [....], the early Greek poet and rhapsode, presumably lived around 700 BCE. Historians have debated the priority of Hesiod or of Homer, and some authors have even brought them together in an imagined poetic contest. Modern scholars disagree as to which was earlier; their lives very likely overlapped. Hesiod serves as a major source for knowledge of Greek mythology, farming techniques, archaic Greek astronomy and ancient time-keeping. [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiod] 700 B.C. - Trivia / Assyrian Empire - "In 700 B.C., the Assyrian Empire included all the Tigris-Euphrates region and all the eastern shore of the Mediterranean. It was the most powerful political-military entity the world had yet seen. Reportedly, Assyrian records suggest that the route to the east of the plateau into India was well trodden by 700 B.C., to judge by the preponderance of Aryan names, but so many names did not appear in the west." [Link: 1 ] 700 B.C. - Aramaic / Lingua Franca - "With the spread of Aramaic as the lingua franca of the Near East in the 7th and 6th centuries B.C., the increasing use of the Phoenician script, and the loss of political independence in Mesopotamia with the growth of the Persian Empire, cuneiform came to be used less and less, although it continued to be written by many conservative priests and scholars for several more centuries." 700 B.C. - Assyrian Statehood / Edom - "Archaeological investigations indicate that Edom reached statehood only under Assyrian auspices in the seventh century BCE. Before that period it was a sparsely settled fringe area inhabited mainly by pastoral nomads. No less important, Edom was destroyed by the Babylonians in the sixth century BCE, and sedentary activity there recovered only in Hellenistic times." [Based on: Israel Finkelstein & Neil Asher Silberman, The Bible Unearthed, p. 68] 698 B.C. - Manasseh Rules Judah - "A traditional date when Manasseh ruled in Judah 698-642 B.C." 690 B.C. - Taharqa / Egypt - "[....] His father, Piye, had returned the true pharonic customs to Egypt. His uncle Shabaka had established a Nubian presence in Memphis and Thebes. But their ambitions paled before those of the 31-year-old military commander [Taharqa] who received the crown in Memphis in 690 and presided over the combined empires of Egypt and Nubia for the next 26 years. [....]." [Based on: Article ( AN IGNORED CHAPTER OF HISTORY TELLS OF A TIME WHEN KINGS FROM DEEP IN AFRICA CONQURED ANCIENT EGYPT / Black Pharaohs, by Robert Draper, N.G.M. (February 2008), p. 53] 688 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjunction - 683 B.C. - Athenian Oligarchy / Greece - "Athenian monarchy abolished and placed itself under an oligarchy, from which an archon ['ruler'] was chosen each year." 681 B.C. - Esarhaddon Rules Assyria - "A traditional date when Esarhaddon ruled in Assyria 681-669 B.C." 671 B.C. - Assyrian Egypt - "Assyrians occupy northern portion of Egypt, as once the Hyksos had done nearly nine centuries earlier." 670 B.C. - Source of Bible Covenant with God discovered? - "Archaeologists working in Turkey have unearthed an Assyrian tablet dating to around 670 BCE that 'could have served as a model for the biblical description of God's covenant with the Israelites.' What this fascinating discovery suggests, of course, is that the Bible tale of a divine pact does not represent 'history' or a 'factual' event, but is instead a fictional rewrite, borrowing or plagiarism of this older Assyrian treaty. [....]" [Based on: Examiner.com article (Source of Bible Covenant with God discovered?) ,April 13, 4:20 PMFreethought ExaminerD.M. Murdock] http://www.examiner.com/examiner/x-17009-Freethought-Examiner~y2010m4d13-Source-of-Bible-Covenant-with-God-discovered 669 B.C. - Ashurbanipal Rules Assyria - "A traditional date when Ashurbanipal ruled in Assyria 669-627 B.C." 669 B.C. - Taharqa / Egypt - "[....] In 669 Esarhaddon [the Assyrian king] died en route to Egypt, after learning that the Nubian [Taharqa] had managed to retake Memphis. Under a new king, the Assyrians once again assaulted the city, this time with an army swollen with captured rebel troops. Taharqa stood no chance. He fled south to Napata and never saw Egypt again. [....]. How he spent his final years is a mystery - with the exception of one final innovative act. Like his father, Piye, Taharqa chose to be buried in a pyramid. But he eschewed the royal cemetary at El Kurru, where all previous Kushite pharoahs had been laid to rest. Instead, he chose a site at Nuri, on the opposite bank of the Nile. Perhaps, as archaeologist Timothy Kendall has theorized, Taharqa selected the location because, from the vista of Jebel Barkal, his pyramid precisely aligns with the sunrise on ancient Egypt's New Year's Day, linking him in perpetuity with the Egyptian concept of rebirth. [NP] Just as likely, the Nubian's motive will remain obscure, like his people's history." [Based on: Article ( AN IGNORED CHAPTER OF HISTORY TELLS OF A TIME WHEN KINGS FROM DEEP IN AFRICA CONQURED ANCIENT EGYPT / Black Pharaohs, by Robert Draper, N.G.M. (February 2008), p. 58] 664 B.C. - Psammetichus Rules Egypt - "A traditional date when Psammetichus ruled in Egypt 664-610 B.C." 660 B.C. - Byzantium Founded - "Founding of Byzantium by Greeks. Building of Acropolis in Athens." [ 1 ] 660 B.C. - Jimmu Tenno / Japan - "Literally, Emperor Jimmu, Legendary first emperor of Japan, 660 B.C. His name before being titled Emperor was Kamu-Yamato-Ihare-Hiko-no-Mikoto." 657 B.C. - 26th Egyptian Dynasty - "A traditional date for the 26th Egyptian Dynasty [657 B.C.- 525 B.C.]." [Link: 1 ] 650 B.C. - Trivia / Carthage - "By 650 B.C., Carthage had its own navy and, thanks to its flourishing commerce, could hire plenty of mercenary soldiers. It dominated and protected the other Phoenician colonies. It controlled virtually all the north African coast west of Egypt, together with western Sicily and the other western-Mediterranean islands: Sardinia, Corsica, and the Balearic islands. It had bases on the coast of Spain as well." 647 B.C. - Solar Eclipse - "Archilochus Eclipse [April 6th]" 641 B.C. - Amon Rules Judah - "A traditional date when Amon ruled in Judah 641-640 B.C." 640 B.C. - Egyptian Phoenicia - "Between 640 and 630 BCE, when the Assyrians withdrew their forces from Plilistia, Phoenicia, and the area of the former kingdom of Israel, Egypt took over most of those areas, and political domination by Egypt replaced the Assyrian yoke." [Israel Finkelstein & Neil Asher Silberman, The Bible Unearthed, p. 69] 639 B.C. - Josiah Rules Judah - "A traditional date when Josiah ruled in Judah 639-609 B.C." 639 B.C. - Monotheism / Judah - "In reaction to the pace and scope of the changes brought to Judah from the outside, the seventh-century leaders in Jerusalem, headed by king Josiah - a sixteenth-generation descendant of King David - declared all traces of foreign worship to be anthema, and indeed the cause of Judah's current misfortunes." [Based on: The Bible Unearthed, Israel Finkelstein & Neil Asher Silberman, p. 2] 628 B.C. - Zoroaster's Reformation? - "Zoroaster was the greatest prophet among the ancient Iranians. He took his birth in order to establish the worship of Ahura Mazda, the Supreme Lord of the Universe and to fulfil the Divine Mission. In Old Persian he was called Zarathrustra or Zarthost. In a Greek transliteration he was known as Zoroaster. A biographical account of Zoroaster is tenuous at best or speculative at the other extreme. There are many conflicting versions as to when Zarathrustra lived. No one knows exactly the dates of his birth and death. Some researcher's date Zarathrustra's birth to anywhere between 1,500 B.C. and 1,000 B.C., or even earlier. Some say that Zoroaster lived about 6,000 B.C. Others maintain that he flourished in the middle of the seventh century B.C. Most versions date him to approximately 600 B.C. - also the time line for Buddha. According to tradition, his birth date was 628 B.C. In Persia Mithra was the protector God of the tribal society until Zoroaster's reformation of Persian polytheism [628-55B.C.]. Mithra like the rest of the gods and goddess of the Iranian Pantheon was stripped of his sovereignty, and all his powers and attributes were bestowed upon Zarathrustra. The stature of Ahura-Mazda was elevated to that of supreme god of goodness, whereas the god Ahriman became the ultimate embodiment of evil. In the same way that Ahkenaton, Abraham, Heliogabalus, and Mohammed later initiated henotheistic cults from the worship of their respective deities, Zarathustra created a henotheistic dualism with the gods Ahura-Mazda and Ahriman. As a result of the Babylonian captivity of the Jews [597 B.C.] and their later emancipation by King Cyrus the Great of Persia [538 B.C.], Zoroastrian dualism was to influence the Jewish belief in the existence of HaShatan, the malicious Adversary of the god Yahweh, and later permit the evolution of the Christian Satan-Jehovah dichotomy. Persian religious dualism became the foundation of an ethical system that has lasted until this day." 625 B.C. - Cyaxares Rules Medes - "About 625 B.C., the Medes were united under a vigorous king, Cyaxares [Uvakhshtra], who reigned from 625-585 B.C. In alliance, the Medes and Chaldaeans destroyed Assyria." [Link: 1 ] 609 B.C. - Jehoahaz Rules Judah - "A traditional date when Jehoahaz ruled in Judah 609 B.C." 612 B.C. - Chaldean Victory / Nineveh - "Nineveh destroyed by Chaldeans [Neo-Babylonians] and Medes." 612 B.C - Deuteronomy Rediscovered? - "As Assyria declined, Judah declared itself independent again, and, under Josiah, who reigned from 640-609 B.C., Yahwism won a temporary victory in Judah. Jerusalem was made the center of all worship, and all subsidiary cult centers were wiped out. A book of the law, our present Biblical book of Deuteronomy [Greek for - second law], centered on Yahwism, was prepared and was 'rediscovered' in the Temple with great publicity and attributed to the hand of Moses. The question arises, however, about how Moses could really have been the author of the Five Books of Moses, since the last book, Deuteronomy, describes in great detail the precise time and circumstances of Moses' own death. According to a noted archaeologist [Israel Finkelstein], we now know that the early books of the Bible and their famous stories of early Israelite history were first codified [and in key respects composed] at an identifiable place and time: Jerusalem in the seventh century BCE." Trivia: "Some 800 years or so after the time of Moses, Deuteronomy was purposefully shaped as if it were coming directly from the mouth of Moses. It was not so much about ancestral record (as was more the case with Exodus), but about creating a framework of lore which was to become law. Its use of history was wholly manipulative in that a primary requirement was to justify the Israelites' violent invasion of Canaan by promoting it as having been God's will. In this regard, we have Moses stating that God is going to 'destroy these nations from before thee, and thou shalt possess them' (Deuteronomy 31:3). Other similar announcements include: 'Thou shalt utterly destroy them' (20:17) and 'Thou shalt make no covenant with them, nor show mercy unto them' (7:2). There is, of course, no record that Moses ever said such things, while prior to that (in Exodus) we have him delivering the thoroughly contrasting commandment, 'Thou shalt not kill.' " [Based on: Laurence Gardner, Lost Secrets of the Sacred Ark, pp. 63-64] 610 B.C. - Necho II Rules Egypt - "A tradititional date when Necho II ruled in Egypt 610-595 B.C." 608 B.C. - Jehoiakim Rules Judah - "A traditional date when Jehoiakim ruled in Judah 608-598 B.C." 604 B.C. - Nebuchadnezzar Rules Babylon - "The Old Testament book of 2-Kings tells of how, from 606-586 BC, Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon [King Nebuchadnezzar II from 604 BC] laid seige to Jerusalem. He captured king Jechoniah of Judah and carried him off to Babylon along with 'all of Jerusalem, and the princes, and all the mighty men of valour, even ten thousand captives, and all the craftsmen and smiths; none remained save the poorest sort of people of the land' [2-Kings 24:14]." Trivia: "The best-known biblical ziggurat was the Tower of Babel [Genesis 11:1-9], built on the Babylonian plain of Shinar - an alternative name for Sumer. This ziggurat fell into ruin long ago, but it was replaced by another, built by Nebuchadnezzar II [604-562 BC] who also constructed the famous Hanging Gardens of Babylon, one of the Seven Wonders of the World. Although also now long gone, the ground-plan of the second Babylon ziggurat shows that it was actually a large-scale replication of the ziggurat of Ur." [Link: 1 ] 601 B.C. - Birth? / Lao-Tze (Lit. "Old Master") - "Taoism traces its roots in China to sages living as far back as 3000 B.C.E.; but we know of those ancients only from hearsay recorded much later. It was not until the 6th century B.C.E. that the precepts of Taoism were presented in a written form by that most famous of Taoists, Lao Tze, who is said to have been born in 601 B.C.E. We know of his life only the barest of details. It seems he served for some time as the Curator of the Imperial Libary at K'au, and was therefore a learned man. In later life, he found the burden of his duties and the decadence of city life incompatible with his spiritual needs, and he decided to withdraw from his duties and the city environs to a more peaceful existence in the countryside. [....] Lao's little book, the Tao Teh Ching, is one of the major classics of Taoism. The word, Tao, in its title, refers to the Eternal aspect of reality - what we have already spoken of as Brahman, or Purusha. Teh is Its power of manifestation, identical with Maya or Prakrti. And the word, Ching, simply means 'book.' So, we may interpret the title of the book as 'The Book of The Eternal and Its Power of Manifestation.' [....]" [Based on: History of Mysticism, by S. Abhayananda, third revised edition, 1996, pp. 62-63] Trivia: [....] "Says Lao: Reach far enough toward the Void, hold fast enough to the Unmoving, and of the ten-thousand things, none can resist you. In the experience of Unity, one learns the nature of Reality, and at the same time, learns the nature of one's own mind; for, in an inexplicable way, the two are integrally related. The mind, one discovers, creates thoughts and ideas in a way simialr to the creation of waves on an ocean; they consist of contrary motions, so that for every wave, there's a trough; for every motion, an equal and opposite motion. For example, if we love, in that very motion is contained its opposite, hatred. Or if we experience peace, its corollary, mental agitation, is waiting to manifest. Every movement of the mind contains its opposite, just as does the movement of a pendulum; thus, all that we think and experience mentally is but a play of self-produced opposites. As Lao Tze put it: When people recognize beauty When people recognize good, Evil is also recognized. It is only when this alteration, this dual motion of the mind, is stilled, that we can experience that pure Consciousness which is the source of all thought. [....]" [Based on: History of Mysticism, by S. Abhayananda, third revised edition, 1996, pp. 67-68] 600 B.C. 600 B.C. - Bible Saga - "The world in which the Bible was created was not a mythic realm of great cities and saintly heroes, but a tiny, down-to-earth kingdom where people struggled for their future against the all-too-human fears of war, poverty, injustice, disease, famine, and drought. The historical saga contained in the Bible - from Abraham's encounter with God and his journey to Canaan, to Moses' deliverance of the children of Israel from bondage, to the rise and fall of the kingdoms of Israel and Judah - was not a miraculous revelation, but a brilliant product of the human imagination. It was first conceived - as recent archaeological findings suggest - during the span of two or three generations, about twenty-six hundred years ago. Its birthplace was the kingdom of Judah, a sparsely settled region of shepherds and farmers, ruled from an out-of-the-way royal city precariously perched in the heart of the hill country on a narrow ridge between steep, rocky ravines. [....]" [Based on: The Bible Unearthed, Israel Finkelstein & Neil Asher Silberman, p. 1] Trivia: "[....] The Bible is not 'the word of God,' but stolen from pagan sources. Its Eden, Adam, and Eve were taken from the Babylonian account; its Flood or Deluge is but an epitome of some four hundred flood accounts; its Ark and Ararat have their equivalents in a score of Deluge myths; even the names of Noah's sons are copies, so also Isaac's sacrifice, Solomon's judgement, and Sampson's pillar act; its Moses is fashioned after the Syrian Mises; its laws after Hammurabi's code. Its Messiah is derived from the Egyptian Mahdi, Savior, certain verses are verbatim copies of Egyptian scriptures. Between Jesus and the Egyptian Horus, Gerald Massey found 137 similarities, and those between Christ and Krishna run into the hundreds. How then can the Bible be a revelation to the Jews? [....]" [Based on: Lloyd M. Graham, Deceptions and Myths Of The Bible, p.5] 600 B.C. - Silver Scroll - "The oldest known fragment of a Biblical text." [Link: 1 , 2 ] 600 B.C. - Israelite History - "In the 6th century BC, the exiled Israelites had written down their history in all honesty from available Babylonian records. Having also discovered the old book of the Mosaic Law, they were further enabled to cement the rules of their religious doctrine - and they returned to Jerusalem and Judaea with a comprehensive literary base. By the 2nd century BC, additional books were being compiled, not necessarily with history in mind, but with a view to adding a mythological aspect in line with the prevailing Greco-Alexandrian culture. This was certainly a romantic age, but in adding the romance a good deal of history was unfortunately veiled, so that the original Nephilim of the Sumerian era became misidentified as morally fallen angels." [Based on: Laurence Gardner, Genesis of the Grail Kings, p. 55] 600 B.C. - Birth? / Mithra - "According to popular tradition, Mithras was born of a virgin on December 25th, around 600 B.C." 600 B.C. - Homeric Hymn - "[....] In the year 1780, the long-lost text of the Homeric Hymn to Demeter was discovered among the manuscripts of the imperial library at Moscow; and, in our own generation, the tact of an eminent student of Greek art, Sir Charles Newton, has restored to the world the buried treasures of the little temple and precinct of Demeter, at Cnidus, which have many claims to rank in the central order of Greek sculpture. [....] The central expression, then, of the story of Demeter and Persephone is the Homeric hymn, to which Grote has assigned a date at least as early as six hundred years before Christ. The one survivor of a whole family of hymns on this subject, it was written, perhaps, for one of those contests which took place on the seventh day of the Eleusinian festival, and in which a bunch of [83] ears of corn was the prize; perhaps, for actual use in the mysteries themselves, by the Hierophantes, or Interpreter, who showed to the worshippers at Eleusis those sacred places to which the poem contains so many references. About the composition itself there are many difficult questions, with various surmises as to why it has remained only in this unique manuscript of the end of the fourteenth century. [....]" [Based on: http://bulfinch.englishatheist.org/b/pantheon/PaterOnDemeter.html] - [T.D. - 04/12/07] 600 B.C. - Assyrian Decline - "By 600 B.C., Assyria had been thoroughly wiped out, and vanished from the pages of history." 600 B.C. - Armenians / Urartu - "After Urartu had been destroyed by the Assyrians and the Cimmerians about 700 B.C., a group of people who came to be known as Armenians moved into the area about 600 B.C. They remained subject to the Persian Empire, then to Alexander, then to the Seleucid Empire." 600 B.C. - Trivia / Demotic Script - "Demotic is a highly cursive Egyptian script that replaced hieratic as the script for everyday use from 600 BCE onward." 600 B.C. - Mahajanapadas / India - "Mahajanapadas (Sanskrit: ..., Mahajanapadas) literally 'Great Kingdoms' (from Maha, 'great', and Janapada 'foothold of a tribe', 'country'). Ancient Buddhist texts like Anguttara Nikaya [1] make frequent reference to sixteen great kingdoms and republics (Solas Mahajanapadas) which had evolved and flourished in the northern/north-western parts of the Indian subcontinent prior to the rise of Buddhism in India. [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahajanapadas] - [T.D. - 12/15/08] 600 B.C. - Chaldean Puppet / Judah - "By 600 B.C., Judah found itself a puppet again. Now it was the Chaldean Empire that was master." 600 B.C. - Birth / The Genesis Account - "In the 6th century B.C., when the Israelites were captives of Nebuchadnezzar, the Enuma Elish was a standard recitation at the New Year festivals in Babylon, as it had been for many centuries. This festival lasted through the first eleven days of Nisan [modern March-April] and the poem [more than 920 lines] was related in its entirety by the High Priest, with parts of the story re-enacted. There was no way that the old Creation epic could have escaped the attention of the Israelites, and they were clearly fascinated by its content. By that time they were referring to their God as Jehovah, having dispensed with the Canaanite names El Elyon and El Shaddai - but it mattered not that the Babylonians called their deity Marduk, for here was the story of universal creation being ritualistically played out before their very eyes. Thus was the biblical Genesis born, as the onlooking Israelite priests made their notes of record." [Based on: Laurence Gardner, Genesis Of The Grail Kings] Trivia: "The Old Testament as we have come to know it was a largely retrospective work, first compiled between the 6th and 2nd centuries B.C., but relating to the events of hundreds and even thousands of years before." [Based on: Laurence Gardner, Genesis Of The Grail Kings, p. 5] Trivia: "There would be no real interest in creation in Israel until the sixth century BCE, when the author whom we call 'P' wrote his majestic account in what is now the first chapter of Genesis. J is not absolutely clear that Yahweh is the sole creator of heaven and earth. Most noticeable, however, is J's perception of a certain distinction between man and the divine. Instead of being composed of the same divine stuff as his god, man [adam], as the pun indicates, belongs to the earth [adamah]." [Based on: Karen Armstrong, A History of God, p. 13] 597 B.C. - Age of Pisces? - "Theoretical beginning date for the Age of Pisces. According to this particular mathematical paradigm, the next age to dawn, the Age of Aquarius, will occur about the year 2003 A.D. [597 B.C. + 2,600 years = 2003 A.D.]." [- E.M.] 597 B.C. - Jehoiachin Rules Judah - "A traditional date when Jehoiachin ruled in Judah 597 B.C." 596 B.C. - Zedekiah Rules Judah - "A traditional date when Zedekiah ruled in Judah 596-586 B.C." 584 B.C. - Solar Eclipse - "Thales' Eclipse [May 28th]" 582 B.C. - Birth? / Pythagoras - "Pythagoras [582-507 B.C.], the Greek philosopher and mathematician, was born. Reportedly, there is no certainty regarding the exact year when Pythagoras was born. The same might be said for Buddha. One of the more popular dates for the birth of Pythagoras is 570 B.C." Links: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras Between 578 and 575 there was a pretty exact mutual conjunction of Uranus, Neptune and Pluto, at 8-10� Taurus, with Saturn in opposition. A Stellium, or Multiple Conjunction, is when three or more planets conjunct each other within close succession. It represents a tremendous ending and new beginning, a concurrence of three or more cycles. The past is lost, and a journey into a wide-open future follows." LInks: http://cura.free.fr/xx/20palden.html 578 B.C. - Configuration - "Neptune-Pluto [8� Taurus] conjunction. Neptune-Pluto Cycles seem to provide an underlying driving force behind history, bringing together the change-inducing ram-force of Pluto with the imaginal, belief-oriented influence of Neptune. These cycles delineate history into approximately 500-year cycles, which can be regarded as basic chapters of human culture and civilization, in which different themes and progressions are explored in different historical contexts." 577 B.C. - Configuration - "Uranus-Pluto [10-11� Taurus] conjunction [577-576 B.C.]. Uranus has a reasonably constant cycle of motion lasting 84-85 years, spending seven years in each zodiac sign. Pluto orbits eccentrically in 250ish years, spending anything from 12 to 35 years in a sign. Uranus' cycle is roughly one-third of the duration of Pluto's, and there's an elastic twang to their inter-aspects which is elegantly irregular. Their stretchy orbital antics make for a regular pattern of mutual conjunctions, alternately 111ish and 143ish years apart. Uranus-Pluto Cycles act in an action-stimulating, pushing-and-pulling way, which causes course-swings, spontaneous innovations and mutations to occur as the centuries roll on. Uranus introduces new elements into the unfolding equation, and Pluto rolls them out - or, alternatively, the relentless power of change bears down on humanity to shift its direction and the bundles of issues it works through. Critical aspects in this cycle can bring breakthroughs, outbursts and tidal-waves of change. Phases of resistance to change, or of going against what is most deeply called for, is also seen in this cycle. Uranus-Pluto conjunctions and oppositions might bring sudden and radical changes, like a cathartic diarrhoea, yet their full integration takes ages. If we take the radical teachings on love spread by Jesus, born during the Uranus-Pluto opposition of 6 B.C. to 1 A.D., we've so far taken two millennia, and we still haven't created Heaven on Earth! So much for quick Uranian action! Yet this man's essential teachings are not obsolete." 576 B.C. - Configuration - "Uranus-Neptune [14-15� Taurus] conjunction [576-575 B.C.]. Uranus and Neptune have relatively regular cycles - their orbits around the Sun are close-to-circular, so the complexities brought along by eccentric Pluto do not apply here. Successive conjunctions of Uranus and Neptune roll along every 170-172 years, and there's a certain consistency to their positioning too. Each conjunction occurs roughly half a sign [16-18�] further along the zodiac, which means that, usually, each sign receives two conjunctions, covering a two-cycle period lasting 240-245 years. This is close to the zodiacal cycle of Pluto at 250 years, almost half the length of a Neptune-Pluto cycle of 495 years [roughly twice the average length of Uranus-Pluto cycles]. Uranus-Neptune Cycles represent a contextual-shifting force, in which the underlying attitudinal feeling and perspective with which people experience their lives shifts surreptitiously and, at times, in sudden jumps or slides. This cycle affects the illusions and truths of any time and generation - and thus how they impact on history through their beliefs and the externalisation of the deeper human psyche in public and cultural affairs. The way people understand themselves and reality [Neptune], and the jiggling, sparking, shaking influence of Uranus combine here to lead people on an adventure - or if we so choose, a nightmare - of consciousness, culture, creativity and vision-led initiative. Uranus-Neptune energies work surreptitiously. They influence awareness and the inner movies playing within the world psyche." 570 B.C. - Birth? / Pythagoras - "The Essenes were advocates of the Greek philosopher Pythagoras [570-500 BC], who in his great study of arithmetical ratios searched for meaning both in the physical and metaphysical worlds through mathematical proportions. Over the centuries, using his methodology, world events were foretold with suprising accuracy. One particular event so forecast was the beginning of a new World Order, an occurence that was in many quarters determined to be the advent of the Savior Messiah." "Pythagoras expounded the doctrine of reincarnation: the idea that, upon death in one life, the soul enters another body and begins life anew." 563 B.C. - Birth? / Buddha - "Buddha [563-483 B.C.], was born." [Link: 1 ] Trivia: "Ages before the time of Jesus or Buddha, every single precept taught by either one of them was well known in the world and formed a part of the fundamental code. If you live up to those teachings, you are not thereby following that particular Master or any one Master. If a given precept has been taught by seven Masters during different ages of the world, are you thereby a disciple of all seven of them? You are simply walking in the light of universal ethical principles, regardless of individual Masters." [Based on: Julian P. Johnson, The Path of the Masters, Sixteenth Edition 1997, p. 192; 1st published: 1939] 559 B.C. - Achaemenian [Achaemenid] Dynasty / Iran - "The Dynasty which ruled Iran from the time of Cyrus the Great [559 B.C.] to the invasian of Alexander the Great [330 B.C.]." Trivia: "The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenid Persian Empire ... (550–330 BC) was the first of the Persian Empires to rule over significant portions of Greater Iran, and followed the Median Empire as the second great empire of the Iranian Peoples. At the height of its power, the Achaemenid Empire encompassed approximately 7.5 million square kilometers and was territorially the largest empire of classical antiquity. [NP] The empire was forged by Cyrus the Great, and spanned three continents, including territories of Afghanistan and Pakistan, parts of Central Asia, Asia Minor, Thrace, much of the Black Sea coastal regions, Iraq, northern Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Israel, Lebanon, Syria, and all significant population centers of ancient Egypt as far west as Libya. It is noted in western history as the foe of the Greek city states in the Greco-Persian Wars, for freeing the Israelites from their Babylonian captivity, and for instituting Aramaic as the empire's official language. Because of the Empire's vast extent and long endurance, Persian influence upon the language, religion, architecture, philosophy, law and government of nations around the world lasts to this day. [NP] The empire began as a tributary state of the Medes but ended up conquering and enlarging the Median empire to include Egypt and Asia Minor. Under Xerxes, it came very close to conquering Ancient Greece. The Achaemenids were overthrown by the conquest of Alexander the Great in 330 BCE. [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire] - [T.D. - 09/25/08] 551 B.C. - Birth / Confucius - "Confucius [551-479 B.C.], was born." Trivia: "Confucius [孔子 Kǒngzǐ] (Chinese: ???, transliterated Kong Fuzi or K'ung-fu-tzu, lit. 'Master Kong,' but most frequently referred to simply as Kongzi ??, traditionally September 28, 551 – 479 BC) was a famous Chinese thinker and social philosopher, whose teachings and philosophy have deeply influenced East Asian life and thought. [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius] - [T.D. - November 2006] 540 B.C. - Birth / Mahavira - "Mahavira [540-483 B.C.], the founder of Jainism , was born." 539 B.C. - Cyrus the Great / Persia - "Cyrus the Great of Persia creates great empire, conquers Babylon, and frees the Jews." 539 B.C. - Athenian Democracy / Greece - "Athenian democracy develops." 538 B.C. - Jewish Liberation - "A new Babylonian king allows the Jews to return to Judah and rebuild the Temple. While many do return, a significant number remain in Babylonia. While in Babylonia, a number of Hebrew prophets had been influenced by the dualism of Zoroaster." 538 B.C. - Beginning / Second Jewish Temple - "Beginning of Second Jewish Temple [538 B.C. - 70 A.D.] period." 537 B.C. - Cyrus / India - "Cyrus the Persian campaigns west of the Indus River." 536 B.C. - Trivia / Good and Evil - "Hebrew prophets, freed from Babylonian captivity in 536 B.C., had reportedly been influenced by the dualism of Zoroaster during their captivity." 525 B.C. - 27th Egyptian Dynasty -"Traditional date for the 27th Egyptian Dynasty [525 B.C.- 404 B.C.]. In 525 B.C. Egypt was conquered by the Persians." [Link: 1 ] 521 B.C. - Configuration - Uranus-Pluto [Capricorn/Cancer] opposition [521-518 B.C.]." 517 B.C. - Darius Rules Persia - "Darius the Persian conquers the Indus valley region, making the area a province of the Persian Empire. According to some scholars, 'Darius' is a common name for Persian kings." 515 B.C. - Completed / Second Jewish Temple - "Second Jewish temple completed." 510 B.C. - Established / Roman Republic - The Roman Republic was a phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a republican form of government. The republican period began with the overthrow of the Monarchy in 510 BC and lasted until its subversion, through a series of civil wars, into the Roman Empire. The precise date in which the Roman Republic changed into the Roman Empire is a matter of interpretation, with the dates of Julius Caesar's appointment as perpetual dictator (44 BC), the Battle of Actium (September 2, 31 BC), and the date which the Roman Senate granted Octavian the title "Augustus" (January 16, 27 BC), being some of the common choices. [Base on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic] Trivia: The Roman Kingdom (Latin: Regnum Romanum) was the monarchal government for the city of Rome and its territories from its founding. In Roman legend this took place in 753 BC by Romulus. The kingdom ended with the expulsion of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus in 510 BC and the establishment of the Roman Republic. [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Kingdom] 500 B.C. 500 B.C. - Brahmi Script - "This elegant script appeared in India most certainly by the 5th century BCE, but the fact that just like the Greek alphabet, it has many local variants, which suggests that its origin lies further back in time. It is in this script that the great Indian king Asoka inscribed his laws onto monumental columns." [Link: 1 ] 500 B.C. - Persian Script - "Around the time of the first great Persian Empire of the Achaemenids around 500 BCE, Persian was written in a cuneiform syllabary. It was not a direct descendent of Sumerian and Akkadian systems, because even though Old Persian is cuneiform, its signs did not correspond to earlier signs. Old Persian only kept the cuneiform appearance of its character simply out of tradition, and the actual shape of the signs were completely original." [Link: 1 ] 500 B.C. - Mahabharata - "The Mahabharata [500-200 B.C.], of which the Bhagavad Gita is a part, is put into final form." Links: http://india.krishna.org/Articles/2003/01/018.html http://www.geocities.com/narenp/history/info/facts.htm 500 B.C. - Zapotec Civilization - "The Zapotec civilization was an indigenous pre-Columbian civilization that flourished in the Valley of Oaxaca of southern Mesoamerica. Archaeological evidence shows their culture goes back at least 2500 years. They left archaeological evidence at the ancient city of Monte Alb�n in the form of buildings, ball courts, magnificent tombs and grave goods including finely worked gold jewelry. Monte Alb�n was one of the first major cities in Mesoamerica and the center of a Zapotec state that dominated much of what we know of as the current state of Oaxaca. [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapotec_civilization] - [T.D. - 11/29/08] 500 B.C. - Trivia / Exodus Text - "In the final text of Exodus, edited in the fifth century BCE, God is said to have made a covenant with Moses on Mount Sinai [an event which is supposed to have happened around 1200]. There has been a scholarly debate about this: some critics believe that the covenant did not become important in Israel until the seventh century BCE. But whatever its date, the idea of the covenant tells us that the Israelites were not yet monotheists, since it only made sense in the polytheistic setting. The Israelites did not believe that Yahweh, the God of Sinai, was the only God but promised, in their covenant, that they would ignore all other deities and worship him alone. It is difficult to find a single monotheistic statement in the whole of the Pentateuch. Even the Ten Commandments delivered on Mount Sinai take the existence of other Gods for granted: 'There shall be no strange Gods for you before my face.' " [Based on: Karen Armstrong, A History of God, pp. 22-23] 500 B.C. - Trivia / Genesis Text - During the later part of the nineteenth century, groundbreaking scholarship explained how the Book of Genesis is an edited combination of several different sources and traditions, now believed to have been compiled in its present form no earlier than 500-300 B.C." 500 B.C. - South Arabian Script - "South Arabian proper appears around 500 BCE, and continued to be used until around 600 CE [at which time, of course, the entire Arabian Peninsula was converted to Islam and Arabic became the most important language]." [Link: 1 ] 500 B.C. - Established / Athenian Democracy - "Reforms of Cleisthenes establish Athenian democracy." [Based on: Compact History Of The World, Geoffrey Parker, p. 32] 499 B.C. - Greco-Persian Wars - "In the 5th century B.C. the vast Persian Empire attempted to conquer Greece. If the Persians had succeeded, they would have set up local tyrants, called satraps, to rule Greece and would have crushed the first stirrings of democracy in Europe. The survival of Greek culture and political ideals depended on the ability of the small, disunited Greek city-states to band together and defend themselves against Persia's overwhelming strength. The struggle, known in Western history as the Persian Wars, or Greco-Persian Wars, lasted 20 years--from 499 to 479 BC." [Link: 1 ] 492 B.C. - Configuration - "Uranus-Neptune [Taurus/Scorpio] opposition [492-488 B.C.]." 490 B.C. - Battle of Marathon - "Greeks defeat Persians at battle of Marathon." 485 B.C. - Xerxes I Rules Persia - "Xerxes I, rules [485-465 B.C.] in Persia." 480 B.C. - Greek Victories / Thermopylae and Salamis - "Greeks defeat Persians at Thermopylae and Salamis." 478 B.C. - Athenian Domination / Aegean Sea - "Athens dominates [478-404 B.C.] Aegean through Delian League." [Based on: Compact History Of The World, Geoffrey Parker, p. 32] 469 B.C. - Birth? / Socrates - "Immortality of the soul [rather than of the body] was around as a concept long before Jesus's time. In the ancient Greek world it was promoted by the followers of the Athenian philosopher Socrates [469-399 B.C.]." Trivia: Socrates [....]; 470–399 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher who is widely credited for laying the foundation for Western philosophy. Said to be an Athenian, he is described as having been condemned to death by an Athenian court that had found him guilty of impiety and of corrupting Athenian youth through his teachings. Those giving the account say he chose to die by drinking hemlock, though he had been given the opportunity to go into exile, as he believed exile would both further dishonor the agreement he had willingly made to abide by the laws of Athens, and that he would fare no better teaching in other cities. [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates] Trivia: Socrates (469-399 B.C.), the founder of the Socratic sect, being fundamentally a Skeptic, did not force his opinions upon others, but through the medium of questionings caused each man to give expression to his own philosophy. According to Plutarch, Socrates conceived every place as appropriate for reaching in that the whole world was a school of virtue. He held that the soul existed before the body and, prior to immersion therein, was endowed with all knowledge; that when the soul entered into the material form it became stupefied, but that by discourses upon sensible objects it was caused to reawaken and to recover its original knowledge. On these premises was based his attempt to stimulate the soul-power through irony and inductive reasoning. It has been said of Socrates that the sole subject of his philosophy was man. He himself declared philosophy to be the way of true happiness and its purpose twofold: (1) to contemplate God, and (2) to abstract the soul from corporeal sense. [Based on: http://www.sacred-texts.com/eso/sta/sta03.htm] 462 B.C. - Pericles Rules Athens - "Pericles comes to power in Athens." 460 B.C. - Birth / Hippocrates - "Hippocrates [460 B.C.-377 B.C.], the Greek 'Father of Medicine' is born." Trivia: Hippocrates of Cos (c. 460 BC–c. 377 BC) was an ancient Greek physician. He has been called "The Father of Medicine", and is commonly regarded as one of the most outstanding figures in medicine of all time. According to the biographical tradition, he was a physician trained at the Healing temple of Kos, and may have been a pupil of Herodicus. Writings attributed to him (Corpus hippocraticum, or "Hippocratic writings") rejected the superstition and magic of primitive "medicine" and laid the foundations of medicine as a branch of science. Little is actually known about Hippocrates' personal life, but some of his medical achievements were documented by such historians as Plato and Aristotle. [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrates] 459 B.C. - Trivia / Ezra? - "The scribe who led the second body of exiles that returned from Babylon to Jerusalem B.C. 459, and author of the book of scripture that bears his name. In the seventh year in the reign of Artaxeres Longimanus [see Darius], he obtained leave to go up to Jerusalem and to take with him a company of Israelites [Ezra 8:1-36]. For about fourteen years, i.e., till B.C. 455, we have no record of what went on in Jerusalem after Ezra had set in order the ecclesiastical and civil affairs of the nation. In that year another distinguished personage, Nehemiah, appears on the scene." 450 B.C. - Persian Decline - "By 450 B.C. the Persian Empire was in decline." 450 B.C. - Flowering Greek Culture - "Flowering of Greek culture [450-400 B.C.]." 449 B.C. - Peace of Callias - "Persia and Athens sign peace treaty." 447 B.C. - Parthenon Built - "Traditional date when the Parthenon was built in Athens as a temple of the goddess Athena [447-432 B.C.]." [Link: 1 ] 445 B.C. - Nehemiah / Jerusalem - "Jerusalem came under the rule of Nehemiah, who had been a high official in the Persian government." 439 B.C. - Rebuilding / Jerusalem - "Nehemiah obtained permission to rebuild the walls of Jerusalem." 437 B.C. - Configuration - "Uranus-Pluto [Capricorn] conjunction." 431 B.C. - Beginning / Peloponnesian Wars - "Peloponnesian Wars between Athens and Sparta [431-404 B.C.] - Sparta victorius. Reportedly Sparta was unwalled." 427 B.C. - Birth / Plato - "Dialogues recorded by Plato [427-348 or 347 B.C.]. Plato maintained in the 4th century BC that mind, not matter, was the root of reality." Trivia: "Plato [....] (c. 427–c. 347 BC), whose real name is believed to have been Aristocles, was an immensely influential ancient Greek philosopher, a student of Socrates, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens where Aristotle studied. [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato] 424 B.C. - Lunar Eclipse - "October 9th" 423 B.C. - Darius II Rules Persia - "Darius II rules [423 B.C.- 423 B.C.] in Persia." 415 B.C. - Status / Peloponnesian War - "Athens fatally overstrained her resources with a disastrous expedition against Syracuse and Sicily [415-13 BC] ." [Based on: Compact History Of The World, Geoffrey Parker, p. 32] 412 B.C. - Lunar Eclipse - "August 28th" 405 B.C. - Lunar Eclipse - "April 15th" 404 B.C. - Configuration - "Uranus-Neptune [Gemini] conjunction." 404 B.C. - 28th Egyptian Dynasty - "A traditional date for the 28th Egyptian Dynasty [404 B.C.- 399 B.C.]." [Link: 1 ] 404 B.C. - Fragmented / Athenian Empire - "In 431 BC, Sparta declared war on Athens. The Peloponnesian war lasted 27 years and despite victories on both sides, Athens fatally overstrained her resources with a disastrous expedition against Syracuse and Sicily [415-13 BC] and was finally defeated in 404 BC. Her empire fragmented." [Based on: Compact History Of The World, Geoffrey Parker, p. 32] 400 B.C. 400 B.C. - Pentateuch - "First five books of the Old Testament evolve [400-300 B.C.] in final form." 400 B.C. - Iberian Scripts - "The Iberian family of scripts is consisted of two 'styles', called Northeast and South. Structurally they are more or less the same, and the major difference between them is (a) geographical location, and (b) shape of the characters." [Link: 1 ] 400 B.C. - Sanskrit Grammar - "Panini's Sutra, the earliest Sanskrit grammer, is written." 400 B.C. - Matter / Indivisible Particles? - "Democritus concludes that matter consists of indivisible particles." [Based on: Ultimate Visual Dictionary of Science, Timeline of Discoveries, p. 15, 2005 Barnes & Noble Books] 399 B.C. - 29th Egyptian Dynasty - "A traditional date for the 29th Egyptian Dynasty [399 B.C.- 380 B.C.]." [Link: 1 ] 399 B.C. - Fatality / Socrates - "Trial and execution of the Greek philosopher Socrates." 392 B.C. - Temple of Juno / Rome - "The Kalends of each month were sacred to Juno so it is appropriate that a temple to her would be dedicated on Kalends of September in 392 B.C.. This particular temple [on the Aventine hill] was vowed by the dictator Marcus Furius Camillus, who led Rome in war against the major Etruscan city of Veii in 396 B.C. Juno Regina was the tutelary goddess of Veii and Camillus made use of the Roman evocatio ritual to 'invite' her to abandon Veii in return for a nice temple and rites at Rome." [Link: 1 ] 390 B.C. - Celtic Invasions / Rome - "A European people [Celts] invade the Greco-Roman world in the 4th century B.C. In 390 B.C. Rome was sacked and fell to the Gauls." [Reference?] Reference Links: http://www.dw.de/archeologists-revise-image-of-ancient-celts/a-16528844 384 B.C. - Birth / Aristotle - "Aristotle [....] (384 BCE – March 7, 322 BCE) was an ancient Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. He wrote books on many subjects, including physics, poetry, zoology, logic, rhetoric, government, and biology, none of which survive in their entirety. Aristotle, along with Plato and Socrates, is generally considered one of the most influential of ancient Greek philosophers. They transformed Presocratic Greek philosophy into the foundations of Western philosophy as we know it. The writings of Plato and Aristotle founded two of the most important schools of Ancient philosophy. [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle] Trivia: "Aristotle [384 B.C.-322 B.C.], a pupil of Plato, had tutored the young Alexander, and was one of the greatest ancient philosophers. He produced a virtual encyclopedia covering all the knowledge of the times." 381 B.C. - Configuration - Uranus-Pluto [Virgo/Pisces] opposition [381-379 B.C.]. Uranus-Pluto conjunctions and oppositions might bring sudden and radical changes, like a cathartic diarrhoea, yet their full integration takes ages." 380 B.C. - 30th Egyptian Dynasty - "A traditional date for the 30th Egyptian Dynasty [380 B.C.- 343 B.C.]. The 30th dynasties contains the last of the Egyptian-born Pharaohs." [Link: 1 ] 375 B.C. - Trivia / Juno Lucina - "Juno Lucina was an aspect of the goddess Juno associated with light and childbirth. Her name lucina probably comes from the Latin lucus [grove]. Livy records that the grove on the Esquiline Hill in which a temple was dedicated to her in 375 B.C., is the origin of her name. By the second century B.C., Juno Lucina was associated with childbirth because the name lucina was thought to have come from the Latin word lux [light]. When a child was born it was said to have been "brought to light." Women who worshiped Juno Lucina had to untie knots and unbraid their hair lest these entanglements symbolically block delivery. The Matronalia on March 1 honored Juno Lucina." 365 B.C. Birth / - Pyrrho of Elis Of Skepticism as propounded by Pyrrho of Elis (365-275 B.C.) and by Timon, Sextus Empiricus said that those who seek must find or deny they have found or can find, or persevere in the inquiry. Those who suppose they have found truth are called Dogmatists; those who think it incomprehensible are the Academics; those who still seek are the Skeptics. The attitude of Skepticism towards the knowable is summed up by Sextus Empiricus in the following words: "But the chief ground of Skepticism is that to every reason there is an opposite reason equivalent, which makes us forbear to dogmatize." The Skeptics were strongly opposed to the Dogmatists and were agnostic in that they held the accepted theories regarding Deity to be self-contradictory and undemonstrable. "How," asked the Skeptic, "can we have indubitate knowledge of God, knowing not His substance, form or place; for, while philosophers disagree irreconcilably on these points, their conclusions cannot be considered as undoubtedly true?" Since absolute knowledge was considered unattainable, the Skeptics declared the end of their discipline to be: "In opinionatives, indisturbance; in impulsives, moderation; and in disquietives, suspension." [Based on: http://www.sacred-texts.com/eso/sta/sta03.htm] 360 B.C. - Nectanebo Rules Egypt - "Last native Egyptian pharaoh to reign [360 B.C.-343 B.C.] in a line stretching back to Narmer 25 centuries earlier." 358 B.C. - Artaxerxes III Rules Persia - "Artaxerxes III rules [358 B.C.-336 B.C.] in Persia." 356 B.C. - Birth / Alexander - "Philip's wife Olympias gives birth to a son named Alexander." 356 B.C. - Burned / Temple of Artemis - "Reportedly, the temple of Artemis [one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World] was burned by a man named Herostratus." 353 B.C. - Uranus Square Pluto - Ura -SQR Plu 20Cp50 20Ar50 http://cura.free.fr/xx/20palden.html 8. Baktun 7. Baktun of the Anointed One. 353 B.C.-A.D. 41. 7.0.0.0.0 Hellenistic civilization, Alexander the Great; Rise of Rome, beginning of Roman Empire; Celts in Europe, advanced iron technology; Warring States' consolidation of China by Ch'in Huang Ti, beginnings of Han Dynasty, Great Wall of China; spread of Buddhism as cosmopolitan religion from India to Central Asia. Jesus Christ, gnostic religions of Middle East; diffusion of Olmecs and beginning of Teotihuacan. [Based on: The Mayan Factor / Path Beyond Technology, by Jose Arguelles, Copyright 1939-, 1987, p. 115] 350 B.C. - Trivia / Nazca Lines - "Experts have pronounced upon the antiquity of Nazca, basing their opinions on fragments of pottery found embedded in the lines and on radio-carbon results from various organic remains unearthed here. The dates conjectured range between 350 B.C. and 600 A.D. Realistically, they tell us nothing about the age of the lines themselves, which are inherently as undatable as the stones cleared to make them." [Link: 1 ] 350 B.C. - The Chuang Tzu - "Literally: 'Master Chuang'. [....] The most important book, next to the Lao Tzu, in Taoism. [....] The Records of the Historian (Shih-chi) attributes authorship of the book to the man Chuang Tzu (369-286 B.C.?), whose personal name was Chou. [....] Because of our scanty knowledge of the man Chuang Tzu, it is impossible to identify him as the historical author of the book. Based on internal evidence and the language of the work, modern scholars generally agree that the principal part of the Chuang Tzu was written about the same time as the Lao Tzu, between 350 and 275 B.C., but most of the 'outer chapters' and the 'miscellaneous chapters' were written near the end of the Warring States period (403-222 B.C.) or the beginning of the Former Han (206 B.C. - A.D. 8). [....]" [Based on: The Perennial Dictionary of World Religions, paperback edition, 1989, pp. 183-184] Trivia: "Another great Taoist sage is the venerable Chuang Tze, who lived in the 3rd century B.C.E. Very little is known of his life either; we have only the briefest of biographical information in a 'History' written in the 2nd century B.C.E. by Sze-ma Khien, which states that Chuang Tze was born in the kingdom of Wei, and held some sort of position in the city of Khi-yuan. He grew up in the same part of China as Lao Tze, and had thoroughly studied and understood the writings of his great predecessor. [....]" [Based on: History of Mysticism, by S. Abhayananda, third revised edition, 1996, p. 63] Trivia: "[....] As Chuang Tze says, 'Words are used to express meaning. When you understand the meaning, you can forget about the words.' [....]" [Based on: History of Mysticism, by S. Abhayananda, third revised edition, 1996, p. 64] 347 - Died / Plato - Trivia: After the death of Plato, his disciples separated into two groups. One, the Academics, continued to meet in the Academy where once he had presided; the other, the Peripatetics, removed to the Lyceum under the leadership of Aristotle (384-322 B.C.). Plato recognized Aristotle as his greatest disciple and, according to Philoponus, referred to him as "the mind of the school." If Aristotle were absent from the lectures, Plato would say: "The intellect is not here." Of the prodigious genius of Aristotle, Thomas Taylor writes in his introduction to The Metaphysics: "When we consider that he was not only well acquainted with every science, as his works abundantly evince, but that he wrote on almost every subject which is comprehended in the circle of human knowledge, and this with matchless accuracy and skill, we know not which to admire most, the penetration or extent of his mind." [Based on: http://www.sacred-texts.com/eso/sta/sta03.htm] 340 B.C. - Birth / Zeno - The sect of the Stoics was founded by Zeno (340-265 B.C.), the Cittiean, who studied under Crates the Cynic, from which sect the Stoics had their origin. Zeno was succeeded by Cleanthes, Chrysippus, Zeno of Tarsis, Diogenes, Antipater, Pan�tius, and Posidonius. Most famous of the Roman Stoics are Epictetus and Marcus Aurelius. The Stoics were essentially pantheists, since they maintained that as there is nothing better than the world, the world is God. Zeno declared that the reason of the world is diffused throughout it as seed. Stoicism is a materialistic philosophy, enjoining voluntary resignation to natural law. Chrysippus maintained that good and evil being contrary, both are necessary since each sustains the other. The soul was regarded as a body distributed throughout the physical form and subject to dissolution with it. Though some of the Stoics held that wisdom prolonged the existence of the soul, actual immortality is not included in their tenets. The soul was said to be composed of eight parts: the five senses, the generative power, the vocal power, and an eighth, or hegemonic, part. Nature was defined as God mixed throughout the substance of the world. All things were looked upon as bodies either corporeal or incorporeal. [Based on: http://www.sacred-texts.com/eso/sta/sta03.htm] 340 B.C. - Trivia / Derveni Papyrus, Europe - "High-tech equipment lets scholars [2006] read more of Europe's oldest [340 B.C.] 'book' [Derveni papyrus - found in 1962]" [Based on: Title for A.P. article, p. A8, S.L.P.D., 06/02/06] - [Brackets text added for clarity - E.M.] 338 B.C. - Phillip II Rules Greece - "Battle of Chaeronea: Phillip II of Macedon gains control of Greece." [Based on: Compact History Of The World, Geoffrey Parker, p. 32] 336 B.C. - Assassinated / Phillip of Macedon - "After subduing the Greek city-states, Philip [382 B.C.-336 B.C.] of Macedon, who believed himself to be a descendant of the Greek people was assassinated. He was succeeded by his son Alexander [The Great]." 335 B.C. - Egyptian Victory / Alexander the Great - "Alexander the Great destroys Thebes." 333 B.C. - Persion Victory / Alexander the Great - "Alexander defeats the Persian Emperor Darius." 332 B.C. - Levant Victory / Alexander the Great - "Alexander the Great conquers Tyre and Jerusalem." 332 B.C. - Horoscopic Astrology / Alexandria, Egypt - "[....] After the occupation by Alexander the Great in 332BC, Egypt came under Greek rule and influence, and it was in Alexandrian Egypt where horoscopic astrology first appeared. The endeavour to trace the horoscope of the individual from the position of the planets and stars at the time of birth represents the most significant contribution of the Greeks to astrology. This system can be labeled as "horoscopic astrology" because it employed the use of the ascendant, otherwise known as the horoskopos in Greek. Although developed under Hellenistic rule, it was in large measure derived from the teachings of the Babylonians and the Egyptians.. [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_astrology] - [T.D. - 08/02/08] 330 B.C. - Babylonian Victory / Alexander the Great - "Alexander the Great occupies Babylon." 327 B.C. - Indian Victory / Alexander the Great - "Alexander the Great invades India." 323 B.C. - Euclid / Greece - "Euclid's work on geometry." 323 B.C. - Configuration - "Uranus-Pluto [Taurus] conjunction." 323 B.C. - Maurya Dynasty / India - "Chandragupta Maurya founds the Maurya dynasty, the first Indian empire. By 184, this dynasty will conquer most of India." Links: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire 323 B.C. - Fatality / Alexander the Great - "Alexander the Great dies in Babylon. His empire is divided among his generals; one of them, Seleucus I." Trivia: "Alexander's death in 323 BC and the ensuing struggles between his leading generals created three major powers: Macedon, Egypt, and the Seleucid kingdom of western Asia." [Based on: Compact History Of The World, Geoffrey Parker, p. 32] 322 B.C - Greek Judah - "Judah is conquered by the Greek Empire. Consequently, some Jews adopt Greek customs and religion." 321 B.C. - Configuration - "Uranus-Neptune [Gemini/Sagittarius] opposition [321-317 B.C.]." 320 B.C. - Lunar Eclipse - "September 20th" 312 B.C. - Seleucus I Rules Babylon - "The year that Seleucus I established himself in Babylon." 304 B.C. - Chandragupta Rules India - "Chandragupta trades 500 war elephants to Seleucus in exchange for the Indus region and regions immediately to the west." 300 B.C. 300 B.C. - Dead Sea Scrolls - "Within a fairly short time after their discovery, historical, paleographic, and linguistic evidence, as well as carbon-14 dating, established that the [Dead Sea] scrolls and the Qumran ruin dated from the third century B.C. to 68 A.D. Coming from the late Second Temple Period, a time when Jesus of Nazareth lived, they are older than any other surviving Biblical manuscripts by almost one thousand years." [Link: 1 ] 300 B.C. - Yayoi Period / Japan - "Japanese Yayoi Period 300 B.C.- 300 A.D." 300 B.C. - Trivia / Ksav Ashuris - "Reportedly, Ksav Ashuris [ktab asvryt], the script in which all sacred scrolls are written, was not introduced to the Jewish experience until the time of Ezra, approximately twenty-three hundred years ago. Ksav Ashuris, apparently, was the script of ancient Ashur, Assyria, one of the countries of the Persian Empire, under which the Jews were exiled in Ezra's time. Until then, the script used by Jews was the ancient Hebrew script known as Ksav Ivri [ktb abry]. If it is true then that the Ten Commandements were inscribed in a script other than Ksav Ashuris, then it would mean that the script now associated with the Torah is of foriegn origin and that Israel discarded the script in which God originally conveyed His word to them." 300 B.C. - Trivia / Temple of the Sun, Mexico - "According to popular history, the Temple of the Sun was built at Teotihuacan, Mexico. Invention of Mayan calendar in Yucatan - more exact than older calendars." 293 B.C. - Trivia / Temple of Venus - "[....] The oldest temple known of Venus dates back to 293 BCE, and was inaugurated on August 18. Later, on this date the Vinalia Rustica was observed. A second festival, that of the Veneralia, was celebrated on April 1 in honor of Venus Verticordia, who later became the protector against vice. Her temple was built in 114 BCE. [NP] After the Roman defeat near Lake Trasum in 215 BCE, a temple was built on the Capitol for Venus Erycina. This temple was officially opened on April 23, and a festival, the Vinalia Priora, was instituted to celebrate the occasion. [....] The last great temple of Venus was built by the emperor Hadrianus near the Colusseum in 135 CE. [....]" [Based on: http://www.crystalinks.com/venusrome.html] - [T.D. - 12/01/06] 287 B.C. - Archimedes / Greece - "Archimedes, Greek mathematician [287-212 B.C.]." 285 B.C. - Ptolemy II Rules Egypt - "Ptolemy II [308 -246 B.C.] takes the throne in Egypt." 273 B.C. - Ashoka Rules India - "Chandragupta's grandson Ashokavardhan Maurya, better known as Ashoka the Great (ruled 273- 232 BCE), is considered by contemporary historians to be perhaps the greatest of Indian monarchs, and perhaps the world. H.G. Wells calls him the 'greatest of kings'. [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire#Ashoka_the_Great] - [T.D. - 12/15/08] 270 B.C. - Trivia / Septuagint - "In Judea, Hebrew was no longer the language of everyday life. It had been supplanted by Aramaic, which, however, was close enough to Hebrew so that one language could be easily learned by those who spoke the other. In Alexandria, however, the resident Jews learned Greek and, eventually, the Bible could not be understood by them. About 270 B.C., then, the project of translating the Bible into Greek began. Since 70 scholars were in charge of the project, the translation was called the Septuagint, from a Latin word for seventy." [Based on: Isaac Asimov, Asimov's Chronology Of The World, p. 73] [Link: 1 ] Trivia: "The title Genesis was introduced by Greek Bible translators in the 3rd century BC, and relates to 'origin' or 'beginning'. The Hebrew opening for the book was Bereshit: 'At the beginning.' " 264 B.C. - Configuration - Uranus-Pluto [Aquarius/Leo] opposition [264-261 B.C.]." 264 B.C. - First Punic War - "First Punic war [264-241 B.C.]: Rome defeats the Carthaginians and begins its domination of the Mediterranean." 264 B.C. - Gladiator Games / Rome - "First Roman gladiator games." 260 B.C. - Flotation Principle & Levers - "Flotation principle discovered by Archimedes, who also studies principles of levers." [Based on: Ultimate Visual Dictionary of Science, Timeline of Discoveries, p. 15, 2005 Barnes & Noble Books] 250 B.C. - Buddhist Canon - "A general council of Buddhist monks is held in Patna, where the canon of Buddhist scriptures is selected." 250 B.C. - Ptolemaic Egypt - "By 250 B.C., Ptolemaic Egypt was the most prosperous and the strongest nation in the world." [Based on: Isaac Asimov, Asimov's Chronology Of The World, p. 73] Trivia: "The Ptolemies founded a library which eventually became the largest one the world was to see prior to the invention of printing. By this time the Bible could be read by anyone speaking Greek. An Egyptian priest, Manetho, wrote a history of Egypt and divided its rulers into dynasties, each dynasty representing a family whose members ruled over Egypt for a period of time." 250 B.C. - Sanhedrin / Jerusalem - "According to Jewish tradition, Ezra founded the 'Great Assembly' of teachers who would preserve the oral traditions. Towards the middle of the third century B.C. the Great Assembly ceased and another organization the 'Sanhedrin' took charge of the affairs of the community." 248 B.C. - Arsaces I / Parthian Empire - "After 250 B.C., it seemed that the Seleucid Empire was breaking up. In 248 B.C., the eastern portions of the Seleucid Empire broke away. In what is now Iran, Arsaces I (who may have been of Scythian origin) set up the Parthian Empire, so-called because it was centered on the Persian province of Parthia." [Based on: Isaac Asimov, Asimov's Chronology Of The World, p. 76] 241 B.C. - Roman Victory / Carthage - "Rome finally defeated Carthage in the First Punic War and, in 241 B.C., Carthage accepted a losing peace. [....] Rome took over Sicily - all except for Syracuse which remained independant under Hiero II." [Based on: Isaac Asimov, Asimov's Chronology Of The World, p. 76] 240 B.C. - Perihelion / Halley's Comet - May 25th, 240 B.C.: "1P/-239 K1 (25 May 240 BC)" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet] - [T.D. - 06/12/07] Trivia: - "240 BC and earlier: Historical records show that Chinese astronomers observed the comet's appearance in 240 BC and possibly as early as 2467 BC. Habitual observations and calculations of appearances after 240 BC are recorded by Chinese, Japanese, Babylonian, Persian, and other Mesopotamian astronomers." [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet] - [T.D. - 06/12/07] 233 B.C. - Configuration - "Uranus-Neptune [Gemini] conjunction [233-232 B.C.]." 221 B.C. - Qin Dynasty / China - "The Qin dynasty (Chinese: 秦朝; pinyin: Q�n Ch�o ... was the first imperial dynasty of Ancient China, lasting from 221 to 206 BC. Named for its heartland of Qin, in modern-day Gansu and Shaanxi, the dynasty was formed after the conquest of six other states by the Qin state, and its founding emperor named Qin Shi Huang, the First Emperor of Qin. The strength of the Qin state was greatly increased by the Legalist reforms of Shang Yang in the fourth century BC, during the Warring States period. In the mid and late third century BC, the Qin accomplished a series of swift conquests, first ending the powerless Zhou dynasty, and eventually conquering the other six of the Seven Warring States to gain control over the whole of China. [... .]" [Based on: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_dynasty] 219 B.C. - Second Punic War - "Second Punic War [219-201 B.C.]." 218 B.C. - Hannibal / Alps - "Hannibal, a Carthaginian general [246-142 B.C.], crosses the Alps [218 B.C.]." 214 B.C. - Hun Migration - "Huns push left to Europe." 211 B.C. - Hannibal / Rome - "Hannibal reaches the gates of Rome [211 B.C.]." 206 B.C. - Han Dynasty / China - "The Han dynasty (Chinese: 漢朝; pinyin: H�n ch�o) was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin dynasty (221–207 BC) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD). Spanning over four centuries, the Han period is considered a golden age in Chinese history.[4] To this day, China's majority ethnic group refers to itself as the 'Han people' and the Chinese script is referred to as 'Han characters'.[5] It was founded by the rebel leader Liu Bang, known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu of Han, and briefly interrupted by the Xin dynasty (9–23 AD) of the former regent Wang Mang. This interregnum separates the Han dynasty into two periods: theWestern Han or Former Han (206 BC – 9 AD) and the Eastern Han or Latter Han (25–220 AD). [... .]" [Based on: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty] 202 B.C. - Retreat / Hannibal - "Hannibal retreats, and is defeated by Scipio Africanus at Zama [202 B.C.]." 200 B.C. 200 B.C. - Book of Enoch - "The book of Enoch [representing the patriarch sixth in line from Adam] was written in the 2nd century BC. It forecast a restoration of the Messianic dynasties and laid down ground-rules for the structure of the priestly hierarchy. Included was the premise that successive dynastic heads should carry the names of the traditional angels and archangels to denote their rank and position. In the Old Testament days of King David, the senior priests were Zadok, Abiathar, and Levi [in that order of precedence]. The Essenes of Qumran duly preserved their priestly heritage using those names as titles: Zadok, Abiathar and Levi, as we have seen. Also, in accordance with the book of Enoch, the archangelic names were retained, under vow, as badges of priestly rank, with the Zadok dynast also being Michael; the Abiathar being Gabriel and the Levi being the Sariel." [Based on: Bloodline Of The Holy Grail, Laurence Gardner] 200 B.C. - Roman Supremecy / Western Mediterranian - "By 200 B.C., Rome was supreme in the western Mediterranian." [Based on: Isaac Asimov, Asimov's Chronology Of The World, p. 77] 191 B.C. - Beginning / Roman World Domination - "Romans defeat Seleucid King Antiochus III at Thermopylae. The beginning of Roman world domination." 184 B.C. - End / Maurya Dynasty - "The Maurya dynasty ends when the last ruler is assassinated by an ambitious army commander." 182 B.C. - Configuration - "Uranus-Pluto [Aquarius] conjunction. Uranus-Pluto conjunctions and oppositions might bring sudden and radical changes, like a cathartic diarrhoea, yet their full integration takes ages." 168 B.C. - Jewish Revolt - "The uprising in 168 BC, in which the priestly caste of Hasmonaean Maccabees came to prominence, was prompted largely by the action of King Antiochus IV Epiphanes of Syria, who had foisted a system of Greek worship upon the Jewish community." 167 B.C. - Lunar Eclipse - "June 21st" 165 B.C. - Hannukah - "[....] Hanukkah [chnkh] recalls the victory against all odds of the small Maccabean army against the Syrian king Antiochus in 165 B.C. The eight-day length of the festival is a result of the account that when the Jews rededicated the temple in Jerusalem, a single vial of oil, enough for one day, burned miraculously for eight. The story has become one of the main trademarks of Hanukkah, which means 'dedication' in Hebrew. The holiday is also known as the 'Festival of Lights.' [....]" [Based on: A.P. article, p. A14, S.L.P.D., 12/26/05] 165 B.C. - Trivia / Book of Daniel - "Approximate time when the Old Testament Book of Daniel was written." 164 B.C. - Perihelion / Halley's Comet - November 12th, 164B.C.: "1P/-163 U1 (12 November 164 BC)" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet] - [T.D. - 06/12/07] 150 B.C. - Configuration - "Uranus-Neptune [Gemini/Sagittarius] opposition [150-146 B.C.]." 150 B.C. - Parthian Empire - "By 150 B.C., all of the Old Persian Empire east of the Tigris-Euphrates valley was in Parthian hands. It was the eastern two thirds of the Persian empire, reconstituted one and three-quarter centuries after the death of Alexander the great. It was Persian in language and culture and Zoroastrian in religion." 149 B.C. - Third Punic War - "Third Punic War [149-146 B.C.]: Rome destroys Carthage [146 B.C.], killing 450,000 and enslaving the remaining 50,000 inhabitants. Roman armies conquer Macedonia, Greece, Anatolia, Balearic Islands, and southern France." 141 B.C. - Seleucid Empire / Syria - "In 141 B.C., Mithradates I of Parthia captured the Tigris-Euphrates valley from the Seleucid Empire, and established a new capital at Ctesiphon, just across the river from Seleucia. The Seleucid Empire, with its capital at Antioch, was now confined to Syria." [Based on: Isaac Asimov, Asimov's Chronology Of The World, p. 83] 141 B.C. - Independence / Judea - "Independence of Judea established by the last of the Maccabean brothers [Simon]." 138 B.C. - Mithradates I / Parthia - [....] It is tempting to identify the Roman Mithras with the Persian Mithra, except that there is no known Persian legend or text about Mithra killing a bull or being associated with other animals. On the other hand, there is a story of Ahriman, the evil god in popular developments of Zoroastrianism, killing a bull. It is also hard to explain how the Sun-god Mithra would come to be worshipped in the windowless, cave-like mithraeum. A possible link between Persia and Rome, which could be the stage for these changes, may be the kingdoms of Parthia and Pontus in Asia Minor. Several of their kings were called Mithradates, meaning "given by Mithra", starting with Mithradates I of Parthia (died 138 BC). It would seem that, in those kingdoms, Mithra was a god whose power lent luster even to a king. And it was at Pergamum, in the 2nd century BC, that Greek sculptors started to produce bas-relief imagery of Mithra Taurocthonos, "Mithra the bull-slayer." Although the cult of Mithras never caught on in the Greek homeland, those sculptures may indicate the route between Persian Mithra and Roman Mithras. [....] [Based on: http://www.crystalinks.com/mithra.html] 135 B.C. - Slave Rebellion / Sicily - "There was a slave rebellion in Sicily in 135 B.C., which took three years to put down. Some 200,000 slaves were in rebellion and, in the end, 20,000 of them were crucified." [Based on: Isaac Asimov, Asimov's Chronology Of The World, p. 82] 133 B.C. - Roman Spain - "By 133 B.C., Rome had extended its dominations westward to include all of Spain except for the northwestern quarter." 133 B.C. - Assassination / Tiberius Graccus - "The Democratic leader Tiberius Graccus put forward proposals for agrarian reform in 133 BC, but he was murdered by the Senetorial party. His brother took up the farmers' cause and he to was murdered, with the Democratic leadership passing to the military commander Gaius Marius." Trivia: "The tribune Tiberius Gracchus of the Roman Empire tried in 133 B.C. to reduce the power of the moneychangers through stricter laws against usury and to limit the legal land ownership to iugeri (about 600 acres) per family. He was murdered the same year." [Based on: Juri Lina, The Barnes Review, p. 8, Sept./Oct. 2004] 130 B.C. - Qumran Community - "When the triumphant House of Maccabaeus took control and set up their own King and High Priest in Jerusalem, the Hasidim [a core of ultra-strict Jewish devotees, or 'Pious Ones'] not only voiced their opposition but marched en masse out of the city in order to establish their own 'pure' community in the nearby Wilderness of Qumran. Building work started in around 130 BC. Apart from the evidence of the scrolls, a collection of coins has also been amassed from the Qumran settlement, relating to a time-span from the Hasmonaean ruler John Hyrcanus [135-104 BC] to the Jewish Revolt of AD 66-70. Excavations at Qumran have produced much older relics dating from around 3,500 B.C." 128 B.C. - Lunar Eclipse - "November 5th" 127 B.C. - Configuration - "Uranus-Pluto [Libra/Aries] opposition." 114 B.C. - Trivia / Temple of Venus - "[....] The oldest temple known of Venus dates back to 293 BCE, and was inaugurated on August 18. Later, on this date the Vinalia Rustica was observed. A second festival, that of the Veneralia, was celebrated on April 1 in honor of Venus Verticordia, who later became the protector against vice. Her temple was built in 114 BCE. [NP] After the Roman defeat near Lake Trasum in 215 BCE, a temple was built on the Capitol for Venus Erycina. This temple was officially opened on April 23, and a festival, the Vinalia Priora, was instituted to celebrate the occasion. [....] The last great temple of Venus was built by the emperor Hadrianus near the Colusseum in 135 CE. [....]" [Based on: http://www.crystalinks.com/venusrome.html] - [T.D. - 12/01/06] 113 B.C. - Migration / Germanic Tribes - "Beginning in 113 B.C., Germanic tribes called the Cimbri and Teutones were moving into the Roman sphere of influence. Two armies were sent to stop them and were defeated." 110 B.C. - Wu Ti / Southern China - "In about 110 B.C., the Chinese, under the emperor Wu Ti, advanced south of the Yangtse River and annexed all of what is now southern China." 108 B.C. - Chinese Korea - "In 108 B.C., Korea was conquered by China." 107 B.C. - Gaius Marius / Roman Republic - "By 107 BC Gaius Marius was Consul of Rome." 106 B.C. - Birth / Marcus Tullius Cicero - Marcus Tullius Cicero (IPA: [....]; January 3, 106 BC – December 7, 43 BC) was an orator, statesman, political theorist, and philosopher of Ancient Rome. He is generally considered the greatest Latin orator and prose stylist. His speeches are regarded as the pinnacle of the Golden Age of the Latin language, whereas the age which followed in the next two centuries, the Silver Age, is regarded as slightly less than the brilliance displayed by the works of the Golden Age, primarily Cicero's. He is considered by some to be the greatest orator, and speech and prose writer in history. [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero] Trivia: Eclecticism may be defined as the practice of choosing apparently irreconcilable doctrines from antagonistic schools and constructing therefrom a composite philosophic system in harmony with the convictions of the eclectic himself. Eclecticism can scarcely be considered philosophically or logically sound, for as individual schools arrive at their conclusions by different methods of reasoning, so the philosophic product of fragments from these schools must necessarily be built upon the foundation of conflicting premises. Eclecticism, accordingly, has been designated the layman's cult. In the Roman Empire little thought was devoted to philosophic theory; consequently most of its thinkers were of the eclectic type. Cicero is the outstanding example of early Eclecticism, for his writings are a veritable potpourri of invaluable fragments from earlier schools of thought. Eclecticism appears to have had its inception at the moment when men first doubted the possibility of discovering ultimate truth. Observing all so-called knowledge to be mere opinion at best, the less studious furthermore concluded that the wiser course to pursue was to accept that which appeared to be the most reasonable of the teachings of any school or individual. From this practice, however, arose a pseudo-broadmindedness devoid of the element of preciseness found in true logic and philosophy. [....] [Based on: http://www.sacred-texts.com/eso/sta/sta03.htm] 105 B.C. - Germainic Tribes / Italy - "By 105 B.C., Germanic tribes were beginning to threaten Italy, and had defeated a third force sent against them." [Based on: Based on: Asimov's Chronology Of The World, p. 82] 102 B.C. - German Victory / Gaius Marius - "In two separate battles, in 102 B.C. and in 101 B.C., Marius completely wiped out the invading Germanic tribes." [Based on: Asimov's Chronology Of The World, p. 82] 100 B.C. 100 B.C. - Roman Mastership / Mediterranean Area - "Rome had become master of the entire Mediterranean area from the Atlantic Ocean to the Euphrates River." [Based on: Asimov's Chronology Of The World, p. 82] 95 B.C. - Tigranes I / Armenia - "Once the Seleucid Empire broke up, two Armenian kingdoms gained their independence. In 95 B.C., the two were united under the energetic rule of Tigranes I (140-55 B.C.). Sometimes called 'Tigranes the Great.' " [Based on: Isaac Asimov, Asimov's Chronology Of The World, p. 84] 88 B.C. - Roman Reforms - "Roman reforms grant citizenship to all Italians." 88 B.C. - Roman Defeat / Asia Minor - "In 88 B.C., Mithradates VI of Pontus, seeing that Rome was absolutely intent on limiting his power, decided to take the offensive. He swept westward in a suprise attack and drove the Romans out of Asia Minor, arranging to kill as many Roman civilians as possible. (He is supposed to have killed 80,000, but this may be a Roman atrocity story.)" [Based on: Isaac Asimov, Asimov's Chronology Of The World, p. 84] 87 B.C. - Perihelion / Halley's Comet - August 6th, 87 B.C.: "1P/-86 Q1 (6 August 87 BC)" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet] - [T.D. - 06/12/07] Trivia: "87 BC: According to V.G. Gurzadyan and R. Vardanyan, the "Symbol on Tigranes the Great's crown that features a star with a curved tail may represent the passage of Halley's comet in 87 BC. Tigranes could have seen Halley's comet when it passed closest to the Sun on Aug. 6 in 87 BC according to the researchers, who said the comet would have been a 'most recordable event' — heralding the New Era of the brilliant King of Kings.[3]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet] - [T.D. - 06/12/07] 84 B.C. - Configuration - "Neptune-Pluto [15-16 Taurus] conjunction [84-83 B.C.]. Neptune-Pluto cycles last about 495 years - half a millennium. They characterise an underlying driving-force behind history, an undertow of reality which marries the inevitable ram-force of Pluto with the imaginal, ideational power of Neptune. This combined force helps us define our underlying historical reality on a collective-unconscious level - this world-view and body of collective experience being a combination of actualities and perceptions." 82 B.C. - Cornelius Sulla / Roman Republic - "Gaius Marius deposed by Cornelius Sulla who became Roman Dictator." 73 B.C. - Slave Rebellion / Spartacus - "In 73 B.C., a third slave rebellion broke out, under the leadership of a gladiator from Thrace named Spartacus (d. 71 B.C.). It raged over Italy for two years before being put down by Pompey and by Marcus Licinius Crassus. Crassus was Rome's richest man, who had gotten rich by business practices so questionable he would probably have felt right at home on Wall Street." [Based on: Isaac Asimov, Asimov's Chronology Of The World, p. 85] 71 B.C. - Roman Seleucid - "Romans conquer the Seleucid Empire." 69 B.C. - Configuration - "Uranus-Pluto [Gemini] conjunction." 67 B.C. - Mithraism / Rome - Reportedly, "The popular Cult of Mithra [or Mithras] was indeed an embarrassment to the early church. Its roots are probably in Syria and it is believed to be an offshoot of the Persian cult of Zoroaster. It seems to have been introduced into the Roman Empire around 67 B.C. Born in a stable to a virgin, birthday celebrated on 25 December, died and reborn, Passover celebrated around Easter, whose rites of worship involved the ingestion of food and drink that were symbolic of eating the flesh of Mithra, and all this 600 years before the birth of Christ. Also included were rites of baptism, the belief in immortality, resurrection, a judgement at the end between Heaven and Hell, and a saviour who died and was resurrected to act as a mediator between man and God.' It is important to remember that the popular definitions of Mithraism have mutated over the centuries to conform with the molds of contemporary society. The popular definitions in circulation today are most likely far from the mark compared to what people understand about 'Mithra' in the beginning." Trivia: [....] Around the first century AD, the Greek historian Plutarch wrote about pirates of Cilicia who practiced the Mithraic "secret rites" around 67 B.C. Since Cilicia was the coastal province in the southeast of Anatolia, the Mithras mentioned by Plutarch may have been worship of the Persian god Mithra; or may have been associated with Ahriman, the Persian god who killed a bull. In Persia Mithra was the protector God of the tribal society until the Zoroaster's reformation of Persian polytheism (628-55BC). Mithra like the rest of the gods and goddess of the Iranian Pantheon was stripped of his sovereignty, and all his powers and attributes were bestowed upon Zarathustra. Mithraism began in Persia where originally a multitude of gods were worshipped. Amongst them were Ahura-Mazda, god of the skies, and Ahriman, god of darkness. In the sixth and seventh century B.C., a vast reformation of the Persian pantheon was undertaken by Zarathustra (known in Greek as Zoroaster), a prophet from the kingdom of Bactria. The stature of Ahura-Mazda was elevated to that of supreme god of goodness, whereas the god Ahriman became the ultimate embodiment of evil. [....] [Based on: http://www.crystalinks.com/mithra.html] 63 B.C. - Roman Palestine - "In 63 BC Roman legions first entered Palestine, and Pompey the Great, the Roman general who led the conquering forces, placed the Jewish state under the control of the governor of Syria. Judea is annexed to Rome about this time, and the Maccabean kingdom came to an end a century after the Maccabean revolt. Another Roman general and statesman, Mark Antony, later gave the throne to Herod the Great, who began his rule in 37 B.C." 63 B.C. - Popularity / Julius Caesar - "The Democratic statesman and general Gaius Julius Caesar (100-44 B.C.) gained popularity and was duly elected to primary office in 63 BC." 63 B.C.? - Triumvirate / Roman Republic - "Pompey and Crassus were now joined by Gaius Julius Caesar (100-44 B.C), a charming and infinitely capable playboy, who was staked by Crassus and who finally made his money by looting Spain. The three formed a triumvirate (Latin for 'three-man combination'). Caesar got himself assigned as governor of the Gallic areas in northern Italy and along the Mediterranean coast. It was his intention to conquer Gaul." [Based on: Isaac Asimov, Asimov's Chronology Of The World, p. 85] 62 B.C. - Configuration - "Uranus-Neptune [Cancer] conjunction [62-61 B.C.]." 60 B.C. - Equinox at Pisces - "Around the year 60 B.C., the Precessional Equinox moved into the sign of Pisces. Other dates associated with the Age of Pisces include: 1 A.D. and 140 A.D." 58 B.C. - Caesar Begins Campaign - "In 58 B.C., Caesar began his campaign." [Based on: Isaac Asimov, Asimov's Chronology Of The World, p. 85] 55 B.C. - Roman Britain - "The island of Britain was inhabited by Celtic tribes closley akin to those of Gaul. It first entered the purview of history when Caesar invaded the island in 55 B.C., and again in 54 B.C. Caesar did this to persuade the Britons not to help their Gallic kinsmen in their resistance to Rome." [Based on: Isaac Asimov, Asimov's Chronology Of The World, p. 91] [Link: 1 ] 54 B.C. - Fatality / Marcus Licinius Crassus - "Parthinians destroy Crassus' army and kill Crassus." 51 B.C. - Roman Gaul - "Although it took him [Caesar] seven years, by 51 B.C. all of Gaul - right up to the Rhine River - had become Roman, and, in the process, Caesar never lost a battle." [Based on: Isaac Asimov, Asimov's Chronology Of The World, p. 85] 51 B.C. - Cleopatra & Ptolemy Rule Egypt - "Cleopartra and her brother Ptolemy XIII ascend the Egyptian throne [51-31 B.C.]." 50 B.C. - Status / Rome - "By 50 B.C., then, despite the battles with Pontus and Armenia in the east, despite insurrection and civil war at home, Rome was stronger than ever, and the only civilized nation on its borders that dared be independent was the Parthian Empire in the east." [Based on: Isaac Asimov, Asimov's Chronology Of The World, p. 86] 49 B.C. - Julius Caesar / Rubicon River - "On January 10, 49 B.C., Caesar crossed the Rubicon River - the boundary of his Gallic province." [Based on: Asimov's Chronology Of The World, p. 87] 48 B.C. - Fatality / Pompey - "Pursued by Caesar, Pompey fled to Egypt where Ptolemy XII ordered him killed." 48 B.C. - Coined Money / Julius Caesar - "In 48 B.C. Julius Caesar deprived the moneychangers of the right to coin money and had it done himself. With a larger money supply he was able to erect many public buildings. Common people adored Caesar for his contribution to making money more available." [Based on: article by Juri Lina, The Barnes Review, Sept./Oct. 2004, p. 8] 47 B.C. - Roman Victory / Pontus - "On August 2, 47 B.C., Caesar's army met Mithradates VI at Zela in western Pontus. The Romans won so easy a victory that Caesar sent a message to Rome that said, Veni vidi, vici ('I came, saw, and won')." [Based on: Asimov's Chronology Of The World, p. 87] 45 B.C. - Julian Calendar - "The 365 day Julian calendar [of Julius Caesar] is introduced." 45 B.C. - Julius Caesar / Rome - "In September, 45 B.C., Julius Caesar returned to Rome as absolute master." [Based on: Asimov's Chronology Of The World, p. 87] 44 B.C. - Fatality / Julius Caesar - "On March 15 (the 'ides of March), 44 B.C., Caesar was murdered by a group of conspirators led by Marcus Junius Brutus (85-42 B.C.) and Gaius Cassius Longinus (d. 42 B.C.)." [Based on: Asimov's Chronology Of The World, p. 87] Trivia: "After the murder of Caesar there was an end to the abundance of money. The money supply was reduced by 90 percent. Taxes rose sky-high. As a result most people lost their land and their homes. The slander of Caesar goes on even today." [Juri Lina, The Barnes Review, p. 8, Sept./Oct. 2004] 37 B.C. - King Herod / Judah - "Herod was born into a prominent military family of Idumaeans, converts to Judaism who were distrusted by native Jews. Herod, whose father was granted Roman citizenship by Julius Caesar, was determined to assimilate the Jews into Greco-Roman culture. He dedicated the new cities of Caesarea and Sebaste [the Roman name for Samaria] to Augustus and built temples for the worship of the emperor. The king also initiated public games and placed Greek words on his coinage. Deeply religious Jews despised the nudity required at the games and considered the use of Greek language blasphemous. Their views contributed to Herod's unpopularity. Although Herod's use of Greek culture made him hated in the region of Judea, he was popular with the Jewish population outside Judea, known as the Diaspora, on whom he lavished money as a benefactor. Herod, fearing mutiny and conspiracy, did not trust his own people and enrolled in his army only Greeks and Diaspora Jews. After the death of Herod, his kingdom was divided among his sons, who ruled as tetrarchs [leadership by four rulers], although Judea soon became a small Roman province under the administration of Pontius Pilate, a military governor, or procurator, chosen by the Romans. Dissent, so long repressed by Herod's cruelty, burst forth, and the people in Palestine began to agitate for religious and political freedom. Messianic prophecy, the religious belief in the coming of a savior, was accompanied by bitter fighting between the political factions and religious sects among the Jewish people." 31 B.C. - Judaean Earthquake - "Jewish chronicles describe a violent Judaean earthquake in 31 B.C." 31 B.C. - Egyptian Victory / Octavian - "Caesar's nephew, Octavian, defeats Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium [31 B.C.]." 30 B.C. - Fatalities / Cleopatra & Mark Antony - "Mark Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide." 27 B.C. - Pantheon Built - "Traditional date when the Pantheon was built for the first time under Agrippa." Links: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheon%2C_Rome 27 B.C. - Augustus Caesar / Roman Empire - January 16th, 27 B.C.: "Octavian named Augustus Caesar. The Roman Republic came to an end and the Roman Empire came into being, with Augustus as the first emperor." Links: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_Emperors http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire#Age_of_Augustus_.2831_BC_.E2.80.93_AD_14.29 20 B.C. - Building / Jewish Temple - Herod the Great began to rebuild Solomon's Temple in 20 B.C." 12 B.C. - Perihelion / Halley's Comet - October 10th, 12 B.C.: "1P/-11 Q1 (10 October 12 BC)" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet] - [T.D. - 06/12/07] Trivia: "12 BC: Some theologians have suggested that the comet's appearance in 12 BC might explain the Biblical story of the Star of Bethlehem.[4]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet] - [T.D. - 06/12/07] 9 B.C. - Lebbaeus Thaddaeus - "Lebbaeus Thaddaeus is described as a 'son of Alphaeus' and is also called Judas [Theudas] in two of the Gospels. He was an influential leader of the community and yet another Zealot commander. For more than fifty years, from 9 BC, Thaddaeus was head of the Therapeutate, an ascetic order that had evolved during the Egyptian occupation of Qumran. Thaddaeus was a confederate of Jesus's father Joseph, and took part in the people's uprising against Pontius Pilate in AD 32." [Based on: Laurence Gardner, Bloodline Of The Holy Grail] 7 B.C. - Birth? / Jesus - "We now know, from both historical and astronomical observations, that Jesus 'of Nazareth' was actually born in 7 B.C. The usual explanation for this discrepancy is that a major miscalculation crept into the record-keeping during the early Christian era." * Further Reading ... Trivia: "Prior to Jesus' birth, the High Zadok [the Michael] was Zacharias. His wife was Mary's cousin Elizabeth, and his deputy, the Abithar [the Gabriel], was Simeon the Essene. It was he who gave the formal consent for Mary's confinement, even though she and Joseph had disobeyed the rules of dynastic wedlock. The rules of dynastic wedlock were infringed, since Mary gave birth to Jesus at the wrong time of year [Sunday, March, 7 BC]. One of Jesus' foremost problems was that he had been born into an environment of controversy over whether or not he was legitimate. It was for that very reason that Mary and Joseph took him to Simeon the Gabriel for legitimizing under the law [Luke 2:25-35]. Despite this endeavor by his parents, Jesus evoked a mixed response and the Jews were polarised in two opposing camps on the subject of his lawful status in the kingly line. He had been conceived at the wrong time of year and had been born before Joseph and Mary's wedlock was formalized by their Second Marriage. Six years later his brother James was born within all the rules of dynastic wedlock and there was no disputing his legitimacy. Hence, the opposing factions each had a prospective Messiah to support." [Based on: Laurence Gardner, Bloodline Of The Holy Grail] Trivia: "Hebrews 7:14 totally dismisses the Gospel-interpreted notion of the Virgin Birth in order to confirm that Jesus's real father was Joseph. It states: 'it is evident that our Lord sprang out of Judah, of which tribe Moses spake nothing concerning priesthood'. It is also explained that the Law concerning priesthood was changed to accomodate Jesus's new archangelic distinction [Hebrews 7:12]." [Based on: Laurence Gardner, Bloodline Of The Holy Grail, p. 129] 6 B.C. - Configuration - Uranus-Pluto [Pisces/Virgo] opposition [6 B.C. - 1 A.D.]." 4 B.C. - Lunar Eclipse - "March 23rd" 4 B.C. - Fatility / King Herod - "Traditional date when King Herod of Judah died." 1 B.C. - Pax Romana - "The Roman Empire was at relative peace and had been for 30 years. This was the Pax Romana [Roman Peace] in which, for a while, the Mediterranean world was free of the endless torments of cities and nations fighting each other endlessly." 1 B.C. - Birth? / James [the brother of Jesus] - "A reported date when James, the brother of Jesus, the second son of Mary and Joseph, was born."	Julius Caesar
Gephyrophobia is the abnormal fear of which type of structures?	3,000 B.C. - 1 A.D. Color Code Index Interlude: "Did orthodox church dogma suggest Earth was created about 4,000 B.C.? Apparently, it did . Unfortunately, this long-held popular paradigm has seriously warped a modern view of the ancient world by attributing post-4,000 B.C. dates to the oldest civilizations and world cultures on the planet. Not only the first people, the first civilizations, the first languages, the first calendars, the first monuments, the first governments and religions, but after about 4,000 B.C. one can find nearly every Biblical event [thus all of Earth's history]. One can find things this way because, what some people once believed (apparently) some people still do! [ ]" [- E.M.] 3,000 B.C. 3,000 B.C. - Wiki Trivia - "The 3rd millennium BC spans the Early to Middle Bronze Age. [NP] It represents a period of time in which imperialism, or the desire to conquer, grew to prominence, in the city states of the Middle East, but also throughout Eurasia, with Indo-European expansion to Anatolia, Europe and Central Asia. The civilization of Ancient Egypt rose to a peak with the Old Kingdom. World population is estimated to have doubled in the course of the millennium, to some 30 million people. [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3th_millennium_BCE] 3,000 B.C. - Altithermal - "It is suspected by Earth scientists that the sun shone particularly brightly about this time. This episode is called the Altithermal, and may have contributed to the rise of the early civilizations. Another similar high heat episode occurs around 1,000 A.D." 3,000 B.C. - Jiroft Culture - "A "Jiroft culture"[1] has been postulated as an early Bronze Age (late 3rd millennium BC) archaeological culture, located in what is now Iran's Sistan and Kerma-n Provinces. [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiroft_culture] 3,000 B.C. - Gilgamesh Epic - "The interesting fact for Sumer is that pictorial representations of the Mesopotamian classics appear many centuries before our earliest texts thereof. For example, the greatest Mesopotamian classic is the Gilgamesh Epic. Seals depicting scenes from the Gilgamesh Epic are exceedingly common, and begin about 1,000 years before the earliest cuneiform tablets dealing with those scenes. Accordingly, the materials out of which the Gilgamesh Epic was fashioned by the second millennium B.C. were circulating orally, and pictorally, around 3,000 B.C." [Link: 1 ] 3,000 B.C. - Astrology / China - "[....] Astrology is believed to have originated in China about the 3rd millennium BC. Astrology was always traditionally regarded very highly in China, and indeed Confucius is said to have treated astrology with respect saying: 'Heaven sends down its good or evil symbols and wise men act accordingly'. [12] The 60 year cycle combining the five elements with the twelve animal signs of the zodiac has been documented in China since at least the time of the Shang (Shing or Yin) dynasty (ca 1766BC - CA 1050BC). Oracles bones have been found dating from that period with the date according to the 60 year cycle inscribed on them, along with the name of the diviner and the topic being divined about. One of the most famous astrologers in China was Tsou Yen who lived in around 300 BC, and who wrote: 'When some new dynasty is going to arise, heaven exhibits auspicious signs for the people'. Astrology in China also became combined with the Chinese form of geomancy known as Feng shui. [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_astrology] - [T.D. - 08/02/08] 3,000 B.C. - Longshan culture - "The Longshan (or Lung-shan) culture [龙山文化 L�ngshān w�nhu�], also sometimes referred to as the Black Pottery Culture, was a late Neolithic culture in the middle and lower Yellow River valley areas of northern China, dated from about 3000 to 2000 BC. The culture is named after the modern town of Longshan (lit. 'Dragon Mountain') in the east of the area under the administration of Jinan, Shandong Province, where the first archaeological find (in 1928) and excavation (in 1930 and 1931) of this culture took place at the Chengziya Archaeological Site. [...] Evidence of human sacrifice becomes more common in Shaanxi and the Central Plain in the late Longshan period.[18][20] [... .]" [Based on: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longshan_culture] 3,000 B.C. - Trivia / Akkadians - "Beginning in 3,000 B.C. ... a group of people called Akkadians drifted into the Tigris-Euphrates valley along the northern fringes of Sumeria. They spoke a language entirely unrelated to Sumerian, one of a group we call 'Semitic' today, because the people who speak it are described, in the Bible, as having been descended from Shem, the oldest son of Noah." [Based on: Asimov's Chronology Of The World, Isaac Asimov, Copyright 1991, p. 33] Trivia: "[....] The spread of Akkadian as the language of administration throughout the Near East led to contacts with Indo-European languages and also facilitated the borrowing of hundreds of its lexical items by languages like Hebrew. [....]" [Based on: A History of the Hebrew Language, Angel Saenz-Badillos, 2000 edition, p. 13] Links: http://www.crystalinks.com/akkadia.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadian_Empire 3,000 B.C. - Trivia / Cuneiform - "It is estimated that 99 percent of the Babylonian tablets have yet to be dug. The oldest ones reportedly go back to 3,000 B.C. In tablets almost 5,000 years old, and others less than 3,000 years old - the 'Noah figure' of Utnapishtim is known variously as Zisudra, Xisuthros or Atrahasis." Link: http://www.crystalinks.com/cuneiformtablets.html 3,000 B.C. - Burial sites / Oman - " '[....] An area of 600sqkm has been covered and many new sites have been found that will shed light on Oman and its glorious past,' informs to Biubwa Ali Al Sabri, Director of Excavation and Archaeological Sites at the Ministry of Heritage and Culture. [N.P.] She added that many of the sites found in Sohar are burial sites belonging to the Wadi Souq period (1900- 1100 BC). 'Also older sites that are as old as 5000 years have been found and a distinctive pattern can be seen within the area that stretches from Liwa to Gyal as Shabol," pointed out the Omani archaeology expert. [...] She also pointed out that earlier excavations in Sohar had unearthed proofs of Oman's connections both with India, China and the city states of Mesopotamia. [NP] 'We also know through text from the old archives in Mesopotamia that Oman, or Magan as it was referred to in ancient times, played an important role as an exporter,' Al Sabri added. [....]" [Based on: gulfnews article (5,000-year-old burial sites discovered in Sohar / An area of 600sqkm has been covered and many new sites have been found, expert says) - Staff Report, Published: 15:47 December 11, 2011] Link: http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/oman/5-000-year-old-burial-sites-discovered-in-sohar-1.948807 3,000 B.C. - Astrology / Babylon - "The history of astrology can now be traced back to ancient Babylonia, and indeed to the earliest phases of Babylonian history, in the third millennium B.C. [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_astrology] - [T.D. - 08/02/08] 3,000 B.C. - Trivia / Old English - "Old English is spawned from a common Germanic language group in the Elbe river region." 3,000 B.C. - Valley of Lambayeque / Peru - "Two ancient temples thought to be about 3,000 years old, from the time when high civilisation established itself in northern Peru, have been uncovered in the archaeological complex of Collud-Zarp�n. [....] The two temples belong to the Cupisnique culture that developed in the region between 3000 and 2000BC. [....] The Collud and Zarp�n temples are from a time of consolidation of high civilisation in northern Peru, whereas the nearby temple of Ventarr�n, which last year it was discovered to be 4500 years old, is from a time when the first civilisations were only just beginning to form. [NP] The three archaeological complexes that cover an area of 40km2 en total, formed part of an ancient centre of civilisation in the valley of Lambayeque, 'that was one of the largest of the Peruvian coast, with the best water engineering and best soil quality', explains Ignacio." [Based on: Article (3000 year old temples discovered in Lambayeque), 10/22/08] Link: http://enperublog.com/2008/10/22/3000-year-old-temples-discovered-in-lambayeque/ Links: http://enperublog.com/2007/11/12/peru-unveils-4000-year-old-temple/ - [T.D. - 01/30/10] 3,000 B.C. - Canaanites Enter Canaan - "A traditional date when the Canaanites entered Canaan." [Link: 1 ] Trivia: "An alternate name for Canaan, especially for cities along the shore, was Phoenicia. This was used by the Greeks from their word for purple, because in later centuries a purple dye was manufactured there. The northern portion of Canaan came to be called Syria in later times; this again being a Greek name, taken from that of a tribe that lived in the region." [Based on: Isaac Asimov, Asimov's Chronology Of The World, Isaac Asimov, Copyright 1991, p. 34] Trivia: "The basic situation described in the Exodus saga - the phenomenon of immigrants coming down to Egypt from Canaan and settling in the eastern border regions of the delta - is abundantly verified in the archaeological finds and historical texts. From earliest recorded times throughout antiquity, Egypt beckoned as a place of shelter and security for the people of Canaan at times when drought, famine, or warfare made life unbearable or even difficult." [Based on: Israel Finkelstein, The Bible Unearthed, pp. 52-53.] 3,000 B.C - Neolithic Cathedral / Britain - "A team of archaeologists [2009] has unearthed a Neolithic cathedral a massive building of a kind never before seen in Britain, which go back nearly 5,000 years, easily predating the Egyptian pyramids. [NP] According to a report in The Press and Journal, the cathedral, at 82 ft long and 65 ft wide, is placed between two of Orkneys most famous Neolithic landmarks, the Ring of Brodgar and the Stones of Stenness. [....]" [Based on: Archaeology News article (Archaeologists unearth 5,000-year-old cathedral in Britian) Published on : Wednesday 26 Aug 2009 14:57 - by ANI] http://www.archaeologynews.org/story.asp?ID=487528&Title=Archaeologistsunearth5000-year-old cathedral in Britian Trivia: "A carving believed to be Scotland's earlist human face, dating back thousands of years, has been found on the Orkney island of Westray [Archaeologist Jakob Kainz made the discovery of the face]. [NP] The small Neolithic sandstone human figurine is believed to be up to 5,000 years old. [....]" [Based on: BBC News article (Scotland's 'earliest face' found) - Page last updated at 05:52 GMT, Friday, 21 August 2009 06:52 UK] Link: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/north_east/8212074.stm 3,000 B.C. - Trivia / Minoan Civilization - "Bronze Age civilization, centring on the island of Crete. It was named after the legendary king Minos. It is divided into three periods: the early Minoan period [c.3000-2200 B.C.], the Middle Minoan period [c.2200-1500 B.C.] and the Late Minoan period [c.1500-1000 B.C.]. According to Mythology, Crete was the place where Zeus grew up. He was especially worshipped on the island, and king Minos was considered his son. The island has many myths surrounding it: here, the Minotaur was defeated by Theseus, Daedalus and Icarus worked here. The first great civilization of Greece started on Crete. It is called the Minoan, after its most famous king, Minos. There is a theory that Minos actually was several kings. The Minoan period started sometime around the 3rd Millennium B.C. and ended in the 15th century, probably because of natural disasters like earthquakes. Reportedly, Minoan cities were unwalled." [Link: 1 ] 3,000 B.C. - Division / Semitic Language - "[....] A common view is that the first division within Semitic happened before 3000 BCE, separating Northeast Semitic (Akkadian) from the rest. It seems likely that before 2000 BCE West Semitic had already split into two branches, Northern and Southern. At the end of the second millennium the Canaanite and Aramaic groups emerged within Northwest Semitic. In the south, differences developed among the Arabic (North Arabian), South Arabian, and Ethiopic. Each one of these branches eventually evolved into the languages and dialects we know today. [....]" [Based on: Angel Saenz-Badillos, A History of the Hebrew Language, 2000 edition, p. 10] 3,000 B.C. - Archaic Indians / Newfoundland - "More than 5,000 years ago, this barren, sea-lashed coast [Labrador & Newfoundland] was home to the Maritime Archaic Indians [MAI], who hunted and fished the coasts of Labrador and Newfoundland for more than 2,000 years. The first evidence of the Maritime Archaic culture was discovered more than 30 years ago when James A. Tuck of Memorial University of Newfoundland excavated 56 elaborate burials exposed during housing construction on a small promontory at Port au Choix, on the Gulf of St. Lawrence just south of the Strait of Belle Isle. Buried between 4,400 and 3,300 B.P., the dead - along with offerings of tools, animal bones, carved animal effigies, and small, white quartz pebbles - were covered in red ochre, earning them the moniker the 'Red Paint People.' Tool kits contained woodworking implements for building dwellings and watercraft; finely wrought bone and ivory fishhooks, harpoons, and harpoon heads, bone foreshafts; and long, narrow ground slate lances for hunting whale and walrus; and fragments of fish spears, all of which pointed to a lifeway dependent on the deep sea." 3,000 B.C. - Maize Cultivation / Mesoamerica - "Evidence of maize cultivation in Mesoamerica." [Based on: Compact History Of The World, edited by Geoffrey Parker, copyright 2003, p. 16] - [First published by Times Books (as The Times Compact Atlas of World History) 1995 - updated and reprinted 2002] 3,000 B.C. - Commercial Capital / Elba, Syria - "Ebla, Syria, was a commercial capital of this era [3,000-2,000 B.C.]. In 1975 tens of thousands of cuneiform tablets were found that supported Ebla's role." Trivia: "[....] The archaeological mission working at the site of Tal Faras unearthed a number of buildings dating back to the 4th millennium BC, under which laid another building from the 5th millennium BC. The findings also included ovens to make pottery. [....]" [Based on: Global Arab Network article (French Archaeologists: Buildings Dating Back to 4th millennium BC Unearthed in Syria) By R. Raslan - Friday, 03 December 2010 17:20 ] http://www.archaeologynews.org/story.asp?ID=692744&Title=French%20Archaeologists:%20Buildings%20Dating%20Back%20to%204th%20millennium%20BC%20Unearthed 3,000 B. C. - Ship Transport / Byblos to Egypt - "Ships transported timber from Byblos to Egypt." Trivia: "A fleet of twelve 5,000 year old royal wooden ships were found buried under the sand at Abydos, approximately eight miles from the Nile river." Trivia: "At least two large high-prowed sea-going vessels were discovered buried [in pits] beside the Great Pyramid in Egypt. One of the pits, although still sealed, had been investigated with fiber-optic cameras and was found to contain a vessel more than 100 feet long. In the other pit was an even larger vessel, a full 141 feet in length. Made of cedarwood, the ship was still in perfect condition 4,500 years after it had been built. With a displacement of around 40 tons, it's design was particularly thought-provoking, with a prow and stern soaring higher than in a Viking ship." 3,000 B.C. 2,953 B.C. - Trivia / I Ching - "The I Ching, or Book of Changes, is the most widely read of the five Chinese Classics. The book was traditionally written by the legendary Chinese Emperor Fu Hsi [2,953-2,838 B.C.]. It is possible that the the I Ching originated from a prehistoric divination technique which dates back as far as 5,000 B.C. Futher commentaries were added by King Wen and the Duke of Chou in the eleventh century B.C." 2,900 B.C. - Trivia / Sumerian King Lists - "On Sumerian clay tablets dated around 2,900-2,800 B.C. found in Fara, Semitic [Akkadian] names are attested for the first time. It concerns the names of kings in the city of Kish. Kish is in the north of Babylonia where according to the Sumerian King Lists 'kingship descended again from heaven' after the great flood." [Link: 1 ] 2,890 B.C. - Trivia / Second Egyptian Dynasty - "A traditional date for the beginning of the Second Egyptian Dynasty [2,890 B.C.-2,650 B.C.]. The fifth king of the 2nd Dynasty, Khasekhemwy ['The Two Powerful Ones Appear'], was probably responsible for the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt. As he ascended the throne he had to put down a Northern rebellion. The rebels reached as far south as Nekheb and Nekhen, the ancient southern capital. His victory is described on two statues. Both portraits show the king with northerners cringing at his feet wearing the White Crown symbolizing the South. It is recorded that there were more than 47,000 casualties. A statue of him, which resides in the Cairo Museum, is the first example of the use of hard stone. He married Nemathap, a woman of royal Northern lineage. The marriage consolidated the kings rule in both regions. Nemathap is documented as being a 'King Bearing Mother'. She is also credited with being the ancestor of the 3rd Dynasty." [Links: 1 , 2 ] 2,863 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjunction - 2,800 B.C. - Baodun culture - "The Baodun culture [宝墩文化 Bǎo dūn w�nhu�] (2500 BC – 1750 BC[1]) was a Neolithic culture centered on the Chengdu Plain in Sichuan, China. [... .]" [Based on: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baodun_culture] 2,800 B.C. - Trivia / Avebury - "Avebury, constructed between 2,800 and 2,700 B.C., includes the world's largest stone circle [1,401 feet in diameter], numerous barrows, and the 130-foot-tall Silbury Hill, the largest man-made mound in Europe. Silbury Hill, located just south of the village of Avebury in Wiltshire, is a massive artificial mound with a flat top. Silbury Hill is the tallest man-made prehistoric mound in Europe. It was built in three stages, the first believed to have begun around 2,660 B.C." [Links: 1 , 2 ] Trivia: "Stonehenge was for a long while thought to have been built slowly - over about 1000 years between 2,100 and 1,100 BC. This chronology was called into question in 1996 by new archaeological evidence. Following a two-year study commisioned by the English Heritage Foundation, researchers concluded that the great circles of blustones and sarsens had in fact been put up between 2,600 BC and 2,030 BC. Less than a year after these results were published another study showed that the stone circles had been preceded by wooden circles of 6-metre pine 'totem poles' dated to 8,000 B.C. [Based on: by Graham Hancock and Santha Faiia, Heaven's Mirror, Quest For The Lost Civilization, p. xiii] 2,800 B.C. - Archaeology Trivia / Greece - "The secrets of a lost city that may have inspired one of the world's most enduring myths – the fable of Atlantis – have been brought to light from beneath the waters off southern Greece. [NP] Explored by an Anglo-Greek team of archaeologists and marine geologists and known as Pavlopetri, the sunken settlement dates back some 5,000 years to the time of Homer's heroes and in terms of size and wealth of detail is unprecedented, experts say. [NP] 'There is now no doubt that this is the oldest submerged town in the world,' said Dr Jon Henderson, associate professor of underwater archaeology at the University of Nottingham. 'It has remains dating from 2800 to 1200 BC, long before the glory days of classical Greece. There are older sunken sites in the world but none can be considered to be planned towns such as this, which is why it is unique.' [....]" [Based on: Guardian News article (Lost Greek city that may have inspired Atlantis myth gives up secrets) by Helena Smith in Athens guardian.co.uk, Friday 16 October 2009 19.49 BST] Link: http://www.archaeologynews.org/story.asp?ID=513760&Title=Lost Greek city may have inspired Atlantis myth 2,800 B.C. 2,799 B.C. - Configuration - "Uranus-Neptune Conjunction - Note: "This date represents a progressive estimation arrived at by subtracting multiples of 171 years from the date 576 B.C." [- E.M.] 2,772 B.C. - Egyptian Calendar - Reportedly, the date in Egypt when the 365 day calendar was introduced. 2,752 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjunction - 2. Baktun 1. Baktun of the Pyramid. 3718-2324 B.C. 1.0.0.0.0 Construction/activation of Great Pyramid at Giza, Egypt, 2700-2600 B.C., marks anchoring of planet light body. Spread of Sumerian civilization, Akkad and Ur, and development of bronze. Beginning of Harappa, Indus civilization. Beginning of settled agricultural life, China, Mesoamerica, Andes. [Based on: The Mayan Factor / Path Beyond Technology, by Jose Arguelles, Copyright 1939-, 1987, p. 114] 2,700 B.C. - Alpha Draconis - "The star Thuban (a Draconis) was the northern pole star around 2700 BC, during the time of the ancient Egyptians. Due to the effects of precession, it will once again be the pole star around the year 21000 AD." [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draco_%28constellation%29] Trivia: "[....] Alpha Draconis was 0.6 degree away from the heavenly pole in 2780 B.C. and this period corresponds to the Indus valley civilization. Approximately the time period from 10500 B.C. to 2500 B.C. can be understood as the Draco phase of the Indus valley civilization and possibly the Ursa Major phase followed the Draco phase. 2.6 [....]" [Based on: http://murugan.org/research/valluvan3.htm] 2,700 B.C. - Gilgamesh Rules Uruk - A reported date when the Sumerian King, Gilgamesh, ruled the city of Uruk. 2,700 B.C. 2,698 B.C. - Chinese Calendar - Reported date for the beginning of the Chinese calendar. Other dates associated with the beginning of the Chinese calendar include: 2,637 B.C. [Link: 1 ] 2,686 B.C. - Third Egyptian Dynasty - "A Traditional date for the beginning of the Third Egyptian Dynasty [2,686 B.C.-2,575 B.C.]. According to popular history, the Pharaohs of the Third Dynasty were the first to have actual pyramids constructed as shrines to their deaths. Although crude, these step pyramids were the predecessors to the later Pyramids of Giza and others. The first of these pyramids was designed by Imhotep for Dzoser. Prior to, and during the construction of the step pyramids, rulers were buried in a structure called Mastaba. The Mastaba were non-pyramidal shaped structures which did not contain walls or stone art and closely resembled burial mounds, with long shafts leading down into the tomb area. Sanakhte and Dzoser, the first two Pharaohs of this Dynasty, began exploitation of the Sinai Peninsula, which was rich in turquoise and copper. Little else was done by the kings during this dynasty." [Link: 1 ] 2,650 B.C. - Trivia / Step Pyramid, Egypt - "According to some reports, the Step Pyramid [reportedly built as a tribute to Zoser's greatness] is the oldest human-made structure in the world today. Zoser's Step Pyramid at Saqqara was an imposing edifice [200 feet tall], but it was built with relatively small, manageable blocks that five or six men working together could carry, and its internal chambers were structurally unsound." [Note: Since Carbon 14 dating measures the age of organic materials only, nearly all of the stone ruins [composed of inorganic rock] have not been Carbon 14 dated. Rather, what have been Carbon 14 dated are so many organic materials lying with, next to, or around those stone ruins." [Link: 1 ] 2,649 B.C. - Died / Zoser - "Reportedly died this date in history: Egyptian pharaoh Zoser [Dzoser]." [Based on: A&E Channel program, 10/31/04]." 2,609 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjunction - 2,600 B.C. - Giza Pyramids - "There is no doubt that the Pyramids of Giza, the best known of all the Egyptian monuments, have a strong connection to the epoch 2,600 to 2,300 BC, the same dates as Stonehenge. There is also no doubt that they show many signs of a far earlier genesis - again like Stonehenge. Indeed, the same geometrical and astronomical concerns that the megaliths express, linked to the same quest for immortality [and frequently to the number 72], are found not only in Egypt but in a great band of cultures encircling the globe and extending back in time to the remotest antiquity." [Based on: Heaven's Mirror, Quest For The Lost Civilization, Graham Hancock and Santha Faiia, p. xvi] 2,600 B.C. - Trivia / Indus Valley Script - Reportedly, the Indus Valley Civilization was the first major urban culture of South Asia. It reached its peak from 2,600 B.C. to 1,900 B.C. [Link: 1 ] 2,600 B.C. - Indus Valley Civilization - "The Indus Valley Civilization (Mature period 2600–1900 BCE), abbreviated IVC, was an ancient civilization that flourished in the Indus River basin. Primarily centred in Pakistan (Sindh and Punjab provinces) and India (Gujarat and Rajasthan), it extends westward into the Balochistan province of Pakistan. Remains have been excavated from Afghanistan, Turkmenistan and Iran, as well. The mature phase of this civilization is technically known as the Harappan Civilization, after the [1]first of its cities to be unearthed: Harappa in Pakistan. Excavation of IVC sites have been ongoing since 1920, with important breakthroughs occurring as recently as 1999.[2] [NP] The civilization is sometimes referred to as the Indus Ghaggar-Hakra civilization[3] or the Indus-Sarasvati civilization. The appellation Indus-Sarasvati is based on the possible identification of the Ghaggar-Hakra River with the Sarasvati River mentioned in the Rig Veda,[4] but this usage is disputed on linguistic and geographical grounds.[5] [....]" [Based on: Wikipedia article: Indus Valley Civilization - See link] Trivia: "[....] By 2600 BCE, the Early Harappan communities had been turned into large urban centers. Such urban centers include Harappa and Mohenjo Daro in Pakistan and Lothal in India. In total, over 1,052 cities and settlements have been found, mainly in the general region of the Indus Rivers and their tributaries. [....]" [Based on: Wikipedia article: Mature Harappan - See link] Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization - [T.D. - 10/26/08] 2,600 B.C. - Stone Structures / Caral Peru - "The ancient Peruvian site of Caral may have been one of the first urban centers in the Americas, thriving more than a thousand years before other known cities, according to a study in the April 27, 2001 issue of the international journal Science. New radiocarbon dating analysis indicates that Caral's immense stone structures were built between 2,600 and 2,000 B.C." Trivia: "Six earth-and-rock mounds rise out of the windswept desert of the Supe Valley near the coast of Peru. Dunelike and immense, they appear to be nature's handiwork, forlorn outposts in an arid region squeezed between the Pacific Ocean and the folds of the Andean Cordillera. But looks deceive. These are human-made pyramids, and compelling new evidence indicates they are the remains of a city that flourished nearly 5,000 years ago. If true, it would be the oldest urban center in the Americas and among the most ancient in all the world. [....]" [Based on: Smithsonian Magazine, August, 2004] 2,600 B.C. - Trivia / Neolithic Village, Britain - January 31st, 2007: "Ancient town [at the site known as Durrington Walls] found [summer 2006] at Stonehenge [The archaeologists announced Tuesday (01/30/07) that the 4,600-year-old ruins appear to form the largest Neolithic village ever found in Britain.]" [Based on: Title for New York Times article, p. A8, S.L.P.D., 01/31/07] 2,600 B.C. 2,600 B.C. - Earliest Known Nuclear Family / Central Germany - "A stone-age burial in central Germany has yielded the earliest evidence of people living together as a family. [NP] The 4,600-year-old grave, contained the remains of a man, woman and two youngsters, and DNA analysis shows they were a mother, father and children. [NP] 'Their unity in death suggests unity in life,' researchers said." [Based on: News Services article ( EULAY, SAXONY-ANHALT , Germany), p. A5, S.L.P.D., 11/18/08] 2,575 B.C. - Fourth Egyptian Dynasty - "A traditional date for the beginning of the Egyptian Old Kingdom [2,575 B.C.- 2,134 B.C.] period, or the Fourth Egyptian Dynasty [2,575 B.C.- 2,551 B.C.]. Unlike the pyramids before [3rd Dynasty] and after [5th and 6th Dynasties], the pyramids at Giza [attributed to the 4th Dynasty] were wonderfully well made and have endured the passage of thousands of years more or less intact. For this very reason scholars are beginning to see the light - that these structures may in fact be tens of thousands of years older than previously expected." [Link: 1 ] 2,551 B.C. - Pharoah Khufu / Egypt - Reported date when Khufu succeeded his father Sneferu. Khufu was believed to have built the Great Pyramid in Egypt. [Based on: A&E Movie, 10/31/04] 2,550 B.C. - Neptune-Pluto Conjunction - 2,540 B.C. - Trivia / Egyptian Sphinx - "The Sphinx is supposed to have been built by Khafre around 2,500 B.C., but since the beginning of dynastic times - say 3,000 B.C. onwards - there just hasn't been enough rain on the Giza plateau to have caused the very extensive erosion that we see all overe the Sphinx's body. You really have to go back to before 10,000 B.C. to find a wet enough climate in Egypt to account for weathering of this type and on this scale. It therefore follows that the Sphinx must have been built before 10,000 B.C. and since it's a massive, sophisticated work of art it also follows that it must have been built by a high civilization." [Links: 1 , 2 ] 2,530 B.C. - Trivia / Great Pyramid, Egypt - "According to popular history, this was the date when King Khufu [Cheops] completed construction of the Great Pyramid at Giza. At its uppermost point the whole structure reached a height of 481 feet. According to another report, the Giza pyramids were already ancient at the time of Khufu's restoration. On a scale of 1:43,200 the Great Pyramid serves as a model, and map projection, of the northern hemisphere of the earth. During all the centuries of darkness experienced by Western civilization when knowledge of our planet's dimensions was lost to us, all we ever needed to do to rediscover that knowledge was to measure the height and base perimeter of the great Pyramid and multiply by 43,200." [Link: 1 ] Trivia: "There is little history at all describing the builder of the Great Pyramid in Egypt." [Based on: A&E Movie, 10/31/04] Trivia: "CAIRO (AP) - Egypt displayed on Monday [01/11/10] newly discovered tombs more than 4,000 years old and said they belonged to people who worked on the Great Pyramids of Giza, presenting the discovery as more evidence that slaves did not build the ancient monuments. [....] The mud-brick tombs were uncovered last week in the backyard of the Giza pyramids, stretching beyond a burial site first discovered in the 1990s and dating to the 4th Dynasty (2575 B.C. to 2467 B.C.), when the great pyramids were built on the fringes of present-day Cairo. [NP] The ancient Greek historian Herodotus once described the pyramid builders as slaves, creating what Egyptologists say is a myth later propagated by Hollywood films. [....]" [Based on: A.P. article (Egypt: New Find Shows Slaves Didn't Build Pyramids), published 01/11/10 - Associated Press Writer Ian Deitch contributed to this report from Jerusalem.] Link: http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2010/01/11/world/AP-ML-Egypt-Antiquities.html 2,500 B.C. 2,500 B.C. - Shijiahe culture - "The Shijiahe culture [石家河文化 Sh� jiā h� w�nhu�] (2500–2000 BC) was a late Neolithic culture centered on the middle Yangtze River region in Hubei, China. [... .]" [Based on: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shijiahe_culture] 2,500 B.C. - Destruction / Gezer - "The site was destroyed approximately in the 25th century, based on finds of Khirbet Kerak ware." [Link: 1 ] 2,500 B.C. - Walled City? / India - "In India excavations in 2,000 A.D. revealed a walled city of the middle 3rd millennium at the Dholavira site in Gujarat state." 2,500 B.C. - Bronze Age / Canaan - A traditional date when the Bronze age reached Canaan. 2,500 BC - Clava Cairns / Scotland - "Neolithic tombs in Northern Scotland." [Link: 1 ] 2,500 B.C. - Troy II Settlement / Turkey - "Troy II, the second oldest discernible settlement on the site of the mound of Hissarlik in northwest Turkey, a good 1,200 years before the estimated date of the Trojan War." 2,500 B.C. - Established Cities / Assyria - "In 1932, Sir Max Mallowan, the eminent British archaeologist, dug a deep sounding which reached virgin soil ninety feet below the top of the mound of Nineveh; this gave a pottery sequence back to prehistoric times and showed that the site was already inhabited by 5,000 B.C. Very soon after that, the two other great Assyrian cities were settled, Ashur and Arbel, although an exact date has yet to be determined. Arbel is the oldest extant city, and remains largely unexcavated, its archaeological treasures waiting to be discovered. The same holds for Ashur. It is clear that by 2,500 B.C., these three cities were well established and were thriving metropoli." [Links: 1 , 2 , 3 ] 2,500 B.C. - Trivia / Chinese Pyramids - "Hartwig Hausdorf, a researcher in Germany, sent over these photographs from his collection, taken during his 1994 trip to the Forbidden Zone in The Shensi Province in China. Estimates for an age are 4,500 years old, but Hausdorf mentions the diaries of two Australian traders who, in 1912, met an old Buddhist monk who told them these pyramids are mentioned in the 5,000 year old records of his monastery as being 'very old'." [Link: 1 ] 2,496 B.C. - Trivia / Utah Villiages - "Archaeologists led reporters into a remote canyon Wednesday [06/30/04] to reveal an almost perfectly preserved picture of ancient life: stone pit houses, granaries and a bounty of artifacts kept secret for more than a half century [since about 1950]. [....] Archaeologists said the villiages were occupied more than 1,000 years ago and may be as old as 4,500 years. [....] Hundreds of granaries, ranging from cupboard-sized to several yards across, are in some cases hundreds of feet up nearly inaccessible cliffs. [....] Waldo Wilcox, the rancher who sold the land and returned Wednesday [06/30/04], kept the archaeological sites a closely guarded secret for more than 50 years." [Based on: article by Paul Foy, A.P., 07/01/04] Trivia: "Hidden deep inside Utah's nearly inaccessible Book Cliffs region, 130 miles from Salt Lake City, the prehistoric villages run for 12 miles and include hundreds of rock art panels, cliffside granaries, stone houses built halfway underground, rock shelters, and the mummified remains of long-ago inhabitants. The site was occupied for at least 3,000 years until it was abandoned more than 1,000 years ago, when the Fremont people mysteriously vanished. [....] The secret is coming to light after the federal and state governments paid Wilcox $2.5 million for the 4,200-acre ranch, which is surrounded by wilderness study lands. The state took ownership this year but has not decided how to control public access. [....] Metcalfe said a team of researchers has documented about 200 pristine sites occupied as long as 4,500 years ago, 'and we've only looked in a few places.' [....] Archaeologists think the sites may have been occupied as long as 7,000 years ago; they could shed light on the earliest inhabitants of North America, who are believed to have arrived by way of the Bering Strait 10,000 years ago. [....] 'I didn't let people go in there to destroy it,' said Wilcox, whose parents bought the ranch in 1951 and threw up a gate to the rugged canyon. 'The less people know about this, the better.' Over the years, Wilcox occasionally welcomed archaeologists to inspect part of the canyon, 'but we'd watch 'em.' When one Kent State researcher used a pick ax to take a pigment sample from a pictograph, Wilcox 'took the pick from him and took him out of the gate.' [....] He [Wilcox] said he gave up the land after the San Francisco-based Trust for Public Land, which transferred the ranch to public ownership, promised to protect it. [....] Archaeologists didn't realize the full significance of Range Creek until 2002. While many structures are standing or visible, others could be buried. Archaeologists have not done any excavations, simply because 'we have too big a task just to document' sites in plain view, Jones said. After The Associated Press started inquiring, Metcalfe decided to hasten an announcement. Next week, he plans to take news organizations to the ranch, 30 miles off the nearest paved highway over rough, mountainous terrain. A gate inside Range Creek Canyon blocks access; a dirt road continues from there about 14 miles down the canyon to a ranch house, now a hub of archaeological activity." [Based on: article by Paul Foy, A.P., 06/25/2004] 2,465 B.C. - Fifth Egyptian Dynasty - "Traditional date for the beginning of the Fifth Egyptian Dynasty [2,465 B.C.- 2,325 B.C.]. [Link: 1 ] 2,450 B.C. - Akkadian Inscriptions - Reportedly, "The earliest Akkadian cuneiform inscriptions date from the Old Akkadian or Early Akkadian period [2,450 to 1,850 B.C.], during which the inscriptions of Sargon were written. Since the Akkadian records start around the middle of the third millennium B.C., the formation of the Akkadian language in linguistic alliance with Indo-Europeans in Anatolia must have taken place still earlier. The western connections of the Akkad Dynasty are indicated in yet other ways. Only one western God, Dagan, obtained an important place in the old Mesopotamian pantheon, and he significantly is the patron god of the Akkad dynasty. This western god appears in the Linear A tablets of Hagia Triada; he is Baal's father according to the Epic of Kret from Ugarit; and he is chief god of the Biblical Plilistines.' Dagan was popularly depicted with the head and hands of a man, and the body and tail of a fish." Links: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadian_Empire 2,400 B.C. 2,400 B.C. - Amorites - "In the earliest Sumerian sources, beginning about 2400 BC, the land of the Amorites ("the Mar.tu land") is associated with the West, including Syria and Canaan, although their ultimate origin may have been Arabia. They appear as nomadic people in the Mesopotamian sources, and they are especially connected with the mountainous region of Jebel Bishri in Syria called as the 'mountain of the Amorites'. The ethnic terms Amurru and Amar were used for them in Assyria and Egypt respectively. [NP] From the 21st century BC and likely triggered by the 22nd century BC drought, a large-scale migration of Amorite tribes infiltrated Mesopotamia, precipitating the downfall of the Neo-Sumerian Third Dynasty of Ur, and acquiring a series of powerful kingdoms, culminating in the triumph under Hammurabi of one of them, that of Babylon. [NP] Known Amorites (mostly those of Mari) wrote in a dialect of Akkadian found on tablets dating from 1800–1750 BC showing many northwest Semitic forms and constructions. The Amorite language was presumably a northwest Semitic dialect. The main sources for our extremely limited knowledge about the language are proper names, not Akkadian in style, that are preserved in such texts. [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorite] - [T.D. - 07/16/09] Trivia: "Amurru (or Martu) are names given in Akkadian and Sumerian texts to the god of the Amorite/Amurru people, often forming part of personal names. He is sometimes called Ilu Amurru (DMAR.TU). Description [edit] This god Amurru/Martu is sometimes described as a 'shepherd', and as a son of the sky-god Anu . He is sometimes called b�lu šadi or b�l šad�, 'lord of the mountain'; d�r-hur-sag-g� sikil-a-ke, 'He who dwells on the pure mountain'; and kur-za-gan ti-[la], 'who inhabits the shining mountain'. In Cappadocian Zincirli inscriptions he is called �-li a-bi-a, 'the god of my father'.[citation needed] [NP] Accordingly, it has been suggested by L. R. Bailey (1968) and Jean Ouelette (1969), that this B�l Šad� might be the same as the Biblical ’El Šaddai who is the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob in the 'Priestly source' of narrative, according to the documentary hypothesis. It is possible that Šaddai means 'He of the mountains' or even 'the breasted God' as early iconography of Yahweh at Kuntilet Arjud shows him to have been hermaphroditic (possessing both breasts and male genitals). Alternately, B�l Šad� could have been the fertility-god 'Ba'al' , possibly adopted by the Canaanites, a rival and enemy of the Hebrew God YHWH , and famously combatted by the Hebrew prophet Elijah. [NP] Amurru also has storm-god features. Like Adad , Amurru bears the epithet raman 'thunderer', and he is even called bariqu 'hurler of the thunderbolt' and Adad ša a-bu-be 'Adad of the deluge'. Yet his iconography is distinct from that of Adad, and he sometimes appears alongside Adad with a baton of power or throwstick, while Adad bears a conventional thunderbolt. Wife [edit] Amurru's wife is sometimes the goddess Ašratum (see Asherah ) who in northwest Semitic tradition and Hittite tradition appears as wife of the god El which suggests that Amurru may indeed have been a variation of that god. If Amurru was identical with El, it would explain why so few Amorite names are compounded with the name Amurru, but so many are compounded with Il; that is, with El . [NP] Another tradition about Amurru's wife (or one of Amurru's wives) gives her name as Belit-Seri, 'Lady of the Desert'. [NP] A third tradition appears in a Sumerian poem in pastoral style, which relates how the god Martu came to marry Adg~ar-kidug the daughter of the god Numushda of the city of Inab. It contains a speech expressing urbanite Sumerian disgust at uncivilized, nomadic Amurru life which Adg~ar-kidug ignores, responding only: "I will marry Martu!". [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amurru] - [T.D. - 07/16/09] 2,400 B.C. - Walled City / Gezer - "The site was a Canaanite walled city. A 6 foot high wall, made of small uncarved stones was found from this time." [Link: 1 ] 2,375 B.C. - Lugalzaggisi / Sumeria - "Reportedly, after 2,375 B.C., Lugalzaggisi took over the cities of Kish and Lagash." 2,355 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjunction - 2,350 B.C. - Akkad Dynasty - According to popular belief: "In the 24th century B.C., a new dynasty got hold of Mesopotamia. Sargon, of the city of Akkad, established a Semitic Empire that reached out into the Mediterranian. From his time on, southern Mesopotamia came to be known as Sumer and Akkad; Sumer designating the more Sumerian south, and Akkad the more Semitic north. His success marked a turning point in history. From his time down to the present, Mesopotamia became a predominately Semitic land. Sargon claimed dominion over the entire world; a concept that has plagued mankind ever since." [Links: 1 ] Trivia: Reportedly, "By 2,350 B.C. all of Sumeria was under the control of Lugalzaggasi." 2,350 B.C. - Trivia / Cythera - According to one report: "Cythera began to attract foreigners as early as the Pyramid age. A stone cup, with the name of a Fifth Dynasty solar temple [sp-r] inscribed in Egyptian hieroglyphs, has been found on Cythera. Early in the second quarter of the second millennium, a Babylonian inscription of Naram-Sin, King of Eshnunna, was dedicated on Cythera 'for the life' of that Mesopotamian monarch. The interesting thing is that both of these texts found on Cythera are religious in character. Herodotus [1:105] relates that the Phoenicians erected a temple on Cythera to the goddess of the heavens. Finally in classical times, Cythera was a great center of the cult of Aphrodite. The ancient temples were built in the vicinity of Palaiopolis around the middle of the eastern shore.' Today, Cythera is a small island situated at the northeastern edge of the Mediterranian Sea. " 2,348 B.C. - Noah's Flood? - "As mentioned, the standard reckoning for the Flood is 2,348 BC, as given by Archbishop Ussher. But the fact is that there was no possible way prior to the 1920's for Ussher or anyone else to have known the date of the Flood - nor even if there actually was a flood in the region. Not for nearly three centuries after Ussher's lifetime did any noteworthy archaeological excavations begin in Mesopotamia." [Based on: Laurence Gardner, Genesis Of The Grail Kings] Trivia: "The Flood was chronologically moved in Genesis to the time of Noah, whereas it actually occured before the time of Adam." [Based on: Laurence Gardner, Genesis Of The Grail Kings, p. 60] 2,340 B.C. - United / Sumer & Akkad - Sargon of Agade (the leading city of Akkad) defeats Lugalzaggisi and gains control of Kish and later unites all of Sumer and Akkad. Sargon of Agade has been called the first great conqueror of history. [See: Asimov's Chronology Of The World, Isaac Asimov, Copyright 1991, p. 37] 3. Baktun 2. Baktun of the Wheel. 2324-1930 B.C. 2.0.0.0.0 Full establishment of wheel, initiation of transport technology and cyclical thought, written codes of law, and metallurgical technology in Mesopotamia. Sargon and first Babylonian empire. Beginnings of chariot warfare, territorial imperialism. Era of legendary emperors, China. Establishment of Minoan civilization, Crete. [Based on: The Mayan Factor / Path Beyond Technology, by Jose Arguelles, Copyright 1939-, 1987, p. 114] 2,323 B.C. - Sixth Egyptian Dynasty - "Traditional date for the beginning of the Sixth Egyptian Dynasty [2,323 B.C.-2,152 B.C.]. Manetho considered Teti as the founder of a new dynasty, a tradition which may go back at least as far as the composition of the Turin King-list, where Teti is listed as the first of a new group of kings. His wife, Queen Ipwet, is the daughter of King Unas who was the last king of the 5th Dynasty. She was the mother of Teti's heir, King Pepi I. Historians believe that she is the one that gave him the royal power. Almost all the major court officials of King Wenis remained in power during Teti's reign." [Link: 1 ] 2,320 B.C. - Sargon Rules Sumeria - Sargon conquered the independent city-states of Sumer and instituted a central government. 2,308 B.C. - Sumerian Sky Chart - Reportedly, "In 2,308 B.C. the Sumerians developed their equivalent of the 11:57 pm July 3rd 14,000 B.C. sky chart and Narmer Plate combined. It comes in the form of a royal cylinder-seal depicting 'The Sun is Risen'. The purpose of the seal is to celebrate the Dawn of the Age of Aries." [Link: 1 ] 2,300 B.C. 2,300 B.C. - Babylon - "The earliest mention of the city of Babylon can be found in a tablet from the reign of Sargon of Akkad , dating back to the 23rd century BC." [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Babylon] - [T.D. - 07/16/09] 2,300 B.C. - British Archer / Stonehenge - "A 4,000-year-old grave found near Stonehenge contains the remains of an archer and a trove of artifacts that make it one of the richest early Bronze Age sites in Europe. The burial, in about 2,300 B.C., occurred at 'the very brink of the Bronze Age,' where Neolithic and metal-using societies met, said one report. About 100 objects were found in the grave three miles east of Stonehenge, which is about 75 miles southwest of London. The grave was found May 3, 2002 A.D." 2,300 B.C. - Phoenicians / Levantine Coast - Phoenicians, a seafaring people, begin living along the Levantine coast. 2,300 B.C. - Cultural Exchange / Indus Valley & Mesopotamia - "Cultural exchange between the Indus Valley civilization and Mesopotamia (present day Iraq) is especially prominent." 2,289 B.C. - Pepi I Rules Egypt - A traditional date when Pepi I ruled in Egypt 2,289 - 2255 B.C. 2,279 B.C. - Fatality / Sargon of Agade - According to popular history, Sargon of Agade died in 2,279 B.C. 2,254 B.C. - Naramsin Rules Akkad - Traditional date when Sargon's grandson, Naramsin, reigned 2,254 - 2,218 B.C. Reportedly: "Kings of the Akkad Dynasty, notably Naram-Sin, often place the sign for divinity before their names, and are depicted in art as wearing the horned crown of godhood." 2,244 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjunction - 2,220 B.C. - Temple of the Fox / Peru - "[....] Benfer [Robert Benfer] and his team uncovered the 33-foot stepped pyramid temple, the temple of the Fox, in a 20-acre excavation site at Buena Vista, Peru. He says the temple dates to 2220 B.C. - which makes it 1,000 years older than anything of its kind previously found, he said. [....] Benfer worked with a team of Peruvian archaeologists, including Bernardino Ojeda, and students from Peruvian universities and from the University of Missouri. [....] The physical orientation of the temple's offering chamber is slightly different from the rest of the temple, so that it is directly aligned with the rising sun on December 21, the date of the Southern Hemisphere's summer solstice. That's when floodwater rose from the nearby Chillon River and crops should have been planted. Looking to the west, the chamber directly aligns with a natural platform over which the sun sets on June 21, marking the beginning of the harvest. At the same point in the west, people living 4,000 years ago would have observed the rising of the star constellation the Fox on March 21, when floodwater receded. [....] The Temple of the Fox is named for the etching of a fox found at the temple's entrance. In Andean cultures, the fox is associated with water. [....] It almost never rains at Buena Vista, Benfer said, so the remains found in the excavation site are in fairly good shape. They found twigs and pieces of cotton that they radio carbon-dated and found to be 4,000 years old, he said. Benfer began teaching at the University of Missouri in 1969. He retired in 2003 but continues to work with graduate students. He has been working in Peru since the 1970s, traveling there nearly every year - sometimes more than once. He has been working at the Buena Vista site for four years and discovered the Temple of the Fox in June 2004. [....]" [Based on: Article (Temple may be oldest to date / Retired UM prof says alignments suggest astronomical signs guided early Andeans farming.), p. A1 & A6, S.L.P.D., 04/25/06] 2,200 B.C. - Equinox at Aries - "The advent of the Age of Aries, shortly before the beginning of the second millennium B.C., was accompanied in Ancient Egypt by an upsurge in the worship of the god Amon whose symbol was a ram with curled horns. Work on the principal sanctuary of Amon - the Temple of Karnak at Luxor in upper Egypt - was begun at around 2,000 B.C. and, as those who have visited the temple will recall, its principal icons are rams, long rows of which guard its entrances. The period of a complete cycle of the vernal point around the celestial sphere is approximately 25,800 years. In other words, after 25,800 years, the vernal point is back at the starting point or fiduciary vernal point [zero degrees sidereal Aries]. For the same reason that astrologers have allowed for twelve signs as the sun passes through its annual orbit, this 25,800 years cycle is also divided into twelve signs, with each of these twelve signs averaging some 2,150 years each." 2,200 B.C. - Destruction of AI? / "West Bank" - See link section beginning at 29:20. Link: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/bibles-buried-secrets.html 2,200 B.C. - Indo-European Invaders? / Greece - Reportedly, "In Greece Indo-European invaders, speaking the earliest form of Greek, entered the mainland." Trivia: "The country of Greece has been inhabited since 70,000 B.C." [Based on: The History Channel , 2004] 2,200 B.C. 2,194 B.C. - Tropical "Stonehenge" / Lima, Peru - [....] Last month [May 2006], archaeologists working on a hillside north of Lima, Peru, announced the discovery of the oldest astronomical observatory in the Western Hemisphere - giant stone carvings, apparently 4,200 years old, that align with sunrise and sunset on Dec. 21. [....]" [Based on: A.P. article (Amazon stones hint at lost civilization), p. A11, S.L.P.D., 06/28/06] 2,180 B.C. - End / Akkad Empire - According to popular history, the Akkadian empire came to an end about this time, less than 40 years after the death of Naramsin. [Link: 1 ] 2,152 B.C. - 7th & 8th Egyptian Dynasties - Traditional date for the Seventh and Eighth Egyptian Dynasties [2,152 B.C.-2,130 B.C.]. [Link: 1 ] 2,144 B.C. - Gudea Rules Sumeria - Gudea of Lagash, a prominent Sumerian leader, reportedly ruled from 2,144 -2,124 B.C. [See: Asimov's Chronology Of The World, Isaac Asimov, Copyright 1991, p. 39] 2,137 B.C. - Eclipse - Reported date [October 22nd, 2,137 B.C.] for the earliest recorded eclipse according to the Shu King, the book of historical documents of ancient China. 2,135 B.C. - 9th & 10th Egyptian Dynasties - A traditional date for the Ninth and Tenth Egyptian Dynasties [2,135 B.C.-2,074 B.C.]. 2,125 B.C. - Trivia / Sumerian King Lists - Reportedly, "From the Sumerian King Lists an important caesure becomes apparent, the great Flood or Deluge. Names and events are either antediluvial or post diluvial. In later epics the flood signals the end of mythological times, when things were formed, and inaugerates the beginning of historical times. About eight [in other versions ten] antediluvial kings are mentioned with their periods of government. Extremely large areas were attributed to the kings before the flood. Added together they would have ruled for 241,200 years. Composed centuries after the times they refer to, the Sumerian King Lists were copied by generations of scribes and standardized in the process until the cononical version appeared in Old Babylonian times with kings extending up to that period. Reportedly, the surviving clay tablet was dated by the scribe who wrote it in the reign of King Utukhegal of Erech [Uruk], which places it around 2,125 B.C. After kingship had descended from heaven, Eridu became the seat of kingship. In Eridu Aululim reigned 28,800 years as king. Alalgar reigned 36,000 years. Two kings, reigned 64,800 years. Eridu was abandoned and its kingship was carried off to Bad-tabira. . . . Total: Five Cities, eight kings, reigned 241,200 years. The FLOOD then swept over. After the Flood had swept over, and kingship had descended from heaven, Kish became the seat of Kingship. In Kish. [....] Total: twenty-three kings, reigned 24,510 years, 3 months, 3 1/2 days. Kish was defeated; its kingship was carried off to Eanna. In Eanna, Meskiaggasher, the son of [the sun god] Utu reigned as En [Priest] and Lugal [King] 324 years - Meskiaggasher entered the sea, ascended the mountains. Enmerkar, the son of Meskiaggasher, the king of erech who had built Erech, reigned 420 years as king. Lugalbanda, the shepherd, reigned 1,200 years. Dumuzi the fisherman, whose city was Kua, reigned 100 years. Gilgamesh, whose father was a nomad (?) reigned 126 years. Urnungal, the son of Gilgamesh, reigned 30 years. Labasher reigned 9 years. Ennundaranna reigned 8 years. Meshede reigned 36 years. Melamanna reigned 6 years. Lugalkidul reigned 36 years. Total: twelve kings, reigned 2,130 years. Erech was defeated, its kingship was carried off to Ur. [....]" [Link: 1 ] 2,115 B.C. - Uranus-Neptune Conjunction - 2,101 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjuction - 2,100 B.C. - Egyptian Palestine - Reportedly: "During The Middle Bronze Age, Palestine became a part of the Egyptian empire. This was around 2100 B.C." 2,100 B.C. - Amorites / Damascus - According to one report, Amorites came from the Arabian peninsula and were the first important Semitic settlers in the area of Damascus. They established many small states. [Links: 1 , 2 , 3 ] 2,100 B.C. - Amorite Migration / Mesopotamia - "[....] From the 21st century BC and likely triggered by the 22nd century BC drought, a large-scale migration of Amorite tribes infiltrated Mesopotamia, precipitating the downfall of the Neo-Sumerian Third Dynasty of Ur, and acquiring a series of powerful kingdoms, culminating in the triumph under Hammurabi of one of them, that of Babylon. [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorite] - [T.D. - 07/16/09] 2,100 B.C. 2,095 B.C. - Golden Ornaments / Bulgaria - "Bulgarian archaeologists have unearthed [2005?] about 15,000 tiny golden pieces about 4,100 years old. Who made them isn't exactly known. The golden ornaments have been dug up during the past year from a tomb near the village of Dabene, about 75 miles east of the capital, Sofia, said Vasil Nikolov, an academic consultant on the excavations. He said the find rivaled that of the gold from Troy, the ancient city that was the scene of the Trojan War. 'This treasure is a bit older than Schliemann's finds in Troy, and contains much more golden ornaments,' Nikolov said. Heinrich Schliemann, an amateur German archaeologist, found the site of ancient Troy in 1868. He led ambitious excavations that proved he was right. The treasure from Bulgaria consists of miniature golden rings. Some are so finely crafted that the point where the ring is welded is invisible with an ordinary microscope. 'We don't know who these people were, but we call them proto-Thracians,' Nikolov said. [....] Bozhidar Dimitrov, director of the National History Museaum of Bulgaria, said the site consisted of a settlement and three mounds, and that excavations would continue. 'This is the oldest golden treasure ever found in Bulgaria after the Varna necropolis,' Dimitrov said. The golden artifacts from a vast burial complex discovered in the 1970s near the Black Sea port of Varna date back to the end of the fifth millennium B.C. and are internationally renowned as the world's oldest golden treasure." [Based on: A.P. article, p. A12, S.L.P.D., 08/18/05] - [Paragraph indents removed to save space - E.M.] 2,070 B.C. - Xia Dynasty / China - "The Xia dynasty (Chinese: 夏朝; pinyin: Xi� Ch�o; Wade–Giles: Hsia-Ch'ao ... c. 2070 – c. 1600 BC) is the first dynasty in traditional Chinese history. It is described in ancient historical chronicles such as the Bamboo Annals, the Classic of History and the Records of the Grand Historian. According to tradition, the dynasty was established by the legendary Yu the Great[1] after Shun, the last of the Five Emperors, gave his throne to him. The Xia was later succeeded by the Shang dynasty (1600–1046 BC). [... .]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xia_dynasty] http://www.crystalinks.com/chinahistory.html https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FMhLARFF85w 2,074 B.C. - 11th Egyptian Dynasty - A traditional date for the Eleventh Egyptian Dynasty [2074 B.C.-2064 B.C.]. [Link: 1 ] 2,057 B.C. - Neptune-Pluto Conjunction - "Neptune-Pluto cycles last about 495 years - half a millennium. They characterise an underlying driving-force behind history, an undertow of reality which marries the inevitable ram-force of Pluto with the imaginal, ideational power of Neptune." Note: "Neptune-Pluto configurations later than 600 B.C. represent estimated projections only - caluclated by subtracting alternating multiples of 493 years." [- E.M.] 2,040 B.C. - Egyptian Middle Kingdom - Traditional date for the beginning of the Egyptian Middle Kingdom period 2,040 B.C.-1,640 B.C. 2,010 B.C. - Ur-nammu / Ur - "In the early 1900's, the builders of the Baghdad railway placed a station about 120 miles north of Basra because the landmarked site was a recognized travellers' rest. Here, an enormous solitary hill rose above the desert - a hill known to the Bedouins as Tell al Muqayyar [Mound of Pitch]. But some thousands of years ago this desert waste was a lush, fertile valley with cornfields and date groves. As was soon to be discovered, within this great mound was the towering multi-levelled Temple of Ur, along with the rest of the ancient city. "In 1923 , the archaeologist Sir Charles Leonard Wooley, with a joint team from the British Museum and the University of Pennsylvania, set out to excavate the mound because some years earlier a collection of very old texts, engraved on stone cylinders, had been unearthed near the summit. One of these cylinder-seals [as they became known] had revealed the name of Ur-nammu, King of Ur in about 2,010 BC, and so it was determined that this was probably the location of Abraham's home." [Based on: Laurence Gardner, Genesis Of The Grail Kings] 2,000 B.C. - Chariots - "[....] The earliest fully developed chariots known are from the chariot burials of the Andronovo (Timber-Grave) sites of the Sintashta-Petrovka culture in modern Russia and Kazakhstan from around 2000 BC. This culture is at least partially derived from the earlier Yamna culture . It built heavily fortified settlements, engaged in bronze metallurgy on a scale hitherto unprecedented and practiced complex burial rituals reminiscent of Aryan rituals known from the Rigveda. The Sintashta-Petrovka chariot burials yield spoke-wheeled chariots. The Andronovo culture over the next few centuries spread across the steppes from the Urals to the Tien Shan, likely corresponding to early Indo-Iranian cultures which eventually spread to Iran, Pakistan and parts of India in the course of the 2nd millennium BC. [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chariot] 2,000 B.C. - Aryan City / Russia-Kazakhstan Border - "4,000-Year-Old Aryan City Discovered Near Russia-Kazakhstan Border " [Based on: Title for AHN News Staff article (4,000-Year-Old Aryan City Discovered Near Russia-Kazakhstan Border), October 5, 2010 1:49 p.m. EST] http://www.allheadlinenews.com/articles/7020118366?4,000-Year-Old%20Aryan%20City%20Discovered%20Near%20Russia-Kazakhstan%20Border Trivia: "[....] Although the settlement was burned and abandoned, much detail is preserved. Arkaim is similar in form but much better preserved than neighbouring Sintashta , where the earliest chariot was unearthed. The site was protected by two circular walls. There was a central square, surrounded by two circles of dwellings separated by a street. The settlement covered ca. 20,000 m2 (220,000 sq ft). The diameter of the enclosing wall was 160 m (520 ft). It was built from earth packed into timber frames, and reinforced with unburned clay brick, with a thickness of 4–5 m (13–16 ft). and a height of 5.5 m (18 ft). The settlement was surrounded with a 2 m (6 ft 7 in)-deep moat. [....] The 17th century date suggests that the settlement was about co-eval to, or just post-dating, the Indo-Aryan migration into South Asia and Mesopotamia (the Gandhara grave culture appearing in the Northern Pakistan from ca. 1600 BC, the Indo-European Mitanni rulers reached Anatolia before 1500 BC, both roughly 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) removed from the Sintashta-Petrovka area), and that it was either an early Iranian culture, or an unknown branch of Indo-Iranian that did not survive into historical times. [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkaim] 2,000 B.C. 2,000 B.C. - Incas / Peru - "Archaeologists have found evidence to show that the Incan culture grew out of a long slow development of civilization in the valley of Cusco and neighboring areas. The ancestors of the Incans lived in Peru as early as 2,000 B.C." [Links: 1 , 2 ] 2,000 B.C. - Trivia / Baalbek - "Situated in the Bekaa Valley, it was dedicated to Baal, the Phoenician god of rain and sun. During the period of Roman rule, Alexander the Great, Pompey, Julius Caesar, Hadrian and Caracalla all had a hand at restoring Baalbek’s temples, which dated to the 2nd millennium B.C., and building new ones. In 748 the Arabs came and in 1,400, the Mongol chieftain, Tamerlane." Links: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek 2,000 B.C. - Trivia / Mithraism - According to Persian mythology, Mithras was born of a virgin given the title 'Mother of God'. The name Mithras was the Persian word for 'contract.' Mithras was also known throughout Europe and Asia by the names Mithra, Mitra, Meitros, Mihr, Mehr, and Meher. The veneration of this God began about 4,000 years ago [2,000 B.C.] in Persia, where it was soon imbedded with Babylonian doctrines. [NP] Mithraism apparently originated in the Eastern Mediterranean around the first or second centuries BC. It was practiced in the Roman Empire since the first century BC, and reached its apogee around the third through fourth centuries AD, when it was very popular among the Roman soldiers. Mithraism disappeared from overt practice after the Theodosian decree of AD 391 banned all pagan rites, and it apparently became extinct thereafter. [....] Roman worship of Mithras began sometime during the early Roman empire, perhaps during the late first century of the Common Era (hereafter CE), and flourished from the second through the fourth century BCE. during which it came under the influence of Greek and Roman mythologies. The Mithraic cult maintained secrecy. Its teaching were only reveled to initiates. [....] In every Mithraic temple, the place of honor was occupied by a representation of Mithras killing a sacred bull, called a tauroctony. It has been more recently proposed that the tauroctony is a symbolic representation of the constellations rather than an originally Iranian animal sacrifice scene (Ulansey, 1991). [....] The identification of an "age" with a particular zodiac constellation is based on the sun's position during the vernal equinox. Before 2000 BC, the Sun could have been seen against the stars of the constellation of Taurus at the time of vernal equinox [had there been an eclipse]. Due to the precession of the equinoxes, on average every 2,160 years the Sun appears against the stars of a new constellation at vernal equinox. The current astrological age started when the equinox precessed into the constellation of Pisces, in about the year 150 BC, with the "Age of Aquarius" starting in AD 2600. [....] [Based on: http://www.crystalinks.com/mithra.html] 2,000 B.C. - Trivia / Cappadocia - "The Hittites lived around what is now Cappadocia. They mixed with the already-settled Hatti and were followed by the Lydians, Phrygians, Byzantines, Romans and Greeks. The name Cappadocia comes from the Hittite for 'land of pretty horses'." 2,000 B.C. - Trivia / Gawra, Assyria - "At Gawra, Assyria, a prehistoric seal was found bearing the figure of a man, a woman, a tree and a serpent, and this city had ceased to exist by 2000 B.C." [Based on: Deceptions And Myths Of The Bible, Lloyd M. Grahm] 2,000 B.C. - End / Sumerian Dynasty - "After the last Sumerian dynasty fell around 2,000 B.C., Mesopotamia drifted into conflict and chaos for almost a century. It is quite likely that the Third Dynasty of Ur, in Sumer, established around 2,000 B.C. a number of colonies called Ur in tablets from Nuzu, Alalakh and Hattusa. The Ur of the Chaldees, where Abraham was born, seems to have been one of the northern Urs. After the collapse of the Ur Dynasty, the colony continued its commercial way of life under the new masters who took over." [Links: 1 ] Trivia: "Abraham's home, Ur of the Chaldees, was a prominent city of the Sumerian Empire, and contemporary texts record that Ur was sacked by the king of nearby Elam soon after 2,000 BC. Although the city was rebuilt, the center of power then moved north to Haran in the kingdom of Mari. This was the very city to which Terah took Abraham and the others. But Haran was not just the name of a flourishing city: it was also the name of Abraham's brother [the father of Lot], who had died before the family left Ur of the Chaldees [Genesis 11:27-28]. Other cities in northern Mesopotamia were also named in accordance with Abraham's forefathers, as discovered by archaeologists excavating the region from 1934. In studying the clay tablets of reports from governors and commissioners of the era, they found the names of Terah [Abraham's father], Nahor [Terah's father], Serug [Nahor's father], and Peleg [Serug's grandfather]. "Clearly the patriarchs represented no ordinary family, but constituted a very powerful dynasty. But why would such a long-standing heritage of prominence and renown come to an abrupt end and force Abraham out of Mesopotamia into Canaan? A Sumerian text from 1960 BC [at about the time Terah moved his family from Ur to Haran] could well hold the initial key, for it states, 'The gods have abandoned us like migrating birds. Smoke lies on our cities like a shroud'." Trivia: "The family of the Hebrew patriarchs [Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob] is depicted in the Bible as having had its chief seat in the northern Mesopotamian town of Harran - then [mid-2nd millennium B.C.] belonging to the Hurrian kingdom of Mitanni. From there Abraham, the founder of the Hebrew people, is said to have migrated to Canaan [comprising roughly the region of modern Israel and Lebanon]. In Genesis 14, Abram [Abraham] is called a Hebrew [abrv] and is portrayed as a fighting prince. Reportedly, the initial level of Israelite culture resembled that of its surroundings; it was neither wholly original nor primitive. The tribal structure resembled that of West Semitic steppe dwellers known from the 18th-century-B.C. tablets excavated at the north central Mesopotamian city of Mari; their family customs and law have parallels in Old Babylonian and Hurro-Semite law of the early and middle 2nd millennium." Trivia: "Legends from Mecca indicate that the prophet Abraham built the Kaaba about this time. The Kaaba is a shrine meaning cube in Arabic, that enclosed the idols of their gods. Religious rituals were performed around the Kaaba which had a black stone embedded into a corner, said to be a gift to Abraham from the angel Gabriel for his belief in one god. By AD 500 more than 360 idols were housed within the Kaaba." 2,000 B.C. - Middle Kingdom / Egypt - "[....] ... by the year 2,000 B.C., Egypt was just beginning to recover from a period of feudalism in which both the economy and military power declined. [....] At the opening of this period [2000 B.C. to 1500 B.C.], Egypt had established a centralized government once again. This was the 'Middle Kingdom' under the rulers of the 12th Dynasty (as opposed to the 'Old Kingdom' of the pyramid-builders). [....]" [Based on: Asimov's Chronology Of The World, Isaac Asimov, Copyright 1991, pp. 38&39] 2,000 B.C. - Trivia / Chinese Pyramids - "According to Childress [Lost Cities of China..., Adventures Unlimited 1991], China's Great Pyramid is said to be at least 4,000 years old, and likely much older. It is said that its sides were originally painted black on the North, blue-gray [or faded green] on the East, red on the South, white on the West, and yellow on the top Center platform." [Link: 1 ] 2,000 B.C. - Trivia / Minoan Civilization - "Reportedly, "Crete was the cradle of the Minoan Civilization, which spanned roughly from 2,000 B.C to 1,200 B.C. In addition to incredible frescoes, indoor plumbing (!), the Minoans also developed the first written system of Europe. " [Links: 1 ] 2,000 B.C. - Caucasian Mummies / China - "Cherchen Man [a six-foot tall male Caucasian dead for about 3,000 years and buried in non-native garments made of wool], along with dozens of other perfectly preserved mummies found in Turkestan, in western China, has stood archaeology on its ears. When the earliest of these Central Asian corpses, nestled into the sands of tarim basin, about 2,000 B.C. or a little after, the pyramids of Egypt had already stood for half a millennium, but the best known pharaohs, Ramesses II and King Tut were rather more than five hundred years into the future. Next door in Mesopotamia, the Sumerians were already dying out and Hammurabi was soon to set up his famous law code; the Greeks and Romans had not yet even arrived in Greece and Italy from the northeast. On the other hand, 'Ice Man,' the late Stone Age body found in 1991 by hikers in the Alps, had died well over a thousand years before." Links: http://www.burlingtonnews.net/redhairedmummieschina.html 2,000 B.C. - Trivia / Ancient Temple, Peru - "A 4,000-year-old temple filled with murals has been unearthed on the northern coast of Peru, making it one of the oldest finds in the Americas, a leading archaeologist said on Saturday. [....]" It sits in the Lambayeque valley, near the ancient Sipan complex that Alva unearthed in the 1980s. Ventarron was built long before Sipan, about 2,000 years before Christ, he said. [NP] 'It's a temple that is about 4,000 years old,' Alva, director of the Museum Tumbas Reales (Royal Tombs) of Sipan, told Reuters by telephone after announcing the results of carbon dating at a ceremony north of Lima sponsored by Peru's government. [....]" [Based on: Reuters article (Temple built 4,000 years ago unearthed in Peru) by By Marco Aquino, 11/10/07] Links: http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20071111/sc_nm/peru_archaeology_dc 2,000 B.C. - Prehistoric Paintings / West Texas - "COMSTOCK , (AP) - A complex colorful mural painted on canyon walls some 4,000 years ago in West Texas is getting modern laser treatment as researchers try to unlock its mysteries and protect it from the unintended consequences of a nearby reservoir. [....] Carbon dating shows the Panther Cave paintings - a combined 150 feet wide and 13 feet high - were made by prehistoric Native Americans at the same time the Egyptians were constructing the pyramids. Some images have human characteristics, some are unknown and some are animal figures, including the cave's unmistakable signature 12-foot-long leaping red panther. The animal guards the hollowed out cavern overlooking the Rio Grande about 50 miles west of Del Rio. [....]" [Based on: A.P. article (West Texas prehistoric paintings get laser study) by MICHAEL GRACZYK, 05/29/11] http://www.beaumontenterprise.com/news/article/West-Texas-prehistoric-paintings-get-laser-study-1400797.php 2,000 B.C. - Agriculture-Based Settlements? / Cyprus - "[....] Archaeologists in Cyprus found evidence that inhabitants of the Mediterranean island may have abandoned a nomadic lifestyle for agriculture-based settlements earlier than previously believed. [NP] The excavations at the Politiko-Troullia site, near the capital Nicosia, unearthed a series of households around a communal courtyard, and proof of intensive animal husbandry and crop-processing, according to a statement today on the Web site of the Cypriot Interior Ministry’s Public Information Office. [NP] The dig revealed copper metallurgy and sophisticated ceramic technology during the middle part of the Bronze Age, or between 4,000 and 3,500 years ago, the statement said. Archaeologists had previously believed that such settlements, which went on to evolve into cities, only began developing toward the end of the middle Bronze Age. [....]" [My brackets. NP = new paragraph. - E.M.] [Based on: Archaeologynews.org article: (Cyprus Digs Reveal First Settlements May Be Older Than Thought) by Paul Tugwell - Last Updated: July 22, 2009 07:33 EDT] http://www.archaeologynews.org/story.asp?ID=472030&Title=Cyprus Digs Reveal First Settlements May Be Older Than Thought 1,971 B.C. - Sesostris I Rules Egypt - Reportedly, Sesostris I ruled in Egypt. 1,958 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjunction - 1,953 B.C. - Planetary Conjunction - "The five visible planets - Saturn, Venus, Mercury, Mars, and Jupiter - were believed to be the ministers of Shangdi, the Lord on High. Their conjunction in the predawn sky of February 1,953 B.C. was thought to indicate Shangdi's conferral of the right to rule on the Xia Dynasty." 1,944 B.C. - Uranus-Neptune Conjunction - 1,937 B.C. - 12th Egyptian Dynasty - A traditional date for the 12th Egyptian Dynasty [1937 B.C.-1908 B.C.]. [Link: 1 ] 4. Baktun 3. Baktun of the Sacred Mountain. 1930-1536 B.C. 3.0.0.0.0 Middle and New Kingdom in Egypt; relocation of center to Sacred Mountain of the West, Valley of the Kings, marks decision of Egyptians to perpetuate dynastic rule, consolidates pattern of defensive territorialism as norm for civilized life. Waves of invaders - Hittites, Aryans; destruction of Minoan, Indus civilizations. [Based on: The Mayan Factor / Path Beyond Technology, by Jose Arguelles, Copyright 1939-, 1987, p. 114] 1,900 B.C. - Enuma Elish - A reported date for the writing of the Enuma Elish, the Babylonian Creation Myth. The 19th century was believed to be the time when Babylonia began compiling Old Sumerian history into epic form. [Link: 1 ] 1,900 B.C. - Yueshi culture - "The Yueshi culture [ 岳石文化 Yu� sh� w�nhu�] of the Shandong region of China, is dated from 1900 to 1500 BC. It spanned the period from the Late Neolithic to the early Bronze Age. In the Shandong area, it followed the Longshan culture period (c. 2600–1900 BC), and was later replaced by the Erligang culture. [...] Yueshi was contemporary with the Erlitou culture and the early Erligang culture, both located to its west. The Tai-Yi Mountains (泰沂山脉) region in central Shandong is the core area of Yueshi, but as the Erligang state (commonly identified with the early Shang dynasty) expanded, Yueshi declined and retreated to the Shandong Peninsula in the east.[1] [... .]" [Based on: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yueshi_culture] 1,900 B.C. - Erlitou culture - "The Erlitou culture [二里头文化 �r lǐtou w�nhu�] is an early Bronze Age urban society and archaeological culture that existed in China from approximately 1900 to 1500 BC.[1] The culture was named after the site discovered at Erlitou in Yanshi, Henan. The culture was widely spread throughout Henan and Shanxi and later appeared in Shaanxi and Hubei. Chinese archaeologists generally identify the Erlitou culture as the site of the Xia dynasty, but there is no firm evidence, such as writing, to substantiate such a linkage.[2] [... .]" [Based on: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erlitou_culture] 1,900 B.C. - Amorites / Palestine - "Palestine was invaded by North Western Semites who came from Asia Minor, these Indo-Aryans nomadic desert tribes destroyed most of the cities in Palestine by 1900 B.C., they were a tall fair race they were called the Amorite [from the Babylonian word Amurru 'westerner']. The Amorites settled first in the Northern and the Eastern parts of Palestine then settled as Hill tribes in the South West of Palestine. Egypt was invaded also by the desert nomadic tribes the Amorites who destroyed Palestine [Hyksos kingdom in Egypt]." [Link: 1 ] Links: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorite 1,900 B.C. - Melchizedek? / Salem - Reportedly, "King Melchizedek ruled Salem before it became Jerusalem. He charged everybody in his domain a flat 10% tax." 1,900 B.C. - Amorites / Mesopotamia - Reportedly: "Around 1,900 B.C., a group of Semites - Canaanites - called the Amorites - had managed to gain control of most of the Mesopotamian region." Reportedly: the Amorite name means 'the high one.' " [Links: 1 , 2 ] 1,890 B.C. - Babylonian Era - "In its very oldest form, Marduk's story might be 1000 years older than the Genesis account, but it is distinctly Babylonian and the Babylonian era began in about 1890 BC. Prior to that was the Sumerian era from about 3800 BC to 1960 BC - the era of the kings of Eridu, Kish, Shuruppak, Larsa and Ur. It is within the records of ancient Sumer that Marduk's original prototype appears, and it is from these that we find the first account of Adam." [Based on: Genesis Of The Grail Kings, Laurence Gardner] [Link: 1 ] Trivia: "(CNN) - Over 1,000 years before Pythagoras was calculating the length of a hypotenuse (6th century B.C.?), sophisticated scribes in Mesopotamia were working with the same theory to calculate the area of their farmland. [....] 'This is nearly 4,000 years ago and there's no other ancient culture at that time that we know of that is doing anything like that level of work. It seems to be going beyond anything that daily life needs,' he [Alexander Jones, a Professor of the History of the Exact Sciences in Antiquity at New York University.] said. [....]" [Based on: CNN World article (Pythagoras, a math genius? Not by Babylonian standards) By Laura Allsop for CNN - December 17, 2010 9:34 a.m. EST] Link: http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/meast/12/17/old.babylonian.math/index.html?hpt=C2 1,878 B.C. - Sesostris III Rules Egypt - Sesostris III rules [1878- 843 B.C.] in Egypt during the 12th Dynasty. 1,850 B.C. - Hebrew Settlement? / Canaan - "The Genesis account of Abraham and his immediate descendants may indicate that there were three main waves of early Hebrew settlement in Canaan, the modern Israel. One was associated with Abraham and Hebron and took place in about 1850 BCE. A second wave of immigration was linked with Abraham's grandson Jacob, who was renamed Israel ['May God show his strength!']; he settled in Shechem, which is now the Arab town of Nablus on the West bank. The Bible tells us that Jacob's sons, who became the ancestors of the twelve tribes of Israel, emigrated to Egypt during a sever famine in Canaan. The third wave of Hebrew settlement occured in about 1200 BCE when tribes who claimed to be descendants of Abraham arrived in Canaan from Egypt. They said that they had been enslaved by the Egyptians but had been liberated by a deity called Yahweh, who was the god of their leader Moses. After they had forced their way into Canaan, they allied themselves with the Hebrews there and became known as the people of Israel. The Bible makes it clear that the people we know as the ancient Israelites were a confederation of various ethnic groups, bound together principally by their loyalty to Yahweh, the God of Moses. The biblical account was written down centuries later, however, in about the eigth century BCE, though it certainly drew on earlier narrative sources." [Based on: A History of God, Karen Armstrong, pp. 11-12] 1,847 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjunction - 18th Century B.C. Links: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_century_BC 1,800 B.C. - Buddha? - "[....] So if we arrive at the date of 1500 BC for the Buddhist Mauryan emperor Ashoka, as per the Buddhist scriptures, we can easily arrive at the date of the Buddha. Buddha precedes Ashoka by two hundred and eighteen years. So this would put Buddha at anywhere between 1700 BC and 1800 BC. This roughly tallies with the Puranic calculations as well, which put Buddha’s date to around 1800–1900 BC." [Based on: Boloji.com article (Buddha has to be Dated to 1800 BC), by Prithviraj R - Source: Excepts from author's forthcoming book on history - 19000 Years of World History: The Story of Religion. He can be reached at [email protected]] Link: http://www.boloji.com/history/047.htm - [T.D. - 06/21/09] 1,800 B.C. - Amorites / Babylon - "[....] A tribe known as the 'Amorites,' speaking a Semitic language, took over a small Akkadian town called Bab-ilum (Akkadian for 'Gate of God') about 1,800 B.C., and made it their capital. It then entered a 1500-year period of greatness. The later Greeks called it Babylon, and the region that had been thought of as Sumeria for 3000 years came to be called Babylonia. [....]" [Based on: Asimov's Chronology Of The World, Isaac Asimov, Copyright 1991, p. 40] 1,800 B.C. - Hyksos / Nile Delta - "c. 1800 BC: Hyksos start to settle in the Nile Delta. They had the capital at Avaris in northeastern Nile Delta." [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_century_BC] Trivia: "An archaeological dig was undertaken by Manfred Bietak, of the University of Vienna at Tell ed-Daba, at a site in the eastern Nile delta identified as Avaris, the reported Hyksos capital. Excavations there show a gradual increase of Canaanite influence in the styles of pottery, architeture and tombs from around 1800 BCE." 1,792 B.C. - Hammurabi rules Babylon - "(middle chronology) – Hammurabi rules Babylonia and has to deal with Mari, which he conquers late in his career." [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_century_BC] 1,785 B.C. - Rise of Nubian Empire / Egypt - "[....] This powerful dynasty [Nubian] rose just as Egypt's Middle Kingdom declined around 1785 B.C. By 1500 B.C. the Nubian empire stretched between the Second and Fifth Cataracts [Nile River]. [....]" [Based on: Article ( AN IGNORED CHAPTER OF HISTORY TELLS OF A TIME WHEN KINGS FROM DEEP IN AFRICA CONQURED ANCIENT EGYPT / Black Pharaohs, by Robert Draper, N.G.M. (February 2008), p. 40] 1,783 B.C. - 13th Egyptian Dynasty - A traditionaldate for the 13th Egyptian Dynasty [1783 B.C.-1640 B.C.]. [Link: 1 ] 1,773 B.C. - Uranus-Neptune Conjunction - 1,770 B.C. - Babylon - "Babylon, capital of Babylonia becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Thebes, capital of Egypt.[1]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_century_BC] 1,760 B.C. - Gilgamesh Epic? - A reported date for the writing of the Gilgamesh Epic. Other dates associated with the writing of this epic include: 1,600 B.C. According to one translation, the Babylonian name for the Epic of Gilgamesh is "He who Saw Everything." [Link: 1 ] 1,760 B.C. - Kassites / Babylon - "In Babylonia, about 1,760 B.C., the Kassites who conquered the land from western Iran, had a god written down as 'Suriias' - the Indo-Iranian, Suryas." Links: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassites 1,749 B.C. - Shamshi-Adad I Rules Assyria - Shamshi-Adad I rules [1749-1717 B.C.] in Assyria. 1,728 B.C. - Hammurabi Rules Babylon - "[....] In 1728 B.C., Hammurabi (d. 1686 B.C.) became king in Babylon and spread his rule over all of Babylonia. He is rememberd, in history, chiefly because of a stone pillar, dating back to his reign, still exists. It is inscribed with a law-code. [....]" [Based on: Asimov's Chronology Of The World, Isaac Asimov, Copyright 1991, p. 40] 1,720 B.C. - Joseph / Egypt? - "It is traditionally presumed that Joseph was sold into slavery in Egypt in the 1720's BC and was made Governor by the Pharaoh a decade or so later. Afterwards, his father Jacob [whose name was later changed to Israel] and seventy family members followed him into Goshen to escape the famine in Canaan. Notwithstanding this, Genesis 47:11, Exodus 1:11 and Numbers 33:30 all refer to 'the land of Ramesses' [Egyptian: 'the house of Ramesses'] - but this was a complex of grain storehouses built by the Israelites for Ramesses II in Goshen some 300 years after they were supposedly there!" [Based on: The Bible Unearthed, Israel Finkelstein & Neil Asher Silberman] 1,704 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjunction - 17th Century B.C. Links: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1700_BC 1,700 B.C. - Rig Veda - "It is one of the oldest extant texts of any Indo-European language. Philological and linguistic evidence indicate that the Rigveda was composed in the north-western region of the Indian subcontinent, roughly between 1700–1100 BC[4] (the early Vedic period). There are strong linguistic and cultural similarities with the early Iranian Avesta, deriving from the Proto-Indo-Iranian times, often associated with the early Andronovo (Sintashta-Petrovka) culture of ca. 2200-1600 BC. [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rig_Veda] - [T.D. - 01/27/10] 1,700 B.C. - Cities / Nubia - "Nubia, known as the Kingdom of Kush in the Bible. By this time the Nubians have established sizable cities with a class society of workers, farmers, priests, soldiers bureaucrats and an aristocracy with technological and cultural skills on a level with other advanced civilizations of their day." 1,700 B.C. - Proto-Canaanite - According to reports: "Proto-Canaanite, also known as Proto-Sinaitic, was the first consonantal alphabet. Even a quick and cursory glance at its inventory of signs makes it very apparent of this script's Egyptian origin. It is thought that at around 1,700 BCE, Sinai was conquered by Egypt (for its turquoise mines and trade routes). Egyptian influence must have poured into the local West-Semitic speaking population, who, among other things, adopted a small number of hieroglyphic signs (probably no more than 22) to write down their language. In the Old Testament, the Hebrews never call their language 'Hebrew' or 'Israelite,' but quite correctly 'the language of Canaan.' " [Link: 1 ] 1,700 B.C. - Earthquakes / Crete - "Knossos (Crete) was first destroyed by an earthquake. Mycenae, the great city of the Peloponnesus, was another earthquake victim about this time." 1,700 B.C. - Aryan Invasion? / Indus Valley - "In the seventeenth century BCE, Aryans from what is now Iran had invaded the Indus valley and subdued the indigenous population. They had imposed their religious ideas, which we find expressed in the collection of odes known as the Rig-Veda. There we find a multitude of Gods, expressing many of the same values as the deities of the Middle East presenting the forces of nature as instinct with power, life and personality." [Based on: A History of God, Karen Armstrong, p. 28] 1,700 B.C. - Massive Fortification / Canaan - "Archaeologists in east Jerusalem have uncovered a 3,700-year-old wall, which is the oldest example of massive fortifications to ever be discovered in the city, according to a statement made by the Israel Antiquities Authority on Wednesday [09/02/09]. [....] The wall dates to the 17th century BC, when Jerusalem was a small yet strong isolated group controlled by the Canaanites, which is one of the groups that the Bible refers to as living in the Holy Land before being conquered by the Hebrew conquest. [....]" [Based on: Archaeology News article (Oldest Wall In Jerusalem Found) - Posted on: Friday, 4 September 2009, 06:37 CDT] 1,700 B.C. - Trivia / New Year Festival, Babylon - "Like other people in the ancient world, the Babylonians attributed their cultural achievements to the gods, who had revealed their own lifestyle to their mythical ancestors. Thus Babylon itself was supposed to be an image of heaven, with each of its temples a replica of a celestial palace. This link with the divine world was celebrated and perpetuated annually in the great New Year Festival, which had been firmly established by the seventeenth century BCE. Celebrated in the holy city of Babylon during the month of Nisan - our April - the Festival solemnly enthroned the king and established his reign for another year. Yet this political stability could only endure insofar as it participated in the more enduring and effective government of the gods, who had brought order out of chaos when they had created the world. The eleven sacred days of the Festival thus projected the participants outside profane time and into the sacred eternal world of the gods by means of ritual gestures. A scapegoat was killed to cancel the old, dying year; the public humiliation of the king and the enthronement of a carnival king in his place reproduced the original chaos; a mock battle reenacted the struggle of the gods against the forces of destruction. "These symbolic actions thus had a sacramental value; they enabled the people of Babylon to immerse themselves in the sacred power of mana on which their own great civilization depended. Culture was felt to be a fragile achievement, which could always fall pray to the forces of disorder and disintegration. On the afternoon of the fourth day of the Festival, priests and choristers filed into the Holy of Holies to recite the Enuma Elish, the epic poem whic celebrated the victory of the gods over chaos. The story was not a factual account of the physical origins of life upon earth, but was a deliberately symbolic attempt to suggest a great mystery and to release its sacred power." [Based on: A History of God, Karen Armstrong, pp. 6-7] 1,700 B.C. - Ancient England: Wayland's Smithy - "[....] As a mortuary site, Wayland’s Smithy was originally a timber mortuary house. About 3700 BCE, Neolithic farmers constructed a large house with two large posts at each end to hold up the roof. [....]" [Based on: DAILY KOS article (Ancient England: Wayland's Smithy) Sun Oct 02, 2011 at 08:11 AM PDT, by Ojibwa - Originally posted to Ojibwa on Sun Oct 02, 2011 at 08:11 AM PDT.] http://www.dailykos.com/story/2011/10/02/1022096/-Ancient-England:-Waylands-Smithy?via=siderecent 1,680 B.C. - Labarnas I Rules Hatti - Labarnas I rules the kingdom of Hatti from 1,680-1,650 B.C. [Link: 1 ] 1,670 B.C. - Hyksos Invasion? / Egypt - "Manetho described a massive, brutal invasion of Egypt by foreigners from the east, whom he called Hyksos, an enigmatic Greek form of an Egyptian word that he translated as 'shepard kings' but that actually means 'rulers of foreign lands.' Manetho reported that the Hyksos established themselves in the delta at a city named Avaris. And they founded a dynasty there that ruled Egypt with great cruelty for more than 500 years. In the early years of modern research, scholars identified the Hyksos with the kings of the Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt, who ruled from about 1670 to 1570 BCE. The early scholars accepted Mantheo's report quite literally and sought evidence for a powerful foreign nation or ethnic group that came from afar to invade and conquer Egypt. Subsequent studies showed that inscriptions and seals bearing the names of Hyksos rulers were West Semitic - in other words, Canaanite. Recent archaeological excavations in the eastern Nile delta have confirmed that conclusion and indicate that the Hyksos 'invasion' was a gradual process of immigration from Canaan to Egypt, rather than a lightning military campaign." [Based on: Israel Finkelstein & Neil Asher Silberman, The Bible Unearthedpp. 54-55.] [Link: 1 ] 1,650 B.C. - Israelites? / Egypt - According to one report, this was the time when the Israelites were in Egypt [Jacob, Joseph]. 1,650 B.C. - Abydos Dynasty / Egypt - "Researchers from the University of Pennsylvania’s Penn Museum have made a discovery of epic proportions at the Egyptian dig site of Abydos. Archaeologists have unearthed the remains of the previously unknown Pharaoh [2014], Woseribre Senebkay. Along with this amazing discovery, comes proof that the Abydos Dynasty from 1650-1600 BC existed. [N.P.] The team from the museum, working closely with Egypt’s Supreme Council of Antiquities, revealed King Senebkay’s tomb close to the larger vault belonging to King Sobekhotep of the Thirteenth Dynasty of 1780 BC. [...] The Abydos site has been excavated by Penn Museum scholars since 1967 as a combined effort from Pennsylvania-Yale-Institute of Fine Arts/NYU Expedition to Abydos. The dig site is located on the western side of the Nile in Upper Egypt and was a religious center associated with the funerary god Osiris. [... .]" [Based on: redorbit.com article (Archaeologists Unearth An Unknown Pharaoh’s Tomb In Egypt) by Gerard LeBlond, 01/17/14] Link: http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1113049294/ancient-egyptian-tomb-unearthed-unknown-pharaoh-011714/ 1,640 B.C. - 14th Egyptian Dynasty - 1640 B.C. - 1540 B.C. encompasses the 14th, 15th, 16th, and 17th Egyptian Dynasties. [Link: 1 ] 1,634 B.C. - Senakht-en-Re / Egypt - "A new king has been added to the long list of ancient pharaohs, the Egyptian Minister of State for Antiquities, Mohamed Ibrahim, announced this week. [NP] The king's name, Senakht-en-Re, emerged from the engraved remains of a limestone door found by a French-Egyptian team in the Temple of Karnak complex on Luxor’s east bank. [...] Belonging to an administrative structure dating to the enigmatic 17th Dynasty (about 1634-1543 BC) the limestone remains featured hieroglyphics which indicated that the door was dedicated to Amun-Re. [...] At that time, the town was under the rule of the Hyksos. Known as the "rulers of foreign countries" (probably of Asiatic roots), they infiltrated Egypt and came to dominate the Nile valley for over a century during the Second Intermediate Period (1664-1569 B.C.). [....]" [Based on: FoxNews article (All hail the new king: New ancient Egyptian pharaoh discovered) Written By Rossella Lorenzi, Published March 08, 2012 - Discovery News http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2012/03/08/all-hail-new-king-new-king-ancient-egypt-discovered/?intcmp=features 1,628 B.C. - Volcanic Eruption / Thera - "New data about climatically-effective volcanic eruptions during the past several thousand years may be contained in frost-damage zones in the annual rings of [pine] trees. There is good agreement in the timing of frost events and recent eruptions, and the damage can be plausibly linked to climatic effects of stratospheric aerosol veils on hemispheric and global scales. The cataclysmic proto-historic eruption of Santorini [Thera], in the Aegean, is tentatively dated to 1,628-1,626 B.C. from frost-ring evidence. Other dates attributed to the eruption of Thera include: 1,645, 1,503, and 1,470 B.C." Trivia: 1630-1600 B.C. and 1628 B.C. dates are mentioned in National Geographic Channel program [04/23/11] entitled: Biblical Plagues: The Final Torments. Trivia: "Recent examinations of the eruption of the Santorini volcano suggest that it occurred very close (estimated between 1660-1613 BC) to the first appearances of the Sea People in Egypt.[43] The eruption and its aftermath (fires, tsunami, weather changes and famines) would have had wide-ranging effects across the Mediterranean, the Levant and particularly Greece, and could have provided the impetus for invasions of other regions of the Mediterranean." [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Peoples] 16th Century B.C. Links: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1600_BC 1,600 B.C. - Hellens / Greece - "[....] By 1600 B.C., invading tribes from the north entered the land we now call Greece, and they were the people we call Greeks (They themselves called the land Hellas, and themselves Hellenes. The name 'Greece' was first used by the Romans). [....]" [Based on: Asimov's Chronology Of The World, Isaac Asimov, Copyright 1991, p. 41] Trivia: "The country of Greece has been inhabited since 70,000 B.C." [Based on: The History Channel, 2004] Links: http://www.crystalinks.com/greekhistory.html 1,600 B.C. - Early Vedic Period - "Reportedly, according to one version of popular history, this was the beginning of the Early Vedic period [1,600-1,000 B.C.] of Indian civilization. Reportedly, the Vedas have been passed down through oral tradition for over 10,000 years, appearing in written form between 2,000 - 4,000 B.C." Trivia: "The Vedic Period (or Vedic Age) is the period in the history of India during which the Vedas, the oldest sacred texts of Hinduism, were being composed. Scholars place the Vedic period in the second and first millennia BCE continuing up to the 6th century BCE based on literary evidence. [NP] The associated culture, sometimes referred to as Vedic civilization, was centered in northern and northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent. Its early phase saw the formation of various kingdoms of ancient India. In its late phase (from ca. 600 BCE), it saw the rise of the Mahajanapadas, and was succeeded by the Maurya Empire (from ca. 320 BCE), the golden age, classical age of Sanskrit literature, and the Middle kingdoms of India. [....]" [Based on: Wikipedia Article: Vedic period - see link] Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedic_period - [T.D. - 10/26/08] 1,600 B.C. - Shang Dynasty / China - "The Shang dynasty (Chinese: 商朝; pinyin: Shāng ch�o) or Yin Dynasty (Chinese: 殷代; pinyin: Yīn d�i), according to traditional historiography, ruled in the Yellow River valley in the second millennium BC, succeeding the Xia dynasty and followed by the Zhou dynasty. The classic account of the Shang comes from texts such as the Classic of History, Bamboo Annals and Records of the Grand Historian. According to the traditional chronology based upon calculations made approximately 2,000 years ago by Liu Xin, the Shang ruled from 1766 BC to 1122 BC, but according to the chronology based upon the 'current text' of Bamboo Annals, they ruled from 1556 BC to 1046 BC. The Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project dated them from c. 1600 BC to 1046 BC." [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shang_Dynasty] 1,600 B.C. - Astrology Text / Babylon - "The earliest extant Babylonian astrology text is the Enuma Anu Enlil (literally meaning 'When the gods Anu and Enlil...'), dating back to 1600 B.C. This text describes various astronomical omens and their application to national and political affairs. For example, a segment of the text says: 'If in Nisannu the sunrise appears sprinkled with blood, battles [follow].' Nisannu is the Babylonian month corresponding to March/April in the Western calendar. [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_astrology] - [T.D. - 08/02/08] 1,600 B.C. - Hittite Civilization / Mesopotamia - "The Hittites Empire stretched from Mesopotamia to Syria and Palestine. Their invasion spelled the end of the Old Babylonian Empire in Mesopotamia. The Hittite civilization dominated Mesopotamia from 1,600 B.C. to 1,200 B.C. The Bible mentions the Hittites among the early inhabitants of Palestine, and that intermarriage between Hebrews and Hittites took place. Ezekiel 16:3 goes so far as to tell the Jerusalemites that they are a hybrid people; their father, so to speak, is Amorite, and their mother, Hittite." Links: http://www.crystalinks.com/hittites.html 1,600 B.C. - Nebra Sky Disk / Mittelberg Germany - "The recent discovery of an astronomical artifact that is probably about 3600 years old just goes to show how little we really know about our ancestors. The location? Atop the Mittelberg, a 252m hill in the Ziegelroda Forest, 180km south-west of Berlin, in the German state of Saxony-Anhalt. The place of discovery, on the mountain's summit, has been compared to the Stonehenge ritual site in Britain. The artifact? Archaeologists are investigating a 32cm bronze-and-gold disc that maps 32 stars, including the Pleiades. The stars are shown as they appear in reference to a local mountain on the horizon, the Brocken. The Brocken is fabled in northern European mythology as the place where witches gather for a coven every April 3. The artifact was discovered within a pit inside a Bronze Age ringwall. The ringwall was built in such a way that the sun seemed to disappear every equinox behind the Brocken. Since the Mittelberg is near the German town of Nebra, the star map has been dubbed the 'Nebra Disc.' Experts believe the map and site formed an observatory, which was used to set the calendar for planting and harvesting crops. The nearby forest contains 1000 barrows or princely graves from the period. The identity of the Bronze Age people of Europe has been lost in the mists of time. They are not mentioned in ancient Greek or other Mediterranean sources. Only their hut sites, graves and treasures are left. It is impossible to guess the language they spoke." [Links: 1 , 2 ] 1,595 B.C. - Kassite Domination / Babylon - "The Hittites captured Babylon and retreated. They left the city open to Kassite domination which lasted about 300 years. The Kassites maintained the Sumerian/Babylonian culture without innovations of their own." 1,593 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjunction - 1,570 B.C. - Hyksos Expulsion? / Egypt - "By 1,570 B.C., a century and a half after the Hyksos had made their appearance, the Egyptians, under Ahmose, who ruled from 1,570 - 1,546 B.C., drove them out of the land. The Egyptians followed them across the Sinai Peninsula and annexed Canaan, hoping it would serve as a buffer against future invasions." [Based on: Isaac Asimov, Asimov's Chronology Of The World, p. 40] Trivia: "Manetho suggested that after the Hyksos were driven from Egypt, they founded the city of Jerusalem and constructed a temple there. Far more trustworthy is an Egyptian source of the sixteenth century B.C.E. that recounts the exploits of Pharoah Ahmose, of the Eighteenth Dynasty, who sacked Avaris and chased the remnants of the Hyksos to their main citadel in southern Canaan - Sharuhen, near Gaza - which he stormed after a long siege. And indeed, around the middle of the sixteenth century BCE, Tell ed-Daba was abandoned, marking the sudden end of the Canaanite influence there." [Israel Finkelstein & Neil Asher Silberman, The Bible Unearthed, pp. 55-56] Trivia: "Beginning after the expulsion of the Hyksos, the Egyptians tightened their control over the flow of immigrants from Canaan into the delta. They established a system of forts along the delta's eastern border and manned them with garrison troops and administrators. Incidentally, no mention of the name Israel has been found in any of the inscriptions or documents connected with the Hyksos period." [Israel Finkelstein & Neil Asher Silberman, The Bible Unearthed] 1,564 B.C. - Neptune-Pluto Conjunction - "Neptune-Pluto cycles last about 495 years - half a millennium. They characterise an underlying driving-force behind history, an undertow of reality which marries the inevitable ram-force of Pluto with the imaginal, ideational power of Neptune. This combined force helps us define our underlying historical reality on a collective-unconscious level - this world-view and body of collective experience being a combination of actualities and perceptions." Note: "Configuration dates on this timeline prior to the 6th century B.C. represent estimated projections only. In some cases they are off by several years." [- E.M.] 1,550 - Trivia / Palestine - "The Canaanites lived in small cities on the costal plains of Palestine and Syria under the rule of the Semites Hyksos until Amasis I [Ahmose] about 1550 B.C. liberated Egypt from the Hyksos and formed the New Kingdom." [Link: 1 ] 1,550 B.C. - 18th Egyptian Dynasty - Beginning of Egyptian New Kingdom [1550 B.C.-1070 B.C.] period. This was also the "Egyptian Empire," because it ruled over Asians as well as Egyptians. 1,540 B.C. represents a traditional date for the 18th Egyptian Dynasty [1540 B.C.-1514 B.C.]." [Link: 1 ] 1,550 B.C. - Destruction? / Indus Valley Civilization - "In India writing disappeared for a time with the destruction of the Indus Valley civilization." 1,550 B.C. - Stonehenge skeleton came from Mediterranean - " LONDON — A wealthy young teenager buried near Britain's mysterious Stonehenge monument came from the Mediterranean hundreds of miles away, scientists said Wednesday [09/29/10], proof of the site's importance as a travel destination in prehistoric times. [....] The British Geological Survey's Jane Evans said that the find, radiocarbon dated to 1,550 B.C., 'highlights the diversity of people who came to Stonehenge from across Europe,' a statement backed by Bournemouth University's Timothy Darvill, a Stonehenge scholar uninvolved with the discovery. [....]" [Based on A.P. article (Stonehenge skeleton came from Mediterranean / Discovery provides proof of site's importance as travel destination in prehistoric times), by Raphael G. Satter - updated 9/30/2010 12:21:44 PM ET] http://www.archaeologynews.org/story.asp?ID=666408&Title=Stonehenge%20skeleton%20came%20from%20Mediterranean 5. Baktun 4. Baktun of the House of Shang. 1536-1141 B.C. 4.0.0.0.0 Establishment of Shang Dynasty, China, enunciation of yin/yang doctrine, advanced bronze metallurgy and pattern of Chinese civilization. Beginnings of Vedic civilization, India. Emergence of Chavin civilization, Andes, and Olmecs, Mesoamerica. Akhenaton, Egypt; Abraham and Moses, Israel; Hittite consolidation, Mesopotamia. [Based on: The Mayan Factor / Path Beyond Technology, by Jose Arguelles, Copyright 1939-, 1987, p. 114] 1,530 B.C. - Kassite Domination / Mesopotamia - "About 1,530 B.C., a century and a half after the death of Hammurabi, Babylonia and Assyria alike were conquered by charioteers from the north, a group called 'Kassites' by the later histories. Under the Assyrian king, Ashur-Dan, the last Kassite king was driven from the Babylonian throne in the twelfth century B.C." [Link: 1 ] 1,525 B.C. - Birth / Hatshepsut - "In Egypt Queen Hatshepsut, one of the XVIII Dynasty rulers, was born. Her name translates as 'The Foremost of Noble Ladies'." 1,505 B.C. - Thutmose III / Egypt - "[....] Thutmose III reigned from 1479 BC to 1425 BC according to the Low Chronology of Ancient Egypt. This has been the conventional Egyptian chronology in academic circles since the 1960s,[6] though in some circles the older dates 1504 BC to 1450 BC are preferred from the High Chronology of Egypt.[7] These dates, just as all the dates of the Eighteenth Dynasty, are open to dispute because of uncertainty about the circumstances surrounding the recording of a Heliacal Rise of Sothis in the reign of Amenhotep I.[8] [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thutmose_III] 1,504 B.C. - Egyptian Campaign / Nubia & Levant - Egypt conquers Nubia and the Levant (1504 BC–1492 BC). [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1500_BC] 1,503 B.C. - Trivia / Deluge of Deucalion - "A traditional date for the deluge of Deucalion in Thessaly, a country of Greece. Reportedly, the island of Thera [actually the top of a volcano sticking out of the sea] exploded. A rain of ashes fell on Crete, and tidal waves struck its shores, and also the shores of Greece, which may have given rise to Greek legends concerning a great flood. Crete was greatly weakened by this explosion and the Minoan civilization tottered to its end, thereafter. Other dates attributed to the Thera eruption include: 1,628 B.C." 1,500 B.C. 15th Century B.C. Links: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1500_BC 1,500 B.C. - Heroic Age - "A traditional date for the 'Heroic Age' [1,500 B.C. - 1,000 B.C.] of Greece and Israel. Reportedly, the customs of both Greeks and Hebrews in the 'Heroic Age' were often alien to their descendants in the classical periods." 1,500 B.C. - Trivia / Olmecs - "According to popular belief, the Olmecs were a culture of ancient peoples of the East Mexico lowlands. Other reports suggest a much older culture was responsible for the ancient sites which the Olmecs ['their descendants'] later inherited. It was at San Lorenzo that the earliest carbon-dates for an Olmec site [around 1,500 B.C.] had been recorded by archaeologists. However, Olmec culture appeared to have been fully evolved by that epoch and there was no evidence that the evolution had taken place in the vicinity of San Lorenzo. Not a single, solitary sign of anything that could be described as the 'developmental phase' of Olmec society had been unearthed anywhere in Mexico [or, for that matter, anywhere in the New World]." [Links: 1 , 2 [see number 12] Trivia: "A four-tonne 'Olmec' head bearing African features located in La Venta, Gulf of Mexico, has been approximately dated to 1,500 BC. Trivia: "The roots of the Mayan civilization can be traced back thousands of years to the Olmecs, an earlier civilization that inhabited an area along the Gulf of Mexico. The Olmec, which means 'rubber people,' date back to at least 4000 BC. They began their rise to civilization around 1500 BC, and are considered to have reached the first advanced stages of high civilization around 550 BC." Links: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olmec_civilization - [T.D. - 11/29/08] 1,500 B.C. - Chinese Writing - "[....] The first recognizable form of Chinese writing dates from 3,500 years ago, but many argue that its origins lie much deeper in the past. Regardless of its actual age, Chinese has evolved substantially over time yet has retained its ancient core, making it one of the longest continuously used writing system in the world. [NP] The common consensus is that writing in China evolved from earlier non-linguistic symbolic systems. During the Late Neolithic period, at the latter half of the 3rd millenum BCE, many symbols or "pictograms" started to be incised on pottery and jades. These symbols are thought to be family or clan emblems that identify the ownership or provenance of the pottery or jades. [....]" [Based on: http://www.ancientscripts.com/chinese.html] Links: http://www.zhongwen.com/ 1,500 B.C. - Trivia / Shekhem - "[....] The city of Shekhem, positioned in a pass between the mountains of Gerizim and Eibal and controlling the Askar Plains to the east, was an important regional center more than 3,500 years ago. As the existing remains show, it lay within fortifications of massive stones, was entered through monumental gates and centered on a temple with walls five yards (meters) thick. [NP] The king of Shekhem, Labaya, is mentioned in the cuneiform tablets of the Pharaonic archive found at Tel al-Amarna in Egypt, which are dated to the 14th century B.C. The king had rebelled against Egyptian domination, and soldiers were dispatched north to subdue him. They failed. [....]" [Based on: FoxNews.com article (Archaeologists Uncover Ruins of Biblical City Shekem in War-Torn Palestine) - The Associated Press contributed to this report - 07/22/11] http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2011/07/22/in-palestinian-city-diggers-uncover-biblical-ruin/?test=faces 1,500 B.C. - Erligang culture - "The Erligang culture[a] [二里岗文化 �r lǐ gǎng w�nhu�] is a Bronze Age urban civilization and archaeological culture in China that existed from approximately 1500 to 1300 BC. The primary site was discovered at Erligang, within the modern city of Zhengzhou, Henan, in 1951. [... .]" [Based on: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erligang_culture] 1,500 B.C. - Trivia / Linear B - "With such a non-descriptive name, Linear B proved to be the oldest surviving record of a Greek dialect, known as Mycenaean, named after the great site of Mycenae where the legendary Agamemnon ruled. Its usage spanned the time period between 1,500 B.C. and 1,200 B.C. approximately, and geographically covered the island of Crete as well as the southern part of the Greek Mainland." [Link: 1 ] 1,500 B.C. - Trivia / Byblos Script - "Byblos is an ancient Phoenician city along the coast of modern day Lebanon. Its name was the origin of the Greek word 'biblion' which means 'book', hence 'bibliography' and 'Bible'. In short Byblos is nearly synonymous with writing. Ironically, Byblos was also home to a still poorly understood script during roughly the middle of the second millenium BCE. There are only a few short examples of this script, mainly on stone or metal. This script contains roughly 100 signs, which fits with the number of signs necessary for a syllabary." [Link: 1 ] 1,500 B.C. - Destruction of Jericho? - See link section beginning at 30:20. Link: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/bibles-buried-secrets.html 1,500 B.C. - Kush / Southern Egypt - "By this time the kingdom of Kush was established south of Egypt. The Kushites were dark-complexioned Negroids." 1,500 B.C. - Nubian Empire / Egypt - "[....] This powerful dynasty [Nubian] rose just as Egypt's Middle Kingdom declined around 1785 B.C. By 1500 B.C. the Nubian empire stretched between the Second and Fifth Cataracts [Nile River]. [....]" [Based on: Article ( AN IGNORED CHAPTER OF HISTORY TELLS OF A TIME WHEN KINGS FROM DEEP IN AFRICA CONQURED ANCIENT EGYPT / Black Pharaohs, by Robert Draper, N.G.M. (February 2008), p. 40] 1,500 B.C. - Independence / Assyria - According to popular history, Assyria becomes an independant kingdom. 1,500 B.C. - Aryan Invasion? / India - According to popular history, by 1,500 B.C. "[...] charioteers invaded Asia by 1500 B.C., and put an end to the Indus civilization, which may have had a population of 1 million at its peak. The invaders of India called themselves 'Aryans,' from their word for 'noble.' They spoke an Indo-European language known as 'Sanskrit.' It is because they brought this language into India, while other charioteers spread related languages westward into Europe, that we call the language-family 'Indo European.' [....]" [See: Asimov's Chronology Of The World, Isaac Asimov, Copyright 1991, p. 41] Trivia: "In 1999 researchers reported that gene patterns confirmed that Caucasoid invaders entered India between 1,000 and 2,000 BC." Trivia: "Vedism was the sacrificial religion of the early Indo-European-speaking peoples who entered India from about 1500 BC from the Iranian plateau via the Hindukush and mixed up with the local populations. [11] [NP] The earliest literature of Hinduism is made up of the four Vedas: the Rig-Veda, Sama-Veda, Yajur-Veda and the Atharva-Veda. Of these, the Rig-Veda is the oldest surviving work. These texts were composed between ca. 1500 and 800 BC, and were transmitted by oral tradition alone until the advent of the Pallava and Gupta period and by a combination of written and oral tradition since then. [....]" [Based on: Wikipedia article: Vedic period - See link] Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Hinduism 1,500 B.C. - Tsunami Event? / Caesarea - "[....] Geological drilling - in areas of 1-3 meters in length and at various depths - enabled Dr. Goodman [Beverly Goodman of the Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences at the University of Haifa] to date the underwater layers using two methods: carbon-14 dating and OSL (optically stimulated luminescence). She found evidence of four tsunami events at Caesarea: in 1500 BC, 100-200 CE, 500-600 CE, and 1100-1200 CE. [NP] In an article published by the Geological Society of America, Dr. Goodman explains that the earliest of these tsunamis resulted from the eruption of the Santorini volcano, which affected the entire Mediterranean region. The later, more local tsunami waves, Dr. Goodman assumes, were generated by underwater landslides caused by earthquakes. 'Local' does not necessarily imply "small". These could have been waves reaching 5 meters high and as far as 2 km onshore. Coastal communities within this range would have undoubtedly been severely damaged from such a tsunami. While communities onshore clear the ground after such an event and return to civilization, tsunami evidence is preserved under the water,' she explains." [Based on: ScienceDaily article (Tsunami Waves Reasonably Likely To Strike Israel, Geo-archaeological Research Suggests) - Journal reference: Beverly N. Goodman-Tchernov, Hendrik W. Dey, Eduard G. Reinhardt, Floyd McCoy, and Yossi Mart. Tsunami waves generated by the Santorini eruption reached Eastern Mediterranean shores. Geology, 2009; 37 (10): 943 DOI: 10.1130/G25704A.1] Link: http://www.sciencedaily.com� /releases/2009/10/091026093728.htm 1,491 - Biblical Exodus? - "According to standard Bible chronology, the Hebrews went to Egypt some three centuries before the time of Ramesses and made their exodus in about 1,491 BC, long before he came to the throne." 1,483 B.C. - Tuthmosis III / Canaan - "[....] Tuthmosis III, who reigned from 1504 to 1450 B.C., led Egyptian armies into Asia in 1483 B.C., and conquered Canaan. He then marched farther northward and defeated Mitanni. [....]" [See: Asimov's Chronology Of The World, Isaac Asimov, Copyright 1991, p. 42] 1,480 B.C. - Military Expansion / Egypt - "Following Queen Hatsheput's death, Thothmes III [her brother] began a campaign of military expansion which transformed Egypt into a world power." 1,479 B.C. - Canaanite Defeat / Megiddo - "Thutmose III defeats Canaanites at Megiddo." 1479 B.C. - Hatshepsut rules Egypt - "Recently the Public Radio Station in Boston had a one hour discussion on one of the rare female pharoah’s of Egypt — Hatshepsut (1479 to 1458 B.C.E.) — who ruled 150 years before Akhenaten , the monotheist pharoah. National Geographic had a cover story as well . [....]" [Based on: Varnam article (Hatshepsut and Mistress of the Lioness) By jk – April 22, 2009] Link: http://varnam.org/blog/2009/04/hatshepsut-and-mistress-of-the-lioness/ Trivia: [....] Exactly who was the intended audience for such propaganda is still disputed. It's hard to imagine Hatshepsut needed to shore up her legitimacy with powerful allies like the high priests of Amun or members of the elite such as Senenmut. Who, then, was she pitching her story to? The gods? The future? National Geographic? [NP] One answer may be found in Hatshepsut's references to the lapwing, a common Nile marsh bird known to ancient Egyptians as rekhyt. In hieroglyphic texts the word "rekhyt" is usually translated as "the common people." It occurs frequently in New Kingdom inscriptions, but a few years ago Kenneth Griffin, now at Swansea University in Wales, noticed that Hatshepsut made greater use of the phrase than other 18th-dynasty pharaohs. "Her inscriptions seemed to show a personal association with the rekhyt which at this stage is unrivaled," he says. Hatshepsut often spoke possessively of "my rekhyt" and asked for the approval of the rekhyt—as if the unusual ruler were a closet populist. When Hatshepsut's heart flutters this way and that as she wonders what "the people" will say, the people she may have had in mind were the ones as common as lapwings on the Nile, the rekhyt. [....] When archaeologists discovered evidence in the 1960s indicating that the banishment of King Hatshepsut had begun at least 20 years after her death, the soap opera of a hotheaded stepson wreaking vengeance on his unscrupulous stepmother fell apart. A more logical scenario was devised around the possibility that Thutmose III needed to reinforce the legitimacy of his son Amenhotep II's succession in the face of rival claims from other family members. And Hatshepsut, once disparaged for ruthless ambition, is now admired for her political skill. [....]" [Based on: NGM article (The King Herself / What motivated Hatshepsut to rule ancient Egypt as a man while her stepson stood in the shadows? Her mummy, and her true story, have come to light.) by Chip Brown, April 2009] Trivia: "[....] In comparison with other female pharaohs, Hatshepsut's reign was much longer and prosperous. She was successful in warfare early in her reign, but generally is considered to be a pharaoh who inaugurated a long peaceful era. She re-established trading relationships lost during a foreign occupation and brought great wealth to Egypt. That wealth enabled Hatshepsut to initiate building projects that raised the calibre of Ancient Egyptian architecture to a standard, comparable to classical architecture, that would not be rivaled by any other culture for a thousand years. [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatshepsut] 1,475 B.C. - Egyptian Palestine - "During the early period of The New Kingdom the Egyptian armies liberated Palestine Around 1475 B.C. Palestine revolted against the rule of the Egyptian Queen Hatshepsut. The next Egyptian Pharaoh Tuthmosis III reoccupied Palestine." [Link: 1 ] Trivia: "Palestine stayed as an Egyptian province during The Amarna Period 1450-1350 B.C." [Link: 1 ] 1,450 B.C. - Tyre Founded - "Tyre founded by colonists from Sidon." 1,450 B.C. - Trivia / Ugarit Culture - "The conception of a messenger of God that underlies Biblical prophecy was reportedly Amorite [West Semitic] and found in the tablets at Mari. Mesopotamian religious and cultural conceptions are reflected in Biblical cosmogony, primeval history [including the Flood story in Gen. 6:9-8:22], and law collections. The Canaanite component of Israelite culture consisted of the Hebrew language and a rich literary heritage - whose Ugaritic form [which flourished in the northern Syrian city of Ugarit from the mid-15th century to about 1200 B.C.] illuminates the Bible's poetry, style, mythological allusions, and religiocultic terms. Though plainer when compared with some of the learned literary creations of Mesopotamia, Canaan, and Egypt, the earliest Biblical writings are so imbued with contemporary ancient Middle Eastern elements that the once-held assumption that Israelite religion began on a primitive level must be rejected. Late-born amid high civilizations, the Israelite religion had from the start that admixture of high and low features characteristic of all the known religions of the area. Implanted on the land bridge between Africa and Asia, it was exposed to crosscurrents of foreign thought throughout its history." 1,450 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjunction - 1,450 B.C. - Amenophis II Rules Egypt - Amenophis II [son of Thutmosis III] rules [1450-1425 B.C.] Egypt. By 1,450 B.C. Egypt had reached its maximum expansion. [See: Asimov's Chronology Of The World, Isaac Asimov, Copyright 1991, p. 42] 1,440 B.C. - Biblical Exodus? - "I Kings 6:1 tells us that the start of the construction of the Temple in the fourth year of Solomon's reign took place 480 years after the Exodus. According to a correlation of the regnal dates of Israelite kings with outside Egyptian and Assyrian sources, this would roughly place the Exodus in 1,440 B.C. That is more than a hundred years after the date of the Egyptian expulsion of the Hyksos, around 1,570 B.C." [Based on: The Bible Unearthed, Israel Finkelstein & Neil Asher Silberman, p. 56] Trivia: "The basic situation described in the Exodus saga - the phenomenon of immigrants coming down to Egypt from Canaan and settling in the eastern border regions of the delta - is abundantly verified in the archaeological finds and historical texts. From earliest recorded times throughout antiquity, Egypt beckoned as a place of shelter and security for the people of Canaan at times when drought, famine, or warfare made life unbearable or even difficult." [Based on: Israel Finkelstein, The Bible Unearthed, pp. 52-53.] Trivia: 'THE SHASU OF YAHWEH AND THE DATE OF THE EXODUS There are two indisputable facts that Old Testament scholars must face when dealing with these hieroglyphic references to the Shasu of Yahweh. First, there is no doubt that the name of the Israelite God Yahweh appears in these hieroglyphic texts at Soleb and Amarah-West. And second, at Soleb the reference to Yahweh dates to 1400 BC, during the reign of Pharaoh Amenhotep III. In other words Pharaoh Amenhotep III, or his scribes, knew about the Hebrew God Yahweh in 1400 BC. This fact is highly significant when trying to date the exodus of the Israelites from Egypt under Moses. In Exodus 5:2 Pharaoh answers the first request of Moses to allow the Israelites to go into the desert to worship Yahweh by saying: “Who is Yahweh that I should obey His voice to let Israel go? I do not know Yahweh, and besides I will not let the Israelites go.” Pharaoh appears here to be saying that he had never heard of the God Yahweh. This interpretation of Pharaoh’s statement is reinforced by Exodus 7:17 where God responds to Pharaoh: “Thus says Yahweh, ‘by this you will know that I am Yahweh, behold I will strike the water that is in the Nile with the staff that is in my hand, and it will become blood.’” (NASV) In his third meeting with Moses and Aaron after the second plague, Pharaoh clearly recognized Yahweh as some sort of deity and asked Moses and Aaron to pray to Yahweh to remove the plague of frogs (see Exodus 8:8). If the Pharaoh of the Exodus had never before heard of the God Yahweh, this strongly suggests that the Exodus should be dated no later than 1400 BC because Pharaoh Amenhotep III had clearly heard about Yahweh by that time. http://www.assistnews.net/Stories/2010/s10010053.htm 1,431 B.C. - Uranus-Neptune Conjunction - 1,417 B.C. - Amenophis III Rules Egypt - "Amenophis III, the grandson of Thutmosis III, rules Egypt form 1417- 1379 B.C." [See: Asimov's Chronology Of The World, Isaac Asimov, Copyright 1991, p. 42] 1,413 B.C. - Joseph In Egypt? - "Reportedly, Joseph was in Egypt not in the early 18th century BC, but in the early 15th century BC. There he was appointed Chief Minister to Tuthmosis IV [1413-1405]. To the Egyptians, however, Joseph [Yusuf the viser] was known as Yuya and his story is particularly revealing - not just in the biblical account of Joseph, but also in respect to Moses." [Based on: Laurence Gardner] 1,400 B.C. 1,400 B.C. - Linear A - "Linear A reaches its peak of popularity." [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1400_BC] 1,400 B.C. - Amarna Age - "Reportedly, prior to the Amarna Age [i.e., before 1,400 B.C.] Egyptian, Canaanite, Mesopotamian, Anatolian, Aegean and other influences met around the East Mediterranean to form an international order, by which each in turn was effected. Out of the Amarna Age order emerged the earliest traditions of Israel and Greece." 1,400 B.C. - Thebes / Egypt - "Estimation: Thebes, capital of Egypt becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Memphis in Egypt.[2]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1400_BC] 1,400 B.C. - Ugarit / Canaan - "The height of the Canaanite town of Ugarit." [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1400_BC] 1,400 B.C. - Surya / Middle East - "Clay tablets from about 1,400 B.C. Egypt testify to gods with Iranian names in Syria and Palestine, and plainly enough, Syria and Assyria contain the name, Surya, itself, 'sura' being a common adjective in Persian scriptures meaning 'strong' or 'mighty,' evidently derived from the word 'surya.' " 1,400 B.C. - Mycenaean Greeks - "After the destruction of Knossos the Mycenaean civilization replaced the Minoan. Bronze weapons, war scenes on art, Cyclopean defense walls and the burial of male warriors with their weapons indicates that the Mycenaeans were militaristic. The horse drawn chariot emerged about this time. The Mycenaeans dominated the Aegean world for about 200 years." 1,400 B.C. - Ball-Habad, Canaan - "The myth of Marduk and Tiamat seems to have influenced the people of Canaan, who told a very similar story about Baal-Habad, the god of storm and fertility, who is often mentioned in extremely unflattering terms in the Bible. The story of Baal's battle with Yam-Nahar, the god of the seas and rivers, is told on tablets that date to the fourteenth century BCE. Baal and Yam both lived with El, the Canaanite High God. At the council of El, Yam demands that Baal be delivered up to him. With two magic weapons, Baal defeats Yam and is about to kill him when Asherah [El's wife and mother of the gods] pleads that it is dishonorable to slay a prisoner. Baal is ashamed and spares Yam, who represents the hostile aspect of the seas and rivers which constantly threaten to flood the earth, while Baal, the Storm God, makes the earth fertile. In another version of the myth, Baal slays the seven-headed dragon Lotan, who is called Leviathan in Hebrew. In almost all cultures the dragon symbolizes the latent, the unformed and the undifferentiated. Baal has thus halted the slide back to primal formlessness in a truly creative act and is rewarded by a beautiful palace built by the gods in his honor. In very early religion, therefore, creativity was seen as divine: we still use religious language to speak of creative 'inspiration' which shapes reality anew and brings fresh meaning to the world. "But Baal undergoes a reverse: he dies and has to descend to the world of Mot, the god of death and sterility. When he hears of his son's fate, the High God El comes down from his throne, puts on sackcloth and gashes his cheeks, but he cannot redeem his son. It is Anat, Baal's lover and sister, who leaves the divine realm and goes in search of her twin soul, 'desiring him as a cow her calf or a ewe her lamb.' When she finds his body, she makes a funeral feast in his honor, seizes Mot, cleaves him with her sword, winnows, burns and grinds him like corn before sowing him in the ground. Similar stories are told about the other great goddesses - Inana, Ishtar, and Isis - who search for the dead god and bring new life to the soil. The victory of Anat, however must be perpetuated year after year in ritual celebration. Later - we are not sure how, since our sources are incomplete - Baal is brought back to life and restored to Anat. This apotheosis of wholeness and harmony, symbolized by the union of the sexes, was celebrated by means of ritual sex in ancient Canaan. By imitating the gods in this way, men and women would share their struggle against sterility and ensure creativity and fertility of the world. The death of a god, the quest of the goddess and the triumphant return to the divine sphere were constant religious themes in many cultures and would recur in the very different religion of the One God worshipped by Jews, Christians and Muslims." [Based on: Karen Armstrong, A History of God, pp. 10-11] 1,400 B.C. - Ivory Pomegranate? - "An ivory pomegranate long touted by scholars as the only relic from Solomon's Temple is a forgery, the Israeli Museum said Friday [12/24/04], as investigators said they had broken up several fake antiquity rings in a wide-ranging investigation. Indictments in that investigation are to be handed down next week, the officials said. Among those to be indicted is Israeli collector Oded Golan, the Justice Ministry confirmed. Golan, who denied wrongdoing, owns the two most spectacular artifacts declared fakes last year [2003]: a burial chest purported to be that of James, the brother of Jesus, and a stone tablet with inscriptions on how to maintain the Jewish Temple. The pomegranate was examined by the museum independently of the investigation by the Israeli authorities, said the director of the Israel Museum, James Snyder. A team of experts reported the thumb-sized pomegranate dates to the Bronze period, or about 3,400 years ago, meaning it is considerably older than the first Jewish Temple, and the inscription was added recently, the museum said in a statement." [Based on: News Services article, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, p. A10, 12/25/04] 1,400 B.C. - Oracle Bone Script - "Oracle bone script [jia3gu3wen2] ... literally: 'shell bone writing') refers to incised (or, rarely, brush-written[1]) ancient Chinese characters found on oracle bones, which were animal bones or turtle shells used in divination in Bronze Age China. The vast majority[2] record the pyromantic divinations of the royal house of the late Shang dynasty at the capital of Yin (modern Anyang, Henan Province); dating of the Anyang examples of oracle bone script varies from ca. 14th -11th centuries BCE[3][4][5] to c. 1200–1050 BCE.[6][7][8][9] Very few oracle bone writings date to the beginning of the subsequent Zhou dynasty, because pyromancy fell from favor and divining with milfoil became more common.[10] The late Shang oracle bone writings, along with a few contemporary characters in a different style cast in bronzes, constitute the earliest[11] significant corpus of Chinese writing, which is essential for the study of Chinese etymology, as Shang writing is directly ancestral to the modern Chinese script. It is also the oldest known member and ancestor of the Chinese family of scripts." [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_bone_script] 1,400 B.C. - Trivia / Hsiung-nu - " From 1,400 B.C., but particularly around 200 B.C., Chinese chroniclers mention the existence of war-like tribes of nomads which they refer to as the 'Hiung-nu' or 'Hsiung-nu' who were posing a threat to the empire. These were some of the earliest reference to the evolving and growing race of nomadic warriors who were to become the Turks. " 1,400 B.C. - The Eleusinian Mysteries - "The most famous of the ancient religious Mysteries were the Eleusinian, whose rites were celebrated every five years in the city of Eleusis to honor Ceres (Demeter, Rhea, or Isis) and her daughter, Persephone. The initiates of the Eleusinian School were famous throughout Greece for the beauty of their philosophic concepts and the high standards of morality which they demonstrated in their daily lives. Because of their excellence, these Mysteries spread to Rome and Britain, and later the initiations were given in both these countries. The Eleusinian Mysteries, named for the community in Attica where the sacred dramas were first presented, are generally believed to have been founded by Eumolpos about fourteen hundred years before the birth of Christ, and through the Platonic system of philosophy their principles have been preserved to modern times. "The rites of Eleusis, with their Mystic interpretations of Nature's most precious secrets, overshadowed the civilizations of their time and gradually absorbed many smaller schools, incorporating into their own system whatever valuable information these lesser institutions possessed. Heckethorn sees in the Mysteries of Ceres and Bacchus a metamorphosis of the rites of Isis and Osiris, and there is every reason to believe that all so-called secret schools of the ancient world were branches from one philosophic tree which, with its root in heaven and its branches on the earth, is - like the spirit of man - an invisible but ever-present cause of the objectified vehicles that give it expression. The Mysteries were the channels through which this one philosophic light was disseminated, and their initiates, resplendent with intellectual and spiritual understanding, were the perfect fruitage of the divine tree, bearing witness before the material world of the recondite source of all Light and Truth. [....]" [Based on: The Secret Teachings Of All Ages, Manly P. Hall] 1,400 B.C. - Palace of Minos Destroyed - "Palace of Minos destroyed by fire." [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1400_BC] 1,400 B.C. - Trivia / Phoenician Language - The Phoenicians, located between Babylonia and Egypt, could not trade easily unless they could handle both languages. Attempts to work out a simpler writing code had begun as early as 1400 B.C., but without total success. [See: Asimov's Chronology Of The World, Isaac Asimov, Copyright 1991, p. 45] 1,400 B.C. - Trivia / Sea People & Philistines - "[....] There is no clue for the settlement of the Sea People, Philistines included, before the 1140s or 1130s BCE. The early phase of Philistine settlement started approximately at that time and lasted until the end of the 12th century BCE. The Bichrome phase should be dated, accordingly, to the 11th and much of the 10th centuries BCE. The Iron I/Iron IIA transition could not have taken place before the late 10th century BCE. [....]" [Based on: Article (Low Chronology Update / Archaeology, history and bible), Israel Finkelstein] http://isfn.skytech.co.il/articles/Low%20Chronology%20Update,%20Radiocarbon%20book%202005.pdf Trivia: "[....] In the 1140s or 1130s BCE, Egyptian domination in Canaan collapsed and many of the cities there were devastated, or partially destroyed, probably by groups of Sea Peoples and other, local, unstable elements. Many of the main cities recovered after a while and were resettled by a mixed population of local Canaanites and Aegean immigrants. The share of the new settlers in the population of Philistia was limited – probably a few thousands. But constituting an elite group, their material culture developed to dominate the scene. The Iron I cities in Philistia did not conduct a lively maritime trade; they were not equal in size, power and prosperity and they were not fortified. Dramatic changes in the size and power of these cities can be traced from the 9th century and mainly in the 8th century BCE. Philistia reached its peak power and prosperity only with the Assyrian conquest and the transformation of its cities into agents of Assyrian economic and political interests. Then, and only then, do the Philistines of archaeology become the Philistines of the Bible." [Based on: Article ( IS THE PHILISTINE PARADIGM STILL VIABLE? ), Israel Finkelstein] http://isfn.skytech.co.il/articles/The%20Philistine%20paradaigm,%20SCIEM%202000%20book%202007.pdf 1,394 B.C. - Birth? / Aminadab [Moses] - "Reportedly, Aminadab was born the son of Tiye and Joseph [Yuya]. He was subsequently set afloat downstream in a basket of reeds in order to save his life. Other words associated with Aminadab include: Moses." 1,390 B.C. - Height of Power / Hittites - "Hittites at height of power." 1,380 B.C. - Fruit Seeds / China - "Chinese archaeologists find [2002?] 3,000-year-old fruit seeds [Shaanxi Province]" [Based on: news.xinhuanet.com article (Chinese archaeologists find 3,000-year-old fruit seeds), 11/24/10] http://www.archaeologynews.org/story.asp?ID=688788&Title=Chinese%20archaeologists%20find%203000-year-old%20fruit%20seeds 1,379 B.C. - Amenophis IV [Akhenaton] Rules Egypt - "According to popular history, "[....] ... Amenophis IV, who reigned from 1379-1362 B.C. [....] He is the first person we know (as a historic figure and not as a legend) who was a 'monotheist' and believed in a single God - in his case, the Sun-God, or 'Aton.' He renamed himself 'Akhenaton' ('servent of Aton') and founded a new capital between Memphis and Thebes which is called Akhetaton ) 'place of power of Aton'). [....]" [See: Asimov's Chronology Of The World, Isaac Asimov, Copyright 1991, p. 42] Links: http://www.answers.com/topic/akhenaton 1,375 B.C. - Trivia / Palestine - "North Palestine was invaded by the Phoenicians and then the Hittite around 1375 B.C. The rest of Palestine stayed under the Egyptian control. The Egyptian Pharaohs Siti I then Rameses II managed to expel the Hittites from Palestine." [Link: 1 ] 1,375 B.C. - Suppiluliumas I Rules Hittites - Suppiluliumas I rules [1375-1334 B.C.] the Hittites. 1,362 B.C. - Tutankhamen Rules Egypt - "Akhenaton was succeeded by his sun-in-law, Tutankhamen, who reigned 1362-1352 B.C. Under him, the old religion was restored. His tomb ... was discovered, intact, in 1922." [See: Asimov's Chronology Of The World, Isaac Asimov, Copyright 1991, p. 42] Trivia: "King Tut ruled about 3,300 years ago. He ascended to the throne at about age 8 and died around 1323 B.C. at 17." [Based on: News Services article, S.L.P.D., 11/15/04] 1,359 B.C. - Sacred Almanac? / Izapa - "The exact origin of the Tzolk'in is not known, but there are several theories. One theory is that the calendar came from mathematical operations based on the numbers thirteen and twenty, which were important numbers to the Maya. The numbers multiplied together equal 260. Another theory is that the 260-day period came from the length of human pregnancy. This is close to the average number of days between the first missed menstrual period and birth, unlike Naegele's rule which is 40 weeks (280 days) between the last menstrual period and birth. It is postulated that midwives originally developed the calendar to predict babies' expected birth dates. [NP] A third theory comes from understanding of astronomy, geography and paleontology. The mesoamerican calendar probably originated with the Olmecs, and a settlement existed at Izapa, in southeast Chiapas Mexico, before 1200 BCE. There, at a latitude of about 15� N, the Sun passes through zenith twice a year, and there are 260 days between zenithal passages, and gnomons (used generally for observing the path of the Sun and in particular zenithal passages), were found at this and other sites. The sacred almanac may well have been set in motion on August 13, 1359 BCE, in Izapa. [....]" [Based on: wikipedia article (Origin of the Tzolk'in)] Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar - [T.D. - 11/29/08] 1,353 B.C. - Pharoah - "[...] The earliest instance where pr-`3 is used specifically to address the ruler is in a letter to Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten), who reigned c. 1353 - 1336 BC, which is addressed to 'Pharaoh, all life, prosperity, and health!.[5] During the eighteenth dynasty (sixteenth to fourteenth centuries BC) the title pharaoh was employed as a reverential designation of the ruler. About the late twenty-first dynasty (tenth century BC), however, instead of being used alone as before, it began to be added to the other titles before the ruler's name, and from the twenty-fifth dynasty (eighth to seventh centuries BC) it was, at least in ordinary usage, the only epithet prefixed to the royal appellative.[6] [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh] 1,350 B.C. - 'Mistress Of The Lionesses' - "[....] Around 1350 BCE, there was unrest in the region. Canaanite kings conveyed their fears via clay tablet letters to the Pharaoh in Egypt, requesting military help. But among all the correspondence by kings were two rare letters that stuck out among the 382 el-Amarna tablets uncovered a few decades ago by Egyptian farmers. The two letters came from a “Mistress of the Lionesses” in Canaan. She wrote that bands of rough people and rebels had entered the region, and that her city might not be safe. Because the el-Amarna tablets were found in Egypt rather than Canaan, historians have tried to trace the origin of the tablets. [....]" [Based on: ScienceDaily article (Was A 'Mistress Of The Lionesses' A King In Ancient Canaan?) 04/11/09] Link: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/04/090406132604.htm 1,339 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjunction - 1,334 B.C. - Mussilish II Rules Hittites - "The Hittites had become a great power under Suppiluliumas I, who reigned from 1375 to 1334 B.C. Under his son, Mussilish II, who reigned from 1334 to 1306 B.C., the Hittites raided Babylon and were then at the peak of their power. the Hittites." [Asimov's Chronology Of The World, Isaac Asimov, Copyright 1991, p. 43] 1,320 B.C. - Ramesses Rules Egypt - "The first pharaoh named Ramesses came to the throne only in 1,320 BCE - more than a century after the traditional Biblical date. As a result, many scholars have tended to dismiss the literal value of the Biblical dating." [Based on: The Bible Unearthed, Israel Finkelstein & Neil Asher Silberman, p. 56] 1,306 B.C. - Muwatallish Rules Hittites - "Under Muwatallish, who reigned from 1306 to to 1282 B.C., the Hittites fought the battle of Kadesh against Rameses II, and won, but the victory was a costly one. They recovered and continued to rule over most of Asia Minor, destroying and absorbing Mitanni, but they had been crucially weakened." [Asimov's Chronology Of The World, Isaac Asimov, Copyright 1991, p. 43] 1,304 B.C. - Semitic People / Goshen - "The annals of Ramesses II [1304-1237 BC] specify that Semitic people were settled in the land of Goshen and it is further explained that they went there from Canaan for want of food." 1,301 B.C. - Solar Eclipse - "Early Chinese Eclipse [June 5th]." 1,300 B.C. 13th Century B.C. Links: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1300_BC 1,300 B.C. - Trivia / Ur - Reportedly: "As late as the 13th century B.C., one of the northern Urs [Ur colonies] was an active community of merchants in the service of the Hittite kings." 1,300 B.C. - Israelite & Philistine Invaders? / Canaan - [....] The story of Samson (that redoubtable giant of a Judge) is well known, but the important aspect of his legend is that it is our first introduction to the most intimidating of all Israel's enemies; the Philistines. Heavily armed, they had arrived by sea, like plundering Vikings, in about 1300 B.C., with a trail of death and destruction behind them in Crete, Cyprus, Asia Minor, and Phoenicia. They had completely obliterated the Hittite empire, and the Egyptians called them the Pelestia, which in Hebrew was Peleshti. In all their years of wreaking havoc through the Medterranean, only pharaoh Rameses III ever defeated them on both land and sea. Claiming a stretch of coast in southern Canaan, these maritime warriors established the five city kingdoms of Askelon, Ashdod, Ekron, Gaza, and Gath, which together became known as Palestine. At the same time, The Israelite invaders held the north of Canaan, and they each had their sights set towards the occupation of the whole. Notwithstanding the continued struggle which persists between the Israelites and Palestinians over the same land today, the fact is that, in that era, they were both unwelcome invaders of Canaan. The Israelites had evolved through some four centuries in Egypt, prior to which their patriarch Abraham and his forebears were from Ur of the Chaldees in Mesopotamia (modern Iraq). Meanwhile, the Hebrews (from eber, meaning "other side") were the people from eber han-nahor: the "other side of the river" (the Euphrates), as explained in Joshua 24:3. These were the trading descendants of Abraham's sixth generational ancestor Eber (Heber), and the Egyptians called them Apiru or Habiru. As described in Genesis 11:28-32, the "other side of the river" was the land of Haran in the kingdom of Mari in Mesopotamia. The newly dubbed Palestinians (Philistines) hailed from Caphtor (called Kafto in the Ramesside inscriptions), a coastal region of southern Anatolia (modern Turkey), whose capital was Tarsus. This was the land of the Luwians, who had arrived in about 2000 B.C., bringing an Akkadian language and script from Mesopotamia. The chances are that, in more distant times, the Israelites and Philistines had related Mesopotamian origins. [....] [Based on: Laurence Gardner, Lost Secrets of the Sacred Ark, pp. 132-133] 1,300 B.C. - Abecedary Ugarit - "The earliest example of an abecedary [a list of the letters in an alphabet in the some kind of order] was found in the city of Ugarit. This abecedary shows a total of 30 symbols used in the Ugaritic script." [Link: 1 ] 1,300 B.C. - South Arabian Script - "At around 1,300 BC, a branch of the evolving Proto-Canaanite broke off and spread into the southern part of the Arabian Peninsula. This Proto-Arabian script eventually evolved by the 5th century B.C. into the highly elegant South Arabian script." [Links: 1 ] Trivia: "The South Arabian alphabet was used primarily in the Sabaean and Minaean kingoms in the Southern edge of the Arabian Peninsula. It is thought to have diverged from the Proto-Canaanite alphabet as early as 1,300 BCE, and a developing form appeared in Babylonia and near Elath of the Gulf of Aqaba around the 8th/7th centuries BCE." [Links: 1 , 2 ] 1,300 B.C. - Iron Age / Caucasian Foothills - "About 1300 B.C., the technique for smelting and carbonizing iron was developed in the Caucasian foothills. This was under control of the Hittites, who picked up the technique. [....] This marked the beginning of the 'Iron Age' and, once the Hittite Empire was destroyed, their monopoly was broken and the use of iron, beginning in 1200 B.C., started to spread." [Asimov's Chronology Of The World, Isaac Asimov, Copyright 1991, p. 43] 1,295 B.C. - 19th Egyptian Dynasty - The 19th Egyptian Dynasty [1295 B.C.- 1294 B.C.]. [Link: 1 ] 1,294 B.C. - Egyptian Influence / Canaan - "An Egyptian stronghold was excavated at the site of Beth-shean to the south of the sea of Galilee in the 1920's. Its various structures and courtyards contained statues and enscribed heiroglyphic monuments from the days of the pharaohs Seti I [1294-1279 BCE], Ramesses II [1279-1213 BCE], and Ramsees III [1184-1153 BCE]. The ancient Canaanite city of Megiddo disclosed evidence of strong Egyptian influence as late as the days of Ramesses VI, who ruled toward the end of the twelfh century BCE. This was long after the supposed conquest of Canaan by the Israelites. Other indications - both literary and archaeological - seem to show that in the 13th century BCE, the grip of Egypt on Canaan was stronger than ever." 1,279 B.C. - Ramesses II Rules Egypt - "Egyptian sources report that the city of Pi-Ramesses ['The House of Ramesses'] was built in the delta in the days of the great Egyptian king Ramesses II, who ruled 1,279-1,213 BCE, and that Semites were apparently employed in its construction." [Based on: Israel Finkelstein & Neil Asher Silberman, The Bible Unearthed, p. 57] Trivia: "The identification of Ramesses II as the pharaoh of the Exodus came as the result of modern scholarly assumptions based on the identification of the place-name Pi-Ramesses with Raamses [Exodus 1:11; 12:37]. In regard to the Biblical Exodus, beyond a vague reference to the Israelites' fear of taking the coastal route, there is no mention of the Egyptian forts in northern Sinai or their strongholds in Canaan." Trivia: "By tradition, Rameses II is the Pharaoh under whom the Israelites were enslaved and in whose court Moses grew to manhood. However there is nothing outside the Bible to support this." [Based on: Isaac Asimov, Asimov's Chronology Of The World, p. 42] 1,275 B.C. - Assyrian Victory / Mitanni - "Assyria conquers the Mitanni kingdom, as Assyria enters its first period of strength." 1,274 B.C. - Shalmaneser I Rules Assyria - Shalmaneser I rules [1274-1245 B.C.] in Assyria. 1,260 B.C. - Uranus-Neptune Conjunction - 1,250 B.C. - Plenard Period? - "[....] British anthropologist, Richard Desborough, said of the Plenard Period [from 1250 to 1000 B.C.?], 'the changes that came about were little short of fantastic. The craftsmen and artists seem to have vanished almost without a trace: there is little new stone construction of any sort, far less any massive edifices; the metal workers' techniques revert to primitive, and the potter, except in the early stages, loses his purpose and inspiration; and the art of writing is forgotten. But the outstanding feature is that by the end of the 12th Century B.C., the population appears to have dwindled to about one-tenth of what it had been little over a century before. This is no normal decline, and the circumstances and events obviously have a considerable bearing on the nature of the subsequent Dark ages, and must be in part at least a cause of its existence'. Franzen and Larsson locate the focus of the Bronze Age catastrophe in the the vicinity of Atlantis itself. 'We even suggest that relatively large asteroids or comets (c. 0.5 km diameter) hit somewhere in the eastern Atlantic, possibly at the shelf of the Atlantic west coast of Africa/Europe ... mainly affecting the Mediterranean parts of Africa and Europe, but also globally'. As our planet turned on its axis, the proto-Encke Comet, Oljato, bombarded every region in a world-wide swath from above the Equator to below the Arctic Circle, according to the comet's inclining angle to the Earth. [....]" [Based on: World-Mysteries.com article (The Destruction of Atlantis, By Frank Joseph, An essay regarding "The Destruction of Atlantis" (by the author).] Link: http://www.world-mysteries.com/newgw/atlantis_fj.htm - [T.D. - 04/04/10] 1,250 B.C. - Destruction of Hazor? - See link section beginning at 30:20. Link: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/bibles-buried-secrets.html 1,250 B.C. - Inca Empire, South America - According to popular history, beginning about 1,250 B.C., several advanced cultures, such as the Chavin, Chimu, Nazca, and Tiahuanaco, developed in different parts of Peru. [Links: 1 , 2 ] 1,245 B.C. - Tukultininurta I Rules Assyria - Tukultininurta I rules [1245-1208 B.C.] in Assyria. 1,235 B.C. - Nimrod Rules Assyria - According to popular history, Tukulti-Ninurta I [Nimrod] rules in Assyria. 1,230 B.C. - Israelite Conquest? / Canaan - A suggested date for the Israeli conquest of Canaan. 1,220 B.C. - Palestinian Control / Palestine - "Around 1200 B.C. Egypt lost control over Palestine and the Palestinian Canaanites controlled Palestine. During the Late Bronze Age c. 1220 or c. 1190 B.C. the Egyptian Hebrew [Israelite] tribes left Egypt with Moses through Sinai to the area south of Jordan and North West of Saudi Arabia [Mizraim] where they became by time powerful enough to group and invade some parts of Palestine which was inhabited by several groups of people. In this process the Egyptian Hebrews had to fight the Hill tribes of the Amorites and to conquer the Amorites kings Sihon and Og. During the Early Iron Age as Egypt lost control over Palestine, Palestine was invaded by Hebrew tribes from the north then by the Aegean [the Sea People] Philistines who by time controlled all Palestine. By that time, The Early Iron Age, several different people were living in Palestine: - Ammonites [the descendants of Amon, the son of the younger daughter of Lot, the son of Haran and nephew of Abraham; they were a transjordanic tribe] - Amorites - Canaanites [the Gibeonites] Hill people from Gibeon one of the four cities of the Hivites] - Edomites, Idumeans [The descendants of Esau] who were forcibly converted to Judaism by John Hyrcanus c. 125 B.C. and incorporated with the Jewish nation] - Hebrews [other than the Egyptian Hebrews] - Hittite [the descendants of Hath, the second son of Canaan, who were called the Hyksos by the Egyptians] - Hivites [a Canaanite nation that lived in four cities in Palestine: Gibeon, Chephirah, Beeroth and Kirjath-Jearim] - Horites, Horimes [cave-dwellers of Mount Seir] - Hurries - Khabiri - Jebusites [a Canaanite tribe that lived in the mountain; Jerusalem was their capital] - Leahhites [Mountain people from Mount Lebanon. They were descendants of Leah, the elder daughter of Laban, the son of Bethuel, and grand-nephew of Abraham] - Mitannies, Moabites [descendants of Moab, the eldest son of the eldest daughter of Lot, the son of Haran and nephew of Abraham. The Moabites spoke a dialect of Hebrew and gave a kindly reception to the Egyptian Israelites in the East of The Dead Sea] and - Philistines [the Sea People]. Some of these different people were Semites and the others were Hemites." [Link: 1 ] 1,213 B.C. - Merneptah Rules Egypt - "Merneptah (or Merenptah) was the fourth ruler of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt. He ruled Egypt for almost ten years between late July or early August 1213 and May 2, 1203 BC, according to contemporary historical records.[2] [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merneptah] 1,208 B.C. - Victory Stele of Merneptah - "The Merneptah Stele — also known as the Israel Stele or Victory Stele of Merneptah — is an inscription by the Ancient Egyptian king Merneptah (reign:1213 to 1203 BC), which appears on the reverse side of a granite stele erected by the king Amenhotep III. It was discovered by Flinders Petrie in 1896 at Thebes. [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merneptah_Stele] Trivia: "The earliest mention of Israel in an extrabiblical text was found in Egypt in the stele describing the campaign of Pharaoh Merneptah - the son of Ramesses II - in Canaan at the very end of the thirteenth century BCE. The inscription tells of a destructive Egyptian campaign into Canaan, in the course of which a people named Israel were decimated to the extent that the pharoah boasted that Israel's 'seed is not!' The boast was clearly an empty one, but it did indicate that some group known as Israel was already in Canaan by that time. In fact, dozens of settlements that were linked with the early Israelites appeared in the hill country of Canaan around that time. So if a historical Exodus took place, scholars have argued, it must have occurred in the late thirteenth century BCE." [Based on: The Bible Unearthed, Israel Finkelstein & Neil Asher Silberman, p. 57] Links: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/bibles-buried-secrets.html 12th Century B.C. Links: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1500_BC 1,200 B.C. - Ugarit - Reportedly: "Ugarit provides us with the clearest picture of what was happening in the Near East during the Amarna Age. The community might be called Semitic, because the official language [Ugaritic] is clearly Semitic. However, there was an influencial Aegean enclave there, attested by Cypro-Minoan texts, Mycenaean art objects, and the presence of a Caphtorian god in the Ugaritic pantheon. Hittites, Hurrians, Alashiyans and other segments of the community are mentioned in the tablets. Assyrian and Egyptian enclaves are recorded side by side, though Ugarit certainly did not belong to either the Assyrian or Egyptian kings. What we see at Ugarit is the interpenetration of commercial empires. At that important city, at the crossroads of east-west and north-south traffic, representatives of the Aegean, Hittite, Hurrian, Mesopotamian, Canaanite, Egyptian and other populations met to conduct their affairs in an international order. The ancient Canaanite city-state of Ugarit is of utmost importance for those who study the Old Testament. The literature of the city and the theology contained therein go a very long way in helping us to understand the meaning of various Biblical passages as well as aiding us in deciphering difficult Hebrew words. Ugarit was at its political, religious and economic height around the 12th century B.C. and thus its period of greatness corresponds with the entry of Israel into Canaan." [Link: 1 ] 1,200 B.C. - Tarshish Founded - Tarshish founded by colonists from Tyre. 1,200 B.C. - Jericho Destroyed - "By 1200 B.C., Canaan was virtually in anarchy, and Jericho, which had existed for nearly 7,000 years, was temporarily destroyed." [Based on: Isaac Asimov, Asimov's Chronology Of The World, p. 44] 1,200 B.C. - Change in Climate? - "[....] Swedish physicist, Lars Franzen (University of Goeteborg) and archaeologist Thomas B. Larsson (University of Umea) pointed out that general cooling, extreme precipitation, followed by catastrophic flooding before 1000 B.C. were earmarks of a celestial cataclysm. They concluded, 'it is obvious that these events were sudden and occurred world-wide'. They mentioned a particularly sharp change in climate, a steep drop in temperatures and simultaneous rise in wet conditions, noticeable in Europe, the Americas, the Near East, as far north as Alaska and south to the Antarctic, circa 1,200 B.C. [....]" [Based on: World-Mysteries.com article (The Destruction of Atlantis, By Frank Joseph, An essay regarding "The Destruction of Atlantis" (by the author).] Link: http://www.world-mysteries.com/newgw/atlantis_fj.htm - [T.D. - 04/04/10] 1,200 B.C. - Trivia / Hebrew Alphabet - According to reports: "The Hebrews adopted the alphabet in the twelfth or eleventh century B.C., but only one Hebrew inscription - the Gezer Calendar [which may, in fact, be Phoenician] - is known to be older than the eighth century B.C. Although it is likely that the Hebrew script was widely used in the ninth century, even by Israel's eastern neighbors [Mesha Stone], virtually no ninth-century Hebrew incriptions are known to date. In the Old Testament, the Hebrews never call their language 'Hebrew' or 'Israelite,' but quite correctly 'the language of Canaan.' " [Links: 1 , 2 ] Trivia: "Hebrew is a Semitic dialect or language which developed in the northwestern part of the Near East between the River Jordan and the Mediterranean Sea during the latter half of the second millenium BCE. The country comprising this area was known as Canaan, a name that is also associated with the language in its earliest written sources: spt knan 'the language of Canaan' (Is 19:18). Elsewhere, the language is called yhvdyt (yehudit) 'Judaean, Judahite' (2 K 18:26,28, etc.). In the Hellenistic period, writers refer to it by the Greek term Hebraios, Hebraisti (Josephus, Antiquities I, 1:2 etc.), and under the Roman Empire it was known as abryt ('ibrit) 'Hebrew' or lsvn abry(t) ' Hebrew language' (Mishnah, Gittin 9:8, etc.), terms that recalled Eber (Gn 11:14), ancestor of the people that would become known, like Abraham (Gn 14:13), by the name 'Hebrew'. [....]" [See: A History of the Hebrew Language, Angel Saenz-Badillos, 2000 edition, p. 1] 1,200 B.C. - Trivia / Phoenician Alphabet - "The Phoenician alphabet evolved from the more 'naturalistic' sytle of Proto-Canaanite into a more linear form during the 12th century B.C. or so. Most of the alphabets used today are descended from Phoenician. The immediate offspring of Phoenician were the old Hebrew alphabet, and Aramaic, as well as Archaic Greek according to tradition. The Hebrew alphabet was also used by Moabites as well as Israelites. This alphabet, though, eventually disappeared from the mainstream, and survived as the Samaritan script. Aramaic, on the other hand, became extremely popular, and many people adopted it." [Link: 1 ] 1,196 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjunction - 1,190 B.C. - Rameses III Rules Egypt - Rameses III rules [1188-1156 B.C.] Egypt and defeats the Philistines. 1,186 B.C. - 20th Egyptian Dynasty - Traditional date for the 20th Egyptian Dynasty [1186 B.C.-1069 B.C.]. [Link: 1 ] 1,180 B.C. - Trojan War? - "[...] Troy appears to have been destroyed around 1180 B.C. (this date corresponds to the end of our excavation of levels Troy VIi or VIIa), probably by a war the city lost. [... .]" [Based on: http://www.archaeology.org/0405/etc/troy.html] 1,175 B.C. - Civilizations collapse - "The fact that several civilizations around 1175 BCE collapsed has led suggestion that the Sea Peoples may have been involved in the end of the Hittite, Mycenaean and Mitanni kingdoms. The American Hittitologist, Gary Beckman, writes on page 23 of Akkadica 120 (2000):[32] A terminus ante quem for the destruction of the Hittite empire has been recognised in an inscription carved at Medinet Habu in Egypt in the eighth year of Ramesses III (1175 BC). This text narrates a contemporary great movement of peoples in the eastern Mediterranean, as a result of which "the lands were removed and scattered to the fray. No land could stand before their arms, from Hatti, Kode, Carchemish, Arzawa, Alashiya on being cut off. [ie: cut down]" Ramesses' comments about the scale of the Sea Peoples' onslaught in the eastern Mediterranean are confirmed by the destruction of the states of Hatti, Ugarit, Ashkelon and Hazor around this time. As the Hittitologist Trevor Bryce observes:[33] It should be stressed that the invasions were not merely military operations, but involved the movements of large populations, by land and sea, seeking new lands to settle. This situation is confirmed by the Medinet Habu temple reliefs of Ramesses III which show that:[33] the Peleset and Tjekker warriors who fought in the land battle [against Ramesses III] are accompanied in the reliefs by women and children loaded in ox-carts. [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Peoples] 1,170 B.C. - Israelites Enter Canaan? - A traditional date when the Israelites entered Canaan. Also, a time when the Philistines were thought to have settled the coast [Joshua]. Trivia: "[...] Ramesses III claims that he incorporated the Sea Peoples as subject peoples and settled them in Southern Canaan, although there is no clear evidence to this effect; the pharaoh, unable to prevent their gradual arrival in Canaan, may have claimed that it was his idea to let them reside in this territory. Their presence in Canaan may have contributed to the formation of new states in this region such as Philistia after the collapse of the Egyptian Empire in Asia. Ramesses III was also compelled to fight invading Libyan tribesmen in two major campaigns in Egypt's Western Delta in his Year 6 and Year 11 respectively.[3] [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesses_III] 1,167 - Solar Eclipse - "Total solar eclipse - 9 September 1167 BC" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar_eclipses_in_the_12th_century_BC 1,167 B.C. - Uranus Pluto Square - "The last time Uranus was in Aries and Pluto in Capricorn was in 1167 BC, but they were not at the same degrees [as in 2012] , so the situation was slightly different." http://mediaserver.fxstreet.com/Reports/27763304-b35a-4ea7-b5b8-21721bbad8f7/64b03b59-4847-4826-bad2-afc1aeee1df9.pdf Reference Links: http://www.astro.com/swisseph/ae/m1100/ae_m1167.pdf 1,159 B.C. - Hekla 3 Eruption - "The Hekla 3 eruption triggers an 18-year period of climatic worsening. (estimated date, disputed)" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1150s_BC] 1,157 B.C. - Labor Strike / Egypt - "[...] The heavy cost of these battles [with "Sea Peoples"] slowly exhausted Egypt's treasury and contributed to the gradual decline of the Egyptian Empire in Asia. The severity of these difficulties is stressed by the fact that the first known labor strike in recorded history occurred during Year 29 of Ramesses III's reign, when the food rations for the Egypt's favoured and elite royal tomb-builders and artisans in the village of Set Maat her imenty Waset (now known as Deir el Medina), could not be provisioned.[4] Something in the air (but not necessarily Hekla 3) prevented much sunlight from reaching the ground and also arrested global tree growth for almost two full decades until 1140 BC. The result in Egypt was a substantial inflation in grain prices under the later reigns of Ramesses VI-VII whereas the prices for fowl and slaves remained constant.[5] The cooldown, hence, affected Ramesses III's final years and impaired his ability to provide a constant supply of grain rations to the workman of the Deir el-Medina community. [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesses_III] 1,154 B.C. - Died / King Menelaus of Sparta - "Death of King Menelaus of Sparta (estimated date)." [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1150s_BC] 1,154 B.C. - Suicide / Queen Helen of Sparta - "Suicide of exiled Queen Helen of Sparta at Rhodes. (estimated date)." [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1150s_BC] 1,153 B.C. - Died / Ramsees III - "Death of pharaoh Ramesses III of Egypt" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1150s_BC] 1,150 B.C. - Period of Judges? - According to popular history, Barak and Deborah defeat Sisera; period of Judges. 6. Baktun 5. Baktun of the Imperial Seal. 1141-747 B.C. 5.0.0.0.0 Babylonian-Assyrian empires. Iron weaponry and war machines. Rise of Mycenean Greeks in Mediterranean, sack of Troy. Chou Dynasty, China, emergence of I Ching. Spread of Olmec culture throughout Mesoamerica. Horse used for warfare, pattern of militaristic imperial rule and dynastic succession established as norm for civilized life on planet. [Based on: The Mayan Factor / Path Beyond Technology, by Jose Arguelles, Copyright 1939-, 1987, p. 114] 1,122 B.C. - Old Chinese - "[...] Old Chinese, sometimes known as 'Archaic Chinese', was the language common during the early and middle Zhou Dynasty (1122 BCE–256 BCE), texts of which include inscriptions on bronze artifacts, the poetry of the Shijing, the history of the Shujing, and portions of the Y�jing (I Ching). The phonetic elements found in the majority of Chinese characters provide hints to their Old Chinese pronunciations. The pronunciation of the borrowed Chinese characters in Japanese, Vietnamese and Korean also provide valuable insights. Old Chinese was not wholly uninflected. It possessed a rich sound system in which aspiration and voicing differentiated the consonants, but probably was still without tones. Work on reconstructing Old Chinese started with Qi-ng dynasty philologists. [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language] Trivia: "[...] The present Chinese language varieties developed out of the different ways in which dialects of Old Chinese and Middle Chinese evolved. Traditionally, seven major groups of dialects have been recognized. Aside from Mandarin, the other six are Wu Chinese, Hakka Chinese, Min Chinese, Xiang Chinese, Yue Chinese and Gan Chinese.[6] More recently, other more specific groups have been recognized. [... .]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese] Trivia: "[...] The vast majority of the inscribed oracle bones date to the last 230 or so years of the Shang dynasty; oracle bones have been reliably dated to the fourth and subsequent reigns of the kings who ruled at Yin (modern Anyang)—from king Wu Ding to Di Xin.[4] However, the dating of these bones varies from ca. the 14th to 11th centuries BCE,[5][6] to ca. 1200–1050 BCE[7] because the end date of the Shang dynasty is not a matter of consensus. The largest number date to the reign of king Wu Ding.[8] Very few oracle bones date to the beginning of the subsequent Zhou Dynasty. [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_bones] 1,116 B.C. - Tiglath-Pilesar I Rules Assyria - Tiglath-Pilesar I rules in Assyria. 1,100 B.C. 11th Century B.C. Links: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1100_BC 1,100 B.C. - Greeks Settle Asia Minor Coast - Gideon defeats Midianites; Greeks begin to settle Asia Minor coast. 1,093 B.C. - Assyrian Decline - Death of Tiglath-Pilesar I; Assyria in decline. 1089 B.C. - Uranus-Neptune Conjunction - 1,085 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjunction - 1,080 B.C. - Philistine Victory / Shiloh - "Philistines defeat Israelites at Aphek; Shiloh destroyed." 1,070 B.C. - 21st Egyptian Dynasty - A traditional date for the 21st Egyptian Dynasty [1070 B.C.- 945 B.C.]. [Link: 1 ] 1,071 B.C. - Neptune-Pluto Conjunction - "Neptune-Pluto cycles last about 495 years - half a millennium. They characterise an underlying driving-force behind history, an undertow of reality which marries the inevitable ram-force of Pluto with the imaginal, ideational power of Neptune." Note: "Neptune-Pluto configurations on this site later than 600 B.C. represent estimated projections only. They were caluclated by subtracting alternating multiples of 493 years. For verification regarding planetary positions for 1,071 B.C, use the following pdf. file link below. [- E.M.] Link: http://www.astro.com/swisseph/ae/m1000/ae_m1071.pdf 1,050 B.C. - Jewish Monarchy - "The Gezer calendar was most probably derived from the Canaanite cycle before the establishment of the Jewish monarchy in 1,050 B.C. Evidence of the calendar's Canaanite origins is found in the Old Testament, which indicates that Hebrews were using Canaanite month names." 1,048 B.C. - King Saul? Rules Israel - "A reported date when the Israelite tribes united under their first king, Saul." [Link: l ] Trivia: "The Israelite [Hebrew] tribes came under one king [Saul] around 1,020 B.C. Saul ruled from 1,020 to 1,000 B.C." 1046 B.C. - Zhou dynasty - "The Zhou dynasty (Chinese: 周朝; pinyin: Zhōu Ch�o... was a Chinese dynasty that followed the Shang dynasty and preceded the Qin dynasty. Although the Zhou dynasty lasted longer than any other dynasty in Chinese history, the actual political and military control of China by the dynasty, surnamed Ji (Chinese: 姬), lasted only until 771 BC, a period known as the Western Zhou. [...] In the Chinese historical tradition, the Zhou defeated the Shang and oriented the Shang system of ancestor worship towards a universalized worship, away from the worship of Shangdi and to that of Tian or 'heaven'. They legitimized their rule by invoking the 'Mandate of Heaven', the notion that the ruler (the 'Son of Heaven') governed by divine right and that his dethronement would prove that he had lost the Mandate. Disasters and successful rebellions would thus show that the ruling family had lost this Mandate. [... .]" [Based on: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_dynasty] 1,040 B.C. - Samuel Judges Israeli Tribes - "According to popular history, Samuel judges the tribes." 1,031 B.C. - Ancient Alexandria? - "[....] A Smithsonian team has uncovered underwater evidence pointing to an urban settlement at the site dating back seven centuries before Alexander showed up in 331 B.C. [....] The discoveries are reported in the August issue of GSA Today, the journal of the Geological Society of America." [Based on: A.P. article (Team finds signs of city under Alexandria), p. A14, S.L.P.D., 07/27/07] 1,013 B.C. - Philistine Victory / Mt. Gilboa - "Philistines defeat Israelites at mount Gilboa: Saul and Jonathan killed; David rules Judah." 1,008 B.C. - King David? Rules Israel - "David of Bethlehem married Saul's daughter to become King of Judah [corresponding to half of the Palestinian territory] in around 1,008 B.C. Subsequently, he also acquired Israel [the balance of the territory] to become overall King of the Jews." Trivia: "From the time of King David, the dynasty of Abiathar [2 Samuel 20:25] was established in the hierarchy of senior priests. The line of Zadok was the primary priestly heritage and the line of Abiathar was second in authority. In addition to the traditional priestly styles, the Essenes also preserved the names of the Old Testament archangels within their governing structure. Hence, the Zadok priest was also the archangel Michael, while the Abiathar priest [whatever his personal name] was also the angel Gabriel. Being subordinate to the Zadok/Michael [the Lord - 'like unto God'], the Abiathar/Gabriel was designated Angel of the Lord [the ambassador of the Michael-Zadok]. This angelic system is detailed in the Book of 1 Enoch 4:9, wilst the War Scroll 9:15-17 identifies the angels' order of priestly ranking during the Gospel era." [Based on: Laurence Gardner] Trivia: "According to the Bible, Joshua led the Israelites into lands west of the Jordan river, where they routed the Canaanites but failed to win Gaza from the Philistines. Kind David expanded Israel and built his capitol around the ancient sacrificial altar at Mount Moriah in Jerusalem. There his son Solomon built a grand Temple of God. Later Israel split, and its pieces fell: to Assyria in 722 B.C. and to Babylon in 586 B.C., when the Temple was razed and the Israelites sold into slavery." [National Geographic Magazine / October 2002 / page 106] 1,000 B.C. 10th Century B.C. Links: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1000_BC 1,000 B.C. - Gathas - "Accoring to one report, before anyone other than the Pharaoh Akhenaton, Zoroaster introduced a practical monotheism equivalent to that the Jews and Christians think is unique to them. Zoroaster founded his religious system in the time when the Persians were migrating south of the Caucasus, from 1,000 B.C. onwards towards their eventual homeland. The date of Zoroaster's life is uncertain, no reference being made to him by the Persian kings or indeed until Xanthos of Lydia in 470 B.C., but the Gathas of Zoroaster have elements in common with the Vedas of India which date to the start of the first millennium B.C., suggesting that the religion that Zoroaster was reforming was similar to Brahminism." 1,000 B.C. - Rig Veda - "During this period [1,000-600 BCE] of Indian civilization, the Late Vedic period, the Aryans are integrated into Indian culture, and the Rig Veda is written." 1,000 B.C. - Luwian Script - "This script was originally mislabeled as Hieroglyphic Hittite, but the decipherment of the signs eventually led to the conclusion that the language recorded was not Hittite, but a related language called Luwian. Hittite and Luwian both belong to Anatolian subgroup of the Indo-European language family. Hieroglyphic Luwian was used in city-states of Southern Anatolia and Northern Syria, from 1000 BCE (?) to 700 BCE." [Link: 1 ] 1,000 B.C. - Old Testament - "More than two hundred years of detailed study of the Hebrew text of the Bible and ever more wide-ranging exploration in all the lands between the Nile and the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers have enabled us to begin to understand when, why, and how the Bible came to be. Detailed analysis of the language and literary geners of the Bible has led scholars to identify oral and written sources on which the present biblical text was based. At the same time, archaeology has produced a stunning, almost encyclopedic knowledge of the material conditions, languages, societies, and historical developments of the centuries during which the traditions of ancient Israel gradually crystalized, spanning roughly six hundred years - from about 1000 to 400 BCE. Most important of all, the textual insights and the archeological evidence has combined to help us to distinguish between the power and poetry of biblical saga and the more down-to-earth events and processes of ancient Near Eastern history." [Based on: The Bible Unearthed, Israel Finkelstein & Neil Asher Silberman, p. 5] Trivia: "[....] It is also clear that the interdentals / t, d / underwent a particularly large number of modifications, especially from the first millennium BCE - thus, in Hebrew / t / shifts to / s / (cf. Ugaritic tr, Hebrew sor), / d / to / z / (Ugaritic ' hd, Hebrew ' hz [chz]), / t / to / s [ts] / (Ugaritic tl [tsl], Hebrew sel [tsel]), and, similarly, / d / shifts to / s [ts] / (South Arabian ' rd, Hebrew ' eres [erets]). [....]" [Based on: A History of the Hebrew Language, Angel Saenz-Badillos, 2000 edition, p. 20] 1,000 B.C. - Trivia / I Ching - "The I Ching, or Book of Changes, is the most widely read of the five Chinese Classics. The book was traditionally written by the legendary Chinese Emperor Fu Hsi [2953-2838 B.C.]. It is possible that the the I Ching originated from a prehistoric divination technique which dates back as far as 5,000 B.C. Futher commentaries were added by King Wen and the Duke of Chou in the eleventh century B.C." 1,000 B.C. - Aramaic Script - "While Aramaic was displacing Akkadian in the course of the first millennium B.C., it absorbed a host of Sumerian words from Akkadian and transmitted them to the rest of the Near East. Some got into Arabic and have been carried to the ends of the eastern hemisphere by Islam. Of older date are the Sumerian loanwords in biblical Hebrew. According to popular belief: Originally Aramaic was spoken [and written] only in the region whose modern name is Syria. However, during the late Assyrian empire, and subsequently during the Babylonian and Persian empires, Aramaic became an international language, written and spoken in Anatolia, the Levantine coast, Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Persia where it was adopted by many local groups. In Israel, it became the 'Jewish' alphabet, the direct descendant of which is the modern Hebrew alphabet. It also became much more cursive as time goes on, such as the Nabatean alphabet, which eventually became Arabic." [Link: 1 ] 1,000 B.C. - Aramaeans / Syria - "A traditional date when the Aramaeans began infiltrating Syria." 1,000 B.C. - Trivia / King David - Reportedly: "David ruled from 1,000 to 961 B.C." 1,000 B.C. - Minor Power / Egypt - "Weakened by the invading 'Sea People' [the Phrygians, or Philistines], by 1,000 B.C. the Egyptian empire was no more, and Egypt remained a minor power thereafter." 1,000 B.C. - King Midas / Phrygia - "By 1,000 B.C. the Phoenicians had an alphabet, each letter representing a consonantal sound, and, using that alphabet, any language could be written down simply. King Midas ruled Phrygia around this time." 1,000 B.C. - Trivia / Jewish Calendar - "Present knowledge of the Jewish calendar in use before the period of the Babylonian Exile is both limited and uncertain. The Bible refers to calendar matters only incidentally, and the dating of components of Mosaic Law remains doubtful. The earliest datable source for the Hebrew calendar is the Gezer Calendar, written probably in the age of Solomon, in the late 10th century B.C. The inscription indicates the length of main agricultural tasks within the cycle of 12 lunations. The calendar term here is yereah, which in Hebrew denotes both 'moon' and 'month.' Thus, the Hebrew months were lunar. They are not named in pre-exilic sources except in the Biblical report of the building of Solomon's Temple in I Kings, where the names of three months, two of them also attested in the Phoenician calendar, are given; the months are usually numbered rather than named." 1,000 B.C. - Greek Colonies / Cyprus - "Reportedly, 'Cyprus may never have belonged to Greece, although Greek colonies have been on the island for over 3,000 years.' " 1,000 B.C. - Early Greek Inscriptions - "The earliest Greek inscriptions known today belong to the eigth century B.C. Although we cannot demonstrate that Greek inscriptions existed earlier than the eigth century B.C., a comparative analysis of the characteristic traits of the West Semitic script and those of Archaic Greek writing, leads to the assumption that the Greek borrowing of the alphabet should be dated some three hundred years earlier than the earliest known Greek inscriptions." 1,000 B.C. - Trivia / Etruscan Civilization - "Etruscan civilization existing by this time." [Link: 1 ] 980 B.C. - Height of Power / Israel - "A traditional date when King David's empire was at its peak" 976 B.C. - Jeroboam I Rules Israel - "Reportedly, the son of Nebat (1Ki 11:26-39), 'an Ephrathite,' the first king of the ten tribes, over whom he reigned twenty-two years (B.C. 976-945). He was the son of a widow of Zereda, and while still young was promoted by Solomon to be chief superintendent of the 'burnden', i.e., of the bands of forced labourers. Influenced by the words of the prophet Ahijah, he began to form conspiracies with the view of becoming king of the ten tribes; but these having been discovered, he fled to Egypt (1Ki 11:29-40), where he remained for a length of time under the protection of Shishak I. Other traditional dates attributed to Jeroboam I include: 931-909 B.C." 973 B.C. - Solomon Rules Israel & Judah - "A traditional date when Solomon ruled [962-922 B.C.] united Israel-Judah. Other traditional dates attributed to Solomon include: 970-931 B.C." 969 B.C. - Hiram Rules Tyre - "A traditional date when Hiram ruled Tyre." 962 B.C. - Jewish Temple Completed? - "A Traditional date for the completion of the First Jewish Temple by Solomon. Reportedly, this building was regarded as the repository of ancient occult wisdom and symbolism by both the Freemasons and the Knights Templar. King David initiated the building of the temple at Jerusalem and after his death his son Solomon completed the task. To build the edifice Solomon imported masons, artists and craftsmen from neighboring countries. Specifically he sent a message to the king of Tyre asking if he could hire the services of the king's master builder, Hiram Abiff, who was skilled in geometry. Solomon appointed Hiram as the chief architect and master mason of the temple to be built in Jerusalem. In the Old Testament it is said of Solomon that 'he sacrificed and burnt incense in high places', [I Kings 3:3] which were the sites of shrines dedicated to the worship of the Great Goddess. The available evidence suggests that during the 370-year history of the original temple at Jerusalem it was wholly or partly used for Goddess worship for 200 years of that period. When one of Yahweh's prophets denounced Solomon's waywardness in favor of a young man called Jeroboam who became the new king [I Kings 11:29-40], the worship of pagan gods briefly abated. In I Kings 23: 4-7 it is recorded that the high priest Hilkaih destroyed the shrines to the goddess Ashtoreth which Solomon had erected all over Israel." Trivia: "An ivory pomegranate long touted by scholars as the only relic from Solomon's Temple is a forgery, the Israeli Museum said Friday [12/24/04], as investigators said they had broken up several fake antiquity rings in a wide-ranging investigation. Indictments in that investigation are to be handed down next week, the officials said. Among those to be indicted is Israeli collector Oded Golan, the Justice Ministry confirmed. Golan, who denied wrongdoing, owns the two most spectacular artifacts declared fakes last year [2003]: a burial chest purported to be that of James, the brother of Jesus, and a stone tablet with inscriptions on how to maintain the Jewish Temple. The pomegranate was examined by the museum independently of the investigation by the Israeli authorities, said the director of the Israel Museum, James Snyder. A team of experts reported the thumb-sized pomegranate dates to the Bronze period, or about 3,400 years ago, meaning it is considerably older than the first Jewish Temple, and the inscription was added recently, the museum said in a statement." [Based on: News Services article, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, p. A10, 12/25/04] Commentary: "Not one relic from Solomon's Temple?" [- E.M.] 961 B.C. - Arabian Trade / King Solomon - Reportedly: "Solomon ruled from 961 to 922 B.C. and he started to trade with the Arabs who were in Arabia." 950 B.C. - Rezin Rules Syria - "A traditional date when Rezin founded the kingdom of Damascus [Syria]." 945 B.C. - 22nd Egyptian Dynasty - "traditional date for the 22nd Egyptian Dynasty [945 B.C.- 712 B.C.]." [Link: 1 ] 942 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjunction - 933 B.C. - Fatality / Solomon - "A traditional date when Solomon died." 933 B.C. - Jeroboam I Rules Israel - "On the death of Solomon, the ten tribes, having revolted, sent to invite Jeroboam I to become their king. The conduct of Rehoboam favoured the designs of Jeroboam, and he was accordingly proclaimed 'king of Israel' (1Ki 12:1; 1:1-20). He rebuilt and fortified Shechem as the capital of his kingdom. He at once adopted means to perpetuate the division thus made between the two parts of the kingdom, and erected at Dan and Bethel, the two extremities of his kingdom, 'golden calves,' which he set up as symbols of Jehovah, enjoining the people not any more to go up to worship at Jerusalem, but to bring their offerings to the shrines he had erected. Thus he became distinguished as the man 'who made Israel to sin.' This policy was followed by all the succeeding kings of Israel. Other traditional dates attributed to Jeroboam I include: 931-909 B.C." 931 B.C. - Rehoboam Rules Judah - "A traditional date when Rehoboam ruled in Judah 931-914 B.C." 922 B.C. - Secession / Israel from Judah - "The Bible describes how, soon after the death of Solomon, the ten northern tribes, resenting their subjugation to Davidic kings in Jerusalem, unilaterally seceded from the united monarchy, thus forcing the creation of two rival kingdoms: the kingdom of Israel, in the north, and the kingdom of Judah, in the south. For the next two hundred years, the people of Israel lived in two separate kingdoms, reportedly succumbing again and again to the lure of foreign deities." 918 B.C. - Uranus-Neptune Conjunction - 918 B.C. - Sacked / Jewish Temple - "About 918 B.C., an Egyptian army, under Sheshonk ['Shishak' in the Bible] of the 22nd Dynasty, who reigned from 935-914 B.C., sacked Jerusalem and the Temple." 914 B.C. - Abijam Rules Judah - "A traditional date when Abijam ruled in Judah 914-911 B.C." 911 B.C. - Asa Rules Judah - "A traditional date when Asa ruled in Judah 911-870 B.C." 909 B.C. - Nadab Rules Israel - "A traditional date when Nadab ruled in Israel 909-908 B.C." 908 B.C. - Baasha Rules Israel - "A traditional date when Baasha ruled in Israel 908-885 B.C." 9,00 B.C. 900 B.C. - Demotic Invented - "A modified form of heratic writing invented." 898 B.C. - Solar Eclipse - "China's Double-Dawn Eclipse [April 21st]" 900 B.C. - European trade - "The vessel, carrying copper and tin ingots used to make weapons and jewellery, sank off the coast near Salcombe in Devon and is thought to date from 900BC. [....]" [Based on: The Telegraph article (3,000-year-old shipwreck shows European trade was thriving in Bronze Age / The discovery of one of the world's oldest shipwrecks shows that European trade was thriving even in the Bronze Age, according to experts.) 7:30AM GMT 15 Feb 2010] http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/environment/archaeology/7238663/3000-year-old-shipwreck-shows-European-trade-was-thriving-in-Bronze-Age.html 8th or 9th Century B.C. - Kapila? - "[....] One such sage, named Kapila, who lived around the 8th or 9th century B.C.E. in the northeastern part of India, after realizing in himself the Truth of existence, made a valiant and brilliant attempt to explain the mysterious Unity-in-duality to the satisfaction of those who had not known It. [....] Kapila's explanation of Reality came to be known as the philosophy of Samkhya, a word which, like Veda, means 'knowledge' or 'wisdom.' To designate the Eternal, Kapila used the word, Purusha; it is a word which had appeared previously in the Vedas to mean the universal Self, or 'Person.' And to designate the creative Energy which manifests as the phenomenal world, he used the word, Prakrti. Prakrti is identical with Prthivi, the earth-Mother of the Vedas. It is Prakrti which appears as atoms, molecules, and all the sentient and insentient world composed of the elements. These two, Purusha and Prakrti, are what we today might call 'spirit' and 'matter,' except that Prakrti is more than what we regard as matter; it is the substance of all forms, dream images, and the individual psyche. It is everything that is experienced as 'the world' - on both the subtle and gross levels. Purusha, on the other hand, is the Eternal, the unmanifested Essence, the unstained and unchanging Consciousness. It is the light of conscious Awareness which not only illumes but allows us to perceive the world of Prakrti. [....]" [Based on: History of Mysticism, by S. Abhayananda, third revised edition, 1996, p. 45] - [Paragraph indents removed - E.M.] 900 B.C. - Bible Writing / Song of Deborah - "By 900 B.C., some Israelite writing had appeared that was later to be incorporated into the Bible. The Song of Deborah is an example of this." 900 B.C. - Height of Power / Olmec Civilization - "Olmec civilization [in southern Mexico] at its peak." Trivia: "The Olmec, which means 'rubber people,' date back to at least 4000 BC. They began their rise to civilization around 1500 BC, and are considered to have reached the first advanced stages of high civilization around 550 BC." 885 B.C. - Elah Rules Israel - "A traditional date when Elah ruled in Israel 885-884 B.C." 884 B.C. - Samaria Founded - "Date for the foundation of Samaria, mentioned in the Mesha stela from Moab." 884 B.C. - Zimri Rules Israel - "A traditional date when Zimri ruled in Israel 884 B.C." 884 B.C. - Tibni Rules Israel - "A traditional date when Tibni ruled in Israel 884-880 B.C." 884 B.C. - Omri Rules Israel - "A traditional date when Omri ruled in Israel 884-873 B.C." 883 B.C. - Ashurnasirpal II Rules Assyria - "A traditional date when Ashurnasirpal II ruled in Assyria 883-859 B.C." 874 B.C. - Ahab Rules Israel - "A traditional date when King Ahab ruled [874-853 B.C.] in Israel. Ahab, the king who actually stopped Assyria for a while, is painted in the darkest colors in the Bible, along with his wife, Jezebel. His victory over Assyria isn't even mentioned. Under the influence of Jezebel, King Ahab built an altar to Baal and a sacred grove to the goddess [I Kings 16:30-33]. It is said that 850 priests of Baal and Astoreth were entertained at a lavish banquet organized by the new queen. Other traditional dates attributed to Ahab include 873-852 B.C." 870 B.C. - Jehoshaphat Rules Judah - "A traditional date when Jehoshaphat ruled in Judah 870-846 B.C." 859 B.C. - Shalmaneser III Rules Assyria - "A traditional date when Shalmaneser III ruled in Assyria 859-824 B.C." 854 B.C. - Israelite Coalition - "Israel, in combination with Judah [a puppet of Israel at the time] and Aram [Syria] manage to defeat Assyria in battle. Later Syria and Israel turn against eachother and Ahab dies in battle against Syria. Meanwhile, Israel and Judah were not truly monotheistic. The writers of the Bible tried to make monotheism the stern belief of Moses and David, but even if it were, the people did not follow them any more than the Egyptian people had followed Akhenaton. The Yahwists [those who believe in Yahweh as the single god of the Jews] were always a minority at this time, and were, in fact, persecuted by the kings - who found them rigid and extreme, and getting in the way of practical politics. The outstanding Yahwists of this century were Elijah and Elisha. The Bible, written in later times by Yahwists, present them as wonder-working prophets and their opponents as villians. Thus, Ahab, the king who actually stopped Assyria for a while, is painted in the darkest colors in the Bible, along with his wife Jezebel. His victory over Assyria isn't even mentioned." 852 B.C. - Ahaziah Rules Israel - "A traditional date when Ahaziah ruled in Israel 852-851 B.C." 851 B.C. - Joram Rules Israel - "A traditional date when Joram [yvrm] ruled in Israel 851-842 B.C." 851 B.C. - Jehoram Rules Judah - "A traditional date when Jehoram [yhvrm] ruled in Judah 851-843 B.C." 850 B.C. - Mesha Stone - "Reportedly, the Mesha Stone inscription dates from 850 B.C." [Link: 1 ] 843 B.C. - AhaziahRules Judah - "A traditional date when Ahaziah ruled in Judah 843-842 B.C." 842 B.C. - Jehu Rules Israel- "A traditional date when Jehu [yhva] ruled in Israel 842-814 B.C." 842 B.C. - Athaliah Rules Judah - "A traditional date when Athaliah ruled in Judah 842-836 B.C." 836 B.C. - Jehoash Rules Judah - "A traditional date when Jehoash [yvas] ruled in Judah 836-798 B.C." 835 B.C. - Urartu [Ararat] Established - "Urartu, the Biblical 'Ararat,' was a kingdom established about 835 B.C. in the foothills of the Caucasus, north of Assyria." 836 B.C. - Median Empire - "The Medes were an ancient Iranian people ... who lived in the northwestern portions of present-day Iran. This area was known in Greek as Media or Medea ... Old Persian Mada; ... adjective Median, antiquated also Medean). Under Assyrian rule, the Medes were known as Madayu. They entered this region with the first wave of Iranian tribes, in the late second millennium BC (the Bronze Age collapse). [NP] By the 6th century BC, after having together with the Chaldeans defeated the Neo-Assyrian Empire, the Medes were able to establish their own empire, that stretched from southern shore of the Black Sea and Aran province (the modern-day Republic of Azerbaijan) to north and Central Asia, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, and which included many tributary states, including the Persians, who eventually supplanted and absorbed the Median empire in the Achaemenid Persian Empire. [NP] The Medes are credited with the foundation of the first Iranian empire, the largest of its day until Cyrus the Great established a unified Iranian empire of the Medes and Persians, often referred to as the Achaemenid Persian Empire, by defeating his grandfather and overlord, Astyages the king of Media. [....] The Medes, people of the Mada, ... appear in history first in 836 BC. Earliest records show that Assyrian conqueror Shalmaneser III received tribute from the "Amadai" in connection with wars against the tribes of the Zagros. His successors undertook many expeditions against the Medes (Madai). [NP] At this early stage, the Medes were usually mentioned together with another steppe tribe, the Scythians, who seem to have been the dominant group. They were divided into many districts and towns, under petty local chieftains; from the names in the Assyrian inscriptions, it appears they had already adopted the religion of Zoroaster. [....] Although Herodotus credits 'Deioces son of Phraortes' (probably c. 715) with the creation of the Median kingdom and the founding of its capital city at Ecbatana (modern Hamadan), it was probably not before 625 bc that Cyaxares, grandson of Deioces, succeeded in uniting into a kingdom the many Iranian-speaking Median tribes. According to Herodotus, the conquests of Cyaxares the Medes were preceded by a Scythian invasion and domination lasting twenty-eight years (under Madius the Scythian, 653-625 BC). The Medes tribes seem to have come into immediate conflict with a settled state to the West known as Mannae, allied with Assyria. Assyrian inscriptions state that the early Medes rulers, who had attempted rebellions against the Assyrians in the time of Esarhaddon and Ashur-bani-pal, were allied with chieftains of the Ashguza (Scythians) and other tribes - who had come from the northern shore of the Black Sea and invaded Asia Minor. The state of Mannae was finally conquered and assimilated by the Medes in the year 616 BC. [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_Empire] - [T.D. - 09/25/08] 831 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjunction - 825 B.C. - Jeroboam II Rules Israel? - "Reportedly, Jeroboam II, the son and successor of Jehoash, and the fourteenth king of Israel, over which he ruled for forty-one years, B.C. 825-784 (2Ki 14:23). He followed the example of the first Jeroboam in keeping up the worship of the golden calves (2Ki 14:24). His reign was contemporary with those of Amaziah (2Ki 14:23) and Uzziah (2Ki 15:1), kings of Judah. He was victorious over the Syrians (2Ki 13:4; 14:26-27), and extended Israel to its former limits, from 'the entering of Hamath to the sea of the plain' (2Ki 14:25; Am 6:14). His reign of forty-one years was the most prosperous that Israel had ever known as yet. With all this outward prosperity, however, iniquity widely prevailed in the land (Am 2:6-8; 4:1; 6:6; Ho 4:12-14). The prophets Hosea (Ho 1:1), Joel (Joe 3:16; Am 1:1-2), Amos (Am 1:1), and Jonah (2Ki 14:25) lived during his reign. He died, and was buried with his ancestors (2Ki 14:29). He was succeeded by his son Zachariah (q.v.). His name occurs in Scripture only in 2Ki 13:13; 14:16,23,27-29; 15:1,8; 1Ch 5:17; Ho 1:1; Am 1:1; 7:9-11. In all other passages it is Jeroboam the son of Nebat that is meant. Other dates attributed to Jeroboam include: 788 -747 B.C." [Based on: Traditional Old Testament] 817 B.C. - Jehoahaz Rules Israel - "A traditional date when Jehoahaz [yhvachz] ruled in Israel 817-800 B.C." 814 B.C. - Phoenicians Establish Carthage - "By 814 B.C. the Phoenicians established the city of Carthage near the site of modern Tunis." [Link: 1 ] 811 B.C. - Shammuramat / Assyria - "Shammuramat or Sammur-amat was Queen of Assyria 811 BC–808 BC. The widow of King Shamshi-Adad V reigned for three years on the throne of Assyria. Other chronologies suggest that her regency lasted from 809 to 792 BCE.[1] [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shammuramat] Trivia: "Toward 800 B.C., the Assyrian king was a minor, and his mother Sammuramat, was the effective head of the government. The Greeks built their legend of Semiramis about her." Reference Links: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Assyria 811 B.C. - Adad-nirari Rules Assyria - "A traditional date when Adad-nirari ruled in Assyria 811-783 B.C." 8,00 B.C. 800 B.C. - Axial Age - "The period 800-200 BCE has been termed the Axial Age. In all the main regions of the civilized world, people created new ideologies that have continued to be crucial and formative. The new religious systems reflected the changed economic and social conditions. For reasons that we do not entirely understand, all the cheif civilizations developed along parallel lines, even when there was no commercial contact [as between China and the European area]. There was a new prosperity that led to the rise of a merchant class. Power was shifting from king and priest, temple and palace, to the marketplace. The new wealth led to intellectual and cultural florescence and also to the development of the individual conscience. Inequality and exploitation became more apparent as the pace of change accelerated in the cities and people began to realize that their own behavior could affect the fate of future generations. Each region developed a distinctive ideology to address these problems and concerns: Taoism and Confucianism in China, Hinduism and Buddhism in India and philosophical rationalism in Europe. The Middle East did not produce a uniform solution, but in Iran and Israel, Zoroaster and the Hebrew prophets respectively evolved different versions of monotheism. Strange as it may seem, the idea of 'God,' like the other great religious insights of the period, developed in a market economy in a spirit of aggressive capitalism." [Based on: A History of God, Karen Armstrong, p. 27] Trivia: "[....] At the dawn of Western thought, the categories of matter and spirit had not yet been constituted as opposites, religion and science had not beeen conceived of as rivals. There existed in the world only a few features that we still recognize: the enigma of nature; the questions 'What are we humans?' and 'Where do we come from?' common to both science and religion; and the intuition that some vital something, which was everywhere and nowhere in particular, was the answer to it all.The quest of the phuseos was to understand this vital something that was both substance and action, both spirit and matter, both one and many, both everywhere and nowhere. [....]" [Based on: Parabola article (In the Greek Cosmos) by David Hoffman, Vol. 28, No. 3, Fall 2003 (Chaos And Order), p. 57] 800 B.C. - J / Jahwist - "In Chapter 18 of Genesis, J tells us that God appeared to Abraham by the oak tree of Mamre, near Hebron. Abraham had looked up and and noticed three strangers approaching his tent during the hottest part of the day. With typical Middle Eastern courtesy, he insisted that they sit down and rest while he hurried to prepare food for them. In the course of conversation, it transpired, quite naturally, that one of these men was none other than his god, whom J always calls 'Yahweh.' The other two men turn out to be angels. Nobody seems particularly surprised by this revelation. By the time J was writing in the eighth century BCE, no Israelite would have expected to 'see' God in this way: most would have found it a shocking notion. J's contemporary, 'E,' finds the old stories about the patriarchs' intimacy with god unseemly: when E tells stories about Abraham's or Jacob's dealings with God, he prefers to distance the event and make the old legends less anthropomorphic. Thus he will say that god speaks to Abraham through an angel. J, however, does not share this squeamishness and preserves the ancient flavour of these primitive epiphanies in his account." [Based on: A History of God, Karen Armstrong, pp. 15-16] 800 B.C. - Bible Authors - "During the nineteenth century, some German biblical scholars developed a critical method which discerned four different sources in the first five books of the Bible: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy. These were later collated into the final text of what we know as the Pentateuch during the fifth century BCE. This form of criticism has come in for a good deal of harsh treatment, but nobody has yet come up with a satisfactory theory which explains why there are two quite different accounts of key biblical events, such as the Creation and the Flood, and why the Bible sometimes contradicts itself. The two earliest biblical authors, whose work is found in Genesis and Exodus, were probably writing during the eigth century, though some would give them an earlier date. One is known as 'J' because he calls his God 'Yahweh,' the other 'E' since he prefers to use the more formal divine title 'Elohim.' By the eighth century, the Israelites had divided Canaan into two separate kingdoms. J was writing in the southern kingdom of Judah, while E came from the northern kingdom of Israel." [Based on: A History of God, Karen Armstrong, p. 12] 800 B.C. - Joash Rules Israel - "A traditional date when Joash [yvas] ruled in Israel 800-784 B.C." 800 B.C. - Homer? / Greece - "By 800 B.C., Homer [concerning whom next to nothing is known - not even if he really existed] had written the Iliad and the Odyssey. About the same time, Hesiod was writing Theogony, which was an important guide to Greek mythology." Trivia: "Homer [....] was a legendary early Greek poet and rhapsode traditionally credited with the composition of the Iliad and the Odyssey, commonly assumed to have lived in the 8th century BC. [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer] 800 B.C. - Brahmans / India - "The Brahmans, a priestly caste, begin [800-600 B.C.] to emerge around this time, along with the caste system. The Upanishads are written about this time [800-500 B.C.]." 800 B.C. - Inscriptions / Hebrew & Aramaic - From the eigth century onward, the number of Hebrew and Aramaic inscriptions gradually increases, testifying to the spread of writing. Reportedly, the progress of literacy in Greece was probably very similar to that in the East." 800 B.C. - Bronze Age Recession? / Britain - "In history lessons, the three ages of pre-history - Stone Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age - seem to flow together without a gap. [NP] But there is a 300-year period in British history between around 800 BC and 500 BC where experts still struggle to explain what happened, where bronze is in decline and iron was not widely used. [....]" [Based on: BBC News article (What caused Britain's Bronze Age 'recession'? / A large gap in pre-history could signal that Britain underwent an economic downturn over 2,500 years ago.), 04/07/11] Link: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-12989605 798 B.C. - Amaziah Rules Judah - "A traditional date when Amaziah ruled in Judah 798-769 B.C." 788 B.C. - Jeroboam II Rules Israel - "A traditional date when Jeroboam ruled in Israel 788-747 B.C." 785 B.C. - Azariah Rules Judah - "A traditional date when Azariah ruled in Judah 785-733 B.C." 776 B.C. - Olympics / Greece - "First recorded Olympic games." 770 B.C. - Birth? / Lao Zi (Lao Tze) - "Ancient Chinese sage [770 - 476 B.C.] who authored the Tao Te Ching." 762 B.C. - Solar Eclipse - "Assyrian Eclipse [June 15th]" 753 B.C. - Founded / Roman Kingdom - "Legend has it that Rome was founded by Latin colonists in 753 B.C. [1 A.U.C. Anno Urbis Conditae, meaning, in Latin, 'the year of the founding of the city'], but archaeological evidence reveals settlements going back to at least 1000 B.C." [Link: 1 ] Trivia: The Roman Kingdom (Latin: Regnum Romanum) was the monarchal government for the city of Rome and its territories from its founding. In Roman legend this took place in 753 BC by Romulus. The kingdom ended with the expulsion of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus in 510 BC and the establishment of the Roman Republic. In Roman legend, when the Greeks waged war against the city of Troy, the Trojan hero Aeneas sailed across the Mediterranean Sea to Italy and founded Lavinium. His son Iulus went on to found the city of Alba Longa. From Alba Longa's royal family came the twins Romulus and Remus, who went on to found the city of Rome in 753 BC. [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Kingdom] Links: http://www.gazzettadelsud.it/news/english/36543/Temple-of--Jupiter-the-Stayer--found.html 750 B.C. - King Piye / Nubia - "[....] Piye was the first of the so-called black pharaohs - a series of Nubian kings who ruled over all of Egypt for three-quarters of a century as that country's 25th dynasty. [....] The black pharoahs reunified a tattered Egypt and filled its landscapr with glorious monuments creating an empire that stretched from the southern border at present-day Khartoum all the way noirth to the mediterranean Sea. They stood up to the bloodthirsty Assyrians, perhaps saving Jerusalem in the process." [Based on: Article ( AN IGNORED CHAPTER OF HISTORY TELLS OF A TIME WHEN KINGS FROM DEEP IN AFRICA CONQURED ANCIENT EGYPT / Black Pharaohs, by Robert Draper, N.G.M. (February 2008), pp. 38-39] 750 B.C. - Trivia / Greek Mythology - "According to the History Channel, Greek Mythology was collected and written down [by Homer?] about this time." 750 B.C. - Greek Colonizing Expeditions - "First Greek colonizing expeditions." [Compact History Of The World, Geoffrey Parker, p. 32] 7. Baktun 6. Baktun of the Mind Teachings. 747-353 B.C. 6.0.0.0.0 Period of first wave of galactic Mayans in Mesoamerica. Persian Empire. Rise of philosophical individualistic thought supplanting earlier collective forms. Pythagoras, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle in Greece; six schools of Vedic thought, Mahavira and Buddha, India; Lao Tzu, Confucius, Cuang Tzu in China. Construction of Monte Alban, Mexico, beginnings of Mayan calendar systems. [Based on: The Mayan Factor / Path Beyond Technology, by Jose Arguelles, Copyright 1939-, 1987, p. 114] 747 B.C. - Uranus-Neptune Conjunction - 747 B.C. - Zechariah Rules Israel - "A traditional date when Zechariah ruled in Israel 747 B.C." 747 B.C. - Menahem Rules Israel - "A traditional date when Menahem ruled in Israel 747-737 B.C." 747 B.C. - Shallum Rules Israel - "A traditional date when Shallum ruled in Israel 747 B.C." 745 B.C. - Tiglath-Pilesar III Rules Assyria - "A traditional date when Tiglath-Pilesar III ruled in Assyria 745-727 B.C." 743 B.C. - Ahaz Rules Judah - "A traditional date when Ahaz ruled in Judah 743-727 B.C." 743 B.C. - Jotham Rules Judah - "A traditional date when Jotham ruled in Judah 743-729 B.C." 740 B.C. - 23rd Egyptian Dynasty - "A traditional date for the 23rd Egyptian Dynasty [740 B.C.- 725 B.C.]." [Link: 1 ] 737 B.C. - Pekahiah Rules Israel - "A traditional date when Pekahiah [pqchyh] ruled in Israel 737-735 B.C." 737 B.C. - Temple / West of Jerusalem - "Archaeologists have discovered a 2,750-year-old temple along with a cache of sacred artifacts, providing rare insight into religious practices at the time, the Israeli Antiquities Authority announced Wednesday. [NP] The temple was uncovered west of Jerusalem, at the Tel Motza archaeological site, in preparation for work on Highway 1. Among the finds are pottery figurines, fragments of chalices and decorated pedestals, which indicate the site was the stomping ground of a ritual cult. [... .]" [Based on: FoxNews.com article (2,750-year-old temple found near Jerusalem) 12/27/12] Link: http://www.foxnews.com/science/2012/12/27/2750-year-old-temple-found-near-jerusalem/ 735 B.C. - Pekah Rules Israel - "A traditional date when Pekah [pqch] ruled in Israel 735-732 B.C." 735 B.C. - Isaiah / Jerusalem - "In 735 B.C., when Jerusalem was under threat from Syria, the prophet Isaiah proclaimed to the troubled King Ahaz, 'Hear ye now, O house of David. [....] Behold, a virgin shall conceive, and bear a son, and shall call his name Immanuel' [Isaiah 7:13-14]." 732 B.C. - Assyrian Syria - "Traditional date when Assyria conquered Aramaic Syria." 732 B.C. - Hoshea Rules Israel - "A traditional date when Hoshea [hvsa] ruled in Israel 732-724 B.C." 730 B.C. - King Piye / Upper Egypt - "In the year 730 B.C., a man by the name of Piye decided the only way to save Egypt from itself was tio invade it. [....] The ancient world was devoid of racism. At the time of Piye's historic conquest, the fact that his skin was dark was irrelevant. Artwork from Ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome shows a clear awareness of racial features and skin tone, but there is little evidence that darker skin was seen as a sign of inferiority. Only after the European powers colonized Africa in the 19th century did Western scholars pay attention to the color of the Nubians' skin, to uncharitable effect. [....]" [Based on: Article ( AN IGNORED CHAPTER OF HISTORY TELLS OF A TIME WHEN KINGS FROM DEEP IN AFRICA CONQURED ANCIENT EGYPT / Black Pharaohs, by Robert Draper, N.G.M. (February 2008), pp. 38-39] 727 B.C. - Hezekiah Rules Judah - "A traditional date when Hezekiah ruled in Judah 727-698 B.C." 727 B.C. - Shalmaneser V Rules Assyria - "A traditional date when Shalmaneser V ruled in Assyria 727-722 B.C." 725 B.C. - 24th Egyptian Dynasty - "A traditional date for the 24th Egyptian Dynasty [725 B.C.- 715 B.C.]." [Link: 1 ] 722 B.C. - Assyrian Israel - "Sargon II attacked Israel and deported the aristocracy." 722 B.C. - Sargon II Rules Assyria - "A traditional date when Sargon II ruled in Assyria 722-705 B.C." 715 B.C. - Died / Piye - "[....] When Piye died at the end of his 35-year reign in 715 B.C., his subjects honored his wishes by burying him in a Egyptian-style pyramid, with four of his beloved horses nearby. He was the first pharaoh to receive such entombment in more than 500 years. [....] Under Nubian rule, Egypt became Egypt again. When Piye died in 715, his brother Shabaka solidified the 25th dynasty by taking up residence in the Egyptian capital of Memphis. Like his brother, Shabaka wed himself to the old pharaonic ways, adopting the throne name of the 6th-dynasty ruler Pepi II, just as Piye had claimed the old throne name of Thutmose III." [Based on: Article ( AN IGNORED CHAPTER OF HISTORY TELLS OF A TIME WHEN KINGS FROM DEEP IN AFRICA CONQURED ANCIENT EGYPT / Black Pharaohs, by Robert Draper, N.G.M. (February 2008), pp. 38 & 44] 714 B.C. - Sargon II Conquers Urartu - "Sargon II conquers Urartu." 712 B.C. - 25th Egyptian Dynasty - "A traditional date for the 25th Egyptian Dynasty [712 B.C.- 657 B.C.]." [Link: 1 ] 705 B.C. - Sennacherib Rules Assyria - "A traditional date when Sennacherib ruled in Assyria 705-681 B.C." 701 B.C. - Assyrian Jerusalem - "Assyrians attack Judah and lays seige to Jerusalem. After the siege of Jerusalem, Judah remained a loyal Assyrian puppet. Under the rule of Menassah, from 692-639 B.C., Judah paid its tribute and enjoyed a half century of peace." 700 B.C. 700 B.C. - Bible Chronology - "We now know that the early books of the Bible and their famous stories of Israelite history were first codified [and in key respects composed] at an identifiable place and time: Jerusalem in the seventh century BCE." [The Bible Unearthed, Israel Finkelstein & Neil Asher Silberman, p. 5] 700 B.C. - Theogony / Hesiod? - "According to the History Channel, Hesiod composed a history of the Greek Gods [Theogony] about this time." Trivia: "Hesiod [....], the early Greek poet and rhapsode, presumably lived around 700 BCE. Historians have debated the priority of Hesiod or of Homer, and some authors have even brought them together in an imagined poetic contest. Modern scholars disagree as to which was earlier; their lives very likely overlapped. Hesiod serves as a major source for knowledge of Greek mythology, farming techniques, archaic Greek astronomy and ancient time-keeping. [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesiod] 700 B.C. - Trivia / Assyrian Empire - "In 700 B.C., the Assyrian Empire included all the Tigris-Euphrates region and all the eastern shore of the Mediterranean. It was the most powerful political-military entity the world had yet seen. Reportedly, Assyrian records suggest that the route to the east of the plateau into India was well trodden by 700 B.C., to judge by the preponderance of Aryan names, but so many names did not appear in the west." [Link: 1 ] 700 B.C. - Aramaic / Lingua Franca - "With the spread of Aramaic as the lingua franca of the Near East in the 7th and 6th centuries B.C., the increasing use of the Phoenician script, and the loss of political independence in Mesopotamia with the growth of the Persian Empire, cuneiform came to be used less and less, although it continued to be written by many conservative priests and scholars for several more centuries." 700 B.C. - Assyrian Statehood / Edom - "Archaeological investigations indicate that Edom reached statehood only under Assyrian auspices in the seventh century BCE. Before that period it was a sparsely settled fringe area inhabited mainly by pastoral nomads. No less important, Edom was destroyed by the Babylonians in the sixth century BCE, and sedentary activity there recovered only in Hellenistic times." [Based on: Israel Finkelstein & Neil Asher Silberman, The Bible Unearthed, p. 68] 698 B.C. - Manasseh Rules Judah - "A traditional date when Manasseh ruled in Judah 698-642 B.C." 690 B.C. - Taharqa / Egypt - "[....] His father, Piye, had returned the true pharonic customs to Egypt. His uncle Shabaka had established a Nubian presence in Memphis and Thebes. But their ambitions paled before those of the 31-year-old military commander [Taharqa] who received the crown in Memphis in 690 and presided over the combined empires of Egypt and Nubia for the next 26 years. [....]." [Based on: Article ( AN IGNORED CHAPTER OF HISTORY TELLS OF A TIME WHEN KINGS FROM DEEP IN AFRICA CONQURED ANCIENT EGYPT / Black Pharaohs, by Robert Draper, N.G.M. (February 2008), p. 53] 688 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjunction - 683 B.C. - Athenian Oligarchy / Greece - "Athenian monarchy abolished and placed itself under an oligarchy, from which an archon ['ruler'] was chosen each year." 681 B.C. - Esarhaddon Rules Assyria - "A traditional date when Esarhaddon ruled in Assyria 681-669 B.C." 671 B.C. - Assyrian Egypt - "Assyrians occupy northern portion of Egypt, as once the Hyksos had done nearly nine centuries earlier." 670 B.C. - Source of Bible Covenant with God discovered? - "Archaeologists working in Turkey have unearthed an Assyrian tablet dating to around 670 BCE that 'could have served as a model for the biblical description of God's covenant with the Israelites.' What this fascinating discovery suggests, of course, is that the Bible tale of a divine pact does not represent 'history' or a 'factual' event, but is instead a fictional rewrite, borrowing or plagiarism of this older Assyrian treaty. [....]" [Based on: Examiner.com article (Source of Bible Covenant with God discovered?) ,April 13, 4:20 PMFreethought ExaminerD.M. Murdock] http://www.examiner.com/examiner/x-17009-Freethought-Examiner~y2010m4d13-Source-of-Bible-Covenant-with-God-discovered 669 B.C. - Ashurbanipal Rules Assyria - "A traditional date when Ashurbanipal ruled in Assyria 669-627 B.C." 669 B.C. - Taharqa / Egypt - "[....] In 669 Esarhaddon [the Assyrian king] died en route to Egypt, after learning that the Nubian [Taharqa] had managed to retake Memphis. Under a new king, the Assyrians once again assaulted the city, this time with an army swollen with captured rebel troops. Taharqa stood no chance. He fled south to Napata and never saw Egypt again. [....]. How he spent his final years is a mystery - with the exception of one final innovative act. Like his father, Piye, Taharqa chose to be buried in a pyramid. But he eschewed the royal cemetary at El Kurru, where all previous Kushite pharoahs had been laid to rest. Instead, he chose a site at Nuri, on the opposite bank of the Nile. Perhaps, as archaeologist Timothy Kendall has theorized, Taharqa selected the location because, from the vista of Jebel Barkal, his pyramid precisely aligns with the sunrise on ancient Egypt's New Year's Day, linking him in perpetuity with the Egyptian concept of rebirth. [NP] Just as likely, the Nubian's motive will remain obscure, like his people's history." [Based on: Article ( AN IGNORED CHAPTER OF HISTORY TELLS OF A TIME WHEN KINGS FROM DEEP IN AFRICA CONQURED ANCIENT EGYPT / Black Pharaohs, by Robert Draper, N.G.M. (February 2008), p. 58] 664 B.C. - Psammetichus Rules Egypt - "A traditional date when Psammetichus ruled in Egypt 664-610 B.C." 660 B.C. - Byzantium Founded - "Founding of Byzantium by Greeks. Building of Acropolis in Athens." [ 1 ] 660 B.C. - Jimmu Tenno / Japan - "Literally, Emperor Jimmu, Legendary first emperor of Japan, 660 B.C. His name before being titled Emperor was Kamu-Yamato-Ihare-Hiko-no-Mikoto." 657 B.C. - 26th Egyptian Dynasty - "A traditional date for the 26th Egyptian Dynasty [657 B.C.- 525 B.C.]." [Link: 1 ] 650 B.C. - Trivia / Carthage - "By 650 B.C., Carthage had its own navy and, thanks to its flourishing commerce, could hire plenty of mercenary soldiers. It dominated and protected the other Phoenician colonies. It controlled virtually all the north African coast west of Egypt, together with western Sicily and the other western-Mediterranean islands: Sardinia, Corsica, and the Balearic islands. It had bases on the coast of Spain as well." 647 B.C. - Solar Eclipse - "Archilochus Eclipse [April 6th]" 641 B.C. - Amon Rules Judah - "A traditional date when Amon ruled in Judah 641-640 B.C." 640 B.C. - Egyptian Phoenicia - "Between 640 and 630 BCE, when the Assyrians withdrew their forces from Plilistia, Phoenicia, and the area of the former kingdom of Israel, Egypt took over most of those areas, and political domination by Egypt replaced the Assyrian yoke." [Israel Finkelstein & Neil Asher Silberman, The Bible Unearthed, p. 69] 639 B.C. - Josiah Rules Judah - "A traditional date when Josiah ruled in Judah 639-609 B.C." 639 B.C. - Monotheism / Judah - "In reaction to the pace and scope of the changes brought to Judah from the outside, the seventh-century leaders in Jerusalem, headed by king Josiah - a sixteenth-generation descendant of King David - declared all traces of foreign worship to be anthema, and indeed the cause of Judah's current misfortunes." [Based on: The Bible Unearthed, Israel Finkelstein & Neil Asher Silberman, p. 2] 628 B.C. - Zoroaster's Reformation? - "Zoroaster was the greatest prophet among the ancient Iranians. He took his birth in order to establish the worship of Ahura Mazda, the Supreme Lord of the Universe and to fulfil the Divine Mission. In Old Persian he was called Zarathrustra or Zarthost. In a Greek transliteration he was known as Zoroaster. A biographical account of Zoroaster is tenuous at best or speculative at the other extreme. There are many conflicting versions as to when Zarathrustra lived. No one knows exactly the dates of his birth and death. Some researcher's date Zarathrustra's birth to anywhere between 1,500 B.C. and 1,000 B.C., or even earlier. Some say that Zoroaster lived about 6,000 B.C. Others maintain that he flourished in the middle of the seventh century B.C. Most versions date him to approximately 600 B.C. - also the time line for Buddha. According to tradition, his birth date was 628 B.C. In Persia Mithra was the protector God of the tribal society until Zoroaster's reformation of Persian polytheism [628-55B.C.]. Mithra like the rest of the gods and goddess of the Iranian Pantheon was stripped of his sovereignty, and all his powers and attributes were bestowed upon Zarathrustra. The stature of Ahura-Mazda was elevated to that of supreme god of goodness, whereas the god Ahriman became the ultimate embodiment of evil. In the same way that Ahkenaton, Abraham, Heliogabalus, and Mohammed later initiated henotheistic cults from the worship of their respective deities, Zarathustra created a henotheistic dualism with the gods Ahura-Mazda and Ahriman. As a result of the Babylonian captivity of the Jews [597 B.C.] and their later emancipation by King Cyrus the Great of Persia [538 B.C.], Zoroastrian dualism was to influence the Jewish belief in the existence of HaShatan, the malicious Adversary of the god Yahweh, and later permit the evolution of the Christian Satan-Jehovah dichotomy. Persian religious dualism became the foundation of an ethical system that has lasted until this day." 625 B.C. - Cyaxares Rules Medes - "About 625 B.C., the Medes were united under a vigorous king, Cyaxares [Uvakhshtra], who reigned from 625-585 B.C. In alliance, the Medes and Chaldaeans destroyed Assyria." [Link: 1 ] 609 B.C. - Jehoahaz Rules Judah - "A traditional date when Jehoahaz ruled in Judah 609 B.C." 612 B.C. - Chaldean Victory / Nineveh - "Nineveh destroyed by Chaldeans [Neo-Babylonians] and Medes." 612 B.C - Deuteronomy Rediscovered? - "As Assyria declined, Judah declared itself independent again, and, under Josiah, who reigned from 640-609 B.C., Yahwism won a temporary victory in Judah. Jerusalem was made the center of all worship, and all subsidiary cult centers were wiped out. A book of the law, our present Biblical book of Deuteronomy [Greek for - second law], centered on Yahwism, was prepared and was 'rediscovered' in the Temple with great publicity and attributed to the hand of Moses. The question arises, however, about how Moses could really have been the author of the Five Books of Moses, since the last book, Deuteronomy, describes in great detail the precise time and circumstances of Moses' own death. According to a noted archaeologist [Israel Finkelstein], we now know that the early books of the Bible and their famous stories of early Israelite history were first codified [and in key respects composed] at an identifiable place and time: Jerusalem in the seventh century BCE." Trivia: "Some 800 years or so after the time of Moses, Deuteronomy was purposefully shaped as if it were coming directly from the mouth of Moses. It was not so much about ancestral record (as was more the case with Exodus), but about creating a framework of lore which was to become law. Its use of history was wholly manipulative in that a primary requirement was to justify the Israelites' violent invasion of Canaan by promoting it as having been God's will. In this regard, we have Moses stating that God is going to 'destroy these nations from before thee, and thou shalt possess them' (Deuteronomy 31:3). Other similar announcements include: 'Thou shalt utterly destroy them' (20:17) and 'Thou shalt make no covenant with them, nor show mercy unto them' (7:2). There is, of course, no record that Moses ever said such things, while prior to that (in Exodus) we have him delivering the thoroughly contrasting commandment, 'Thou shalt not kill.' " [Based on: Laurence Gardner, Lost Secrets of the Sacred Ark, pp. 63-64] 610 B.C. - Necho II Rules Egypt - "A tradititional date when Necho II ruled in Egypt 610-595 B.C." 608 B.C. - Jehoiakim Rules Judah - "A traditional date when Jehoiakim ruled in Judah 608-598 B.C." 604 B.C. - Nebuchadnezzar Rules Babylon - "The Old Testament book of 2-Kings tells of how, from 606-586 BC, Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon [King Nebuchadnezzar II from 604 BC] laid seige to Jerusalem. He captured king Jechoniah of Judah and carried him off to Babylon along with 'all of Jerusalem, and the princes, and all the mighty men of valour, even ten thousand captives, and all the craftsmen and smiths; none remained save the poorest sort of people of the land' [2-Kings 24:14]." Trivia: "The best-known biblical ziggurat was the Tower of Babel [Genesis 11:1-9], built on the Babylonian plain of Shinar - an alternative name for Sumer. This ziggurat fell into ruin long ago, but it was replaced by another, built by Nebuchadnezzar II [604-562 BC] who also constructed the famous Hanging Gardens of Babylon, one of the Seven Wonders of the World. Although also now long gone, the ground-plan of the second Babylon ziggurat shows that it was actually a large-scale replication of the ziggurat of Ur." [Link: 1 ] 601 B.C. - Birth? / Lao-Tze (Lit. "Old Master") - "Taoism traces its roots in China to sages living as far back as 3000 B.C.E.; but we know of those ancients only from hearsay recorded much later. It was not until the 6th century B.C.E. that the precepts of Taoism were presented in a written form by that most famous of Taoists, Lao Tze, who is said to have been born in 601 B.C.E. We know of his life only the barest of details. It seems he served for some time as the Curator of the Imperial Libary at K'au, and was therefore a learned man. In later life, he found the burden of his duties and the decadence of city life incompatible with his spiritual needs, and he decided to withdraw from his duties and the city environs to a more peaceful existence in the countryside. [....] Lao's little book, the Tao Teh Ching, is one of the major classics of Taoism. The word, Tao, in its title, refers to the Eternal aspect of reality - what we have already spoken of as Brahman, or Purusha. Teh is Its power of manifestation, identical with Maya or Prakrti. And the word, Ching, simply means 'book.' So, we may interpret the title of the book as 'The Book of The Eternal and Its Power of Manifestation.' [....]" [Based on: History of Mysticism, by S. Abhayananda, third revised edition, 1996, pp. 62-63] Trivia: [....] "Says Lao: Reach far enough toward the Void, hold fast enough to the Unmoving, and of the ten-thousand things, none can resist you. In the experience of Unity, one learns the nature of Reality, and at the same time, learns the nature of one's own mind; for, in an inexplicable way, the two are integrally related. The mind, one discovers, creates thoughts and ideas in a way simialr to the creation of waves on an ocean; they consist of contrary motions, so that for every wave, there's a trough; for every motion, an equal and opposite motion. For example, if we love, in that very motion is contained its opposite, hatred. Or if we experience peace, its corollary, mental agitation, is waiting to manifest. Every movement of the mind contains its opposite, just as does the movement of a pendulum; thus, all that we think and experience mentally is but a play of self-produced opposites. As Lao Tze put it: When people recognize beauty When people recognize good, Evil is also recognized. It is only when this alteration, this dual motion of the mind, is stilled, that we can experience that pure Consciousness which is the source of all thought. [....]" [Based on: History of Mysticism, by S. Abhayananda, third revised edition, 1996, pp. 67-68] 600 B.C. 600 B.C. - Bible Saga - "The world in which the Bible was created was not a mythic realm of great cities and saintly heroes, but a tiny, down-to-earth kingdom where people struggled for their future against the all-too-human fears of war, poverty, injustice, disease, famine, and drought. The historical saga contained in the Bible - from Abraham's encounter with God and his journey to Canaan, to Moses' deliverance of the children of Israel from bondage, to the rise and fall of the kingdoms of Israel and Judah - was not a miraculous revelation, but a brilliant product of the human imagination. It was first conceived - as recent archaeological findings suggest - during the span of two or three generations, about twenty-six hundred years ago. Its birthplace was the kingdom of Judah, a sparsely settled region of shepherds and farmers, ruled from an out-of-the-way royal city precariously perched in the heart of the hill country on a narrow ridge between steep, rocky ravines. [....]" [Based on: The Bible Unearthed, Israel Finkelstein & Neil Asher Silberman, p. 1] Trivia: "[....] The Bible is not 'the word of God,' but stolen from pagan sources. Its Eden, Adam, and Eve were taken from the Babylonian account; its Flood or Deluge is but an epitome of some four hundred flood accounts; its Ark and Ararat have their equivalents in a score of Deluge myths; even the names of Noah's sons are copies, so also Isaac's sacrifice, Solomon's judgement, and Sampson's pillar act; its Moses is fashioned after the Syrian Mises; its laws after Hammurabi's code. Its Messiah is derived from the Egyptian Mahdi, Savior, certain verses are verbatim copies of Egyptian scriptures. Between Jesus and the Egyptian Horus, Gerald Massey found 137 similarities, and those between Christ and Krishna run into the hundreds. How then can the Bible be a revelation to the Jews? [....]" [Based on: Lloyd M. Graham, Deceptions and Myths Of The Bible, p.5] 600 B.C. - Silver Scroll - "The oldest known fragment of a Biblical text." [Link: 1 , 2 ] 600 B.C. - Israelite History - "In the 6th century BC, the exiled Israelites had written down their history in all honesty from available Babylonian records. Having also discovered the old book of the Mosaic Law, they were further enabled to cement the rules of their religious doctrine - and they returned to Jerusalem and Judaea with a comprehensive literary base. By the 2nd century BC, additional books were being compiled, not necessarily with history in mind, but with a view to adding a mythological aspect in line with the prevailing Greco-Alexandrian culture. This was certainly a romantic age, but in adding the romance a good deal of history was unfortunately veiled, so that the original Nephilim of the Sumerian era became misidentified as morally fallen angels." [Based on: Laurence Gardner, Genesis of the Grail Kings, p. 55] 600 B.C. - Birth? / Mithra - "According to popular tradition, Mithras was born of a virgin on December 25th, around 600 B.C." 600 B.C. - Homeric Hymn - "[....] In the year 1780, the long-lost text of the Homeric Hymn to Demeter was discovered among the manuscripts of the imperial library at Moscow; and, in our own generation, the tact of an eminent student of Greek art, Sir Charles Newton, has restored to the world the buried treasures of the little temple and precinct of Demeter, at Cnidus, which have many claims to rank in the central order of Greek sculpture. [....] The central expression, then, of the story of Demeter and Persephone is the Homeric hymn, to which Grote has assigned a date at least as early as six hundred years before Christ. The one survivor of a whole family of hymns on this subject, it was written, perhaps, for one of those contests which took place on the seventh day of the Eleusinian festival, and in which a bunch of [83] ears of corn was the prize; perhaps, for actual use in the mysteries themselves, by the Hierophantes, or Interpreter, who showed to the worshippers at Eleusis those sacred places to which the poem contains so many references. About the composition itself there are many difficult questions, with various surmises as to why it has remained only in this unique manuscript of the end of the fourteenth century. [....]" [Based on: http://bulfinch.englishatheist.org/b/pantheon/PaterOnDemeter.html] - [T.D. - 04/12/07] 600 B.C. - Assyrian Decline - "By 600 B.C., Assyria had been thoroughly wiped out, and vanished from the pages of history." 600 B.C. - Armenians / Urartu - "After Urartu had been destroyed by the Assyrians and the Cimmerians about 700 B.C., a group of people who came to be known as Armenians moved into the area about 600 B.C. They remained subject to the Persian Empire, then to Alexander, then to the Seleucid Empire." 600 B.C. - Trivia / Demotic Script - "Demotic is a highly cursive Egyptian script that replaced hieratic as the script for everyday use from 600 BCE onward." 600 B.C. - Mahajanapadas / India - "Mahajanapadas (Sanskrit: ..., Mahajanapadas) literally 'Great Kingdoms' (from Maha, 'great', and Janapada 'foothold of a tribe', 'country'). Ancient Buddhist texts like Anguttara Nikaya [1] make frequent reference to sixteen great kingdoms and republics (Solas Mahajanapadas) which had evolved and flourished in the northern/north-western parts of the Indian subcontinent prior to the rise of Buddhism in India. [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahajanapadas] - [T.D. - 12/15/08] 600 B.C. - Chaldean Puppet / Judah - "By 600 B.C., Judah found itself a puppet again. Now it was the Chaldean Empire that was master." 600 B.C. - Birth / The Genesis Account - "In the 6th century B.C., when the Israelites were captives of Nebuchadnezzar, the Enuma Elish was a standard recitation at the New Year festivals in Babylon, as it had been for many centuries. This festival lasted through the first eleven days of Nisan [modern March-April] and the poem [more than 920 lines] was related in its entirety by the High Priest, with parts of the story re-enacted. There was no way that the old Creation epic could have escaped the attention of the Israelites, and they were clearly fascinated by its content. By that time they were referring to their God as Jehovah, having dispensed with the Canaanite names El Elyon and El Shaddai - but it mattered not that the Babylonians called their deity Marduk, for here was the story of universal creation being ritualistically played out before their very eyes. Thus was the biblical Genesis born, as the onlooking Israelite priests made their notes of record." [Based on: Laurence Gardner, Genesis Of The Grail Kings] Trivia: "The Old Testament as we have come to know it was a largely retrospective work, first compiled between the 6th and 2nd centuries B.C., but relating to the events of hundreds and even thousands of years before." [Based on: Laurence Gardner, Genesis Of The Grail Kings, p. 5] Trivia: "There would be no real interest in creation in Israel until the sixth century BCE, when the author whom we call 'P' wrote his majestic account in what is now the first chapter of Genesis. J is not absolutely clear that Yahweh is the sole creator of heaven and earth. Most noticeable, however, is J's perception of a certain distinction between man and the divine. Instead of being composed of the same divine stuff as his god, man [adam], as the pun indicates, belongs to the earth [adamah]." [Based on: Karen Armstrong, A History of God, p. 13] 597 B.C. - Age of Pisces? - "Theoretical beginning date for the Age of Pisces. According to this particular mathematical paradigm, the next age to dawn, the Age of Aquarius, will occur about the year 2003 A.D. [597 B.C. + 2,600 years = 2003 A.D.]." [- E.M.] 597 B.C. - Jehoiachin Rules Judah - "A traditional date when Jehoiachin ruled in Judah 597 B.C." 596 B.C. - Zedekiah Rules Judah - "A traditional date when Zedekiah ruled in Judah 596-586 B.C." 584 B.C. - Solar Eclipse - "Thales' Eclipse [May 28th]" 582 B.C. - Birth? / Pythagoras - "Pythagoras [582-507 B.C.], the Greek philosopher and mathematician, was born. Reportedly, there is no certainty regarding the exact year when Pythagoras was born. The same might be said for Buddha. One of the more popular dates for the birth of Pythagoras is 570 B.C." Links: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras Between 578 and 575 there was a pretty exact mutual conjunction of Uranus, Neptune and Pluto, at 8-10� Taurus, with Saturn in opposition. A Stellium, or Multiple Conjunction, is when three or more planets conjunct each other within close succession. It represents a tremendous ending and new beginning, a concurrence of three or more cycles. The past is lost, and a journey into a wide-open future follows." LInks: http://cura.free.fr/xx/20palden.html 578 B.C. - Configuration - "Neptune-Pluto [8� Taurus] conjunction. Neptune-Pluto Cycles seem to provide an underlying driving force behind history, bringing together the change-inducing ram-force of Pluto with the imaginal, belief-oriented influence of Neptune. These cycles delineate history into approximately 500-year cycles, which can be regarded as basic chapters of human culture and civilization, in which different themes and progressions are explored in different historical contexts." 577 B.C. - Configuration - "Uranus-Pluto [10-11� Taurus] conjunction [577-576 B.C.]. Uranus has a reasonably constant cycle of motion lasting 84-85 years, spending seven years in each zodiac sign. Pluto orbits eccentrically in 250ish years, spending anything from 12 to 35 years in a sign. Uranus' cycle is roughly one-third of the duration of Pluto's, and there's an elastic twang to their inter-aspects which is elegantly irregular. Their stretchy orbital antics make for a regular pattern of mutual conjunctions, alternately 111ish and 143ish years apart. Uranus-Pluto Cycles act in an action-stimulating, pushing-and-pulling way, which causes course-swings, spontaneous innovations and mutations to occur as the centuries roll on. Uranus introduces new elements into the unfolding equation, and Pluto rolls them out - or, alternatively, the relentless power of change bears down on humanity to shift its direction and the bundles of issues it works through. Critical aspects in this cycle can bring breakthroughs, outbursts and tidal-waves of change. Phases of resistance to change, or of going against what is most deeply called for, is also seen in this cycle. Uranus-Pluto conjunctions and oppositions might bring sudden and radical changes, like a cathartic diarrhoea, yet their full integration takes ages. If we take the radical teachings on love spread by Jesus, born during the Uranus-Pluto opposition of 6 B.C. to 1 A.D., we've so far taken two millennia, and we still haven't created Heaven on Earth! So much for quick Uranian action! Yet this man's essential teachings are not obsolete." 576 B.C. - Configuration - "Uranus-Neptune [14-15� Taurus] conjunction [576-575 B.C.]. Uranus and Neptune have relatively regular cycles - their orbits around the Sun are close-to-circular, so the complexities brought along by eccentric Pluto do not apply here. Successive conjunctions of Uranus and Neptune roll along every 170-172 years, and there's a certain consistency to their positioning too. Each conjunction occurs roughly half a sign [16-18�] further along the zodiac, which means that, usually, each sign receives two conjunctions, covering a two-cycle period lasting 240-245 years. This is close to the zodiacal cycle of Pluto at 250 years, almost half the length of a Neptune-Pluto cycle of 495 years [roughly twice the average length of Uranus-Pluto cycles]. Uranus-Neptune Cycles represent a contextual-shifting force, in which the underlying attitudinal feeling and perspective with which people experience their lives shifts surreptitiously and, at times, in sudden jumps or slides. This cycle affects the illusions and truths of any time and generation - and thus how they impact on history through their beliefs and the externalisation of the deeper human psyche in public and cultural affairs. The way people understand themselves and reality [Neptune], and the jiggling, sparking, shaking influence of Uranus combine here to lead people on an adventure - or if we so choose, a nightmare - of consciousness, culture, creativity and vision-led initiative. Uranus-Neptune energies work surreptitiously. They influence awareness and the inner movies playing within the world psyche." 570 B.C. - Birth? / Pythagoras - "The Essenes were advocates of the Greek philosopher Pythagoras [570-500 BC], who in his great study of arithmetical ratios searched for meaning both in the physical and metaphysical worlds through mathematical proportions. Over the centuries, using his methodology, world events were foretold with suprising accuracy. One particular event so forecast was the beginning of a new World Order, an occurence that was in many quarters determined to be the advent of the Savior Messiah." "Pythagoras expounded the doctrine of reincarnation: the idea that, upon death in one life, the soul enters another body and begins life anew." 563 B.C. - Birth? / Buddha - "Buddha [563-483 B.C.], was born." [Link: 1 ] Trivia: "Ages before the time of Jesus or Buddha, every single precept taught by either one of them was well known in the world and formed a part of the fundamental code. If you live up to those teachings, you are not thereby following that particular Master or any one Master. If a given precept has been taught by seven Masters during different ages of the world, are you thereby a disciple of all seven of them? You are simply walking in the light of universal ethical principles, regardless of individual Masters." [Based on: Julian P. Johnson, The Path of the Masters, Sixteenth Edition 1997, p. 192; 1st published: 1939] 559 B.C. - Achaemenian [Achaemenid] Dynasty / Iran - "The Dynasty which ruled Iran from the time of Cyrus the Great [559 B.C.] to the invasian of Alexander the Great [330 B.C.]." Trivia: "The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenid Persian Empire ... (550–330 BC) was the first of the Persian Empires to rule over significant portions of Greater Iran, and followed the Median Empire as the second great empire of the Iranian Peoples. At the height of its power, the Achaemenid Empire encompassed approximately 7.5 million square kilometers and was territorially the largest empire of classical antiquity. [NP] The empire was forged by Cyrus the Great, and spanned three continents, including territories of Afghanistan and Pakistan, parts of Central Asia, Asia Minor, Thrace, much of the Black Sea coastal regions, Iraq, northern Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Israel, Lebanon, Syria, and all significant population centers of ancient Egypt as far west as Libya. It is noted in western history as the foe of the Greek city states in the Greco-Persian Wars, for freeing the Israelites from their Babylonian captivity, and for instituting Aramaic as the empire's official language. Because of the Empire's vast extent and long endurance, Persian influence upon the language, religion, architecture, philosophy, law and government of nations around the world lasts to this day. [NP] The empire began as a tributary state of the Medes but ended up conquering and enlarging the Median empire to include Egypt and Asia Minor. Under Xerxes, it came very close to conquering Ancient Greece. The Achaemenids were overthrown by the conquest of Alexander the Great in 330 BCE. [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire] - [T.D. - 09/25/08] 551 B.C. - Birth / Confucius - "Confucius [551-479 B.C.], was born." Trivia: "Confucius [孔子 Kǒngzǐ] (Chinese: ???, transliterated Kong Fuzi or K'ung-fu-tzu, lit. 'Master Kong,' but most frequently referred to simply as Kongzi ??, traditionally September 28, 551 – 479 BC) was a famous Chinese thinker and social philosopher, whose teachings and philosophy have deeply influenced East Asian life and thought. [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius] - [T.D. - November 2006] 540 B.C. - Birth / Mahavira - "Mahavira [540-483 B.C.], the founder of Jainism , was born." 539 B.C. - Cyrus the Great / Persia - "Cyrus the Great of Persia creates great empire, conquers Babylon, and frees the Jews." 539 B.C. - Athenian Democracy / Greece - "Athenian democracy develops." 538 B.C. - Jewish Liberation - "A new Babylonian king allows the Jews to return to Judah and rebuild the Temple. While many do return, a significant number remain in Babylonia. While in Babylonia, a number of Hebrew prophets had been influenced by the dualism of Zoroaster." 538 B.C. - Beginning / Second Jewish Temple - "Beginning of Second Jewish Temple [538 B.C. - 70 A.D.] period." 537 B.C. - Cyrus / India - "Cyrus the Persian campaigns west of the Indus River." 536 B.C. - Trivia / Good and Evil - "Hebrew prophets, freed from Babylonian captivity in 536 B.C., had reportedly been influenced by the dualism of Zoroaster during their captivity." 525 B.C. - 27th Egyptian Dynasty -"Traditional date for the 27th Egyptian Dynasty [525 B.C.- 404 B.C.]. In 525 B.C. Egypt was conquered by the Persians." [Link: 1 ] 521 B.C. - Configuration - Uranus-Pluto [Capricorn/Cancer] opposition [521-518 B.C.]." 517 B.C. - Darius Rules Persia - "Darius the Persian conquers the Indus valley region, making the area a province of the Persian Empire. According to some scholars, 'Darius' is a common name for Persian kings." 515 B.C. - Completed / Second Jewish Temple - "Second Jewish temple completed." 510 B.C. - Established / Roman Republic - The Roman Republic was a phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a republican form of government. The republican period began with the overthrow of the Monarchy in 510 BC and lasted until its subversion, through a series of civil wars, into the Roman Empire. The precise date in which the Roman Republic changed into the Roman Empire is a matter of interpretation, with the dates of Julius Caesar's appointment as perpetual dictator (44 BC), the Battle of Actium (September 2, 31 BC), and the date which the Roman Senate granted Octavian the title "Augustus" (January 16, 27 BC), being some of the common choices. [Base on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic] Trivia: The Roman Kingdom (Latin: Regnum Romanum) was the monarchal government for the city of Rome and its territories from its founding. In Roman legend this took place in 753 BC by Romulus. The kingdom ended with the expulsion of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus in 510 BC and the establishment of the Roman Republic. [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Kingdom] 500 B.C. 500 B.C. - Brahmi Script - "This elegant script appeared in India most certainly by the 5th century BCE, but the fact that just like the Greek alphabet, it has many local variants, which suggests that its origin lies further back in time. It is in this script that the great Indian king Asoka inscribed his laws onto monumental columns." [Link: 1 ] 500 B.C. - Persian Script - "Around the time of the first great Persian Empire of the Achaemenids around 500 BCE, Persian was written in a cuneiform syllabary. It was not a direct descendent of Sumerian and Akkadian systems, because even though Old Persian is cuneiform, its signs did not correspond to earlier signs. Old Persian only kept the cuneiform appearance of its character simply out of tradition, and the actual shape of the signs were completely original." [Link: 1 ] 500 B.C. - Mahabharata - "The Mahabharata [500-200 B.C.], of which the Bhagavad Gita is a part, is put into final form." Links: http://india.krishna.org/Articles/2003/01/018.html http://www.geocities.com/narenp/history/info/facts.htm 500 B.C. - Zapotec Civilization - "The Zapotec civilization was an indigenous pre-Columbian civilization that flourished in the Valley of Oaxaca of southern Mesoamerica. Archaeological evidence shows their culture goes back at least 2500 years. They left archaeological evidence at the ancient city of Monte Alb�n in the form of buildings, ball courts, magnificent tombs and grave goods including finely worked gold jewelry. Monte Alb�n was one of the first major cities in Mesoamerica and the center of a Zapotec state that dominated much of what we know of as the current state of Oaxaca. [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapotec_civilization] - [T.D. - 11/29/08] 500 B.C. - Trivia / Exodus Text - "In the final text of Exodus, edited in the fifth century BCE, God is said to have made a covenant with Moses on Mount Sinai [an event which is supposed to have happened around 1200]. There has been a scholarly debate about this: some critics believe that the covenant did not become important in Israel until the seventh century BCE. But whatever its date, the idea of the covenant tells us that the Israelites were not yet monotheists, since it only made sense in the polytheistic setting. The Israelites did not believe that Yahweh, the God of Sinai, was the only God but promised, in their covenant, that they would ignore all other deities and worship him alone. It is difficult to find a single monotheistic statement in the whole of the Pentateuch. Even the Ten Commandments delivered on Mount Sinai take the existence of other Gods for granted: 'There shall be no strange Gods for you before my face.' " [Based on: Karen Armstrong, A History of God, pp. 22-23] 500 B.C. - Trivia / Genesis Text - During the later part of the nineteenth century, groundbreaking scholarship explained how the Book of Genesis is an edited combination of several different sources and traditions, now believed to have been compiled in its present form no earlier than 500-300 B.C." 500 B.C. - South Arabian Script - "South Arabian proper appears around 500 BCE, and continued to be used until around 600 CE [at which time, of course, the entire Arabian Peninsula was converted to Islam and Arabic became the most important language]." [Link: 1 ] 500 B.C. - Established / Athenian Democracy - "Reforms of Cleisthenes establish Athenian democracy." [Based on: Compact History Of The World, Geoffrey Parker, p. 32] 499 B.C. - Greco-Persian Wars - "In the 5th century B.C. the vast Persian Empire attempted to conquer Greece. If the Persians had succeeded, they would have set up local tyrants, called satraps, to rule Greece and would have crushed the first stirrings of democracy in Europe. The survival of Greek culture and political ideals depended on the ability of the small, disunited Greek city-states to band together and defend themselves against Persia's overwhelming strength. The struggle, known in Western history as the Persian Wars, or Greco-Persian Wars, lasted 20 years--from 499 to 479 BC." [Link: 1 ] 492 B.C. - Configuration - "Uranus-Neptune [Taurus/Scorpio] opposition [492-488 B.C.]." 490 B.C. - Battle of Marathon - "Greeks defeat Persians at battle of Marathon." 485 B.C. - Xerxes I Rules Persia - "Xerxes I, rules [485-465 B.C.] in Persia." 480 B.C. - Greek Victories / Thermopylae and Salamis - "Greeks defeat Persians at Thermopylae and Salamis." 478 B.C. - Athenian Domination / Aegean Sea - "Athens dominates [478-404 B.C.] Aegean through Delian League." [Based on: Compact History Of The World, Geoffrey Parker, p. 32] 469 B.C. - Birth? / Socrates - "Immortality of the soul [rather than of the body] was around as a concept long before Jesus's time. In the ancient Greek world it was promoted by the followers of the Athenian philosopher Socrates [469-399 B.C.]." Trivia: Socrates [....]; 470–399 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher who is widely credited for laying the foundation for Western philosophy. Said to be an Athenian, he is described as having been condemned to death by an Athenian court that had found him guilty of impiety and of corrupting Athenian youth through his teachings. Those giving the account say he chose to die by drinking hemlock, though he had been given the opportunity to go into exile, as he believed exile would both further dishonor the agreement he had willingly made to abide by the laws of Athens, and that he would fare no better teaching in other cities. [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates] Trivia: Socrates (469-399 B.C.), the founder of the Socratic sect, being fundamentally a Skeptic, did not force his opinions upon others, but through the medium of questionings caused each man to give expression to his own philosophy. According to Plutarch, Socrates conceived every place as appropriate for reaching in that the whole world was a school of virtue. He held that the soul existed before the body and, prior to immersion therein, was endowed with all knowledge; that when the soul entered into the material form it became stupefied, but that by discourses upon sensible objects it was caused to reawaken and to recover its original knowledge. On these premises was based his attempt to stimulate the soul-power through irony and inductive reasoning. It has been said of Socrates that the sole subject of his philosophy was man. He himself declared philosophy to be the way of true happiness and its purpose twofold: (1) to contemplate God, and (2) to abstract the soul from corporeal sense. [Based on: http://www.sacred-texts.com/eso/sta/sta03.htm] 462 B.C. - Pericles Rules Athens - "Pericles comes to power in Athens." 460 B.C. - Birth / Hippocrates - "Hippocrates [460 B.C.-377 B.C.], the Greek 'Father of Medicine' is born." Trivia: Hippocrates of Cos (c. 460 BC–c. 377 BC) was an ancient Greek physician. He has been called "The Father of Medicine", and is commonly regarded as one of the most outstanding figures in medicine of all time. According to the biographical tradition, he was a physician trained at the Healing temple of Kos, and may have been a pupil of Herodicus. Writings attributed to him (Corpus hippocraticum, or "Hippocratic writings") rejected the superstition and magic of primitive "medicine" and laid the foundations of medicine as a branch of science. Little is actually known about Hippocrates' personal life, but some of his medical achievements were documented by such historians as Plato and Aristotle. [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocrates] 459 B.C. - Trivia / Ezra? - "The scribe who led the second body of exiles that returned from Babylon to Jerusalem B.C. 459, and author of the book of scripture that bears his name. In the seventh year in the reign of Artaxeres Longimanus [see Darius], he obtained leave to go up to Jerusalem and to take with him a company of Israelites [Ezra 8:1-36]. For about fourteen years, i.e., till B.C. 455, we have no record of what went on in Jerusalem after Ezra had set in order the ecclesiastical and civil affairs of the nation. In that year another distinguished personage, Nehemiah, appears on the scene." 450 B.C. - Persian Decline - "By 450 B.C. the Persian Empire was in decline." 450 B.C. - Flowering Greek Culture - "Flowering of Greek culture [450-400 B.C.]." 449 B.C. - Peace of Callias - "Persia and Athens sign peace treaty." 447 B.C. - Parthenon Built - "Traditional date when the Parthenon was built in Athens as a temple of the goddess Athena [447-432 B.C.]." [Link: 1 ] 445 B.C. - Nehemiah / Jerusalem - "Jerusalem came under the rule of Nehemiah, who had been a high official in the Persian government." 439 B.C. - Rebuilding / Jerusalem - "Nehemiah obtained permission to rebuild the walls of Jerusalem." 437 B.C. - Configuration - "Uranus-Pluto [Capricorn] conjunction." 431 B.C. - Beginning / Peloponnesian Wars - "Peloponnesian Wars between Athens and Sparta [431-404 B.C.] - Sparta victorius. Reportedly Sparta was unwalled." 427 B.C. - Birth / Plato - "Dialogues recorded by Plato [427-348 or 347 B.C.]. Plato maintained in the 4th century BC that mind, not matter, was the root of reality." Trivia: "Plato [....] (c. 427–c. 347 BC), whose real name is believed to have been Aristocles, was an immensely influential ancient Greek philosopher, a student of Socrates, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens where Aristotle studied. [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato] 424 B.C. - Lunar Eclipse - "October 9th" 423 B.C. - Darius II Rules Persia - "Darius II rules [423 B.C.- 423 B.C.] in Persia." 415 B.C. - Status / Peloponnesian War - "Athens fatally overstrained her resources with a disastrous expedition against Syracuse and Sicily [415-13 BC] ." [Based on: Compact History Of The World, Geoffrey Parker, p. 32] 412 B.C. - Lunar Eclipse - "August 28th" 405 B.C. - Lunar Eclipse - "April 15th" 404 B.C. - Configuration - "Uranus-Neptune [Gemini] conjunction." 404 B.C. - 28th Egyptian Dynasty - "A traditional date for the 28th Egyptian Dynasty [404 B.C.- 399 B.C.]." [Link: 1 ] 404 B.C. - Fragmented / Athenian Empire - "In 431 BC, Sparta declared war on Athens. The Peloponnesian war lasted 27 years and despite victories on both sides, Athens fatally overstrained her resources with a disastrous expedition against Syracuse and Sicily [415-13 BC] and was finally defeated in 404 BC. Her empire fragmented." [Based on: Compact History Of The World, Geoffrey Parker, p. 32] 400 B.C. 400 B.C. - Pentateuch - "First five books of the Old Testament evolve [400-300 B.C.] in final form." 400 B.C. - Iberian Scripts - "The Iberian family of scripts is consisted of two 'styles', called Northeast and South. Structurally they are more or less the same, and the major difference between them is (a) geographical location, and (b) shape of the characters." [Link: 1 ] 400 B.C. - Sanskrit Grammar - "Panini's Sutra, the earliest Sanskrit grammer, is written." 400 B.C. - Matter / Indivisible Particles? - "Democritus concludes that matter consists of indivisible particles." [Based on: Ultimate Visual Dictionary of Science, Timeline of Discoveries, p. 15, 2005 Barnes & Noble Books] 399 B.C. - 29th Egyptian Dynasty - "A traditional date for the 29th Egyptian Dynasty [399 B.C.- 380 B.C.]." [Link: 1 ] 399 B.C. - Fatality / Socrates - "Trial and execution of the Greek philosopher Socrates." 392 B.C. - Temple of Juno / Rome - "The Kalends of each month were sacred to Juno so it is appropriate that a temple to her would be dedicated on Kalends of September in 392 B.C.. This particular temple [on the Aventine hill] was vowed by the dictator Marcus Furius Camillus, who led Rome in war against the major Etruscan city of Veii in 396 B.C. Juno Regina was the tutelary goddess of Veii and Camillus made use of the Roman evocatio ritual to 'invite' her to abandon Veii in return for a nice temple and rites at Rome." [Link: 1 ] 390 B.C. - Celtic Invasions / Rome - "A European people [Celts] invade the Greco-Roman world in the 4th century B.C. In 390 B.C. Rome was sacked and fell to the Gauls." [Reference?] Reference Links: http://www.dw.de/archeologists-revise-image-of-ancient-celts/a-16528844 384 B.C. - Birth / Aristotle - "Aristotle [....] (384 BCE – March 7, 322 BCE) was an ancient Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. He wrote books on many subjects, including physics, poetry, zoology, logic, rhetoric, government, and biology, none of which survive in their entirety. Aristotle, along with Plato and Socrates, is generally considered one of the most influential of ancient Greek philosophers. They transformed Presocratic Greek philosophy into the foundations of Western philosophy as we know it. The writings of Plato and Aristotle founded two of the most important schools of Ancient philosophy. [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle] Trivia: "Aristotle [384 B.C.-322 B.C.], a pupil of Plato, had tutored the young Alexander, and was one of the greatest ancient philosophers. He produced a virtual encyclopedia covering all the knowledge of the times." 381 B.C. - Configuration - Uranus-Pluto [Virgo/Pisces] opposition [381-379 B.C.]. Uranus-Pluto conjunctions and oppositions might bring sudden and radical changes, like a cathartic diarrhoea, yet their full integration takes ages." 380 B.C. - 30th Egyptian Dynasty - "A traditional date for the 30th Egyptian Dynasty [380 B.C.- 343 B.C.]. The 30th dynasties contains the last of the Egyptian-born Pharaohs." [Link: 1 ] 375 B.C. - Trivia / Juno Lucina - "Juno Lucina was an aspect of the goddess Juno associated with light and childbirth. Her name lucina probably comes from the Latin lucus [grove]. Livy records that the grove on the Esquiline Hill in which a temple was dedicated to her in 375 B.C., is the origin of her name. By the second century B.C., Juno Lucina was associated with childbirth because the name lucina was thought to have come from the Latin word lux [light]. When a child was born it was said to have been "brought to light." Women who worshiped Juno Lucina had to untie knots and unbraid their hair lest these entanglements symbolically block delivery. The Matronalia on March 1 honored Juno Lucina." 365 B.C. Birth / - Pyrrho of Elis Of Skepticism as propounded by Pyrrho of Elis (365-275 B.C.) and by Timon, Sextus Empiricus said that those who seek must find or deny they have found or can find, or persevere in the inquiry. Those who suppose they have found truth are called Dogmatists; those who think it incomprehensible are the Academics; those who still seek are the Skeptics. The attitude of Skepticism towards the knowable is summed up by Sextus Empiricus in the following words: "But the chief ground of Skepticism is that to every reason there is an opposite reason equivalent, which makes us forbear to dogmatize." The Skeptics were strongly opposed to the Dogmatists and were agnostic in that they held the accepted theories regarding Deity to be self-contradictory and undemonstrable. "How," asked the Skeptic, "can we have indubitate knowledge of God, knowing not His substance, form or place; for, while philosophers disagree irreconcilably on these points, their conclusions cannot be considered as undoubtedly true?" Since absolute knowledge was considered unattainable, the Skeptics declared the end of their discipline to be: "In opinionatives, indisturbance; in impulsives, moderation; and in disquietives, suspension." [Based on: http://www.sacred-texts.com/eso/sta/sta03.htm] 360 B.C. - Nectanebo Rules Egypt - "Last native Egyptian pharaoh to reign [360 B.C.-343 B.C.] in a line stretching back to Narmer 25 centuries earlier." 358 B.C. - Artaxerxes III Rules Persia - "Artaxerxes III rules [358 B.C.-336 B.C.] in Persia." 356 B.C. - Birth / Alexander - "Philip's wife Olympias gives birth to a son named Alexander." 356 B.C. - Burned / Temple of Artemis - "Reportedly, the temple of Artemis [one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World] was burned by a man named Herostratus." 353 B.C. - Uranus Square Pluto - Ura -SQR Plu 20Cp50 20Ar50 http://cura.free.fr/xx/20palden.html 8. Baktun 7. Baktun of the Anointed One. 353 B.C.-A.D. 41. 7.0.0.0.0 Hellenistic civilization, Alexander the Great; Rise of Rome, beginning of Roman Empire; Celts in Europe, advanced iron technology; Warring States' consolidation of China by Ch'in Huang Ti, beginnings of Han Dynasty, Great Wall of China; spread of Buddhism as cosmopolitan religion from India to Central Asia. Jesus Christ, gnostic religions of Middle East; diffusion of Olmecs and beginning of Teotihuacan. [Based on: The Mayan Factor / Path Beyond Technology, by Jose Arguelles, Copyright 1939-, 1987, p. 115] 350 B.C. - Trivia / Nazca Lines - "Experts have pronounced upon the antiquity of Nazca, basing their opinions on fragments of pottery found embedded in the lines and on radio-carbon results from various organic remains unearthed here. The dates conjectured range between 350 B.C. and 600 A.D. Realistically, they tell us nothing about the age of the lines themselves, which are inherently as undatable as the stones cleared to make them." [Link: 1 ] 350 B.C. - The Chuang Tzu - "Literally: 'Master Chuang'. [....] The most important book, next to the Lao Tzu, in Taoism. [....] The Records of the Historian (Shih-chi) attributes authorship of the book to the man Chuang Tzu (369-286 B.C.?), whose personal name was Chou. [....] Because of our scanty knowledge of the man Chuang Tzu, it is impossible to identify him as the historical author of the book. Based on internal evidence and the language of the work, modern scholars generally agree that the principal part of the Chuang Tzu was written about the same time as the Lao Tzu, between 350 and 275 B.C., but most of the 'outer chapters' and the 'miscellaneous chapters' were written near the end of the Warring States period (403-222 B.C.) or the beginning of the Former Han (206 B.C. - A.D. 8). [....]" [Based on: The Perennial Dictionary of World Religions, paperback edition, 1989, pp. 183-184] Trivia: "Another great Taoist sage is the venerable Chuang Tze, who lived in the 3rd century B.C.E. Very little is known of his life either; we have only the briefest of biographical information in a 'History' written in the 2nd century B.C.E. by Sze-ma Khien, which states that Chuang Tze was born in the kingdom of Wei, and held some sort of position in the city of Khi-yuan. He grew up in the same part of China as Lao Tze, and had thoroughly studied and understood the writings of his great predecessor. [....]" [Based on: History of Mysticism, by S. Abhayananda, third revised edition, 1996, p. 63] Trivia: "[....] As Chuang Tze says, 'Words are used to express meaning. When you understand the meaning, you can forget about the words.' [....]" [Based on: History of Mysticism, by S. Abhayananda, third revised edition, 1996, p. 64] 347 - Died / Plato - Trivia: After the death of Plato, his disciples separated into two groups. One, the Academics, continued to meet in the Academy where once he had presided; the other, the Peripatetics, removed to the Lyceum under the leadership of Aristotle (384-322 B.C.). Plato recognized Aristotle as his greatest disciple and, according to Philoponus, referred to him as "the mind of the school." If Aristotle were absent from the lectures, Plato would say: "The intellect is not here." Of the prodigious genius of Aristotle, Thomas Taylor writes in his introduction to The Metaphysics: "When we consider that he was not only well acquainted with every science, as his works abundantly evince, but that he wrote on almost every subject which is comprehended in the circle of human knowledge, and this with matchless accuracy and skill, we know not which to admire most, the penetration or extent of his mind." [Based on: http://www.sacred-texts.com/eso/sta/sta03.htm] 340 B.C. - Birth / Zeno - The sect of the Stoics was founded by Zeno (340-265 B.C.), the Cittiean, who studied under Crates the Cynic, from which sect the Stoics had their origin. Zeno was succeeded by Cleanthes, Chrysippus, Zeno of Tarsis, Diogenes, Antipater, Pan�tius, and Posidonius. Most famous of the Roman Stoics are Epictetus and Marcus Aurelius. The Stoics were essentially pantheists, since they maintained that as there is nothing better than the world, the world is God. Zeno declared that the reason of the world is diffused throughout it as seed. Stoicism is a materialistic philosophy, enjoining voluntary resignation to natural law. Chrysippus maintained that good and evil being contrary, both are necessary since each sustains the other. The soul was regarded as a body distributed throughout the physical form and subject to dissolution with it. Though some of the Stoics held that wisdom prolonged the existence of the soul, actual immortality is not included in their tenets. The soul was said to be composed of eight parts: the five senses, the generative power, the vocal power, and an eighth, or hegemonic, part. Nature was defined as God mixed throughout the substance of the world. All things were looked upon as bodies either corporeal or incorporeal. [Based on: http://www.sacred-texts.com/eso/sta/sta03.htm] 340 B.C. - Trivia / Derveni Papyrus, Europe - "High-tech equipment lets scholars [2006] read more of Europe's oldest [340 B.C.] 'book' [Derveni papyrus - found in 1962]" [Based on: Title for A.P. article, p. A8, S.L.P.D., 06/02/06] - [Brackets text added for clarity - E.M.] 338 B.C. - Phillip II Rules Greece - "Battle of Chaeronea: Phillip II of Macedon gains control of Greece." [Based on: Compact History Of The World, Geoffrey Parker, p. 32] 336 B.C. - Assassinated / Phillip of Macedon - "After subduing the Greek city-states, Philip [382 B.C.-336 B.C.] of Macedon, who believed himself to be a descendant of the Greek people was assassinated. He was succeeded by his son Alexander [The Great]." 335 B.C. - Egyptian Victory / Alexander the Great - "Alexander the Great destroys Thebes." 333 B.C. - Persion Victory / Alexander the Great - "Alexander defeats the Persian Emperor Darius." 332 B.C. - Levant Victory / Alexander the Great - "Alexander the Great conquers Tyre and Jerusalem." 332 B.C. - Horoscopic Astrology / Alexandria, Egypt - "[....] After the occupation by Alexander the Great in 332BC, Egypt came under Greek rule and influence, and it was in Alexandrian Egypt where horoscopic astrology first appeared. The endeavour to trace the horoscope of the individual from the position of the planets and stars at the time of birth represents the most significant contribution of the Greeks to astrology. This system can be labeled as "horoscopic astrology" because it employed the use of the ascendant, otherwise known as the horoskopos in Greek. Although developed under Hellenistic rule, it was in large measure derived from the teachings of the Babylonians and the Egyptians.. [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_astrology] - [T.D. - 08/02/08] 330 B.C. - Babylonian Victory / Alexander the Great - "Alexander the Great occupies Babylon." 327 B.C. - Indian Victory / Alexander the Great - "Alexander the Great invades India." 323 B.C. - Euclid / Greece - "Euclid's work on geometry." 323 B.C. - Configuration - "Uranus-Pluto [Taurus] conjunction." 323 B.C. - Maurya Dynasty / India - "Chandragupta Maurya founds the Maurya dynasty, the first Indian empire. By 184, this dynasty will conquer most of India." Links: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire 323 B.C. - Fatality / Alexander the Great - "Alexander the Great dies in Babylon. His empire is divided among his generals; one of them, Seleucus I." Trivia: "Alexander's death in 323 BC and the ensuing struggles between his leading generals created three major powers: Macedon, Egypt, and the Seleucid kingdom of western Asia." [Based on: Compact History Of The World, Geoffrey Parker, p. 32] 322 B.C - Greek Judah - "Judah is conquered by the Greek Empire. Consequently, some Jews adopt Greek customs and religion." 321 B.C. - Configuration - "Uranus-Neptune [Gemini/Sagittarius] opposition [321-317 B.C.]." 320 B.C. - Lunar Eclipse - "September 20th" 312 B.C. - Seleucus I Rules Babylon - "The year that Seleucus I established himself in Babylon." 304 B.C. - Chandragupta Rules India - "Chandragupta trades 500 war elephants to Seleucus in exchange for the Indus region and regions immediately to the west." 300 B.C. 300 B.C. - Dead Sea Scrolls - "Within a fairly short time after their discovery, historical, paleographic, and linguistic evidence, as well as carbon-14 dating, established that the [Dead Sea] scrolls and the Qumran ruin dated from the third century B.C. to 68 A.D. Coming from the late Second Temple Period, a time when Jesus of Nazareth lived, they are older than any other surviving Biblical manuscripts by almost one thousand years." [Link: 1 ] 300 B.C. - Yayoi Period / Japan - "Japanese Yayoi Period 300 B.C.- 300 A.D." 300 B.C. - Trivia / Ksav Ashuris - "Reportedly, Ksav Ashuris [ktab asvryt], the script in which all sacred scrolls are written, was not introduced to the Jewish experience until the time of Ezra, approximately twenty-three hundred years ago. Ksav Ashuris, apparently, was the script of ancient Ashur, Assyria, one of the countries of the Persian Empire, under which the Jews were exiled in Ezra's time. Until then, the script used by Jews was the ancient Hebrew script known as Ksav Ivri [ktb abry]. If it is true then that the Ten Commandements were inscribed in a script other than Ksav Ashuris, then it would mean that the script now associated with the Torah is of foriegn origin and that Israel discarded the script in which God originally conveyed His word to them." 300 B.C. - Trivia / Temple of the Sun, Mexico - "According to popular history, the Temple of the Sun was built at Teotihuacan, Mexico. Invention of Mayan calendar in Yucatan - more exact than older calendars." 293 B.C. - Trivia / Temple of Venus - "[....] The oldest temple known of Venus dates back to 293 BCE, and was inaugurated on August 18. Later, on this date the Vinalia Rustica was observed. A second festival, that of the Veneralia, was celebrated on April 1 in honor of Venus Verticordia, who later became the protector against vice. Her temple was built in 114 BCE. [NP] After the Roman defeat near Lake Trasum in 215 BCE, a temple was built on the Capitol for Venus Erycina. This temple was officially opened on April 23, and a festival, the Vinalia Priora, was instituted to celebrate the occasion. [....] The last great temple of Venus was built by the emperor Hadrianus near the Colusseum in 135 CE. [....]" [Based on: http://www.crystalinks.com/venusrome.html] - [T.D. - 12/01/06] 287 B.C. - Archimedes / Greece - "Archimedes, Greek mathematician [287-212 B.C.]." 285 B.C. - Ptolemy II Rules Egypt - "Ptolemy II [308 -246 B.C.] takes the throne in Egypt." 273 B.C. - Ashoka Rules India - "Chandragupta's grandson Ashokavardhan Maurya, better known as Ashoka the Great (ruled 273- 232 BCE), is considered by contemporary historians to be perhaps the greatest of Indian monarchs, and perhaps the world. H.G. Wells calls him the 'greatest of kings'. [....]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_Empire#Ashoka_the_Great] - [T.D. - 12/15/08] 270 B.C. - Trivia / Septuagint - "In Judea, Hebrew was no longer the language of everyday life. It had been supplanted by Aramaic, which, however, was close enough to Hebrew so that one language could be easily learned by those who spoke the other. In Alexandria, however, the resident Jews learned Greek and, eventually, the Bible could not be understood by them. About 270 B.C., then, the project of translating the Bible into Greek began. Since 70 scholars were in charge of the project, the translation was called the Septuagint, from a Latin word for seventy." [Based on: Isaac Asimov, Asimov's Chronology Of The World, p. 73] [Link: 1 ] Trivia: "The title Genesis was introduced by Greek Bible translators in the 3rd century BC, and relates to 'origin' or 'beginning'. The Hebrew opening for the book was Bereshit: 'At the beginning.' " 264 B.C. - Configuration - Uranus-Pluto [Aquarius/Leo] opposition [264-261 B.C.]." 264 B.C. - First Punic War - "First Punic war [264-241 B.C.]: Rome defeats the Carthaginians and begins its domination of the Mediterranean." 264 B.C. - Gladiator Games / Rome - "First Roman gladiator games." 260 B.C. - Flotation Principle & Levers - "Flotation principle discovered by Archimedes, who also studies principles of levers." [Based on: Ultimate Visual Dictionary of Science, Timeline of Discoveries, p. 15, 2005 Barnes & Noble Books] 250 B.C. - Buddhist Canon - "A general council of Buddhist monks is held in Patna, where the canon of Buddhist scriptures is selected." 250 B.C. - Ptolemaic Egypt - "By 250 B.C., Ptolemaic Egypt was the most prosperous and the strongest nation in the world." [Based on: Isaac Asimov, Asimov's Chronology Of The World, p. 73] Trivia: "The Ptolemies founded a library which eventually became the largest one the world was to see prior to the invention of printing. By this time the Bible could be read by anyone speaking Greek. An Egyptian priest, Manetho, wrote a history of Egypt and divided its rulers into dynasties, each dynasty representing a family whose members ruled over Egypt for a period of time." 250 B.C. - Sanhedrin / Jerusalem - "According to Jewish tradition, Ezra founded the 'Great Assembly' of teachers who would preserve the oral traditions. Towards the middle of the third century B.C. the Great Assembly ceased and another organization the 'Sanhedrin' took charge of the affairs of the community." 248 B.C. - Arsaces I / Parthian Empire - "After 250 B.C., it seemed that the Seleucid Empire was breaking up. In 248 B.C., the eastern portions of the Seleucid Empire broke away. In what is now Iran, Arsaces I (who may have been of Scythian origin) set up the Parthian Empire, so-called because it was centered on the Persian province of Parthia." [Based on: Isaac Asimov, Asimov's Chronology Of The World, p. 76] 241 B.C. - Roman Victory / Carthage - "Rome finally defeated Carthage in the First Punic War and, in 241 B.C., Carthage accepted a losing peace. [....] Rome took over Sicily - all except for Syracuse which remained independant under Hiero II." [Based on: Isaac Asimov, Asimov's Chronology Of The World, p. 76] 240 B.C. - Perihelion / Halley's Comet - May 25th, 240 B.C.: "1P/-239 K1 (25 May 240 BC)" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet] - [T.D. - 06/12/07] Trivia: - "240 BC and earlier: Historical records show that Chinese astronomers observed the comet's appearance in 240 BC and possibly as early as 2467 BC. Habitual observations and calculations of appearances after 240 BC are recorded by Chinese, Japanese, Babylonian, Persian, and other Mesopotamian astronomers." [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet] - [T.D. - 06/12/07] 233 B.C. - Configuration - "Uranus-Neptune [Gemini] conjunction [233-232 B.C.]." 221 B.C. - Qin Dynasty / China - "The Qin dynasty (Chinese: 秦朝; pinyin: Q�n Ch�o ... was the first imperial dynasty of Ancient China, lasting from 221 to 206 BC. Named for its heartland of Qin, in modern-day Gansu and Shaanxi, the dynasty was formed after the conquest of six other states by the Qin state, and its founding emperor named Qin Shi Huang, the First Emperor of Qin. The strength of the Qin state was greatly increased by the Legalist reforms of Shang Yang in the fourth century BC, during the Warring States period. In the mid and late third century BC, the Qin accomplished a series of swift conquests, first ending the powerless Zhou dynasty, and eventually conquering the other six of the Seven Warring States to gain control over the whole of China. [... .]" [Based on: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_dynasty] 219 B.C. - Second Punic War - "Second Punic War [219-201 B.C.]." 218 B.C. - Hannibal / Alps - "Hannibal, a Carthaginian general [246-142 B.C.], crosses the Alps [218 B.C.]." 214 B.C. - Hun Migration - "Huns push left to Europe." 211 B.C. - Hannibal / Rome - "Hannibal reaches the gates of Rome [211 B.C.]." 206 B.C. - Han Dynasty / China - "The Han dynasty (Chinese: 漢朝; pinyin: H�n ch�o) was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin dynasty (221–207 BC) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD). Spanning over four centuries, the Han period is considered a golden age in Chinese history.[4] To this day, China's majority ethnic group refers to itself as the 'Han people' and the Chinese script is referred to as 'Han characters'.[5] It was founded by the rebel leader Liu Bang, known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu of Han, and briefly interrupted by the Xin dynasty (9–23 AD) of the former regent Wang Mang. This interregnum separates the Han dynasty into two periods: theWestern Han or Former Han (206 BC – 9 AD) and the Eastern Han or Latter Han (25–220 AD). [... .]" [Based on: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty] 202 B.C. - Retreat / Hannibal - "Hannibal retreats, and is defeated by Scipio Africanus at Zama [202 B.C.]." 200 B.C. 200 B.C. - Book of Enoch - "The book of Enoch [representing the patriarch sixth in line from Adam] was written in the 2nd century BC. It forecast a restoration of the Messianic dynasties and laid down ground-rules for the structure of the priestly hierarchy. Included was the premise that successive dynastic heads should carry the names of the traditional angels and archangels to denote their rank and position. In the Old Testament days of King David, the senior priests were Zadok, Abiathar, and Levi [in that order of precedence]. The Essenes of Qumran duly preserved their priestly heritage using those names as titles: Zadok, Abiathar and Levi, as we have seen. Also, in accordance with the book of Enoch, the archangelic names were retained, under vow, as badges of priestly rank, with the Zadok dynast also being Michael; the Abiathar being Gabriel and the Levi being the Sariel." [Based on: Bloodline Of The Holy Grail, Laurence Gardner] 200 B.C. - Roman Supremecy / Western Mediterranian - "By 200 B.C., Rome was supreme in the western Mediterranian." [Based on: Isaac Asimov, Asimov's Chronology Of The World, p. 77] 191 B.C. - Beginning / Roman World Domination - "Romans defeat Seleucid King Antiochus III at Thermopylae. The beginning of Roman world domination." 184 B.C. - End / Maurya Dynasty - "The Maurya dynasty ends when the last ruler is assassinated by an ambitious army commander." 182 B.C. - Configuration - "Uranus-Pluto [Aquarius] conjunction. Uranus-Pluto conjunctions and oppositions might bring sudden and radical changes, like a cathartic diarrhoea, yet their full integration takes ages." 168 B.C. - Jewish Revolt - "The uprising in 168 BC, in which the priestly caste of Hasmonaean Maccabees came to prominence, was prompted largely by the action of King Antiochus IV Epiphanes of Syria, who had foisted a system of Greek worship upon the Jewish community." 167 B.C. - Lunar Eclipse - "June 21st" 165 B.C. - Hannukah - "[....] Hanukkah [chnkh] recalls the victory against all odds of the small Maccabean army against the Syrian king Antiochus in 165 B.C. The eight-day length of the festival is a result of the account that when the Jews rededicated the temple in Jerusalem, a single vial of oil, enough for one day, burned miraculously for eight. The story has become one of the main trademarks of Hanukkah, which means 'dedication' in Hebrew. The holiday is also known as the 'Festival of Lights.' [....]" [Based on: A.P. article, p. A14, S.L.P.D., 12/26/05] 165 B.C. - Trivia / Book of Daniel - "Approximate time when the Old Testament Book of Daniel was written." 164 B.C. - Perihelion / Halley's Comet - November 12th, 164B.C.: "1P/-163 U1 (12 November 164 BC)" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet] - [T.D. - 06/12/07] 150 B.C. - Configuration - "Uranus-Neptune [Gemini/Sagittarius] opposition [150-146 B.C.]." 150 B.C. - Parthian Empire - "By 150 B.C., all of the Old Persian Empire east of the Tigris-Euphrates valley was in Parthian hands. It was the eastern two thirds of the Persian empire, reconstituted one and three-quarter centuries after the death of Alexander the great. It was Persian in language and culture and Zoroastrian in religion." 149 B.C. - Third Punic War - "Third Punic War [149-146 B.C.]: Rome destroys Carthage [146 B.C.], killing 450,000 and enslaving the remaining 50,000 inhabitants. Roman armies conquer Macedonia, Greece, Anatolia, Balearic Islands, and southern France." 141 B.C. - Seleucid Empire / Syria - "In 141 B.C., Mithradates I of Parthia captured the Tigris-Euphrates valley from the Seleucid Empire, and established a new capital at Ctesiphon, just across the river from Seleucia. The Seleucid Empire, with its capital at Antioch, was now confined to Syria." [Based on: Isaac Asimov, Asimov's Chronology Of The World, p. 83] 141 B.C. - Independence / Judea - "Independence of Judea established by the last of the Maccabean brothers [Simon]." 138 B.C. - Mithradates I / Parthia - [....] It is tempting to identify the Roman Mithras with the Persian Mithra, except that there is no known Persian legend or text about Mithra killing a bull or being associated with other animals. On the other hand, there is a story of Ahriman, the evil god in popular developments of Zoroastrianism, killing a bull. It is also hard to explain how the Sun-god Mithra would come to be worshipped in the windowless, cave-like mithraeum. A possible link between Persia and Rome, which could be the stage for these changes, may be the kingdoms of Parthia and Pontus in Asia Minor. Several of their kings were called Mithradates, meaning "given by Mithra", starting with Mithradates I of Parthia (died 138 BC). It would seem that, in those kingdoms, Mithra was a god whose power lent luster even to a king. And it was at Pergamum, in the 2nd century BC, that Greek sculptors started to produce bas-relief imagery of Mithra Taurocthonos, "Mithra the bull-slayer." Although the cult of Mithras never caught on in the Greek homeland, those sculptures may indicate the route between Persian Mithra and Roman Mithras. [....] [Based on: http://www.crystalinks.com/mithra.html] 135 B.C. - Slave Rebellion / Sicily - "There was a slave rebellion in Sicily in 135 B.C., which took three years to put down. Some 200,000 slaves were in rebellion and, in the end, 20,000 of them were crucified." [Based on: Isaac Asimov, Asimov's Chronology Of The World, p. 82] 133 B.C. - Roman Spain - "By 133 B.C., Rome had extended its dominations westward to include all of Spain except for the northwestern quarter." 133 B.C. - Assassination / Tiberius Graccus - "The Democratic leader Tiberius Graccus put forward proposals for agrarian reform in 133 BC, but he was murdered by the Senetorial party. His brother took up the farmers' cause and he to was murdered, with the Democratic leadership passing to the military commander Gaius Marius." Trivia: "The tribune Tiberius Gracchus of the Roman Empire tried in 133 B.C. to reduce the power of the moneychangers through stricter laws against usury and to limit the legal land ownership to iugeri (about 600 acres) per family. He was murdered the same year." [Based on: Juri Lina, The Barnes Review, p. 8, Sept./Oct. 2004] 130 B.C. - Qumran Community - "When the triumphant House of Maccabaeus took control and set up their own King and High Priest in Jerusalem, the Hasidim [a core of ultra-strict Jewish devotees, or 'Pious Ones'] not only voiced their opposition but marched en masse out of the city in order to establish their own 'pure' community in the nearby Wilderness of Qumran. Building work started in around 130 BC. Apart from the evidence of the scrolls, a collection of coins has also been amassed from the Qumran settlement, relating to a time-span from the Hasmonaean ruler John Hyrcanus [135-104 BC] to the Jewish Revolt of AD 66-70. Excavations at Qumran have produced much older relics dating from around 3,500 B.C." 128 B.C. - Lunar Eclipse - "November 5th" 127 B.C. - Configuration - "Uranus-Pluto [Libra/Aries] opposition." 114 B.C. - Trivia / Temple of Venus - "[....] The oldest temple known of Venus dates back to 293 BCE, and was inaugurated on August 18. Later, on this date the Vinalia Rustica was observed. A second festival, that of the Veneralia, was celebrated on April 1 in honor of Venus Verticordia, who later became the protector against vice. Her temple was built in 114 BCE. [NP] After the Roman defeat near Lake Trasum in 215 BCE, a temple was built on the Capitol for Venus Erycina. This temple was officially opened on April 23, and a festival, the Vinalia Priora, was instituted to celebrate the occasion. [....] The last great temple of Venus was built by the emperor Hadrianus near the Colusseum in 135 CE. [....]" [Based on: http://www.crystalinks.com/venusrome.html] - [T.D. - 12/01/06] 113 B.C. - Migration / Germanic Tribes - "Beginning in 113 B.C., Germanic tribes called the Cimbri and Teutones were moving into the Roman sphere of influence. Two armies were sent to stop them and were defeated." 110 B.C. - Wu Ti / Southern China - "In about 110 B.C., the Chinese, under the emperor Wu Ti, advanced south of the Yangtse River and annexed all of what is now southern China." 108 B.C. - Chinese Korea - "In 108 B.C., Korea was conquered by China." 107 B.C. - Gaius Marius / Roman Republic - "By 107 BC Gaius Marius was Consul of Rome." 106 B.C. - Birth / Marcus Tullius Cicero - Marcus Tullius Cicero (IPA: [....]; January 3, 106 BC – December 7, 43 BC) was an orator, statesman, political theorist, and philosopher of Ancient Rome. He is generally considered the greatest Latin orator and prose stylist. His speeches are regarded as the pinnacle of the Golden Age of the Latin language, whereas the age which followed in the next two centuries, the Silver Age, is regarded as slightly less than the brilliance displayed by the works of the Golden Age, primarily Cicero's. He is considered by some to be the greatest orator, and speech and prose writer in history. [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero] Trivia: Eclecticism may be defined as the practice of choosing apparently irreconcilable doctrines from antagonistic schools and constructing therefrom a composite philosophic system in harmony with the convictions of the eclectic himself. Eclecticism can scarcely be considered philosophically or logically sound, for as individual schools arrive at their conclusions by different methods of reasoning, so the philosophic product of fragments from these schools must necessarily be built upon the foundation of conflicting premises. Eclecticism, accordingly, has been designated the layman's cult. In the Roman Empire little thought was devoted to philosophic theory; consequently most of its thinkers were of the eclectic type. Cicero is the outstanding example of early Eclecticism, for his writings are a veritable potpourri of invaluable fragments from earlier schools of thought. Eclecticism appears to have had its inception at the moment when men first doubted the possibility of discovering ultimate truth. Observing all so-called knowledge to be mere opinion at best, the less studious furthermore concluded that the wiser course to pursue was to accept that which appeared to be the most reasonable of the teachings of any school or individual. From this practice, however, arose a pseudo-broadmindedness devoid of the element of preciseness found in true logic and philosophy. [....] [Based on: http://www.sacred-texts.com/eso/sta/sta03.htm] 105 B.C. - Germainic Tribes / Italy - "By 105 B.C., Germanic tribes were beginning to threaten Italy, and had defeated a third force sent against them." [Based on: Based on: Asimov's Chronology Of The World, p. 82] 102 B.C. - German Victory / Gaius Marius - "In two separate battles, in 102 B.C. and in 101 B.C., Marius completely wiped out the invading Germanic tribes." [Based on: Asimov's Chronology Of The World, p. 82] 100 B.C. 100 B.C. - Roman Mastership / Mediterranean Area - "Rome had become master of the entire Mediterranean area from the Atlantic Ocean to the Euphrates River." [Based on: Asimov's Chronology Of The World, p. 82] 95 B.C. - Tigranes I / Armenia - "Once the Seleucid Empire broke up, two Armenian kingdoms gained their independence. In 95 B.C., the two were united under the energetic rule of Tigranes I (140-55 B.C.). Sometimes called 'Tigranes the Great.' " [Based on: Isaac Asimov, Asimov's Chronology Of The World, p. 84] 88 B.C. - Roman Reforms - "Roman reforms grant citizenship to all Italians." 88 B.C. - Roman Defeat / Asia Minor - "In 88 B.C., Mithradates VI of Pontus, seeing that Rome was absolutely intent on limiting his power, decided to take the offensive. He swept westward in a suprise attack and drove the Romans out of Asia Minor, arranging to kill as many Roman civilians as possible. (He is supposed to have killed 80,000, but this may be a Roman atrocity story.)" [Based on: Isaac Asimov, Asimov's Chronology Of The World, p. 84] 87 B.C. - Perihelion / Halley's Comet - August 6th, 87 B.C.: "1P/-86 Q1 (6 August 87 BC)" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet] - [T.D. - 06/12/07] Trivia: "87 BC: According to V.G. Gurzadyan and R. Vardanyan, the "Symbol on Tigranes the Great's crown that features a star with a curved tail may represent the passage of Halley's comet in 87 BC. Tigranes could have seen Halley's comet when it passed closest to the Sun on Aug. 6 in 87 BC according to the researchers, who said the comet would have been a 'most recordable event' — heralding the New Era of the brilliant King of Kings.[3]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet] - [T.D. - 06/12/07] 84 B.C. - Configuration - "Neptune-Pluto [15-16 Taurus] conjunction [84-83 B.C.]. Neptune-Pluto cycles last about 495 years - half a millennium. They characterise an underlying driving-force behind history, an undertow of reality which marries the inevitable ram-force of Pluto with the imaginal, ideational power of Neptune. This combined force helps us define our underlying historical reality on a collective-unconscious level - this world-view and body of collective experience being a combination of actualities and perceptions." 82 B.C. - Cornelius Sulla / Roman Republic - "Gaius Marius deposed by Cornelius Sulla who became Roman Dictator." 73 B.C. - Slave Rebellion / Spartacus - "In 73 B.C., a third slave rebellion broke out, under the leadership of a gladiator from Thrace named Spartacus (d. 71 B.C.). It raged over Italy for two years before being put down by Pompey and by Marcus Licinius Crassus. Crassus was Rome's richest man, who had gotten rich by business practices so questionable he would probably have felt right at home on Wall Street." [Based on: Isaac Asimov, Asimov's Chronology Of The World, p. 85] 71 B.C. - Roman Seleucid - "Romans conquer the Seleucid Empire." 69 B.C. - Configuration - "Uranus-Pluto [Gemini] conjunction." 67 B.C. - Mithraism / Rome - Reportedly, "The popular Cult of Mithra [or Mithras] was indeed an embarrassment to the early church. Its roots are probably in Syria and it is believed to be an offshoot of the Persian cult of Zoroaster. It seems to have been introduced into the Roman Empire around 67 B.C. Born in a stable to a virgin, birthday celebrated on 25 December, died and reborn, Passover celebrated around Easter, whose rites of worship involved the ingestion of food and drink that were symbolic of eating the flesh of Mithra, and all this 600 years before the birth of Christ. Also included were rites of baptism, the belief in immortality, resurrection, a judgement at the end between Heaven and Hell, and a saviour who died and was resurrected to act as a mediator between man and God.' It is important to remember that the popular definitions of Mithraism have mutated over the centuries to conform with the molds of contemporary society. The popular definitions in circulation today are most likely far from the mark compared to what people understand about 'Mithra' in the beginning." Trivia: [....] Around the first century AD, the Greek historian Plutarch wrote about pirates of Cilicia who practiced the Mithraic "secret rites" around 67 B.C. Since Cilicia was the coastal province in the southeast of Anatolia, the Mithras mentioned by Plutarch may have been worship of the Persian god Mithra; or may have been associated with Ahriman, the Persian god who killed a bull. In Persia Mithra was the protector God of the tribal society until the Zoroaster's reformation of Persian polytheism (628-55BC). Mithra like the rest of the gods and goddess of the Iranian Pantheon was stripped of his sovereignty, and all his powers and attributes were bestowed upon Zarathustra. Mithraism began in Persia where originally a multitude of gods were worshipped. Amongst them were Ahura-Mazda, god of the skies, and Ahriman, god of darkness. In the sixth and seventh century B.C., a vast reformation of the Persian pantheon was undertaken by Zarathustra (known in Greek as Zoroaster), a prophet from the kingdom of Bactria. The stature of Ahura-Mazda was elevated to that of supreme god of goodness, whereas the god Ahriman became the ultimate embodiment of evil. [....] [Based on: http://www.crystalinks.com/mithra.html] 63 B.C. - Roman Palestine - "In 63 BC Roman legions first entered Palestine, and Pompey the Great, the Roman general who led the conquering forces, placed the Jewish state under the control of the governor of Syria. Judea is annexed to Rome about this time, and the Maccabean kingdom came to an end a century after the Maccabean revolt. Another Roman general and statesman, Mark Antony, later gave the throne to Herod the Great, who began his rule in 37 B.C." 63 B.C. - Popularity / Julius Caesar - "The Democratic statesman and general Gaius Julius Caesar (100-44 B.C.) gained popularity and was duly elected to primary office in 63 BC." 63 B.C.? - Triumvirate / Roman Republic - "Pompey and Crassus were now joined by Gaius Julius Caesar (100-44 B.C), a charming and infinitely capable playboy, who was staked by Crassus and who finally made his money by looting Spain. The three formed a triumvirate (Latin for 'three-man combination'). Caesar got himself assigned as governor of the Gallic areas in northern Italy and along the Mediterranean coast. It was his intention to conquer Gaul." [Based on: Isaac Asimov, Asimov's Chronology Of The World, p. 85] 62 B.C. - Configuration - "Uranus-Neptune [Cancer] conjunction [62-61 B.C.]." 60 B.C. - Equinox at Pisces - "Around the year 60 B.C., the Precessional Equinox moved into the sign of Pisces. Other dates associated with the Age of Pisces include: 1 A.D. and 140 A.D." 58 B.C. - Caesar Begins Campaign - "In 58 B.C., Caesar began his campaign." [Based on: Isaac Asimov, Asimov's Chronology Of The World, p. 85] 55 B.C. - Roman Britain - "The island of Britain was inhabited by Celtic tribes closley akin to those of Gaul. It first entered the purview of history when Caesar invaded the island in 55 B.C., and again in 54 B.C. Caesar did this to persuade the Britons not to help their Gallic kinsmen in their resistance to Rome." [Based on: Isaac Asimov, Asimov's Chronology Of The World, p. 91] [Link: 1 ] 54 B.C. - Fatality / Marcus Licinius Crassus - "Parthinians destroy Crassus' army and kill Crassus." 51 B.C. - Roman Gaul - "Although it took him [Caesar] seven years, by 51 B.C. all of Gaul - right up to the Rhine River - had become Roman, and, in the process, Caesar never lost a battle." [Based on: Isaac Asimov, Asimov's Chronology Of The World, p. 85] 51 B.C. - Cleopatra & Ptolemy Rule Egypt - "Cleopartra and her brother Ptolemy XIII ascend the Egyptian throne [51-31 B.C.]." 50 B.C. - Status / Rome - "By 50 B.C., then, despite the battles with Pontus and Armenia in the east, despite insurrection and civil war at home, Rome was stronger than ever, and the only civilized nation on its borders that dared be independent was the Parthian Empire in the east." [Based on: Isaac Asimov, Asimov's Chronology Of The World, p. 86] 49 B.C. - Julius Caesar / Rubicon River - "On January 10, 49 B.C., Caesar crossed the Rubicon River - the boundary of his Gallic province." [Based on: Asimov's Chronology Of The World, p. 87] 48 B.C. - Fatality / Pompey - "Pursued by Caesar, Pompey fled to Egypt where Ptolemy XII ordered him killed." 48 B.C. - Coined Money / Julius Caesar - "In 48 B.C. Julius Caesar deprived the moneychangers of the right to coin money and had it done himself. With a larger money supply he was able to erect many public buildings. Common people adored Caesar for his contribution to making money more available." [Based on: article by Juri Lina, The Barnes Review, Sept./Oct. 2004, p. 8] 47 B.C. - Roman Victory / Pontus - "On August 2, 47 B.C., Caesar's army met Mithradates VI at Zela in western Pontus. The Romans won so easy a victory that Caesar sent a message to Rome that said, Veni vidi, vici ('I came, saw, and won')." [Based on: Asimov's Chronology Of The World, p. 87] 45 B.C. - Julian Calendar - "The 365 day Julian calendar [of Julius Caesar] is introduced." 45 B.C. - Julius Caesar / Rome - "In September, 45 B.C., Julius Caesar returned to Rome as absolute master." [Based on: Asimov's Chronology Of The World, p. 87] 44 B.C. - Fatality / Julius Caesar - "On March 15 (the 'ides of March), 44 B.C., Caesar was murdered by a group of conspirators led by Marcus Junius Brutus (85-42 B.C.) and Gaius Cassius Longinus (d. 42 B.C.)." [Based on: Asimov's Chronology Of The World, p. 87] Trivia: "After the murder of Caesar there was an end to the abundance of money. The money supply was reduced by 90 percent. Taxes rose sky-high. As a result most people lost their land and their homes. The slander of Caesar goes on even today." [Juri Lina, The Barnes Review, p. 8, Sept./Oct. 2004] 37 B.C. - King Herod / Judah - "Herod was born into a prominent military family of Idumaeans, converts to Judaism who were distrusted by native Jews. Herod, whose father was granted Roman citizenship by Julius Caesar, was determined to assimilate the Jews into Greco-Roman culture. He dedicated the new cities of Caesarea and Sebaste [the Roman name for Samaria] to Augustus and built temples for the worship of the emperor. The king also initiated public games and placed Greek words on his coinage. Deeply religious Jews despised the nudity required at the games and considered the use of Greek language blasphemous. Their views contributed to Herod's unpopularity. Although Herod's use of Greek culture made him hated in the region of Judea, he was popular with the Jewish population outside Judea, known as the Diaspora, on whom he lavished money as a benefactor. Herod, fearing mutiny and conspiracy, did not trust his own people and enrolled in his army only Greeks and Diaspora Jews. After the death of Herod, his kingdom was divided among his sons, who ruled as tetrarchs [leadership by four rulers], although Judea soon became a small Roman province under the administration of Pontius Pilate, a military governor, or procurator, chosen by the Romans. Dissent, so long repressed by Herod's cruelty, burst forth, and the people in Palestine began to agitate for religious and political freedom. Messianic prophecy, the religious belief in the coming of a savior, was accompanied by bitter fighting between the political factions and religious sects among the Jewish people." 31 B.C. - Judaean Earthquake - "Jewish chronicles describe a violent Judaean earthquake in 31 B.C." 31 B.C. - Egyptian Victory / Octavian - "Caesar's nephew, Octavian, defeats Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium [31 B.C.]." 30 B.C. - Fatalities / Cleopatra & Mark Antony - "Mark Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide." 27 B.C. - Pantheon Built - "Traditional date when the Pantheon was built for the first time under Agrippa." Links: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheon%2C_Rome 27 B.C. - Augustus Caesar / Roman Empire - January 16th, 27 B.C.: "Octavian named Augustus Caesar. The Roman Republic came to an end and the Roman Empire came into being, with Augustus as the first emperor." Links: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_Emperors http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire#Age_of_Augustus_.2831_BC_.E2.80.93_AD_14.29 20 B.C. - Building / Jewish Temple - Herod the Great began to rebuild Solomon's Temple in 20 B.C." 12 B.C. - Perihelion / Halley's Comet - October 10th, 12 B.C.: "1P/-11 Q1 (10 October 12 BC)" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet] - [T.D. - 06/12/07] Trivia: "12 BC: Some theologians have suggested that the comet's appearance in 12 BC might explain the Biblical story of the Star of Bethlehem.[4]" [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet] - [T.D. - 06/12/07] 9 B.C. - Lebbaeus Thaddaeus - "Lebbaeus Thaddaeus is described as a 'son of Alphaeus' and is also called Judas [Theudas] in two of the Gospels. He was an influential leader of the community and yet another Zealot commander. For more than fifty years, from 9 BC, Thaddaeus was head of the Therapeutate, an ascetic order that had evolved during the Egyptian occupation of Qumran. Thaddaeus was a confederate of Jesus's father Joseph, and took part in the people's uprising against Pontius Pilate in AD 32." [Based on: Laurence Gardner, Bloodline Of The Holy Grail] 7 B.C. - Birth? / Jesus - "We now know, from both historical and astronomical observations, that Jesus 'of Nazareth' was actually born in 7 B.C. The usual explanation for this discrepancy is that a major miscalculation crept into the record-keeping during the early Christian era." * Further Reading ... Trivia: "Prior to Jesus' birth, the High Zadok [the Michael] was Zacharias. His wife was Mary's cousin Elizabeth, and his deputy, the Abithar [the Gabriel], was Simeon the Essene. It was he who gave the formal consent for Mary's confinement, even though she and Joseph had disobeyed the rules of dynastic wedlock. The rules of dynastic wedlock were infringed, since Mary gave birth to Jesus at the wrong time of year [Sunday, March, 7 BC]. One of Jesus' foremost problems was that he had been born into an environment of controversy over whether or not he was legitimate. It was for that very reason that Mary and Joseph took him to Simeon the Gabriel for legitimizing under the law [Luke 2:25-35]. Despite this endeavor by his parents, Jesus evoked a mixed response and the Jews were polarised in two opposing camps on the subject of his lawful status in the kingly line. He had been conceived at the wrong time of year and had been born before Joseph and Mary's wedlock was formalized by their Second Marriage. Six years later his brother James was born within all the rules of dynastic wedlock and there was no disputing his legitimacy. Hence, the opposing factions each had a prospective Messiah to support." [Based on: Laurence Gardner, Bloodline Of The Holy Grail] Trivia: "Hebrews 7:14 totally dismisses the Gospel-interpreted notion of the Virgin Birth in order to confirm that Jesus's real father was Joseph. It states: 'it is evident that our Lord sprang out of Judah, of which tribe Moses spake nothing concerning priesthood'. It is also explained that the Law concerning priesthood was changed to accomodate Jesus's new archangelic distinction [Hebrews 7:12]." [Based on: Laurence Gardner, Bloodline Of The Holy Grail, p. 129] 6 B.C. - Configuration - Uranus-Pluto [Pisces/Virgo] opposition [6 B.C. - 1 A.D.]." 4 B.C. - Lunar Eclipse - "March 23rd" 4 B.C. - Fatility / King Herod - "Traditional date when King Herod of Judah died." 1 B.C. - Pax Romana - "The Roman Empire was at relative peace and had been for 30 years. This was the Pax Romana [Roman Peace] in which, for a while, the Mediterranean world was free of the endless torments of cities and nations fighting each other endlessly." 1 B.C. - Birth? / James [the brother of Jesus] - "A reported date when James, the brother of Jesus, the second son of Mary and Joseph, was born."	i don't know
A sheepshead is what type of creature?	The sheepshead fish has human teeth, but it's okay because it won't give you a psychedelic crisis - Scientific American Blog Network The sheepshead fish has human teeth, but it's okay because it won't give you a psychedelic crisis By Becky Crew on March 21, 2013 Share on Facebook Report Ad Credit: VA Institute of Marine Science (VIMS) Despite the way it looks, the sheepshead fish (Archosargus probatocephalus) has at least one thing going for it. While other members of the Sparidae family are trying out various forms of hermaphroditism, including changing from female to male (protogyny), doing the opposite (protandry), or being unisexual (gonochorists), the sheepshead is just sitting at home watching cartoons and leaving its genitals where they are. So that’s something. Sheepshead incisors. Credit: Glen J. Kuban Another good thing about this huge creep is that, unlike one of its relatives, the Salema porgy (Sarpa salpa), you won't risk having a terrible trip when you eat one. Apparently they taste great! The Salema porgy, also of the Sparidae family and nicknamed the dreamfish, was reportedly used for recreational hallucinogenic purposes in the Mediterranean during the Roman Empire and has played a role in traditional Polynesian ceremonies. Along with a handful of other fish, the flesh of the Salema porgy can sometimes inflict ichthyosarcotoxism on those who eat it, which is a very rare form of poisoning caused by the toxins of a tiny species of marine plankton called Gambierdiscus toxicus. This poisoning from contaminated fish flesh prompts intense hallucinations and terrifying nightmares that can last for several days. As reported by Luc de Haro and Philip Pommier from the Centre Antipoison of the Hôpital Salvator in Marseille, France, in a 2006 issue of Clinical Toxicology , a 90-year-old man ate a Salema porgy in Saint Tropez in 2002 and two hours later was hallucinating and having nightmares about people and birds screaming, which lasted a further two nights. He literally thought he was losing his mind. "Fearing that these symptoms might signal the beginning of a major mental illness, he did not tell his friends or attending physician. The manifestations abated three days after he had eaten the fish," de Haro and Pommier report. Prior to that, a 40-year-old man also fell victim to ichthyosarcotoxism while holidaying in the French Riviera and had hallucinations of screaming animals and giant, menacing spiders surrounding his car. In 2009, a fisherman named Andy Giles caught one in the English Channel, which is unusual because they usually keep to warm waters of the Mediterranean and African west coast, and told the Daily Telegraph , "Now I realise what it was and the effects it can have, perhaps I should have taken it into town to sell to some clubbers!" Andy lol. So the sheepshead fish doesn't do any of that stuff. But it does have human teeth. Sheepshead fish are a common North American marine species that span from Cape Cod and Massachusetts through to Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to Brazil. Preferring coastal habitats around rock pilings, jetties, mangroves, reefs and piers, they can grow up to around 91 cm in length and weigh up to 9.6 kg. They have five to seven distinctive black, vertical bars running down their silvery bodies, which is why the sheepshead is also called the convict fish. And true to their name, sheepshead fish are notorious for stealing bait and somehow being in cahoots with the Joker . Look at these criminals. Credit: mentalblock_DMD; Flickr A fully-grown adult sheepshead will have well-defined incisors sitting at the front of the jaw, and molars set in three rows in the upper jaw and two rows in the lower jaw. It has strong, heavy grinders set in the rear of the jaw too, which are particularly important for crushing the shells of its prey. As with humans, this unique combination of teeth helps the sheepshead process a wide-ranging, omnivorous diet consisting of a variety of vertebrates, invertebrates and some plant material. Credit: Texas Parks and Wildlife Department When they’re young, sheepshead fish will eat marine worms, bryozoan ‘moss animals’ and pretty much anything soft-bodied they can catch in the seagrasses. Although thick, sharp teeth begin to appear when a sheepshead is just 4.5 mm long, it will have to wait until it's about 15 mm long before all the incisors have come in and the back teeth begin to develop into adult molars. Once they reach around 50 mm in length, the sheepshead will advance to eating more robust, armoured prey such as echinoderms, barnacles, clams, crabs and oysters, using their highly specialised teeth. During this stage, its jaw musculature is also developing, and this keeps improving right through to old age. So an old fish living around a good supply of hard-shelled prey will end up having much greater jaw crushing power than a younger fish in a less rich environment. “Evidence strongly suggested that oral jaw crushing force was an important determinant of diet in these fishes,” said L. P. Hernandez from the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University and P. J. Motta from the Department of Biology at the University of South Florida in a 1997 issue of the Journal of Zoology . Hernandez and Motta had been observing the oral crushing performance of sheepshead fish from birth through to adulthood. “There was a significant correlation between increased force production and increased durophagous [shell-crushing] habit. Studies such as this one speak directly to the relationship between maximum functional potential and actual patterns of resource use.” It’s not clear why the sheepshead is called the sheepshead, but it’s been suggested that it refers to how its teeth look like sheep’s teeth. A quick Google and cursory glance over some disgusting farm teeth, and I don’t really see the comparison, but another suggestion is that the name relates to their silhouette. And there’s something to be said for a sheepshead fish that has managed to keep its silhouette looking as non-offensive as it does, because look what happened to the Asian sheepshead of the Labridae family. Here's a video of some very American men with a live sheepshead: **** My book, Zombie tits, astronaut fish and other weird animals, will be released in the US next month, and is available for pre-order from Amazon now . The views expressed are those of the author(s) and are not necessarily those of Scientific American. Advertisement \| ABOUT THE AUTHOR(S) Becky Crew Bec Crew is a Sydney-based science writer and award-winning blogger. She is the author of 'Zombie Tits, Astronaut Fish and Other Weird Animals' (NewSouth Press). Recent Articles	Fish
In Greek mythology, who was the King of Corinth, condemned to eternal punishment for deceitfulness to push a heavy rock up a steep hill which would always roll down again?	AMAZING Fish With Human Teeth! - YouTube AMAZING Fish With Human Teeth! Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Mar 29, 2013 Amazing Sheepshead fish has human teeth. The second photo is courtesy of Brian Lockwood of Jet Ski Fishing and Adventures, Inc. http://jetskibrian.com/ (757) 342-5780 Category	i don't know
What is the capital of Belarus?	Minsk, Belarus \| Belarus.by Minsk city The Svisloch River and the Trinity Suburb, Minsk Minsk city is the capital of Belarus. It is the political, economic, scientific and cultural centre of the country and the administrative centre of the Minsk region. Minsk is the most economically developed city in Belarus. There are 1.959,8 million inhabitants in Minsk, and the population is constantly growing. Transportation network in Minsk Minsk is located on the main transportation routes connecting Western Europe and the East, regions of the Black Sea coast and the Baltic States. Highways connect Minsk with the largest cities in Belarus: Orsha, Vitebsk, Molodechno, Brest, Slutsk, Mogilev and Gomel. Minsk has a large railway network which connects Brest, Moscow, Vilnius and Gomel. There is a national airport in the capital. The city has a very good public transportation system . You can easily reach any place by bus, trolleybus or tram. Minsk, like most big European cities, has a fine metro system . Industry in Minsk Minsk is a large industrial centre. The city produces 16% of the total volume of industrial output. Industry within the city is diverse in nature. The main branches are: food production	Minsk
The tune to which pop song is used in the UK television advert ‘Confused.com’?	Belarus Map / Geography of Belarus / Map of Belarus - Worldatlas.com Print this map Archeologists believe that the first signs of settlements in what was ancient Belarus date back nearly 50,000 years. In fact, artifacts from the Bronze Age and Iron Age have been found in settlements across the country. Between the 6th and 8th centuries pagan Slavic peoples migrated throughout Eastern Europe, with some settling in present-day Belarus, Russia and Ukraine. A few centuries later, Polotsk (or northern Belarus) emerged as the dominant center of power on Belarusian territory, with a lesser role played by the southern reaches of the territory. In 1385, in an important move for Belarus, its neighbor Lithuania's Grand Duke accepted Poland's offer to become its king. He consequently converted Lithuania to Christianity and established a personal union between the two lands. In 1569, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was created making it an influential player in European politics and the largest multinational state in Europe. While Ukraine and Poland became subject to the Polish Crown, the present-day Belarus territory was still regarded as part of Lithuania. As the Commonwealth continued to prosper, so did Belarus, but that economic growth came to an end in mid-17th century when a series of debilitating wars against Sweden, Russia, and others devastated the territory. By the end of the century most of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was in ruins. It is estimated that the Commonwealth lost a third of its population, with some regions of Belarus losing as much as 50%. Now weak, and mostly unable to defend itself, the Commonwealth was vulnerable and additional wars in the area (Great Northern War) and the (War of Polish succession) further devastated the peasant population of Belarus. By the end of the 18th century, Poland, Lithuania's partner in the Commonwealth was partitioned by its bordering neighbors, and Belarus, partially occupied by Russia at the time, would be completely occupied by the early 19th century. While under Russian control, Jews in the Russian Empire were now all required to settle in Belarus in a region called the "Pale of Settlement" where life was hard and poverty-stricken. Then came World War I, a major war centered in Europe that began in the summer of 1914 and lasted until November 1918. As it raged across Europe, Belarus came under German control, which continued throughout the entire conflict. In 1917, during the war, the Bolsheviks overthrew the Russian Provisional Government during the Russian Revolution and Russia withdrew from the war. My war's end, millions were dead and some large European powers (including Germany and Russia) lost vast tracts of land, and were militarily and politically defeated by the allies. The remaining German forces finally withdrew from Belarus, and on January 2, 1919, the Soviet Socialist Republic of Byelorussia was declared. Regardless, Poland and Russia were now preparing to reclaim (once again) what they saw as their territory, and they soon did. When the Red Army entered Minsk on January 5, 1919, the local government went into exile, and by 1921, the Belarusian territories were divided between Poland and Soviet Russia. Prev Page 1/2 Next Page See Also	i don't know
In which English palace was British politician Winston Churchill born?	Sir Winston Churchill Biography Often described as “the greatest living Englishman” during his life, Sir Winston Churchill was a British war leader, Prime Minister, author, and Nobel Prize winner. Military and political career Sir Winston Churchill’s military career is extensive. Born Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill on November 30, 1874 in Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire, England, Churchill’s military career began with his attendance of the Royal Military College in Sandhurst. He was commissioned in the Forth Hussars in 1895 and was in the Battle of Omdurman, later discussed in an essay. He left the British Army in 1899, then worked as a war correspondent during the Boer War, during which he was captured and subsequently escaped. Churchill had a great presence during both World Wars. He joined the War Council in 1914, and then served as the Minister of Munitions during the last year of war, overseeing the production of tanks, guns, and other sources of artillery. Later, from 1919-1920, he served as the Minister of War and Air. When World War II began, Churchill was called as the First Lord of the Admiralty then later went on to be the chairman of the Military Coordinating Committee in 1940. In the midst of World War II, on May 10, 1940, Churchill was appointed Prime Minister. While Prime Minister, he was often criticized for “meddling” in military affairs; however, he proved to be a great inspiration to the British people in their war-torn country. He also helped to form strong allies with the United States, working closely with President Roosevelt after Pearl Harbor, and with the Soviet Union. Writing career Churchill also had an impressive literary career, and won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1953. He started by writing military reports in the late 1800s for the army. The Story of the Malakand Field Force was published in 1898 and discussed campaigning in the Sudan and The River War, published in 1899, discussed the Battle of Omdurman. He also wrote a novel in 1900, called Savrola. He also wrote biographies; in fact, what is considered to be his first major work was a biography of his father, the aristocrat Lord Randolph Churchill. He also wrote a biography about the Duke of Marlborough, who was a distant ancestor of his. This was published in four separate volumes. In 1930, he published his own autobiography of his childhood and youth, My Early Life. Churchill also wrote extensively about the World Wars. His account of the first World War was entitled The World Crisis (written and published from 1923-1929) and spanned four volumes. His recollections of his experiences in World War II were comprised of six volumes (published in 1948-53). For these works, he won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1953. In 1956-1958, he published a 12-volume set of speeches, the History of the English-speaking Peoples. Churchill was also a painter and wrote a book entitled Painting as a Pastime, published in 1948. Personal life In 1908, Churchill married Clementine Ogilvy Hozier. His health began to deteriorate around 1946, when he suffered the first of a number of strokes. However, he was knighted in 1953, then retired completely from politics in 1955, although he still wrote a number of books. He died on January 24th, 1965. Sir Winston Churchill was a brilliant military leader and author during both World Wars.	Blenheim Palace
Who wrote the 1884 novel ‘The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn’?	An Age of Youth - Churchill and the Great Republic \| Exhibitions - Library of Congress Churchill and the Great Republic An Age of Youth Forebears and Boyhood Winston Churchill, ca. 1880. Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill was born on November 30, 1874, to a British father and an American mother. His father, Lord Randolph Churchill, was a British politician and aristocrat. His mother, Jennie Jerome, was the beautiful daughter of an American entrepreneur. Lord Randolph was the younger son of the seventh Duke of Marlborough, and, as such, neither he nor Winston were likely to succeed to the family title. Nonetheless, from his earliest days Winston was acutely aware of his lineage. He was born and often stayed at Blenheim Palace, the mansion built by his illustrious ancestor, the first Duke of Marlborough, to commemorate his famous victory over the French in 1704. As was the prevailing custom in upper-class British circles, Winston and his younger brother, John (called Jack), were entrusted to the care of a nanny and were sent to a succession of boarding schools. Churchill's parents were occupied with high society and Lord Randolph's meteoric, yet brief, political career and did not spend a great deal of time with their sons. Young Winston was sometimes rebellious and often in trouble. He was not as bad a pupil as he subsequently claimed, but neither was he particularly distinguished academically. On leaving school at the age of eighteen, he joined the British cavalry. Lord Randolph died in 1895—before Winston had the opportunity to prove himself to his often critical father. The Great Duke Churchill's ancestor John Churchill (1650–1722), first Duke of Marlborough, was alternately in and out of favor with his sovereigns. An early supporter of King James II, he played a major role in deposing him by joining forces with William of Orange (later King William III) in 1688. Churchill and his wife, Sarah, later regained influence during the reign of William's daughter, Queen Anne. In spite of his many military victories, however, he eventually lost power and was dismissed from all of the offices he held. Adriaen van der Werff. Ritratto del duca Giovanni de Marlborough . Copyprint. Prints and Photographs Division , Library of Congress (3) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/churchill/wc-youth.html#3 Marlborough's Victories The first Duke of Marlborough was one of the most successful generals in English history. Never defeated on the battlefield in any major engagement, his greatest triumphs came on the European continent during the War of Spanish Succession (1701–1714). There he managed coalitions with great diplomatic skill and fought effectively with allies at Blenheim (1704), Ramillies (1706), Oudenarde (1708), and Malplaquet (1709). This contemporaneous drawing depicts Marlborough pursuing a retreating foe. The epigram “Arma Virumque Cano” (of arms and the man I sing) is a quotation from Virgil's Aeneid. Thomas Starling. Drawings of annual guild days of Norwich, England , ca. 1706. Wash drawing. Prints and Photographs Division , Library of Congress (4) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/churchill/wc-youth.html#4 Triumph at Ramillies The Duke of Marlborough wrote this note to his wife on May 24, 1706, the day following his triumph at Ramillies (in present-day Belgium) over French forces during the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714). While actively pursuing his beaten enemy, he asked her to tell her friend Queen Anne that he had been victorious: “the greatest pleasure I have in this success is that it may be a great service to her affairs.” Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/churchill/wc-youth.html#5 Randolph Churchill Randolph Churchill, third son of the seventh Duke of Marlborough and father of Winston Churchill, had a brilliant, if brief, career in British Parliamentary politics in the 1880s. An aggressive and effective debater, he attempted through his program of “Tory Democracy” to garner popular support for his Conservative Party. He became Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1886, at the age of thirty-seven, but soon resigned in the course of a party dispute. He died on January 24, 1895, seventy years to the day before the death of his son Winston. Randolph Churchill , ca. 1888. Photograph. Prints and Photographs Division , Library of Congress (6) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/churchill/wc-youth.html#6 A British Aristocrat and an American Beauty Winston's parents, Lord and Lady Randolph Churchill, gave him a heritage in both Great Britain and the United States. Lord Randolph was the son, though not heir, to the Duke of Marlborough, as he had an older brother to succeed to the title. Lady Randolph was christened “Jeannette” and was the second daughter of Leonard Jerome, the New York entrepreneur and founder of the American Jockey Club. Though born in Brooklyn, she was educated largely in Paris. Studio portrait of Lord and Lady Randolph Churchill, ca. 1874. Copyprint. Churchill Papers, Churchill Archives Centre, Cambridge, U.K. (7.1) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/churchill/wc-youth.html#7_1 Discover! Lady Churchill and Her Two Sons Shown here is Jennie with her two sons, Winston (right) and John (left). John was Winston's junior by six years, but the two were always very close. John, known as Jack, is described as the “baby” in some of Winston's earliest letters to his mother and father. Lacking his older brother's political ambitions, Jack had a good brain for business. Portrait of Lady Randolph Churchill with her two sons, 1889. Copyprint. Broadwater Collection, Churchill Archives Centre, Cambridge, U.K. (7.2) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/churchill/wc-youth.html#7_2 Lord Randolph Churchill and His Future Wife Lord Randolph Churchill met his future wife, Miss Jennie (Jeannette) Jerome, on Thursday, August 12, 1873. They were both attending a sailing regatta on the Isle of Wight and were introduced at a reception hosted by the Prince of Wales, the future King Edward VII. Randolph wrote this letter just two days later. It seems to have been love at first sight, and the wedding took place the following April. Discover! St. George's School Report Winston was sent to boarding school just a few weeks prior to his eighth birthday. His willful and rebellious nature clashed with the strict disciplinary regime at St. George's School, Ascot, where he was often caned. Even so, this report for the end of his first year cannot hide his potential and interest in the study of history. In later years Winston wrote, “Where my reason, imagination or interest were not engaged, I would not or I could not learn.” School report for Winston Churchill issued by St. George's School, Ascot, November 1883. Churchill Papers, Churchill Archives Centre, Cambridge, U.K. (12) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/churchill/wc-youth.html#12 A Pre-school Winston In his book My Early Life, Churchill dates this early picture to his time in Ireland during the tenure of his grandfather as Lord Lieutenant. If so, it must have been taken before February 1880 when he was just five years old. Other sources place it slightly later, but it is definitely pre-school and depicts a boy who is used to having the run of palaces, parks, and servants. Winston Churchill, ca. 1880. Copyprint. Broadwater Collection, Churchill Archives Centre, Cambridge, U.K. (12.1) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/churchill/wc-youth.html#12_1 Letter to Mother There is little in Churchill's childhood correspondence to suggest a great interest in his mother's American lineage, but he was eager to persuade her to let him attend Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee celebrations and see “Buffalow Bill [sic],” even writing out the text of a letter for her to send to his teacher. Churchill was a child of the British Imperial era with all its pageantry. He had a large collection of toy soldiers, and—as these drawings show—a schoolboy's keen interest in all things military. Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/churchill/wc-youth.html#13 Churchill at Harrow In 1889, when this photograph was taken, Churchill was a fourteen-year-old attending Harrow, a well-known private school. He was an indifferent student in several subjects and struggled to pass the entrance examination for the British military academy at Sandhurst. Churchill nonetheless distinguished himself in history, English composition, and fencing. He also successfully memorized 1,200 lines of poetry to win a school prize. Although both he and his parents frequently were disappointed with his performance, Churchill remembered several aspects of his school days with fondness and often returned for visits in later life. Winston During Early Years , 1889. Copyprint. New York World-Telegram & Sun Collection, Prints and Photographs Division , Library of Congress (15) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/churchill/wc-youth.html#15 Discover! A Father's Disapproval In 1894, at age forty-five, Lord Randolph Churchill's political career was over and his health was deteriorating. In this letter sent from California, he is critical of Winston's desire to join the cavalry instead of the infantry. It captures a strained relationship that likely was exacerbated by the father's illness. The final line with its refusal to countenance the change “during my lifetime” is poignant as Lord Randolph died just five months later in January 1895. Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/churchill/wc-youth.html#40 A Mother's Influence Major James B. Pond was the American agent responsible for promoting Churchill's first U.S. lecture tour. In the letter shown here Pond tries to persuade Winston's mother, the newly remarried Mrs. Cornwallis West, to accompany her son to New York, the city of her birth. The letter illustrates the value of Jennie's fame and contacts to Winston during his early career. Churchill had a falling out with Pond during the tour and described him as “a vulgar Yankee impresario.” The lecture tour was not as successful as Churchill hoped it would be. Major James B. Pond to Mrs. Cornwallis West, November 2, 1900. Signed typescript. Page 2 . Newspaper clipping. Churchill Papers, Churchill Archives Centre, Cambridge, U.K. (41) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/churchill/wc-youth.html#41 Churchill in Boston This photograph was taken in Boston during Churchill's lecture tour about the Boer War. On this leg of his journey he met the then-popular American writer Winston Churchill, author of the recently published historical novel, Richard Carvel. An illustrated account of their meeting appeared on the front page of the Boston Herald. In earlier correspondence, the British Churchill had promised his namesake that he would henceforth publish under the name “Winston Spencer Churchill” to avoid confusion. J. E. Purdy. Winston Churchill , 1900. Photograph. Prints and Photographs Division , Library of Congress (42) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/churchill/wc-youth.html#42 Discover! £25 Reward for Churchill's Capture Churchill won international fame with a price on his head. On the night of December 12, 1899, the twenty-five-year-old war correspondent escaped from Boer captivity by climbing over the wall of the States Model School in Pretoria, where he was held prisoner. A reward of £25 was issued for his recapture. A description circulated by the Boer authorities noted that he could not speak a word of Dutch. Despite this, and after some adventures, Churchill made it to safety. Boer “Wanted” poster in Dutch, with translation. On loan from the National Trust, Chartwell, UK. (25) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/churchill/wc-youth.html#25 Fighting the Boers After his escape from the Boers, Churchill joined the South African Light Horse, an irregular cavalry unit fighting his former captors. He remained as a soldier/correspondent in South Africa for several more months, thrilling British readers with his accounts of battle and the army's laborious progress toward victory. He also wrote two books about his experiences. This picture, taken for a dust jacket, shows him in uniform, complete with a decorative feather and a fledgling moustache. Winston Churchill , ca. 1900. Photograph. Prints and Photographs Division , Library of Congress (26) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/churchill/wc-youth.html#26 Lady Randolph and the Maine During the Boer War Churchill's mother tried to promote Anglo-American solidarity by providing a hospital ship to treat men wounded in the fighting. This ship, re-christened the Maine, sailed for South Africa on December 23, 1899, with Jennie aboard. In this letter to a supporter, she reported on her voyage and noted that her younger son, Jack, had gone off to fight: “Of course it is a great source of anxiety to me—but I am thankful the other [i.e., Winston] escaped from Pretoria.” Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/churchill/wc-youth.html#30 War Correspondent As a reporter for the London Morning Post, Churchill crafted a lively mix of second-hand accounts, personal impressions, and commentary. In this article he described the stubborn Boer resistance to the British forces during the siege of Ladysmith: “Fighting is vigorously proceeding, and we shall see who can stand the bucketing best—Briton or Boer.” Churchill also accused his enemies of using bullets banned by international law even as he paid tribute to their courage and fighting qualities. Winston Churchill. “Operations in Natal,” [London] Morning Post, March 1, 1900. Copyprint. Moreton Frewen Papers, Manuscript Division , Library of Congress (32) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/churchill/wc-youth.html#32 Youthful Fame Churchill's widely publicized exploits made him famous in Britain. In this appreciation by London's Sunday Telegraph, a feature writer said: “It is now a household tale how he led the fight of the armoured train, how he returned into the hands of the enemy rather than desert his comrades, how he escaped from Pretoria prison. Who has not read the story of his dangerous dash for freedom?” The article also predicted that his recently published novel, Savrola, would be “a really popular book.” “Lord Randolph Churchill's Brilliant Son,” [London] Sunday Telegraph, February 18, 1900. Newspaper clipping. Moreton Frewen Papers, Manuscript Division , Library of Congress (33) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/churchill/wc-youth.html#33 Jack and Winston in Combat The Boer War was a family affair for the Churchills. Winston's mother and his brother Jack had also gone to South Africa, where Jack had joined Winston as a cavalry officer. This letter from Jack to his aunt describes the Battle of Hussar Hill (February 12, 1900), Jack's first time under fire. He was wounded and, at Winston's insistence, was put into an ambulance and sent to the rear. Jack later went aboard his mother's hospital ship for treatment and recuperation. Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/churchill/wc-youth.html#38 Lady Randolph Marries Again Popular interest in Churchill's glamorous and irrepressible mother was increased by reports in July 1900 of her marriage to George Cornwallis West, a handsome British Army officer. He was twenty years younger than Jennie, and only sixteen days older than Winston. The Churchill family demonstrated their support for Jennie by attending the wedding, but the groom's parents, who disapproved of the match, stayed away. This news clipping announcing the couple's engagement is from an American paper and appeared seven days before the wedding. “Lady Randolph Churchill's Engagement.” [Philadelphia] Public Ledger, July 21, 1900. Newspaper clipping. Moreton Frewen Papers, Manuscript Division , Library of Congress (39) Bookmark this item: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/churchill/wc-youth.html#39	i don't know
The ptarmigan belongs to which bird family?	Rock ptarmigan Facts Rock ptarmigan Facts Rock ptarmigan Facts Rock ptarmigan is chicken-like bird that belongs to the grouse family. It can be found in Alaska, Canada, Iceland, Greenland, Scandinavia and Russia (in the areas near the Arctic circle). Rock ptarmigan inhabits open tundra, edges of the forests and rocky slopes. Rock ptarmigans are popular game birds in Labrador and Newfoundland and they represent important source of food for the locals in the Iceland. Thanks to strictly defined hunting season, rock ptarmigans are still numerous and widespread in the wild. Interesting Rock ptarmigan Facts: Rock ptarmigan can reach 12 to 16 inches in length and 15.5 to 22.6 ounces of weight. Females are covered with brown-grayish plumage. Males have white bellies and grey back. They also have ornamental red comb above the eyes that can be exposed or retracted. Both genders change the color of the plumage into white during the winter. Rock ptarmigan has short, dark bill, thick body and short, square-shaped tail. Legs and feet of rock ptarmigan are covered with feathers to facilitate walking on the snow and prevent loss of body heat during the winter. Black lines around eyes function like sunglasses which decrease solar radiation. Rock ptarmigan spends most of its time on the ground. It occasionally flies short distances to find food. Diet of rock ptarmigan is based on leaves, buds, berries, twigs and flowers. Insects are the major source of food for the young birds. Natural enemies of rock ptarmigans are arctic foxes, ermines, arctic skuas, glaucous gulls, golden eagles and snowy owls. Mating season of rock ptarmigan takes place during the spring. Males postpone molting of white feathers until the end of the mating season so that females can quick identify them in the brown surroundings. Males become territorial during the breeding season. They leap into the air, flap their wings and produce loud croaking calls to announce occupation of a territory. Males expose red comb above eyes, spread their tails and circle around females during the courtship. Unlike males, females are nearly invisible during the mating season. They can be detected only from a distance of 6 feet thanks to well camouflaged plumage. Female lays 3 to 13 eggs in the nest on the ground. Incubation of eggs lasts 3 weeks. Male does not take part in the incubation of the eggs and rearing of chicks. Chicks are born covered with dense feathers. They are ready to leave the nest 6 to 12 hours after hatching. Rock ptarmigans develop adult plumage after 10 to 12 days. Soon afterwards, they learn to fly. Rock ptarmigans are ready for the independent life at the age of 3 months. They start to reproduce couple of months later (at the age of 6 months). Rock ptarmigans can survive 3 to 4 years in the wild. Related Links:	Grouse
A cartomaniac is a collector of what?	Willow Ptarmigan - Whatbird.com Willow Ptarmigan Partridges, Grouse, Turkeys, Old World Quail (Phasianidae) Code 4 Copyright © 2004 - 2016 Mitch Waite Group PHOTOS Photos we are missing. CONSERVATION STATUS The Willow Ptarmigan has an enormous range reaching up to roughly 10 million square kilometers. This bird can be found across Canada and the United States as well as areas of China, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Mongolia, Norway, Russian Federation, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. This species appears in forests and shrublands as well as varied grasslands including tundra and subarctic environments. The global population of this bird is estimated to be around 37 million individual birds. It is not believed that the population trends for this species will soon approach the minimum levels that could suggest a potential decline in population. Due to this, population trends for the Willow Ptarmigan have a present evaluation level of Least Concern. IBIRD EXPLORER GENERAL posted on May 13, 2013 07:47 AM PHOTO SHARING AND DISCUSSION posted on December 27, 2016 09:10 AM BIRD PHOTOGRAPHY posted on June 12, 2016 09:03 PM SUMMARY Overview Willow Ptarmigan: Small grouse, winter adult is all white with dark-edged tail and small orange-red eye combs. Summer bird has rust-brown upperparts, head, breast, white eye-ring, orange-red eye comb, white wings, belly, leg feathers; brown tail. Unlike other ptarmigans, the male stays with the female and defends its nest-it is known to attack anything that comes to close. Range and Habitat Willow Ptarmigan: Resident from throughout Alaska across northern Canada to Labrador and south across much of British Columbia, into northern Ontario, and central Quebec; also found in parts of northern Asia and Europe. Winters in the southern parts of its range. Inhabits tundra and thickets with alder and willow trees. SONGS AND CALLS "go-back, go-back, go-back" INTERESTING FACTS The Willow Ptarmigan is called the Red Grouse in Britain.Unlike in North America, it does not turn white in winter there. In the winter they settle into snowbanks to sleep. By flying into the bank, rather than walking, they do not leave footprints and can avoid predation. It is the state bird of Alaska. This bird’s feet are heavy with feathers and serve as a sort of snowshoe. A group of ptarmigan have many collective nouns, including a "congregation", "covey", and "invisibleness" of ptarmigan. SIMILAR BIRDS About this North America Map This map shows how this species is distributed across North America. FAMILY DESCRIPTION Partridges, Grouse, Turkeys and Old World Quail (Phasianidae) ORDER An order of five families found on most continents (some taxonomic systems only recognize four of these, classifying the fifth as a sub-family), the GALLIFORMES (pronounced gal-lih-FOR-meez) include “fowl” like birds such as guineafowl, pheasants, grouse and turkeys, and the wild ancestor to the domestic chicken. FAMILY TAXONOMY Partridges, Grouse, Turkeys and Old World Quail are members of the Phasianidae (pronounced fah-see-AH-nih-dee), a family of one hundred and eighty-seven species in fifty-six genera found on all continents except for South America and Antarctica. NORTH AMERICA In North America, the Phasianidae is represented by twenty-six species in seventeen genera. This total includes several introduced and native species such as the Wild Turkey, prairie chickens, and various species of grouse. KNOWN FOR The Phasianidae are known for their elaborate courtship displays that frequently utilize raised tails that are spread to reveal intricate patterns. Male Sage Grouse, Sharp-tailed Grouse, and prairie chickens take these displays a step further by displaying communally at traditional “lekking “ sites where birds inflate prominent neck and chest patches that produce loud, popping sounds. PHYSICAL The Phasianidae range in size from the small Japanese Quail to one of North America’s largest bird species; the Wild Turkey. Regardless of size, all members of this family have stout bills, long, strong legs and short wings that attest to a mostly terrestrial lifestyle. Several species also have fairly long tails that are adaptations for their courtship displays. COLORATION Aside from the radiant, iridescent plumages of male Indian Peafowls and some pheasant species, most of the Phasianidae exhibit barred and streaked patterns in tones of brown and black that match their terrestrial habitats, thus providing these birds with excellent camouflage. In winter, the ptarmigans molt from such brown and gray dominated plumages into mostly white plumages to match their snowy environments. Bright colors in native North American species are restricted to bits of red, orange, and purple found on the necks and heads of some members for display purposes. GEOGRAPHIC HABITAT In North America, the members of the Phasianidae occur in tundra, grasslands, and forest. Three species of ptarmigan crouch in the far northern tundra and alpine habitats of the Rocky Mountains while the sage-grouse, Sharp-tailed Grouse, and prairie chickens display in sagebrush and grasslands of the west. Deciduous and coniferous forests are home to the Wild Turkey and four grouse species. Introduced species live in a variety of Hawaiian habitats while the Ring-necked Pheasant is now common in North American grasslands. MIGRATION Aside from occasional short-distance migration by the ptarmigans of the far north, species in the Phasianidae spend all four seasons in the vicinity of their breeding grounds. HABITS Partridges, Grouse, Turkeys and Old World Quail often flock together to forage for small creatures, seeds, and buds. Most look for food on the ground although the Spruce Grouse also forages in the trees for pine and spruce needles. CONSERVATION Although populations of Wild Turkeys have made a wonderful, successful comeback since their decline earlier in the twentieth century, all five species of grouse that occur in sagebrush and grasslands (sage-grouse, Sharp-tailed Grouse and prairie chickens) have threatened and declining populations. These declines are due to degradation and conversion of their grassland habitats to agriculture and other development. INTERESTING FACTS To aid in walking in their snowy winter environments, Ruffed Grouse and ptarmigans have evolved “natural snowshoes”. In Ruffed Grouse, scales on their toes have extensions to keep them from sinking into snowdrifts, while ptarmigans have a profusion of feathers on their feet for this purpose. TERMINOLOGY	i don't know
Juliana was the queen of which European country between 1948 and 1980?	Juliana, Queen of the Netherlands, 1948-1980 World War II On May 12, 1940, two days after the German occupation had started, Princess Juliana and her two daughters fled to England. After a month they went to Canada, but before they left England Princess Irene was christened at the chapel of Buckingham Palace. Queen Wilhelmina and Prince Bernhard stayed in London and travelled to visit the family in Ottawa, Canada, a few times during the war. From Canada, the Princess undertook several travels to Suriname and the Dutch Antilles. Shortly before Princess Juliana's third child Margriet was born on January 19, 1943, the Governor General of Canada, Alexander Cambridge, granted Royal Assent to a special law declaring Princess Juliana's rooms at the Ottawa Civic Hospital as extraterritorial so that the child would have exclusively Dutch, not dual, nationality. Had these arrangements not occurred, Princess Margriet would have been excluded from the line of succession. Soon after the war ended, Princess Juliana expressed her gratitude to Canada by sending the city of Ottawa 100,000 tulip bulbs. In 1946, she donated another 20,500 bulbs, with the request that some of them be planted at the grounds of the Ottawa Civic Hospital. At the same time, she promised Ottawa an annual gift of tulips during her lifetime to show her lasting appreciation for Canada's war-time hospitality; Ottawa has hosted the Canadian Tulip Festival in celebration of this gift every year since. Although the Netherlands was liberated in May 1945, and Princess Juliana had already visited The Netherlands soon afterwards, she and her children did not officially return until August 2, 1945. During her first return, she helped in several aid projects for the Dutch people, and in the spring of 1946 she and her husband visited several countries that had helped the Netherlands during the German occupation. The couple's last child, Marijke Christina was born on February 18, 1947. Reign Princess Juliana acted as regent for her mother from October 14 to December 1, 1947, and from May 14 to August 30, 1948. On September 4, 1948, Queen Wilhelmina abdicated in favor of her daughter, who was formally inaugurated as Queen Juliana at the New Church in Amsterdam two days later. Juliana's first major act as queen was to sign an act of state granting independence to Indonesia (formerly Dutch West Indies), which she did at Dam Palace in Amsterdam on December 27, 1949. On the night of January 31, 1953, the Netherlands was hit by the most destructive storm in more than five hundred years. Thirty breaches of dunes and dikes occurred and many towns were swept away by twelve-foot tidal waves. More than two thousand people drowned and tens of thousands were trapped by the floodwaters. Dressed in boots and an old coat, Queen Juliana waded through water and slopped through deep mud all over the devastated areas to deliver food and clothing to devastated areas. Other major events during her reign included creation of the Benelux customs union, Dutch accession to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization , and the signing of the Treaty of Rome as one of six founder members of what is now the European Union . Although Queen Juliana was generally well liked by the Dutch citizenry, several events in her and her family's personal lives tested her relationship with her "subjects." The first began with the birth of Princess Marijke, who was born almost blind. In 1956, a friend of Prince Bernhard introduced the Queen to prayer-healer Greet Hofmans, who was subsequently hired to try and heal Marijke's eyes. Although Hofmans failed to cure the Princess, the Queen kept her on as an adviser and confidante, and even moved her into the palace. The increasing influence of Hofmans seriously affected the Queen's relationship with her husband, who did not share her faith in the "healer." Once the discord between the Queen and the Prince became public knowledge, the Dutch began to openly question the competency of the Queen. Prince Bernhard eventually got Hofmans dismissed, and Queen Juliana was able to repair her image, thanks in large part to her habit of appearing in public dressed like an "ordinary" Dutch woman and preference for being addressed as "Mrs." instead of "Her Majesty." Another crisis erupted when her daughter Irene secretly converted to Roman Catholicism and, without government or family approval, on April 29, 1964 married Prince Carlos Hugo of Bourbon, a claimant to the Spanish throne and a leader in Spain's Carlist Party. With memories of the Dutch struggle for independence from Roman Catholic Spain and fascist German oppression still fresh in the minds of the Dutch people, the events leading to the marriage were played out in all the newspapers and a storm of hostility erupted against the monarchy for allowing it to happen. In fact, the matter was considered so serious that the queen's abdication became a real possibility. She survived, however, thanks to the underlying devotion she had earned over the years. The controversy surrounding Irene's marriage had barely subsided when, in July 1965, the royal family announced the engagement of Princess Beatrix to Claus von Amsberg, a German diplomat who had been a member of the Nazi Wehrmacht and the Hitler Youth movement. This announcement led to demonstrations and rallies, and many Dutch began to question the value of having a monarchy. After attempting to have the marriage cancelled, Queen Juliana acquiesced and the marriage took place under a continued storm of protest. Despite the controversy, the people once again decided to forgive their Queen. The public's opinion of Princess Beatrix finally changed for the better in 1967, when she gave birth to Willem-Alexander, the first male heir to the throne in 116 years. Scandal rocked the royal family again in 1976, when it was revealed that Prince Bernhard had accepted a US$1.1 million bribe from U.S. aircraft manufacturer Lockheed Corporation to influence the Dutch government's purchase of fighter aircraft. The Prime Minister of the Netherlands ordered an inquiry into the affair, while Prince Bernhard refused to answer reporters' questions. Rather than calling on the queen to abdicate, the Dutch people were this time fearful that their beloved Juliana might abdicate out of shame or because of a criminal prosecution conducted in her name against her husband. Queen Juliana chose to stay on the throne, and to stand by her husband. The controversy subsided after Prince Bernhard resigned his various high-profile positions as a lieutenant admiral, a general and an inspector general of the armed forces, as well as from his positions on the boards of many businesses, charities, the World Wildlife Fund, and other institutions. In return, the States-General agreed that there would be no criminal prosecution. On April 30, 1980, her 70th birthday, Queen Juliana followed her mother's example and abdicated in favor of her eldest daughter, who became Queen Beatrix. Juliana remained active in numerous charitable causes until well into her eighties, but by the 1990's she was beginning to show signs of dementia and her public appearances became less and less frequent. On May 30, 1998, Princess Juliana appeared in public for the last time, at the wedding of her grandson Prince Maurits to Marilï¿½ne van den Broek. In a letter dated February 23, 1999, Princess Juliana revealed that she was no longer able to accept official invitations because of her old age. Afterwards, only a few photos of her were published, mainly by gossip magazines. In 2001, in an interview on the occasion of his 90th birthday, Prince Bernhard revealed that after a fall in which she broke her hip his wife's memory had become worse and that the last time she had been really well had been at the vacation they spent with their children and grandchildren in Africa on the occasion of their 60th wedding anniversary in 1997. Juliana died in her sleep on March 20, 2004, at Soestdijk Palace in Baarn from complications of pneumonia. "Obituary, Queen Juliana of the Nethderlands The Guardian http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/2004/mar/22/guardianobituaries	Netherlands
Oedema is the technical term for which medical condition?	Abdicating Dutch queen was a wartime Ottawa schoolgirl - World - CBC News Abdicating Dutch queen was a wartime Ottawa schoolgirl Queen Beatrix abdicates Tuesday in favour of her son, Willem-Alexander By Janet Davison , CBC News Posted: Apr 29, 2013 5:18 AM ET Last Updated: Apr 30, 2013 10:03 AM ET Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (Note: CBC does not endorse and is not responsible for the content of external links.) When the future Dutch Queen Beatrix and her family returned to the Netherlands after their Second World War sojourn in Ottawa, the young princess discovered mealtimes just weren't what she was used to. For one thing, there was no ice cream. "For the young children, going back to the Netherlands, which of course was something the adults longed for, was a bit of shock," says Carolyn Harris, a Toronto-based royal historian and blogger. Dutch Princess Juliana holds Princess Margriet in March 1943 in Ottawa, flanked by her daughters Princess Irene, left, Princess Beatrix, and her husband, Prince Bernhard. (Associated Press) "There was quite an abundance of food in Canada, whereas for the little girls, when they went back to the Netherlands, they noticed that ice cream, for instance, wasn't available as it was there," because of Europe's post-war food shortages. Ice cream had been just one small feature of a royal life lived with a certain degree of normalcy and anonymity during the royal family's five-year stay in Ottawa. It was also a period that ultimately forged close ties between Canada and a country that will see its queen — that same Beatrix — abdicate in favour of her son, Crown Prince Willem-Alexander, tomorrow. "There's a long-standing relationship between Canada and the house of Orange-Nassau," says Harris, who notes that Princess Margriet, Queen Beatrix's younger sister, is a "real link between the Netherlands and Canada." Beatrix came to Ottawa in 1940 with her mother, Crown Princess Juliana, and her sister Irene. Her sister Margriet was born in 1943 in Ottawa Civic Hospital. A federal proclamation declared the maternity ward extraterritorial, ensuring that the new princess would only be a Dutch — and not also a Canadian — citizen. But that has not stopped Margriet from visiting Canada many times over the years and receiving an honorary doctorate from McMaster University in Hamilton last year. Thousands of tulips The gratitude the Dutch royal family felt for its time in Ottawa — coupled with the thanks they felt for the role of Canadian Forces in the liberation of the Netherlands — also spawned one of the city's higher-profile and more colourful events: the annual Tulip Festival. After the royal family's return to the Netherlands, Juliana's mother, Queen Wilhelmina, gave Canada 100,000 tulip bulbs. The gift has become an annual one, and the inspiration for the festival that was launched six decades ago. Tulips bloom on Parliament Hill in Ottawa on May 1, 2009, on the first day of that year's Canadian Tulip Festival. (Sean Kilpatrick/Canadian Press) For Beatrix and her sisters, the time in Canada — much of it spent in Stornoway, now the residence of the leader of the Official Opposition — was a chance, relatively speaking, to live a normal life. "There was a certain degree of anonymity for the children in Canada that they didn’t have in the Netherlands where the House of Orange-Nassau really symbolized the Dutch resistance and Dutch independence," says Harris. "When Princess Juliana and her daughters left for Canada, Juliana made it clear that her daughters would be seen in public and … that they would be living informally." Read about this year's Tulip Festival Beatrix went to elementary school in Rockcliffe Park. "One of my friends … was in her class and remembers that she was known as Trixie Orange," says Michiel Horn, a professor emeritus of history at Toronto's York University, who was born in the Netherlands. Horn says Juliana, who never took very well to the kind of scrutiny that comes with being part of a royal family, particularly in its homeland, "really appreciated" her time in Ottawa. 'As near to being normal' "Their life was as near to being normal as it could be given that they were out of their own country and given that of course Juliana was heir to the Dutch throne." Juliana was queen from 1948 until 1980 when she abdicated, on her 71st birthday, passing the throne to Beatrix. That throne will now be handed to her son on Tuesday, giving the Netherlands its first king in more than a century. Princess Margriet of the Netherlands is presented with a bouquet of tulips by Canadian veteran Tom Rappel as she arrives at the Perley Veterans Health Centre in Ottawa on May 12, 2010. (Adrian Wyld/Canadian Press) Beatrix will be the third Dutch queen in succession to abdicate, following her grandmother and mother, in 1948 and 1980 respectively. "In the Netherlands, it's become an established tradition and this allows the new monarch to have transition time to grow into the new role and still be advised by the former monarch," says Harris. "Unlike in the United Kingdom and Canada, for instance, where the abdication of Edward the Eighth was a destabilizing event that appeared to shake the foundations of the monarchy, in the Netherlands, royal abdication is expected and it's a very smooth transition of power from one reign to the next." For some Canadians of Dutch heritage — the Dutch Embassy says one million persons of Dutch origin reside in Canada — the abdication was to be expected. "I figured it would happen sooner than later," says Adri Degroot, a director of Club The Netherlands in St. Catharines, Ont. "She was getting older, too." 'Mother for the country' Degroot says Beatrix "seemed like a mother for the country," but considers that Willhem-Alexander will bring "a new vision to the country. He should be good." Queen Beatrix, centre, Crown Prince Willem-Alexander and his wife, Princess Maxima, pose for photographers in Amsterdam on April 10, 2013. (Peter Dejong/Associated Press) Horn isn't predicting what kind of king Willem-Alexander will be. But he does note that there was some considerable public commotion when he married because his Argentine wife was the daughter of a man who was a minister in her native country's dictatorship. But Maxima "seems to have done very well," says Horn. "Her father's had the good sense not to intrude himself onto the Dutch scene." In fact, says Harris, Maxima's parents won't be at the ceremonies on Tuesday. Horn considers that Beatrix's reign was "competent and quite normal," without the kind of controversy that erupted over her mother Juliana's involvement with a faith healer in the mid-1950s as she sought a cure for her daughter Christina's eye problems. Beatrix "is widely loved even with people who have misgivings about the monarchy as an instiution," says Horn. "Beatrix, in so far as I am able to judge, has been a perfect constitutional monarch." Welcome to retirement From Horn's perspective, Beatrix's departure from the throne is more of a retirement, and it's a move he sees holding much virtue. "I think the present situation in England, where Charles has to hang in there while his mother carries on as best she can —well, I know why it happens, but I must say that in this respect I think that the Dutch royal house has it right." It also does it differently — at least when it comes to how the actual throne passes hands. Harris says the ceremonies installing Crown Prince Willem-Alexander on Tuesday will be very different from how the House of Windsor puts a new monarch on the throne in England. Regalia that goes with the position will be on display, but no crown will be placed on Willem-Alexander's head. There will be a church setting, and a reciprocal oath between the new king and members of parliament. Sandra Terpstra, left, and Linda Clewits pose with trays of cakes made for Queen's Day, a national holiday and the day of the abdication of Queen Beatrix and the crowning of the new king, at a pastry shop in Amsterdam on April 23, 2013. (Peter Dejong/Associated Press) "It's definitely a more elaborate ceremony than in Spain, for instance, where [King] Juan Carlos simply went to parliament and was sworn in there," says Harris. "Because the coronation of Elizabeth the Second is so iconic— it was shown on television around the world — often there's an assumption that all monarchs receive a coronation of that kind, and it's not recent practice among the continental monarchies." Willhem-Alexander will also want a calmer arrival to the throne than his mother experienced in 1980. "Hopefully the proceedings will be more peaceful than they were when Beatrix came to the throne and there was some rioting in Amsterdam about the lack of affordable housing," says Harris.	i don't know
Composer Joseph-Maurice Ravel was born in which country?	Maurice Ravel Maurice Ravel Birth to Conservatory 1875-1899 Maurice Ravel was born in 1875 in Ciboure, a small village in the Basque region of France, separated from the city of Saint-Jean-de-Luz by the Nivelle River. The first thirty-five years of the life of his mother, Marie Delouart, are a near-total blank. She was apparently born in the Basque region and spent some time in Spain, where she met Ravel's father. Biographers found that locals of Saint-Jean-de-Luz did nor recall her being born there, and Manuel de Falla praised her knowledge of Spanish, which indicates that he did not take her to be a natural speaker of the language. But she would sing Spanish folk songs to Maurice, and these were a later inspiration for his work. Basque and Spanish women usually married young, but Marie apparently did not. A romanticizing biographer, Victor Seroff, suggested that Marie might have had children before she met and married Joseph Ravel, or a secret life as a "gypsy or even a smuggler": "A woman who wanted to hurt the composer," he says, "once told him his mother's true age. Ravel was so horrified that for a long time he could not get over it." And when Seroff asked Ravel's brother, Edouard, for information about his mother's early years, Edouard said that he "saw no reason why [Seroff] should talk about their mother in a book about his brother." In any case, Ravel's mother was a violent agnostic, atypical of her time and place. As a widow, she was urged by a woman friend in Saint-Jean-de-Luz to come to church and pray; Marie said that she'd rather "be in hell with her family than in heaven all alone." When Ravel enlisted in the army during World War I, he described his mother as a "monster" who wanted to hold onto her sons and not let them enlist to fight for their country. But, he added, she was a "monster" he loved. In spite of, or perhaps because of, her blasphemies and obscure past, Ravel was a confirmed mama's boy. The pianist Robert Casadesus recalled that his first sight of Ravel, in the early years of the century, was at a concert, tenderly holding the arm of his aged mother, helping her to her seat. French biographers commonly assert that the fathers of great men were also great. Maurice Ravel's father, Joseph, was affectionate, with a highly developed love for music and culture, and he did not object when his son embraced an artistic career, despite the family's lack of money. Joseph Ravel was not quite the inventing genius he has been portrayed as. He tinkered with inventions in the pioneer days of automobile construction, but his most notable project was also his biggest failure. "The Whirlwind of Death," a loop-the-loop designed for circuses and auto shows in 1906-07, was displayed at Barnum and Bailey's Circus, but it flopped either because of a fatal accident, as one story has it, or because its wooden framework was destroyed in a hurricane in Iowa in September 1907. Joseph was born in Switzerland, and earlier branches of the family bear variants of the name on public records: But for the chance slip of a Swiss notary's pen, we might be speaking today of Boléro by Ravet or Ravex. A fantastic etymology of Ravel as a so-called Jewish name deriving from Rabbele [sic] was apparently invented by Roland-Manuel as a joke and was long afterward repeated by gullible biographers. In 1873 Joseph Ravel went to Spain as a civil engineer for a railway-construction job in the New Castille province, and there he met and married the composer's mother. After Maurice was born, another son was added to complete the family in 1879; the rather faceless Edouard was the composer's only brother. By then the family had moved to Paris, where Joseph was, as ever, seeking his fortune in industrial schemes. The Ravel family moved frequently around Paris, trying out humble, if strenuous, business affairs. Workaholism ran in the family: After the deaths of his parents, Edouard Ravel moved into the home of his employers at a small auto-parts factory, Mr. Bonnet, and his wife. Edouard was traumatized in body and spirit by army service during World War I that turned his hair white. In later photos he looks flabby and passive, a sedentary man who adulated others, rather like Picasso's friend Jaime Sabartés. Even in adulthood, Maurice called his brother by the infantile nickname Douardouard. Ravel was known in his own circle as Rara, and the composer's friends believed that Douardouard's personality had been effaced by Rara's fame. Regional guides claim Ravel as a Basque composer, and he would frequently return to his birthplace in later life. The seven provinces of the region are shared between France and Spain (three in France and four in Spain), and Ravel was attached to his native land, with its majestic mountain scenery and wiry, tough peasants. The Basque region is known for the sport of pelota, bullfighting, and a tradition of witchcraft and demonology. In 1608 Pierre de Lancre, a judge from Bordeaux, was named by Henri IV to investigate the troubling abundance of witches that "contaminated" the Basque country. De Lancre's report revealed that sorceries were one way of expressing forbidden sexuality: the devil, when having sex with boys or girls, "took as much pleasure in sodomy as in the most ordered and natural voluptuousness." Male witnesses admitted performing sodomy "to please the devil," often with male relatives, one Basque man saying he did so "often in a passive way with [the Devil], often actively with other warlocks." Judges decided that the Basque witnesses did not really believe in the devil, but simply desired to commit adultery and sodomy, "and so they gathered, and the naughtiest one among them pretended to be Satan." Ravel was very Basque in his use of sorcery as sexual camouflage, returning obsessively to the theme of witchcraft as a source of inspiration. In public and even among most of his friends, Ravel suppressed his sexual desires and used witchcraft as his forefathers had, as an emotional safety valve and a way of expressing forbidden feelings. So long as his parents lived, according to friends who were aware of Ravel's homosexuality, he could not permit himself to express his true nature. In Paris, the engineer Joseph Ravel enjoyed taking his sons on tours of factories, where they all admired machinery. Despite the family's money worries, Maurice had piano lessons at age seven, from Henry Ghys, a musician whose short-lived notoriety was based on the song Air Louis XIII. The boy also had lessons in harmony, counterpoint, and composition from Charles-René, a student of the composer Léo Delibes (who wrote the ballets Sylvia and Coppélia). Later, one of Ravel's great qualities as a composer was to produce finished works, which seem to have emerged whole from his brain. This early training in the basics of composition, at the same time as he was learning the piano, no doubt helped to develop the creative mechanism. Among his early exercises, Ravel was made to write variations on a chorale by Schumann and a theme from Edvard Grieg's Peer Gynt. Arbie Orenstein finds that these early efforts display "some awkward writing for the keyboard" but also have "a gentle, spontaneous lyricism." Maurice's progress as a piano pupil must have been rapid, as he soon changed professors, moving up to the more distinguished Emile Descombes, who taught such young virtuosos as Alfred Cortot and the composer Reynaldo Hahn. When he was twelve years old, Maurice met another youngster who would be a close friend, the pianist Ricardo Viñes. Later described by Francis Poulenc as a "strange hidalgo," Viñes was a brilliant keyboard artist, much interested in romantic literature; he lent Maurice books like Aloysius Bertrand's Gaspard de la nuit. Viñes described the young Ravel as looking "like a Florentine page, standing straight and stiff, with bangs and flowing black hair.... His delicate Basque face with its pure profile was graceful and thin atop his slender neck and narrow shoulders." Ravel and Viñes spent hours leaning over the balcony of the Ravel family apartment on the rue Pigalle, overlooking a café where artists would gather and models would flirt with them. The boys tried to guess which model would wind up with which artist, and this early sexual sophistication belies the impression given in some biographies that Ravel was a lifelong innocent. Leaning over a balcony voyeuristically would become a typical Ravel pose, and a number of photos show the adult composer watching what is going on below, while keeping his distance from the action. A portrait of Maurice from this time shows curly hair and large liquid eyes that might seem exaggerated if we did not know from photos that his eyes were indeed that liquidly expressive. Maurice was clearly considered the beauty of the family, taking after his mother; a portrait of Edouard, made about this time, shows a stolid, potato-faced youngster. Ravel's satisfaction in his own appearance would develop into time-consuming narcissism. In 1889 a group of Emile Descombes's pupils, including Cortot, Hahn, and Ravel gave a public performance; Maurice played an excerpt from the Piano Concerto no. 3 by Ignaz Moscheles, a virtuoso pianist and friend of Felix Mendelssohn, who wrote eight piano concertos, of which the third, written in 1820, was the most popular for its early Romantic, pre-Chopin style. Ravel always referred to 1820 as his ideal historical period, and he would later own an Erard piano made in that year, with a dry, hard tone that doubtless influenced the works he wrote on it. In 1889 Paris was astonished by the Eiffel Tower, built for the Exposition Universelle, the World's Fair that included among its attractions Rimsky-Korsakov conducting his own works, gamelan orchestras, gypsy bands, and music groups from Russia, Sudan, Serbia, and Romania. The exposition meant to show that although Europe was embroiled in an arms race, science was not only for destruction, and war "not the highest purpose of human society." The Champs de Mars below the Eiffel Tower was filled with industrial exhibits, like the Galérie des machines, which must have fascinated the Ravel boys. Displays offered views of distant lands and peoples, and on the Esplanade des Invalides, natives from a so-called Aissaova tribe entertained passersby by sticking their hands into flames, and piercing their tongues, eye sockets, and abdomens with spikes. Amid such thrills, the fourteen-year-old Ravel auditioned for the Paris Conservatoire, playing the piano for faculty including the head of the institution, Ambroise Thomas, the composer of the operas, Mignon and Hamlet. Although Ravel was accepted as a pupil and recognized as a gifted pianist, it was noted that he came late to class and was often distracted. He competed three times for prizes in harmony and piano but did not win. However, he enjoyed socializing with Viñes, playing four-handed piano works, and discussing favorite books. He was intrigued with Symbolist aesthetics early on, and the books he read remained important influences for the rest of his life. Ravel was secretly bookish, hiding what he read from most friends. His favorites included Villiers de l'Isle-Adam's L'Eve future, Barbey d'Aurevilly's Du dandysme et de George Brummel, and Les Diaboliques, J. K. Huysmans's A rebours, and the writings of Edgar Allan Poe as translated by Charles Baudelaire. Villiers de l'Isle-Adam's L'Eve future, from 1886, is set in the laboratory of Thomas Alva Edison in Menlo Park, New Jersey, where the inventor laments that his phonograph arrived too late to capture history's key moments. Edison builds a female robot, Hadaly, from wires with "two phonographs of gold" for lungs, and a cylinder on which her gestures are recorded. Ever fascinated with machines, Ravel later toyed with setting E.T.A. Hoffmann's story of the mechanical doll Olympia. Barbey d'Aurevilly, another of Ravel's favorite authors, lived with the writer Jean Lorrain, who was called "Jehanne la bonne Lorraine," a jokingly camp reference to Joan of Arc. Both liked to wear makeup and elaborate costumes, with Lorrain piling on the jewelry, tinting his moustache with henna and gold powder, and signing newspaper articles "Mimosa" and "Stendhaletta." In A un diner d'athées, a novella from Barbey's collection Les Diaboliques, a sadist named Major Ydow, who looks like an emerald-eyed bust of Antinous, the Emperor Hadrian's companion, seals up his lover Rosalba's sexual organs with boiling wax. In another, "La Vengeance d'une femme," a duchess-turned-prostitute plies her trade in Ravel's home area of Saint-Jean-de-Luz, which must have given the boy a thrill. Du Dandysme et de George Brummel made an even greater impression on the young Maurice, who began to look and act like a dandy, as that breed was defined by Baudelaire, Huysmans, and Barbey d'Aurevilly himself. Since almost every reminiscence of Ravel would cite his dandylike appearance, it is important to explore the sources for this consciously fabricated personality which lasted his whole life. In Barbey's essay on Brummel, the dandy's features are described: glacial wit; the appearance of total self-control; sober and rigid elegance; an ability to wound others with words and ignore his victims' discomfort. Ravel would later conform to this behavior in social situations, inspired by eighteenth-century British dandies like Brummel or Horace Walpole. Ravel drew some elements of his persona as dandy from the works of Edgar Allan Poe, as translated by Baudelaire. Jean-Paul Sartre suggested that Baudelaire's myth of the dandy conceals not homosexuality, but exhibitionism. Yet Oscar Wilde and other gay writers advanced a tradition of the androgynous dandy. The essayist Jules Lemaître noted, "The dandy has something against nature, something androgynous with which he can endlessly seduce." Huysmans called another of Ravel's favorite books, the novel A rebours, "vaguely clerical, a bit pederastic," and its chief character, des Esseintes, a "Christian and pederast, impotent man and unbeliever." The effeminate des Esseintes provided a role model to a generation of aesthetes and dandies who, like him, retired to their neurotic collections of books and artworks. Viñes once referred to Ravel's "mixture of medieval Catholicism and satanic impiety," which is closer to a description of des Esseintes than to the agnostic Ravel. To young Maurice, Poe was a double influence, not just as a dandy but also as a creative theorist. He cited Poe's essay, "The Philosophy of Composition," as the most important lesson he ever received about composing. In it, Poe stated, "Every plot, worth the name, must be elaborated to its dénouement before anything be attempted with the pen." This became Ravel's approach to composition, thinking everything out in his head before setting pen to paper. It presumed an intense mental effort and constant pressure, conscious and unconscious, during the creative act. Poe described his writing of "The Raven" step by step "with the precision and rigid consequences of a mathematical problem." Ravel liked to tell students, "I do logarithms," to arrive at compositional solutions. Both Poe and Ravel assumed this pseudoscientific posture as a way of disciplining creative frenzy that they feared otherwise might go uncontrolled; the need for discipline in creativity obsessed both men. They also agreed about the ideal length of creative works. In an essay Ravel treasured, "The Poetic Principle," Poe maintained that a poem can only sustain its excitement for a half-hour, "at the very utmost." With few exceptions, this was also the time-limit of Ravel's compositions, if only to make it possible for him to hold an entire work in his head before setting it down on paper. Poe stressed that beauty was more important in poetry than truth, which was better suited to prose. Ravel would often insist that in any artwork, beauty was paramount. While mulling over such artistic questions, he continued his studies. In February 1893, while he was still at the Conservatoire, Ravel went with Viñes to pay homage to a musical hero, Emmanuel Chabrier. The two teenagers were cordially received, and Chabrier listened carefully to their playing of his Trois valses romantiques, but interrupted them so often with conflicting and varied criticisms that they left his home "completely bewildered." Chabrier noted in his address book: "Ravel (M. Maurice) pianist, 73 rue Pigalle," but a week later he had an attack of paralysis that prevented further contacts. Later, Ravel would also perplex students who came to play his works with unexpected opinions and advice. At about the same time, Maurice met Erik Satie through his father, who knew the Montmartre composer, then eking out a living as pianist at the Café de la Nouvelle Athènes. Satie gravely consulted with Ravel and Viñes about his plan to set newspaper advertisements to music, writing miniscule orchestrations to texts from the want ads. In 1893 Ravel wrote the piano piece Sérénade grotesque, much influenced by Chabrier, and the song Ballade de la Reine morte d'aimer in the Satie vein. Sérénade grotesque, marked "very pizzicato," was the first of Ravel's portraits of a grotesque, tragicomic persona fitting awkwardly into the role of lover. The Ballade de la Reine morte d'aimer, set to a poem by the Belgian writer Roland de Marès (1874-1955), was a mournful ditty, with its "little bells of Thulé" that play a "supreme Hosanna" for a Bohemian queen. The following spring, Ravel met the composer Edvard Grieg at the Montparnasse apartment of friends, where Ravel played Grieg's Norwegian Dances on the piano. Grieg stopped him, saying, "No, young man, not like that at all.... It's a peasant dance." Ravel started to play again and Grieg leaped around the room in an authentic peasant dance, creating a memorable scene of an elfin pianist and a tiny troll dancer. In August 1895, Ravel returned to composition with a setting of "Un grand sommeil noir," a poem by Paul Verlaine, which remained unpublished during the composer's lifetime. He set only two poems by Verlaine, who was much more the poet of Debussy and Fauré, and Un grand sommeil noir starts off in a sunless Mussorgsky mood, describing in bass notes how a "vast dark sleep falls on my life." Ravel's first significant piano work, the Habanera for two pianos, was finished in November 1895 and later given orchestral form as the third movement of Rapsodie espagnole. In the same month, Ravel wrote his first published work, Menuet antique. The title is a paradox, uniting an eighteenth-century dance to an ancient Greek sensibility. The Menuet antique is saucy, like a naughty Fragonard painting, rococco yet with earthy passion. A pounding, pulsing rhythm of Pan's dance is given to harmonies that sound tantalizingly like those of Bach's Chaconne. The lore of Pan permeated Ravel's work from this early Menuet antique through Daphnis et Chloé and beyond. The published musical score of Menuet antique showed an image of a bare-chested Pan playing his pipes. Ancient Greek imagery in art represented for the generation of Decadents a revival of the Arcadian tradition, including sexual freedom. In Arcadia, Pan expressed violent sexuality through music. The ancient Greeks used the expression "to honor Pan" to mean male homosexual activity, and Panic love, like Panic fear, was violent, sudden, and unforeseen. Dance and music were essential occupations of this animalistic leaper, deformed and unhappy in love, whose music could be irresistibly charming. Panic fear was often present in armies during wartime, and all-night initiatory festivals of Pan were marked by special cries and music to exorcise fears and phantoms. Deeply imbued with this mythological lore, Ravel's works often embody the Panic ideal. Ravel finished two more songs in December 1896: "Sainte," set to a poem by Stéphane Mallarmé, and D'Anne jouant de l'espinette, to words by Clément Marot. Sainte, which was published only in 1907, is like a soft-toned Puvis de Chavannes portrait of a woman saint. The writer Vladimir Jankélévitch saw Sainte as evidence of Ravel's "esoteric" period, influenced by Satie's Rosicrucian music. Sainte is atypically simple and direct and may have been intended as an homage to his mother as domestic saint, a "female musician of silence" as he called her. Ravel often stated how vital was his mother's quietly loving presence, calling her his "only reason for living." The song sounds unusually sincere, given that Ravel was already formulating his self-image as insincere dandy. The two works written in 1897, Sonate pour Violon et Piano in one movement, and Entre cloches, for two pianos, show the influence of Gabriel Fauré and César Franck. Entre Cloches was joined to Habanera to make up the two-movement Sites auriculaires. Meaning literally "places which can be sensed by the ear," the title sounds medical, echoing Satie's parodic titles. Ravel enjoyed surgical-sounding expressions, especially if they also had a potentially erotic ring; eating cherries one day, he told the pianist Gaby Casadesus they were a "buccal pleasure." The Habanera begins tentatively, as if timidly knocking on the door. There is a comic disjunction between the proud Spanish themes and the mock-shy way they are treated, rhythmic passages presented with hesitation, as if they needed to be obstinately learned. This approach, akin to the humor of Chabrier and Satie, is at several ironic removes from Spain. The Sonate pour Violin et Piano in one movement is about fourteen minutes long, written in the style of the Franck. Ravel had not yet developed the theory that the piano and violin were "essentially incompatible," and the early sonata is full-hearted, lush music on exalted heights of emotion. In autumn 1897, Ravel was offered a job teaching music in Tunisia, which he turned down in order to stay close to his family and friends. Not going to North Africa meant opportunities missed for personal development and for a full investigation of Arab themes. Ravel's fascination with such subjects was always at a remove. Undiluted experience with the Arab world might not have offered him the artificiality he craved. One danger of real contacts with North Africa was illustrated by Camille Saint-Saëns, Fauré's teacher, who was plagued by blackmailing letters from North African men he paid, apparently too little, for sex. Saint-Saëns received a series of such letters, like one in 1893 from a young Algierian named Victor Dumesnil: "Maybe there are pederasts of your kind in Paris whom you support with bits of bread, but it won't be the same with me.... You're a liar, a thief, and a pederast." Ravel would avoid this kind of experience, common at the time. Meanwhile, a faculty shake-up at the Conservatoire had resulted in the resignation of Jules Massenet as professor of composition, and the hiring of Gabriel Fauré to fill his place. At the time, Fauré was still considered a radical, whose works were of spiky difficulty to traditionalists. Still tinkering at his Requiem, which he wrote "for pleasure," Fauré was an open-minded and warm teacher. Very much of his time, Fauré still managed to keep a certain independence that would prove a good model for his most famous pupil. Although he admired Wagner and made a pilgrimage to Bayreuth, Fauré allowed no audible influences from the German composer to enter his music. At the turn of the century, Fauré remained stubbornly devoted to writing intimate chamber works, even when most of his contemporaries sought larger-scale canvases for self-expression. Never abandoning the quality of tender intimacy, Fauré's works remain among the most endearing of modern French music, and Ravel would certainly learn from this example. Yet some of Fauré's later works, particularly the ones for piano solo, retain a mystical quality that transcends mere Gallic charm. Ravel was happy to join Fauré's class in 1898, and in a typical anecdote that he enjoyed repeating, Fauré at first rejected one of his works, then asked Ravel to bring the work to class again. When he asked why, the teacher's answer came: "I might have been wrong." Fauré's pupils included Georges Enesco, Charles Koechlin, and Raoul Laparra, and Ravel would dedicate to Fauré such later works as Jeux d'eau and his string quartet. Even after Ravel was definitively excluded from the list of students at the Conservatoire in 1900, he continued to audit Fauré's class until 1903. He also carried on his private lessons in counterpoint and orchestration with André Gédalge, who taught fugue as well, counting among his students Arthur Honegger, Darius Milhaud, and Florent Schmitt. Ravel later wrote that Gédalge was the first to make him realize the importance of structure in composition, and of technique, not just as a "scholastic abstraction." With an unusually clear teaching method, Gédalge focused mainly on the works of Bach and Mozart, at a time when this was uncommon. In his first year under the new regime at the Conservatoire, Ravel wrote two songs, Chanson du rouet, to a poem by Leconte de Lisle, and Si morne, after Emile Verhaeren. Chanson du rouet [Spinning song] is in the tradition of Saint-Saëns's Rouet d'Omphale and Schubert's Gretchen at the Spinning Wheel, but it is hampered by a weak text. Si Morne is heavy with Symbolist depression, describing a "mouth acrid with molds ... Rotting, hugely swaddled in ennui." Ravel set this text with urgency, perhaps as an expression of his stiflingly overprotected home life. The same year, 1898, saw his first work written for full orchestra, the overture, Shéhérazade. The 1001 Nights provided for the composer an atmosphere of Eastern sexual liberation, among other things. A number of stories in the collection joke about homosexuality, particularly the comic pederast Abu Nuwas, also one of the great Arab poets, while other characters like to "eat both figs and pomegranates," a metaphor for bisexuality. Gérard Pirlot has written about Sheherazade's essential "perversity," using words to achieve unconscious occult powers at night. Talking all night, Sheherezade saved herself and a king who was wounded by a wife's infidelity with a "well-hung black slave more viril than he," Pirlot explains, "on whom he projects fantasies of passive homosexuality." As for Ravel, he would tell friends, "I only begin to live at night," and as a nocturnal creature, he used music for some of the magical purposes Sheherezade aimed at with words. Whatever his desires for liberation, at the Conservatoire Ravel was an exuberant joker. He would breeze into the classroom in the teacher's absence and strike up a parody on the piano, setting the words from the aria "Pourquoi me reveiller?" from Massenet's Werther to the tune of "Tarara boom-de-ay!," a turn-of-the-century hit. "Tarara boom-de-ay!" had a naughty reputation, sung at cabarets where girls tossed up their skirts, and Rara was a fan of this song, which contained his nickname in its title. On March 5, 1898, Ravel had his public début as a composer with a performance of Sites Auriculaires at a concert sponsored by the Société Nationale de Musique. Reading from the score, the performers Viñes and Marthe Dron came to grief during the technically challenging Entre cloches section. Another significant premiere followed in April, when Viñes played the Menuet antique in a recital of new music. Fauré occasionally took his students along to posh salons, like that of Madame René de Saint-Marceaux, where Debussy, André Messager, and Vincent d'Indy were also present. Madame de Saint-Marceaux mused over the impassive Ravel in her diary: "Is he pleased to hear his music? You cannot tell. What an odd fellow." Ravel was once obliged to improvise at the piano when the American dancer Isadora Duncan performed, an experience he did not enjoy. In August 1898, Ravel wrote to Madame de Saint-Marceaux, referring to himself as a "musical Alcibiades." The French historian Henry Houssaye described Alcibiades as a lovely young man surrounded by perverse male friends who wanted to have sex with him, but he only accepted love from one man, Socrates. Ravel, in referring to himself as Alcibiades, or "Alkibiade," as he spelled it, did not specify who his Socrates was. But his favorite Du Dandysme et de George Brummel stated that dandies were "Androgynes of history, no longer of Fable, among whom Alcibiades was the most beautiful." (Continues...)	France
In football, which British goalkeeper was known as ‘The Cat’?	Artist Profile - Maurice Ravel - Bio Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky Joseph-Maurice Ravel (March 7, 1875 - December 28, 1937) was a French composer known especially for his melodies, orchestral and instrumental textures and effects. Much of his piano music, chamber music, vocal music and orchestral music has entered the standard concert repertoire. Ravel's piano compositions, such as Jeux d'eau, Miroirs, Le tombeau de Couperin and Gaspard de la nuit, demand considerable virtuosity from the performer, and his orchestral music, including Daphnis et Chloé and his arrangement of Modest Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition, uses a variety of sound and instrumentation. Ravel is perhaps known best for his orchestral work Boléro (1928), which he considered trivial and once described as "a piece for orchestra without music". According to SACEM, Ravel's estate earns more royalties than that of any other French composer. According to the law of most countries (including all members of the World Trade Organization), Ravel's works have been in the public domain since January 1, 2008, in most countries. Biography Early life: Ravel was born in the Basque town of Ciboure, France, near Biarritz, close to the border with Spain, in 1875. His mother, Marie Delouart, was of Basque descent and grew up in Madrid, Spain, while his father, Joseph Ravel, was a Swiss inventor and industrialist from French Haute-Savoie. Both were Catholics and they provided a happy and stimulating household for their children. Some of Joseph's inventions were quite important, including an early internal-combustion engine and a notorious circus machine, the "Whirlwind of Death", an automotive loop-the-loop that was quite a success until a fatal accident at the Barnum & Bailey Circus in 1903. Joseph delighted in taking his sons to factories to see the latest mechanical devices, and he also had a keen interest in music and culture. Ravel substantiated his father's early influence by stating later, "As a child, I was sensitive to music--to every kind of music." Ravel was very fond of his mother, and her Basque-Spanish heritage was a strong influence on his life and music. Among his earliest memories are folk songs she sang to him. The family moved to Paris three months after the birth of Maurice, and there his younger brother Édouard was born. Édouard became his father's favorite and also became an engineer. At age six, Maurice began piano lessons with Henry Ghys and received his first instruction in harmony, counterpoint, and composition with Charles-René. His earliest public piano recital was in 1889 at age fourteen. Though obviously talented at the piano, Ravel demonstrated a preference for composing. He was particularly impressed by the new Russian works conducted by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov at the Exposition Universelle in 1889. The foreign music at the exhibition also had a great influence on Ravel's contemporaries Erik Satie, Emmanuel Chabrier, and most significantly Claude Debussy. That year Ravel also met Ricardo Viñes, who would become one of his best friends, one of the foremost interpreters of his piano music, and an important link between Ravel and Spanish music. The students shared an appreciation for Richard Wagner, the Russian school, and the writings of Edgar Allan Poe, Charles Baudelaire, and Stéphane Mallarmé. The Conservatoire and early career: Ravel's parents encouraged his musical pursuits and sent him to the Conservatoire de Paris, first as a preparatory student and eventually as a piano major. His teachers included Émile Descombes. He received a first prize in the piano student competition in 1891. Overall, however, he was not successful academically even as his musicianship matured dramatically. Considered "very gifted", Ravel was also called "somewhat heedless" in his studies. Around 1893, Ravel created his earliest compositions, and he was introduced by his father to the café pianist Erik Satie, whose distinctive personality and unorthodox musical experiments proved influential. Ravel was not a "bohemian" and evidenced little of the typical trauma of adolescence. At twenty years of age, Ravel was already "self-possessed, a little aloof, intellectually biased, given to mild banter." He dressed like a dandy and was meticulous about his appearance and demeanor. Short in stature, light in frame, and bony in features, Ravel had the "appearance of a well-dressed jockey". His large head seemed suitably matched to his great intellect. He was well-read and later accumulated a library of over 1,000 volumes. In his younger adulthood, Ravel was usually bearded in the fashion of the day, though later he dispensed with all whiskers. Though reserved, Ravel was sensitive and self-critical, and had a mischievous sense of humor. He became a life-long tobacco smoker in his youth, and he enjoyed strongly flavored meals, fine wine, and spirited conversation. After failing to meet the requirement of earning a competitive medal in three consecutive years, Ravel was expelled in 1895. He turned down a music professorship in Tunisia then returned to the Conservatoire in 1898 and started his studies with Gabriel Fauré, determined to focus on composing rather than piano playing. He studied composition with Fauré until he was dismissed from the class in 1900 for having won neither the fugue nor the composition prize. He remained an auditor with Fauré until he left the Conservatoire in 1903. Ravel found his teacher's personality and methods sympathetic and they remained friends and colleagues. He also undertook private studies with André Gedalge, whom he later stated was responsible for "the most valuable elements of my technique." Ravel studied the ability of each instrument carefully in order to determine the possible effects, and was sensitive to their color and timbre. This may account for his success as an orchestrator and as a transcriber of his own piano works and those of other composers, such as Mussorgsky, Debussy and Schumann. His first significant work, Habanera for two pianos, was later transcribed into the well-known third movement of his Rapsodie espagnole, which he dedicated to Charles-Wilfrid de Bériot, another of his professors at the Conservatoire. His first published work was Menuet antique, dedicated to and premiered by Viñes. In 1899, Ravel conducted his first orchestral piece, Shéhérazade, and was greeted by a raucous mixture of boos and applause. Critics termed the piece "a jolting debut: a clumsy plagiarism of the Russian School" and called Ravel a "mediocrely gifted debutante ... who will perhaps become something if not someone in about ten years, if he works hard." As the most gifted composer of his class and as a leader, with Debussy, of avant-garde French music, Ravel would continue to have a difficult time with the critics for some time to come. Around 1900, Ravel joined with a number of innovative young artists, poets, critics, and musicians who were referred to as the Apaches (hooligans), a name coined by Viñes to represent his band of "artistic outcasts". The group met regularly until the beginning of World War I and the members often inspired each other with intellectual argument and performances of their works before the group. For a time, the influential group included Igor Stravinsky and Manuel de Falla. One of the first works Ravel performed for the Apaches was Jeux d'eau, his first piano masterpiece and clearly a pathfinding impressionistic work. Viñes performed the public premiere of this piece and Ravel's other early masterpiece Pavane pour une infante défunte in 1902. During his years at the Conservatoire, Ravel tried numerous times to win the prestigious Prix de Rome, but to no avail; he was probably considered too radical by the conservatives, including Director Théodore Dubois. One of Ravel's submitted pieces, the String Quartet in F, probably modeled on Debussy's Quartet (1893), is now a standard work of chamber music, though at the time it was criticized and found lacking academically. In 1905, Ravel's final year of eligibility for the Prix de Rome, Ravel did not even pass the preliminary test, despite being favored to win one of the two first prizes available. Instead, all six selected finalists were students of Charles Lenepveu, a member of the jury and heir apparent of Dubois as director of the Conservatoire. The scandal - named the "Ravel Affair" by the Parisian press - engaged the entire artistic community, pitting conservatives against the avant-garde, and eventually caused the resignation of Dubois and his replacement by Fauré instead of Lenepveu, a vindication of sorts for Ravel.Alfred Edwards, editor of Le Matin, who had taken particular interest in the incident, took Ravel on a seven-week canal trip on his yacht Aimée through the Low Countries in June and July 1905, the first time Ravel traveled abroad. Though deprived of the opportunity to study in Rome, the decade after the scandal proved to be Ravel's most productive, and included his "Spanish period". Ravel and Debussy: Ravel met Debussy in the 1890s. Debussy was older than Ravel by some twelve years and his pioneering Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune was influential among the younger musicians including Ravel, who were impressed by the new language of impressionism. In 1900, Ravel was invited to Debussy's home and they played each other's works. Viñes became the preferred piano performer for both composers and a go-between. The two composers attended many of the same musical events and were performed at the same concerts. Ravel and the Apaches were strong supporters of Debussy's controversial public debut of his unconventional opera Pelléas et Mélisande, which garnered Debussy both fame and scorn. The two musicians also appreciated much the same musical heritage and operated in the same artistic milieu, but they differed in terms of personality and their approach to music. Debussy was considered more spontaneous and casual in his composing while Ravel was more attentive to form and craftsmanship. Even though they worked independently of one another, because they employed differing means to similar ends, and because superficial similarities and even some more substantive ones are evident, the public and the critics associated them more than the facts warranted. Ravel wrote that Debussy's "genius was obviously one of great individuality, creating its own laws, constantly in evolution, expressing itself freely, yet always faithful to French tradition. For Debussy, the musician and the man, I have had profound admiration, but by nature I am different from Debussy." Ravel further stated, "I think I have always personally followed a direction opposed to that of the symbolism of Debussy." They admired each other's music and Ravel even played Debussy's work in public on occasion. However, Ravel did criticize Debussy sometimes, particularly regarding his orchestration, and he once said, "If I had the time, I would reorchestrate La mer." By 1905, factions formed for each composer and the two groups began feuding in public. Disputes arose as to questions of chronology about their respective works and who influenced whom. The public tension caused personal estrangement. As Ravel said, "It is probably better after all for us to be on frigid terms for illogical reasons." Ravel stoically absorbed superficial comparisons with Debussy promulgated by biased critics, including Pierre Lalo, an anti-Ravel critic who stated, "Where M. Debussy is all sensitivity, M. Ravel is all insensitivity, borrowing without hesitation not only technique but the sensitivity of other people." During 1913, in a remarkable coincidence, both Ravel and Debussy independently produced and published musical settings for poems by Stéphane Mallarmé, again provoking comparisons of their work and their perceived influence on each other, which continued even after Debussy's death five years later. Early major works: The next of Ravel's piano compositions to become famous was Miroirs (Mirrors, 1905), five piano pieces which marked a "harmonic evolution" and which one commentator described as "intensely descriptive and pictorial. They banish all sentiment in expression but offer to the listener a number of refined sensory elements which can be appreciated according to his imagination." Next was his Histoires naturelles (Nature Stories), five humorous songs evoking the presence of five animals. Two years later, Ravel completed his Rapsodie espagnole, his first major "Spanish" piece, written first for piano four hands and then scored for orchestra. Though it employs folk-like melodies, no actual folk songs are quoted. It premiered in 1908 to generally good reviews, with one critic stating that it was "one of the most interesting novelties of the season", while Pierre Lalo (as usual) reacted negatively, calling it "laborious and pedantic". Next followed Ravel's music for the opera L'heure espagnole (The Spanish Hour), full of humor and rich in color, employing a wide variety of instruments and their characteristic qualities, including the trombone, sarrusophone, tuba, celesta, xylophone, and bells. The libretto was by Franc-Nohain, after his own comedy of the same name. Ravel further extended his mastery of impressionistic piano music with Gaspard de la nuit, based on a collection by the same name by Aloysius Bertrand, with some influence from the writings of Edgar Allan Poe, particularly in the second part. Viñes, as usual, performed the premiere but his performance displeased Ravel, and their relationship became strained from then on. For future premieres, Ravel replaced Viñes with Marguerite Long. Also unhappy with the conservative musical establishment which was discouraging performance of new music, around this time Ravel, Fauré, and some of his pupils formed the Société musicale indépendante (SMI). In 1910, the society presented the premiere of Ravel's Ma mère l'oye (Mother Goose) in its original piano duet version. With this work, Ravel followed in the tradition of Schumann, Mussorgsky, and Debussy, who also created memorable works of childhood themes. In 1912, Ravel's Ma mère l'oye was performed as a ballet (with added music) after being first transcribed from piano to orchestra. Looking to expand his contacts and career, Ravel made his first foreign tours to England and Scotland during 1909 and 1911. Daphnis et Chloé: Ravel began work with impresario Sergei Diaghilev during 1909 for the ballet Daphnis et Chloé commissioned by Diaghilev with the lead danced by the famous ballet dancer and choreographer Vaslav Nijinsky. Diaghilev had taken Paris by storm the previous year in his Parisian opera debut, Boris Godunov.Daphnis et Chloé took three years to complete, with conflicts constantly arising among the principal artists, including Léon Bakst (sets and costumes), Michel Fokine (libretto), and Ravel (music). In frustration, Diaghilev nearly cancelled the project. The ballet had an unenthusiastic reception and lasted only two performances, only to be revived to acclaim a year later. Igor Stravinsky called Daphnis et Chloé "one of the most beautiful products of all French music" and author Burnett James claims that it is "Ravel's most impressive single achievement, as it is his most opulent and confident orchestral score". The work is notable for its rhythmic diversity, lyricism, and evocations of nature. The score utilizes a large orchestra and two choruses, one onstage and one offstage. So exhausting was the effort to score the ballet that Ravel's health deteriorated, with a diagnosis of neurasthenia soon forcing him to rest for several months. During 1914, just as World War I began, Ravel composed his Piano Trio (for piano, violin, and cello) with its Basque themes. The piece, difficult to play well, is considered a masterpiece among trio works. War years: Although he considered his small stature and light weight an advantage to becoming an aviator, and he tried every means of securing service as a flyer, during the First World War Ravel was not allowed to enlist as a pilot because of his age and weak health. Instead, he became a truck driver stationed at the Verdun front. At one point Ravel's unit engaged a German unit that included a young Adolf Hitler. With his mother's death in 1917, his fondest relationship ended and he fell into a "horrible despair", adding to his ill health and the general gloom over the suffering endured by the people of his country during the war. However, during the war years, Ravel did manage some compositions, including one of his most popular works, Le tombeau de Couperin, a commemoration of the musical ideals of François Couperin, the early 18th-century composer, which premiered in 1919. Each movement is dedicated to a friend of Ravel's who died in the war, with the final movement dedicated to the deceased husband of Ravel's favorite pianist Marguerite Long. During the war, the Ligue Nationale pour la Defense de la Musique Française (National League for the Defense of French Music) was formed but Ravel, despite his strong antipathy for the German aggression, declined to join stating: "it would be dangerous for French composers to ignore systematically the works of their foreign colleagues, and thus form themselves into a sort of national coterie: our musical art, so rich at the present time, would soon degenerate and become isolated by its own academic formulas." Ravel was exhausted and lacking creative spirit at the war's end in 1918. With the death of Debussy and the emergence of Satie, Schoenberg, and Stravinsky, modern classical music had a new style to which Ravel would shortly re-group and make his contribution. 1920s: Around 1920, Diaghilev commissioned Ravel to write La valse (The Waltz), originally named Wien (Vienna), which was to be used for a projected ballet. The piece, conceived many years earlier, became a waltz with a macabre undertone, famous for its "fantastic and fatal whirling". However, it was rejected by Diaghilev as "not a ballet. It's a portrait of ballet". Ravel, hurt by the comment, ended the relationship. Subsequently, it became a popular concert work and when the two men met again in 1925, Ravel refused to shake Diaghilev's hand. Diaghilev challenged Ravel to a duel, but friends persuaded Diaghilev to recant. The two never met again. In 1920, the French government awarded Ravel the Légion d'honneur, but he refused it. The next year, he retired to the French countryside where he continued to write music, albeit even less prolifically, but in more tranquil surroundings. He returned regularly to Paris for performances and socializing, and increased his foreign concert tours. Ravel maintained his influential participation with the SMI which continued its active role of promoting new music, particularly of British and American composers such as Arnold Bax, Ralph Vaughan Williams, Aaron Copland, and Virgil Thomson. With Debussy's death, Ravel became perceived popularly as the main composer of French classical music. As Fauré stated in a letter to Ravel in October 1922, "I am happier than you can imagine about the solid position which you occupy and which you have acquired so brilliantly and so rapidly. It is a source of joy and pride for your old professor." In 1922, Ravel completed his Sonata for Violin and Cello. Dedicated to Debussy's memory, the work features the thinner texture popular with the younger postwar composers. The English, in particular, lauded Ravel, as The Times reported April 16, 1923, "Since the death of Debussy, he has represented to English musicians the most vigorous current in modern French music." In reality, however, Ravel's own music was no longer considered au courant in France. Satie had become the inspiring force for the new generation of French composers known as Les Six. Ravel was fully aware of this, and was mostly effective in preventing a serious breach between his generation of musicians and the younger group. In post-war Paris, American musical influence was strong. Jazz particularly was played in the cafes and became popular, and French composers including Ravel and Darius Milhaud were applying jazz elements to their work. Also in vogue was a return to simplicity in orchestration and a transition from the great scale of the works of Gustav Mahler and Richard Strauss. Igor Stravinsky and Sergei Prokofiev were in the ascendant, and Arnold Schoenberg's experiments were leading music into atonality. These trends posed challenges for Ravel, always a slow and deliberate composer, who desired to keep his music relevant but still revered the past. This may have played a part in his declining output and longer composing time during the 1920s. Around 1922, Ravel completed his famous orchestral arrangement of Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition, commissioned by Serge Koussevitzky, which through its widespread popularity brought Ravel great fame and substantial profit. The first half of the 1920s was a particularly lean period for composing but Ravel did complete successful concert tours to Amsterdam, Milan, London, Madrid, and Vienna, which also boosted his fame. By 1925, by virtue of the unwelcomed pressure of a performance deadline, he finally finished his opera L'enfant et les sortilèges, with its significant jazz and ragtime accents. Famed writer Colette provided the libretto. Around this time, he also completed Chansons madécasses, the summit of his vocal art. In 1927, Ravel's String Quartet received its first complete recording. By this time Ravel, like Edward Elgar, had become convinced of the importance of recording his works, especially with his input and direction. He made recordings nearly every year from then until his death. That same year, he completed and premiered his Sonata for Violin and Piano, his last chamber work, with its second movement (titled "Blues") gaining much attention. Ravel also served as a juror with Florence Meyer Blumenthal in awarding the Prix Blumenthal, a grant given between 1919 and 1954 to young French painters, sculptors, decorators, engravers, writers, and musicians. American tour: After two months of planning, in 1928 Ravel made a four-month concert tour in North America, for a promised minimum of $10,000 (approximately $135,349, adjusted for inflation). In New York City, he received a standing ovation, unlike any of his unenthusiastic premieres in Paris. His all-Ravel concert in Boston was equally acclaimed. The noted critic Olin Downes wrote, "Mr. Ravel has pursued his way as an artist quietly and very well. He has disdained superficial or meretricious effects. He has been his own most unsparing critic." Ravel conducted most of the leading orchestras in the U.S. from coast to coast and visited twenty-five cities. He also met the American composer George Gershwin in New York and went with him to hear jazz in Harlem, probably hearing some of the famous jazz musicians such as Duke Ellington. There is a story that when Gershwin met Ravel, he mentioned that he would like to study with the French composer. According to Gershwin, the Frenchman retorted, "Why do you want to become a second-rate Ravel when you are already a first-rate Gershwin?" The second part of the story has Ravel asking Gershwin how much money he made. Upon hearing Gershwin's reply, Ravel suggested that maybe he should study with Gershwin. This tale may well be apocryphal: Gershwin seems also to have told a near-identical story about a conversation with Arnold Schoenberg, and some have claimed it was with Igor Stravinsky. (See George Gershwin.) In any event, this had to have been before Ravel wrote Boléro, which became financially very successful for him. Ravel then visited New Orleans and imbibed the jazz scene there as well. His admiration of jazz, increased by his American visit, caused him to include some jazz elements in a few of his later compositions, especially the two piano concertos. The great success of his American tour made Ravel famous internationally. Final years: After returning to France, Ravel composed his most famous and controversial orchestral work Boléro, originally called Fandango. Ravel called it "an experiment in a very special and limited direction". He stated his idea for the piece, "I am going to try to repeat it a number of times on different orchestral levels but without any development." He conceived of it as an accompaniment to a ballet and not as an orchestral piece as, in his own opinion, "it has no music in it", and was somewhat taken aback by its popular success. A public dispute began with conductor Arturo Toscanini. The Italian maestro, taking liberties with Ravel's strict instructions, conducted the piece at a faster tempo and with an "accelerando at the finish". Ravel insisted "I don't ask for my music to be interpreted, but only that it should be played." In the end, the feuding only helped to increase the work's fame. A Hollywood film titled Bolero (1934), starring Carole Lombard and George Raft, made major use of the theme. Ravel made one of the few recordings of his own music when he conducted his Boléro with the Lamoureux Orchestra in 1930. Remarkably, Ravel composed both of his piano concertos simultaneously. He completed the Concerto for the Left Hand first. The work was commissioned by Austrian pianist Paul Wittgenstein, who had lost his right arm during World War I. Ravel was inspired by the technical challenges of the project. As Ravel stated, "In a work of this kind, it is essential to give the impression of a texture no thinner than that of a part written for both hands." At the premiere of the work, Ravel, not proficient enough to perform the work with only his left hand, played two-handed and Wittgenstein was reportedly underwhelmed by it. But later Wittgenstein stated, "Only much later, after I'd studied the concerto for months, did I become fascinated by it and realized what a great work it was." In 1933, Wittgenstein played the work in concert for the first time to instant acclaim. Critic Henry Prunières wrote, "From the opening measures, we are plunged into a world in which Ravel has but rarely introduced us." The other piano concerto was completed a year later. Its lighter tone follows the models of Mozart, Domenico Scarlatti, and Saint-Saëns, and also makes use of jazz-like themes. Ravel dedicated the work to his favorite pianist, Marguerite Long, who played it and popularized it across Europe in over twenty cities, and they recorded it together in 1932. EMI later reissued the 1932 recording on LP and CD. Although Ravel was listed as the conductor on the original 78-rpm discs, it is possible he merely supervised the recording. Ravel, ever modest, was bemused by the critics' sudden favor of him since his American tour: "Didn't I represent to the critics for a long time the most perfect example of insensitivity and lack of emotion?... And the successes they have given me in the past few years are just as unimportant." Illness and death: In 1932, Ravel suffered a major blow to the head in a taxi accident. This injury was not considered serious at the time. However, afterwards he began to experience aphasia-like symptoms and was frequently absent-minded. He had begun work on music for a film, Adventures of Don Quixote (1933) from Miguel de Cervantes's celebrated novel, featuring the Russian bass Feodor Chaliapin and directed by G. W. Pabst. When Ravel became unable to compose, and could not write down the musical ideas he heard in his mind, Pabst hired Jacques Ibert. However, three songs for baritone and orchestra that Ravel composed for the film were later published under the title Don Quichotte a Dulcinée, and have been performed and recorded. On April 8, 2008, the New York Times published an article suggesting Ravel may have been in the early stages of frontotemporal dementia during 1928, and this might account for the repetitive nature of Boléro. This accords with an earlier article, published in a journal of neurology, that closely examines Ravel's clinical history and argues that his works Boléro and Piano Concerto for the Left Hand both indicate the impacts of neurological disease. This is contradicted somewhat, however, by the earlier cited comments by Ravel about how he created the deliberately repetitious theme for Boléro. In late 1937, Ravel consented to experimental brain surgery, evidently with some hesitation. On December 17, he entered a hospital in Paris, following the advice of the well-known neurosurgeon Clovis Vincent. Vincent assumed there was brain tumor, and on December 19 operated on Ravel. No tumor was found, but there was some shrinkage of the left hemisphere of his brain, which was re-inflated with serous fluid. When Ravel awoke from the anaesthesia, he asked for his brother, but quickly sank into a deep coma, from which he never awoke. He died on December 28, at the age of 62, in Paris. Ravel's death was probably a result of the brain surgery, with the underlying cause arguably being a brain injury caused by the automobile accident in 1932, and not from a brain tumor as some believe. This confusion may arise because his friend George Gershwin had died from a brain tumor only five months earlier. On December 30, 1937, Ravel was buried next to his parents in a granite tomb at the cemetery at Levallois-Perret, a suburb of northwest Paris. Personal life: Ravel is not known to have had any intimate relationships, and his personal life, and especially his sexuality, remains a mystery. Ravel made a remark at one time suggesting that because he was such a perfectionist composer, so devoted to his work, he could never have a lasting intimate relationship with anyone. However, according to close friend and student Manuel Rosenthal, he asked violinist Hélène Jourdan-Mourhange to marry him, although she dismissed him, saying 'No, Maurice, I'm extremely fond of you, as you know, but only as a friend, and I couldn't possibly consider marrying you.' He is quoted as saying "The only love affair I have ever had was with music". Some of his friends suggested that Ravel frequented the bordellos of Paris, but no factual evidence has ever been found to substantiate this rumor. A recent hypothesis presented by David Lamaze, a composition teacher at the Conservatoire de Rennes in France, is that he hid in his music representations of the nickname and the name of Misia Godebska, transcribed into two groups of notes, Godebska = G D E B A and Misia = Mi + Si + A = E B A. He was invited onto her boat during a 1905 cruise on the Rhine after his failure at the Prix de Rome, for which her husband, Alfred Edwards, organized a scandal in the newspapers. This same man owned the Casino de Paris where the Ravel family had a number staged, Tourbillon de la mort (A Car Somersault). The family of her half-brother, Cipa Godebski, is said to have been like a second family for Ravel. In 1907 on Misia's boat L'Aimée, Ravel completed L'heure espagnole and the Rapsodie espagnole, and at the premiere of Daphnis et Chloé, Ravel arrived late and did not go to his box but to Misia's, where he offered her a Japanese doll. In her memoirs, Misia hid all these facts. In his Maurice Ravel: A Life, published in 2000, biographer Benjamin Ivry presents evidence - not universally considered definitive - in support of his thesis that the mystery of Ravel's lack of known intimate relationships is explained by the (asserted) fact that he was a "very secretive" gay man. Ivry also attempts to demonstrate that Ravel's (asserted) repressed homosexuality played a significant role in his musical compositions. In his review of Ivry's biography for Library Journal Larry Lipkis is persuaded by Ivry's research that, "There seems to be little question that Ravel was an affected, intensely secretive dandy with gay inclinations," but also expresses the view that Ivry's work is less persuasive in definitively linking Ravel's sexuality to characteristics of his musical oeuvre. Legacy: Many of Ravel's works are protected by copyright and due to various posthumous extensions will remain so until 2032 in the EU and US. The composer died childless and left everything to his brother Edouard who turned Ravel's house into a museum. Edouard was severely injured in a car accident in 1954 and required near constant care. In 1957, Edouard announced his intention to deed 80% of the composer's posthumous royalties to the city of Paris and endow a Nobel Prize in music. Instead, Edouard consigned the rights to his nurse, Jeanne Taverne, and her husband Alexandre, a chauffer. When Edouard Ravel died in 1960, the Ravel estate fell subject to extensive litigation for ten years, reaching France's highest appellate court. Jeanne Taverne died before the litigation ended. During this period, Jean-Jacques Lemoine, the legal director of SACEM (the organization that collects and distributes royalties in France), froze distribution of Ravel's account. When the litigation concluded, Lemoine resigned from SACEM and set up a shell company, Arima, with Alexandre Taverne for collecting Ravel's royalties. The company is based in Gibraltar and the British Virgin Islands in order to avoid French taxes. The two also sued Ravel's publisher, then nearing retirement, to re-write the original contracts, consigning a greater percentage of the royalties to Arima than Durand's publisher. Since that time, the shell company has collected at least £30m and none of Ravel's estate has gone to the Ravel family or to further the cause of French music. Musicality Musical sources: Active during a period of great artistic innovations and diversification, Ravel benefited from many sources and influences, though his music defies any facile classification. As Vladimir Jankélévitch notes in his biography, "no influence can claim to have conquered him entirely .... Ravel remains ungraspable behind all these masks which the snobbery of the century has attempted to impose." Ravel's musical language was ultimately very original, neither absolutely modernist nor impressionist. Like Debussy, Ravel categorically refused this description of "impressionist" which he believed was reserved exclusively for painting. Ravel was a remarkable synthesist of disparate styles. His music matured early into his innovative and distinct style. As a student, he studied the scores of composers of the past methodically: as he stated, "in order to know one's own craft, one must study the craft of others." Though he liked the new French music, during his youth Ravel still felt fond of the older French styles of Franck and the Romanticism of Beethoven and Wagner. Or, as Viñes put it, discussing Ravel's aesthetics (not his religion): "He is, moreover, very complicated, there being in him a mixture of Middle Ages Catholicism and satanic impiety, but also a love of Art and Beauty which guide him and which make him react candidly." Certain aspects of his music can be considered to belong to the tradition of 18th-century French classicism beginning with Couperin and Rameau as in Le Tombeau de Couperin. The uniquely 19th-century French sensibilities of Fauré and Chabrier are reflected in Sérénade grotesque, Pavane pour une infante défunte, and Menuet antique, while pieces such as Jeux d'eau, and the String Quartet in F owe something to the innovations of Satie and Debussy. The virtuosity and poetry of Gaspard de la nuit and Concerto for the left hand hint at Liszt and Chopin. His admiration for American jazz is echoed in L'enfant et les sortilèges, the Violin Sonata and the Piano Concerto in G, while the Russian school of music inspired homage in "À la manière de Borodin" and the orchestration of Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition. Additionally, he variously cited Mozart, Saint-Saëns, Schubert and Schoenberg as inspirations for various pieces. Musical style: Ravel's music was innovative, though he did not follow the contemporary trend towards atonality, as pioneered by Schoenberg. Instead, he applied the aesthetics of the new French school of Chabrier, Satie, and particularly Debussy. Ravel's compositions rely upon modal melodies instead of using the major or minor scales for their predominant harmonic language. He preferred modes with major or minor flavors; for example, the Mixolydian instead of the major scale, and the Aeolian instead of the harmonic minor. As a result, there are virtually no leading tones in his output. Melodically, he tended to favor two modes: the Dorian and the Phrygian. Following the teachings of Gédalge, Ravel placed high importance on melody, once stating to Vaughan Williams, that there is "an implied melodic outline in all vital music." In no way dependent on exclusively traditional modal practices, Ravel used extended harmonies and intricate modulations. He was fond of chords of the ninth and eleventh, and his characteristic harmonies are largely the result of a fondness for unresolved appoggiaturas, such as in the Valses nobles et sentimentales. He was inspired by various dances, his favorite being the minuet, composing the Menuet sur le nom d'Haydn in 1908, to commemorate the centenary of the death of Joseph Haydn. Other forms from which Ravel drew material include the forlane, rigaudon, waltz, czardas, habanera, passacaglia, and the boléro. He believed that composers should be aware of both individual and national consciousness. For him, Basque music was influential. He intended to write an earlier concerto, Zazpiak Bat, but it was never finished. The title is a result of his Basque heritage: meaning 'The Seven Are One' (see Zazpiak Bat), it refers to the seven Basque regions, and was a motto often used in association with the idea of a Basque nation. Instead, Ravel abandoned the piece, using its nationalistic themes and rhythms in some of his other pieces. Ravel also used other folk themes including Hebraic, Greek, and Hungarian. Ravel has almost always been considered one of the two great French impressionist composers, the other being Debussy. In reality Ravel was much more than an Impressionist (and in fact he resented being labelled as such). For example, he made extensive use of rollicking jazz tunes in his Piano Concerto in G Major in the first and third movements. Ravel also imitates Paganini's and Liszt's virtuoso gypsy themes and technique in Tzigane. In his À la manière de...Borodine (In the manner of...Borodin), Ravel plays with the ability to both mimic and remain original. In a more complex situation, A la maniere de...Emmanuel Chabrier/Paraphrase sur un air de Gounod ("Faust IIème acte"), Ravel takes on a theme from Gounod's Faust and arranges it in the style of Chabrier. He also composed short pieces in the manner of Haydn and his teacher Fauré. Even in writing in the style of others, Ravel's own voice as a composer remained distinct. Ravel considered himself in many ways a classicist. He often relied on traditional forms, such as the ternary form, as well as traditional structures as ways of presenting his new melodic and rhythmic content, and his innovative harmonies. Ravel stated, "If I were called upon to do so, I would ask to be allowed to identify myself with the simple pronouncements made by Mozart ... He confined himself to saying that there is nothing that music cannot undertake to do, or dare, or portray, provided it continues to charm and always remain music." He often masked the sections of his structure with transitions that disguised the beginnings of the motif. This is apparent in his Valses nobles et sentimentales - inspired by Franz Schubert's collections, Valses nobles and Valses sentimentales - where the seven movements begin and end without pause, and in his chamber music where many movements are in sonata-allegro form, hiding the change from developmental sections to recapitulation. From his own experience, Ravel was cognizant of the effect of new music on the ears of the public and he insightfully wrote: On the initial performance of a new musical composition, the first impression of the public is generally one of reaction to the more superficial elements of its music, that is to say, to its external manifestations rather than to its inner content...often it is not until years after, when the means of expression have finally surrendered all their secrets, that the real inner emotion of the music becomes apparent to the listener. Methods: His own composing method was craftsman-like and perfectionistic. Igor Stravinsky once referred to Ravel as "the most perfect of Swiss watchmakers", a reference to the intricacy and precision of Ravel's works. Ravel, who sometimes spent years refining a piece, said, "My objective, therefore, is technical perfection. I can strive unceasingly to this end, since I am certain of never being able to attain it. The important thing is to get nearer to it all the time." More specifically he stated: "In my own compositions I judge a long period of conscious gestation necessary. During this interval I come progressively, and with growing precision, to see the form and the evolution that the final work will take in its tonality. Thus I can be occupied for several years without writing a single note of the work, after which composition goes relatively quickly. But one must spend much time in eliminating all that could be regarded as superfluous in order to realize as completely as possible the definitive clarity so much desired. The moment arrives when new conceptions must be formulated for the final composition, but they cannot be artificially forced for they come only of their own accord, often deriving their original from some far-off perception and only manifesting themselves after long years." Many of his most innovative compositions were developed first as piano music. Ravel used this miniaturist approach to build up his architecture with many finely wrought strokes. To fill the requirements of larger works, he multiplied the number of small building blocks. This demonstrates the great regard he had for the piano traditions of Couperin, Scarlatti, Mozart, Chopin and Liszt. For example, Gaspard de la nuit can be viewed as an extension of Liszt's virtuosity and advanced harmonics. Even Ravel's most difficult pieces, however, are marked by elegance and refinement. Walter Gieseking found some of Ravel's piano works to be among the most difficult pieces for the instrument but always based on "musically perfectly logical concepts"; not just technically demanding but also requiring the right expression. Ravel's great regard as an orchestrator is also based on his thorough methods. He usually notated the string parts first and insisted that the string section "sound perfectly in and of itself". In writing for the other sections, he often preferred to score in tutti to produce a full, clear resonance. To add surprise and added color, the melody might start with one instrument and be continued with another. Because of his perfectionism and methods, Ravel's musical output over four decades is quite small. Most of his works were thought out over considerable lengths of time, then notated quickly, and refined painstakingly. When a piece would not progress, he would abandon a piece until inspired anew. There are only about sixty compositions in all, of which slightly more than half are instrumental. Ravel's body of work includes pieces for piano, chamber works, two piano concerti, ballet music, opera, and song cycles. Though wide-ranging in his music, Ravel avoided the symphonic form as well as religious themes and forms. Ravel crafted his manuscripts meticulously, and relentlessly polished and corrected them. He destroyed hundreds of sketches and even re-copied entire autographs to correct one mistake. Early printed editions of his works were prone to errors so he worked painstakingly with his publisher, Durand, to correct them. Pianist and conductor: Though a competent pianist, Ravel decided early on to have virtuosi, like Ricardo Viñes, premiere and perform his work. As his career evolved, however, Ravel was again called upon to play his own piano music, and to conduct his larger works, particularly during a tour, both of which he considered chores in the same mold as "circus performances". Only rarely did he conduct works of other composers. One London critic stated "His baton is not the magician's wand of a virtuoso conductor. He just stood there beating time and keeping watch." As to how his music was to be played, Ravel was always clear and direct with his instructions. Transcriber and orchestrator: Ravel was and is a leading figure in the art of transcription and orchestration. During his life Ravel studied the ability of each orchestral instrument carefully in order to determine its possible effects while being sensitive to individual color and timbre. Ravel regarded orchestration as a task separate from composition, involving distinct technical skills. He was always careful to ensure that the writing for each family of instruments worked in isolation as well as in the complete ensemble. While he disapproved of tampering with his own works once completed, orchestration gave him the opportunity to view works in a different context. Among the most famous of his orchestral transcriptions is his own Le Tombeau de Couperin (1917) of which he orchestrated the Prelude, Forlane, Minuet, and Rigaudon movements in 1919. The orchestral version clarifies the harmonic language of the suite and brings sharpness to its classical dance rhythms. Modest Mussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition is best known through its orchestration by Ravel. In this version, produced in 1922, Ravel omits the Promenade between "Samuel" Goldenberg und "Schmuÿle" and Limoges and applies artistic license to some particulars of dynamics and notation as well as putting forth the virtuoso effort of a master colourist throughout. Musical influence Ravel was always a supporter of young musicians, through his society and associations and through his personal individual advice and his help in securing performance dates. His closest students included Maurice Delage, Manuel Rosenthal, Ralph Vaughan Williams, Alexis Roland-Manuel and Vlado Perlemuter. Ravel modeled his teaching methods after his own teacher Gabriel Fauré, avoiding formulas and emphasizing individualism. Ravel's preferred way of teaching would be to have a conversation with his students and demonstrate his points at the piano. He was rigorous and demanding in teaching counterpoint and fugue, as he revered Johann Sebastian Bach without reservation. But in all other areas, he considered Mozart the ideal, with the perfect balance between "classical symmetry and the element of surprise", and with works of clarity, perfect craftsmanship, and measured amounts of lyricism. Often Ravel would challenge a student with "What would Mozart do?" and then ask the student to invent his own solution. Though never a paid critic as Debussy had been, Ravel had strong opinions on historical and contemporary music and musicians, which influenced his younger contemporaries. In creating his own music, he tended to avoid the more monumental composers as models, finding relatively little kinship with or inspiration from Beethoven, Brahms, Tchaikovsky, Berlioz or Franck. However, as an outspoken commentator on the Romantic giants, he found much of Beethoven "exasperating", Wagner's influence "pernicious" and Berlioz's harmony "clumsy". He had considerable admiration for other 19th-century masters such as Chopin, Liszt, Mendelssohn, and Schubert. Despite what he considered its technical deficiencies, Ravel was a strong advocate of Russian music and praised its spontaneity, orchestral color, and exoticism. Notable compositions Menuet antique (piano, 1895, orchestrated in 1929), Shéhérazade (ouverture de féerie) (1897), Pavane pour une infante défunte ("Pavane for a dead infanta") (piano 1899, orchestra 1910), Jeux d'eau (piano, 1901), String Quartet in F major (1902-3), Shéhérazade (orchestral song cycle, 1903) Setting poems by his friend Tristan Klingsor, Sonatine (piano, 1903-1905), Introduction and Allegro (pedal harp, flute, clarinet, string quartet, 1905), Miroirs ("Reflections") (piano, 1905): Une barque sur l'océan ("A boat on the ocean"; orchestrated 1906), Alborada del Gracioso ("Dawn song of the jester"; orchestrated 1918), La vallée des cloches ("Valley of the bells"), , Histoires naturelles ("Tales from nature") (song cycle for voice and piano, text by Jules Renard, 1906), Pièce en forme de Habanera (bass voice and piano, 1907), Rapsodie espagnole ("Spanish Rhapsody") (orchestra, 1907), L'heure espagnole ("The Spanish Hour") (opera, 1907-1909), Gaspard de la nuit ("Demons of the night") (piano, 1908), Ma Mère l'Oye ("Mother Goose") (piano duet 1908-1910, orchestrated 1911, expanded into ballet 1912), Daphnis et Chloé ("Daphnis and Chloé") (ballet, 1909-1912), Trois Poèmes de Stéphane Mallarmé, (voice, piano, flute/piccolo, clarinet/bass clarinet and string quartet, 1913), Valses nobles et sentimentales ("Noble and Sentimental Waltzes") (piano 1911, orchestra 1912), Piano Trio A minor (1914), Le Tombeau de Couperin ("Tombeau for Couperin"; piano 1914-1917; movements I, III, IV and V orchestrated 1919) I. Prelude, La Valse (choreographic poem, 1906-1914 and 1919-1920), Sonata for Violin and Cello in C Major (1920-1922), Chansons Madécasses ("Songs of Madagascar") (voice, flute, cello and piano, text by Evariste Parny, 1926), L'enfant et les sortilèges ("The Child and the Spells", lyric fantasy, 1920-1925, libretto by Colette 1917), Tzigane (violin and piano, 1924), Sonata for Violin and Piano in G major (1923-1927), Fanfare (1927; for the children's ballet L'Éventail de Jeanne, to which ten French composers each contributed a dance), Boléro (ballet, 1928), Piano Concerto for the Left Hand in D major (1929-1930; composed for Paul Wittgenstein), Piano Concerto in G (1929-1931), Don Quichotte à Dulcinée ("Serenade of Don Quixote to Dulcinea"; voice and piano, 1932-1933), Media depictions Canadian filmmaker Larry Weinstein has produced two documentaries about Ravel, Ravel (1987) and Ravel's Brain (2001). The second of these two films dramatizes the musician's illness and death., Maurice Ravel is played as a "bit role" by actor Oscar Loraine in the 1945 Gershwin film biography Rhapsody in Blue., See also ^ Jourdan-Morhange, Hélène. "Ravel et nous", Éditions du milieu du monde, 1945, p. 252, ^ James 1987, p. 136, ^ Nichols, Roger (1987). Ravel Remembered. London: Faber and Faber Limited. pp.35. , ^ Limelight 2008, p. 11, ^ Lipkis, Larry (7/1/2000). Library Journal 125 (12): 97. , ^ "Jon Henley investigates Ravel's missing millions". The Guardian (London). May 8, 2001. http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2001/apr/25/arts.highereducation. , ^ Jankélévitch 1995, pp. 7-8, ^ Ravel 1989, p. 327. "Si vous me demandez si nous avons une école impressionniste en musique, je dois dire que je n'ai jamais associé ce terme à la musique. La peinture, ah, ça, c'est autre chose! Monet et son école étaient impressionnistes. Mais dans l'art sœur, il n'y a pas d'équivalent à cela." Interview extract printed in Musical Digest, March 1928., ^ Orenstein 1991, p. 18,	i don't know

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