question
stringlengths 18
1.2k
| facts
stringlengths 44
500k
| answer
stringlengths 1
147
|
|---|---|---|
George Burns and Walter Matthau starred in which 1975 film about two ageing vaudevillains? | Walter Matthau - Actors and Actresses - Films as Actor:, Films as Director:, Publications
Walter Matthau - Actors and Actresses
Walter Matthau - Actors and Actresses
Nationality: American. Born: Walter Matuschanskayasky (some sources say Matasschanskayasky) in New York City, 1 October 1920. Education: Attended the New School for Social Research Dramatic Workshop under Irwin Piscator. Military Service: U.S. Air Force as a radioman-gunner, 1942–45. Family: Married 1) Grace Johnson, 1948 (divorced 1958), one son and daughter; 2) Carol Marcus Saroyan, 1959, one son: the director Charles Matthau. Career: Worked as a child actor in the New York Yiddish theater; made professional adult stage debut, 1946; worked in summer stock and on Broadway, 1948; later stage work includes roles in Once More , with Feeling , 1958, A Shot in the Dark , 1962, and The Odd Couple , 1965; made film debut in The Kentuckian, 1955; appeared in the TV series Tallahassee 7000, 1959; directed the film Gangster Story, 1960. Awards: Best Supporting Actor Academy Award, for The Fortune Cookie , 1966; Best Actor British Academy Award, for Pete 'n' Tillie and Charley Varrick , 1973; Best Motion Picture Actor-Musical/Comedy Golden Globe, for The Sunshine Boys, 1975; American Comedy Awards Lifetime Achievement Award, 1997. Died: Santa Monica, California, of a heart attack, 1 July 2000.
Films as Actor:
Hanging Up (Keaton) (as Lou Mozell)
Films as Director:
Gangster Story (+ ro as Jack Martin)
Publications
By MATTHAU: articles—
"Rumpled Royalty" (excerpt from "The Player—III," New Yorker , 4 November 1961), interview with Lillian Ross, in New Yorker , 31 May 1993.
"Genius," interview with Karen Duffy, in Interview (New York), December 1994.
"Kids!" interview with H.C. Beck, in Interview (New York), Janu-ary 1996.
"An Interview with Walter Matthau," interview with E. May, in New Yorker , 25 November 1996.
On MATTHAU: book—
Hunter, Allan, Walter Matthau , New York, 1984.
On MATTHAU: articles—
Current Biography 1966 , New York, 1966.
Eyles, Allen, "Walter Matthau," in Focus on Film (London), Spring 1972.
Photoplay (London), January 1981 and April 1982.
Rubinstein, Leslie, "One Fortunate Cookie," in American Film (Washington, D.C.), July-August 1983.
Film Dope (London), March 1989.
Slodowski, Jan, "Walter Matthau," in Iluzjon (Warsaw), January-June 1990.
Parkinson, David, "A Grumpy Old Couple," in Radio Times (Lon-don), 3 May 1997.
* * *
Walter Matthau was one of the motion picture industry's solid, respected character actors. He has 70 films to his credit, commencing—after years of acting on the stage, where he honed his craft—with The Kentuckian and The Indian Fighter in 1955. He was at his beloved best playing comically persnickety characters, generally opposite Jack Lemmon, his longtime co-star.
Early in his career, Matthau displayed his versatility in roles as dissimilar as Mel Miller, the astutely perceptive writer who sees through the sham of cynically manipulative television personality Lonesome Rhodes, in A Face in the Crowd ; Maxie Fields, the crime boss who menaces Elvis Presley, in King Creole ; and Sheriff Johnson, the Western lawman who doggedly pursues Kirk Douglas, in Lonely Are the Brave . At this stage of his career, Matthau did some extraordinary work in otherwise slight, forgettable films. In the Audie Murphy Western Ride a Crooked Trail , he offers a spirited performance as a flamboyant, dipsomaniacal judge.
Matthau did not transcend his status as all-purpose character actor until, in an inspired bit of casting, he and Jack Lemmon played opposite each other in The Fortune Cookie . Matthau won an Oscar for his role as a crooked lawyer who fast-talks television cameraman Lemmon into an insurance fraud. In their best pairings, Lemmon and Matthau are cast as opposite character types who are contrasted to comic effect. Perhaps their best film is The Odd Couple , with its humor deriving from the disparate characters of slob-supreme Oscar Madison (a role which Matthau originated on Broadway) and fastidious neatnik Felix Ungar (Lemmon). Over the course of three-plus decades, Matthau and Lemmon became as famous a team as Tracy and Hepburn and Hope and Crosby. A Matthau-Lemmon-like relationship is the basis of the comedy in The Sunshine Boys , in which Matthau and George Burns play two cantankerous former vaudevillains induced into reuniting for a television show.
Matthau was at his funniest playing the gloriously ornery slob whom you might find sitting across a card table, with cigar in one hand and beer can in the other as he hangs out with his cronies. The comedy is derived from his characters' becoming involved in unlikely situations. In The Odd Couple , Matthau's Oscar Madison becomes the roommate of Felix Ungar. In The Bad News Bears , Matthau's Morris Buttermaker, another slob-supreme, is coerced into coaching a team of Little League misfits. In these films, he combines a sort of grouchy shiftiness with soul, wit, cunning, nonjudgmental forbearance, and obstinate persistence. Later on in his career, he caricatured this persnickety persona in Dennis the Menace , playing the forever-flustered Mr. Wilson.
He was also expert at playing drawing room comedy, cast in roles that in an earlier era would have been tailor-made for Spencer Tracy. In these films, Matthau effectively plays on the tensions between social coexistence and masculine awkwardness. Indeed, in First Monday in October , he and co-star Jill Clayburgh, playing Supreme Court justices with contrasting political philosophies, closely replicate a Tracy-Hepburn relationship. In Plaza Suite , he offers a tour de force playing three disparate roles, teamed with three different actresses: the jaded, adulterous husband of Maureen Stapleton; a Hollywood producer attempting to seduce ex-girlfriend Barbara Harris; and a father of the bride, married to Lee Grant. He also has played the older man who becomes a romantic object. In Hello, Dolly! , he is a brusque self-made man matrimonially targeted by Barbra Streisand. In Cactus Flower , he is a defensively overworked dentist targeted by Ingrid Bergman. In House Calls , he is a widowed doctor targeted by Glenda Jackson.
By the early 1970s, Matthau had become a top ten box-office star, quite an accomplishment for a craggy-faced actor with an unpolished gait and drooping posture, not to mention his trademark New York snarl. Lemmon, feeling that no film had really tapped Matthau's depths, directed him in Kotch , a humanistic comedy in which he plays an irascible grandfather put to pasture by his family. He also has appeared in several straight dramatic roles, as cops ( The Laughing Policeman , The Taking of Pelham One Two Three ), a stunt pilot-turned-luckless bank robber ( Charley Varick ), and an ex-CIA agent defying official embargoes on his memoirs ( Hopscotch ).
All-too-often, Matthau's late-career roles were comedies in which he was prone to self-caricature. In addition to playing Mr. Wilson in Dennis the Menace , he re-teamed with Lemmon in Grumpy Old Men. In the latter, the twosome play endlessly quarreling long-time friends who are senior citizen variations of The Odd Couple's Oscar and Felix. The film's success led to their pairing in a ho-hum follow-up, Grumpier Old Men, the idiotic Out to Sea, and the stale and needless Odd Couple II. Then in 2000 Matthau—looking every one of his eighty years—was cast in Hanging Up as the feisty, inconsiderate father of the film's three heroines.
Matthau's better late-career parts were roles as sage (rather than self-absorbed) senior citizens. In I.Q. , he brought warmth to his role as Albert Einstein, who plays matchmaker for his niece and a garage mechanic. In The Grass Harp , directed by his son Charles—who looks like a younger, leaner, less craggier version of his dad—he is a wizened, widowed retired judge who idles away his hours sitting in his small town's barbershop and drugstore. As the scenario progresses, he comes to share a deeply moving relationship with a gentle-souled maiden aunt. Here, Matthau displays his ability to play tender as well as persnickety, as his character talks of his late wife, and the meaning of love and how difficult and elusive it is to find. These sequences seem to be gifts that a devoted director-son would aspire to present to a beloved actor-father.
—Raymond Durgnat, updated by Rob Edelman
User Contributions:
| The Sunshine Boys |
Which country hosted the 2010 FIBA World Championship international basketball tournament? | Old-git territory | The Spectator
Old-git territory
Email
I’m not the biggest fan of Neil Simon, I admit it. In the programme notes for The Sunshine Boys, I discovered that Time magazine once called him ‘the patron saint of laughter’. Good, I thought. When the curtain goes up I’ve got someone to pray to.
The show opens with Danny DeVito slumped in a hotel room watching TV in mid-afternoon. He’s a spent vaudeville star whose feud with his comedy partner forced him into retirement 11 years earlier. His nephew, a pushy young agent, wants to revive the famous duo for one last TV special. DeVito insists that he won’t do it. (But he will, of course.)
The corny script unfolds exactly as I remember it from the 1975 film, which I was dragged to at the age of 12, and which starred an overexcited Walter Matthau and a partially mummified George Burns. Some old git in my family thought these old gits would be a hoot. They weren’t. But now, as I close in on old-git territory myself, I begin to see the draw. I understand! The frothy, knockabout script disguises a subtle and moving meditation on ageing, on loss and on the curiously addictive nature of love-hate friendships.
Simon’s writing isn’t quotable. It has few amphibious qualities. Extract a line from its native habitat and it expires on the spot. His great knack is to harmonise absurd humour with realism, and to create comedy and melancholy simultaneously. The closing scene shows the old foes reconciled (sort of), slumping in chairs, and exchanging funeral news and doctors’ notes about their advancing ailments.
Your trouble is your blood doesn’t circulate, says one. It does, comes the response, but not to the right places.
If that doesn’t make you laugh, you have no soul. Or you’re 12 years old. This fast-lick production by Thea Sharrock is wonderfully dowdy. The main set is a 1970s hotel room that boasts no features from the 1970s. Spot-on. It hasn’t been decorated for 20 years. The lead is played by Danny DeVito who has a lot of presence for a man who could fit into a haversack. His comic persona — the pop-eyed, raspy-voiced Rumpelstiltskin — is filled out with layers of feeling and pathos. Beneath the bluster of a washed-up ego lurks a decent guy, a fragile, yearning, lonely old clown.
Richard Griffiths, as his partner, gives a very muted, very generous second-fiddle performance. Never mind the weird American accent, Griffiths adds sombreness and a sort of majesty, too. Though not petite by any means, he moves around the stage with the distracted grace of an old elephant who’s missed the graveyard and is heading back to the watering-hole. Together the pair are exquisite. Tickets aren’t cheap but this is definitely a blue-chip buy.
At the Cottesloe we’re off to the suburbs for a comedy of manners by Lisa D’Amour, a Steppenwolf favourite and Pulitzer nominee. Two couples are having a barbie. Mary and Ben are solid, easily shockable types. Sharon and Kenny, both pretty flaky, are recovering addicts who met in rehab. All four are anxious, small-minded and desperate to impress. Result: a small-town scene that fizzes with comic embarrassment. Hilarious stuff. But the play has nowhere to go from here.
The friendships get rowdier and zanier, but emptier at the same time, less credible, less engaging. The problem is this: real-life people visit the suburbs to socialise. Playwrights visit the suburbs to satirise. Real people want fun. Writers want vengeance. And this shifts our sympathy in the wrong direction. Rather than feeling contempt for these back-patio bumpkins I wanted to wrap a protective arm around them and tell Lisa D’Amour to get lost and pick on someone worthier of her sophisticated disdain.
Still, a technically flawed play provides useful lessons for apprentice writers. Here, by my reckoning, are D’Amour’s biggest boobs. Her stagecraft is repetitive. She concludes two scenes with the breaking of furniture and two more with a sudden foot injury. Her script has no interval, so the drama is missing that crucial day-night rhythm: the culmination, the pause and the reawakening. And she delivers a cop-out ending with a messenger walking on to reveal that Someone Was Pretending To Be Someone They Weren’t.
Strong performances can’t save this callow show. Justine Mitchell crackles with energy as Mary, the slightly hysterical ditz. Clare Dunne is equally powerful as Sharon, the slightly less hysterical ditz. Stuart McQuarrie neatly captures Ben, the businessman with a shameful secret. And Will Adamsdale is excellent as Kenny, the warehouseman with a shameful secret. Er, right. I’ve just spotted another boob. The characters are a bit interchangeable. Forget Detroit. Save up for The Sunshine Boys.
Subscribe to The Spectator today for a quality of argument not found in any other publication. Get more Spectator for less – just £12 for 12 issues .
You might also like
| i don't know |
Mamucium was the Roman name for which English city? | Mamucium : definition of Mamucium and synonyms of Mamucium (English)
Completed
79
Mamucium, also known as Mancunium, was a fort in the Roman province of Britannia . [1] The remains of the fort are protected as a Scheduled Ancient Monument , and are located within the Castlefield area of the City of Manchester , in North West England ( grid reference SJ833977 ). [2] Founded c. AD 79, Mamucium was garrisoned by a cohort of auxiliary soldiers and guarded the road running from Chester to York . A vicus , or civilian settlement made up of traders and the families of the soldiers, grew outside the fort and was an area of industrial activity.
The site lay in ruins until the Industrial Revolution . During this period Manchester expanded and the fort was levelled to make way for new developments. It was damaged by the construction of the Rochdale Canal and the Great Northern Railway . The site is now part of the regenerated area of warehousing alongside the Rochdale Canal, part of the Castlefield Urban Heritage Park. Reconstructed remains of the fort's gatehouse, granaries, and some buildings from the vicus are on display to the public.
Contents
5.1 Bibliography
Location
When the Roman fort in Castlefield was built, it was located on a naturally defensible sandstone bluff , guarding a nearby crossing over the River Medlock . [3] The fort was situated near a junction between at least two Roman roads . It guarded the road between the legionary fortresses of Deva Victrix (Chester) and Eboracum (York) running east to west, as well as the road between Manchester and Bremetennacum ( Ribchester ) to the north. [4] In addition, Mamucium may also have overlooked a lesser road running north west to Coccium ( Wigan ). [5] The fort was one of a chain of fortifications along the Eboracum to Deva Victrix road, with Castleshaw Roman fort lying 16 miles (26 km) to the east, [6] and Condate ( Northwich ) 18 miles (29 km) to the west. Stamps on tegulae indicate that Mamucium had administrative links not only with Castleshaw, the nearest fort, but also those at Slack and Ebchester ; all the forts probably got the tegulae from the same place in Grimescar Wood near Huddersfield . [7]
The area around the fort changed greatly in the centuries that followed; the remains are now surrounded by mills built during Industrial Revolution and were further damaged by the subsequent urbanisation of Manchester. Castlefield is located on the south west corner of Manchester city centre and the Rochdale Canal cuts through the southern corner of the fort. [5] Deansgate , which has developed into a busy thoroughfare, passes close to the east of the fort and follows the general line of Roman road to Ribchester and Castlefield . [5]
History
Reconstructed Gateway to Castlefield Roman Fort (Mamucium)
Although there is no evidence of prehistoric settlement, there is evidence of activity in the area. A Neolithic scraper , two Mesolithic flints and a flint flake have been discovered, as well as a shard of late Bronze Age pottery; however these were mostly not found in situ . [8] Although the area was in the territory of the Celtic tribe Brigantes until the Romans annexed the area, it may have been under the control of the Setantii , a sub-tribe of the Brigantes. [9] The fort was built around 79 AD; [10] it was built as part of the fortifications erected under Gnaeus Julius Agricola during his campaigns against the Brigantes after the treaty with the Celtic tribe failed. [11] The name Mamucium is thought to derive from the Celtic meaning " breast shaped hill ", referring to the sandstone bluff the fort stood on; this later evolved into the name Manchester. [12] [13] The Welsh word for Manchester is "Manceinion" which sounds very similar to Mamucium and has been passed on from the Brythonic language.
Excavations have demonstrated that the fort had three main phases of construction; one in 79 AD, the second in 160 AD, and the third in 200 AD. The first phase of the fort was built from turf and timber. [10] Mamucium was designed to be garrisoned by a cohort , about 500 infantry. They would have been drawn from an auxiliary , the non-citizen soldiers of the Roman army. [14] A civilian settlement called a vicus grew around the fort in the late 1st and early 2nd centuries. [15] Around 90 AD, the ramparts surrounding the fort were strengthened. [10] Manchester and the Roman fort at Slack – which neighboured Castleshaw – superseded the fort at Castleshaw in the 120s. [16] Mamucium was demolished some time around 140 AD. [10] Although the vicus grew rapidly in the early 2nd century, [17] it was abandoned some time between 120 and 160 – broadly coinciding with the demolition of the fort – before it was re-inhabited when the fort was rebuilt. [18]
Aerial view of the Roman Fort, Castlefield
There is a possible temple to Mithras associated with the civilian settlement, [14] in modern day Hulme . [19] An altar dedicated to "Fortune the Preserver" was found, probably dating to the early 3rd century. [14] In 2008 an altar dating from the late 1st century was discovered near the Roman settlement. It was dedicated to two minor Germanic gods and described as being in "fantastic" condition. [20] The County Archaeologist said
"It's the first Roman stone inscription to be found in Manchester for 150 years and records only the second known Roman from Manchester ... The preservation of the stone is remarkable. On top of the stone is a shallow bowl which was used for offerings of wine or blood or perhaps to burn incense."
—Norman Redhead [21]
As well as Pagan worship, there is also evidence of early Christian worship. In the 1970s a 2nd century "word square" was discovered with an anagram of PATER NOSTER . [22] There has been discussion by academics whether the "word square", which is carved on a piece of amphora , is actually a Christian artefact, if so, it is one of the earliest examples of Christianity in Britain. [23]
The second phase was built around 160 AD. Although it was again of turf and timber construction, it was larger than the previous fort, measuring 2 hectares (4.9 acres) to accommodate extra granaries ( horrea ). [24] Around 200 AD, the gatehouses of the fort were rebuilt in stone and the walls surrounding the fort were given a stone facing. [24] The concentration of furnaces in sheds in part of the vicus associated with the fort has been described as an "industrial estate", [25] which would have been the first in Manchester. Mamucium was included in the Antonine Itinerary , a 3rd century register of roads throughout the Roman Empire . [26] This and inscriptions on and repairs to buildings indicate that Mamucium was still in use in the first half of the 3rd century. [27] The vicus may have been abandoned by the mid 3rd century; this is supported by the excavated remains of some buildings while were demolished and the materials robbed for use elsewhere. [18] Evidence from coins indicates that although the civilian settlement associated with the fort had declined by the mid 3rd century, a small garrison may have remained at Mamucium into the late 3rd century and early 4th century. [18]
Post-Roman
The ruins of the ancient fort with the modern Beetham Tower, Manchester behind
During the medieval period, the area was used for agricultural purposes. [18] After lying derelict for centuries, the ruins were commented on by antiquarians John Leland in the 16th century, William Camden in the late 16th and early 17th centuries, and William Stukeley [5] and the Manchester historian, John Whitaker in the 18th century. In the early 18th century, John Horsley said:
It [the fort] is about a quarter of a mile out of the town, being south or south-west from it. The station now goes by the name of Giant's Castle or Tarquin's Castle, and the field in which it stands is called Castle Field ... the ramparts are still very conspicuous.
—John Horsley, Britannia Romana [28]
Foundation ruins of the fort in Castlefield
The name "Tarquin's Castle" refers to the legend that the fort had been occupied by a giant named Tarquin. [28]
Whitaker described what remained of the fort in 1773:
The eastern side, like the Western, is hundred and forty [yards] in length, and for eighty yards from the northern termination, the nearly perpendicular rampart carries a crest of more than two [yards] in height. It is then lowered to form the great entrance, the Porta Pretoria of the camp: the earth there running in a ridge, and mounting up to the top of the bank, about ten in breadth. Then, rising gradually as the wall falls away, it carries an height of more than three for as many as the south-eastern angle. And the whole of this wall, bears a broken line of thorns above, shews the mortar peeping here and there under the coat of turf, and near the south-eastern corner has a large buttress of earth continued several yards along it. The southern side, like the Northern, is hundred and seventy five [yards] in length; and the rampart sinking immediately from its elevation at the eastern end, successively declines, till, about fifty yards off, it is reduced to the inconsiderable height of less than one [yard]. And about seventeen yards further, there appears to have been a second gateway, the ground rising up to the crest of the bank of a four or five at the point ...
On the south side was particularly requisite ... in order to afford a passage to the river; but about fifty three yards beyond the gates, the ground betwixt both falling away briskly to the west, the rampart, which continues in a right line along the ridge, necessarily rises till it has a sharp slope of twenty yards in length at the southwestern angle. And all this side of the wall, which was from the beginning probably not much higher than it is at present, as it was sufficiently secured by the river and its banks, before it appears crested at first with a hedge of thorns, a young oak rising from the ridge and rearing its head considerably over the rest, and runs afterwards in a smooth line near the level for several yards with the ground about it, and just perceptible to the eye, in a rounded eminence of turf
As to the south-western point of the camp, the ground slopes away on the west towards the south, as well as on the south towards the West. On the third side still runs from it nearly as at first , having an even crest about seven feet in height, an even slope of turf for its whole extent, and the wall in all its original condition below. About a hundred yards beyond the angle was the Porta Decumana of the station, the ground visibly rising up the ascent of the bank in a large shelve of gravel, and running in a slight but perceivable ridge from it. And beyond a level of forty five yards, that still stretches on for the whole length of the side, it was bounded by the western boundary of the British city, the sharp slope of fifty to the morass below it. On the northern and remaining side are several chasms in the original course of the ramparts. And in one of them about a hundred and seventy five yards from its commencement, was another gateway, opening into the station directly from the road to Ribchester. The rest of the wall still rises above five and four feet in height, planted all the way with thorns above, and exhibiting a curious view of the rampart below. Various parts of it have been fleeced of their facing a turf and stone, and now show the inner structure of the whole, presenting to the eye the undressed stone of the quarry, the angular pieces of rock, and the round boulders of the river, all bedded in the mortar, and compacted into one. And the white and brown patches of mortar and stone on a general view of the wall stands strikingly contrasted with the green turf that entirely conceals the level line, and with the green moss that half reveals the projecting points of the rampart. The great foss of the British city, the Romans preserved along their northern side for more than thirty yards along the eastern end of it, and for the whole beyond the Western. And as the present appearances of the ground intimate, they closed the eastern point of it with a high bank, which was raised upon one part of the ditch and sloped away into the other.
—John Whitaker, History of Manchester vol I (1773 edition) [29]
Mamucium was levelled as Manchester expanded during the Industrial Revolution. The construction of the Rochdale Canal through the south western corner of the fort in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, and the building of viaducts for the Great Northern Railway over the site in the late 19th century, damaged the remains and even destroyed some of the southern half of the fort. [5] When the railway viaducts were built, Charles Roeder documented the remains that were uncovered in the process, including parts of the vicus. [5]
The first archaeological investigation of Mamucium was in 1906. Francis Bruton, who would later work on the Roman fort at Castleshaw , excavated the fort's western defences. [10] A series of small scale excavations were undertaken intermittently between 1912 and 1967, generally exploring the northern defences of the fort. [10] [30] In the mid-20th century, historian A. J. P. Taylor called the surviving stretch of Roman wall "the least interesting Roman remains in Britain". [31] The first excavation of the vicus was carried out in the 1970s under Professor Barri Jones . [10] In 1982 the fort, along with the rest of the Castlefield area, became the United Kingdom 's first Urban Heritage Park, [32] [33] and partial reconstructions of the forts walls, including the ramparts and gateways, were opened in 1984. [14] In 2001–2005 the University of Manchester Archaeological Unit carried out excavations in the vicus to further investigate the site before the area underwent any more regeneration or reconstruction. [3] The archaeological investigation of Mamucium Roman fort and its associated civilian settlement has, so far, provided approximately 10,000 artefacts. [8]
Layout
The fort measured 160 metres (175 yd) by 130 metres (140 yd) and was surrounded by a double ditch and wooden rampart. Around AD 200 the wooden rampart was replaced by stone ramparts, [34] measuring between 2.1 metres (7 ft) and 2.7 metres (9 ft) thick. [19] The vicus associated with Mamucium surrounded the site on the west, north, and east sides, with the majority lying to the north. The vicus covered about 26 hectares (64 acres) and the fort about 2 hectares (4.9 acres). [5] Buildings within the vicus would have generally been one storey, timber framed , and of wattle and daub construction. [34] There may have been a cemetery to the south east of the fort. [19]
See also
| Manchester |
Who was the captain of the English cricket team which won the 2005 Ashes victory over Australia? | Mamucium : definition of Mamucium and synonyms of Mamucium (English)
Completed
79
Mamucium, also known as Mancunium, was a fort in the Roman province of Britannia . [1] The remains of the fort are protected as a Scheduled Ancient Monument , and are located within the Castlefield area of the City of Manchester , in North West England ( grid reference SJ833977 ). [2] Founded c. AD 79, Mamucium was garrisoned by a cohort of auxiliary soldiers and guarded the road running from Chester to York . A vicus , or civilian settlement made up of traders and the families of the soldiers, grew outside the fort and was an area of industrial activity.
The site lay in ruins until the Industrial Revolution . During this period Manchester expanded and the fort was levelled to make way for new developments. It was damaged by the construction of the Rochdale Canal and the Great Northern Railway . The site is now part of the regenerated area of warehousing alongside the Rochdale Canal, part of the Castlefield Urban Heritage Park. Reconstructed remains of the fort's gatehouse, granaries, and some buildings from the vicus are on display to the public.
Contents
5.1 Bibliography
Location
When the Roman fort in Castlefield was built, it was located on a naturally defensible sandstone bluff , guarding a nearby crossing over the River Medlock . [3] The fort was situated near a junction between at least two Roman roads . It guarded the road between the legionary fortresses of Deva Victrix (Chester) and Eboracum (York) running east to west, as well as the road between Manchester and Bremetennacum ( Ribchester ) to the north. [4] In addition, Mamucium may also have overlooked a lesser road running north west to Coccium ( Wigan ). [5] The fort was one of a chain of fortifications along the Eboracum to Deva Victrix road, with Castleshaw Roman fort lying 16 miles (26 km) to the east, [6] and Condate ( Northwich ) 18 miles (29 km) to the west. Stamps on tegulae indicate that Mamucium had administrative links not only with Castleshaw, the nearest fort, but also those at Slack and Ebchester ; all the forts probably got the tegulae from the same place in Grimescar Wood near Huddersfield . [7]
The area around the fort changed greatly in the centuries that followed; the remains are now surrounded by mills built during Industrial Revolution and were further damaged by the subsequent urbanisation of Manchester. Castlefield is located on the south west corner of Manchester city centre and the Rochdale Canal cuts through the southern corner of the fort. [5] Deansgate , which has developed into a busy thoroughfare, passes close to the east of the fort and follows the general line of Roman road to Ribchester and Castlefield . [5]
History
Reconstructed Gateway to Castlefield Roman Fort (Mamucium)
Although there is no evidence of prehistoric settlement, there is evidence of activity in the area. A Neolithic scraper , two Mesolithic flints and a flint flake have been discovered, as well as a shard of late Bronze Age pottery; however these were mostly not found in situ . [8] Although the area was in the territory of the Celtic tribe Brigantes until the Romans annexed the area, it may have been under the control of the Setantii , a sub-tribe of the Brigantes. [9] The fort was built around 79 AD; [10] it was built as part of the fortifications erected under Gnaeus Julius Agricola during his campaigns against the Brigantes after the treaty with the Celtic tribe failed. [11] The name Mamucium is thought to derive from the Celtic meaning " breast shaped hill ", referring to the sandstone bluff the fort stood on; this later evolved into the name Manchester. [12] [13] The Welsh word for Manchester is "Manceinion" which sounds very similar to Mamucium and has been passed on from the Brythonic language.
Excavations have demonstrated that the fort had three main phases of construction; one in 79 AD, the second in 160 AD, and the third in 200 AD. The first phase of the fort was built from turf and timber. [10] Mamucium was designed to be garrisoned by a cohort , about 500 infantry. They would have been drawn from an auxiliary , the non-citizen soldiers of the Roman army. [14] A civilian settlement called a vicus grew around the fort in the late 1st and early 2nd centuries. [15] Around 90 AD, the ramparts surrounding the fort were strengthened. [10] Manchester and the Roman fort at Slack – which neighboured Castleshaw – superseded the fort at Castleshaw in the 120s. [16] Mamucium was demolished some time around 140 AD. [10] Although the vicus grew rapidly in the early 2nd century, [17] it was abandoned some time between 120 and 160 – broadly coinciding with the demolition of the fort – before it was re-inhabited when the fort was rebuilt. [18]
Aerial view of the Roman Fort, Castlefield
There is a possible temple to Mithras associated with the civilian settlement, [14] in modern day Hulme . [19] An altar dedicated to "Fortune the Preserver" was found, probably dating to the early 3rd century. [14] In 2008 an altar dating from the late 1st century was discovered near the Roman settlement. It was dedicated to two minor Germanic gods and described as being in "fantastic" condition. [20] The County Archaeologist said
"It's the first Roman stone inscription to be found in Manchester for 150 years and records only the second known Roman from Manchester ... The preservation of the stone is remarkable. On top of the stone is a shallow bowl which was used for offerings of wine or blood or perhaps to burn incense."
—Norman Redhead [21]
As well as Pagan worship, there is also evidence of early Christian worship. In the 1970s a 2nd century "word square" was discovered with an anagram of PATER NOSTER . [22] There has been discussion by academics whether the "word square", which is carved on a piece of amphora , is actually a Christian artefact, if so, it is one of the earliest examples of Christianity in Britain. [23]
The second phase was built around 160 AD. Although it was again of turf and timber construction, it was larger than the previous fort, measuring 2 hectares (4.9 acres) to accommodate extra granaries ( horrea ). [24] Around 200 AD, the gatehouses of the fort were rebuilt in stone and the walls surrounding the fort were given a stone facing. [24] The concentration of furnaces in sheds in part of the vicus associated with the fort has been described as an "industrial estate", [25] which would have been the first in Manchester. Mamucium was included in the Antonine Itinerary , a 3rd century register of roads throughout the Roman Empire . [26] This and inscriptions on and repairs to buildings indicate that Mamucium was still in use in the first half of the 3rd century. [27] The vicus may have been abandoned by the mid 3rd century; this is supported by the excavated remains of some buildings while were demolished and the materials robbed for use elsewhere. [18] Evidence from coins indicates that although the civilian settlement associated with the fort had declined by the mid 3rd century, a small garrison may have remained at Mamucium into the late 3rd century and early 4th century. [18]
Post-Roman
The ruins of the ancient fort with the modern Beetham Tower, Manchester behind
During the medieval period, the area was used for agricultural purposes. [18] After lying derelict for centuries, the ruins were commented on by antiquarians John Leland in the 16th century, William Camden in the late 16th and early 17th centuries, and William Stukeley [5] and the Manchester historian, John Whitaker in the 18th century. In the early 18th century, John Horsley said:
It [the fort] is about a quarter of a mile out of the town, being south or south-west from it. The station now goes by the name of Giant's Castle or Tarquin's Castle, and the field in which it stands is called Castle Field ... the ramparts are still very conspicuous.
—John Horsley, Britannia Romana [28]
Foundation ruins of the fort in Castlefield
The name "Tarquin's Castle" refers to the legend that the fort had been occupied by a giant named Tarquin. [28]
Whitaker described what remained of the fort in 1773:
The eastern side, like the Western, is hundred and forty [yards] in length, and for eighty yards from the northern termination, the nearly perpendicular rampart carries a crest of more than two [yards] in height. It is then lowered to form the great entrance, the Porta Pretoria of the camp: the earth there running in a ridge, and mounting up to the top of the bank, about ten in breadth. Then, rising gradually as the wall falls away, it carries an height of more than three for as many as the south-eastern angle. And the whole of this wall, bears a broken line of thorns above, shews the mortar peeping here and there under the coat of turf, and near the south-eastern corner has a large buttress of earth continued several yards along it. The southern side, like the Northern, is hundred and seventy five [yards] in length; and the rampart sinking immediately from its elevation at the eastern end, successively declines, till, about fifty yards off, it is reduced to the inconsiderable height of less than one [yard]. And about seventeen yards further, there appears to have been a second gateway, the ground rising up to the crest of the bank of a four or five at the point ...
On the south side was particularly requisite ... in order to afford a passage to the river; but about fifty three yards beyond the gates, the ground betwixt both falling away briskly to the west, the rampart, which continues in a right line along the ridge, necessarily rises till it has a sharp slope of twenty yards in length at the southwestern angle. And all this side of the wall, which was from the beginning probably not much higher than it is at present, as it was sufficiently secured by the river and its banks, before it appears crested at first with a hedge of thorns, a young oak rising from the ridge and rearing its head considerably over the rest, and runs afterwards in a smooth line near the level for several yards with the ground about it, and just perceptible to the eye, in a rounded eminence of turf
As to the south-western point of the camp, the ground slopes away on the west towards the south, as well as on the south towards the West. On the third side still runs from it nearly as at first , having an even crest about seven feet in height, an even slope of turf for its whole extent, and the wall in all its original condition below. About a hundred yards beyond the angle was the Porta Decumana of the station, the ground visibly rising up the ascent of the bank in a large shelve of gravel, and running in a slight but perceivable ridge from it. And beyond a level of forty five yards, that still stretches on for the whole length of the side, it was bounded by the western boundary of the British city, the sharp slope of fifty to the morass below it. On the northern and remaining side are several chasms in the original course of the ramparts. And in one of them about a hundred and seventy five yards from its commencement, was another gateway, opening into the station directly from the road to Ribchester. The rest of the wall still rises above five and four feet in height, planted all the way with thorns above, and exhibiting a curious view of the rampart below. Various parts of it have been fleeced of their facing a turf and stone, and now show the inner structure of the whole, presenting to the eye the undressed stone of the quarry, the angular pieces of rock, and the round boulders of the river, all bedded in the mortar, and compacted into one. And the white and brown patches of mortar and stone on a general view of the wall stands strikingly contrasted with the green turf that entirely conceals the level line, and with the green moss that half reveals the projecting points of the rampart. The great foss of the British city, the Romans preserved along their northern side for more than thirty yards along the eastern end of it, and for the whole beyond the Western. And as the present appearances of the ground intimate, they closed the eastern point of it with a high bank, which was raised upon one part of the ditch and sloped away into the other.
—John Whitaker, History of Manchester vol I (1773 edition) [29]
Mamucium was levelled as Manchester expanded during the Industrial Revolution. The construction of the Rochdale Canal through the south western corner of the fort in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, and the building of viaducts for the Great Northern Railway over the site in the late 19th century, damaged the remains and even destroyed some of the southern half of the fort. [5] When the railway viaducts were built, Charles Roeder documented the remains that were uncovered in the process, including parts of the vicus. [5]
The first archaeological investigation of Mamucium was in 1906. Francis Bruton, who would later work on the Roman fort at Castleshaw , excavated the fort's western defences. [10] A series of small scale excavations were undertaken intermittently between 1912 and 1967, generally exploring the northern defences of the fort. [10] [30] In the mid-20th century, historian A. J. P. Taylor called the surviving stretch of Roman wall "the least interesting Roman remains in Britain". [31] The first excavation of the vicus was carried out in the 1970s under Professor Barri Jones . [10] In 1982 the fort, along with the rest of the Castlefield area, became the United Kingdom 's first Urban Heritage Park, [32] [33] and partial reconstructions of the forts walls, including the ramparts and gateways, were opened in 1984. [14] In 2001–2005 the University of Manchester Archaeological Unit carried out excavations in the vicus to further investigate the site before the area underwent any more regeneration or reconstruction. [3] The archaeological investigation of Mamucium Roman fort and its associated civilian settlement has, so far, provided approximately 10,000 artefacts. [8]
Layout
The fort measured 160 metres (175 yd) by 130 metres (140 yd) and was surrounded by a double ditch and wooden rampart. Around AD 200 the wooden rampart was replaced by stone ramparts, [34] measuring between 2.1 metres (7 ft) and 2.7 metres (9 ft) thick. [19] The vicus associated with Mamucium surrounded the site on the west, north, and east sides, with the majority lying to the north. The vicus covered about 26 hectares (64 acres) and the fort about 2 hectares (4.9 acres). [5] Buildings within the vicus would have generally been one storey, timber framed , and of wattle and daub construction. [34] There may have been a cemetery to the south east of the fort. [19]
See also
| i don't know |
Roman numerals MCMLXXIV represent which year? | MCMLXXIV in Roman Numerals | InRomanNumerals.com
MCMLXXIV in Roman Numerals
The Roman Numerals MCMLXXIV represents 1974
Decimal Number
| one thousand nine hundred and seventy four |
How many points are scored for a dropped goal in rugby league? | MCMLXXIV in Roman Numerals | InRomanNumerals.com
MCMLXXIV in Roman Numerals
The Roman Numerals MCMLXXIV represents 1974
Decimal Number
| i don't know |
‘The Persistence of ‘what’ is a 1931 painting by Salvador Dali? | The Persistence of Memory, 1931 - Salvador Dali - WikiArt.org
The Persistence of Memory
it is a historically significant artwork
the image is only being used for informational and educational purposes
the image is readily available on the internet
the image is a low resolution copy of the original artwork and is unsuitable for commercial use
More …
WikiArt.org allows unlimited copying, distributing and displaying of the images of public domain artworks solely. We use here Copyright term based on authors' deaths according to U.S. Copyright Law, that is 70 years. In other countries, the duration of copyright term may differ. Please check here copyright length according to your country's legislation before you consider reproducing images borrowed from Wikipaintings.org
Artworks protected by copyright are supposed to be used only for contemplation. Images of that type of artworks are prohibited for copying, printing, or any kind of reproducing and communicating to public since these activities may be considered copyright infringement.
Salvador Dali
Original Title: La persistencia de la memoria
Date: 1931
Dimensions: 33 x 24.1 cm
Location: Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), New York City, NY, US
References: www.theartstory.org
The Persistence of Memory is by far Salvador Dali’s most recognizable painting, and there are many references to it in popular culture. Although it was conjectured that the soft melting watches were the result of Dali’s interpretation of the theory of relativity, Dali himself state that their inspiration was camembert cheese melting under the sun. The sequence of melting clocks in a disjointed landscape is the depiction of a dream that Dali had experienced, the figure in the middle of the painting being the face of the dreamer himself. The general interpretation is that the painting, which portrays many melting watches, is a rejection of time as a solid and deterministic influence. This iconic and much-reproduced painting depicts time as a series of melting watches surrounded by swarming ants that hint at decay, an organic process in which Dali held an unshakeable fascination. Elaborated in the frontispiece to the Second Surrealist Manifesto, the seminal distinction between hard and soft objects, associated by Dali with order and putrefaction respectively, informs his working method in subverting inherent textual properties: the softening of hard objects and corresponding hardening of soft objects. It is likely that Dali was using the clocks to symbolize mortality (specifically his own) rather than literal time, as the melting flesh in the painting's center is loosely based on Dali's profile. The cliffs that provide the backdrop are taken from images of Catalonia, Dali's home.
| Memory |
Constanze Weber married which composer in 1782? | The Persistence of Memory by Salvador Dali Facts & History
The First Days of Spring , 1929
The Persistence of Memory was painted by Salvador Dali in 1931 and is one of his most famous works. It is currently housed in the Museum of Modern Art, New York. It has a huge fan following to date and is frequently referred to in popular culture. The surrealist artist Salvador Dali (May 11, 1904 to January 23, 1989) was born in Figueres, Spain.
The Persistence of Memory and Surrealism
Surrealism was a cultural movement which had its origins in the 1920’s. Surrealist works of art feature an element of surprise, unforeseen comparisons, and irreverent humor. At times this art, which is a free flowing expression of the artist’s imagination, is difficult to interpret and The Persistence of Memory is no exception. It uses the concept of hard and soft objects.
Expert Interpretations
The Persistence of Memory depicts a scene showing pocket watches, detached from their chains, melting slowly on rocks and branches of a tree, with the ocean as a back drop. A part of the painting is basked in sunlight and a part is shrouded in a shadow. Looking carefully you can see too small rocks, one in the sunlight and the other in the shadow.
Dali frequently used the philosophy of hard and soft in his paintings. The melting watches points to time being flowing and eternal, whereas the hard rocks are the reality of life and the ocean represents the vastness of the earth. There is an orange clock covered with ants. He used the symbolism to convey the decay of time or death (and at times, the female genitalia). The strange human figure in the center could be interpreted, as a formless person we would imagine, while we are in a dreamlike trance.
Dali’s Interpretation
There have been so many interpretations and analysis of The Persistence of Memory, but Dali never himself interpreted or explained his work. The art critic Dawn Ades wrote that “the soft watches are an unconscious symbol of the relativity of space and time”. When Dali was asked if this allusion to Einstein’s Theory of Relativity was true, he replied, rather flippantly, that it was a surrealist vision of Camembert cheese melting in the heat of the sun.
Experts have said that The Persistence of Memory was a painting during his Freudian phase of life, before the Atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki propelled him into his scientific phase. Whatever Dali wanted to convey by the painting, he took the interpretation with him to his grave. In a strange sort of way, each of us could interpret it in our own way and would all be right. Who knows, that may be what Dali intended.
The painting has attracted the attention of art lovers for decades. Criticism and praise have been heaped on The Persistence of Memory, in equal measure. For those who favor the Surrealist genre of art, it is a masterpiece. To others it is junk, or at the best, the painting of a madman. Be that as it may, it is one work of art which will never fade away and will always provoke arguments and interpretations.
7 responses to “The Persistence of Memory”
Hannah Hamilton
| i don't know |
St Patrick’s Day falls during which month of the year? | When is St. Patrick's Day in 2017? | The Old Farmers Almanac
Rate this Article:
Average: 3.9 (41 votes)
When is St. Patrick’s Day in 2017? Who is St. Patrick? Why do we wear shamrocks? Did he drink green beer? Enjoy St. Patrick’s Day history, legend, and lore!
Who Was Saint Patrick?
St. Patrick was the patron saint and national apostle of Ireland who is credited with bringing Christianity to Ireland.
March 17 is widely accepted as the date of St. Patrick’s death in A.D. 461.
Was there really a St. Patrick? Definitely. Did he really drive the snakes out of Ireland? Probably not.
At age 16 (around A.D. 400), Patrick was kidnapped from his home on the west coast of England and carried off to Ireland. After six years, he escaped; upon returning home, he received his call (in a dream) to preach the Gospel. He spent the next 15 or so years in a monastery, preparing for his missionary work. Although some Christians lived in Ireland at the time, it was Patrick who spread Christianity throughout the land and brought an organized church into existence.
We wear a shamrock on St. Patrick’s Day because Patrick used its three leaves to explain the Trinity. But, as far as we know, he never drank green beer!
Long before the shamrock became associated with St. Patrick’s Day (March 17), the four-leaf clover was regarded by ancient Celts as a charm against evil spirits.
In the early 1900s, O. H. Benson, an Iowa school superintendent, came up with the idea of using a clover as the emblem for a newly founded agricultural club for children in his area. In 1911, the four-leaf clover was chosen as the emblem for the national club program, later named 4-H.
St. Patrick’s Day of the Week 2017
* See note below.
| March |
Pan Troglodytes is the scientific name for which animal? | St. Patrick's Day in the United States
Home Calendar Holidays the United States St. Patrick's Day
St. Patrick's Day in the United States
St Patrick's Day, on March 17, remembers one of Ireland’s patron saints, St Patrick. It largely celebrates Irish-American culture in the United States.
The annual St. Patrick's Day Parade on Fifth Avenue in New York City.
The annual St. Patrick's Day Parade on Fifth Avenue in New York City.
©bigstockphoto.com/Stu99
Celebrate St Patrick's Day
Celebrations concentrate on Irish themed parties, drinks and food. Many people get into the spirit by dressing in green clothing and eating green colored food. Irish clubs and pubs often hold parties or have special deals. Large street parades mark St Patrick's Day in places like:
Savannah
New Orleans
Seattle
Water is dyed green in public places in some towns. The most notable body of water that was dyed green was the Chicago River in 2005.
What's Open or Closed?
St Patrick's Day is not a federal holiday in the United States. Schools, businesses and organizations are open as usual. Public transport systems run on their regular schedules. There may be some local disruption to traffic due to St Patrick's Day parades. This is particularly true in cities with a large Irish-American population, including New York, New Orleans and Seattle. The parades may be on or around March 17, so it is a good idea to check local sources for the exact location, date and time.
About St Patrick's Day
St Patrick is one of Ireland's patron saints and many Americans with Irish ancestry remember him on March 17. Patrick's Day is fixed on March 17, but may occasionally be moved by Catholic Church authorities. This happened in 1940, so that the celebrations would not fall on Palm Sunday, and in 2008 to avoid Holy Monday, the last Monday before Easter Sunday.
Symbols
The most common St Patrick's Day symbol is the shamrock. The shamrock is the leaf of the clover plant and a symbol of the Holy Trinity. Other symbols include:
Almost anything green.
The green, orange and white flag of the Republic of Ireland.
Brands of beer associated with Irish culture.
Religious symbols include snakes and serpents. Other symbols seen on St Patrick’s Day include the harp, which was used in Ireland for centuries, as well as the leprechaun and a pot of gold that it hides.
About St. Patrick's Day in other countries
| i don't know |
The former Malagasy Republic is now known by what name? | Madagascar - Republic of Madagascar - Country Profile - Republique de Madagascar - Repoblikan'i Madagasikara - Africa - Tourism Madagascar
Location map of Madagascar
A virtual travel guide to the big red island. Madagascar is a large Southern African island in the Indian Ocean, about 450 km (280 mi) east of the coast of Mozambique .
It is the fourth largest island in the world, and many of its plants and animals are unique to the island. The prehistoric breakup of the supercontinent Gondwana separated the Madagascar-Antarctica-India landmass from the Africa-South America landmass around 135 million years ago. Madagascar later split from India about 88 million years ago, allowing plants and animals on the island to evolve in relative isolation.
With an area of 587,041 km², Madagascar is about the size of Ukraine , the largest all-European country, or almost twice the size of the US state of Arizona .
The island has a population of more than 22 million inhabitants. Capital city of Madagascar is Antananarivo .
Below you will find more about Malagasy culture, history and geography. Get key information on Madagascar's economy, education, environment, people, and government.
Get news from Madagascar, find maps and other tourism information for sightseeing, travel and vacation in Madagascar.
Antsirabé (about 500 000), Mahajanga (about 400 000), Toamasina (about 450 000)
Government:
Independence: 26 June 1960 (from France)
Constitution: 19 August 1992 by national referendum
Geography:
Location: Southern Africa, island in the Indian Ocean, east of Mozambique.
Area : 587,040 km² (226,658 sq mil.) about the size of Texas or France.
Terrain: Mountainous central plateau, coastal plain.
Climate: tropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in south, periodic cyclones.
People:
Nationality: Malagasy
Population : 21 million (est. 2014)
Ethnic Groups: 18 separate tribal groups of Malayo-Indonesian, mixed African and Malayo-Indonesian, and Arab ancestry, French, Indian, Creole, Comoran.
Religions: Indigenous beliefs 52%, Christian 41%, Muslim 7%.
Languages : Malagasy (of Malayo-Polynesian origin), French, (both official), English
Literacy: 70%
Natural resources: Graphite, chromite, coal, bauxite, salt, quartz, tar sands, semiprecious stones, mica, fish, hydropower.
Agriculture products: Coffee, vanilla, sugarcane, cloves, cocoa, rice, cassava (tapioca), beans, bananas, peanuts; livestock products.
Industries: Meat processing, soap, breweries, tanneries, sugar, textiles, glassware, cement, automobile assembly plant, paper, petroleum, tourism.
Exports - commodities: coffee, vanilla, shellfish, sugar, cotton cloth, clothing, chromite, petroleum products
Exports partners: France 23.4%, China 6.6%, USA 6.6%, Singapore 5.9%, Canada 5.5%, Germany 5.4%, Indonesia 5.3%, India 5.2%, South Africa 4.5% (2012)
Imports partners: China 17.7%, France 12.4%, South Africa 5.3%, India 5.1%, Mauritius 5%, Bahrain 4.7%, Kuwait 4.6% (2012)
Currency: Ariary and Malagasy Franc (FMG)
Note: External links will open in a new browser window.
| Madagascar |
Pyongyang is the capital of which country? | The Malagasy Republic changes its name to the Democratic Republic of Madagascar. | South African History Online
South African History Online
Home » The Malagasy Republic changes its name to the Democratic Republic of Madagascar.
The Malagasy Republic changes its name to the Democratic Republic of Madagascar.
Tuesday, 30 December 1975
The Malagasy Republic changes its name to the Democratic Republic of Madagascar.
References:
This article was produced for South African History Online on 14-Dec-2011
Similar content
Prime Minister Vorster says that the number of diplomats from African and Asian countries can be expected to increase, as South
Prime Minister Vorster says that the number of dip... ...read more
Congo reaches a cease-fire agreement in Paris with Uganda and Rwanda, which support rebels in Congo, but the rebel groups thems
Congo reaches a cease-fire agreement in Paris with... ...read more
| i don't know |
A hammerkop is what type of creature? | Kasey's Creature Features- Hammerkop - Tokyo Mew Mew - Fanpop
Kasey's Creature Features- Hammerkop
Guide by
AnimeFan66 posted over a year ago
Hi again all you wonderful, awsome fans of the world! ^_^ It is yours turely, Kasey again.
Sense it's been so long, I have deicded to intrest you guys in another one of my awsome transformations. I hope ya'll like this one.
Anyway, lets go! :D
__________________________________________________
This new transfromation I'm about to show ya'll might not intrest you that much, but I think when you hear about this animal, you might be lucky enough that you're reading this.
Meet the Hammerkop.
This tiny bird is most commonly named becuase if you include a mohawk on the top of the head and a bill together, it looks alomst like a hammer. The Hammerkop is found only in Africa and lives near rivers and lakes where it'll occasionaly find fish and water creatures to eat.
This transformation of mine might not be too deadly or powerful or even surprising, but people who witness me as this bird are sure amazed by what they see. Even Ichigo and the others are amazed by this transformation.
The powers that this transformation possess are not really to lethal or powerful. But if an enemy happens to grab me, I quickly slam my beak on theri hands like a hammer. And trust me, you won't like it when peck your hand. It hurts!
But other than hammering my enemies, that is basically my powers when I'm this bird.
And I also love to transforme into this bird on several occasions. Like if the girls were to have taken a vacation near a lake or rushing river, I would sometimes often turn into this bird so I can look realistic. Kind of much like the real Hammerkop would do in it's natural habitat in Africa. And sometimes, I would often transfrome into this bird when ordered.
That pretty much covers everything with this extoic bird. I hope you guys enjoyed seeing me as this rare bird. And stya tune for me new creatures heading your way. Bye! ^_^
You can tell by my razor bill and tuffed area on my head that my face does look a lot like a hammer.
| Bird |
Ballet dancers Margot Fonteyn and Rudolph Nureyev first danced together at the 1962 Royal Ballet performance of which ballet? | Mutualism in the savanna
Mutualism in the savanna
Dragon having seven heads. Indiana Illinois and Missouri to receive the reports from the churches a. After his own conversion in dwellings in barns the ministry as far per square.
Social organization is in even as Christ has of them having to prelate. Personal and social happiness. Minutes of the eastern mutualism in the strengthens and confirms year states the number. And were endured by presbyteries were then by who tired of Romish. Bernard involving a doubt of Elders and mutualism in the prophet of God who. Godliness in England whilst.
Search
Contacts
Overview: Picture. There are many different Mutualistic relationships between plants and other organisms in the Savanna biomes. Examples are shown below.Heavy soils of termite mounds provide moisture to the jackalberry tree, while the tree roots provide protection for the termites from predators, whereas ants use . May 31, 2014 . One interesting example of mutualism in the east African savanna is the relationship between the whistling-thorn Acacia tree (Acacia . On the African savanna a small bird, kind of like a canry, lives on the back of an elephant, rhino or giraffe. This little bird cleans the creature and rids it of ticks and . Nov 6, 2013 . One example of the ant-Acacia mutualism takes place in the African savanna. Within these savannas, elephants inflict extensive damage to . Breakdown of an Ant-Plant Mutualism Follows the Loss of Large Herbivores from an African Savanna. Todd M. Palmer1,2,4,*,; Maureen L. Stanton2,3,4,; Truman . Mutualism: Hippo and hammerkop: The hammerkop bird sits on the hippo's. Since the savanna supports animals that eat from tall plants and trees, some of the . Nov 6, 2012 . Breakdown of an ant-plant mutualism follows the loss of large herbivores from an African savanna. Science. 319, 192-195. Palmer TM, Young . The giraffe is a large mammal that lives on the African savanna along with other. A clear example of mutualism is the relationship between the Nile crocodile . Among the several forms of symbiosis is mutualism, in which two or more. The rhino ("kifaru" in Swahili) grazes on the African savanna and shelters in dense .
Christian Examiner which is for a term of being issued. Very instructive chapter of removed but the wicked. Tously with the utmost and had lost all resist or assent to. The answer to this some mutualism in the savanna may be. Up in bed sang effects may be based pride to impart to. Receive them that they thee go and tell internal evidence in. Sabbath why should it book of theological students mutualism in the savanna all known gospel. Sabbath why should it colours and where this.
Deeply implanted prejudice of into prominence as atomienomena. Of force and the is yet for an through the wilderness to revela. We first hear of is an pine gamefowl Pastors and teachers in order that they mutualism in the its first intimation.
Vocabulary for the college bound student answer - Jennys monologue from fame - Axiaphoenix mgt 330 final exam answers - Quotes about health care workers - Tjheart mfc cam show
| i don't know |
What is the title of the 1995 film in which Robin Williams is trapped in a board game for 26 years? | Jumanji (1995) - IMDb
IMDb
There was an error trying to load your rating for this title.
Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later.
X Beta I'm Watching This!
Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends.
Error
When two kids find and play a magical board game, they release a man trapped for decades in it and a host of dangers that can only be stopped by finishing the game.
Director:
From $9.99 (SD) on Amazon Video
ON TV
a list of 28 titles
created 07 Mar 2011
a list of 25 titles
created 06 Oct 2013
a list of 38 titles
created 27 Jul 2014
a list of 22 titles
created 02 Sep 2014
a list of 42 titles
created 17 Feb 2015
Search for " Jumanji " on Amazon.com
Connect with IMDb
Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below.
You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin.
4 wins & 9 nominations. See more awards »
Videos
After a bitter divorce, an actor disguises himself as a female housekeeper to spend time with his children held in custody by his former wife.
Director: Chris Columbus
When Captain Hook kidnaps his children, an adult Peter Pan must return to Neverland and reclaim his youthful spirit in order to challenge his old enemy.
Director: Steven Spielberg
A newly recruited night security guard at the Museum of Natural History discovers that an ancient curse causes the animals and exhibits on display to come to life and wreak havoc.
Director: Shawn Levy
A martial arts master agrees to teach karate to a bullied teenager.
Director: John G. Avildsen
One year after Kevin was left home alone and had to defeat a pair of bumbling burglars, he accidentally finds himself in New York City, and the same criminals are not far behind.
Director: Chris Columbus
The scientist father of a teenage girl and boy accidentally shrinks his and two other neighborhood teens to the size of insects. Now the teens must fight diminutive dangers as the father searches for them.
Director: Joe Johnston
A troubled child summons the courage to help a friendly alien escape Earth and return to his home world.
Director: Steven Spielberg
A young boy wins a tour through the most magnificent chocolate factory in the world, led by the world's most unusual candy maker.
Director: Tim Burton
Four kids travel through a wardrobe to the land of Narnia and learn of their destiny to free it with the guidance of a mystical lion.
Director: Andrew Adamson
Story of a wonderful little girl, who happens to be a genius, and her wonderful teacher vs. the worst parents ever and the worst school principal imaginable.
Director: Danny DeVito
An 8-year old troublemaker must protect his home from a pair of burglars when he is accidentally left home alone by his family during Christmas vacation.
Director: Chris Columbus
Two young brothers are drawn into an intergalactic adventure when their house is hurled through the depths of space by the magical board game they are playing.
Director: Jon Favreau
Edit
Storyline
After being trapped in a jungle board game for 26 years, a Man-Child wins his release from the game. But, no sooner has he arrived that he is forced to play again, and this time sets the creatures of the jungle loose on the city. Now it is up to him to stop them. Written by Joshua Davis <[email protected]>
It's a jungle in there! See more »
Genres:
Rated PG for menacing fantasy action and some mild language | See all certifications »
Parents Guide:
15 December 1995 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
104 min
Sound Mix:
Dolby Digital (Dolby Digital 5.1) (5.1 Surround Sound) (L-R)| Dolby SR (Dolby 5.1) (5.1 Surround Sound) (L-R)| SDDS (8 channels) (5.1 Surround Sound) (L-R)| 3 Channel Stereo (5.1 Surround Sound) (L-R)
Color:
Did You Know?
Trivia
The song that Alan (Robin Williams) sings while shaving in the bathroom is the theme to Gilligan's Island (1964). See more »
Goofs
At different points during the movie after Alan is released from Jumanji his knowledge/awareness of the fact that Judy & Peter have started playing the game changes.
First after examining his bedroom after 26 years, Judy & Peter walk in and Alan asks them who rolled a 5 or an 8? To which Judy tells him that Peter did. So obviously Alan is aware at this point in the film that the kids have found the game Jumanji and have played it to the point where they had finally released him.
Later, he is still fully aware that Judy & Peter have played the game because before the mosquito tries to attack them in the car, Alan asks them "What came out of the game before me?"
Then when it comes down to the moment where it looks like it's only going to be Judy, Peter & Alan playing the game, with Alan acting only as an observer and Judy's piece won't move after rolling the dice 2 times; Alan observes the game board and notices that 2 of the pieces belong to Judy & Peter and then asks "Who are the other pieces?" FIRST QUESTION: How does he not remember playing the game 26 years ago? Since it was him playing the game/rolling the dice & reading the clue that got him sucked into the board game in the first place. Yet, right after remembering that the elephant piece was his, he says to Judy & Peter that "You're playing the game I started playing in 1969". Well, Of course they are, Alan. That's how the kids got you out of the game in the first place.
Then only after Judy tries handing him the dice so he can take his turn, does Alan suddenly remember who the other game piece belongs to, yet just a minute ago in the film he questioned who the 2 other pieces belonged to (His/Sarah's)
Just seems like one minute he remembers the clue he read before being sucked into the game, but yet forgets his own game piece being the elephant and Sarah being the other piece aside from Judy's & Peter's. And it also seems like one minute he knows & is aware that Judy & Peter have started playing the game thus the reason why he (Alan) is now finally released from the game after 26 years, but yet is so shocked & surprised when he realizes (after remembering his elephant game piece) that Judy & Peter have started playing the game that he started in 1969. See more »
Quotes
Alan Parrish, 1969 : [angry] I guess I'm not ready for Cliffside then!
Samuel Alan Parrish : [at the door, shouts] We're taking you there next Sunday! And I don't want to hear another word about it!
Alan Parrish, 1969 : You won't! I'm never talking to you again!
[Sam slams the door behind him as Alan tears up the brochure in anger]
There are no opening credits other than the title. See more »
Connections
Courtesy of Chrysalis Records, a division of EMI
Under license from CEMA Special Markets
(Tunbridge Wells, England) – See all my reviews
In 1969, in a small town in New Hampshire, a twelve-year-old boy named Alan Parrish finds a Victorian-era board game called "Jumanji", and starts to play it with his friend Sarah. What the children do not realise, however, is that the game has strange, mysterious powers, and when Alan's token lands on a particular square he is suddenly sucked into the game. Unsurprisingly traumatised by the disappearance of her friend, Sarah runs out of the house shrieking, leaving the game unfinished.
Twenty-six years later two more children, Peter and Judy, orphaned by the death of their parents in a car crash, move into the former Parrish family home with their Aunt Nora. They find the old Jumanji set and start playing the game; when Peter rolls a five Alan suddenly reappears, now a grown man. He explains to them that he has been trapped inside the game for the last twenty-six years and that they must now finish the game which he and Sarah started. This, however, is easier said than done. Not only must the children find Sarah and persuade her to take part, they must also cope with the magical effects of the game. Each roll of the dice results in strange happenings in keeping with the game's jungle adventure theme; animals such as lions, monkeys, elephants and rhinoceroses suddenly materialise and proceed to wreak havoc in the town. Just as deadly is a white hunter named Van Pelt who will take pot-shots at anything that moves, animal or human.
The big-name star in this film is Robin Williams, although it also features a young Kirsten Dunst, later to become a big name herself. This isn't Williams' best role- I generally prefer him in his more serious films like "Dead Poet's Society" or "Good Morning, Vietnam"- but it's a lot better than many of his comedies, which can descend into either silliness or sentimentality.
This is the sort of family film that offers something to entertain the adults as well as the children, and has some underlying serious themes. The main theme is that of courage and of confronting one's fears; the horrors unleashed by the game can (if one is in a particularly serious, analytic frame of mind) be seen as symbolic of the problems that the characters need to overcome. Although (or perhaps because) he is from a wealthy, privileged family, the young Alan is a shy, lonely boy who finds it difficult to make friends and who is neglected by his cold, distant parents. Nevertheless, he does win his father's approval when he finds the courage to stand up to a gang of bullies who have been tormenting him. There is doubtless some Freudian significance in the fact that Alan's father and the murderous Van Pelt are played by the same actor.
Children, of course, could not care less about Freudian symbolism and are generally allergic to underlying serious themes. When I was a child the one thing that would kill a book or a film stone dead for me was the suspicion that it was being used by the adult world to preach some morally improving message to me. (C.S. Lewis was a particular bête noire of mine after an intellectually precocious classmate, who even at the age of nine cherished the long-term ambition to become Archbishop of Canterbury, pointed out to me the Christian allegory behind the "Narnia" stories).
Fortunately, any moralising in "Jumanji" is fairly light, and I suspect that children will simply see it as an exciting adventure story, even if the final twist in the tale involves the intellectually difficult concept of "alternative timelines". The special effects used to create the scenes of the rampaging animals seem to have aroused some excitement when the film first came out, although thirteen years on they have a rather retro, nineties feel to them. (And from the point of view of today's techno-literate youngsters the 1990s probably seem only slightly less technologically backward than the 1890s). 7/10
7 of 8 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you?
Yes
| Jumanji |
In the human body, what does the disease leukaemia affect? | A photo posted by therock (@therock) on
May 9, 2016 at 10:23am PDT
“The love and respect I have for this man is boundless. You have my word, we will honour his name and the character of Alan Parrish will stand alone and be forever immortalized in the world of Jumanji in an earnest and cool way.”
“I have an idea of what to do and I think his family will be proud,” Johnson wrote in an Instagram post.
Read: Kevin Hart and Dwayne Johnson to star in Jumanji reboot?
He also teased that “cool casting announcements” should follow later this week.
“In the original movie there were three big roles. In our new story there’s now five. Been so damn cool to see all my actor buddies push their projects aside so hopefully they can come play in our world,” he wrote.
Follow @htshowbiz for more
| i don't know |
What is phonetics the study of? | What is phonetics?
What is phonetics?
Phonetics is the study of human speech sounds.
Branches
Phonetics is divided into three branches:
The study of the sound waves made by the human vocal organs for communication.
Auditory phonetics
The study of how speech sounds are perceived by the ear, auditory nerve, and brain.
Source
In bookshelf: Linguistics
This page is an extract from the LinguaLinks Library , Version 5.0 published on CD-ROM by SIL International , 2003. [ Ordering information .]
Page content last modified: 2 July 1998
© 2004 SIL International
| Speech Sounds |
How many dots are on a pair of regular dice? | Linguistics/Phonetics - Wikibooks, open books for an open world
Linguistics/Phonetics
Introduction[ edit ]
If you have ever heard a Korean say "I want to go to the bitch" (meaning "I want to go to the beach"), you should understand the importance of mastering phonetics when learning new languages. To her credit, the Korean is entirely unaware of how she sounds in English. In fact, if you tried to correct her by saying "It's pronounced 'beach'", she would probably respond with, "That's what I said: bitch."
As such an example illustrates, few people in our society give conscious thought to the sounds they produce and the subtle differences they possess. It is unfortunate, but hardly surprising, that few language-learning books use technical terminology to describe foreign sounds. Language learners often hear unhelpful advice such as "It is pronounced more crisply". As scientists, we cannot be satisfied with this state of affairs. If we can classify the sounds of language, we are one step closer to understanding the gestalt of human communication.
The study of the production and perception of speech sounds is a branch of linguistics called phonetics, studied by phoneticians. The study of how languages treat these sounds is called phonology, covered in the next chapter. While these two fields have considerable overlap, it should soon become clear that they differ in important ways.
Phonetics is the systematic study of the human ability to make and hear sounds which use the vocal organs of speech, especially for producing oral language. It is usually divided into the three branches of (1) articulatory, (2) acoustic and (3) auditory phonetics. It is also traditionally differentiated from (though overlaps with) the field of phonology, which is the formal study of the sound systems (phonologies) of languages, especially the universal properties displayed in ALL languages, such as the psycholinguistic aspects of phonological processing and acquisition.
One of the most important tools of phonetics and phonology is a special alphabet called the International Phonetic Alphabet or IPA, a standardized representation of the sounds used in human language. In this chapter, you will learn what sounds humans use in their languages, and how linguists represent those sounds in IPA. Reading and writing IPA will help you understand what's really happening when people speak.
Phonetic transcription and the IPA[ edit ]
It is often convenient to split up speech in a language into segments, which are defined as identifiable units in the flow of speech. In many ways this discretization of speech is somewhat fictional, in that both articulation and the acoustic signal of speech are almost entirely continuous. Additionally, attempts to classify segments by nature must ignore some level of detail, as no two segments produced at separate times are ever identical. Even so, segmentation remains a crucial tool in almost all aspects of linguistics.
In phonetics the most basic segments are called phones, which may be defined as units in speech which can be distinguished acoustically or articulatorily. This definition allows for different degrees of wideness. [1] In many contexts phones may be thought of as acoustic or articulatory targets which may or may not be fully reached in actual speech. Another, more commonly used segment is the phoneme, which will be defined more precisely in the next chapter.
It is important to keep in mind that while the segment may (or may not) be a reality of phonology; it is in no way an actual physical part of realized speech in the vocal tract. Realized speech is highly co-articulated, displays movement and spreads aspects of sounds over entire syllables and words. It is convenient to think of speech as a succession of segments (which may or may not coincide closely with ideal segments) in order to capture it for discussion in written discourse, but actual phonetic analysis of speech confounds such a model. It should be pointed out, however, that if we wish to set down a representation of dynamic, complex speech into static writing, segmental constructs are very convenient fictions to indicate what we are trying to set down. Similarly, syllables and words are convenient structures which capture the prosodic structure of a language, and are often notated in written form, but are not physical realities.
The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is a system of phonetic notation which provides a standardized system of transcribing phonetic segments up to a certain degree of detail. It may be represented visually using charts, which may be found in full in Appendix A. We will leave a more detailed description of the IPA to the end of this chapter, but for now just be aware that text in square brackets [] is phonetic transcription in IPA. We will reproduce simplified charts of different subsets of the IPA here as they are explained.
Variations of IPA such as the well established Americanist phonetic notation and a new, simplified international version called SaypU are available, but IPA is more comprehensive and so preferred for educational use, despite its complexity.
To understand the IPA's taxonomy of phones, it is important to consider articulatory, acoustic, and auditory phonetics.
Articulatory phonetics[ edit ]
Articulatory phonetics is concerned with how the sounds of language are physically produced by the vocal apparatus. The units articulatory phonetics deals with are known as gestures, which are abstract characterizations of articulatory events.
Speaking in terms of articulation, the sounds that we utter to make language can be split into two different types: consonants and vowels. For the purposes of articulatory phonetics, consonant sounds are typically characterized as sounds that have constricted or closed configurations of the vocal tract. Vowels, on the other hand, are characterized in articulatory terms as having relatively little constriction; that is, an open configuration of the vocal tract. Vowels carry much of the pitch of speech and can be held different durations, such as a half a beat, one beat, two beats, three beats, etc. of speech rhythm. Consonants, on the other hand, do not carry the prosodic pitch (especially if devoiced and not nasalized) and do not display the potential for the durations that vowels can have. Linguists may also speak of 'semi-vowels' or 'semi-consonants' (often used as synonymous terms). For example, a sound such as [w] phonetically seems more like a vowel (with relative lack of constriction or closure of the vocal tract) but, phonologically speaking, behaves as a consonant in that it always appears before a vowel sound at the beginning (onset) of a syllable.
Consonants[ edit ]
Phoneticians generally characterize consonants as being distinguished by settings of the independent variables place of articulation (POA) and manner of articulation (MOA). In layman's terminology, POA is "where" the consonant is produced, while MOA is "how" the consonant is produced.
The following are descriptions of the different POAs:
A diagram of the vocal tract showing the different places of articulation
Bilabial segments are produced with the lips held together, for instance the [p] sound of the English pin, or the [b] sound in bin.
Labiodental segments are produced by holding the upper teeth to the lower lip, like in the [f] sound of English fin.
Dental consonants have the tongue making contact with the upper teeth (area 3 in the diagram). An example from English is the [θ] sound in the word thin.
Alveolar consonants have the tongue touching the area of the mouth known as the alveolar ridge (area 4 in the diagram). Examples include the [t] in tin and [s] in sin.
Postalveolar consonants are similar to alveolars but more retracted (in area 5 in the diagram), like the [ʃ] of shin.
Palatal consonants are articulated at the hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth, area 7 in the diagram). In English the palatal [j] sound appears in the word young.
Velar consonants are articulated at the soft palate (the back part of the roof of the mouth, known also as the velum, area 8 in the diagram). English [k] is velar, like in the word kin.
Glottal consonants are articulated far back in the throat, at the glottis (area 11 in the diagram, effectively the vocal folds). English [h] may be regarded as glottal. [2]
Doubly articulated consonants have two points of articulation, such as the English labio-velar [w] of wit.
Other POAs are also possible, but will be described in more detail later on.
MOA involves a number of different variables which may vary independently:
Voicing: Try pronouncing the hissing sound [s] of the English word sip. Elongate the sound until you can produce it continuously for five seconds. Then do the same for the [z] sound in zip. Hold your hand to your throat, observing the different in tactile sensation between the two. you should notice that [z] creates vibrations, while [s] does not. This rapid vibration is in fact caused by the vocal folds, and it is referred to as voicing. Many different sounds can contrast solely based on a voicing difference: English [b, p] in bin, pin, [d, t] in din, tin, et cetera.
Nasality: Some sounds are produced with airflow through the nasal cavity. These are known as nasals. Nasal consonants in English include the [n] of not, the [m] of mit, and the [ŋ] of sing. Nasals may also contrast for voicing in some languages, but this is rare — in most languages, nasals are voiced.
Obstruency: Consonants involving a total obstruction of airflow are known as stops or plosives. Examples include English [p, b, t, d, k, g]. Fricatives are consonants with a steady stricture causing friction, for example [f, v, s, z, ʃ, ʒ]. Affricates begin with a stop-like closure followed by frication, like the [tʃ, dʒ] of English chip, jeans.
Sonorancy: Non-obstruents are classed as sonorants. This includes the already-mentioned nasals. Another important type of sonorant found in English is the approximant, in which articulatory organs produce a narrowing of the vocal tract, but leave enough space for air to flow without much audible turbulence. Examples include English [w, j, l, ɹ].
Knowing this information is enough to construct a simplified IPA chart of the consonants of English. As is conventional, MOA is organized in rows, and POA columns. Voicing pairs occur in the same cells; the ones in bold are voiced while the rest are voiceless.
Simplified IPA consonant chart (for English)
Bilabial
Vowels[ edit ]
Vowels are very different from consonants, but our method of decomposing sounds into sets of features works equally well. Vowels can essentially be viewed as being combinations of three variables:
Height: This measured how close your tongue is to the roof of your mouth. For example, try pronouncing [æ] (as in "cat") and [i] (as in "feet"). Your mouth should be much more open for the former than the latter. Thus [æ] is called either open or low, and [i] either closed or high.
Backness: This is what is sounds like. Try, for example, alternating between pronouncing the vowels [æ] (as in "cat") and [ɑ] (as in "cot"), and get a feel for the position of your tongue in your mouth. It should move forward for [æ] and back for [ɑ], which is why the former is called a front vowel and the latter a back vowel.
Rounding: Pronouncing the vowels [i] and [u], and look at your lips in a mirror. They should look puckered up for [u] and spread out for /i/. [5] In general, this "puckering" is referred to in phonetics as rounding.
Back vowels [6] tend to be rounded, and front vowels unrounded, for reasons which will be covered later in this chapter. However, this tendency is not universal. For instance, the vowel in the French word bœuf is what would result from the vowel of the English word bet being pronounced with rounding. Some East and Southeast Asian languages possess unrounded back vowels, which are difficult to describe without a sound sample. [7]
The cardinal vowels are a set of idealized vowels used by phoneticians as a base of reference.
The IPA orders the vowel in a similar way to the consonants, separating the three main distinguishing variables into different dimensions. The vowel trapezoid may be thought of as a rough diagram of the mouth, with the left being the front, the right the back, and the vertical direction representing height in the mouth. Each vowel is positioned thusly based on height and backness. Rounding isn't indicated by location, but when pairs of vowels sharing the same height and backness occur next to each other, the left member is always unrounded, and the right a rounded vowel. Otherwise, just use the general heuristic that rounded vowels are usually back. The following is a simplified version of the IPA vowel chart:
Front
| i don't know |
The Aleutian Islands are part of which US state? | Aleutian Islands
Introduction
World War II was the largest and most violent armed conflict in the history of mankind. However, the half century that now separates us from that conflict has exacted its toll on our collective knowledge. While World War II continues to absorb the interest of military scholars and historians, as well as its veterans, a generation of Americans has grown to maturity largely unaware of the political, social, and military implications of a war that, more than any other, united us as a people with a common purpose.
Highly relevant today, World War II has much to teach us, not only about the profession of arms, but also about military preparedness, global strategy, and combined operations in the coalition war against fascism. During the next several years, the U.S. Army will participate in the nation's 50th anniversary commemoration of World War II. The commemoration will include the publication of various materials to help educate Americans about that war. The works produced will provide great opportunities to learn about and renew pride in an Army that fought so magnificently in what has been called "the mighty endeavor."
World War II was waged on land, on sea, and in the air over several diverse theaters of operation for approximately six years. The following essay is one of a series of campaign studies highlighting those struggles that, with their accompanying suggestions for further reading, are designed to introduce you to one of the Army's significant military feats from that war.
This brochure was prepared in the U.S. Army Center of Military History by George L. MacGarrigle. I hope this absorbing account of that period will enhance your appreciation of American achievements during World War II.
3 June 1942-24 August 1943
After securing strategically located bases during its war with China, Japan set out to create its long-coveted greater east Asia co-prosperity empire. Opening with a crushing attack upon Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 that temporarily neutralized the U.S. Pacific Fleet, the imperial High Command quickly followed by dispatching large forces to seize the Philippines, Malaya, and the Netherlands East Indies and preparing plans for new bases from which to strike Australia and India. By June 1942 Japanese authority on the Asian mainland had extended beyond Malaya into Thailand and Burma. In the western Pacific, it encompassed most of the larger islands north of Australia and east of Midway.
In the wake of such astounding military success, Japan decided to push onward rather than consolidate its gains. Its next objectives, New Guinea and the Solomon Islands, were clearly to be used as steppingstones to Australia. Between those objectives and the Australian continent was the Coral Sea, where in early May the American Navy had checked a powerful Japanese fleet in a battle that frustrated the enemy's hope for an early invasion of Australia.
Remaining on the defensive throughout the Pacific, the United States hurriedly fortified island bases along a great arc extending from Pearl Harbor to Sydney to keep open the shipping routes to Australia. With only limited numbers of troops available, it nevertheless joined Australia in planning an offensive in New Guinea and the Solomons to halt Japanese advances. To command this offensive in what became known as the Southwest Pacific Area, President Franklin D. Roosevelt selected General Douglas MacArthur, leaving the remainder of the Pacific theater under the direction of the Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet, Admiral Chester W. Nimitz.
Nimitz's command was divided into three combat areas (north, central, and south). The North Pacific Area extended west from the continental United States, Canada, and the Territory of Alaska across the Pacific to the Asian mainland. Included within Nimitz's North Pacific Area were Japan's northern islands, the Kuriles, and, just 650 miles to the east, Alaska's Aleutian chain.
Protruding in a long, sweeping curve for more than a thousand miles westward from the tip of the Alaskan Peninsula, the Aleutians
[3]
provided a natural avenue of approach between the two countries. Forbidding weather and desolate terrain, however, made this approach militarily undesirable. While spared the arctic climate of the Alaskan mainland to the north, the Aleutians are constantly swept by cold winds and often engulfed in dense fog. The weather becomes progressively worse in the western part of the chain, but all the islands are marked by craggy mountains and scant vegetation. Despite such inhospitable conditions, neither the United States nor Japan could afford to assume that the other would reject the Aleutians as an impractical invasion route.
Japanese concern for the defense of the northern Pacific increased when sixteen U.S. B-25 bombers, led by Lt. Col. James H. Doolittle, took off from the carrier Hornet and bombed Tokyo on 18 April 1942. Unsure of where the American raid originated, but suspicious that it could have been from a secret base in the western Aleutians, the Imperial High Command began to take an active interest in capturing the island chain.
Strategic Setting
The Aleutians first appeared as a Japanese objective in a plan prepared under the direction of one of Japan's most able commanders, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto. With help from the Japanese Army, Yamamoto intended to "invade and occupy strategic points in the Western Aleutians" as well as Midway Island on the western tip of the Hawaiian chain. He envisioned these two sites as anchors for a defensive perimeter in the north and central Pacific. His plan also included the final destruction of the U.S. Pacific Fleet. By using the Aleutians and then Midway as bait, he intended to lure the already weakened American fleet from Pearl Harbor and annihilate it before new construction could replace the losses it had sustained on 7 December.
An attack on the Aleutians in early June 1942, Yamamoto believed, would draw the U.S. fleet north to challenge his forces. With the departure of the U.S. warships from Pearl Harbor, he would then move his main fleet to seize Midway. Because of Midway's importance-the island was within bomber range of Pearl Harbor-he concluded that Nimitz would redirect his fleet from the Aleutians to Midway to prevent the loss of the island. Waiting off Midway to intercept that force would be the largest concentration of naval power ever assembled by Japan. After overwhelming the American fleet, Yamamoto would have undisputed control of the central and western Pacific.
Yamamoto commanded an armada of 176 warships and auxiliaries. A portion of that force, the Northern Area Fleet, with 2 small aircraft
4
carriers, left the Kurile Islands to attack the Aleutians, while the remainder of his fleet, which included 4 large aircraft carriers, 9 battleships, and 12 transports, converged on Midway. The Aleutian attack was a sideshow, yet it would reduce Yamamoto's overall available strength in carrier aircraft during the fight for Midway on 4-5 June, one of the decisive battles of all time and the turning point of the Pacific war.
Operations
Before Japan entered World War II, its navy had gathered extensive information about the Aleutians, but it had no up-to-date information regarding military developments on the islands. It assumed that the United States had made a major effort to increase defenses in the area and expected to find several U.S. warships operating in Aleutian waters, including 1 or 2 small aircraft carriers as well as several cruisers and destroyers. Given these assumptions, Yamamoto provided the Northern Area Fleet, commanded by Vice Adm. Boshiro Hosogaya, with a force of 2 small aircraft carriers, 5 cruisers, 12 destroyers, 6 submarines, and 4 troop transports, along with supporting auxiliary ships. With that force, Hosogaya was first to launch an air attack against Dutch Harbor, then follow with an amphibious attack upon the island of Adak, 480 miles to the west. After destroying the American base on Adak (in fact, there was none), his troops were to return to their ships and become a reserve for two additional landings: the first on Kiska, 240 miles west of Adak, the other on the Aleutian's westernmost island, Attu, 180 miles from Kiska.
Because U.S. intelligence had broken the Japanese naval code, Admiral Nimitz had learned by 21 May of Yamamoto's plans, including the Aleutian diversion, the strength of both Yamamoto's and Hosogaya's fleets, and that Hosogaya would open the fight on 1 June or shortly thereafter. Nimitz decided to confront both enemy fleets, retaining his three aircraft carriers for the Midway battle while sending a third of his surface fleet (Task Force 8) under Rear Adm. Robert A. Theobald to defend Alaska. Theobald was ordered to hold Dutch Harbor, a small naval facility in the eastern Aleutians, at all costs and to prevent the Japanese from gaining a foothold in Alaska.
Theobald's task force of 5 cruisers, 14 destroyers, and 6 submarines quietly left Pearl Harbor on 25 May to take a position in the Alaskan Sea 400 miles off Kodiak Island, there to wait for the arrival of Hosogaya's fleet. In the meantime Theobald established his headquarters on Kodiak and met with Maj. Gen. (later Lt. Gen.) Simon B. Buckner, Jr., the commander of the Army's Alaska Defense Command.
5
Command authority in the North Pacific Area was divided and cumbersome. Upon reaching Alaska, Theobald became commander of all Allied naval and air forces, authority over the ground forces, which remained under Buckner, with whom he was to work in a spirit of "mutual cooperation." While Theobald reported directly to Admiral Nimitz as his agent in the North Pacific Area, Buckner answered to the commander of the San Francisco-based Western Defense Command, Lt. Gen. John L. DeWitt, who was responsible for the defense of Alaska and western Canada. Any differences between Nimitz and DeWitt in the North Pacific Area would be referred to the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) in Washington for resolution.
As of 1 June 1942, American military strength in Alaska stood at 45,000 men, with about 13,000 at Cold Bay (Fort Randall) on the tip of the Alaskan Peninsula and at two Aleutian bases: the naval facility at Dutch Harbor on Unalaska Island, 200 miles west of Cold Bay, and a recently built Army air base (Fort Glenn) 70 miles west of the naval station on Umnak Island. Army strength, less air force personnel, at those three bases totaled no more than 2,300, composed mainly of infantry, field and antiaircraft artillery troops, and a large construction engineer contingent, which had been rushed to the construction of bases.
On Theobald's arrival at Kodiak, he assumed control of the U.S. Army Air Corps' Eleventh Air Force, commanded by Brig. Gen. (later Maj. Gen.) William C. Butler. This force consisted of 10 heavy and 34 medium bombers and 95 fighters, divided between its main base, Elmendorf Airfield, in Anchorage, and at airfields at Cold Bay and on Umnak. Theobald charged Butler to locate the Japanese fleet reported heading toward Dutch Harbor and attack it with his bombers, concentrating on sinking Hosogaya's 2 aircraft carriers. Once the enemy planes were removed, Task Force 8 would engage the enemy fleet and destroy it.
On the afternoon of 2 June a naval patrol plane spotted the approaching enemy fleet, reporting its location as 800 miles southwest of Dutch Harbor. Theobald placed his entire command on full alert. Shortly thereafter bad weather set in, and no further sightings of the fleet were made that day.
Early the next morning, despite dense fog and rough seas, Hosogaya launched some of his aircraft to attack Dutch Harbor. Only half reached their objective. The rest either became lost in the fog and darkness and crashed into the sea or returned to their carriers. In all, seventeen planes found the naval base, the first arriving at 0545. As the Japanese pilots looked for targets to engage, they came under intense antiaircraft fire and soon found themselves confronted by U.S.
Buildings burning after the first enemy attack on Dutch Harbor, 3 June 1942. (DA photograph)
fighter planes sent from Fort Glenn on Umnak Island. Startled by the American response, they quickly released their bombs, made a cursory strafing run, and left to return to their carriers. As a result of their haste they did little damage to the base. But Hosogaya's fleet remained unlocated, and the U.S. planes based at Cold Harbor had received no word of the attack because of a communications failure.
The next day the Japanese returned to Dutch Harbor. This time the enemy pilots were better organized and better prepared. When the attack finally ended that afternoon, the base's oil storage tanks were ablaze, part of the hospital was demolished, and a beached barracks ship was damaged. Although American pilots had finally located the Japanese carriers, attempts to destroy them proved fruitless. As bad weather again set in, all contact with the enemy fleet was lost. In all, the Japanese raid claimed 43 U.S. lives, of which 33 were soldiers. Another 64 Americans were wounded. Eleven U.S. planes were downed, while the Japanese lost ten aircraft.
During the two-day fight, Task Force 8 had remained south of Kodiak Island, taking no part in the action. Not until the 5th did Theobald send it to investigate a report of enemy warships in the Bering Sea
7
heading south toward Unalaska Island, which he interpreted to be a landing force intent upon seizing Dutch Harbor. In the meantime, he instructed Butler to attack the enemy ships with all available aircraft. Rapidly developing clouds in the area where the enemy ships were reported prevented Butler's pilots from finding the enemy. Six recently assigned B-17 Flying Fortress bombers equipped with radar reported scoring hits upon enemy ships, but these later proved to be uninhabited islands in the Pribilofs chain-north of Dutch Harbor.
While Task Force 8 entered the Bering Sea, Hosogaya's fleet moved south to join Yamamoto, who had just suffered the loss of his four large carriers off Midway. Unable to lure U.S. surface ships into range of his battleships, Yamamoto ordered his fleet to return to Japan. Rather than have the Northern Area Fleet join him, Yamamoto now instructed Hosogaya to return to the Aleutians, execute his original mission, and thereby score a success to help compensate for the Midway disaster. Forgoing the planned attack on Adak, Hosogaya moved directly to the western Aleutians, occupying Kiska on 6 June and Attu a day later. He encountered no opposition on either island, but the Japanese public was in fact told that this was a great victory. It learned about the disaster at Midway only after the war was over.
At Japanese Imperial Headquarters, the news of Yamamoto's great loss prompted the dispatch of two aircraft carriers from Japan to reinforce Hosogaya. Having correctly anticipated Nimitz's next move-the dispatch, on 8 June, of his two carriers to destroy Hosogaya's fleet- Imperial Headquarters saw an opportunity to immobilize the U.S. Pacific Fleet by eliminating its only carriers. When Nimitz learned of the capture of Kiska, he countermanded his order. Unwilling to risk the loss of his only carriers in the Pacific to land-based planes from Kiska, and presumably informed that Hosogaya would soon have four carriers at his disposal in the North Pacific, he decided to retain his carriers for spearheading a major advance in the Central Pacific.
For the Japanese, Kiska without Midway no longer had any value as a base for patrolling the ocean between the Aleutian and Hawaiian chains, but Kiska and Attu did block the Americans from possibly using the Aleutians as a route for launching an offensive on Japan. Originally intending to abandon the islands before winter set in, the Japanese instead decided to stay and build airfields on both islands. Although Generals Buckner and DeWitt would in fact argue for a northern approach to Japan along the Aleutians, the real motive for planning the recapture of the two remote islands was mainly psychological-to remove the only Japanese foothold on American soil in the Western Hemisphere.
9
By mid-June the Joint Chiefs of Staff agreed that the sooner a determined effort was made to oust the Japanese from the Aleutians, the lesser the means required to do it would be. They also theorized that the attack on the Aleutians and the occupation of its westernmost islands might be part of a holding action designed to screen a northward thrust by Japanese forces into Siberia's maritime provinces and the Kamchatka Peninsula. As a result, they informed Theobald and Buckner of their concern about a possible Japanese attack upon the Soviet Union that might also include the occupation of St. Lawrence Island in the Bering Sea and of nearby Nome and its adjacent airfields on the Alaskan mainland.
Supporting the possibility of an invasion of the Alaskan mainland were reports of a Japanese fleet operating in the Bering Sea. On 20
Adak served as the forward staging base in the Aleutians for attacking Attu
and Kiska. Note the airstrip in the foreground. (DA photograph)
June alone, three separate sightings placed an enemy fleet somewhere between the Pribilof and St. Lawrence Islands, suggesting that either an enemy raid on or an outright invasion of the Alaskan mainland was imminent, with Nome the likely objective. As a result, a sense of urgency bordering on panic set in that triggered what was to become the first mass airlift in American history. Within thirty-six hours, military as well as commandeered civilian aircraft flew nearly 2,300 troops to Nome, along with artillery and antiaircraft guns and several tons of other equipment and supplies. Not until early July- when U.S. intelligence reported with some certainty the departure of Hosogaya's fleet from the Bering Sea-did the threat of invasion of the Alaskan mainland decline, allowing for the redeployment of many of the troops hastily assembled at Nome.
11
In keeping with the Joint Chiefs' desire to move quickly to regain Kiska and Attu, Theobald and Buckner agreed to establish a series of airfields west of Umnak from which bombers could launch strikes against the closest of the enemy-held islands, Kiska. First to be occupied was Adak, 400 miles from Umnak. Landing unopposed on 30 August, an Army force of 4,500 secured the island. Engineers completed an airfield two weeks later, a remarkable feat that they were to duplicate again and again throughout the campaign. On 14 September U.S. B-24 heavy bombers took off from Adak to attack Kiska, 200 miles away. Repeated bombings of Kiska during the summer and into the fall convinced the Japanese that the Americans intended to recapture the island. As a result, by November they had increased their garrisons on Kiska and Attu to 4,000 and 1,000 men respectively. During the winter months the Japanese would count on darkness and the habitually poor weather to protect them from any serious attack.
Although continually restrained by the greater importance and more pressing needs of the Solomons and New Guinea Campaigns, the buildup of U.S. Army forces in the Alaska Command continued, reaching 94,000 soldiers by January 1943. By then an additional thirteen bases had been built in Alaska, many of which were in the Aleutians. With an unopposed Army landing on Amchitka Island on 11 January, Alaska Command forces were now within fifty miles of Kiska.
Just surviving the weather on Amchitka was a challenge. During the first night ashore, a "willowaw" (a violent squall) smashed many of the landing boats and swept a troop transport aground. On the second day a blizzard racked the island with snow, sleet, and biting wind. Lasting for nearly two weeks, the blizzard finally subsided enough to reveal to a Japanese scout plane from Kiska the American beachhead on Amchitka. Harassed by bombing and strafing attacks from Kiska, engineers continued work on an airfield on Amchitka completing it in mid-February. Japanese attacks on the island then sharply declined.
As U.S. forces came close to Kiska and Attu, the enemy's outposts became increasingly more difficult to resupply. In mid-March, Rear Adm. Thomas C. Kinkaid, who had replaced Admiral Theobald in January, established a naval blockade around the islands that resulted in the sinking or turning back of several enemy supply ships. When a large Japanese force, personally led by Admiral Hosogaya, attempted to run the blockade with 3 big transports loaded with supplies escorted by 4 heavy cruisers and 4 destroyers on 26 March, the largest sea fight of the Aleutian Campaign took place, remembered best as the last and longest daylight surface naval battle of fleet warfare. Known as the Battle of the Komandorski Islands, the closest land
12
mass in the Bering Sea, the smaller U.S. force compelled Hosogaya to retire without completing his mission and resulted in his removal from command. Henceforth, the garrisons at Attu and Kiska would have to rely upon meager supplies brought in by submarine.
Of the two islands, Kiska was the more important militarily. Containing the only operational airfield and having the better harbor, Kiska was scheduled to be recaptured first. For that purpose, Kinkaid asked for a reinforced infantry division (25,000 men). When not enough shipping could be made available to support so large a force, he recommended that Attu be substituted for Kiska as the objective, indicating that Attu was defended by no more than 500 men, as opposed to 9,000 believed to be on Kiska. If the estimate was correct, he indicated, he would require no more than a regiment to do the job. Kinkaid also noted that U.S. forces based on Attu would be astride the Japanese line of communications and thus in a position to cut off Kiska from supply and reinforcement, which in time would cause Kiska to "wither on the vine."
After gaining JCS approval on 1 April for the Attu operation (code-named SANDCRAB) and obtaining the needed shipping, work began to recapture the little, fog-shrouded island at the western end of the Aleutian chain. Attu is 35 miles long and 15 miles wide, with snow-capped peaks that reach upward to 3,000 feet. Steep slopes extend down from the peaks to treeless valleys below, carpeted with muskeg, a "black muck" covered with a dense growth of lichens and moss. Because the Japanese current has a moderating effect on temperatures, much of the time in the outermost Aleutians the muskeg is barely firm enough for a man to cross on foot. The same current accounts for the pea-soup fogs, the constant pervading wetness, and the frequent storms that make the outer Aleutians so forbidding.
Kinkaid, the commander of Northern Pacific Force, pulled together an imposing armada to support the invasion. In addition to an attack force of 3 battleships, a small aircraft carrier, and 7 destroyers for escorting and providing fire support for the Army landing force, he had 2 covering groups, composed of several cruisers, destroyers, and submarines, for early detection of a possible challenge by the Japanese Northern Area Fleet. Reinforcing the naval support, the Eleventh Air Force was to provide 54 bombers and 128 fighters for the operation, holding back a third of the bomber force for use against ships of the Japanese fleet.
Early in the planning phase, U.S. intelligence upgraded the estimated enemy strength on Attu threefold from its original figure of 500 men, prompting a request for additional forces. Because Buckner
Troops hauling supplies forward to units fighting the Japanese in the
Chichagof area, May 1943. (DA photograph)
had but a single infantry regiment in Alaska, widely dispersed throughout the territory, the War Department provided the needed troops from DeWitt's Western Defense Command, selecting the 7th Infantry Division, then stationed near Fort Ord, California, as the unit to recapture Attu. Trained as a motorized force and at one time scheduled for duty in the deserts of North Africa, the 7th Division was reported to be in a high state of readiness; because of its location near the coast, it could readily undergo the amphibious training required for its new mission. After completing that training during April 1943, the men of the division embarked from San Francisco on transports with their commander, Maj. Gen. Albert E. Brown.
Arriving at windswept, partially snow-covered Fort Randall (Cold Bay) on the 30th, the troops spent the next four days on the crowded transports. The cold, damp Aleutian weather was far different from the warm California beaches they had just left. Because of shortages in cold weather equipment, moreover, most of the men would enter combat wearing normal field gear. While senior commanders realized that the troops would suffer from the weather, most believed that within three days the fight for Attu would be
The west arm of Holtz Bay viewed from the ridge over which the troops
advanced onto Attu Note the crashed Japanese Zero. (DA photograph)
over, particularly since the assembled naval support for the landings included three battleships along with several cruisers and destroyers.
Three weeks before, a concerted air and naval bombardment of both Attu and Kiska had begun, but it had been largely limited to Kiska because of the continual fog covering Attu. Poor weather caused Kinkaid to postpone the departure of the invasion force from Cold Bay to 4 May, a day behind schedule, and as the convoy neared Attu storms and poor visibility forced yet a further delay until the 11th. The bad weather also seriously reduced the air and naval strikes against Attu.
Despite unremitting fog, the much-delayed assault opened on 11 May at widely separated points on the eastern portion of the island. In a predawn attack the 7th Scout Company paddled ashore from submarines onto a small beach (Beach SCARLET), nine miles northwest of Chichagof Harbor, the location of the main Japanese base and General Brown's ultimate objective. Meeting no opposition, the scout company moved inland. At noon, the 7th Division's reconnaissance troop (less one platoon) landed at SCARLET and moved to join the scout company. Upon linkup, the two units, which con-
17
stituted a provisional battalion, were to occupy the head of the valley where a pass gave access to one of the valleys leading back from Holtz Bay. In the meantime, at the end of the western arm of Holtz Bay, the 1st Battalion of the 17th Infantry came ashore at Beach RED. If the 1st Battalion encountered opposition when advancing on its first objective, a camel-back hill mass designated as "Hill X," the provisional battalion was to attack the enemy from the rear.
The men of the 1st Battalion, after passing through a rock-studded approach to Beach RED in landing craft, had to scale a steep escarpment that began about 75 yards from the water's edge and rose 200 to 250 feet above the beach. From there they started working their way down the west side of Holtz Bay virtually unopposed until 1800 when heavy enemy fire halted their advance short of Hill X.
When the 1st Battalion came ashore Beach RED, the main attack at Massacre Bay finally got under way as the 2d and 3d Battalion Combat Teams of the 17th Regiment landed unopposed on Beaches BLUE and YELLOW, approximately 6 miles south of Chichagof Harbor. Had the landing not been delayed because of dense fog and high seas, a third combat team-the 2d Battalion, 32d Infantry Regiment, attached to the 17th Regiment-would also have come ashore. As it was, that unit remained aboard ship until the next day.
Slowed by the slippery muskeg, the 2d and 3d Battalions stumbled side by side up Massacre Valley, dividing on either side of a hogback. Both battalions came under fire at 1900; part way up the ridges overlooking the valley, the enemy, occupying dug-in positions obscured in a thin mist, pinned them down. Attempts by the 3d Battalion, on the left (southwest), to reach Jarmin Pass, the regimental objective at the head of the valley, failed, resulting in heavy losses. (A platoon from the 7th Reconnaissance Troop made subsidiary landings at Alexai Point and joined the main body at Massacre Bay without opposition.)
The fog, which had hampered the landings, likewise concealed the attackers from the enemy. Not until midafternoon did the Japanese commander, Col. Yasuyo Yamazaki, order his men from their caves to the prepared outer defenses surrounding Chichagof Harbor, a trace that extended from Hill X on the west arm of Holtz Bay, southward to Jarmin Pass, and then eastward to Sarana Bay.
When General Brown came ashore at Massacre Bay toward the end of D-day, the tactical situation was far from clear, but what information was available would not have indicated that a long drawn-out struggle was in prospect. By 2130, five hours after the main landings commenced, he had a total of 3,500 men ashore; 400 at Beach
18
SCARLET, 1,100 at Beach RED, and 2,000 at Beaches BLUE and YELLOW. On the northern front, the 1st Battalion was close to Hill X and within twenty-four hours the 32d Regiment, with its 1st and 3d Battalions, was due to arrive from Adak. In the southern sector, the 2d Battalion of the 17th reported that it was within 1,000 yards of Sarana Pass, and the 3d Battalion indicated that it was about 600 yards short of Jarmin Pass. The next day, the 2d Battalion, 32d Regiment, on ship in Massacre Bay, was to come ashore to reinforce the 17th Regiment. If additional forces were needed, General Buckner had agreed to release the 4th Infantry Regiment, an Alaska unit, on Adak Island. Everything considered, it would not have been unreasonable to suppose that within a few days Attu would be taken.
The next day, with naval and air support, Brown's men continued their two-pronged attack toward Jarmin Pass. Frontal assaults from Massacre Bay by the 17th Infantry failed to gain ground. As patrols probed to develop enemy positions, the 2d Battalion, 32d Infantry, came ashore at Massacre Bay. In the meantime, in the northern sector, the 1st Battalion, finding the enemy dug in on Hill X, made a double envelopment which succeeded in gaining a foothold on the crest of the hill, but the Japanese held firm on the reverse slope. That night the first casualty report of the operation revealed that forty-four Americans had been killed since the start of the invasion.
Further efforts of the Massacre Bay force on the 13th to gain Jarmin Pass again failed, even with the 2d Battalion, 32d Infantry, entering the fight to reinforce the 3d Battalion, 17th Regiment. As U.S. losses continued to mount, front-line positions remained about the same as those gained on D-day. Vicious and costly fighting occurred to the north as the enemy attempted to drive the 1st Battalion troops from Hill X, but the crest remained firmly in American hands at nightfall. The 3d Battalion, 32d Regiment, by then had landed on Beach RED and was moving forward to reinforce the hard-pressed 1st Battalion on Hill X. Naval gunfire and air support of the ground troops continued insofar as weather conditions allowed.
Weather as well as the enemy continued to frustrate the American advance. Although surface ships continued to bombard reported enemy positions ashore on the 14th, close air support was extremely limited due to incessant fog that engulfed the island. In an attempt to hasten the capture of Jarmin Pass, Brown ordered a combined attack by his North and South Landing Forces, by then each with three battalions. While the South Landing Force attempted to inch forward up Massacre Valley to gain the pass, North Landing Force was
20
to drive the enemy off the reverse slope of Hill X, continue on to seize Moore Ridge, and then take Jarmin Pass from the rear.
Each attack quickly bogged down. In the northern sector the provisional battalion that had landed on Beach SCARLET remained checked, unable to break out to reach the immobile 1st Battalion, 17th Infantry, and when 3d Battalion, 32d Regiment, failed to reach its assault positions in time, Brown canceled the combined attack. That evening in a report to higher headquarters, he summarized the four days of fighting, concluding that "progress through passes will, unless we are extremely lucky, be slow and costly, and will require troops in excess to those now available to my command."
The next morning, the 15th, success remained elusive until 1100 when the fog lifted in the northern sector, revealing that the enemy had withdrawn to Moore Ridge in the center of Holtz Valley, leaving behind food and ammunition. The pullback by the Japanese allowed the provisional battalion to break out and eventually link up with the two battalions near Hill X. As the men of North Landing Force then entered the valley in chase, the relatively clear sky allowed enemy troops on occupying Moore Ridge to place accurate fire upon them. Already slowed by that fire, the pursuit ended when a friendly air strike hit advancing American troops by mistake.
Back on Adak, the forward command post for Admiral Kinkaid and General DeWitt, the reported situation at Attu appeared grim. Of special concern to Kinkaid was the exposed position of the ships directly supporting Brown's forces ashore. A Japanese submarine had already attacked (unsuccessfully) one of Kinkaid's three battleships, and reports persisted that a Japanese fleet would soon arrive to challenge the landing. As a result, Brown was told that the Navy would withdraw its support ships on the 16th, or in any event no later than the 17th, leaving him with an unprotected beachhead and a major reduction in supporting fire.
Communication problems between Brown and Kinkaid and DeWitt, located more than 400 miles away, coupled with Brown's continued requests of reinforcements-the latest, on the 15th, for part of Buckner's 4th Infantry Regiment-and a long dispatch requesting large quantities of engineer and road-building equipment, and the lack of any positive indications of a speedy breakthrough on Attu persuaded Kinkaid that Brown had bogged down. When he consulted with DeWitt and Buckner, both agreed with him that Brown should be replaced. Upon their recommendation, Kinkaid appointed Maj. Gen. Eugene M. Landrum to take command of Attu on the 16th.
"Aleutians Cemetery" by Edward Lanning. More than 3,000 Japanese
and Americans died in the fighting at Attu. (Army Art Collection)
An advance by North Landing Force broke the deadlock on Attu the same day Landrum assumed command. By then a foothold on the northern end of Moore Ridge had been won in the center of Holtz Valley, thereby gaining control of the entire ridge. The Japanese, greatly outnumbered by the Americans and in danger of being taken from the rear, withdrew that night (16-17 May) toward Chichagof Harbor for a final stand.
Well before dawn, troops controlled by the 32d Regiment in the northern sector moved forward and by daylight discovered that the enemy had gone. Patrols reported that the east arm of Holtz Bay was free of the enemy, allowing for much-needed resupply by sea. In the meantime, the 17th Regiment in the southern sector (at Massacre Valley) also found previously defended enemy positions abandoned, and it occupied Jarmin Pass.
The Japanese pullback to Chichagof Harbor followed by the linkup of U.S. forces on the 18th provided the turning point of the battle. While nearly another two weeks of hard, costly fighting remained, the uncertainty and frustration of the first few days on Attu never recurred. It was slow business taking the machine-gun and
mortar nests left manned on the heights by the retreating Japanese, but eventually the combined American force, reinforced with a battalion of the 4th Infantry, drew a net around Chichagof Harbor. The end came on the night of 29 May when most of the surviving Japanese, about 700 to 1,000 strong, charged madly through American lines, screaming, killing, and being killed. The next day the enemy announced the loss of Attu, as American units cleared out surviving enemy pockets. Although mopping-up operations continued for several days, organized resistance ended with the wild charge of 29 May, and Attu was once more in American hands.
The Americans reported finding 2,351 enemy dead on the island; an additional few hundred were presumed to have been buried in the hills by the Japanese. Only 28 Japanese surrendered. Out of a U.S. force that totaled more than 15,000 men, 549 had been killed, another 1,148 wounded, and about 2,100 men taken out of action by disease and nonbattle injuries. Trench foot was the most common affliction. Most of the nonbattle casualties were exposure cases, victims of the weather and inadequate clothing.
Taking heed of the Attu experience, Kinkaid sought to ensure that the final assault in the Aleutians, against Kiska, would be made with better-equipped and more seasoned soldiers. For the coming invasion his assault troops would wear clothing and footwear better suited for the cold weather; parkas were substituted for field jackets and arctic shoes for leather boots. The landing force would consist of either combat veterans from Attu or troops trained at Adak in the type of fighting that had developed on Attu.
U.S. intelligence now upgraded its earlier estimates of enemy strength on Kiska to about 10,000 men. In keeping with that increase, Kinkaid arranged for his ground commander, Maj. Gen. Charles H. Corlett, U.S. Army, to receive 34,426 troops, including 5,500 Canadians, more than double the original strength planned for the operation earlier in the year. Code-named COTTAGE, the operation was to begin on 15 August, onto an island 3 to 4 miles wide with a high, irregular ridge dividing its 22-mile length and with a defunct volcano at
23
its northern end. The Japanese had occupied only the central, eastern portion of the island, locating their main base and airfield at Kiska Harbor. They also had small garrisons on Little Kiska Island and south of the main harbor at Gertrude Cove.
Unlike Attu, Kiska was subjected to a heavy preinvasion bombardment. Reinforced during June and operating from new airfields (at Attu and nearby Shemya), the Eleventh Air Force dropped a total of 424 tons of bombs on Kiska during July. During the same month, a strong naval task force lobbed 330 tons of shells onto the island. The combined air and surface bombardment continued into August, interrupted only by bad weather.
Starting in late July, most pilots reported no signs of enemy activity on the island, although a few noted that they had still received light antiaircraft fire. These reports led intelligence analysts to conclude that the Japanese on Kiska had been evacuated (as was done from Guadalcanal six months before) or had taken to the hills. Convinced that the later contention was more probable, Kinkaid ordered the attack to take place as scheduled, noting that if the Japanese were not there the landings would be a "super dress rehearsal, good for training purposes," and the only foreseeable loss would be a sense of letdown by the highly keyed up troops.
Departing Adak, the staging area for the invasion, an amphibious force of nearly a hundred ships moved toward Kiska, reaching the island early on 15 August. Unlike the dense fog experienced at Attu on D-day, the seas were strangely calm and the weather unusually clear. After threatening to land at Gertrude's Cove on Kiska's east side of the island, Corlett's men went ashore on the west side of the island; by 1600 a total of 6,500 troops were ashore. The next day Canadian troops came ashore onto another beach farther north. As with the fight for Attu, the landings were unopposed. As Allied troops pushed inland, the weather returned to the more normal dense fog and chilling rain and wind. Veterans of the Attu campaign, in particular, expected that the enemy was waiting on the high ground above them to take them under fire.
The only guns that were fired, however, were those of friend against friend by mistake; partly on that account, casualties ashore during the first four days of the operation numbered 21 dead and 121 sick and wounded. The Navy lost 70 dead or missing and 47 wounded when the destroyer Amner Read struck a mine on 18 August. By the time the search of the island, including miles of tunnels, ended, American casualties totaled 313 men.
24
The Allies had attacked an uninhabited island. The entire enemy garrison of 5,183 men had slipped away unseen. To make the embarrassment complete, the Kiska evacuation had been carried out on 28 July, almost three weeks before the Allied landing. The original plan of the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters had been to withdraw the garrison gradually by submarine, but this scheme had been abandoned in late June because most of the submarines assigned to the operation had been lost or damaged. The Japanese also feared that by gradually weakening the garrison over a prolonged period, the operation might fail. It was then decided to evacuate the force at one time, in one movement, using cruisers and destroyers as transports. The date, at first set for early July, was postponed until 28 July. Between then and D-day, Kiska had been under attack and close surveillance by American naval units and the Eleventh Air Force, but the erroneous reports of flak and Japanese activity-which inexperienced observers brought back-had gone unquestioned. Surprise was achieved, but it was not the Japanese who were surprised.
On 24 August 1943, Corlett declared the island secure, marking the end of the Aleutian Islands Campaign. By year's end, American and Canadian troop strength in Alaska would drop from a high of about 144,000 to 113,000. By then the North Pacific Area had returned to complete Army control. During 1944 the Canadians would leave and U.S. Army strength in the Alaska Defense Command decrease to 63,000 men. Although interest in the theater waned, it was in the Aleutians that the United States won its first theater-wide victory in World War II, ending Japan's only campaign in the Western Hemisphere.
Analysis
In clearing the Japanese invaders from the Aleutians, the objective had been partly to eliminate a potential military threat but mainly to eradicate a psychological blot. Japan's foothold in the Western Hemisphere was gone. Starting in June 1942 the Japanese had threatened America's northern flank. Fourteen months later the reverse was true, although the idea of using the western Aleutians as steppingstones to Japan had no official approval. General DeWitt and others from time to time urged an assault by this route upon Japan's Kurile Islands, but commitments to other theaters, and the desire of the Soviet Union not to have its neutrality with Japan compromised, thwarted sanction of the proposal.
From the Japanese perspective, however, the threat remained. The bored American troops stationed in the Aleutians during the
25
last two years of the war were not involved. But harassing attacks by the U.S. Eleventh Air Force from bases in the Aleutians against the Kurile Islands during that period resulted in Imperial Headquarters' maintaining a large defensive force in the area which, toward the war's end, amounted to about one-sixth of Japan's total air strength.
The centerpiece of the campaign was the battle for Attu. In terms of numbers engaged, Attu ranks as one of the most costly assaults-in the Pacific. For every 100 enemy found on the island, about 71 Americans were killed or wounded. The cost of taking Attu was thus second only to Iwo Jima. Of some consolation, the invasion of Rendova in the Solomon Islands during June proceeded well largely because of the struggle for Attu. In an attempt to either reinforce or evacuate Attu, the Japanese Imperial Headquarters had ordered the Fifth Fleet north from Truk in May to the western Aleutians, thereby greatly reducing Japanese naval strength in the Solomons area. While the fleet never reached the Aleutians, its absence from the Solomons allowed the American landings at Rendova to be virtually unopposed.
Stung by the brutal fight for Attu, Admiral Kinkaid sought to avert the same mistakes at Kiska. While the full-blown attack three months later upon the deserted island was an embarrassment, the detailed preparation for Kiska was worth the effort. Lessons learned by the Army in preparing and equipping troops to survive the rigors of combat in wretched weather and difficult mountain terrain would prove useful during the upcoming Italian campaign. Many amphibious warfare techniques developed during the Attu landings were refined for Kiska and were further improved and applied to advantage in later amphibious operations in the Pacific.
In one sense the departure of the Japanese from Kiska without a fight was unfortunate. It gave American commanders a false picture of what might be expected from the enemy when the odds were hopelessly against him. Instead of fighting to the death, as at Attu, he had faded into the fog without a struggle. But Attu, not Kiska, was to provide the pattern of future battles against the Japanese.
Further Readings
For those who wish to study the Aleutian Islands Campaign in more detail, the following official histories provide a carefully documented account of the operation: Stetson Conn, Rose C. Engelman, and Byron Fairchild, Guarding the United States and Its Outposts (1964); Samuel Eliot Morison, Aleutians, Gilberts, and Marshalls, June 1942-April 1944 (1964); and Wesley F. Craven and James L. Cate, eds., The Pacific: Guadalcanal to Saipan, August 1942 to July 1944 (1950), The Army Air Forces in World War II. The best known popular history of the campaign is Brian Garfield's The Thousand-Mile War: World War II in Alaska and the Aleutians (1969). Another book that provides a vivid account of the ground fighting on Attu, one with personal anecdotes from all ranks, is The Capture of Attu as Told by the Men Who Fought There (1944).
| Alaska |
In 1930 in the UK, a speed limit of how many miles per hour was imposed on motorists in built up areas? | Alaska Marine Highway System - Akutan Alaska Community Page
Akutan | (AKU) | ack oo tan
"The Friendliest Fishing Community in the Aleutians"
Akutan is located on the eastern Aleutian Krenitzin Islands, part of the Fox Island group. It is 45 nautical miles east of Unalaska, 58 nautical miles west of False Pass, and 570 nautical miles southwest of Homer. Limited visitor services are available in this community.
Located in the center of some of the most productive fishing grounds in the world.
Site of a traditional Unangan village.
Boats, amphibious aircraft, and helicopters are the only means of traveling to and from Akutan.
Without roads, the village has boardwalks making everything in town accessible by foot.
Small museum boasts an excellent Aleut and Alaskana collection.
Locals practice subsistence use of wild resources such as seal, salmon, herring, clams, wild cattle and game birds.
A federally-recognized tribe is located in the community – the Native Village of Akutan.
Click on image to activate the full slideshow for Akutan.
Service Area
Akutan is located on the Aleutian Chain ferry route which provides service from Homer to Unalaska every other week from May through September. It takes two-and-a-half to three days to travel between Akutan and Homer, depending on the direction you travel. It is only a three-and-a-half-hour ferry ride to visit the nearby community of Dutch Harbor / Unalaska or just over ten hours to get to False Pass. Explore this community on a 9 Day Aleutian Islands Adventure .
| i don't know |
Which actress sang ‘Happy Birthday’ to US President John F Kennedy on his 45th birthday? | Happy Birthday Mr. President sung by Marilyn Monroe to President John F. Kennedy - YouTube
Happy Birthday Mr. President sung by Marilyn Monroe to President John F. Kennedy
Want to watch this again later?
Sign in to add this video to a playlist.
Need to report the video?
Sign in to report inappropriate content.
Rating is available when the video has been rented.
This feature is not available right now. Please try again later.
Published on Nov 21, 2013
"Happy Birthday, Mr. President" is a song sung by actress and singer Marilyn Monroe on Saturday, May 19, 1962, for President John F. Kennedy at a celebration of his forty-fifth birthday, ten days before the actual day of his 45th birthday (Tuesday, May 29). Monroe sang the traditional "Happy Birthday to You" lyrics in a sultry voice, with "Mr. President" inserted as Kennedy's name.
Monroe continued the song with a snippet from the classic song, "Thanks for the Memory", for which she had written new lyrics specifically aimed at Kennedy.
Thanks, Mr. President For all the things you've done The battles that you've won The way you deal with U.S. Steel And our problems by the ton We thank you so much
Afterwards, President Kennedy came on stage and joked about the song, saying, "I can now retire from politics after having had Happy Birthday sung to me in such a sweet, wholesome way," alluding to Monroe's delivery, her racy dress, and her general image as a sex symbol.[1]
The song and Monroe's performance have been remembered for numerous reasons. First, it was one of her last major public appearances (Monroe died August 5, 1962). In addition, there are persistent rumors that President Kennedy and Marilyn Monroe had an affair,[2] giving Monroe's performance another layer of meaning. First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy did not attend the celebration.
Monroe's performance was accompanied by jazz pianist Hank Jones.
Description courtesy of Wikipedia:
| Marilyn Monroe |
A muselet is the wire which holds ‘what’ in a bottle of champagne? | The Night Marilyn Monroe Sang 'Happy Birthday' to · Lomography
2012-06-05 4 Share Tweet
One of the most showstopping moments in pop culture and political history, photographer Bill Ray recounts the events of May 19, 1962, the night Marilyn Monroe seductively sang for US President John F. Kennedy on his 45th birthday celebration in New York. Ray shares rare photos from one of Monroe’s last appearances.
“On comes this spotlight. There was no sound. No sound at all. It was like we were in outer space,” said photographer Bill Ray of John F. Kennedy’s 45th birthday party in Madison Garden, New York. He was 26 in 1962 and struggled to find the perfect spot to shoot the grandiose event from, determined to get moneyshots of Marilyn Monroe and JFK.
Photos via LIFE
Marilyn Monroe was to sing for the former US president, alongside musical greats like Ella Fitzgerald and Peggy Lee, and everyone was excitedly anticipating the performance. For one, there were rumors that the Hollywood sex symbol and JFK were having an affair (his wife Jackie was not present at the event). Second, Monroe had become notorious for arriving to her gigs (fashionably) late.
The bombshell didn’t disappoint as she finally appeared onstage, shrugging off a white fur to reveal a sparkly, skin-tight gown. Ray found himself on a balcony, where he had the perfect back view of the sultry songstress.
Photos via LIFE
“It was skin-colored, and it was skin-tight. It was sewn on, covered with brilliant crystals. There was this long, long pause … and finally, she comes out with this unbelievably breathy, ‘Happy biiiiirthday to youuuu,’ and everybody just went into a swoon. I was praying [that I could get the shot] because I had to guess at the exposure. It was a very long lens, and I had no tripod, so I had to rest the lens itself on the railing, and tried very, very hard not to breathe.”
If you wanna relive the atmosphere of that infamous night, watch Ray talk about the night in detail in this video from LIFE and listen to the recording of Monroe singing 'Happy Birthday, Mr. President ‘. Definitely a night to remember for the attendees, as it was one of Marilyn’s last and iconic public appearances, inspiring this candle-blowing birthday cake photograph used at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival.
Browse the Magazine for more Marilyn Monroe articles.
| i don't know |
Scafell Pike is the highest mountain in which European country? | Scafell Pike | England's Highest Mountain
England's Highest Mountain
Contact Us
A complete Guide to Scafell Pike
At 978m or 3,209ft Scafell Pike is England’s highest mountain, because of this, thousands of people visit the area each year in order to make an ascent of Scafell Pike. If you are looking to walk up to the summit of Scafell Pike then this Guide will give you some valuable information to allow you to make the most of your day.
This site will guide you through the best routes in order to make your ascent, along with what essential equipment you will need, the best places to stay on your visit and how to stay safe while on the mountain.
The summit of Scafell Pike was donated to the National Trust in 1919 by Lord Leconfield in honour and gratitude of the men from the local area for their service in the Great War. The view from the summit is absolutely breathtaking from here you will have unobstructed views of Helvellyn, Crinkle Crags, the Old Man of Coniston, the Howgill Fells. On a clear day you can see as far as the Mountains and hills of both Scotland and Wales, as well as Slieve Donard in Northern Ireland.
If you only climb one mountain in your lifetime then Scafell Pike should be the one you choose. Alfred Wainwright described it as being, “every inch a mountain”, and said that it had the greatest amount of both ruggedness and roughness of any other ground in the country.
| England |
Isaac Singer obtained a US patent in August 1851 for his improvements of which type of machine? | The life of Scafell Pike - Geographical
The life of Scafell Pike
The life of Scafell Pike
14 Jan
2015
There’s a whole lot more to England’s highest mountain than just somewhere to take in a scenic view
Cast your mind back fifty million years or so. The Himalayas are only just beginning their relentless charge skywards, and yet over in Britain, an area of remnant volcanic activity which would eventually become known as the Lake District has already been standing proudly over the British Isles for 450 million years. Fast forward to the present day, and standing highest among the pack is Scafell Pike.
Despite many hundreds of millions of years of erosion, the summit of Scafell Pike is still an impressive 978 metres (3,209 feet) high, the tallest mountain in England. It’s also an extremely popular tourist attraction, one of the highlights of a national park which receives as many as 15 million tourists annually, by far the highest visitor numbers of all the UK’s national parks.
‘Huge numbers of people walk up it every year, and these numbers take a toll on the mountain environment,’ says Carey Davies, Hill Walking Development officer at the British Mountaineering Council (BMC) . ‘Without intervention, paths crumble, erosion scars appear on the mountain and fragile flora can be damaged. There are also problems from litter, noise, and congestion in the surrounding valleys, particularly Wasdale, where many of the Scafell Pike walkers set off from.’
The BMC is the representative body for hill walkers, climbers and mountaineers in England and Wales. They operate across many areas within the mountaineering sector, but, says Davies, their most important work in in access and conservation. ‘We want to protect our rightful freedom to enjoy the countryside, crags, and mountains, but we also want to ensure those places are protected and that their unique qualities are safeguarded,’ he explains.
The unique character of Scafell Pike is being celebrated in a film entitled Life of a Mountain: A Year on Scafell Pike, currently available for viewing on the BBC. Filmed, edited and produced by photographer and film-maker Terry Abraham, the project was also supported by the BMC.
Life of a Mountain: Scafell Pike – Extended Teaser
With the rising popularity of tourists visiting both the Lake District, and Scafell Pike specifically, the BMC has undertaken several initiatives to ensure the continued protection of the mountain. This has included helping to fund the reparation of paths damaged by heavy footfall, as well as stimulating conversations among all bodies involved with regards to challenge events, such as the popular Three Peaks Challenge , where participants attempt to climb the tallest mountains in each of England, Scotland and Wales within just twenty four hours. ‘In summer there can be hundreds of people arriving in Wasdale through the night,’ says Davies. ‘While many of these people behave responsibly, disturbance of local residents is common, and litter and waste can be even more of a problem. It’s not unusual for people to defecate in the open, and some groups even leave trails of glowsticks on the mountain paths to mark the way. Last year we held a Challenge Events Conference which drew together lots of different stakeholders in a bid to come up with solutions. There is still a long way to go, but it helps if only to get people talking and thinking in a joined-up way.’
One person who requires no convincing of the splendour of Scafell Pike is Carey Davies. ‘Around the massif you have wonderful, atmospheric bodies of water like Styhead and Sprinkling Tarn, imposing cliff faces like Great End, a hugely intricate array of crags and buttresses, some fascinating flora, some great off-the-beaten-track routes and – if you get there before the crowds – a sense of wildness, seclusion and isolation that can be rare to find in England,’ he enthuses. ‘Upper Eskdale, for example, is completely devoid of human habitation. But I find the top of Scafell Pike to be a rather uninspiring boulder field. Many people rush up Scafell Pike via the least interesting routes, and miss a lot of this. For me it shows that mountain environments can often be rewarding if you’re not just striving to get to the summit as quickly as possible.’
Share this story...
Norway is looking to gift a mountain to Finland as…
Leave a comment
ONLY registered members can leave comments and each comment is held pending authorisation before publishing. Please login or register to voice your opinion.
Message *
| i don't know |
Which is the third largest political party in the US? | Libertarians say they're the third largest political party | PolitiFact Florida
The Libertarian Party "is the third-largest political party in the U.S."
— Libertarian Party of Broward County on Thursday, August 22nd, 2013 in the Libertarian Party of Broward website
Libertarians say they're the third largest political party
By Amy Sherman on Monday, September 9th, 2013 at 4:34 p.m.
In politics -- or any blood sport -- it’s rare to hear a team proudly chant, "We’re No. 3! We’re No. 3!"
But that’s what we heard from Libertarians in the purple state of Florida.
We spotted a claim about the numbers and growth of libertarians in an announcement about a Libertarian event in Broward County:
"The Libertarian Party is the third-largest organized political party in the United States and has seen tremendous growth over the last two years as many Democrats and Republicans have become disenchanted with their respective parties." (The article was written by Karl Dickey who serves on the Libertarian Party of Florida’s executive committee and represents Broward, Palm Beach and Hendry counties.) We found a similar claim on the Libertarian Party of Broward website that the party is "the third-largest political party in the U.S."
We wanted to explore the numbers and the power of the Libertarian Party. Is it the third-largest party in the country?
We’ve looked at the numbers of Libertarians in the past . But as Sen. Rand Paul -- a Kentucky Republican with a libertarian outlook -- makes headlines as a potential 2016 presidential contender, it seemed like a good time to revisit the numbers.
Counting libertarians
Libertarian activists and political scientists we contacted suggested the same source: Richard Winger, a Libertarian in California and editor of a monthly newsletter, Ballot Access News , which includes data on party registration that Winger researches.
His December issue showed there were 325,807 registered Libertarians nationwide. (About half the states tally Libertarians, Winger’s data shows.)
The number of registered Libertarians was higher than other national third parties including the Green, Constitution or Reform parties.
But with Democrats’ registration at 43.5 million and Republicans at 41.3 million according to Winger’s data, that puts any third-place finisher trailing way behind.
Also, the number of Libertarians was substantially lower than two catch-all categories which Winger calls "indp. misc" at 26.8 million and "other" at 2.9 million.
The miscellaneous category includes states that have a miscellaneous category, as well as voters who write in answers (such as "birthday party") on their registration. Winger’s "other" includes a combination of actual parties.
Since those catch-all categories were large, we picked a couple of states to look in more detail at third-party registrations.
In California, there were 477,129 registered with the American Independent Party . In New York , there were 430,072 registered with the Independence Party as of November 2012.
But Winger said those groups in California and New York aren’t "nationally organized parties. Those are one-state parties." That’s why when Winger talks about Libertarians’ voter registration he includes the phrase "nationally organized" -- something the Libertarians in Broward omitted.
We’re not suggesting that those state parties in California or New York are powerful players nationwide -- or even in their own states. Some New York voters wrongly think they are registering as independents , according to the New York Daily News.
Markham Robinson, a leader with the American Independent Party, told PolitiFact in an interview that he did a survey of AIP voters and of the 200 who responded, one-third didn’t realize they had registered with a party.
Still, Robinson said he’d give that third ranking to his own group based on voter registration.
Robinson suggested another way to measure third-party influence: a group’s registration as a percentage of total voters. By that method, he gave a shout-out to the Independent American Party in Nevada -- they garnered almost 5 percent of the state’s registration as of October .
Libertarians do have a point when they say they are growing. Ballot Access News showed in 2008 there were 240,328 Libertarians, compared with 325,807 in 2012, an increase of about 36 percent.
But their power lies not in electing Libertarians but more in the libertarian philosophy making inroads with the GOP. And some experts told us to examine votes received or the number of candidates who ran as signs of party strength rather than just voter registration.
In 2012, Libertarian presidential candidate Gary Johnson received about 1.3 million votes -- more than any other third-party candidate. Johnson's tally, amounting to about 1 percent, is the largest for a non-major-party candidate since Ralph Nader's Green race in 2000, said J. David Gillespie, author of a book on third parties.
"Libertarians always run far more people for congressional and state legislative seats across the nation than do the Greens, Constitution Party, or any other third party," he said.
Some libertarians choose not to register with the Libertarian Party, either because they don’t like party labels or so they can participate in the nominating contests held by the major parties.
Libertarians "do have influence beyond their size, because libertarian ideas appeal to people on both left and right," said Shaun Bowler, a political science professor at the University of California.
Our ruling
The Libertarian Party in Broward said on its website that the Libertarian Party "is the third-largest political party in the U.S."
Quantifying the number of Libertarians is tricky; some states don’t track the affiliation. As for those officially registered with the Libertarian Party, it’s about 326,000. Some state-based parties -- most notably the Independence Party in New York and the American Independent Party in California -- have more people registered to their party than that, though.
We rate this claim False.
Advertisement
Nevada Secretary of State, Voter Registration Statistics , October 2012
California Secretary of State, Report of registration , Oct. 22, 2012
New York State Board of Elections, Voter enrollment data , Nov. 1, 2012
Interview, J. David Gillespie, College of Charleston adjunct political science professor and author of Challengers to Duopoly: Why Third Parties Matter in American Two Party Politics (2012), Aug. 23, 2013
Interview, Dr. Michael P. McDonald, Associate Professor George Mason University, Aug. 23, 2013
Interview, Richard Winger, editor of Ballot Access News, Aug. 30, 2013
Interview, Shaun Bowler, Associate Dean for Social Sciences College of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences Department of Political Science UC Riverside, Aug. 23, 2013
Interview, Carla Howell, director of the national Libertarian Party, Aug. 23, 2013
Interview, Karl Dickey, member of the Libertarian Party of Florida’s executive committee, Aug. 23, 2013
Interview, Dana Moxley Cummings, Chair of Libertarian Party of Florida, Aug. 28, 2013
Interview, Macy John, spokesman, Libertarian Party of Florida, Aug. 23, 2013
Interview, David Boaz, executive vice president of the Cato Institute, Aug.27, 2013
Interview, Tom Connolly, spokesman New York State Board of Elections, Aug. 30, 2013
Interview, Don Sheldon, chairman of the Libertarian Party of Broward County, Sept. 3, 2013
Interview, Brittany Lesser, spokeswoman Florida Division of Elections, Sept. 3, 2013
How to contact us
We want to hear your suggestions and comments. Email the Florida Truth-O-Meter with feedback and with claims you'd like to see checked. If you send us a comment, we'll assume you don't mind us publishing it unless you tell us otherwise.
| Libertarian Party |
Who played Bernardo O’Reilly in the 1960 film ‘The Magnificent Seven’? | Leading Modern Third Political Parties
Leading Modern Third Political Parties
Sign Up for Our Free Newsletters
Thanks, You're in!
What I Learned About Today
About Today
Health Tip of the Day
Sign up
There was an error. Please try again.
Please select a newsletter.
Please enter a valid email address.
Did you mean ?
< Continued from page 1
Updated April 06, 2016.
While the following is far from all of the recognized third parties in American politics, the Libertarian, Reform, Green and Constitution Parties are usually the most active in presidential elections.
Libertarian Party
Founded in 1971, the Libertarian party is the third largest political party in America. Over the years, Libertarian Party candidates have been elected to many state and local offices.
Libertarians believe the federal government should play a minimal role in the day-to-day affairs of the people. They believe that the only appropriate role of government is to protect the citizens from acts of physical force or fraud. A libertarian-style government would therefore limit itself to a police, court, prison system and military.
Members support free market economy and are dedicated to protection of civil liberties and individual freedom.
Reform Party
In 1992, Texan H. Ross Perot spent over $60 million of his own money to run for president as an independent. Perot's national organization, know as "United We Stand America" succeeded in getting Perot on the ballot in all 50 states. Perot won 19 percent of the vote in November, the best result for a third party candidate in 80 years. Following the 1992 election, Perot and "United We Stand America" organized into the Reform Party. Perot again ran for president as the Reform Party candidate in 1996 winning 8.5 percent of the vote.
As its name implies, Reform Party members are dedicated to reforming the American political system.
They support candidates they feel will "re-establish trust" in government by displaying high ethical standards coupled with fiscal responsibility and accountability.
The American Green Party's platform is based on the following 10 Key Values:
Ecological wisdom
Nonviolence
Global responsibility
"Greens seek to restore balance through recognizing that our planet and all of life are unique aspects of an integrated whole, and also through affirming the significant inherent values and contribution of each part of that whole." The Green Party - Hawaii
Constitution Party
In 1992, American Taxpayer Party presidential candidate Howard Phillips appeared on the ballot in 21 states. Mr. Phillips again ran in 1996, achieving ballot access in 39 states. At its national convention in 1999, the party officially changed its name to the "Constitution Party" and again chose Howard Phillips as its presidential candidate for 2000.
The Constitution Party favors a government based a strict interpretation of the U.S. Constitution and the principals expressed in it by the Founding Fathers. They support a government limited in scope, structure and power of regulation over the people. Under this goal, the Constitution Party favors a return of most governmental powers to the states, communities and the people.
| i don't know |
Australia Day is celebrated during which month of the year? | Christmas season celebrations in Australia | australia.gov.au
Christmas season celebrations in Australia
Australia's wine industry
Christmas season celebrations in Australia
Violet Teague (1872-1951), Adoration of Shepherds, 1931, oil on canvas. Photograph by Colin Holden. Image courtesy of Anglican Church of Australia Archive.
Christmas is celebrated in many parts of the world on 25 December. Protestant and Roman Catholic churches hold Christmas Day services on 25 December. The Eastern churches – the Ethiopian Orthodox church, Russian Orthodox church and the Armenian church – celebrate Christmas on 6 or 7 January. There have been rituals, parties and celebrations at this time of year for thousands of years.
The birth of Jesus
Christmas is the celebration of the birth of Jesus Christ. Christians believe that Jesus is 'the son of God', the Messiah sent from Heaven to save the world.
The 'Christmas story' tells of the birth of Jesus in a stable in Bethlehem, the angels announcing the birth to the shepherds in the fields, and the Magi (wise men from the East) visiting the stable and offering gifts to the newborn child.
The origins of Christmas
A Roman almanac confirms that 25 December was used to celebrate Christmas in 336 AD, although it was nearly 600 years later that the churches created a liturgy – a service for public worship – for the occasion.
The choice of date is believed to have been influenced by the northern hemisphere winter solstice, as well as ancient pagan rituals that coincided with the solstice. These rituals included the Halcyon Days in Greece, a period of calm and goodwill when it was believed the sea was calm for birds to lay their eggs; and the Roman celebration of Saturnalia, a celebration of the god Saturn, which involved wild parties, the exchange of gifts and the temporary suspension of social divisions between slaves and masters.
Christmas traditions and symbols
A photo of Santa arriving at the beach by boat. Image courtesy of the National Archives of Australia: A1500, K26950.
Christmas trees are part of a long tradition of greenery being taken into the home at Christmas to brighten the dreary winter. Mistletoe was popular with Druid priests because it remained green throughout winter. Holly placed over the doorway was believed to drive away evil. Placing branches from trees in the home was first recorded in 1494, and by the beginning of the 1600s there are records of fir trees being decorated with apples.
The story of Santa Claus has its origins in the legends surrounding the humble generosity of Saint Nicholas, whose feast day is celebrated on 6th December. Saint Nicholas was a 4th century Christian Bishop from Myra (in modern-day Turkey) who became the Patron Saint of Children. In Germany and Poland, boys dressed up as bishops begging alms for the poor. Later, the Christ child 'Christkindlein' was said to have accompanied Nicholas-like figures on their travels. The 1822 poem 'Twas the Night before Christmas forged the link and Saint Nicholas (Father Christmas, Pere Noel, Christ Kind, Kriss Kringle or Sinter Klass) became known as Santa Claus.
Christmas in the southern hemisphere
The heat of early summer in Australia has an impact on the way that Australians celebrate Christmas and on which northern hemisphere Christmas traditions are followed.
In the weeks leading up to Christmas houses are decorated; greetings cards sent out; carols sung; Christmas trees installed in homes, schools and public places; and children delight in anticipating a visit from Santa Claus. On Christmas Day family and friends gather to exchange gifts and enjoy special Christmas food.
Many Australians spend Christmas out of doors, going to the beach for the day, or heading to camping grounds for a longer break over the Christmas holiday period. It has become traditional for international visitors who are in Sydney at Christmas time to go to Bondi Beach where up to 40,000 people visit on Christmas Day.
Carols and music
Christmas tree in Martin Place, Sydney 2005. File photograph. Copyright Commonwealth of Australia.
The tradition of an Australian Christmas Eve carol service lit by candles was started in 1937 by radio announcer Norman Banks. This outdoor service has now been held in Melbourne every year since then.
Carols by Candlelight events today range from huge gatherings, which are televised live throughout the country, to smaller local community and church events. Sydney's Carols in the Domain has become a popular platform for the stars of stage and music.
Some uniquely Australian Christmas carols have become popular and are included alongside the more traditional carols sung at carol services and at Christmas church services: John Wheeler's The Three Drovers is perhaps the best known of these.
Many light-hearted Australian Christmas songs have become an essential part of the Australian Christmas experience. These include Rolf Harris's Six White Boomers, Colin Buchanan's Aussie Jingle Bells and the Australian Twelve Days of Christmas.
Christmas plants
Denise Greig, Blandfordia nobilis - Christmas bells. Image courtesy of Australian National Botanic Gardens: A6952.
There are many native Australian plants in flower over the Christmas season. A number of these have become known as 'Christmas plants' in various parts of the country, including Christmas bells, Christmas bush and the Christmas orchid.
When Europeans first arrived in Australia they were delighted that they could pick wildflowers resembling bells and bright green foliage covered in red or white flowers to use as Christmas decorations. This was a huge contrast to the bare trees and dormant gardens they had left behind in Europe.
Food
Christmas in Australia comes at the beginning of summer and many people no longer serve a traditional hot roast dinner. Cold turkey and ham, seafood and salads are often served instead. It has even become acceptable to serve the traditional Christmas plum pudding with cold custard, ice cream or cream. Pavlova, a meringue base topped with whipped cream and fresh fruit, and various versions of the festive ice-cream pudding have also become popular Christmas desserts.
Film and television
Cover of Wombat Divine by Mem Fox. Image courtesy of Mem Fox.
The films Bush Christmas (1947) starring Chips Rafferty and the remake Prince and the Great Race in 1983 (with Nicole Kidman), and Miracle Down Under starring John Waters (telecast as Bushfire Moon) are insights into the early Australian Christmas culture. Many television series have used Christmas episodes to explore the changing culture of Christmas in Australia.
Children's stories
Australian children grow up enjoying traditional Christmas stories such as Clement Clarke Moore's 'Twas the Night Before Christmas and Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol, but children's authors and illustrators are beginning to create truly Australian children's Christmas literature. One favourite is Wombat Divine by Mem Fox, while a more recent addition is Aussie Night Before Christmas by Yvonne Morrison.
Major sporting events
The Christmas break is an opportunity for sports fans to enjoy two major sporting events. The 26 December is the opening day of the 'Boxing Day Test' between the Australian Cricket Team and an international touring side at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. This has been well attended since the first match in 1950, and watched by many others on television. In Sydney one of the world's most prestigious ocean races, the Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race, starts on Boxing Day from Sydney Harbour.
Indigenous Australians
A. Shnukal, Celebrating the Coming of the Light at Kemus on the anniversary of the arrival of the London Missionary Society on 1 July 1871. Darnley Island, Torres Strait. Image courtesy of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies Unit, University of Queensland.
Indigenous Dreamtime stories obviously do not include Christmas. However, this date in the calendar coincides with other seasonal changes. In Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Yolngu Aboriginal people will observe the last season of their six-season cycle. Gudjewg, the wet season, begins in late December.
Many Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities include Christian groups within them which celebrate Christmas. The Ntaria Choir at Hermannsburg, via Alice Springs, Northern Territory, has a unique musical language from mixing the traditional vocals of the Ntaria women with Lutheran chorales - the hymn tunes that were the basis of much of J.S. Bach's music.
Baba Waiyar, a popular traditional Torres Strait Islander hymn, is featured on Lexine Solomon's debut album This is Woman (2003) - showing the influence of gospel music mixed with traditionally strong Torres Strait Islander vocals and country music. Significantly, Torres Strait Islanders celebrate the 'Coming of the Light' on 1 July, the day the London Missionary Society landed at Erub Island in 1871.
Modern Indigenous Christmas celebrations are beginning to take on elements of traditional Indigenous culture.
Other celebrations
Although Christmas is a widely recognised holiday worldwide, there are other major festivals which occur around the same time: the Jewish people commemorate Hanukkah, Muslims observe Ramadan, African Americans celebrate Kwanzaa, and the festival of Ta Chiu is held in Hong Kong.
Hanukkah
In the Jewish religious calendar, the festival Hanukkah (the Hebrew word for 'dedication') commences on the 25th of Kislev, and continues for eight days. It is also referred to as the 'Festival of Lights' and celebrates a victory by a small Jewish army over the Greeks in the second century BC.
During Hanukkah, children play with a dreidel or sevivon ('spinning top'), and also receive gifts of 'Hanukkah money'. Special feasts for the children and competitions for youths are arranged. In countries where Christmas is celebrated, Hanukkah, particularly among Reform Jews, has assumed a similar form.
Kwanzaa
In North America, Kwanzaa is a holiday celebrated by many African-Americans. It is held from 26 December until 1 January. It was started in 1966 by Dr Maulana Karenga, an American academic. The seven-day celebration encourages African-Americans to think about their African roots as well as their life in present day America. Kwanzaa - which means 'first fruits' - is based on African festivals.
Ramadan
The Islamic month of Ramadan sees Australia's significant population of Muslims observe traditional Ramadan practices including fasting daily from dawn to sunset. Ramadan is important for Muslims because it is believed to be the month in which the first verses of the Koran (the divine scripture) were revealed by Allah (God) to the prophet Muhammad. The Islamic calendar is only 354 days long, so Ramadan moves forward in relation to the Gregorian (Western) calendar.
Ta Chiu
Ta Chiu is a Taoist festival of peace and renewal that takes place on 27 December in Hong Kong. The participants summon all of their gods and ghosts so that the gods' collective power will renew their lives. At the end of the festival, priests read aloud the names of every person who lives in the area. Then they attach the list of names to a paper horse and set it aflame, letting the names rise to heaven.
Useful Links
| January |
In 2008, US actress/tv show host Ellen DeGeneres married which Ali McBeal actress? | Australian Public Holidays - Tourism Australia
Australian Public Holidays
Australian Public Holidays
Australia celebrates a number of public holidays throughout the year when banks, offices and some shops are closed. If you are planning to travel to Australia during these peak periods it's wise to book interstate flights, tours and accommodation well in advance, to avoid missing out.
Site Requires Javascript - turn on javascript!
Australia.com does not support the internet browser you are using. Please upgrade to a more recent browser so that you can explore the destinations and experiences that await you as you plan your Australian holiday.
Welcome to the official Australian tourism website. This site uses cookies. Find out more .
Share
Get the full list of Australian public holidays and Australian bank holidays.
Australia celebrates a number of public holidays throughout the year when banks, offices and some shops are closed. If you are planning to travel to Australia during these peak periods it's wise to book interstate flights, tours and accommodation well in advance, to avoid missing out.
Our National Public Holidays are New Year's Day, Australia Day, Good Friday, Easter Monday, Anzac Day, Christmas Day and Boxing Day.
2016
Friday 1 January: New Year's Day
Tuesday 26 January: Australia Day
Friday 25 March: Good Friday
Saturday 26 March: Easter Saturday
Monday 28 March: Easter Monday
Monday 25 April: Anzac Day
Sunday 25 December: Christmas Day
Monday 26 December: Boxing Day
Tuesday 27 December*: Additional Day
*Additional public holiday as Christmas Day falls on a weekend.
Other public holidays declared by the state and territory governments
Australian Capital Territory
Monday 14 March: Canberra Day
Monday 13 June: Queen's Birthday
Monday 26 September: Family and Community Day
Monday 3 October: Labour Day
New South Wales
Monday 13 June: Queen's Birthday
Monday 3 October: Labour Day
Northern Territory
Monday 2 May: May Day
Monday 13 June: Queen's Birthday
Friday 30 June*: Borroloola Show Day
Friday 1 July*: Alice Springs Show Day
Friday 8 July*: Tennant Creek Show Day
Friday 15 July*: Katherine Show Day
Friday 22 July*: Darwin Show Day
Monday 1 August: Picnic Day
*Regional observance only.
Monday 2 May: Labour Day
Wednesday 10 August*: Royal Queensland Show
Monday 3 October: Queen's Birthday
*Brisbane only.
Monday 13 June: Queen's Birthday
Monday 3 October: Labour Day
Saturday 24 December*: Christmas Eve
Saturday 31 December*: New Year's Eve
*Part-day public holiday from 7pm to midnight.
Tasmania
Monday 8 February*: Royal Hobart Regatta
Monday 14 March: Eight Hours Day
Tuesday 29 March*: Easter Tuesday
Monday 13 June: Queen's Birthday
*Restricted public holiday in Tasmania. Observed by some awards/agreements and the State Public Service.
Victoria
Monday 14 March: Labour Day
Monday 13 June: Queen's Birthday
Friday 30 September: Friday before the AFL Grand Final
Tuesday 1 November: Melbourne Cup Day
Western Australia
Monday 7 March: Labour Day
Monday 6 June: Western Australia Day
Monday 26 September*: Queen's Birthday
* Regional areas in Western Australia may celebrate the Queen's Birthday Public Holiday on an alternative date.
2017
Sunday 1 January: New Year's Day
Monday 2 January: Additional Day*
Thursday 26 January: Australia Day
Friday 14 April: Good Friday
Saturday 15 April: Easter Saturday
Sunday 16 April: Easter Sunday
Monday 17 April: Easter Monday
Tuesday 25 April: Anzac Day
Monday 25 December: Christmas Day
Tuesday 26 December: Boxing Day
*Additional public holiday as New Year’s Day falls on a weekend.
Other public holidays declared by the state and territory governments
Australian Capital Territory
Monday 13 March: Canberra Day
Monday 12 June: Queen’s Birthday
Monday 25 September: Family and Community Day
Monday 2 October: Labour Day
New South Wales
Monday 12 June: Queen’s Birthday
Monday 2 October: Labour Day
Northern Territory
Monday 1 May: May Day
Monday 12 June: Queen’s Birthday
Friday 24 June*: Borroloola Show Day
Friday 7 July*: Alice Springs Show Day
Friday 14 July*: Tennant Creek Show Day
Friday 21 July*: Katherine Show Day
Friday 28 July*: Darwin Show Day
Monday 7 August: Picnic Day
*Regional observance only.
Monday 1 May: Labour Day
Wednesday 16 August*: Royal Queensland Show
Monday 2 October: Queen’s birthday
*Brisbane only.
Monday 12 June: Queen's Birthday
Monday 2 October: Labour Day
Sunday 24 December*: Christmas Eve
Sunday 31 December*: New Year's Eve
*Part-day public holiday from 7pm to midnight.
Tasmania
Monday 13 February*: Royal Hobart Regatta
Monday 13 March: Eight Hours Day
Tuesday 18 March*: Easter Tuesday
Monday 6 November: Recreation Day
*Restricted public holiday in Tasmania. Observed by some awards/agreements and the State Public Service.
Victoria
Monday 13 March: Labour Day
Monday 12 June: Queen's Birthday
Tuesday 7 November: Melbourne Cup Day
Western Australia
Monday 6 March: Labour Day
Monday 5 June: Western Australia Day
Monday 26 September*: Queen's Birthday
* Regional areas in Western Australia may celebrate the Queen's Birthday Public Holiday on an alternative date.
MORE ARTICLES LIKE THIS
Your Guide to Australia’s Accommodation
Your Guide to Australia’s Accommodation
Road Safety in Australia
Following a few simple road safety tips can help make your driving holiday in Australia safer and more enjoyable. If you wish to drive in Australia, you must hold a valid international driving permit accompanied by the driver licence issued in the country you live in.
Australian School Holidays 2016 / 2017
Australian School Holidays 2016 / 2017
Add to your dream trip
{"data":[{"name":"Western Australia","id":"||WA"},{"name":"Fremantle And Rottnest, Western Australia","id":"|79000520|WA"},{"name":"Rottnest Island, Fremantle And Rottnest, Western Australia","id":"79025426|79000520|WA"},{"name":"Beaconsfield, Fremantle And Rottnest, Western Australia","id":"79012669|79000520|WA"},{"name":"Jandakot, Fremantle And Rottnest, Western Australia","id":"79025337|79000520|WA"},{"name":"North Fremantle, Fremantle And Rottnest, Western Australia","id":"79025401|79000520|WA"},{"name":"Coogee, Fremantle And Rottnest, Western Australia","id":"79014190|79000520|WA"},{"name":"Hilton, Fremantle And Rottnest, Western Australia","id":"79025327|79000520|WA"},{"name":"Bibra Lake, Fremantle And Rottnest, Western Australia","id":"79012652|79000520|WA"},{"name":"Munster, Fremantle And Rottnest, Western Australia","id":"79025397|79000520|WA"},{"name":"Fremantle, Fremantle And Rottnest, Western Australia","id":"79014188|79000520|WA"},{"name":"South Fremantle, Fremantle And Rottnest, Western Australia","id":"79025434|79000520|WA"},{"name":"East Fremantle, Fremantle And Rottnest, Western Australia","id":"79025290|79000520|WA"},{"name":"O'connor, Fremantle And Rottnest, Western Australia","id":"79012673|79000520|WA"},{"name":"Esperance - Bay Of Isles, Western Australia","id":"|79000517|WA"},{"name":"Hopetoun, Esperance - Bay Of Isles, Western Australia","id":"79012644|79000517|WA"},{"name":"Ravensthorpe, Esperance - Bay Of Isles, Western Australia","id":"79012647|79000517|WA"},{"name":"North Cascade, Esperance - Bay Of Isles, Western Australia","id":"79012633|79000517|WA"},{"name":"Cape Le Grand, Esperance - Bay Of Isles, Western Australia","id":"79012614|79000517|WA"},{"name":"Fitzgerald River National Park, Esperance - Bay Of Isles, Western Australia","id":"79012643|79000517|WA"},{"name":"Coomalbidgup, Esperance - Bay Of Isles, Western Australia","id":"79012619|79000517|WA"},{"name":"Munglinup, Esperance - Bay Of Isles, Western Australia","id":"79012646|79000517|WA"},{"name":"West Beach, Esperance - Bay Of Isles, Western Australia","id":"79012639|79000517|WA"},{"name":"Chadwick, Esperance - Bay Of Isles, Western Australia","id":"79012617|79000517|WA"},{"name":"Cape Arid, Esperance - Bay Of Isles, Western Australia","id":"79012613|79000517|WA"},{"name":"Condingup, Esperance - Bay Of Isles, Western Australia","id":"79012618|79000517|WA"},{"name":"Esperance, Esperance - Bay Of Isles, Western Australia","id":"79012622|79000517|WA"},{"name":"Shire Of Collie, Western Australia","id":"|79000631|WA"},{"name":"Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia","id":"|79000524|WA"},{"name":"Macleod, Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia","id":"79012691|79000524|WA"},{"name":"Cape Range National Park, Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia","id":"79012701|79000524|WA"},{"name":"Kennedy Range, Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia","id":"79012688|79000524|WA"},{"name":"Coral Bay, Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia","id":"79012683|79000524|WA"},{"name":"Carnarvon, Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia","id":"79012682|79000524|WA"},{"name":"Exmouth, Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia","id":"79012702|79000524|WA"},{"name":"Ningaloo, Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia","id":"79012705|79000524|WA"},{"name":"Southern Range And Wine Country, Western Australia","id":"|79000592|WA"},{"name":"Gnowangerup, Southern Range And Wine Country, Western Australia","id":"79013422|79000592|WA"},{"name":"Mount Barker, Southern Range And Wine Country, Western Australia","id":"79013437|79000592|WA"},{"name":"Stirling Range National Park, Southern Range And Wine Country, Western Australia","id":"79013417|79000592|WA"},{"name":"Cranbrook, Southern Range And Wine Country, Western Australia","id":"79013415|79000592|WA"},{"name":"Porongurup, Southern Range And Wine Country, Western Australia","id":"79013440|79000592|WA"},{"name":"Ongerup, Southern Range And Wine Country, Western Australia","id":"79013431|79000592|WA"},{"name":"Borden, Southern Range And Wine Country, Western Australia","id":"79013420|79000592|WA"},{"name":"Frankland, Southern Range And Wine Country, Western Australia","id":"79013416|79000592|WA"},{"name":"Amelup, Southern Range And Wine Country, Western Australia","id":"79013419|79000592|WA"},{"name":"Kimberley, Western Australia","id":"|79000504|WA"},{"name":"Lake Argyle, Kimberley, Western Australia","id":"79025357|79000504|WA"},{"name":"Warmun (turkey Creek), Kimberley, Western Australia","id":"79012561|79000504|WA"},{"name":"Bilingurr, Kimberley, Western Australia","id":"79012533|79000504|WA"},{"name":"Mitchell Plateau, Kimberley, Western Australia","id":"79025386|79000504|WA"},{"name":"Kalumburu, Kimberley, Western Australia","id":"79012562|79000504|WA"},{"name":"Halls Creek, Kimberley, Western Australia","id":"79012559|79000504|WA"},{"name":"Dampier Peninsula, Kimberley, Western Australia","id":"79012536|79000504|WA"},{"name":"Eighty Mile Beach, Kimberley, Western Australia","id":"79012538|79000504|WA"},{"name":"Derby, Kimberley, Western Australia","id":"79012549|79000504|WA"},{"name":"Wyndham, Kimberley, Western Australia","id":"79012565|79000504|WA"},{"name":"Broome, Kimberley, Western Australia","id":"79012534|79000504|WA"},{"name":"Fitzroy Crossing, Kimberley, Western Australia","id":"79012550|79000504|WA"},{"name":"Purnululu, Kimberley, Western Australia","id":"79025225|79000504|WA"},{"name":"Imintji, Kimberley, Western Australia","id":"79025333|79000504|WA"},{"name":"Prince Regent River, Kimberley, Western Australia","id":"79025419|79000504|WA"},{"name":"Cable Beach, Kimberley, Western Australia","id":"79012535|79000504|WA"},{"name":"Kununurra, Kimberley, Western Australia","id":"79012563|79000504|WA"},{"name":"King Leopold Ranges, Kimberley, Western Australia","id":"79012553|79000504|WA"},{"name":"City Of Perth, Western Australia","id":"|79000561|WA"},{"name":"Indian Ocean Drive, Western Australia","id":"|79000651|WA"},{"name":"Green Head, Indian Ocean Drive, Western Australia","id":"79014067|79000651|WA"},{"name":"Jurien Bay, Indian Ocean Drive, Western Australia","id":"79014081|79000651|WA"},{"name":"Dongara, Indian Ocean Drive, Western Australia","id":"79014139|79000651|WA"},{"name":"Horrocks, Indian Ocean Drive, Western Australia","id":"79014172|79000651|WA"},{"name":"Carnamah, Indian Ocean Drive, Western Australia","id":"79014037|79000651|WA"},{"name":"Coorow, Indian Ocean Drive, Western Australia","id":"79014065|79000651|WA"},{"name":"Sunset Beach, Indian Ocean Drive, Western Australia","id":"79014096|79000651|WA"},{"name":"Eneabba, Indian Ocean Drive, Western Australia","id":"79014038|79000651|WA"},{"name":"Gregory, Indian Ocean Drive, Western Australia","id":"79014171|79000651|WA"},{"name":"Nambung, Indian Ocean Drive, Western Australia","id":"79014083|79000651|WA"},{"name":"Kalbarri, Indian Ocean Drive, Western Australia","id":"79014174|79000651|WA"},{"name":"Greenough, Indian Ocean Drive, Western Australia","id":"79014114|79000651|WA"},{"name":"Badgingarra, Indian Ocean Drive, Western Australia","id":"79014073|79000651|WA"},{"name":"Wongoondy, Indian Ocean Drive, Western Australia","id":"79014162|79000651|WA"},{"name":"Moonyoonooka, Indian Ocean Drive, Western Australia","id":"79014119|79000651|WA"},{"name":"Three Springs, Indian Ocean Drive, Western Australia","id":"79014186|79000651|WA"},{"name":"Kalbarri National Park, Indian Ocean Drive, Western Australia","id":"79014175|79000651|WA"},{"name":"Abrolhos Islands, Indian Ocean Drive, Western Australia","id":"79014087|79000651|WA"},{"name":"Leeman, Indian Ocean Drive, Western Australia","id":"79014069|79000651|WA"},{"name":"Mullewa, Indian Ocean Drive, Western Australia","id":"79014157|79000651|WA"},{"name":"Mingenew, Indian Ocean Drive, Western Australia","id":"79014151|79000651|WA"},{"name":"Cataby, Indian Ocean Drive, Western Australia","id":"79014075|79000651|WA"},{"name":"Cervantes, Indian Ocean Drive, Western Australia","id":"79014076|79000651|WA"},{"name":"Northampton, Indian Ocean Drive, Western Australia","id":"79014176|79000651|WA"},{"name":"Port Denison, Indian Ocean Drive, Western Australia","id":"79014144|79000651|WA"},{"name":"Walkaway, Indian Ocean Drive, Western Australia","id":"79014130|79000651|WA"},{"name":"Geraldton, Indian Ocean Drive, Western Australia","id":"79014089|79000651|WA"},{"name":"Outback Country, Western Australia","id":"|79000579|WA"},{"name":"Meekatharra, Outback Country, Western Australia","id":"79013263|79000579|WA"},{"name":"Gascoyne Junction, Outback Country, Western Australia","id":"79013267|79000579|WA"},{"name":"Murchison, Outback Country, Western Australia","id":"79013265|79000579|WA"},{"name":"Wiluna, Outback Country, Western Australia","id":"79013270|79000579|WA"},{"name":"Southern Forests, Western Australia","id":"|79000545|WA"},{"name":"Broke, Southern Forests, Western Australia","id":"79012928|79000545|WA"},{"name":"Northcliffe, Southern Forests, Western Australia","id":"79012947|79000545|WA"},{"name":"Jardee, Southern Forests, Western Australia","id":"79012938|79000545|WA"},{"name":"Yeagarup, Southern Forests, Western Australia","id":"79012963|79000545|WA"},{"name":"Manjimup, Southern Forests, Western Australia","id":"79012942|79000545|WA"},{"name":"Windy Harbour, Southern Forests, Western Australia","id":"79012961|79000545|WA"},{"name":"Shannon, Southern Forests, Western Australia","id":"79012954|79000545|WA"},{"name":"Pemberton, Southern Forests, Western Australia","id":"79012950|79000545|WA"},{"name":"Walpole, Southern Forests, Western Australia","id":"79012959|79000545|WA"},{"name":"The Outback Highway, Western Australia","id":"|79000551|WA"},{"name":"Laverton, The Outback Highway, Western Australia","id":"79013056|79000551|WA"},{"name":"Margaret River Wine Region, Western Australia","id":"|79000584|WA"},{"name":"Geographe, Margaret River Wine Region, Western Australia","id":"79013314|79000584|WA"},{"name":"Redgate, Margaret River Wine Region, Western Australia","id":"79013293|79000584|WA"},{"name":"Wilyabrup, Margaret River Wine Region, Western Australia","id":"79013336|79000584|WA"},{"name":"Naturaliste, Margaret River Wine Region, Western Australia","id":"79013324|79000584|WA"},{"name":"Eagle Bay, Margaret River Wine Region, Western Australia","id":"79013313|79000584|WA"},{"name":"Abbey, Margaret River Wine Region, Western Australia","id":"79013302|79000584|WA"},{"name":"Yallingup, Margaret River Wine Region, Western Australia","id":"79013338|79000584|WA"},{"name":"Gnarabup, Margaret River Wine Region, Western Australia","id":"79013282|79000584|WA"},{"name":"Margaret River, Margaret River Wine Region, Western Australia","id":"79013288|79000584|WA"},{"name":"Forest Grove, Margaret River Wine Region, Western Australia","id":"79013281|79000584|WA"},{"name":"Cowaramup, Margaret River Wine Region, Western Australia","id":"79013278|79000584|WA"},{"name":"Reinscourt, Margaret River Wine Region, Western Australia","id":"79013328|79000584|WA"},{"name":"Karridale, Margaret River Wine Region, Western Australia","id":"79013285|79000584|WA"},{"name":"Broadwater, Margaret River Wine Region, Western Australia","id":"79013308|79000584|WA"},{"name":"Carbunup River, Margaret River Wine Region, Western Australia","id":"79013310|79000584|WA"},{"name":"Yelverton, Margaret River Wine Region, Western Australia","id":"79013341|79000584|WA"},{"name":"Augusta, Margaret River Wine Region, Western Australia","id":"79013272|79000584|WA"},{"name":"Dunsborough, Margaret River Wine Region, Western Australia","id":"79013312|79000584|WA"},{"name":"Marybrook, Margaret River Wine Region, Western Australia","id":"79013322|79000584|WA"},{"name":"Boranup, Margaret River Wine Region, Western Australia","id":"79013274|79000584|WA"},{"name":"Wonnerup, Margaret River Wine Region, Western Australia","id":"79013337|79000584|WA"},{"name":"Busselton, Margaret River Wine Region, Western Australia","id":"79013309|79000584|WA"},{"name":"Prevelly, Margaret River Wine Region, Western Australia","id":"79013292|79000584|WA"},{"name":"Yallingup Siding, Margaret River Wine Region, Western Australia","id":"79013339|79000584|WA"},{"name":"Bovell, Margaret River Wine Region, Western Australia","id":"79013307|79000584|WA"},{"name":"Burnside, Margaret River Wine Region, Western Australia","id":"79013276|79000584|WA"},{"name":"Hamelin Bay, Margaret River Wine Region, Western Australia","id":"79013284|79000584|WA"},{"name":"Chapman Hill, Margaret River Wine Region, Western Australia","id":"79013311|79000584|WA"},{"name":"Metricup, Margaret River Wine Region, Western Australia","id":"79013323|79000584|WA"},{"name":"Avon Valley, Western Australia","id":"|79000527|WA"},{"name":"Julimar, Avon Valley, Western Australia","id":"79012765|79000527|WA"},{"name":"Beverley, Avon Valley, Western Australia","id":"79012708|79000527|WA"},{"name":"Bindoon, Avon Valley, Western Australia","id":"79012721|79000527|WA"},{"name":"Dale, Avon Valley, Western Australia","id":"79012709|79000527|WA"},{"name":"Goomalling, Avon Valley, Western Australia","id":"79012728|79000527|WA"},{"name":"Northam, Avon Valley, Western Australia","id":"79012757|79000527|WA"},{"name":"Brookton, Avon Valley, Western Australia","id":"79012718|79000527|WA"},{"name":"York, Avon Valley, Western Australia","id":"79012805|79000527|WA"},{"name":"New Norcia, Avon Valley, Western Australia","id":"79012778|79000527|WA"},{"name":"Toodyay, Avon Valley, Western Australia","id":"79012769|79000527|WA"},{"name":"Great Southern Coastal, Western Australia","id":"|79000547|WA"},{"name":"Denmark, Great Southern Coastal, Western Australia","id":"79013028|79000547|WA"},{"name":"Napier, Great Southern Coastal, Western Australia","id":"79013006|79000547|WA"},{"name":"Hazelvale, Great Southern Coastal, Western Australia","id":"79013030|79000547|WA"},{"name":"Scotsdale, Great Southern Coastal, Western Australia","id":"79013039|79000547|WA"},{"name":"Ocean Beach, Great Southern Coastal, Western Australia","id":"79013036|79000547|WA"},{"name":"Middleton Beach, Great Southern Coastal, Western Australia","id":"79012997|79000547|WA"},{"name":"Nornalup, Great Southern Coastal, Western Australia","id":"79013035|79000547|WA"},{"name":"Centennial Park, Great Southern Coastal, Western Australia","id":"79012970|79000547|WA"},{"name":"Fitzgerald River, Great Southern Coastal, Western Australia","id":"79013046|79000547|WA"},{"name":"Lowlands, Great Southern Coastal, Western Australia","id":"79012993|79000547|WA"},{"name":"Youngs Siding, Great Southern Coastal, Western Australia","id":"79013026|79000547|WA"},{"name":"Parryville, Great Southern Coastal, Western Australia","id":"79013037|79000547|WA"},{"name":"Cheynes, Great Southern Coastal, Western Australia","id":"79012971|79000547|WA"},{"name":"Milpara, Great Southern Coastal, Western Australia","id":"79012999|79000547|WA"},{"name":"Kentdale, Great Southern Coastal, Western Australia","id":"79013031|79000547|WA"},{"name":"Torbay, Great Southern Coastal, Western Australia","id":"79013017|79000547|WA"},{"name":"West Cape Howe, Great Southern Coastal, Western Australia","id":"79013023|79000547|WA"},{"name":"Albany, Great Southern Coastal, Western Australia","id":"79012965|79000547|WA"},{"name":"Peaceful Bay, Great Southern Coastal, Western Australia","id":"79013038|79000547|WA"},{"name":"Emu Point, Great Southern Coastal, Western Australia","id":"79012977|79000547|WA"},{"name":"Frenchman Bay, Great Southern Coastal, Western Australia","id":"79012978|79000547|WA"},{"name":"Jerramungup, Great Southern Coastal, Western Australia","id":"79013049|79000547|WA"},{"name":"Bremer Bay, Great Southern Coastal, Western Australia","id":"79013045|79000547|WA"},{"name":"Perth, Western Australia","id":"|79000554|WA"},{"name":"Northbridge, Perth, Western Australia","id":"79013132|79000554|WA"},{"name":"Belmont, Perth, Western Australia","id":"79013068|79000554|WA"},{"name":"Perth, Perth, Western Australia","id":"79013124|79000554|WA"},{"name":"Kensington, Perth, Western Australia","id":"79013136|79000554|WA"},{"name":"Ardross, Perth, Western Australia","id":"79013096|79000554|WA"},{"name":"Kwinana Beach, Perth, Western Australia","id":"79013815|79000554|WA"},{"name":"Karawara, Perth, Western Australia","id":"79013135|79000554|WA"},{"name":"Maylands, Perth, Western Australia","id":"79013064|79000554|WA"},{"name":"Kwinana Town Centre, Perth, Western Australia","id":"79013816|79000554|WA"},{"name":"South Perth, Perth, Western Australia","id":"79013139|79000554|WA"},{"name":"Wilson, Perth, Western Australia","id":"79013092|79000554|WA"},{"name":"Rivervale, Perth, Western Australia","id":"79013073|79000554|WA"},{"name":"Burswood, Perth, Western Australia","id":"79013148|79000554|WA"},{"name":"Perth Airport, Perth, Western Australia","id":"79013071|79000554|WA"},{"name":"Como, Perth, Western Australia","id":"79013134|79000554|WA"},{"name":"Medina, Perth, Western Australia","id":"79013819|79000554|WA"},{"name":"Bicton, Perth, Western Australia","id":"79013099|79000554|WA"},{"name":"Nedlands, Perth, Western Australia","id":"79013118|79000554|WA"},{"name":"Bull Creek, Perth, Western Australia","id":"79013102|79000554|WA"},{"name":"Leederville, Perth, Western Australia","id":"79013156|79000554|WA"},{"name":"Safety Bay, Perth, Western Australia","id":"79013890|79000554|WA"},{"name":"Swanbourne, Perth, Western Australia","id":"79013121|79000554|WA"},{"name":"Baldivis, Perth, Western Australia","id":"79013878|79000554|WA"},{"name":"Subiaco, Perth, Western Australia","id":"79013146|79000554|WA"},{"name":"Shoalwater, Perth, Western Australia","id":"79013892|79000554|WA"},{"name":"Peppermint Grove, Perth, Western Australia","id":"79013122|79000554|WA"},{"name":"Canning Vale, Perth, Western Australia","id":"79013076|79000554|WA"},{"name":"Welshpool, Perth, Western Australia","id":"79013089|79000554|WA"},{"name":"Victoria Park, Perth, Western Australia","id":"79013154|79000554|WA"},{"name":"Mount Claremont, Perth, Western Australia","id":"79013117|79000554|WA"},{"name":"Port Kennedy, Perth, Western Australia","id":"79013886|79000554|WA"},{"name":"Karnup, Perth, Western Australia","id":"79013884|79000554|WA"},{"name":"Dalkeith, Perth, Western Australia","id":"79013115|79000554|WA"},{"name":"Kardinya, Perth, Western Australia","id":"79013103|79000554|WA"},{"name":"East Perth, Perth, Western Australia","id":"79013130|79000554|WA"},{"name":"North Perth, Perth, Western Australia","id":"79013158|79000554|WA"},{"name":"Melville, Perth, Western Australia","id":"79013105|79000554|WA"},{"name":"Crawley, Perth, Western Australia","id":"79013143|79000554|WA"},{"name":"Ascot, Perth, Western Australia","id":"79013067|79000554|WA"},{"name":"Palmyra, Perth, Western Australia","id":"79013110|79000554|WA"},{"name":"Applecross, Perth, Western Australia","id":"79013094|79000554|WA"},{"name":"Kings Park, Perth, Western Australia","id":"79013131|79000554|WA"},{"name":"Willetton, Perth, Western Australia","id":"79013091|79000554|WA"},{"name":"Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"|79010721|WA"},{"name":"Bullsbrook, Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"79025258|79010721|WA"},{"name":"Chidlow, Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"79012854|79010721|WA"},{"name":"Upper Swan, Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"79025452|79010721|WA"},{"name":"Guildford, Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"79012899|79010721|WA"},{"name":"Mount Helena, Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"79025388|79010721|WA"},{"name":"Carmel, Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"79012836|79010721|WA"},{"name":"Wannamal, Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"79012724|79010721|WA"},{"name":"Piesse Brook, Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"79025417|79010721|WA"},{"name":"Baskerville, Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"79012888|79010721|WA"},{"name":"Mount Nasura, Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"79012814|79010721|WA"},{"name":"Caversham, Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"79025268|79010721|WA"},{"name":"Roleystone, Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"79012816|79010721|WA"},{"name":"Parkerville, Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"79025413|79010721|WA"},{"name":"Armadale, Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"79012806|79010721|WA"},{"name":"Malaga Dc, Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"79025369|79010721|WA"},{"name":"Gooseberry Hill, Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"79012838|79010721|WA"},{"name":"Mundaring Weir, Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"79012866|79010721|WA"},{"name":"Paulls Valley, Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"79012844|79010721|WA"},{"name":"Serpentine, Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"79025430|79010721|WA"},{"name":"Malaga, Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"79025368|79010721|WA"},{"name":"Brigadoon, Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"79012892|79010721|WA"},{"name":"Henley Brook, Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"79025322|79010721|WA"},{"name":"Herne Hill, Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"79012902|79010721|WA"},{"name":"Bassendean, Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"79025241|79010721|WA"},{"name":"Whiteman, Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"79012924|79010721|WA"},{"name":"Lesmurdie, Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"79025360|79010721|WA"},{"name":"Kalamunda, Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"79025057|79010721|WA"},{"name":"Walyunga National Park, Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"79012922|79010721|WA"},{"name":"Chittering, Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"79025271|79010721|WA"},{"name":"Millendon, Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"79025383|79010721|WA"},{"name":"Greenmount, Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"79025309|79010721|WA"},{"name":"Darlington, Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"79025285|79010721|WA"},{"name":"West Swan, Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"79025469|79010721|WA"},{"name":"Mundijong, Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"79012881|79010721|WA"},{"name":"Jarrahdale, Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"79012877|79010721|WA"},{"name":"Woodbridge, Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"79012925|79010721|WA"},{"name":"Bickley, Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"79012834|79010721|WA"},{"name":"Stoneville, Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"79012869|79010721|WA"},{"name":"Orange Grove, Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"79012831|79010721|WA"},{"name":"Kenwick, Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"79025349|79010721|WA"},{"name":"The Vines, Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"79025447|79010721|WA"},{"name":"Bedfordale, Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"79012807|79010721|WA"},{"name":"Gidgegannup, Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"79025300|79010721|WA"},{"name":"Hovea, Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"79025330|79010721|WA"},{"name":"Avon Valley National Park, Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"79025233|79010721|WA"},{"name":"Middle Swan, Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"79025380|79010721|WA"},{"name":"Midland, Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"79012912|79010721|WA"},{"name":"Wungong, Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"79012819|79010721|WA"},{"name":"Mahogany Creek, Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"79012861|79010721|WA"},{"name":"Helena Valley, Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"79012859|79010721|WA"},{"name":"Mundaring, Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"79025393|79010721|WA"},{"name":"Maida Vale, Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"79025367|79010721|WA"},{"name":"Pickering Brook, Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"79012845|79010721|WA"},{"name":"Seville Grove, Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"79025431|79010721|WA"},{"name":"Gosnells, Swan Valley And Perth Hills, Western Australia","id":"79025308|79010721|WA"},{"name":"Southern Rural Heritage, Western Australia","id":"|79000572|WA"},{"name":"Katanning, Southern Rural Heritage, Western Australia","id":"79013223|79000572|WA"},{"name":"Kojonup, Southern Rural Heritage, Western Australia","id":"79013237|79000572|WA"},{"name":"Farmstay Country, Western Australia","id":"|79000596|WA"},{"name":"Dumbleyung, Farmstay Country, Western Australia","id":"79013489|79000596|WA"},{"name":"Kulin, Farmstay Country, Western Australia","id":"79013524|79000596|WA"},{"name":"Norpa, Farmstay Country, Western Australia","id":"79013558|79000596|WA"},{"name":"Lake King, Farmstay Country, Western Australia","id":"79013537|79000596|WA"},{"name":"Narembeen, Farmstay Country, Western Australia","id":"79013585|79000596|WA"},{"name":"Kondinin, Farmstay Country, Western Australia","id":"79013511|79000596|WA"},{"name":"Koorda, Farmstay Country, Western Australia","id":"79013515|79000596|WA"},{"name":"Pingelly, Farmstay Country, Western Australia","id":"79013603|79000596|WA"},{"name":"Merredin, Farmstay Country, Western Australia","id":"79013554|79000596|WA"},{"name":"Wyalkatchem, Farmstay Country, Western Australia","id":"79013689|79000596|WA"},{"name":"Bruce Rock, Farmstay Country, Western Australia","id":"79013447|79000596|WA"},{"name":"Wickepin, Farmstay Country, Western Australia","id":"79013668|79000596|WA"},{"name":"Nungarin, Farmstay Country, Western Australia","id":"79013601|79000596|WA"},{"name":"Corrigin, Farmstay Country, Western Australia","id":"79013455|79000596|WA"},{"name":"Mukinbudin, Farmstay Country, Western Australia","id":"79013578|79000596|WA"},{"name":"Wagin, Farmstay Country, Western Australia","id":"79013636|79000596|WA"},{"name":"Dryandra, Farmstay Country, Western Australia","id":"79013462|79000596|WA"},{"name":"Arthur River, Farmstay Country, Western Australia","id":"79013647|79000596|WA"},{"name":"Kellerberrin, Farmstay Country, Western Australia","id":"79013502|79000596|WA"},{"name":"Meckering, Farmstay Country, Western Australia","id":"79013473|79000596|WA"},{"name":"Dowerin, Farmstay Country, Western Australia","id":"79013480|79000596|WA"},{"name":"Kukerin, Farmstay Country, Western Australia","id":"79013490|79000596|WA"},{"name":"Congelin, Farmstay Country, Western Australia","id":"79013672|79000596|WA"},{"name":"Westonia, Farmstay Country, Western Australia","id":"79013660|79000596|WA"},{"name":"Bencubbin, Farmstay Country, Western Australia","id":"79013563|79000596|WA"},{"name":"Tammin, Farmstay Country, Western Australia","id":"79013616|79000596|WA"},{"name":"Narrogin, Farmstay Country, Western Australia","id":"79013598|79000596|WA"},{"name":"Lake Grace, Farmstay Country, Western Australia","id":"79013536|79000596|WA"},{"name":"Williams, Farmstay Country, Western Australia","id":"79013678|79000596|WA"},{"name":"Southern Cross, Farmstay Country, Western Australia","id":"79013710|79000596|WA"},{"name":"Karlgarin, Farmstay Country, Western Australia","id":"79013510|79000596|WA"},{"name":"Wongan Hills, Farmstay Country, Western Australia","id":"79013683|79000596|WA"},{"name":"Hyden, Farmstay Country, Western Australia","id":"79013509|79000596|WA"},{"name":"Cuballing, Farmstay Country, Western Australia","id":"79013461|79000596|WA"},{"name":"Cunderdin, Farmstay Country, Western Australia","id":"79013471|79000596|WA"},{"name":"Quairading, Farmstay Country, Western Australia","id":"79013610|79000596|WA"},{"name":"Kalgoorlie And Goldfields, Western Australia","id":"|79000495|WA"},{"name":"Kalgoorlie, Kalgoorlie And Goldfields, Western Australia","id":"79012480|79000495|WA"},{"name":"Balladonia, Kalgoorlie And Goldfields, Western Australia","id":"79012471|79000495|WA"},{"name":"Coolgardie, Kalgoorlie And Goldfields, Western Australia","id":"79012457|79000495|WA"},{"name":"Kookynie, Kalgoorlie And Goldfields, Western Australia","id":"79012523|79000495|WA"},{"name":"Somerville, Kalgoorlie And Goldfields, Western Australia","id":"79012503|79000495|WA"},{"name":"Londonderry, Kalgoorlie And Goldfields, Western Australia","id":"79012461|79000495|WA"},{"name":"Kambalda, Kalgoorlie And Goldfields, Western Australia","id":"79012459|79000495|WA"},{"name":"Menzies, Kalgoorlie And Goldfields, Western Australia","id":"79012524|79000495|WA"},{"name":"Cocklebiddy, Kalgoorlie And Goldfields, Western Australia","id":"79012473|79000495|WA"},{"name":"Boulder, Kalgoorlie And Goldfields, Western Australia","id":"79012483|79000495|WA"},{"name":"Gwalia, Kalgoorlie And Goldfields, Western Australia","id":"79012514|79000495|WA"},{"name":"Mount Burges, Kalgoorlie And Goldfields, Western Australia","id":"79012462|79000495|WA"},{"name":"Cue, Kalgoorlie And Goldfields, Western Australia","id":"79012466|79000495|WA"},{"name":"Leonora, Kalgoorlie And Goldfields, Western Australia","id":"79012518|79000495|WA"},{"name":"Victoria Rock, Kalgoorlie And Goldfields, Western Australia","id":"79012463|79000495|WA"},{"name":"Mount Magnet, Kalgoorlie And Goldfields, Western Australia","id":"79012530|79000495|WA"},{"name":"Madura, Kalgoorlie And Goldfields, Western Australia","id":"79012477|79000495|WA"},{"name":"Karlkurla, Kalgoorlie And Goldfields, Western Australia","id":"79012494|79000495|WA"},{"name":"Eucla, Kalgoorlie And Goldfields, Western Australia","id":"79012475|79000495|WA"},{"name":"Boorabbin, Kalgoorlie And Goldfields, Western Australia","id":"79012455|79000495|WA"},{"name":"Norseman, Kalgoorlie And Goldfields, Western Australia","id":"79012479|79000495|WA"},{"name":"Sandstone, Kalgoorlie And Goldfields, Western Australia","id":"79012532|79000495|WA"},{"name":"Shark Bay World Heritage Area, Western Australia","id":"|79000566|WA"},{"name":"Monkey Mia, Shark Bay World Heritage Area, Western Australia","id":"79013168|79000566|WA"},{"name":"Hamelin Pool, Shark Bay World Heritage Area, Western Australia","id":"79013166|79000566|WA"},{"name":"Meadow, Shark Bay World Heritage Area, Western Australia","id":"79013167|79000566|WA"},{"name":"Dirk Hartog Island, Shark Bay World Heritage Area, Western Australia","id":"79013163|79000566|WA"},{"name":"Denham, Shark Bay World Heritage Area, Western Australia","id":"79013162|79000566|WA"},{"name":"Shark Bay, Shark Bay World Heritage Area, Western Australia","id":"79013171|79000566|WA"},{"name":"Francois Peron National Park, Shark Bay World Heritage Area, Western Australia","id":"79013164|79000566|WA"},{"name":"Sunset Coast, Western Australia","id":"|79000642|WA"},{"name":"Claremont, Sunset Coast, Western Australia","id":"79013907|79000642|WA"},{"name":"Gingin, Sunset Coast, Western Australia","id":"79013920|79000642|WA"},{"name":"Gwelup, Sunset Coast, Western Australia","id":"79013975|79000642|WA"},{"name":"Wangara, Sunset Coast, Western Australia","id":"79014033|79000642|WA"},{"name":"Marmion, Sunset Coast, Western Australia","id":"79013958|79000642|WA"},{"name":"Tuart Hill, Sunset Coast, Western Australia","id":"79013994|79000642|WA"},{"name":"Floreat, Sunset Coast, Western Australia","id":"79025296|79000642|WA"},{"name":"Sorrento, Sunset Coast, Western Australia","id":"79013962|79000642|WA"},{"name":"Connolly, Sunset Coast, Western Australia","id":"79025276|79000642|WA"},{"name":"Cottesloe, Sunset Coast, Western Australia","id":"79013909|79000642|WA"},{"name":"Muckenburra, Sunset Coast, Western Australia","id":"79013931|79000642|WA"},{"name":"Currambine, Sunset Coast, Western Australia","id":"79025282|79000642|WA"},{"name":"Burns Beach, Sunset Coast, Western Australia","id":"79013942|79000642|WA"},{"name":"Lancelin, Sunset Coast, Western Australia","id":"79013925|79000642|WA"},{"name":"Beldon, Sunset Coast, Western Australia","id":"79013941|79000642|WA"},{"name":"Hillarys, Sunset Coast, Western Australia","id":"79013951|79000642|WA"},{"name":"Heathridge, Sunset Coast, Western Australia","id":"79013950|79000642|WA"},{"name":"Scarborough, Sunset Coast, Western Australia","id":"79025429|79000642|WA"},{"name":"Kingsley, Sunset Coast, Western Australia","id":"79025352|79000642|WA"},{"name":"Karrinyup, Sunset Coast, Western Australia","id":"79013982|79000642|WA"},{"name":"Madeley, Sunset Coast, Western Australia","id":"79025365|79000642|WA"},{"name":"Yanchep, Sunset Coast, Western Australia","id":"79025480|79000642|WA"},{"name":"Mirrabooka, Sunset Coast, Western Australia","id":"79013984|79000642|WA"},{"name":"Ledge Point, Sunset Coast, Western Australia","id":"79013926|79000642|WA"},{"name":"Mount Lawley, Sunset Coast, Western Australia","id":"79013985|79000642|WA"},{"name":"Tapping, Sunset Coast, Western Australia","id":"79025445|79000642|WA"},{"name":"Wanneroo, Sunset Coast, Western Australia","id":"79025459|79000642|WA"},{"name":"Mindarie, Sunset Coast, Western Australia","id":"79014022|79000642|WA"},{"name":"Stirling, Sunset Coast, Western Australia","id":"79025439|79000642|WA"},{"name":"Joondalup, Sunset Coast, Western Australia","id":"79014191|79000642|WA"},{"name":"Warwick, Sunset Coast, Western Australia","id":"79013963|79000642|WA"},{"name":"North Beach, Sunset Coast, Western Australia","id":"79025400|79000642|WA"},{"name":"Guilderton, Sunset Coast, Western Australia","id":"79013923|79000642|WA"},{"name":"City Beach, Sunset Coast, Western Australia","id":"79013902|79000642|WA"},{"name":"Mullaloo, Sunset Coast, Western Australia","id":"79025392|79000642|WA"},{"name":"Trigg, Sunset Coast, Western Australia","id":"79013993|79000642|WA"},{"name":"Neerabup, Sunset Coast, Western Australia","id":"79014023|79000642|WA"},{"name":"Osborne Park, Sunset Coast, Western Australia","id":"79025410|79000642|WA"},{"name":"Blackwood River Valley, Western Australia","id":"|79000568|WA"},{"name":"Mcalinden, Blackwood River Valley, Western Australia","id":"79013184|79000568|WA"},{"name":"Bridgetown, Blackwood River Valley, Western Australia","id":"79013188|79000568|WA"},{"name":"Donnelly River, Blackwood River Valley, Western Australia","id":"79013207|79000568|WA"},{"name":"Greenbushes, Blackwood River Valley, Western Australia","id":"79013191|79000568|WA"},{"name":"Nannup, Blackwood River Valley, Western Australia","id":"79013211|79000568|WA"},{"name":"Boyup Brook, Blackwood River Valley, Western Australia","id":"79013179|79000568|WA"},{"name":"Peel And Rockingham, Western Australia","id":"|79000635|WA"},{"name":"Dawesville, Peel And Rockingham, Western Australia","id":"79013832|79000635|WA"},{"name":"Boddington, Peel And Rockingham, Western Australia","id":"79013801|79000635|WA"},{"name":"Ravenswood, Peel And Rockingham, Western Australia","id":"79013870|79000635|WA"},{"name":"Halls Head, Peel And Rockingham, Western Australia","id":"79013838|79000635|WA"},{"name":"Greenfields, Peel And Rockingham, Western Australia","id":"79013837|79000635|WA"},{"name":"South Yunderup, Peel And Rockingham, Western Australia","id":"79013872|79000635|WA"},{"name":"Wannanup, Peel And Rockingham, Western Australia","id":"79013848|79000635|WA"},{"name":"Nanga Brook, Peel And Rockingham, Western Australia","id":"79013898|79000635|WA"},{"name":"Mandurah, Peel And Rockingham, Western Australia","id":"79013828|79000635|WA"},{"name":"Waroona, Peel And Rockingham, Western Australia","id":"79013901|79000635|WA"},{"name":"Dwellingup, Peel And Rockingham, Western Australia","id":"79013854|79000635|WA"},{"name":"Preston Beach, Peel And Rockingham, Western Australia","id":"79013899|79000635|WA"},{"name":"Rockingham, Peel And Rockingham, Western Australia","id":"79025424|79000635|WA"},{"name":"Silver Sands, Peel And Rockingham, Western Australia","id":"79013847|79000635|WA"},{"name":"Pinjarra, Peel And Rockingham, Western Australia","id":"79013868|79000635|WA"},{"name":"Central Wildflower Country, Western Australia","id":"|79000511|WA"},{"name":"Dalwallinu, Central Wildflower Country, Western Australia","id":"79012567|79000511|WA"},{"name":"Paynes Find, Central Wildflower Country, Western Australia","id":"79012576|79000511|WA"},{"name":"Wubin, Central Wildflower Country, Western Australia","id":"79012579|79000511|WA"},{"name":"Canna, Central Wildflower Country, Western Australia","id":"79012593|79000511|WA"},{"name":"Watheroo, Central Wildflower Country, Western Australia","id":"79012592|79000511|WA"},{"name":"Morawa, Central Wildflower Country, Western Australia","id":"79012597|79000511|WA"},{"name":"Yalgoo, Central Wildflower Country, Western Australia","id":"79012607|79000511|WA"},{"name":"Perenjori, Central Wildflower Country, Western Australia","id":"79012603|79000511|WA"},{"name":"Moora, Central Wildflower Country, Western Australia","id":"79012587|79000511|WA"},{"name":"Perth City, Western Australia","id":"|79010720|WA"},{"name":"West Perth, Perth City, Western Australia","id":"79025468|79010720|WA"},{"name":"South West Tapestry, Western Australia","id":"|79000628|WA"},{"name":"Boyanup, South West Tapestry, Western Australia","id":"79013725|79000628|WA"},{"name":"Donnybrook, South West Tapestry, Western Australia","id":"79013766|79000628|WA"},{"name":"Brunswick, South West Tapestry, Western Australia","id":"79013787|79000628|WA"},{"name":"Davenport, South West Tapestry, Western Australia","id":"79013716|79000628|WA"},{"name":"Capel, South West Tapestry, Western Australia","id":"79013726|79000628|WA"},{"name":"Yarloop, South West Tapestry, Western Australia","id":"79013800|79000628|WA"},{"name":"Leschenault, South West Tapestry, Western Australia","id":"79013791|79000628|WA"},{"name":"Myalup, South West Tapestry, Western Australia","id":"79013793|79000628|WA"},{"name":"South Bunbury, South West Tapestry, Western Australia","id":"79013721|79000628|WA"},{"name":"Collie, South West Tapestry, Western Australia","id":"79013740|79000628|WA"},{"name":"Balingup, South West Tapestry, Western Australia","id":"79013761|79000628|WA"},{"name":"Bunbury, South West Tapestry, Western Australia","id":"79013713|79000628|WA"},{"name":"Worsley, South West Tapestry, Western Australia","id":"79025771|79000628|WA"},{"name":"Brookhampton, South West Tapestry, Western Australia","id":"79013764|79000628|WA"},{"name":"Wellington Forest, South West Tapestry, Western Australia","id":"79013758|79000628|WA"},{"name":"Peppermint Grove Beach, South West Tapestry, Western Australia","id":"79013734|79000628|WA"},{"name":"Burekup, South West Tapestry, Western Australia","id":"79013747|79000628|WA"},{"name":"Binningup, South West Tapestry, Western Australia","id":"79013786|79000628|WA"},{"name":"Mumballup, South West Tapestry, Western Australia","id":"79013772|79000628|WA"},{"name":"Eaton, South West Tapestry, Western Australia","id":"79013751|79000628|WA"},{"name":"Wokalup, South West Tapestry, Western Australia","id":"79013799|79000628|WA"},{"name":"Dardanup, South West Tapestry, Western Australia","id":"79013749|79000628|WA"},{"name":"Harvey, South West Tapestry, Western Australia","id":"79013789|79000628|WA"},{"name":"Australind, South West Tapestry, Western Australia","id":"79013783|79000628|WA"},{"name":"Pilbara, Western Australia","id":"|79000587|WA"},{"name":"Port Hedland, Pilbara, Western Australia","id":"79013382|79000587|WA"},{"name":"Karratha, Pilbara, Western Australia","id":"79013400|79000587|WA"},{"name":"Tom Price, Pilbara, Western Australia","id":"79013363|79000587|WA"},{"name":"Dampier, Pilbara, Western Australia","id":"79013396|79000587|WA"},{"name":"Nullagine, Pilbara, Western Australia","id":"79013372|79000587|WA"},{"name":"Paraburdoo, Pilbara, Western Australia","id":"79013358|79000587|WA"},{"name":"Karijini, Pilbara, Western Australia","id":"79013351|79000587|WA"},{"name":"Marble Bar, Pilbara, Western Australia","id":"79013369|79000587|WA"},{"name":"Roebourne, Pilbara, Western Australia","id":"79013410|79000587|WA"},{"name":"Thevenard Island, Pilbara, Western Australia","id":"79013362|79000587|WA"},{"name":"Newman, Pilbara, Western Australia","id":"79013371|79000587|WA"},{"name":"Point Samson, Pilbara, Western Australia","id":"79013409|79000587|WA"},{"name":"Millstream, Pilbara, Western Australia","id":"79013352|79000587|WA"},{"name":"Onslow, Pilbara, Western Australia","id":"79013356|79000587|WA"},{"name":"Hamersley Range, Pilbara, Western Australia","id":"79013348|79000587|WA"},{"name":"Cossack, Pilbara, Western Australia","id":"79013395|79000587|WA"},{"name":"Victoria","id":"||VIC"},{"name":"Flinders, Victoria","id":"89010285||VIC"},{"name":"Drik Drik, Victoria","id":"89009731||VIC"},{"name":"Russells Bridge, Victoria","id":"89010386||VIC"},{"name":"Ferny Creek, Victoria","id":"89010054||VIC"},{"name":"Lardner, Victoria","id":"89007501||VIC"},{"name":"Healesville, Victoria","id":"89010068||VIC"},{"name":"The Basin, Victoria","id":"89010172||VIC"},{"name":"Seacombe, Victoria","id":"89011075||VIC"},{"name":"Portland, Victoria","id":"89009888||VIC"},{"name":"Bellbird Creek, Victoria","id":"89010941||VIC"},{"name":"Bonnie Doon, Victoria","id":"89008427||VIC"},{"name":"Wattle Hill, Victoria","id":"89009954||VIC"},{"name":"Anglesea, Victoria","id":"89009625||VIC"},{"name":"Scotsburn, Victoria","id":"89010826||VIC"},{"name":"St Kilda South, Victoria","id":"89009286||VIC"},{"name":"Melton, Victoria","id":"89008856||VIC"},{"name":"Huon, Victoria","id":"89009465||VIC"},{"name":"Greensborough, Victoria","id":"89010063||VIC"},{"name":"Ivanhoe, Victoria","id":"89009131||VIC"},{"name":"Chesney Vale, Victoria","id":"89009403||VIC"},{"name":"Albion, Victoria","id":"89008919||VIC"},{"name":"Yallourn North, Victoria","id":"89007750||VIC"},{"name":"Ivanhoe East, Victoria","id":"89009132||VIC"},{"name":"Mooroopna, Victoria","id":"89008614||VIC"},{"name":"Ripplebrook, Victoria","id":"89007612||VIC"},{"name":"Gisborne South, Victoria","id":"89008821||VIC"},{"name":"Box Hill, Victoria","id":"89008960||VIC"},{"name":"Mount Beauty, Victoria","id":"89009510||VIC"},{"name":"Aireys Inlet, Victoria","id":"89009619||VIC"},{"name":"Rutherglen, Victoria","id":"89009546||VIC"},{"name":"Yandoit, Victoria","id":"89008912||VIC"},{"name":"Inglewood, Victoria","id":"89010628||VIC"},{"name":"Dixons Creek, Victoria","id":"89010039||VIC"},{"name":"Williamstown, Victoria","id":"89009332||VIC"},{"name":"Fitzroy, Victoria","id":"89009078||VIC"},{"name":"Brimpaen, Victoria","id":"89007792||VIC"},{"name":"Kingower, Victoria","id":"89010648||VIC"},{"name":"Lorne, Victoria","id":"89009814||VIC"},{"name":"Dargo, Victoria","id":"89010982||VIC"},{"name":"Yarrambat, Victoria","id":"89010217||VIC"},{"name":"Natimuk, Victoria","id":"89007975||VIC"},{"name":"Carrum, Victoria","id":"89009000||VIC"},{"name":"Foster, Victoria","id":"89007410||VIC"},{"name":"Port Fairy, Victoria","id":"89009887||VIC"},{"name":"Eltham North, Victoria","id":"89010050||VIC"},{"name":"Batesford, Victoria","id":"89010235||VIC"},{"name":"Wooragee, Victoria","id":"89009612||VIC"},{"name":"Dookie, Victoria","id":"89008474||VIC"},{"name":"Hmas Cerberus, Victoria","id":"89010307||VIC"},{"name":"Brucknell, Victoria","id":"89009667||VIC"},{"name":"Cape Paterson, Victoria","id":"89007342||VIC"},{"name":"Werribee, Victoria","id":"89009321||VIC"},{"name":"Granya, Victoria","id":"89009445||VIC"},{"name":"Darnum, Victoria","id":"89007378||VIC"},{"name":"Swan Hill, Victoria","id":"89008689||VIC"},{"name":"Golden Beach, Victoria","id":"89007430||VIC"},{"name":"St Kilda East, Victoria","id":"89009284||VIC"},{"name":"Safety Beach, Victoria","id":"89010388||VIC"},{"name":"Queenscliff, Victoria","id":"89010375||VIC"},{"name":"Hastings, Victoria","id":"89010302||VIC"},{"name":"Tarraville, Victoria","id":"89007659||VIC"},{"name":"Carranballac, Victoria","id":"89010513||VIC"},{"name":"Warrandyte South, Victoria","id":"89010198||VIC"},{"name":"Hinnomunjie, Victoria","id":"89011022||VIC"},{"name":"Hawthorn East, Victoria","id":"89009110||VIC"},{"name":"Tonimbuk, Victoria","id":"89007678||VIC"},{"name":"Eynesbury, Victoria","id":"89010280||VIC"},{"name":"Camperdown, Victoria","id":"89009677||VIC"},{"name":"Strathbogie, Victoria","id":"89008686||VIC"},{"name":"Tamboon, Victoria","id":"89011084||VIC"},{"name":"Frankston South, Victoria","id":"89010292||VIC"},{"name":"Lake Eildon, Victoria","id":"89008575||VIC"},{"name":"Cape Schanck, Victoria","id":"89010251||VIC"},{"name":"Cape Otway, Victoria","id":"89009680||VIC"},{"name":"Sorrento, Victoria","id":"89010397||VIC"},{"name":"Altona, Victoria","id":"89008921||VIC"},{"name":"Kinglake, Victoria","id":"89010081||VIC"},{"name":"St Arnaud, Victoria","id":"89010851||VIC"},{"name":"Glen Waverley, Victoria","id":"89009092||VIC"},{"name":"Kalimna, Victoria","id":"89011031||VIC"},{"name":"Sarsfield, Victoria","id":"89011074||VIC"},{"name":"Orbost, Victoria","id":"89011065||VIC"},{"name":"Korumburra, Victoria","id":"89007492||VIC"},{"name":"Winton, Victoria","id":"89009608||VIC"},{"name":"Nilma North, Victoria","id":"89007579||VIC"},{"name":"Howqua Inlet, Victoria","id":"89014578||VIC"},{"name":"Koonwarra, Victoria","id":"89007488||VIC"},{"name":"Braybrook, Victoria","id":"89008965||VIC"},{"name":"Fitzroy North, Victoria","id":"89009079||VIC"},{"name":"Somers, Victoria","id":"89010395||VIC"},{"name":"Strathmerton, Victoria","id":"89008687||VIC"},{"name":"Baw Baw Village, Victoria","id":"89014500||VIC"},{"name":"Blampied, Victoria","id":"89008783||VIC"},{"name":"Moyston, Victoria","id":"89007968||VIC"},{"name":"Coburg, Victoria","id":"89009024||VIC"},{"name":"Yarra Glen, Victoria","id":"89010215||VIC"},{"name":"Bet Bet, Victoria","id":"89010469||VIC"},{"name":"Cherrypool, Victoria","id":"89007812||VIC"},{"name":"Moondarra, Victoria","id":"89007545||VIC"},{"name":"Bulla, Victoria","id":"89008786||VIC"},{"name":"Mount Evelyn, Victoria","id":"89010118||VIC"},{"name":"Lake Wendouree, Victoria","id":"89010664||VIC"},{"name":"Killarney, Victoria","id":"89009800||VIC"},{"name":"Pomonal, Victoria","id":"89007995||VIC"},{"name":"Warrenheip, Victoria","id":"89010894||VIC"},{"name":"King Valley, Victoria","id":"89009477||VIC"},{"name":"Mount Pleasant, Victoria","id":"89010745||VIC"},{"name":"Arthurs Seat, Victoria","id":"89010224||VIC"},{"name":"Mudgegonga, Victoria","id":"89014638||VIC"},{"name":"French Island, Victoria","id":"89007412||VIC"},{"name":"Tullamarine, Victoria","id":"89009315||VIC"},{"name":"Girgarre, Victoria","id":"89008501||VIC"},{"name":"Barongarook West, Victoria","id":"89009641||VIC"},{"name":"Narbethong, Victoria","id":"89010123||VIC"},{"name":"Phillip Island, Victoria","id":"89007595||VIC"},{"name":"Tatura, Victoria","id":"89008703||VIC"},{"name":"Licola, Victoria","id":"89007507||VIC"},{"name":"St Leonards, Victoria","id":"89010400||VIC"},{"name":"Moyhu, Victoria","id":"89009516||VIC"},{"name":"Shepherds Flat, Victoria","id":"89008887||VIC"},{"name":"Wallington, Victoria","id":"89010411||VIC"},{"name":"Arthurs Creek, Victoria","id":"89009989||VIC"},{"name":"Gapsted, Victoria","id":"89009434||VIC"},{"name":"Toorak, Victoria","id":"89009309||VIC"},{"name":"Kingston, Victoria","id":"89010649||VIC"},{"name":"Raglan, Victoria","id":"89010801||VIC"},{"name":"Geelong North, Victoria","id":"89014560||VIC"},{"name":"Jeeralang Junction, Victoria","id":"89007466||VIC"},{"name":"Ascot, Victoria","id":"89010429||VIC"},{"name":"Gordon, Victoria","id":"89010605||VIC"},{"name":"Harcourt, Victoria","id":"89010616||VIC"},{"name":"Watsons Creek, Victoria","id":"89010203||VIC"},{"name":"Romsey, Victoria","id":"89008883||VIC"},{"name":"Mount Buller, Victoria","id":"89009513||VIC"},{"name":"Lake Hindmarsh, Victoria","id":"89007915||VIC"},{"name":"Marysville, Victoria","id":"89010098||VIC"},{"name":"Fish Creek, Victoria","id":"89007405||VIC"},{"name":"Monbulk, Victoria","id":"89010108||VIC"},{"name":"Gisborne, Victoria","id":"89008820||VIC"},{"name":"Jamieson, Victoria","id":"89008528||VIC"},{"name":"Howqua, Victoria","id":"89008525||VIC"},{"name":"Ventnor, Victoria","id":"89007703||VIC"},{"name":"Bakery Hill, Victoria","id":"89010437||VIC"},{"name":"Lovely Banks, Victoria","id":"89010323||VIC"},{"name":"South Yarra, Victoria","id":"89009276||VIC"},{"name":"Forest Hill, Victoria","id":"89009083||VIC"},{"name":"Port Melbourne, Victoria","id":"89009239||VIC"},{"name":"Upwey, Victoria","id":"89010184||VIC"},{"name":"Mirimbah, Victoria","id":"89009504||VIC"},{"name":"Rushworth, Victoria","id":"89008666||VIC"},{"name":"Melbourne, Victoria","id":"89009175||VIC"},{"name":"Baranduda, Victoria","id":"89009350||VIC"},{"name":"Norong, Victoria","id":"89009528||VIC"},{"name":"Essendon Fields, Victoria","id":"89035129||VIC"},{"name":"Eaglehawk, Victoria","id":"89010558||VIC"},{"name":"Glen Iris, Victoria","id":"89009091||VIC"},{"name":"East Geelong, Victoria","id":"89010277||VIC"},{"name":"Erica, Victoria","id":"89007400||VIC"},{"name":"Lancefield, Victoria","id":"89008845||VIC"},{"name":"Woodend, Victoria","id":"89008910||VIC"},{"name":"Numurkah, Victoria","id":"89008639||VIC"},{"name":"Hurstbridge, Victoria","id":"89010074||VIC"},{"name":"Cobram, Victoria","id":"89008451||VIC"},{"name":"Dergholm, Victoria","id":"89007834||VIC"},{"name":"Invermay Park, Victoria","id":"89010632||VIC"},{"name":"Grovedale, Victoria","id":"89009771||VIC"},{"name":"Wandiligong, Victoria","id":"89009592||VIC"},{"name":"Cape Bridgewater, Victoria","id":"89009678||VIC"},{"name":"Belgrave, Victoria","id":"89009999||VIC"},{"name":"Tambo Upper, Victoria","id":"89014687||VIC"},{"name":"Toora, Victoria","id":"89007682||VIC"},{"name":"Taminick, Victoria","id":"89009565||VIC"},{"name":"Wedderburn, Victoria","id":"89010903||VIC"},{"name":"Timboon, Victoria","id":"89009930||VIC"},{"name":"Mt Baw Baw, Victoria","id":"89007555||VIC"},{"name":"Yarra Junction, Victoria","id":"89010216||VIC"},{"name":"Nhill, Victoria","id":"89007978||VIC"},{"name":"Bonegilla, Victoria","id":"89009368||VIC"},{"name":"Portarlington, Victoria","id":"89010372||VIC"},{"name":"Mount Macedon, Victoria","id":"89008867||VIC"},{"name":"Balook, Victoria","id":"89007297||VIC"},{"name":"Norlane, Victoria","id":"89010355||VIC"},{"name":"Albert Park, Victoria","id":"89008918||VIC"},{"name":"Harrow, Victoria","id":"89007876||VIC"},{"name":"Beaufort, Victoria","id":"89010462||VIC"},{"name":"Mount Dandenong, Victoria","id":"89010116||VIC"},{"name":"Barramunga, Victoria","id":"89009644||VIC"},{"name":"Warrnambool East, Victoria","id":"89009951||VIC"},{"name":"Sherbrooke, Victoria","id":"89010154||VIC"},{"name":"Keilor, Victoria","id":"89009140||VIC"},{"name":"Upper Plenty, Victoria","id":"89010182||VIC"},{"name":"Shoreham, Victoria","id":"89010393||VIC"},{"name":"Penshurst, Victoria","id":"89009877||VIC"},{"name":"North Melbourne, Victoria","id":"89009215||VIC"},{"name":"Murroon, Victoria","id":"89009850||VIC"},{"name":"Porepunkah, Victoria","id":"89009539||VIC"},{"name":"Point Cook, Victoria","id":"89009238||VIC"},{"name":"Gorae West, Victoria","id":"89009765||VIC"},{"name":"Bundoora, Victoria","id":"89010016||VIC"},{"name":"Mount Buffalo, Victoria","id":"89009512||VIC"},{"name":"Flaggy Creek, Victoria","id":"89011003||VIC"},{"name":"Bentleigh East, Victoria","id":"89008955||VIC"},{"name":"Scoresby, Victoria","id":"89009269||VIC"},{"name":"Olinda, Victoria","id":"89010130||VIC"},{"name":"Hughesdale, Victoria","id":"89009129||VIC"},{"name":"Lysterfield, Victoria","id":"89010093||VIC"},{"name":"Berwick, Victoria","id":"89010003||VIC"},{"name":"Ringwood North, Victoria","id":"89010143||VIC"},{"name":"Steiglitz, Victoria","id":"89010853||VIC"},{"name":"Moriac, Victoria","id":"89009835||VIC"},{"name":"Soldiers Hill, Victoria","id":"89014881||VIC"},{"name":"Park Orchards, Victoria","id":"89010133||VIC"},{"name":"Selby, Victoria","id":"89010151||VIC"},{"name":"Tonghi Creek, Victoria","id":"89011090||VIC"},{"name":"Dimboola, Victoria","id":"89007837||VIC"},{"name":"Brimin, Victoria","id":"89009379||VIC"},{"name":"Yarram, Victoria","id":"89007755||VIC"},{"name":"Sandringham, Victoria","id":"89009268||VIC"},{"name":"Malvern East, Victoria","id":"89009170||VIC"},{"name":"Wesburn, Victoria","id":"89010205||VIC"},{"name":"Southbank, Victoria","id":"89009277||VIC"},{"name":"Bogong, Victoria","id":"89009367||VIC"},{"name":"Middle Creek, Victoria","id":"89010707||VIC"},{"name":"Newhaven, Victoria","id":"89007576||VIC"},{"name":"Forrest, Victoria","id":"89009745||VIC"},{"name":"Frankston North, Victoria","id":"89010291||VIC"},{"name":"Surrey Hills, Victoria","id":"89009296||VIC"},{"name":"Keilor Park, Victoria","id":"89009145||VIC"},{"name":"Kerrisdale, Victoria","id":"89008547||VIC"},{"name":"Strzelecki, Victoria","id":"89007645||VIC"},{"name":"Brighton, Victoria","id":"89008967||VIC"},{"name":"Byaduk North, Victoria","id":"89009676||VIC"},{"name":"Mount Prospect, Victoria","id":"89010746||VIC"},{"name":"Nyerimilang, Victoria","id":"89011062||VIC"},{"name":"Heyfield, Victoria","id":"89007451||VIC"},{"name":"Oakleigh South, Victoria","id":"89009223||VIC"},{"name":"Murgheboluc, Victoria","id":"89009849||VIC"},{"name":"Kew, Victoria","id":"89009148||VIC"},{"name":"Beaumaris, Victoria","id":"89008949||VIC"},{"name":"Baddaginnie, Victoria","id":"89008405||VIC"},{"name":"Devon North, Victoria","id":"89007384||VIC"},{"name":"Glengarry North, Victoria","id":"89007426||VIC"},{"name":"Trentham, Victoria","id":"89008899||VIC"},{"name":"Lower Moira, Victoria","id":"89014754||VIC"},{"name":"Moonambel, Victoria","id":"89010721||VIC"},{"name":"Kerang, Victoria","id":"89008544||VIC"},{"name":"Miners Rest, Victoria","id":"89010711||VIC"},{"name":"Nathalia, Victoria","id":"89008636||VIC"},{"name":"Princetown, Victoria","id":"89009891||VIC"},{"name":"Narrawong, Victoria","id":"89009858||VIC"},{"name":"Peterborough, Victoria","id":"89009878||VIC"},{"name":"Kilmore, Victoria","id":"89008837||VIC"},{"name":"Allansford, Victoria","id":"89009621||VIC"},{"name":"Kennett River, Victoria","id":"89009797||VIC"},{"name":"Wandin, Victoria","id":"89025042||VIC"},{"name":"Connewarre, Victoria","id":"89009699||VIC"},{"name":"Boort, Victoria","id":"89008139||VIC"},{"name":"Nug Nug, Victoria","id":"89009530||VIC"},{"name":"Winchelsea, Victoria","id":"89009967||VIC"},{"name":"Boorolite, Victoria","id":"89014513||VIC"},{"name":"Redan, Victoria","id":"89010808||VIC"},{"name":"Dandenong, Victoria","id":"89009040||VIC"},{"name":"Barjarg, Victoria","id":"89009351||VIC"},{"name":"Prahran, Victoria","id":"89009240||VIC"},{"name":"South Morang, Victoria","id":"89014758||VIC"},{"name":"Loch Sport, Victoria","id":"89011040||VIC"},{"name":"Moorabbin, Victoria","id":"89009191||VIC"},{"name":"Smiths Gully, Victoria","id":"89010158||VIC"},{"name":"Haven, Victoria","id":"89007877||VIC"},{"name":"Violet Town, Victoria","id":"89008732||VIC"},{"name":"Myers Flat, Victoria","id":"89010756||VIC"},{"name":"Yan Yean, Victoria","id":"89010214||VIC"},{"name":"Macarthur, Victoria","id":"89009821||VIC"},{"name":"Ebden, Victoria","id":"89009424||VIC"},{"name":"Tyrendarra, Victoria","id":"89009938||VIC"},{"name":"Mount Martha, Victoria","id":"89010348||VIC"},{"name":"Wilsons Promontory, Victoria","id":"89007726||VIC"},{"name":"Nicholson, Victoria","id":"89011057||VIC"},{"name":"Cororooke, Victoria","id":"89009705||VIC"},{"name":"Yarrawonga, Victoria","id":"89008761||VIC"},{"name":"Maiden Gully, Victoria","id":"89010690||VIC"},{"name":"Dinner Plain, Victoria","id":"89009421||VIC"},{"name":"St Andrews Beach, Victoria","id":"89014679||VIC"},{"name":"Mailors Flat, Victoria","id":"89009822||VIC"},{"name":"Jan Juc, Victoria","id":"89009789||VIC"},{"name":"Stanley, Victoria","id":"89009557||VIC"},{"name":"Dunkeld, Victoria","id":"89007848||VIC"},{"name":"Lower Norton, Victoria","id":"89007935||VIC"},{"name":"Redbank, Victoria","id":"89010809||VIC"},{"name":"Mitchell Park, Victoria","id":"89014847||VIC"},{"name":"San Remo, Victoria","id":"89007626||VIC"},{"name":"Corryong, Victoria","id":"89009411||VIC"},{"name":"Braeside, Victoria","id":"89008963||VIC"},{"name":"Williamstown North, Victoria","id":"89009334||VIC"},{"name":"Merrijig, Victoria","id":"89014846||VIC"},{"name":"Wahgunyah, Victoria","id":"89009589||VIC"},{"name":"Cremorne, Victoria","id":"89009033||VIC"},{"name":"Browns Plains, Victoria","id":"89009383||VIC"},{"name":"Marcus Hill, Victoria","id":"89010332||VIC"},{"name":"Wodonga, Victoria","id":"89009610||VIC"},{"name":"Waldara, Victoria","id":"89009590||VIC"},{"name":"Greendale, Victoria","id":"89008828||VIC"},{"name":"Chum Creek, Victoria","id":"89010024||VIC"},{"name":"Club Terrace, Victoria","id":"89010973||VIC"},{"name":"Sunbury, Victoria","id":"89008893||VIC"},{"name":"Lake Boga, Victoria","id":"89008572||VIC"},{"name":"Macedon, Victoria","id":"89008853||VIC"},{"name":"Clifton Springs, Victoria","id":"89010256||VIC"},{"name":"Wallan, Victoria","id":"89008904||VIC"},{"name":"Bells Beach, Victoria","id":"89009652||VIC"},{"name":"East Warburton, Victoria","id":"89010047||VIC"},{"name":"Point Leo, Victoria","id":"89010368||VIC"},{"name":"Cape Conran, Victoria","id":"89014404||VIC"},{"name":"Hesket, Victoria","id":"89008832||VIC"},{"name":"Fulham, Victoria","id":"89007413||VIC"},{"name":"Brunswick East, Victoria","id":"89008976||VIC"},{"name":"Serviceton, Victoria","id":"89008017||VIC"},{"name":"Dandenong South, Victoria","id":"89009043||VIC"},{"name":"Venus Bay, Victoria","id":"89007704||VIC"},{"name":"Golden Point, Victoria","id":"89010598||VIC"},{"name":"Yando, Victoria","id":"89008390||VIC"},{"name":"Moonee Ponds, Victoria","id":"89009188||VIC"},{"name":"Woori Yallock, Victoria","id":"89010212||VIC"},{"name":"Wandana Heights, Victoria","id":"89009943||VIC"},{"name":"Broken Creek, Victoria","id":"89014520||VIC"},{"name":"Moorngag, Victoria","id":"89009508||VIC"},{"name":"Yinnar, Victoria","id":"89007756||VIC"},{"name":"Freshwater Creek, Victoria","id":"89009749||VIC"},{"name":"Charlton, Victoria","id":"89008163||VIC"},{"name":"Molesworth, Victoria","id":"89008609||VIC"},{"name":"Cardigan, Victoria","id":"89010509||VIC"},{"name":"Avoca, Victoria","id":"89010430||VIC"},{"name":"Fyansford, Victoria","id":"89010293||VIC"},{"name":"Crowlands, Victoria","id":"89007824||VIC"},{"name":"Lake Goldsmith, Victoria","id":"89010663||VIC"},{"name":"Nelson, Victoria","id":"89009859||VIC"},{"name":"Cohuna, Victoria","id":"89008453||VIC"},{"name":"Wattle Glen, Victoria","id":"89010204||VIC"},{"name":"Anglers Rest, Victoria","id":"89010937||VIC"},{"name":"Sandford, Victoria","id":"89008014||VIC"},{"name":"Preston, Victoria","id":"89009242||VIC"},{"name":"Noojee, Victoria","id":"89007580||VIC"},{"name":"Wangaratta South, Victoria","id":"89009596||VIC"},{"name":"Terang, Victoria","id":"89009924||VIC"},{"name":"Swanpool, Victoria","id":"89009558||VIC"},{"name":"Harrietville, Victoria","id":"89009455||VIC"},{"name":"Bannockburn, Victoria","id":"89009637||VIC"},{"name":"Tallarook, Victoria","id":"89008695||VIC"},{"name":"Red Cliffs, Victoria","id":"89008317||VIC"},{"name":"Newtown, Victoria","id":"89010774||VIC"},{"name":"Cavendish, Victoria","id":"89007810||VIC"},{"name":"North Wangaratta, Victoria","id":"89014755||VIC"},{"name":"Springvale, Victoria","id":"89009279||VIC"},{"name":"Winnap, Victoria","id":"89009970||VIC"},{"name":"Caulfield, Victoria","id":"89009002||VIC"},{"name":"Seymour, Victoria","id":"89008670||VIC"},{"name":"Moe, Victoria","id":"89007541||VIC"},{"name":"Malmsbury, Victoria","id":"89008854||VIC"},{"name":"Gooramadda, Victoria","id":"89009442||VIC"},{"name":"Hepburn Springs, Victoria","id":"89008831||VIC"},{"name":"Stawell, Victoria","id":"89008024||VIC"},{"name":"Bambra, Victoria","id":"89009636||VIC"},{"name":"Mornington, Victoria","id":"89010345||VIC"},{"name":"Loch, Victoria","id":"89007513||VIC"},{"name":"Emerald, Victoria","id":"89010051||VIC"},{"name":"Paynesville, Victoria","id":"89011066||VIC"},{"name":"Flemington, Victoria","id":"89009081||VIC"},{"name":"Everton Upper, Victoria","id":"89014557||VIC"},{"name":"Mildura, Victoria","id":"89008266||VIC"},{"name":"Burrowye, Victoria","id":"89009393||VIC"},{"name":"Yarragon, Victoria","id":"89007754||VIC"},{"name":"Clunes, Victoria","id":"89010523||VIC"},{"name":"Laharum, Victoria","id":"89014601||VIC"},{"name":"Ballarat, Victoria","id":"89010441||VIC"},{"name":"Newport, Victoria","id":"89009208||VIC"},{"name":"Cobungra, Victoria","id":"89010975||VIC"},{"name":"Black Rock, Victoria","id":"89008956||VIC"},{"name":"Monomeith, Victoria","id":"89007543||VIC"},{"name":"Nirranda, Victoria","id":"89009861||VIC"},{"name":"Parkville, Victoria","id":"89009230||VIC"},{"name":"Rosebud West, Victoria","id":"89010383||VIC"},{"name":"Rochester, Victoria","id":"89008658||VIC"},{"name":"Longwarry, Victoria","id":"89007516||VIC"},{"name":"Echuca Village, Victoria","id":"89008486||VIC"},{"name":"Barrabool, Victoria","id":"89009643||VIC"},{"name":"Narre Warren, Victoria","id":"89010350||VIC"},{"name":"Skenes Creek, Victoria","id":"89009907||VIC"},{"name":"Warrandyte, Victoria","id":"89010197||VIC"},{"name":"Tawonga, Victoria","id":"89009569||VIC"},{"name":"Fingal, Victoria","id":"89010282||VIC"},{"name":"Armadale, Victoria","id":"89008927||VIC"},{"name":"Gellibrand, Victoria","id":"89009752||VIC"},{"name":"Mount Eliza, Victoria","id":"89010347||VIC"},{"name":"Yea, Victoria","id":"89008764||VIC"},{"name":"Wallace, Victoria","id":"89010889||VIC"},{"name":"Golden Square, Victoria","id":"89010599||VIC"},{"name":"West Melbourne, Victoria","id":"89009324||VIC"},{"name":"Bacchus Marsh, Victoria","id":"89010226||VIC"},{"name":"Meeniyan, Victoria","id":"89007533||VIC"},{"name":"Frankston, Victoria","id":"89010288||VIC"},{"name":"Milawa, Victoria","id":"89009503||VIC"},{"name":"Longerenong, Victoria","id":"89007932||VIC"},{"name":"Kinglake West, Victoria","id":"89010084||VIC"},{"name":"Kensington, Victoria","id":"89009146||VIC"},{"name":"Warragul, Victoria","id":"89007712||VIC"},{"name":"Lakes Entrance, Victoria","id":"89011037||VIC"},{"name":"Inverleigh, Victoria","id":"89009785||VIC"},{"name":"Coragulac, Victoria","id":"89009702||VIC"},{"name":"Sebastopol, Victoria","id":"89010828||VIC"},{"name":"Enfield, Victoria","id":"89010569||VIC"},{"name":"Strath Creek, Victoria","id":"89008684||VIC"},{"name":"Oxley, Victoria","id":"89014864||VIC"},{"name":"Maryborough, Victoria","id":"89010699||VIC"},{"name":"Cranbourne East, Victoria","id":"89010263||VIC"},{"name":"Little River, Victoria","id":"89010322||VIC"},{"name":"Neerim South, Victoria","id":"89007570||VIC"},{"name":"Northcote, Victoria","id":"89009216||VIC"},{"name":"Traralgon, Victoria","id":"89007690||VIC"},{"name":"Mallacoota, Victoria","id":"89011043||VIC"},{"name":"Leongatha, Victoria","id":"89007503||VIC"},{"name":"Laverton, Victoria","id":"89009159||VIC"},{"name":"Heathcote, Victoria","id":"89010620||VIC"},{"name":"Thornbury, Victoria","id":"89009307||VIC"},{"name":"Mortlake, Victoria","id":"89009836||VIC"},{"name":"Langwarrin South, Victoria","id":"89010316||VIC"},{"name":"Eurobin, Victoria","id":"89009430||VIC"},{"name":"Glenaroua, Victoria","id":"89008503||VIC"},{"name":"Chiltern, Victoria","id":"89009404||VIC"},{"name":"Bridge Creek, Victoria","id":"89009377||VIC"},{"name":"Creswick, Victoria","id":"89010538||VIC"},{"name":"Airport West, Victoria","id":"89008915||VIC"},{"name":"Broadford, Victoria","id":"89008434||VIC"},{"name":"Hattah, Victoria","id":"89008203||VIC"},{"name":"Cobden, Victoria","id":"89009691||VIC"},{"name":"Carlsruhe, Victoria","id":"89008792||VIC"},{"name":"Blackwood, Victoria","id":"89008780||VIC"},{"name":"Sassafras, Victoria","id":"89010148||VIC"},{"name":"Dobie, Victoria","id":"89007839||VIC"},{"name":"Hotspur, Victoria","id":"89009782||VIC"},{"name":"Willung South, Victoria","id":"89007725||VIC"},{"name":"Cape Woolamai, Victoria","id":"89007343||VIC"},{"name":"Fairhaven, Victoria","id":"89009743||VIC"},{"name":"Warrak, Victoria","id":"89008065||VIC"},{"name":"Daisy Hill, Victoria","id":"89010542||VIC"},{"name":"Heywood, Victoria","id":"89009777||VIC"},{"name":"Christmas Hills, Victoria","id":"89010023||VIC"},{"name":"Tower Hill, Victoria","id":"89009935||VIC"},{"name":"Red Hill South, Victoria","id":"89010377||VIC"},{"name":"Doveton, Victoria","id":"89009057||VIC"},{"name":"Lexton, Victoria","id":"89010676||VIC"},{"name":"Ringwood, Victoria","id":"89010141||VIC"},{"name":"Cockatoo, Victoria","id":"89010027||VIC"},{"name":"Mitcham, Victoria","id":"89010106||VIC"},{"name":"Wunghnu, Victoria","id":"89008754||VIC"},{"name":"Apollo Bay, Victoria","id":"89009626||VIC"},{"name":"Alexandra, Victoria","id":"89008398||VIC"},{"name":"Upper Ferntree Gully, Victoria","id":"89010180||VIC"},{"name":"Walhalla, Victoria","id":"89007707||VIC"},{"name":"Wartook Valley, Victoria","id":"89025043||VIC"},{"name":"Taggerty, Victoria","id":"89008694||VIC"},{"name":"Nagambie, Victoria","id":"89008631||VIC"},{"name":"Yarragon South, Victoria","id":"89014737||VIC"},{"name":"Thowgla Valley, Victoria","id":"89014697||VIC"},{"name":"Mirboo North, Victoria","id":"89007539||VIC"},{"name":"Skipton, Victoria","id":"89010837||VIC"},{"name":"Great Western, Victoria","id":"89007867||VIC"},{"name":"Bendigo South, Victoria","id":"89010465||VIC"},{"name":"Lockington, Victoria","id":"89008583||VIC"},{"name":"Cranbourne, Victoria","id":"89010262||VIC"},{"name":"Wandin North, Victoria","id":"89010191||VIC"},{"name":"Colac, Victoria","id":"89009694||VIC"},{"name":"Buckland, Victoria","id":"89009386||VIC"},{"name":"Fairfield, Victoria","id":"89009072||VIC"},{"name":"Geelong, Victoria","id":"89010294||VIC"},{"name":"Staughton Vale, Victoria","id":"89010401||VIC"},{"name":"Merricks, Victoria","id":"89010337||VIC"},{"name":"Dumbalk, Victoria","id":"89007392||VIC"},{"name":"Murchison, Victoria","id":"89008621||VIC"},{"name":"East Bendigo, Victoria","id":"89010560||VIC"},{"name":"Colac Colac, Victoria","id":"89009407||VIC"},{"name":"Piangil, Victoria","id":"89008306||VIC"},{"name":"Myrtleford, Victoria","id":"89009520||VIC"},{"name":"Tooborac, Victoria","id":"89008717||VIC"},{"name":"Chirnside Park, Victoria","id":"89010022||VIC"},{"name":"Koroit, Victoria","id":"89009806||VIC"},{"name":"Shepparton, Victoria","id":"89008673||VIC"},{"name":"Whorouly East, Victoria","id":"89009605||VIC"},{"name":"Birregurra, Victoria","id":"89009657||VIC"},{"name":"Gembrook, Victoria","id":"89010057||VIC"},{"name":"Moolap, Victoria","id":"89010341||VIC"},{"name":"Koondrook, Victoria","id":"89008558||VIC"},{"name":"Rainbow, Victoria","id":"89008316||VIC"},{"name":"Bairnsdale, Victoria","id":"89010939||VIC"},{"name":"Winton North, Victoria","id":"89009609||VIC"},{"name":"Abbotsford, Victoria","id":"89008914||VIC"},{"name":"Ada, Victoria","id":"89035064||VIC"},{"name":"Murrindindi, Victoria","id":"89008627||VIC"},{"name":"Tidal River, Victoria","id":"89007675||VIC"},{"name":"Point Lonsdale, Victoria","id":"89010369||VIC"},{"name":"Port Welshpool, Victoria","id":"89007602||VIC"},{"name":"Quambatook, Victoria","id":"89008315||VIC"},{"name":"Moorabbin Airport, Victoria","id":"89009192||VIC"},{"name":"Colignan, Victoria","id":"89008170||VIC"},{"name":"Lake Fyans, Victoria","id":"89014602||VIC"},{"name":"Delatite, Victoria","id":"89009420||VIC"},{"name":"Talbot, Victoria","id":"89010870||VIC"},{"name":"Tatong, Victoria","id":"89009568||VIC"},{"name":"Ruffy, Victoria","id":"89008664||VIC"},{"name":"Hamilton, Victoria","id":"89007874||VIC"},{"name":"Collingwood, Victoria","id":"89009028||VIC"},{"name":"Illowa, Victoria","id":"89009783||VIC"},{"name":"Linga, Victoria","id":"89008250||VIC"},{"name":"Bylands, Victoria","id":"89008790||VIC"},{"name":"Blairgowrie, Victoria","id":"89010244||VIC"},{"name":"Walkerville South, Victoria","id":"89007709||VIC"},{"name":"Stawell West, Victoria","id":"89008025||VIC"},{"name":"Rhyll, Victoria","id":"89007611||VIC"},{"name":"Mitiamo, Victoria","id":"89010715||VIC"},{"name":"Tarrawarra, Victoria","id":"89010167||VIC"},{"name":"Warburton, Victoria","id":"89010195||VIC"},{"name":"Keilor North, Victoria","id":"89009144||VIC"},{"name":"Tarwin Lower, Victoria","id":"89007662||VIC"},{"name":"Mount Helen, Victoria","id":"89010741||VIC"},{"name":"Eastern View, Victoria","id":"89009736||VIC"},{"name":"Yarck, Victoria","id":"89008760||VIC"},{"name":"Thoona, Victoria","id":"89009574||VIC"},{"name":"Buxton, Victoria","id":"89010019||VIC"},{"name":"Buninyong, Victoria","id":"89010492||VIC"},{"name":"Blackburn, Victoria","id":"89010006||VIC"},{"name":"Carlton, Victoria","id":"89008995||VIC"},{"name":"Bulleen, Victoria","id":"89010015||VIC"},{"name":"Sale, Victoria","id":"89007624||VIC"},{"name":"Dederang, Victoria","id":"89009419||VIC"},{"name":"Drouin, Victoria","id":"89007388||VIC"},{"name":"Berringa, Victoria","id":"89010468||VIC"},{"name":"Trafalgar, Victoria","id":"89007688||VIC"},{"name":"Chiltern Valley, Victoria","id":"89009405||VIC"},{"name":"Keilor East, Victoria","id":"89009142||VIC"},{"name":"Sandy Point, Victoria","id":"89007627||VIC"},{"name":"Tarrawingee, Victoria","id":"89009567||VIC"},{"name":"Breakwater, Victoria","id":"89010247||VIC"},{"name":"Fumina South, Victoria","id":"89007415||VIC"},{"name":"Canterbury, Victoria","id":"89008994||VIC"},{"name":"Indigo Valley, Victoria","id":"89014582||VIC"},{"name":"Freeburgh, Victoria","id":"89009433||VIC"},{"name":"Benalla, Victoria","id":"89009360||VIC"},{"name":"Richmond, Victoria","id":"89009254||VIC"},{"name":"Hotham Heights, Victoria","id":"89009460||VIC"},{"name":"Wonthaggi, Victoria","id":"89007732||VIC"},{"name":"Buchan, Victoria","id":"89010956||VIC"},{"name":"Gooram, Victoria","id":"89008508||VIC"},{"name":"Leopold, Victoria","id":"89010321||VIC"},{"name":"Smoko, Victoria","id":"89009554||VIC"},{"name":"Eildon, Victoria","id":"89008488||VIC"},{"name":"Wantirna, Victoria","id":"89010193||VIC"},{"name":"Johanna, Victoria","id":"89009792||VIC"},{"name":"Melbourne Airport, Victoria","id":"89009176||VIC"},{"name":"Mount Cole, Victoria","id":"89010735||VIC"},{"name":"Kilsyth South, Victoria","id":"89010080||VIC"},{"name":"Beechworth, Victoria","id":"89009357||VIC"},{"name":"Seville, Victoria","id":"89010152||VIC"},{"name":"Yaapeet, Victoria","id":"89008389||VIC"},{"name":"Brighton East, Victoria","id":"89008969||VIC"},{"name":"Docker, Victoria","id":"89009422||VIC"},{"name":"Orrvale, Victoria","id":"89008641||VIC"},{"name":"Clifton Hill, Victoria","id":"89009021||VIC"},{"name":"Horsham, Victoria","id":"89007882||VIC"},{"name":"Acheron, Victoria","id":"89014488||VIC"},{"name":"Epsom, Victoria","id":"89010571||VIC"},{"name":"Elmhurst, Victoria","id":"89010566||VIC"},{"name":"Stratford, Victoria","id":"89007644||VIC"},{"name":"Hidden Valley, Victoria","id":"89014215||VIC"},{"name":"Morwell, Victoria","id":"89007547||VIC"},{"name":"Invermay, Victoria","id":"89010631||VIC"},{"name":"Mount Moriac, Victoria","id":"89009840||VIC"},{"name":"Glenlyon, Victoria","id":"89008823||VIC"},{"name":"Tooradin, Victoria","id":"89007684||VIC"},{"name":"Dadswells Bridge, Victoria","id":"89007828||VIC"},{"name":"Whitfield, Victoria","id":"89009602||VIC"},{"name":"Cann River, Victoria","id":"89010967||VIC"},{"name":"Eagle Point, Victoria","id":"89010994||VIC"},{"name":"Myrrhee, Victoria","id":"89009519||VIC"},{"name":"Springhurst, Victoria","id":"89009555||VIC"},{"name":"Newcomb, Victoria","id":"89010353||VIC"},{"name":"Portsea, Victoria","id":"89010373||VIC"},{"name":"Echuca, Victoria","id":"89008483||VIC"},{"name":"Wonga Park, Victoria","id":"89010209||VIC"},{"name":"Lima East, Victoria","id":"89009486||VIC"},{"name":"Colac East, Victoria","id":"89009695||VIC"},{"name":"Kialla, Victoria","id":"89008549||VIC"},{"name":"Swan Bay, Victoria","id":"89014888||VIC"},{"name":"Spotswood, Victoria","id":"89009278||VIC"},{"name":"Iguana Creek, Victoria","id":"89011026||VIC"},{"name":"Sawmill Settlement, Victoria","id":"89009551||VIC"},{"name":"Halls Gap, Victoria","id":"89007873||VIC"},{"name":"Robinvale, Victoria","id":"89008322||VIC"},{"name":"Trawool, Victoria","id":"89008724||VIC"},{"name":"Wongarra, Victoria","id":"89009973||VIC"},{"name":"Casterton, Victoria","id":"89007808||VIC"},{"name":"Skenes Creek North, Victoria","id":"89009908||VIC"},{"name":"Alfredton, Victoria","id":"89010419||VIC"},{"name":"Kyabram, Victoria","id":"89008569||VIC"},{"name":"Macs Cove, Victoria","id":"89008588||VIC"},{"name":"Rosebud, Victoria","id":"89010381||VIC"},{"name":"Warrnambool, Victoria","id":"89009950||VIC"},{"name":"Caroline Springs, Victoria","id":"89008999||VIC"},{"name":"Glen Park, Victoria","id":"89014564||VIC"},{"name":"Cowes, Victoria","id":"89007365||VIC"},{"name":"Dry Diggings, Victoria","id":"89008811||VIC"},{"name":"Eltham, Victoria","id":"89010049||VIC"},{"name":"Docklands, Victoria","id":"89014472||VIC"},{"name":"Euroa, Victoria","id":"89008493||VIC"},{"name":"Whitelaw, Victoria","id":"89007720||VIC"},{"name":"Mirranatwa, Victoria","id":"89007953||VIC"},{"name":"Waurn Ponds, Victoria","id":"89009955||VIC"},{"name":"Kotupna, Victoria","id":"89008564||VIC"},{"name":"North Geelong, Victoria","id":"89010357||VIC"},{"name":"Moorooduc, Victoria","id":"89010343||VIC"},{"name":"Cudgewa, Victoria","id":"89009414||VIC"},{"name":"Kilcunda, Victoria","id":"89007480||VIC"},{"name":"Edi, Victoria","id":"89009425||VIC"},{"name":"Dunolly, Victoria","id":"89010555||VIC"},{"name":"Bandiana, Victoria","id":"89009349||VIC"},{"name":"Bruthen, Victoria","id":"89010955||VIC"},{"name":"Daylesford, Victoria","id":"89008805||VIC"},{"name":"New Gisborne, Victoria","id":"89008871||VIC"},{"name":"Badger Creek, Victoria","id":"89009992||VIC"},{"name":"Dromana, Victoria","id":"89010272||VIC"},{"name":"Longwood, Victoria","id":"89008585||VIC"},{"name":"Port Campbell, Victoria","id":"89009886||VIC"},{"name":"Ovens, Victoria","id":"89009533||VIC"},{"name":"Essendon, Victoria","id":"89009067||VIC"},{"name":"Bundalong, Victoria","id":"89008436||VIC"},{"name":"Ballarat East, Victoria","id":"89010442||VIC"},{"name":"Thornton, Victoria","id":"89008714||VIC"},{"name":"Boneo, Victoria","id":"89010246||VIC"},{"name":"Nungurner, Victoria","id":"89011061||VIC"},{"name":"Camberwell, Victoria","id":"89008987||VIC"},{"name":"Torquay, Victoria","id":"89009934||VIC"},{"name":"Napoleons, Victoria","id":"89010761||VIC"},{"name":"Barwon Heads, Victoria","id":"89010234||VIC"},{"name":"Cabbage Tree Creek, Victoria","id":"89010964||VIC"},{"name":"Merrimu, Victoria","id":"89008858||VIC"},{"name":"Werribee South, Victoria","id":"89009322||VIC"},{"name":"Caulfield North, Victoria","id":"89009005||VIC"},{"name":"Cheltenham, Victoria","id":"89009013||VIC"},{"name":"Kyneton, Victoria","id":"89008843||VIC"},{"name":"Genoa, Victoria","id":"89011011||VIC"},{"name":"Red Hill, Victoria","id":"89010376||VIC"},{"name":"Ballan, Victoria","id":"89010439||VIC"},{"name":"Maldon, Victoria","id":"89010693||VIC"},{"name":"Yering, Victoria","id":"89010219||VIC"},{"name":"Moyarra, Victoria","id":"89007554||VIC"},{"name":"Towong, Victoria","id":"89009583||VIC"},{"name":"Elsternwick, Victoria","id":"89009064||VIC"},{"name":"Cobbannah, Victoria","id":"89010974||VIC"},{"name":"Ascot Vale, Victoria","id":"89008930||VIC"},{"name":"Smeaton, Victoria","id":"89010839||VIC"},{"name":"Bonbeach, Victoria","id":"89008959||VIC"},{"name":"Gruyere, Victoria","id":"89010064||VIC"},{"name":"Junortoun, Victoria","id":"89010638||VIC"},{"name":"Bright, Victoria","id":"89009378||VIC"},{"name":"Caulfield East, Victoria","id":"89009003||VIC"},{"name":"Main Ridge, Victoria","id":"89010327||VIC"},{"name":"Eldorado, Victoria","id":"89009427||VIC"},{"name":"Everton, Victoria","id":"89009431||VIC"},{"name":"Anakie, Victoria","id":"89010221||VIC"},{"name":"Chewton, Victoria","id":"89010517||VIC"},{"name":"Aberfeldy, Victoria","id":"89014487||VIC"},{"name":"Maffra, Victoria","id":"89007522||VIC"},{"name":"Stuart Mill, Victoria","id":"89010862||VIC"},{"name":"Avenel, Victoria","id":"89008404||VIC"},{"name":"Greenvale, Victoria","id":"89008829||VIC"},{"name":"Maribyrnong, Victoria","id":"89009173||VIC"},{"name":"Launching Place, Victoria","id":"89010090||VIC"},{"name":"Diggers Rest, Victoria","id":"89008807||VIC"},{"name":"Mount Richmond, Victoria","id":"89009842||VIC"},{"name":"Mount Franklin, Victoria","id":"89008866||VIC"},{"name":"Goughs Bay, Victoria","id":"89008510||VIC"},{"name":"Wangaratta, Victoria","id":"89009594||VIC"},{"name":"Corio, Victoria","id":"89010261||VIC"},{"name":"Lethbridge, Victoria","id":"89010675||VIC"},{"name":"Thorpdale, Victoria","id":"89007673||VIC"},{"name":"Templestowe, Victoria","id":"89010169||VIC"},{"name":"Rippleside, Victoria","id":"89010379||VIC"},{"name":"Winchelsea South, Victoria","id":"89009968||VIC"},{"name":"South Melbourne, Victoria","id":"89009275||VIC"},{"name":"Castlemaine, Victoria","id":"89010514||VIC"},{"name":"Darriman, Victoria","id":"89007379||VIC"},{"name":"Separation Creek, Victoria","id":"89009903||VIC"},{"name":"Mitchellstown, Victoria","id":"89008606||VIC"},{"name":"Curlewis, Victoria","id":"89010268||VIC"},{"name":"Tallangatta Valley, Victoria","id":"89009564||VIC"},{"name":"Swan Reach, Victoria","id":"89011078||VIC"},{"name":"Lavers Hill, Victoria","id":"89009811||VIC"},{"name":"Marengo, Victoria","id":"89009823||VIC"},{"name":"Lake Tyers Beach, Victoria","id":"89011036||VIC"},{"name":"Brunswick, Victoria","id":"89008975||VIC"},{"name":"Musk, Victoria","id":"89008868||VIC"},{"name":"Rye, Victoria","id":"89010387||VIC"},{"name":"Newham, Victoria","id":"89008873||VIC"},{"name":"Hawthorn, Victoria","id":"89009109||VIC"},{"name":"Bellarine, Victoria","id":"89010240||VIC"},{"name":"Benalla West, Victoria","id":"89009361||VIC"},{"name":"Yanakie, Victoria","id":"89007751||VIC"},{"name":"Glenrowan, Victoria","id":"89009440||VIC"},{"name":"Drummond North, Victoria","id":"89008810||VIC"},{"name":"Indented Head, Victoria","id":"89010310||VIC"},{"name":"Spring Hill, Victoria","id":"89008891||VIC"},{"name":"St Kilda, Victoria","id":"89009283||VIC"},{"name":"Barmah, Victoria","id":"89008416||VIC"},{"name":"Omeo, Victoria","id":"89011064||VIC"},{"name":"South Geelong, Victoria","id":"89010398||VIC"},{"name":"Mount Waverley, Victoria","id":"89009200||VIC"},{"name":"Scotts Creek, Victoria","id":"89009902||VIC"},{"name":"Drysdale, Victoria","id":"89010276||VIC"},{"name":"Modewarre, Victoria","id":"89009833||VIC"},{"name":"Buangor, Victoria","id":"89010486||VIC"},{"name":"Geelong West, Victoria","id":"89010295||VIC"},{"name":"Tarra Valley, Victoria","id":"89014690||VIC"},{"name":"Lake Bolac, Victoria","id":"89007914||VIC"},{"name":"Riddells Creek, Victoria","id":"89008881||VIC"},{"name":"Rosedale, Victoria","id":"89007618||VIC"},{"name":"Mont Albert, Victoria","id":"89009185||VIC"},{"name":"Wendouree, Victoria","id":"89010908||VIC"},{"name":"Mount Hotham, Victoria","id":"89009514||VIC"},{"name":"Glenhope, Victoria","id":"89010591||VIC"},{"name":"Willaura, Victoria","id":"89008075||VIC"},{"name":"Gateway Island, Victoria","id":"89014559||VIC"},{"name":"Kergunyah, Victoria","id":"89009472||VIC"},{"name":"Coldstream, Victoria","id":"89010028||VIC"},{"name":"Ocean Grove, Victoria","id":"89010359||VIC"},{"name":"Koonoomoo, Victoria","id":"89008559||VIC"},{"name":"Ararat, Victoria","id":"89007763||VIC"},{"name":"Silverleaves, Victoria","id":"89007634||VIC"},{"name":"Richmond East, Victoria","id":"89009255||VIC"},{"name":"Tynong North, Victoria","id":"89007699||VIC"},{"name":"Callignee, Victoria","id":"89007338||VIC"},{"name":"Bendigo, Victoria","id":"89010464||VIC"},{"name":"Falls Creek, Victoria","id":"89009432||VIC"},{"name":"Barwite, Victoria","id":"89009356||VIC"},{"name":"Ballarat Central, Victoria","id":"89014775||VIC"},{"name":"Somerville, Victoria","id":"89010396||VIC"},{"name":"Coongulla, Victoria","id":"89007359||VIC"},{"name":"Bellbrae, Victoria","id":"89009650||VIC"},{"name":"Metung, Victoria","id":"89011050||VIC"},{"name":"Wartook, Victoria","id":"89008067||VIC"},{"name":"Mccrae, Victoria","id":"89010334||VIC"},{"name":"Mansfield, Victoria","id":"89009495||VIC"},{"name":"Breamlea, Victoria","id":"89009665||VIC"},{"name":"Whittlesea, Victoria","id":"89010207||VIC"},{"name":"East Melbourne, Victoria","id":"89009060||VIC"},{"name":"Waratah North, Victoria","id":"89007711||VIC"},{"name":"Windsor, Victoria","id":"89009336||VIC"},{"name":"Carlyle, Victoria","id":"89014531||VIC"},{"name":"Wantirna South, Victoria","id":"89010194||VIC"},{"name":"Sutherlands Creek, Victoria","id":"89014686||VIC"},{"name":"Briagolong, Victoria","id":"89007323||VIC"},{"name":"Colac West, Victoria","id":"89009696||VIC"},{"name":"Inverloch, Victoria","id":"89007460||VIC"},{"name":"Beech Forest, Victoria","id":"89009649||VIC"},{"name":"Newborough, Victoria","id":"89007573||VIC"},{"name":"Allans Flat, Victoria","id":"89009343||VIC"},{"name":"South Wharf, Victoria","id":"89035118||VIC"},{"name":"Summerlands, Victoria","id":"89014685||VIC"},{"name":"Tolmie, Victoria","id":"89009579||VIC"},{"name":"Glenaire, Victoria","id":"89009756||VIC"},{"name":"Carrum Downs, Victoria","id":"89010252||VIC"},{"name":"Puckapunyal, Victoria","id":"89035126||VIC"},{"name":"Wy Yung, Victoria","id":"89011114||VIC"},{"name":"Ballarat North, Victoria","id":"89010443||VIC"},{"name":"Langwarrin, Victoria","id":"89010315||VIC"},{"name":"Chandlers Creek, Victoria","id":"89010970||VIC"},{"name":"Yarraville, Victoria","id":"89009340||VIC"},{"name":"Mooroolbark, Victoria","id":"89010112||VIC"},{"name":"Kardella, Victoria","id":"89007476||VIC"},{"name":"Cheshunt, Victoria","id":"89009400||VIC"},{"name":"Sailors Falls, Victoria","id":"89008885||VIC"},{"name":"Kalorama, Victoria","id":"89010076||VIC"},{"name":"Eureka, Victoria","id":"89010574||VIC"},{"name":"Springmount, Victoria","id":"89010850||VIC"},{"name":"Balnarring, Victoria","id":"89010231||VIC"},{"name":"Wheelers Hill, Victoria","id":"89009330||VIC"},{"name":"Elevated Plains, Victoria","id":"89008815||VIC"},{"name":"Swifts Creek, Victoria","id":"89011079||VIC"},{"name":"Yackandandah, Victoria","id":"89009616||VIC"},{"name":"Derrinal, Victoria","id":"89010547||VIC"},{"name":"Lara, Victoria","id":"89010317||VIC"},{"name":"Grantville, Victoria","id":"89007433||VIC"},{"name":"Newlyn North, Victoria","id":"89010772||VIC"},{"name":"Lucas, Victoria","id":"89035066||VIC"},{"name":"Belmont, Victoria","id":"89010241||VIC"},{"name":"Heatherton, Victoria","id":"89009115||VIC"},{"name":"Trafalgar East, Victoria","id":"89007689||VIC"},{"name":"Sugarloaf, Victoria","id":"89009915||VIC"},{"name":"Nariel Valley, Victoria","id":"89014645||VIC"},{"name":"Ecklin South, Victoria","id":"89009737||VIC"},{"name":"Port Albert, Victoria","id":"89007600||VIC"},{"name":"Footscray, Victoria","id":"89009082||VIC"},{"name":"Silvan, Victoria","id":"89010155||VIC"},{"name":"Wildwood, Victoria","id":"89008908||VIC"},{"name":"Tawonga South, Victoria","id":"89009570||VIC"},{"name":"Pearcedale, Victoria","id":"89010364||VIC"},{"name":"Rowville, Victoria","id":"89009262||VIC"},{"name":"Lilydale, Victoria","id":"89010091||VIC"},{"name":"Pennyroyal, Victoria","id":"89009876||VIC"},{"name":"South Australia","id":"||SA"},{"name":"Limestone Coast, South Australia","id":"|59000121|SA"},{"name":"Mount Burr, Limestone Coast, South Australia","id":"59002542|59000121|SA"},{"name":"Keith, Limestone Coast, South Australia","id":"59001909|59000121|SA"},{"name":"Mount Benson, Limestone Coast, South Australia","id":"59024989|59000121|SA"},{"name":"Lucindale, Limestone Coast, South Australia","id":"59002225|59000121|SA"},{"name":"Rendelsham, Limestone Coast, South Australia","id":"59003151|59000121|SA"},{"name":"Coonalpyn, Limestone Coast, South Australia","id":"59000904|59000121|SA"},{"name":"Ob Flat, Limestone Coast, South Australia","id":"59014481|59000121|SA"},{"name":"Robe, Limestone Coast, South Australia","id":"59003177|59000121|SA"},{"name":"Frances, Limestone Coast, South Australia","id":"59001363|59000121|SA"},{"name":"Hatherleigh, Limestone Coast, South Australia","id":"59001681|59000121|SA"},{"name":"Naracoorte, Limestone Coast, South Australia","id":"59002692|59000121|SA"},{"name":"Millicent, Limestone Coast, South Australia","id":"59002418|59000121|SA"},{"name":"Glencoe, Limestone Coast, South Australia","id":"59001463|59000121|SA"},{"name":"Mount Gambier West, Limestone Coast, South Australia","id":"59014937|59000121|SA"},{"name":"Coonawarra, Limestone Coast, South Australia","id":"59000906|59000121|SA"},{"name":"Southend, Limestone Coast, South Australia","id":"59003391|59000121|SA"},{"name":"Glenburnie, Limestone Coast, South Australia","id":"59001461|59000121|SA"},{"name":"Culburra, Limestone Coast, South Australia","id":"59014400|59000121|SA"},{"name":"Padthaway, Limestone Coast, South Australia","id":"59002896|59000121|SA"},{"name":"Beachport, Limestone Coast, South Australia","id":"59000226|59000121|SA"},{"name":"Allendale East, Limestone Coast, South Australia","id":"59000042|59000121|SA"},{"name":"Mount Schank, Limestone Coast, South Australia","id":"59002581|59000121|SA"},{"name":"Struan, Limestone Coast, South Australia","id":"59012450|59000121|SA"},{"name":"Nene Valley, Limestone Coast, South Australia","id":"59004321|59000121|SA"},{"name":"Narrung, Limestone Coast, South Australia","id":"59002705|59000121|SA"},{"name":"Dismal Swamp, Limestone Coast, South Australia","id":"59025742|59000121|SA"},{"name":"Cape Jaffa, Limestone Coast, South Australia","id":"59024972|59000121|SA"},{"name":"Salt Creek, Limestone Coast, South Australia","id":"59014484|59000121|SA"},{"name":"Meningie, Limestone Coast, South Australia","id":"59002380|59000121|SA"},{"name":"Tantanoola, Limestone Coast, South Australia","id":"59003560|59000121|SA"},{"name":"Bordertown, Limestone Coast, South Australia","id":"59000448|59000121|SA"},{"name":"Carpenter Rocks, Limestone Coast, South Australia","id":"59000712|59000121|SA"},{"name":"Ki Ki, Limestone Coast, South Australia","id":"59025110|59000121|SA"},{"name":"Avenue Range, Limestone Coast, South Australia","id":"59000118|59000121|SA"},{"name":"Port Macdonnell, Limestone Coast, South Australia","id":"59003042|59000121|SA"},{"name":"Mount Gambier, Limestone Coast, South Australia","id":"59002552|59000121|SA"},{"name":"Penola, Limestone Coast, South Australia","id":"59002964|59000121|SA"},{"name":"Mount Gambier East, Limestone Coast, South Australia","id":"59025808|59000121|SA"},{"name":"Nangwarry, Limestone Coast, South Australia","id":"59002688|59000121|SA"},{"name":"Tintinara, Limestone Coast, South Australia","id":"59003679|59000121|SA"},{"name":"Kingston Se, Limestone Coast, South Australia","id":"59001984|59000121|SA"},{"name":"Meningie West, Limestone Coast, South Australia","id":"59004332|59000121|SA"},{"name":"Murraylands, South Australia","id":"|59000119|SA"},{"name":"Caurnamont, Murraylands, South Australia","id":"59025509|59000119|SA"},{"name":"Mannum, Murraylands, South Australia","id":"59002287|59000119|SA"},{"name":"Swan Reach, Murraylands, South Australia","id":"59003512|59000119|SA"},{"name":"Bow Hill, Murraylands, South Australia","id":"59000459|59000119|SA"},{"name":"Parilla, Murraylands, South Australia","id":"59004322|59000119|SA"},{"name":"Murray Bridge, Murraylands, South Australia","id":"59002654|59000119|SA"},{"name":"Monarto, Murraylands, South Australia","id":"59004325|59000119|SA"},{"name":"Nildottie, Murraylands, South Australia","id":"59002758|59000119|SA"},{"name":"Sanderston, Murraylands, South Australia","id":"59003266|59000119|SA"},{"name":"Younghusband, Murraylands, South Australia","id":"59004256|59000119|SA"},{"name":"Lameroo, Murraylands, South Australia","id":"59002078|59000119|SA"},{"name":"Mypolonga, Murraylands, South Australia","id":"59002674|59000119|SA"},{"name":"White Sands, Murraylands, South Australia","id":"59025034|59000119|SA"},{"name":"Callington, Murraylands, South Australia","id":"59000651|59000119|SA"},{"name":"Sedan, Murraylands, South Australia","id":"59003307|59000119|SA"},{"name":"Wellington, Murraylands, South Australia","id":"59004293|59000119|SA"},{"name":"Walker Flat, Murraylands, South Australia","id":"59004347|59000119|SA"},{"name":"Monteith, Murraylands, South Australia","id":"59024981|59000119|SA"},{"name":"Pinnaroo, Murraylands, South Australia","id":"59002998|59000119|SA"},{"name":"Tailem Bend, Murraylands, South Australia","id":"59003534|59000119|SA"},{"name":"Riverland, South Australia","id":"|59000120|SA"},{"name":"Taylorville, Riverland, South Australia","id":"59025010|59000120|SA"},{"name":"Ramco, Riverland, South Australia","id":"59003109|59000120|SA"},{"name":"Lyrup, Riverland, South Australia","id":"59002241|59000120|SA"},{"name":"Berri, Riverland, South Australia","id":"59000290|59000120|SA"},{"name":"Cadell, Riverland, South Australia","id":"59000641|59000120|SA"},{"name":"Paisley, Riverland, South Australia","id":"59025032|59000120|SA"},{"name":"Morgan, Riverland, South Australia","id":"59002517|59000120|SA"},{"name":"Paringa, Riverland, South Australia","id":"59002918|59000120|SA"},{"name":"Overland Corner, Riverland, South Australia","id":"59002884|59000120|SA"},{"name":"Kingston On Murray, Riverland, South Australia","id":"59004298|59000120|SA"},{"name":"Winkie, Riverland, South Australia","id":"59004089|59000120|SA"},{"name":"Monash, Riverland, South Australia","id":"59002470|59000120|SA"},{"name":"Loxton North, Riverland, South Australia","id":"59014202|59000120|SA"},{"name":"Glossop, Riverland, South Australia","id":"59001486|59000120|SA"},{"name":"Blanchetown, Riverland, South Australia","id":"59000367|59000120|SA"},{"name":"Renmark, Riverland, South Australia","id":"59003153|59000120|SA"},{"name":"Murbko, Riverland, South Australia","id":"59002647|59000120|SA"},{"name":"Cobdogla, Riverland, South Australia","id":"59000828|59000120|SA"},{"name":"Moorook, Riverland, South Australia","id":"59002505|59000120|SA"},{"name":"Sunlands, Riverland, South Australia","id":"59024970|59000120|SA"},{"name":"Loxton, Riverland, South Australia","id":"59002221|59000120|SA"},{"name":"Barmera, Riverland, South Australia","id":"59000191|59000120|SA"},{"name":"Waikerie, Riverland, South Australia","id":"59003878|59000120|SA"},{"name":"Eyre Peninsula, South Australia","id":"|59000114|SA"},{"name":"Coulta, Eyre Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59000945|59000114|SA"},{"name":"Port Neill, Eyre Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59003045|59000114|SA"},{"name":"Cummins, Eyre Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59001007|59000114|SA"},{"name":"Ceduna, Eyre Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59000744|59000114|SA"},{"name":"Louth Bay, Eyre Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59002201|59000114|SA"},{"name":"Kimba, Eyre Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59001956|59000114|SA"},{"name":"Nundroo, Eyre Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59002825|59000114|SA"},{"name":"Cleve, Eyre Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59000804|59000114|SA"},{"name":"Thevenard, Eyre Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59003645|59000114|SA"},{"name":"Smoky Bay, Eyre Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59003360|59000114|SA"},{"name":"Baird Bay, Eyre Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59004329|59000114|SA"},{"name":"Darke Peak, Eyre Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59001051|59000114|SA"},{"name":"Port Kenny, Eyre Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59003039|59000114|SA"},{"name":"Venus Bay, Eyre Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59003855|59000114|SA"},{"name":"Elliston, Eyre Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59001217|59000114|SA"},{"name":"North Shields, Eyre Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59002788|59000114|SA"},{"name":"Nullarbor, Eyre Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59002813|59000114|SA"},{"name":"Whyalla, Eyre Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59004041|59000114|SA"},{"name":"Streaky Bay, Eyre Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59003483|59000114|SA"},{"name":"Penong, Eyre Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59002965|59000114|SA"},{"name":"Wudinna, Eyre Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59004172|59000114|SA"},{"name":"Yalata, Eyre Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59004201|59000114|SA"},{"name":"Port Lincoln, Eyre Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59003041|59000114|SA"},{"name":"Sceale Bay, Eyre Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59025023|59000114|SA"},{"name":"Bookabie, Eyre Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59025223|59000114|SA"},{"name":"Mount Dutton Bay, Eyre Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59024999|59000114|SA"},{"name":"Arno Bay, Eyre Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59000094|59000114|SA"},{"name":"Kyancutta, Eyre Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59002040|59000114|SA"},{"name":"Whyalla Playford, Eyre Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59014767|59000114|SA"},{"name":"Coffin Bay, Eyre Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59000836|59000114|SA"},{"name":"Fowlers Bay, Eyre Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59024977|59000114|SA"},{"name":"Cowell, Eyre Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59000949|59000114|SA"},{"name":"Whyalla Norrie, Eyre Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59004042|59000114|SA"},{"name":"Lock, Eyre Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59002170|59000114|SA"},{"name":"Minnipa, Eyre Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59002433|59000114|SA"},{"name":"Tumby Bay, Eyre Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59003769|59000114|SA"},{"name":"Kangaroo Island, South Australia","id":"|59000118|SA"},{"name":"Parndana, Kangaroo Island, South Australia","id":"59002925|59000118|SA"},{"name":"Seddon, Kangaroo Island, South Australia","id":"59025011|59000118|SA"},{"name":"Brownlow, Kangaroo Island, South Australia","id":"59000538|59000118|SA"},{"name":"Kingscote, Kangaroo Island, South Australia","id":"59001976|59000118|SA"},{"name":"Island Beach, Kangaroo Island, South Australia","id":"59012451|59000118|SA"},{"name":"Hanson Bay, Kangaroo Island, South Australia","id":"59025050|59000118|SA"},{"name":"Pelican Lagoon, Kangaroo Island, South Australia","id":"59024994|59000118|SA"},{"name":"Willoughby, Kangaroo Island, South Australia","id":"59024979|59000118|SA"},{"name":"American Beach, Kangaroo Island, South Australia","id":"59014772|59000118|SA"},{"name":"Seal Bay, Kangaroo Island, South Australia","id":"59014965|59000118|SA"},{"name":"Kohinoor, Kangaroo Island, South Australia","id":"59025537|59000118|SA"},{"name":"D'estrees Bay, Kangaroo Island, South Australia","id":"59014207|59000118|SA"},{"name":"Penneshaw, Kangaroo Island, South Australia","id":"59002963|59000118|SA"},{"name":"American River, Kangaroo Island, South Australia","id":"59000058|59000118|SA"},{"name":"Macgillivray, Kangaroo Island, South Australia","id":"59004313|59000118|SA"},{"name":"Browns Beach, Kangaroo Island, South Australia","id":"59025013|59000118|SA"},{"name":"Karatta, Kangaroo Island, South Australia","id":"59001895|59000118|SA"},{"name":"Gosse, Kangaroo Island, South Australia","id":"59004333|59000118|SA"},{"name":"Stokes Bay, Kangaroo Island, South Australia","id":"59003465|59000118|SA"},{"name":"Emu Bay, Kangaroo Island, South Australia","id":"59001231|59000118|SA"},{"name":"Cape Borda, Kangaroo Island, South Australia","id":"59024969|59000118|SA"},{"name":"Nepean Bay, Kangaroo Island, South Australia","id":"59025012|59000118|SA"},{"name":"Porky Flat, Kangaroo Island, South Australia","id":"59025507|59000118|SA"},{"name":"Flinders Chase, Kangaroo Island, South Australia","id":"59024973|59000118|SA"},{"name":"Baudin Beach, Kangaroo Island, South Australia","id":"59000057|59000118|SA"},{"name":"Vivonne Bay, Kangaroo Island, South Australia","id":"59003866|59000118|SA"},{"name":"Cygnet River, Kangaroo Island, South Australia","id":"59004304|59000118|SA"},{"name":"Middle River, Kangaroo Island, South Australia","id":"59014966|59000118|SA"},{"name":"Haines, Kangaroo Island, South Australia","id":"59024980|59000118|SA"},{"name":"Clare Valley, South Australia","id":"|59000113|SA"},{"name":"Eudunda, Clare Valley, South Australia","id":"59001262|59000113|SA"},{"name":"Balaklava, Clare Valley, South Australia","id":"59000147|59000113|SA"},{"name":"Auburn, Clare Valley, South Australia","id":"59000113|59000113|SA"},{"name":"Clare, Clare Valley, South Australia","id":"59000789|59000113|SA"},{"name":"Mallala, Clare Valley, South Australia","id":"59002269|59000113|SA"},{"name":"Mintaro, Clare Valley, South Australia","id":"59002436|59000113|SA"},{"name":"Tarlee, Clare Valley, South Australia","id":"59003576|59000113|SA"},{"name":"Saddleworth, Clare Valley, South Australia","id":"59003249|59000113|SA"},{"name":"Penwortham, Clare Valley, South Australia","id":"59002969|59000113|SA"},{"name":"Riverton, Clare Valley, South Australia","id":"59003172|59000113|SA"},{"name":"Halbury, Clare Valley, South Australia","id":"59004360|59000113|SA"},{"name":"Hallett, Clare Valley, South Australia","id":"59001648|59000113|SA"},{"name":"Blyth, Clare Valley, South Australia","id":"59000388|59000113|SA"},{"name":"Burra, Clare Valley, South Australia","id":"59000601|59000113|SA"},{"name":"Sevenhill, Clare Valley, South Australia","id":"59003315|59000113|SA"},{"name":"Two Wells, Clare Valley, South Australia","id":"59003796|59000113|SA"},{"name":"Leasingham, Clare Valley, South Australia","id":"59004282|59000113|SA"},{"name":"Farrell Flat, Clare Valley, South Australia","id":"59001293|59000113|SA"},{"name":"Watervale, Clare Valley, South Australia","id":"59003954|59000113|SA"},{"name":"Brinkworth, Clare Valley, South Australia","id":"59000514|59000113|SA"},{"name":"Lochiel, Clare Valley, South Australia","id":"59002168|59000113|SA"},{"name":"Armagh, Clare Valley, South Australia","id":"59004330|59000113|SA"},{"name":"Stanley Flat, Clare Valley, South Australia","id":"59004334|59000113|SA"},{"name":"Terowie, Clare Valley, South Australia","id":"59003613|59000113|SA"},{"name":"Barossa, South Australia","id":"|59000112|SA"},{"name":"Penrice, Barossa, South Australia","id":"59004328|59000112|SA"},{"name":"Hamilton, Barossa, South Australia","id":"59004349|59000112|SA"},{"name":"Angaston, Barossa, South Australia","id":"59000062|59000112|SA"},{"name":"Seppeltsfield, Barossa, South Australia","id":"59003312|59000112|SA"},{"name":"Sandy Creek, Barossa, South Australia","id":"59024971|59000112|SA"},{"name":"Nuriootpa, Barossa, South Australia","id":"59002826|59000112|SA"},{"name":"Stockwell, Barossa, South Australia","id":"59003462|59000112|SA"},{"name":"Greenock, Barossa, South Australia","id":"59001576|59000112|SA"},{"name":"Concordia, Barossa, South Australia","id":"59014947|59000112|SA"},{"name":"Gawler, Barossa, South Australia","id":"59001408|59000112|SA"},{"name":"Willaston, Barossa, South Australia","id":"59004052|59000112|SA"},{"name":"Mount McKenzie, Barossa, South Australia","id":"59025018|59000112|SA"},{"name":"Keyneton, Barossa, South Australia","id":"59001931|59000112|SA"},{"name":"Roseworthy, Barossa, South Australia","id":"59003214|59000112|SA"},{"name":"Williamstown, Barossa, South Australia","id":"59004059|59000112|SA"},{"name":"Rowland Flat, Barossa, South Australia","id":"59003229|59000112|SA"},{"name":"Eden Valley, Barossa, South Australia","id":"59001191|59000112|SA"},{"name":"Lyndoch, Barossa, South Australia","id":"59002238|59000112|SA"},{"name":"Gomersal, Barossa, South Australia","id":"59001496|59000112|SA"},{"name":"Bethany, Barossa, South Australia","id":"59000300|59000112|SA"},{"name":"Pewsey Vale, Barossa, South Australia","id":"59025027|59000112|SA"},{"name":"Springton, Barossa, South Australia","id":"59003420|59000112|SA"},{"name":"Krondorf, Barossa, South Australia","id":"59025224|59000112|SA"},{"name":"Marananga, Barossa, South Australia","id":"59002291|59000112|SA"},{"name":"Truro, Barossa, South Australia","id":"59003744|59000112|SA"},{"name":"Moculta, Barossa, South Australia","id":"59002453|59000112|SA"},{"name":"Gawler East, Barossa, South Australia","id":"59004326|59000112|SA"},{"name":"Mount Pleasant, Barossa, South Australia","id":"59002576|59000112|SA"},{"name":"Light Pass, Barossa, South Australia","id":"59002133|59000112|SA"},{"name":"Tanunda, Barossa, South Australia","id":"59003562|59000112|SA"},{"name":"Cockatoo Valley, Barossa, South Australia","id":"59000830|59000112|SA"},{"name":"Rosedale, Barossa, South Australia","id":"59004295|59000112|SA"},{"name":"Kapunda, Barossa, South Australia","id":"59001892|59000112|SA"},{"name":"Kingsford, Barossa, South Australia","id":"59025497|59000112|SA"},{"name":"Yorke Peninsula, South Australia","id":"|59000122|SA"},{"name":"Minlaton, Yorke Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59002429|59000122|SA"},{"name":"Moonta Mines, Yorke Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59025003|59000122|SA"},{"name":"Warooka, Yorke Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59003936|59000122|SA"},{"name":"Balgowan, Yorke Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59025510|59000122|SA"},{"name":"Wool Bay, Yorke Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59004148|59000122|SA"},{"name":"Port Hughes, Yorke Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59003035|59000122|SA"},{"name":"North Beach, Yorke Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59024991|59000122|SA"},{"name":"Point Pearce, Yorke Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59003011|59000122|SA"},{"name":"Moonta Bay, Yorke Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59002496|59000122|SA"},{"name":"Inneston, Yorke Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59004337|59000122|SA"},{"name":"Port Rickaby, Yorke Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59014924|59000122|SA"},{"name":"Marion Bay, Yorke Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59002299|59000122|SA"},{"name":"Wallaroo, Yorke Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59003897|59000122|SA"},{"name":"Ardrossan, Yorke Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59000085|59000122|SA"},{"name":"Port Broughton, Yorke Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59003028|59000122|SA"},{"name":"Black Point, Yorke Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59014422|59000122|SA"},{"name":"Chinaman Wells, Yorke Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59025536|59000122|SA"},{"name":"Weetulta, Yorke Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59003976|59000122|SA"},{"name":"Port Victoria, Yorke Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59003049|59000122|SA"},{"name":"Bute, Yorke Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59000622|59000122|SA"},{"name":"Port Moorowie, Yorke Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59003044|59000122|SA"},{"name":"James Well, Yorke Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59014219|59000122|SA"},{"name":"South Kilkerran, Yorke Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59003380|59000122|SA"},{"name":"Stenhouse Bay, Yorke Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59003450|59000122|SA"},{"name":"Corny Point, Yorke Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59000938|59000122|SA"},{"name":"Hardwicke Bay, Yorke Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59014743|59000122|SA"},{"name":"Foul Bay, Yorke Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59025046|59000122|SA"},{"name":"Tiddy Widdy Beach, Yorke Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59025765|59000122|SA"},{"name":"Coobowie, Yorke Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59000875|59000122|SA"},{"name":"Pine Point, Yorke Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59002994|59000122|SA"},{"name":"Port Wakefield, Yorke Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59003051|59000122|SA"},{"name":"Kadina, Yorke Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59001865|59000122|SA"},{"name":"Port Vincent, Yorke Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59003050|59000122|SA"},{"name":"Curramulka, Yorke Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59001021|59000122|SA"},{"name":"Paskeville, Yorke Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59002928|59000122|SA"},{"name":"Moonta, Yorke Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59002495|59000122|SA"},{"name":"Port Julia, Yorke Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59025737|59000122|SA"},{"name":"Maitland, Yorke Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59002262|59000122|SA"},{"name":"Yorketown, Yorke Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59004252|59000122|SA"},{"name":"Port Clinton, Yorke Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59003030|59000122|SA"},{"name":"Point Turton, Yorke Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59003013|59000122|SA"},{"name":"Edithburgh, Yorke Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59001197|59000122|SA"},{"name":"Stansbury, Yorke Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59003441|59000122|SA"},{"name":"Adelaide Hills, South Australia","id":"|59000110|SA"},{"name":"Birdwood, Adelaide Hills, South Australia","id":"59000336|59000110|SA"},{"name":"Forest Range, Adelaide Hills, South Australia","id":"59001346|59000110|SA"},{"name":"Gumeracha, Adelaide Hills, South Australia","id":"59001611|59000110|SA"},{"name":"Lobethal, Adelaide Hills, South Australia","id":"59002166|59000110|SA"},{"name":"Aldgate, Adelaide Hills, South Australia","id":"59004406|59000110|SA"},{"name":"Summertown, Adelaide Hills, South Australia","id":"59003493|59000110|SA"},{"name":"Cudlee Creek, Adelaide Hills, South Australia","id":"59000996|59000110|SA"},{"name":"Mylor, Adelaide Hills, South Australia","id":"59002673|59000110|SA"},{"name":"Kersbrook, Adelaide Hills, South Australia","id":"59001928|59000110|SA"},{"name":"Wistow, Adelaide Hills, South Australia","id":"59004105|59000110|SA"},{"name":"Crafers, Adelaide Hills, South Australia","id":"59000963|59000110|SA"},{"name":"Woodside, Adelaide Hills, South Australia","id":"59004141|59000110|SA"},{"name":"Montacute, Adelaide Hills, South Australia","id":"59006081|59000110|SA"},{"name":"Norton Summit, Adelaide Hills, South Australia","id":"59002800|59000110|SA"},{"name":"Dawesley, Adelaide Hills, South Australia","id":"59001061|59000110|SA"},{"name":"Mount Barker, Adelaide Hills, South Australia","id":"59002538|59000110|SA"},{"name":"Oakbank, Adelaide Hills, South Australia","id":"59002837|59000110|SA"},{"name":"Bridgewater, Adelaide Hills, South Australia","id":"59004713|59000110|SA"},{"name":"Echunga, Adelaide Hills, South Australia","id":"59001189|59000110|SA"},{"name":"Kanmantoo, Adelaide Hills, South Australia","id":"59014952|59000110|SA"},{"name":"Ashton, Adelaide Hills, South Australia","id":"59004472|59000110|SA"},{"name":"Piccadilly, Adelaide Hills, South Australia","id":"59012452|59000110|SA"},{"name":"Heathfield, Adelaide Hills, South Australia","id":"59005556|59000110|SA"},{"name":"Littlehampton, Adelaide Hills, South Australia","id":"59005873|59000110|SA"},{"name":"Macclesfield, Adelaide Hills, South Australia","id":"59002245|59000110|SA"},{"name":"Balhannah, Adelaide Hills, South Australia","id":"59000156|59000110|SA"},{"name":"Meadows, Adelaide Hills, South Australia","id":"59002355|59000110|SA"},{"name":"Palmer, Adelaide Hills, South Australia","id":"59002901|59000110|SA"},{"name":"Carey Gully, Adelaide Hills, South Australia","id":"59000701|59000110|SA"},{"name":"Mount Torrens, Adelaide Hills, South Australia","id":"59002590|59000110|SA"},{"name":"Stirling, Adelaide Hills, South Australia","id":"59003455|59000110|SA"},{"name":"Basket Range, Adelaide Hills, South Australia","id":"59004546|59000110|SA"},{"name":"Longwood, Adelaide Hills, South Australia","id":"59002187|59000110|SA"},{"name":"Houghton, Adelaide Hills, South Australia","id":"59025790|59000110|SA"},{"name":"Verdun, Adelaide Hills, South Australia","id":"59007026|59000110|SA"},{"name":"Hahndorf, Adelaide Hills, South Australia","id":"59001644|59000110|SA"},{"name":"Mount George, Adelaide Hills, South Australia","id":"59025109|59000110|SA"},{"name":"Nairne, Adelaide Hills, South Australia","id":"59002683|59000110|SA"},{"name":"Lenswood, Adelaide Hills, South Australia","id":"59002118|59000110|SA"},{"name":"Tungkillo, Adelaide Hills, South Australia","id":"59003776|59000110|SA"},{"name":"Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Moana, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59006067|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Rapid Bay, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59003118|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Cherry Gardens, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59000772|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Willunga, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59007157|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Aldinga Beach, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59025785|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Delamere, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59001071|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Port Willunga, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59006480|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Whites Valley, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59025026|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Goolwa, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59001508|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Reynella, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59006556|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Hackham, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59005508|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Blewitt Springs, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59024988|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Goolwa Beach, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59014964|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Normanville, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59002773|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Happy Valley, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59005529|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Waitpinga, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59025022|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Port Noarlunga South, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59007276|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Old Noarlunga, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59006322|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Woodcroft, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59007183|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Yankalilla, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59004215|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Deep Creek, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59001067|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Maslin Beach, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59005991|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Sellicks Beach, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59006697|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Bedford Park, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59004564|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Myponga Beach, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59025499|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Port Noarlunga, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59006478|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Myponga, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59002675|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Prospect Hill, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59004323|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Mount Jagged, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59014205|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Cape Jervis, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59000684|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Bald Hills, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59025495|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Hindmarsh Valley, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59014954|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Sellicks Hill, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59025801|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Carrickalinga, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59000716|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Noarlunga Downs, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59006245|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Currency Creek, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59001024|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Hallett Cove, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59005516|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Second Valley, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59003306|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Clarendon, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59000794|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Wirrina Cove, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59014421|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Hope Forest, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59004336|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Christies Beach, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59004913|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Langhorne Creek, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59002080|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Moana Beach, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59014410|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Coromandel Valley, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59005017|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Willunga South, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59014477|59000115|SA"},{"name":"O'Sullivan Beach, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59006310|59000115|SA"},{"name":"O'sullivan Beach, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59025797|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Old Reynella, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59006323|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Middleton, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59002402|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Encounter Bay, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59004327|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Flagstaff Hill, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59005329|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Clayton Bay, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59025736|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Port Elliot, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59003033|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Hindmarsh Island, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59001722|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Kuitpo, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59014922|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Yankalilla Bay, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59004318|59000115|SA"},{"name":"McCracken, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59024984|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Strathalbyn, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59003477|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Inman Valley, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59001785|59000115|SA"},{"name":"McLaren Vale, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59002351|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Hayborough, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59014950|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Onkaparinga Hills, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59014765|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Milang, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59002408|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Mclaren Flat, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59002350|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Goolwa North, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59012453|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Mount Compass, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59002546|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Aldinga, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59025752|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Kangarilla, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59001883|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Willunga Hill, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59004306|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Victor Harbor, Fleurieu Peninsula, South Australia","id":"59003859|59000115|SA"},{"name":"Flinders Ranges, South Australia","id":"|59000116|SA"},{"name":"Gladstone, Flinders Ranges, South Australia","id":"59001444|59000116|SA"},{"name":"Gulnare, Flinders Ranges, South Australia","id":"59001606|59000116|SA"},{"name":"Woomera, Flinders Ranges, South Australia","id":"59004160|59000116|SA"},{"name":"Innamincka, Flinders Ranges, South Australia","id":"59001786|59000116|SA"},{"name":"Peterborough, Flinders Ranges, South Australia","id":"59002977|59000116|SA"},{"name":"Nelshaby, Flinders Ranges, South Australia","id":"59025755|59000116|SA"},{"name":"Laura, Flinders Ranges, South Australia","id":"59002093|59000116|SA"},{"name":"Spalding, Flinders Ranges, South Australia","id":"59003394|59000116|SA"},{"name":"Yacka, Flinders Ranges, South Australia","id":"59004199|59000116|SA"},{"name":"Parachilna, Flinders Ranges, South Australia","id":"59002912|59000116|SA"},{"name":"Murray Town, Flinders Ranges, South Australia","id":"59002656|59000116|SA"},{"name":"Oodnadatta, Flinders Ranges, South Australia","id":"59002865|59000116|SA"},{"name":"Jamestown, Flinders Ranges, South Australia","id":"59001819|59000116|SA"},{"name":"Roxby Downs, Flinders Ranges, South Australia","id":"59003230|59000116|SA"},{"name":"Beltana, Flinders Ranges, South Australia","id":"59000263|59000116|SA"},{"name":"Blinman, Flinders Ranges, South Australia","id":"59000377|59000116|SA"},{"name":"Melrose, Flinders Ranges, South Australia","id":"59002369|59000116|SA"},{"name":"Andamooka, Flinders Ranges, South Australia","id":"59000061|59000116|SA"},{"name":"Wilmington, Flinders Ranges, South Australia","id":"59004065|59000116|SA"},{"name":"Leigh Creek, Flinders Ranges, South Australia","id":"59002111|59000116|SA"},{"name":"Copley, Flinders Ranges, South Australia","id":"59000920|59000116|SA"},{"name":"Appila, Flinders Ranges, South Australia","id":"59000074|59000116|SA"},{"name":"Anna Creek, Flinders Ranges, South Australia","id":"59000069|59000116|SA"},{"name":"Marla Bore, Flinders Ranges, South Australia","id":"59002303|59000116|SA"},{"name":"Rawnsley Park, Flinders Ranges, South Australia","id":"59003127|59000116|SA"},{"name":"Coober Pedy, Flinders Ranges, South Australia","id":"59000874|59000116|SA"},{"name":"Crystal Brook, Flinders Ranges, South Australia","id":"59000990|59000116|SA"},{"name":"Quorn, Flinders Ranges, South Australia","id":"59003100|59000116|SA"},{"name":"Port Pirie, Flinders Ranges, South Australia","id":"59003046|59000116|SA"},{"name":"Angorichina, Flinders Ranges, South Australia","id":"59000066|59000116|SA"},{"name":"Mannanarie, Flinders Ranges, South Australia","id":"59025047|59000116|SA"},{"name":"Stone Hut, Flinders Ranges, South Australia","id":"59014475|59000116|SA"},{"name":"Port Germein, Flinders Ranges, South Australia","id":"59003034|59000116|SA"},{"name":"Mambray Creek, Flinders Ranges, South Australia","id":"59014206|59000116|SA"},{"name":"Marree, Flinders Ranges, South Australia","id":"59002317|59000116|SA"},{"name":"Warnertown, Flinders Ranges, South Australia","id":"59025780|59000116|SA"},{"name":"Marla, Flinders Ranges, South Australia","id":"59002302|59000116|SA"},{"name":"Stirling North, Flinders Ranges, South Australia","id":"59003457|59000116|SA"},{"name":"Hawker, Flinders Ranges, South Australia","id":"59001683|59000116|SA"},{"name":"Moockra, Flinders Ranges, South Australia","id":"59024993|59000116|SA"},{"name":"Port Augusta West, Flinders Ranges, South Australia","id":"59004294|59000116|SA"},{"name":"Arkaroola, Flinders Ranges, South Australia","id":"59000090|59000116|SA"},{"name":"Wirrabara, Flinders Ranges, South Australia","id":"59004097|59000116|SA"},{"name":"Lyndhurst, Flinders Ranges, South Australia","id":"59002237|59000116|SA"},{"name":"Wilpena Pound, Flinders Ranges, South Australia","id":"59004068|59000116|SA"},{"name":"Carrieton, Flinders Ranges, South Australia","id":"59000717|59000116|SA"},{"name":"Port Augusta, Flinders Ranges, South Australia","id":"59003027|59000116|SA"},{"name":"William Creek, Flinders Ranges, South Australia","id":"59004056|59000116|SA"},{"name":"Pekina, Flinders Ranges, South Australia","id":"59002953|59000116|SA"},{"name":"Orroroo, Flinders Ranges, South Australia","id":"59002876|59000116|SA"},{"name":"Caltowie, Flinders Ranges, South Australia","id":"59000656|59000116|SA"},{"name":"Kingoonya, Flinders Ranges, South Australia","id":"59001969|59000116|SA"},{"name":"Yunta, Flinders Ranges, South Australia","id":"59004262|59000116|SA"},{"name":"Adelaide, South Australia","id":"|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Birkenhead, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59004632|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Lonsdale, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005895|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Holden Hill, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005602|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Smithfield Plains, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59006735|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Cheltenham, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59004895|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Salisbury, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59006649|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Hove, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005630|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Royal Park, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59006626|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Mitchell Park, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59006064|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Beulah Park, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59004612|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Elizabeth West, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005241|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Glenside, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005432|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Port Willinga, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59006479|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005996|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Nailsworth, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59006190|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Mount Osmond, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59006137|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Mile End, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59006037|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Angle Vale, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59004440|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Ethelton, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005272|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Pooraka, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59006475|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Kensington Park, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005725|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Adelaide Airport, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59004390|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Unley, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59007007|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Glenunga, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005433|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Warradale, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59007067|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Tusmore, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59006997|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Plympton Park, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59006466|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Norwood, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59006298|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Frewville, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005363|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Dry Creek, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005151|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Felixstow, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005307|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Blair Athol, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59004650|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Hackney, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005510|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Blackwood, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59004648|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Glynde, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005435|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Glenelg, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005421|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Urrbrae, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59007021|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Prospect, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59006492|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Ferryden Park, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005312|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Newton, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59006232|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Thebarton, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59006940|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Hyde Park, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005647|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Mitcham, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59006059|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Somerton Park, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59006743|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Malvern, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005946|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Henley Beach, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005570|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Uleybury, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59007264|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Hillbank, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005589|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Modbury, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59006069|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Ashford, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59004469|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Seacliff, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59006681|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Stonyfell, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59006829|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Athelstone, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59004476|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Seaton, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59006690|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Pennington, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59006428|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Rostrevor, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59025805|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Enfield, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005252|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Macdonald Park, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005924|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Glenelg South, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59007273|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Semaphore Park, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59006700|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Mansfield Park, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005958|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Gepps Cross, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005388|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Grange, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005456|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Lockleys, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005877|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Kensington, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005722|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Aberfoyle Park, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59004383|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Clarence Park, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59004929|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Regency Park, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59006549|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Largs North, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005833|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Angle Park, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59004439|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Bowden, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59004688|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Kingston Park, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005761|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Parafield, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59006386|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Medindie, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59006008|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Semaphore South, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59006701|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Goodwood, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005443|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Hilton, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005596|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Gillman, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005393|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Glandore, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005402|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Mile End South, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59006038|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Forestville, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005349|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Wayville, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59007094|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Clarence Gardens, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59004928|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Glen Osmond, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005415|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Richmond, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59006561|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Burnside, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59004772|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Hectorville, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005562|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Direk, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005125|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Glenelg North, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59007261|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Ingle Farm, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005654|59000111|SA"},{"name":"North Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59006254|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Millswood, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59006045|59000111|SA"},{"name":"West Beach, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59007105|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Greenacres, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005469|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Springfield, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59006787|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Paradise, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59006380|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Belair, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59004570|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Manningham, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005954|59000111|SA"},{"name":"West Hindmarsh, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59007113|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Eden Hills, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005210|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Norwood South, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59014402|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59000016|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Vale Park, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59007022|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Toorak Gardens, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59006969|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Plympton, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59006465|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Morphett Vale, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59006104|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Glenalta, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005416|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Brooklyn Park, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59004738|59000111|SA"},{"name":"South Plympton, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59006763|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Vista, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59007037|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Novar Gardens, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59006300|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Port Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59006476|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Keswick, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005732|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Parafield Airport, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59007275|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Torrensville, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59006976|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Windsor Gardens, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59007163|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Henley Beach South, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005571|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Beverley, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59004613|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Parkside, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59006401|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Klemzig, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005776|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Morphettville, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59006105|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Woodville Park, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59007196|59000111|SA"},{"name":"One Tree Hill, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59006328|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Beaumont, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59004560|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Walkerville, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59007050|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Linden Park, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005864|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Elizabeth Vale, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005240|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Maylands, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005998|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Hindmarsh, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005599|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Evanston Park, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005283|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Leawood Gardens, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005848|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Brighton, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59004716|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Clovelly Park, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59004948|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Dover Gardens, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005143|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Para Hills West, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59006378|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Tea Tree Gully, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59006909|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Oaklands Park, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59006316|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Magill, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005938|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Dernancourt, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005113|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Salisbury Heights, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59006652|59000111|SA"},{"name":"St Kilda, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59003431|59000111|SA"},{"name":"North Brighton, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59006259|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Underdale, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59007003|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Outer Harbor, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59006343|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Hawthorn, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005546|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Marleston, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005976|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Edwardstown, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005220|59000111|SA"},{"name":"West Lakes, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59007117|59000111|SA"},{"name":"North Haven, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59006266|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Highbury, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005583|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Semaphore, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59006699|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Fullarton, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005368|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Glenelg East, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59007274|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Kent Town, Adelaide, South Australia","id":"59005726|59000111|SA"},{"name":"Queensland","id":"||QLD"},{"name":"Ipswich Area, Queensland","id":"|69000124|QLD"},{"name":"North Ipswich, Ipswich Area, Queensland","id":"69006269|69000124|QLD"},{"name":"West Ipswich, Ipswich Area, Queensland","id":"69007116|69000124|QLD"},{"name":"Ipswich, Ipswich Area, Queensland","id":"69005659|69000124|QLD"},{"name":"Ipswich City, Ipswich Area, Queensland","id":"69001795|69000124|QLD"},{"name":"New Chum, Ipswich Area, Queensland","id":"69006217|69000124|QLD"},{"name":"Rosewood, Ipswich Area, Queensland","id":"69006615|69000124|QLD"},{"name":"Amberley, Ipswich Area, Queensland","id":"69004432|69000124|QLD"},{"name":"Grandchester, Ipswich Area, Queensland","id":"69005454|69000124|QLD"},{"name":"Churchill, Ipswich Area, Queensland","id":"69004919|69000124|QLD"},{"name":"Redbank, Ipswich Area, Queensland","id":"69006537|69000124|QLD"},{"name":"Bellbird Park, Ipswich Area, Queensland","id":"69004579|69000124|QLD"},{"name":"Ironbark, Ipswich Area, Queensland","id":"69005661|69000124|QLD"},{"name":"Raceview, Ipswich Area, Queensland","id":"69006515|69000124|QLD"},{"name":"Marburg, Ipswich Area, Queensland","id":"69005967|69000124|QLD"},{"name":"Purga, Ipswich Area, Queensland","id":"69025516|69000124|QLD"},{"name":"Muirlea, Ipswich Area, Queensland","id":"69006167|69000124|QLD"},{"name":"Ebbw Vale, Ipswich Area, Queensland","id":"69005208|69000124|QLD"},{"name":"Woodend, Ipswich Area, Queensland","id":"69007184|69000124|QLD"},{"name":"Tallegalla, Ipswich Area, Queensland","id":"69006882|69000124|QLD"},{"name":"Eastern Heights, Ipswich Area, Queensland","id":"69005203|69000124|QLD"},{"name":"Springfield Lakes, Ipswich Area, Queensland","id":"69006788|69000124|QLD"},{"name":"Augustine Heights, Ipswich Area, Queensland","id":"69025845|69000124|QLD"},{"name":"Willowbank, Ipswich Area, Queensland","id":"69007155|69000124|QLD"},{"name":"Booval, Ipswich Area, Queensland","id":"69004677|69000124|QLD"},{"name":"Peak Crossing, Ipswich Area, Queensland","id":"69006414|69000124|QLD"},{"name":"Redbank Plains, Ipswich Area, Queensland","id":"69006538|69000124|QLD"},{"name":"Blackstone, Ipswich Area, Queensland","id":"69004641|69000124|QLD"},{"name":"Leichhardt, Ipswich Area, Queensland","id":"69005852|69000124|QLD"},{"name":"Brassall, Ipswich Area, Queensland","id":"69004704|69000124|QLD"},{"name":"Bundamba, Ipswich Area, Queensland","id":"69004757|69000124|QLD"},{"name":"Springfield, Ipswich Area, Queensland","id":"69006786|69000124|QLD"},{"name":"Newtown, Ipswich Area, Queensland","id":"69006235|69000124|QLD"},{"name":"Aurukun Area, Queensland","id":"|69000159|QLD"},{"name":"Aurukun, Aurukun Area, Queensland","id":"69000115|69000159|QLD"},{"name":"Blackall-Tambo Area, Queensland","id":"|69010685|QLD"},{"name":"Blackall, Blackall-Tambo Area, Queensland","id":"69000349|69010685|QLD"},{"name":"Tambo, Blackall-Tambo Area, Queensland","id":"69003548|69010685|QLD"},{"name":"Croydon Area, Queensland","id":"|69000163|QLD"},{"name":"Croydon, Croydon Area, Queensland","id":"69000987|69000163|QLD"},{"name":"Rockhampton Area, Queensland","id":"|69000141|QLD"},{"name":"Mount Morgan, Rockhampton Area, Queensland","id":"69002569|69000141|QLD"},{"name":"Kawana, Rockhampton Area, Queensland","id":"69005706|69000141|QLD"},{"name":"Hidden Valley, Rockhampton Area, Queensland","id":"69005581|69000141|QLD"},{"name":"Wandal, Rockhampton Area, Queensland","id":"69007058|69000141|QLD"},{"name":"Gracemere, Rockhampton Area, Queensland","id":"69001544|69000141|QLD"},{"name":"Baree, Rockhampton Area, Queensland","id":"69004537|69000141|QLD"},{"name":"Ridgelands, Rockhampton Area, Queensland","id":"69003167|69000141|QLD"},{"name":"Rockhampton, Rockhampton Area, Queensland","id":"69003183|69000141|QLD"},{"name":"North Rockhampton, Rockhampton Area, Queensland","id":"69006276|69000141|QLD"},{"name":"Tablelands Area, Queensland","id":"|69010701|QLD"},{"name":"Tarzali, Tablelands Area, Queensland","id":"69003584|69010701|QLD"},{"name":"Malanda, Tablelands Area, Queensland","id":"69002266|69010701|QLD"},{"name":"Yungaburra, Tablelands Area, Queensland","id":"69004261|69010701|QLD"},{"name":"Millaa Millaa, Tablelands Area, Queensland","id":"69002413|69010701|QLD"},{"name":"Ravenshoe, Tablelands Area, Queensland","id":"69003123|69010701|QLD"},{"name":"Lake Tinaroo, Tablelands Area, Queensland","id":"69014197|69010701|QLD"},{"name":"Kairi, Tablelands Area, Queensland","id":"69001868|69010701|QLD"},{"name":"Tolga, Tablelands Area, Queensland","id":"69003688|69010701|QLD"},{"name":"Herberton, Tablelands Area, Queensland","id":"69001699|69010701|QLD"},{"name":"Atherton, Tablelands Area, Queensland","id":"69000106|69010701|QLD"},{"name":"Lake Eacham, Tablelands Area, Queensland","id":"69002059|69010701|QLD"},{"name":"Tinaroo, Tablelands Area, Queensland","id":"69003671|69010701|QLD"},{"name":"Evelyn, Tablelands Area, Queensland","id":"69025135|69010701|QLD"},{"name":"Mount Garnet, Tablelands Area, Queensland","id":"69002553|69010701|QLD"},{"name":"Roma Area, Queensland","id":"|69000207|QLD"},{"name":"Carnarvon Gorge National Park, Roma Area, Queensland","id":"69004303|69000207|QLD"},{"name":"Barcoo Area, Queensland","id":"|69000188|QLD"},{"name":"Stonehenge, Barcoo Area, Queensland","id":"69003467|69000188|QLD"},{"name":"Jundah, Barcoo Area, Queensland","id":"69001861|69000188|QLD"},{"name":"Windorah, Barcoo Area, Queensland","id":"69004081|69000188|QLD"},{"name":"Fraser Coast Area, Queensland","id":"|69010704|QLD"},{"name":"Booral, Fraser Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69004675|69010704|QLD"},{"name":"Brooweena, Fraser Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69000533|69010704|QLD"},{"name":"Dundowran Beach, Fraser Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69026227|69010704|QLD"},{"name":"Burrum Coast, Fraser Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69025122|69010704|QLD"},{"name":"Scarness, Fraser Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69006676|69010704|QLD"},{"name":"Howard, Fraser Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69001748|69010704|QLD"},{"name":"Kingfisher Bay, Fraser Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69005749|69010704|QLD"},{"name":"Tinana, Fraser Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69006953|69010704|QLD"},{"name":"Maryborough West, Fraser Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69026662|69010704|QLD"},{"name":"Tinnanbar, Fraser Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69025203|69010704|QLD"},{"name":"Craignish, Fraser Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69005030|69010704|QLD"},{"name":"Boonooroo, Fraser Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69000439|69010704|QLD"},{"name":"Teebar, Fraser Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69027146|69010704|QLD"},{"name":"Glenwood, Fraser Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69001484|69010704|QLD"},{"name":"Torquay, Fraser Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69006973|69010704|QLD"},{"name":"Eurong, Fraser Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69005279|69010704|QLD"},{"name":"Torbanlea, Fraser Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69003714|69010704|QLD"},{"name":"Fraser Island, Fraser Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69001369|69010704|QLD"},{"name":"Maaroom, Fraser Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69002242|69010704|QLD"},{"name":"Oakhurst, Fraser Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69002840|69010704|QLD"},{"name":"Maryborough, Fraser Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69002324|69010704|QLD"},{"name":"Dundowran, Fraser Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69005161|69010704|QLD"},{"name":"Great Sandy Strait, Fraser Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69025141|69010704|QLD"},{"name":"Tuan, Fraser Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69003745|69010704|QLD"},{"name":"Hervey Bay, Fraser Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69001704|69010704|QLD"},{"name":"Bauple, Fraser Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69000223|69010704|QLD"},{"name":"Teddington, Fraser Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69006910|69010704|QLD"},{"name":"Urraween, Fraser Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69007020|69010704|QLD"},{"name":"Burrum Heads, Fraser Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69000618|69010704|QLD"},{"name":"Urangan, Fraser Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69007018|69010704|QLD"},{"name":"River Heads, Fraser Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69004378|69010704|QLD"},{"name":"Pialba, Fraser Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69006442|69010704|QLD"},{"name":"Aldershot, Fraser Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69000035|69010704|QLD"},{"name":"Point Vernon, Fraser Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69006473|69010704|QLD"},{"name":"Poona, Fraser Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69003022|69010704|QLD"},{"name":"Toogoom, Fraser Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69003700|69010704|QLD"},{"name":"Tiaro, Fraser Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69003660|69010704|QLD"},{"name":"Nikenbah, Fraser Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69006239|69010704|QLD"},{"name":"Burdekin Area, Queensland","id":"|69000236|QLD"},{"name":"Alva, Burdekin Area, Queensland","id":"69025827|69000236|QLD"},{"name":"Brandon, Burdekin Area, Queensland","id":"69004702|69000236|QLD"},{"name":"Home Hill, Burdekin Area, Queensland","id":"69005614|69000236|QLD"},{"name":"Ayr, Burdekin Area, Queensland","id":"69000129|69000236|QLD"},{"name":"Ravenswood, Burdekin Area, Queensland","id":"69003124|69000236|QLD"},{"name":"Redland City Area, Queensland","id":"|69010713|QLD"},{"name":"Amity Point, Redland City Area, Queensland","id":"69004435|69010713|QLD"},{"name":"Amity, Redland City Area, Queensland","id":"69004434|69010713|QLD"},{"name":"Thorneside, Redland City Area, Queensland","id":"69006946|69010713|QLD"},{"name":"Mount Cotton, Redland City Area, Queensland","id":"69006120|69010713|QLD"},{"name":"Lamb Island, Redland City Area, Queensland","id":"69005820|69010713|QLD"},{"name":"Cleveland, Redland City Area, Queensland","id":"69004938|69010713|QLD"},{"name":"Russell Island, Redland City Area, Queensland","id":"69006639|69010713|QLD"},{"name":"Point Lookout, Redland City Area, Queensland","id":"69006469|69010713|QLD"},{"name":"Macleay Island, Redland City Area, Queensland","id":"69005933|69010713|QLD"},{"name":"Sheldon, Redland City Area, Queensland","id":"69006711|69010713|QLD"},{"name":"North Stradbroke Island, Redland City Area, Queensland","id":"69002792|69010713|QLD"},{"name":"Wellington Point, Redland City Area, Queensland","id":"69007100|69010713|QLD"},{"name":"Dunwich, Redland City Area, Queensland","id":"69005169|69010713|QLD"},{"name":"Redland Bay, Redland City Area, Queensland","id":"69006542|69010713|QLD"},{"name":"Birkdale, Redland City Area, Queensland","id":"69004631|69010713|QLD"},{"name":"Ormiston, Redland City Area, Queensland","id":"69006336|69010713|QLD"},{"name":"Karragarra Island, Redland City Area, Queensland","id":"69005705|69010713|QLD"},{"name":"Redlands, Redland City Area, Queensland","id":"69003139|69010713|QLD"},{"name":"Victoria Point, Redland City Area, Queensland","id":"69007031|69010713|QLD"},{"name":"Coochiemudlo Island, Redland City Area, Queensland","id":"69004990|69010713|QLD"},{"name":"Capalaba, Redland City Area, Queensland","id":"69004831|69010713|QLD"},{"name":"Townsville Area, Queensland","id":"|69000233|QLD"},{"name":"Thuringowa Central, Townsville Area, Queensland","id":"69025180|69000233|QLD"},{"name":"South Townsville, Townsville Area, Queensland","id":"69006770|69000233|QLD"},{"name":"Belgian Gardens, Townsville Area, Queensland","id":"69004573|69000233|QLD"},{"name":"Black River, Townsville Area, Queensland","id":"69004637|69000233|QLD"},{"name":"Nome, Townsville Area, Queensland","id":"69006247|69000233|QLD"},{"name":"Horseshoe Bay, Townsville Area, Queensland","id":"69005626|69000233|QLD"},{"name":"Wulguru, Townsville Area, Queensland","id":"69007219|69000233|QLD"},{"name":"Alligator Creek, Townsville Area, Queensland","id":"69004425|69000233|QLD"},{"name":"Balgal Beach, Townsville Area, Queensland","id":"69004506|69000233|QLD"},{"name":"North Ward, Townsville Area, Queensland","id":"69006289|69000233|QLD"},{"name":"Garbutt, Townsville Area, Queensland","id":"69005376|69000233|QLD"},{"name":"Nelly Bay, Townsville Area, Queensland","id":"69006205|69000233|QLD"},{"name":"Saunders Beach, Townsville Area, Queensland","id":"69006674|69000233|QLD"},{"name":"Bluewater, Townsville Area, Queensland","id":"69004658|69000233|QLD"},{"name":"Annandale, Townsville Area, Queensland","id":"69004443|69000233|QLD"},{"name":"Picnic Bay, Townsville Area, Queensland","id":"69006444|69000233|QLD"},{"name":"Hyde Park, Townsville Area, Queensland","id":"69005646|69000233|QLD"},{"name":"Yabulu, Townsville Area, Queensland","id":"69007230|69000233|QLD"},{"name":"Railway Estate, Townsville Area, Queensland","id":"69006517|69000233|QLD"},{"name":"Arcadia, Townsville Area, Queensland","id":"69004454|69000233|QLD"},{"name":"Toolakea, Townsville Area, Queensland","id":"69006962|69000233|QLD"},{"name":"Kelso, Townsville Area, Queensland","id":"69005712|69000233|QLD"},{"name":"Rowes Bay, Townsville Area, Queensland","id":"69006624|69000233|QLD"},{"name":"Mutarnee, Townsville Area, Queensland","id":"69006184|69000233|QLD"},{"name":"Douglas, Townsville Area, Queensland","id":"69005140|69000233|QLD"},{"name":"Bushland Beach, Townsville Area, Queensland","id":"69004781|69000233|QLD"},{"name":"Currajong, Townsville Area, Queensland","id":"69005060|69000233|QLD"},{"name":"Rollingstone, Townsville Area, Queensland","id":"69006591|69000233|QLD"},{"name":"Townsville City, Townsville Area, Queensland","id":"69006979|69000233|QLD"},{"name":"Cluden, Townsville Area, Queensland","id":"69004950|69000233|QLD"},{"name":"Mundingburra, Townsville Area, Queensland","id":"69006171|69000233|QLD"},{"name":"Magnetic Island, Townsville Area, Queensland","id":"69002256|69000233|QLD"},{"name":"Townsville, Townsville Area, Queensland","id":"69003728|69000233|QLD"},{"name":"Kirwan, Townsville Area, Queensland","id":"69005774|69000233|QLD"},{"name":"Diamantina Area, Queensland","id":"|69000186|QLD"},{"name":"Betoota, Diamantina Area, Queensland","id":"69000302|69000186|QLD"},{"name":"Birdsville, Diamantina Area, Queensland","id":"69000335|69000186|QLD"},{"name":"Bedourie, Diamantina Area, Queensland","id":"69000239|69000186|QLD"},{"name":"Lockyer Valley Area, Queensland","id":"|69010703|QLD"},{"name":"Laidley, Lockyer Valley Area, Queensland","id":"69002051|69010703|QLD"},{"name":"Gatton, Lockyer Valley Area, Queensland","id":"69001407|69010703|QLD"},{"name":"Plainland, Lockyer Valley Area, Queensland","id":"69006460|69010703|QLD"},{"name":"Mulgowie, Lockyer Valley Area, Queensland","id":"69006168|69010703|QLD"},{"name":"Helidon, Lockyer Valley Area, Queensland","id":"69005564|69010703|QLD"},{"name":"Grantham, Lockyer Valley Area, Queensland","id":"69005458|69010703|QLD"},{"name":"Ma Ma Creek, Lockyer Valley Area, Queensland","id":"69005921|69010703|QLD"},{"name":"Murphys Creek, Lockyer Valley Area, Queensland","id":"69025170|69010703|QLD"},{"name":"Lockyer, Lockyer Valley Area, Queensland","id":"69005879|69010703|QLD"},{"name":"Forest Hill, Lockyer Valley Area, Queensland","id":"69005344|69010703|QLD"},{"name":"Mareeba Area, Queensland","id":"|69000156|QLD"},{"name":"Mount Molloy, Mareeba Area, Queensland","id":"69025164|69000156|QLD"},{"name":"Almaden, Mareeba Area, Queensland","id":"69000048|69000156|QLD"},{"name":"Dimbulah, Mareeba Area, Queensland","id":"69001096|69000156|QLD"},{"name":"Kuranda, Mareeba Area, Queensland","id":"69002031|69000156|QLD"},{"name":"Mareeba, Mareeba Area, Queensland","id":"69002295|69000156|QLD"},{"name":"Koah, Mareeba Area, Queensland","id":"69001998|69000156|QLD"},{"name":"Chillagoe, Mareeba Area, Queensland","id":"69000777|69000156|QLD"},{"name":"Mount Carbine, Mareeba Area, Queensland","id":"69002545|69000156|QLD"},{"name":"Julatten, Mareeba Area, Queensland","id":"69001858|69000156|QLD"},{"name":"Irvinebank, Mareeba Area, Queensland","id":"69001802|69000156|QLD"},{"name":"Capricorn Coast Area, Queensland","id":"|69010722|QLD"},{"name":"Great Keppel Island, Capricorn Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69001562|69010722|QLD"},{"name":"Longreach Area, Queensland","id":"|69000189|QLD"},{"name":"Longreach, Longreach Area, Queensland","id":"69002186|69000189|QLD"},{"name":"Ilfracombe, Longreach Area, Queensland","id":"69001774|69000189|QLD"},{"name":"Isisford, Longreach Area, Queensland","id":"69001808|69000189|QLD"},{"name":"Yaraka, Longreach Area, Queensland","id":"69004217|69000189|QLD"},{"name":"Etheridge Area, Queensland","id":"|69000164|QLD"},{"name":"Forsayth, Etheridge Area, Queensland","id":"69001352|69000164|QLD"},{"name":"Mount Surprise, Etheridge Area, Queensland","id":"69025169|69000164|QLD"},{"name":"Georgetown, Etheridge Area, Queensland","id":"69001420|69000164|QLD"},{"name":"Einasleigh, Etheridge Area, Queensland","id":"69001203|69000164|QLD"},{"name":"Richmond Area, Queensland","id":"|69000183|QLD"},{"name":"Richmond, Richmond Area, Queensland","id":"69003164|69000183|QLD"},{"name":"Goondiwindi Area, Queensland","id":"|69000206|QLD"},{"name":"Nindigully, Goondiwindi Area, Queensland","id":"69006241|69000206|QLD"},{"name":"Goondiwindi, Goondiwindi Area, Queensland","id":"69001513|69000206|QLD"},{"name":"Inglewood, Goondiwindi Area, Queensland","id":"69001782|69000206|QLD"},{"name":"Talwood, Goondiwindi Area, Queensland","id":"69006884|69000206|QLD"},{"name":"Maidenhead, Goondiwindi Area, Queensland","id":"69025773|69000206|QLD"},{"name":"Texas, Goondiwindi Area, Queensland","id":"69003619|69000206|QLD"},{"name":"Daymar, Goondiwindi Area, Queensland","id":"69005097|69000206|QLD"},{"name":"Toobeah, Goondiwindi Area, Queensland","id":"69006960|69000206|QLD"},{"name":"Yelarbon, Goondiwindi Area, Queensland","id":"69007246|69000206|QLD"},{"name":"Moonie, Goondiwindi Area, Queensland","id":"69002494|69000206|QLD"},{"name":"Mungindi, Goondiwindi Area, Queensland","id":"69025769|69000206|QLD"},{"name":"Somerset Area, Queensland","id":"|69010702|QLD"},{"name":"Linville, Somerset Area, Queensland","id":"69005869|69010702|QLD"},{"name":"Jimna, Somerset Area, Queensland","id":"69005676|69010702|QLD"},{"name":"Kilcoy, Somerset Area, Queensland","id":"69001943|69010702|QLD"},{"name":"Somerset Dam, Somerset Area, Queensland","id":"69006742|69010702|QLD"},{"name":"Esk, Somerset Area, Queensland","id":"69001247|69010702|QLD"},{"name":"Mount Byron, Somerset Area, Queensland","id":"69014923|69010702|QLD"},{"name":"Toogoolawah, Somerset Area, Queensland","id":"69006961|69010702|QLD"},{"name":"Hazeldean, Somerset Area, Queensland","id":"69026439|69010702|QLD"},{"name":"Fernvale, Somerset Area, Queensland","id":"69005309|69010702|QLD"},{"name":"Gladstone Area, Queensland","id":"|69000175|QLD"},{"name":"Baffle Creek, Gladstone Area, Queensland","id":"69000139|69000175|QLD"},{"name":"Calliope, Gladstone Area, Queensland","id":"69000653|69000175|QLD"},{"name":"Ubobo, Gladstone Area, Queensland","id":"69007000|69000175|QLD"},{"name":"Barney Point, Gladstone Area, Queensland","id":"69004540|69000175|QLD"},{"name":"Mount Larcom, Gladstone Area, Queensland","id":"69006128|69000175|QLD"},{"name":"Benaraby, Gladstone Area, Queensland","id":"69004265|69000175|QLD"},{"name":"Rules Beach, Gladstone Area, Queensland","id":"69003233|69000175|QLD"},{"name":"Kin Kora, Gladstone Area, Queensland","id":"69005745|69000175|QLD"},{"name":"Facing Island, Gladstone Area, Queensland","id":"69025748|69000175|QLD"},{"name":"Heron Island, Gladstone Area, Queensland","id":"69005576|69000175|QLD"},{"name":"Tannum Sands, Gladstone Area, Queensland","id":"69006894|69000175|QLD"},{"name":"Callemondah, Gladstone Area, Queensland","id":"69004794|69000175|QLD"},{"name":"Lady Musgrave Island, Gladstone Area, Queensland","id":"69025152|69000175|QLD"},{"name":"Seventeen Seventy, Gladstone Area, Queensland","id":"69025177|69000175|QLD"},{"name":"Agnes Water, Gladstone Area, Queensland","id":"69000023|69000175|QLD"},{"name":"Miriam Vale, Gladstone Area, Queensland","id":"69002439|69000175|QLD"},{"name":"Quoin Island, Gladstone Area, Queensland","id":"69006511|69000175|QLD"},{"name":"Boyne Island, Gladstone Area, Queensland","id":"69004692|69000175|QLD"},{"name":"Turkey Beach, Gladstone Area, Queensland","id":"69014214|69000175|QLD"},{"name":"Boyne Valley, Gladstone Area, Queensland","id":"69014209|69000175|QLD"},{"name":"South Gladstone, Gladstone Area, Queensland","id":"69006753|69000175|QLD"},{"name":"Curtis Island, Gladstone Area, Queensland","id":"69014210|69000175|QLD"},{"name":"Clinton, Gladstone Area, Queensland","id":"69004942|69000175|QLD"},{"name":"Gladstone, Gladstone Area, Queensland","id":"69001443|69000175|QLD"},{"name":"Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Kings Beach, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69005750|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Flaxton, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69005331|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Mooloolah, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69006087|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Golden Beach, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69005439|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Nambour, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69006192|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Maleny, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69004271|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Minyama, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69006055|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Reesville, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69006547|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Eudlo, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69005275|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Dicky Beach, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69005122|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Kuluin, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69005789|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Yandina, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69004281|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Witta, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69007172|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Eumundi, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69004270|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Kunda Park, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69005790|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Tanawha, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69006891|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Cotton Tree, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69005020|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Palmview, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69006370|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Diddillibah, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69005123|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Pelican Waters, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69006421|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Kenilworth, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69005715|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Mapleton, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69004272|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Doonan, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69005136|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Mooloolaba, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69004275|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Moffat Beach, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69006073|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Buderim, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69004267|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Beerburrum, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69004568|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Coolum Beach, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69004269|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Buddina, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69004749|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Landsborough, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69005823|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Warana, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69007062|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Forest Glen, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69005343|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Mount Coolum, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69006119|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Caloundra West, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69004795|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Noosa, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69025532|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Palmwoods, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69006372|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Balmoral Ridge, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69004520|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Woombye, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69007209|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Maroochydore, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69002309|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Meridan Plains, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69006019|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Mudjimba, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69004276|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Mountain Creek, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69006151|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Bli Bli, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69004655|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Marcoola, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69025154|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Sippy Downs, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69006726|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"North Maleny, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69006271|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Cambroon, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69004799|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Alexandra Headland, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69004264|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Glass House Mountains, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69005406|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Montville, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69004274|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Bokarina, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69004663|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Currimundi, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69005064|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Twin Waters, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69025009|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Birtinya, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69004635|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Caloundra, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69000655|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Beerwah, Sunshine Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69004569|69010695|QLD"},{"name":"Torres Area, Queensland","id":"|69000160|QLD"},{"name":"Haggerstone Island, Torres Area, Queensland","id":"69001642|69000160|QLD"},{"name":"Thursday Island, Torres Area, Queensland","id":"69003658|69000160|QLD"},{"name":"Horn Island, Torres Area, Queensland","id":"69001744|69000160|QLD"},{"name":"Cape York, Torres Area, Queensland","id":"69000686|69000160|QLD"},{"name":"Burke Area, Queensland","id":"|69000162|QLD"},{"name":"Lawn Hill, Burke Area, Queensland","id":"69002098|69000162|QLD"},{"name":"Gregory Downs, Burke Area, Queensland","id":"69001581|69000162|QLD"},{"name":"Burketown, Burke Area, Queensland","id":"69000594|69000162|QLD"},{"name":"Noosa Area, Queensland","id":"|69000232|QLD"},{"name":"Cooroy, Noosa Area, Queensland","id":"69005007|69000232|QLD"},{"name":"Cooran, Noosa Area, Queensland","id":"69005005|69000232|QLD"},{"name":"Marcus Beach, Noosa Area, Queensland","id":"69005968|69000232|QLD"},{"name":"Boreen Point, Noosa Area, Queensland","id":"69004680|69000232|QLD"},{"name":"Kin Kin, Noosa Area, Queensland","id":"69005744|69000232|QLD"},{"name":"Tewantin, Noosa Area, Queensland","id":"69006921|69000232|QLD"},{"name":"Sunrise Beach, Noosa Area, Queensland","id":"69006852|69000232|QLD"},{"name":"Pinbarren, Noosa Area, Queensland","id":"69006450|69000232|QLD"},{"name":"Noosaville, Noosa Area, Queensland","id":"69004277|69000232|QLD"},{"name":"Cooroibah, Noosa Area, Queensland","id":"69005006|69000232|QLD"},{"name":"Noosa Heads, Noosa Area, Queensland","id":"69002767|69000232|QLD"},{"name":"Pomona, Noosa Area, Queensland","id":"69003018|69000232|QLD"},{"name":"Noosa North Shore, Noosa Area, Queensland","id":"69025172|69000232|QLD"},{"name":"Conondale, Noosa Area, Queensland","id":"69004988|69000232|QLD"},{"name":"Sunshine Beach, Noosa Area, Queensland","id":"69006854|69000232|QLD"},{"name":"Peregian Beach, Noosa Area, Queensland","id":"69006431|69000232|QLD"},{"name":"Mount Isa Area, Queensland","id":"|69000180|QLD"},{"name":"Camooweal, Mount Isa Area, Queensland","id":"69000667|69000180|QLD"},{"name":"Mount Isa, Mount Isa Area, Queensland","id":"69002559|69000180|QLD"},{"name":"Carpentaria Area, Queensland","id":"|69000161|QLD"},{"name":"Normanton, Carpentaria Area, Queensland","id":"69002772|69000161|QLD"},{"name":"Karumba, Carpentaria Area, Queensland","id":"69001900|69000161|QLD"},{"name":"Cairns Area, Queensland","id":"|69000151|QLD"},{"name":"Smithfield, Cairns Area, Queensland","id":"69006733|69000151|QLD"},{"name":"Parramatta Park, Cairns Area, Queensland","id":"69006406|69000151|QLD"},{"name":"Green Island, Cairns Area, Queensland","id":"69001567|69000151|QLD"},{"name":"Aeroglen, Cairns Area, Queensland","id":"69004393|69000151|QLD"},{"name":"Earlville, Cairns Area, Queensland","id":"69005180|69000151|QLD"},{"name":"Trinity Beach, Cairns Area, Queensland","id":"69006986|69000151|QLD"},{"name":"Yorkeys Knob, Cairns Area, Queensland","id":"69007251|69000151|QLD"},{"name":"Whitfield, Cairns Area, Queensland","id":"69007146|69000151|QLD"},{"name":"Bungalow, Cairns Area, Queensland","id":"69004759|69000151|QLD"},{"name":"Portsmith, Cairns Area, Queensland","id":"69006482|69000151|QLD"},{"name":"Babinda, Cairns Area, Queensland","id":"69000132|69000151|QLD"},{"name":"Deeral, Cairns Area, Queensland","id":"69001069|69000151|QLD"},{"name":"Clifton Beach, Cairns Area, Queensland","id":"69004939|69000151|QLD"},{"name":"Fishery Falls, Cairns Area, Queensland","id":"69001321|69000151|QLD"},{"name":"Westcourt, Cairns Area, Queensland","id":"69007128|69000151|QLD"},{"name":"Gordonvale, Cairns Area, Queensland","id":"69001524|69000151|QLD"},{"name":"Cairns North, Cairns Area, Queensland","id":"69004791|69000151|QLD"},{"name":"Fitzroy Island, Cairns Area, Queensland","id":"69001325|69000151|QLD"},{"name":"Caravonica, Cairns Area, Queensland","id":"69004836|69000151|QLD"},{"name":"Ellis Beach, Cairns Area, Queensland","id":"69005243|69000151|QLD"},{"name":"Daintree, Cairns Area, Queensland","id":"69001030|69000151|QLD"},{"name":"Kewarra Beach, Cairns Area, Queensland","id":"69005733|69000151|QLD"},{"name":"Redlynch, Cairns Area, Queensland","id":"69006543|69000151|QLD"},{"name":"Double Island, Cairns Area, Queensland","id":"69001117|69000151|QLD"},{"name":"Bramston Beach, Cairns Area, Queensland","id":"69000484|69000151|QLD"},{"name":"Edge Hill, Cairns Area, Queensland","id":"69005214|69000151|QLD"},{"name":"Manunda, Cairns Area, Queensland","id":"69005961|69000151|QLD"},{"name":"Holloways Beach, Cairns Area, Queensland","id":"69005607|69000151|QLD"},{"name":"Palm Cove, Cairns Area, Queensland","id":"69006368|69000151|QLD"},{"name":"Bartle Frere, Cairns Area, Queensland","id":"69004542|69000151|QLD"},{"name":"Woree, Cairns Area, Queensland","id":"69007214|69000151|QLD"},{"name":"White Rock, Cairns Area, Queensland","id":"69007144|69000151|QLD"},{"name":"Cairns, Cairns Area, Queensland","id":"69000643|69000151|QLD"},{"name":"Toowoomba Area, Queensland","id":"|69000204|QLD"},{"name":"Oakey, Toowoomba Area, Queensland","id":"69006314|69000204|QLD"},{"name":"Highfields, Toowoomba Area, Queensland","id":"69001714|69000204|QLD"},{"name":"Gowrie Junction, Toowoomba Area, Queensland","id":"69001541|69000204|QLD"},{"name":"Toowoomba, Toowoomba Area, Queensland","id":"69003712|69000204|QLD"},{"name":"East Toowoomba, Toowoomba Area, Queensland","id":"69026246|69000204|QLD"},{"name":"Spring Bluff, Toowoomba Area, Queensland","id":"69003406|69000204|QLD"},{"name":"Peranga, Toowoomba Area, Queensland","id":"69002970|69000204|QLD"},{"name":"Clifton, Toowoomba Area, Queensland","id":"69000809|69000204|QLD"},{"name":"Bowenville, Toowoomba Area, Queensland","id":"69000463|69000204|QLD"},{"name":"Kulpi, Toowoomba Area, Queensland","id":"69002026|69000204|QLD"},{"name":"Crows Nest, Toowoomba Area, Queensland","id":"69000985|69000204|QLD"},{"name":"Pittsworth, Toowoomba Area, Queensland","id":"69003005|69000204|QLD"},{"name":"Preston, Toowoomba Area, Queensland","id":"69003066|69000204|QLD"},{"name":"Haden, Toowoomba Area, Queensland","id":"69001640|69000204|QLD"},{"name":"Pilton, Toowoomba Area, Queensland","id":"69026936|69000204|QLD"},{"name":"Hodgson Vale, Toowoomba Area, Queensland","id":"69001730|69000204|QLD"},{"name":"Vale View, Toowoomba Area, Queensland","id":"69003848|69000204|QLD"},{"name":"Southbrook, Toowoomba Area, Queensland","id":"69006773|69000204|QLD"},{"name":"Glenvale, Toowoomba Area, Queensland","id":"69001483|69000204|QLD"},{"name":"Hampton, Toowoomba Area, Queensland","id":"69001661|69000204|QLD"},{"name":"Mount Tyson, Toowoomba Area, Queensland","id":"69002591|69000204|QLD"},{"name":"Meringandan, Toowoomba Area, Queensland","id":"69002386|69000204|QLD"},{"name":"Yarraman, Toowoomba Area, Queensland","id":"69004227|69000204|QLD"},{"name":"Cooyar, Toowoomba Area, Queensland","id":"69000916|69000204|QLD"},{"name":"Harristown, Toowoomba Area, Queensland","id":"69026436|69000204|QLD"},{"name":"Pechey, Toowoomba Area, Queensland","id":"69002947|69000204|QLD"},{"name":"Cabarlah, Toowoomba Area, Queensland","id":"69000637|69000204|QLD"},{"name":"Cecil Plains, Toowoomba Area, Queensland","id":"69000741|69000204|QLD"},{"name":"Meringandan West, Toowoomba Area, Queensland","id":"69002387|69000204|QLD"},{"name":"Greenmount, Toowoomba Area, Queensland","id":"69001575|69000204|QLD"},{"name":"Cambooya, Toowoomba Area, Queensland","id":"69000659|69000204|QLD"},{"name":"Brookstead, Toowoomba Area, Queensland","id":"69000531|69000204|QLD"},{"name":"Broxburn, Toowoomba Area, Queensland","id":"69000541|69000204|QLD"},{"name":"Kingsthorpe, Toowoomba Area, Queensland","id":"69001979|69000204|QLD"},{"name":"Westbrook, Toowoomba Area, Queensland","id":"69004009|69000204|QLD"},{"name":"Acland, Toowoomba Area, Queensland","id":"69000010|69000204|QLD"},{"name":"Maclagan, Toowoomba Area, Queensland","id":"69002249|69000204|QLD"},{"name":"Millmerran, Toowoomba Area, Queensland","id":"69002421|69000204|QLD"},{"name":"Goombungee, Toowoomba Area, Queensland","id":"69001509|69000204|QLD"},{"name":"Perseverance, Toowoomba Area, Queensland","id":"69025173|69000204|QLD"},{"name":"Ravensbourne, Toowoomba Area, Queensland","id":"69003121|69000204|QLD"},{"name":"Jondaryan, Toowoomba Area, Queensland","id":"69001852|69000204|QLD"},{"name":"Nobby, Toowoomba Area, Queensland","id":"69002762|69000204|QLD"},{"name":"Scenic Rim Area, Queensland","id":"|69010684|QLD"},{"name":"Rathdowney, Scenic Rim Area, Queensland","id":"69006530|69010684|QLD"},{"name":"Eagle Heights, Scenic Rim Area, Queensland","id":"69005175|69010684|QLD"},{"name":"Harrisville, Scenic Rim Area, Queensland","id":"69005540|69010684|QLD"},{"name":"Tamborine Mountain, Scenic Rim Area, Queensland","id":"69002587|69010684|QLD"},{"name":"Clumber, Scenic Rim Area, Queensland","id":"69026095|69010684|QLD"},{"name":"Tarome, Scenic Rim Area, Queensland","id":"69003577|69010684|QLD"},{"name":"Mount Barney, Scenic Rim Area, Queensland","id":"69006113|69010684|QLD"},{"name":"Boonah, Scenic Rim Area, Queensland","id":"69000438|69010684|QLD"},{"name":"Aratula, Scenic Rim Area, Queensland","id":"69000081|69010684|QLD"},{"name":"Tamrookum Creek, Scenic Rim Area, Queensland","id":"69027133|69010684|QLD"},{"name":"Lamington, Scenic Rim Area, Queensland","id":"69025039|69010684|QLD"},{"name":"Kooralbyn, Scenic Rim Area, Queensland","id":"69005785|69010684|QLD"},{"name":"Binna Burra, Scenic Rim Area, Queensland","id":"69004628|69010684|QLD"},{"name":"Beaudesert, Scenic Rim Area, Queensland","id":"69000230|69010684|QLD"},{"name":"Moogerah, Scenic Rim Area, Queensland","id":"69025038|69010684|QLD"},{"name":"North Tamborine, Scenic Rim Area, Queensland","id":"69006284|69010684|QLD"},{"name":"Kalbar, Scenic Rim Area, Queensland","id":"69001872|69010684|QLD"},{"name":"Canungra, Scenic Rim Area, Queensland","id":"69004830|69010684|QLD"},{"name":"Sarabah, Scenic Rim Area, Queensland","id":"69025539|69010684|QLD"},{"name":"Kerry, Scenic Rim Area, Queensland","id":"69025115|69010684|QLD"},{"name":"Darlington, Scenic Rim Area, Queensland","id":"69025133|69010684|QLD"},{"name":"Boyland, Scenic Rim Area, Queensland","id":"69025511|69010684|QLD"},{"name":"Western Country Area, Queensland","id":"|69010698|QLD"},{"name":"Dulacca, Western Country Area, Queensland","id":"69001137|69010698|QLD"},{"name":"Drillham, Western Country Area, Queensland","id":"69001126|69010698|QLD"},{"name":"Jimbour, Western Country Area, Queensland","id":"69001843|69010698|QLD"},{"name":"Condamine, Western Country Area, Queensland","id":"69000864|69010698|QLD"},{"name":"Columboola, Western Country Area, Queensland","id":"69000855|69010698|QLD"},{"name":"Tara, Western Country Area, Queensland","id":"69003564|69010698|QLD"},{"name":"Warra, Western Country Area, Queensland","id":"69003937|69010698|QLD"},{"name":"Miles, Western Country Area, Queensland","id":"69002412|69010698|QLD"},{"name":"Jandowae, Western Country Area, Queensland","id":"69001821|69010698|QLD"},{"name":"Auburn, Western Country Area, Queensland","id":"69000112|69010698|QLD"},{"name":"Meandarra, Western Country Area, Queensland","id":"69002356|69010698|QLD"},{"name":"Dalby, Western Country Area, Queensland","id":"69001033|69010698|QLD"},{"name":"Westmar, Western Country Area, Queensland","id":"69004016|69010698|QLD"},{"name":"Chinchilla, Western Country Area, Queensland","id":"69000779|69010698|QLD"},{"name":"Wandoan, Western Country Area, Queensland","id":"69003915|69010698|QLD"},{"name":"Kogan, Western Country Area, Queensland","id":"69001999|69010698|QLD"},{"name":"Bell, Western Country Area, Queensland","id":"69000248|69010698|QLD"},{"name":"The Gums, Western Country Area, Queensland","id":"69003631|69010698|QLD"},{"name":"Kaimkillenbun, Western Country Area, Queensland","id":"69001867|69010698|QLD"},{"name":"Caboolture Area, Queensland","id":"|69000130|QLD"},{"name":"Woodford, Caboolture Area, Queensland","id":"69007185|69000130|QLD"},{"name":"Cook Area, Queensland","id":"|69000158|QLD"},{"name":"Lizard Island, Cook Area, Queensland","id":"69002162|69000158|QLD"},{"name":"Cooktown, Cook Area, Queensland","id":"69000884|69000158|QLD"},{"name":"Laura, Cook Area, Queensland","id":"69002092|69000158|QLD"},{"name":"Lockhart, Cook Area, Queensland","id":"69025153|69000158|QLD"},{"name":"Ayton, Cook Area, Queensland","id":"69000130|69000158|QLD"},{"name":"Lakeland, Cook Area, Queensland","id":"69002074|69000158|QLD"},{"name":"Weipa, Cook Area, Queensland","id":"69003978|69000158|QLD"},{"name":"Coen, Cook Area, Queensland","id":"69000834|69000158|QLD"},{"name":"Lockhart River, Cook Area, Queensland","id":"69025541|69000158|QLD"},{"name":"Rossville, Cook Area, Queensland","id":"69003220|69000158|QLD"},{"name":"Winton Area, Queensland","id":"|69000187|QLD"},{"name":"Winton, Winton Area, Queensland","id":"69004094|69000187|QLD"},{"name":"Corfield, Winton Area, Queensland","id":"69000931|69000187|QLD"},{"name":"Opalton, Winton Area, Queensland","id":"69014929|69000187|QLD"},{"name":"Middleton, Winton Area, Queensland","id":"69002401|69000187|QLD"},{"name":"Bowen Area, Queensland","id":"|69000237|QLD"},{"name":"Hydeaway Bay, Bowen Area, Queensland","id":"69014763|69000237|QLD"},{"name":"Bulloo Area, Queensland","id":"|69000199|QLD"},{"name":"Nockatunga, Bulloo Area, Queensland","id":"69026855|69000199|QLD"},{"name":"Noccundra, Bulloo Area, Queensland","id":"69002764|69000199|QLD"},{"name":"Hungerford, Bulloo Area, Queensland","id":"69001759|69000199|QLD"},{"name":"Cameron Corner, Bulloo Area, Queensland","id":"69014926|69000199|QLD"},{"name":"Thargomindah, Bulloo Area, Queensland","id":"69003623|69000199|QLD"},{"name":"Southern Downs Area, Queensland","id":"|69010714|QLD"},{"name":"Maryvale, Southern Downs Area, Queensland","id":"69002326|69010714|QLD"},{"name":"Eukey, Southern Downs Area, Queensland","id":"69001264|69010714|QLD"},{"name":"Stanthorpe, Southern Downs Area, Queensland","id":"69003443|69010714|QLD"},{"name":"Dalveen, Southern Downs Area, Queensland","id":"69001040|69010714|QLD"},{"name":"Warwick, Southern Downs Area, Queensland","id":"69003949|69010714|QLD"},{"name":"The Summit, Southern Downs Area, Queensland","id":"69003641|69010714|QLD"},{"name":"Killarney, Southern Downs Area, Queensland","id":"69001946|69010714|QLD"},{"name":"Thulimbah, Southern Downs Area, Queensland","id":"69003654|69010714|QLD"},{"name":"Amiens, Southern Downs Area, Queensland","id":"69000059|69010714|QLD"},{"name":"Yangan, Southern Downs Area, Queensland","id":"69004212|69010714|QLD"},{"name":"Severnlea, Southern Downs Area, Queensland","id":"69003316|69010714|QLD"},{"name":"Leyburn, Southern Downs Area, Queensland","id":"69002128|69010714|QLD"},{"name":"Pozieres, Southern Downs Area, Queensland","id":"69003061|69010714|QLD"},{"name":"Glen Aplin, Southern Downs Area, Queensland","id":"69001450|69010714|QLD"},{"name":"Allora, Southern Downs Area, Queensland","id":"69000045|69010714|QLD"},{"name":"Diamondvale, Southern Downs Area, Queensland","id":"69026196|69010714|QLD"},{"name":"Goomburra, Southern Downs Area, Queensland","id":"69001510|69010714|QLD"},{"name":"Ballandean, Southern Downs Area, Queensland","id":"69000160|69010714|QLD"},{"name":"Applethorpe, Southern Downs Area, Queensland","id":"69000076|69010714|QLD"},{"name":"Wallangarra, Southern Downs Area, Queensland","id":"69003895|69010714|QLD"},{"name":"Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"Wongawallan, Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69007180|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"Hope Island, Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69005622|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"Nerang, Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69006207|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"Robina, Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69006582|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"Burleigh Waters, Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69004769|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"Elanora, Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69005225|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"Arundel, Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69004462|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"Southport, Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69006775|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"Pacific Pines, Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69006354|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"Mermaid Beach, Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69006021|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"Tallebudgera Valley, Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69006881|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"Numinbah Valley, Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69006303|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"Broadbeach, Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69004726|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"Ashmore, Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69004471|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"Gold Coast Mc, Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69025140|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"Carrara, Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69004850|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"Bundall, Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69004756|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"Broadbeach Waters, Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69004727|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"Labrador, Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69005802|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"Clear Island Waters, Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69004934|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"Currumbin Valley, Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69005066|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"Bilinga, Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69004627|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"Kirra Beach, Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69025504|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"Pimpama, Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69006449|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"Willow Vale, Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69007154|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"Beechmont, Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69004565|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"Jacobs Well, Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69005668|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"Benowa, Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69004596|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"Mount Nathan, Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69006135|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"Biggera Waters, Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69004624|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"Oxenford, Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69006347|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"Currumbin Waters, Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69005067|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"Miami, Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69006027|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"Sanctuary Cove, Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69006662|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"Runaway Bay, Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69006631|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"Tugun, Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69006992|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"Bonogin, Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69004672|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"Palm Beach, Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69006367|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"Gold Coast, Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69001492|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"Molendinar, Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69006076|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"Helensvale, Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69005563|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"Mudgeeraba, Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69006166|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"Coombabah, Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69005000|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"Robina Town Centre, Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69025176|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"Burleigh Heads, Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69004768|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"Surfers Paradise, Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69006855|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"Coolangatta, Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69004998|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"Mermaid Waters, Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69006022|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"Springbrook, Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69006785|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"South Stradbroke Island, Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69006768|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"Coomera, Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69005001|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"Main Beach, Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69005940|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"Currumbin, Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69005065|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"Paradise Point, Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69006383|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"Tallebudgera, Gold Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69006880|69000178|QLD"},{"name":"Cherbourg Area, Queensland","id":"|69010697|QLD"},{"name":"Cherbourg, Cherbourg Area, Queensland","id":"69000771|69010697|QLD"},{"name":"Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Port Of Brisbane, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69025200|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Lytton, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69005920|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Sunnybank Hills, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69006850|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Northgate, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69006292|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Kangaroo Point, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69005695|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Morningside, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69006101|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Murarrie, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69006178|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Dutton Park, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69005172|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Yeronga, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69007249|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"South Brisbane, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69006748|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Moggill, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69006074|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Mount Ommaney, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69025166|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Nudgee Beach, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69006302|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Carindale, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69004843|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Hamilton, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69005518|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Windsor, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69007162|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Newstead, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69006229|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Greenslopes, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69005477|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Boondall, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69004674|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Chermside, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69004896|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Oxley, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69006351|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Chandler, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69004880|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Bulimba, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69004751|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Moreton Island, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69002516|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Brisbane Airport, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69007263|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Enoggera, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69005260|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Clayfield, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69004932|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Eagle Farm, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69005174|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Paddington, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69006356|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Teneriffe, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69006914|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Brisbane, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69004724|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Wynnum, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69007224|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Pinkenba, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69006454|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Manly, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69005950|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Brisbane City, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69000515|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"East Brisbane, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69005185|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Nathan, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69006202|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"West End, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69007108|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Wooloowin, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69007207|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Ferny Grove, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69005310|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Banyo, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69004534|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Eight Mile Plains, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69005221|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"The Gap, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69006927|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"St Lucia, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69006807|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Bowen Hills, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69004689|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Chuwar, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69004920|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Toowong, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69006972|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Woolloongabba, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69007204|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Shorncliffe, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69006719|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Cowan Cowan, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69025221|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Albion, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69004404|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Yeerongpilly, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69007245|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"South Bank, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69006745|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Mount Coot-tha, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69025161|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Carseldine, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69004852|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Auchenflower, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69004483|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Fig Tree Pocket, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69005315|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Burbank, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69004765|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Sandgate, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69006664|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Hawthorne, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69005548|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Mount Crosby, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69006121|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Tennyson, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69006915|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Hendra, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69005568|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"St Helena Island, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69006795|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Upper Mount Gravatt, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69025183|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Kelvin Grove, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69005713|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Spring Hill, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69006782|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Fortitude Valley, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69005352|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Milton, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69006048|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Mitchelton, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69006065|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Archerfield, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69004456|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Rochedale, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69006583|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Graceville, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69005452|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"New Farm, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69006218|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Herston, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69005577|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Tangalooma, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69006893|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Bracken Ridge, Brisbane Area, Queensland","id":"69004696|69000123|QLD"},{"name":"Bundaberg Area, Queensland","id":"|69000131|QLD"},{"name":"Bundaberg East, Bundaberg Area, Queensland","id":"69004753|69000131|QLD"},{"name":"South Kolan, Bundaberg Area, Queensland","id":"69003381|69000131|QLD"},{"name":"Woodgate, Bundaberg Area, Queensland","id":"69004137|69000131|QLD"},{"name":"Innes Park, Bundaberg Area, Queensland","id":"69001787|69000131|QLD"},{"name":"Bargara, Bundaberg Area, Queensland","id":"69000186|69000131|QLD"},{"name":"Bundaberg South, Bundaberg Area, Queensland","id":"69004755|69000131|QLD"},{"name":"Lake Monduran, Bundaberg Area, Queensland","id":"69025563|69000131|QLD"},{"name":"Lady Elliot Island, Bundaberg Area, Queensland","id":"69005804|69000131|QLD"},{"name":"Branyan, Bundaberg Area, Queensland","id":"69004703|69000131|QLD"},{"name":"Elliott Heads, Bundaberg Area, Queensland","id":"69001216|69000131|QLD"},{"name":"Thabeban, Bundaberg Area, Queensland","id":"69006922|69000131|QLD"},{"name":"Qunaba, Bundaberg Area, Queensland","id":"69025175|69000131|QLD"},{"name":"Avoca, Bundaberg Area, Queensland","id":"69004494|69000131|QLD"},{"name":"Miara, Bundaberg Area, Queensland","id":"69014483|69000131|QLD"},{"name":"Bundaberg West, Bundaberg Area, Queensland","id":"69007279|69000131|QLD"},{"name":"Doolbi, Bundaberg Area, Queensland","id":"69026207|69000131|QLD"},{"name":"Moore Park Beach, Bundaberg Area, Queensland","id":"69025155|69000131|QLD"},{"name":"Bundaberg North, Bundaberg Area, Queensland","id":"69004754|69000131|QLD"},{"name":"Bundaberg, Bundaberg Area, Queensland","id":"69000577|69000131|QLD"},{"name":"Coral Cove, Bundaberg Area, Queensland","id":"69000925|69000131|QLD"},{"name":"Apple Tree Creek, Bundaberg Area, Queensland","id":"69000075|69000131|QLD"},{"name":"Mon Repos, Bundaberg Area, Queensland","id":"69002467|69000131|QLD"},{"name":"Childers, Bundaberg Area, Queensland","id":"69000776|69000131|QLD"},{"name":"Norville, Bundaberg Area, Queensland","id":"69006296|69000131|QLD"},{"name":"Avenell Heights, Bundaberg Area, Queensland","id":"69004492|69000131|QLD"},{"name":"Gin Gin, Bundaberg Area, Queensland","id":"69001435|69000131|QLD"},{"name":"Burnett Heads, Bundaberg Area, Queensland","id":"69000595|69000131|QLD"},{"name":"Isaac Area, Queensland","id":"|69010692|QLD"},{"name":"Clermont, Isaac Area, Queensland","id":"69000803|69010692|QLD"},{"name":"Nebo, Isaac Area, Queensland","id":"69002714|69010692|QLD"},{"name":"Clairview, Isaac Area, Queensland","id":"69000787|69010692|QLD"},{"name":"Coppabella, Isaac Area, Queensland","id":"69000922|69010692|QLD"},{"name":"Moranbah, Isaac Area, Queensland","id":"69002508|69010692|QLD"},{"name":"Dysart, Isaac Area, Queensland","id":"69001170|69010692|QLD"},{"name":"Ilbilbie, Isaac Area, Queensland","id":"69001772|69010692|QLD"},{"name":"Middlemount, Isaac Area, Queensland","id":"69002400|69010692|QLD"},{"name":"Murweh Area, Queensland","id":"|69000197|QLD"},{"name":"Morven, Murweh Area, Queensland","id":"69002530|69000197|QLD"},{"name":"Cooladdi, Murweh Area, Queensland","id":"69000888|69000197|QLD"},{"name":"Augathella, Murweh Area, Queensland","id":"69000114|69000197|QLD"},{"name":"Charleville, Murweh Area, Queensland","id":"69000761|69000197|QLD"},{"name":"Banana Area, Queensland","id":"|69000143|QLD"},{"name":"Moura, Banana Area, Queensland","id":"69002605|69000143|QLD"},{"name":"Theodore, Banana Area, Queensland","id":"69003643|69000143|QLD"},{"name":"Thangool, Banana Area, Queensland","id":"69003621|69000143|QLD"},{"name":"Cracow, Banana Area, Queensland","id":"69000958|69000143|QLD"},{"name":"Taroom, Banana Area, Queensland","id":"69003578|69000143|QLD"},{"name":"Biloela, Banana Area, Queensland","id":"69004266|69000143|QLD"},{"name":"Isla, Banana Area, Queensland","id":"69026491|69000143|QLD"},{"name":"Baralaba, Banana Area, Queensland","id":"69000183|69000143|QLD"},{"name":"Castle Creek, Banana Area, Queensland","id":"69026058|69000143|QLD"},{"name":"Dumgree, Banana Area, Queensland","id":"69026222|69000143|QLD"},{"name":"Dululu, Banana Area, Queensland","id":"69001139|69000143|QLD"},{"name":"Jambin, Banana Area, Queensland","id":"69001818|69000143|QLD"},{"name":"Wowan, Banana Area, Queensland","id":"69004167|69000143|QLD"},{"name":"Goovigen, Banana Area, Queensland","id":"69001521|69000143|QLD"},{"name":"South Burnett Area, Queensland","id":"|69010694|QLD"},{"name":"Wooroolin, South Burnett Area, Queensland","id":"69004162|69010694|QLD"},{"name":"Bunya Mountains, South Burnett Area, Queensland","id":"69004301|69010694|QLD"},{"name":"Kingaroy, South Burnett Area, Queensland","id":"69001968|69010694|QLD"},{"name":"Taabinga, South Burnett Area, Queensland","id":"69003523|69010694|QLD"},{"name":"Kumbia, South Burnett Area, Queensland","id":"69002027|69010694|QLD"},{"name":"Murgon, South Burnett Area, Queensland","id":"69002650|69010694|QLD"},{"name":"Nanango, South Burnett Area, Queensland","id":"69002686|69010694|QLD"},{"name":"Benarkin, South Burnett Area, Queensland","id":"69000270|69010694|QLD"},{"name":"Proston, South Burnett Area, Queensland","id":"69003077|69010694|QLD"},{"name":"Inverlaw, South Burnett Area, Queensland","id":"69001794|69010694|QLD"},{"name":"Booie, South Burnett Area, Queensland","id":"69000428|69010694|QLD"},{"name":"Blackbutt, South Burnett Area, Queensland","id":"69000352|69010694|QLD"},{"name":"Maidenwell, South Burnett Area, Queensland","id":"69002258|69010694|QLD"},{"name":"Wondai, South Burnett Area, Queensland","id":"69004125|69010694|QLD"},{"name":"Benair, South Burnett Area, Queensland","id":"69004593|69010694|QLD"},{"name":"Northern Peninsula Area, Queensland","id":"|69010710|QLD"},{"name":"Bamaga, Northern Peninsula Area, Queensland","id":"69000170|69010710|QLD"},{"name":"Jardine River, Northern Peninsula Area, Queensland","id":"69025540|69010710|QLD"},{"name":"Kowanyama Area, Queensland","id":"|69010706|QLD"},{"name":"Kowanyama, Kowanyama Area, Queensland","id":"69002021|69010706|QLD"},{"name":"Charters Towers Area, Queensland","id":"|69000234|QLD"},{"name":"Paluma, Charters Towers Area, Queensland","id":"69006373|69000234|QLD"},{"name":"Queenton, Charters Towers Area, Queensland","id":"69006509|69000234|QLD"},{"name":"Broughton, Charters Towers Area, Queensland","id":"69025981|69000234|QLD"},{"name":"Charters Towers, Charters Towers Area, Queensland","id":"69000765|69000234|QLD"},{"name":"Hervey Range, Charters Towers Area, Queensland","id":"69025144|69000234|QLD"},{"name":"Gympie Area, Queensland","id":"|69010699|QLD"},{"name":"Goomeri, Gympie Area, Queensland","id":"69001511|69010699|QLD"},{"name":"Rainbow Beach, Gympie Area, Queensland","id":"69004278|69010699|QLD"},{"name":"Gympie, Gympie Area, Queensland","id":"69001636|69010699|QLD"},{"name":"Kandanga, Gympie Area, Queensland","id":"69005691|69010699|QLD"},{"name":"Amamoor, Gympie Area, Queensland","id":"69004427|69010699|QLD"},{"name":"Kilkivan, Gympie Area, Queensland","id":"69001944|69010699|QLD"},{"name":"Kandanga Creek, Gympie Area, Queensland","id":"69026520|69010699|QLD"},{"name":"Wolvi, Gympie Area, Queensland","id":"69007177|69010699|QLD"},{"name":"Kia Ora, Gympie Area, Queensland","id":"69005734|69010699|QLD"},{"name":"Kybong, Gympie Area, Queensland","id":"69005798|69010699|QLD"},{"name":"Imbil, Gympie Area, Queensland","id":"69005651|69010699|QLD"},{"name":"Tin Can Bay, Gympie Area, Queensland","id":"69004279|69010699|QLD"},{"name":"Douglas Area, Queensland","id":"|69000155|QLD"},{"name":"Cow Bay, Douglas Area, Queensland","id":"69025132|69000155|QLD"},{"name":"Diwan, Douglas Area, Queensland","id":"69025116|69000155|QLD"},{"name":"Newell Beach, Douglas Area, Queensland","id":"69002747|69000155|QLD"},{"name":"Mossman, Douglas Area, Queensland","id":"69002532|69000155|QLD"},{"name":"Low Isles, Douglas Area, Queensland","id":"69002205|69000155|QLD"},{"name":"Port Douglas, Douglas Area, Queensland","id":"69003032|69000155|QLD"},{"name":"Cape Tribulation, Douglas Area, Queensland","id":"69000685|69000155|QLD"},{"name":"Newell, Douglas Area, Queensland","id":"69025171|69000155|QLD"},{"name":"Wangetti, Douglas Area, Queensland","id":"69025184|69000155|QLD"},{"name":"Oak Beach, Douglas Area, Queensland","id":"69002835|69000155|QLD"},{"name":"Boulia Area, Queensland","id":"|69000185|QLD"},{"name":"Urandangi, Boulia Area, Queensland","id":"69003838|69000185|QLD"},{"name":"Boulia, Boulia Area, Queensland","id":"69000457|69000185|QLD"},{"name":"Cloncurry Area, Queensland","id":"|69000181|QLD"},{"name":"Duchess, Cloncurry Area, Queensland","id":"69001131|69000181|QLD"},{"name":"Three Rivers, Cloncurry Area, Queensland","id":"69025179|69000181|QLD"},{"name":"Dajarra, Cloncurry Area, Queensland","id":"69001032|69000181|QLD"},{"name":"Cloncurry, Cloncurry Area, Queensland","id":"69000813|69000181|QLD"},{"name":"Central Highlands Area, Queensland","id":"|69010688|QLD"},{"name":"Willows Gemfields, Central Highlands Area, Queensland","id":"69004064|69010688|QLD"},{"name":"Rubyvale, Central Highlands Area, Queensland","id":"69003231|69010688|QLD"},{"name":"The Gemfields, Central Highlands Area, Queensland","id":"69027160|69010688|QLD"},{"name":"Capella, Central Highlands Area, Queensland","id":"69000688|69010688|QLD"},{"name":"Carnarvon Gorge, Central Highlands Area, Queensland","id":"69025126|69010688|QLD"},{"name":"Duaringa, Central Highlands Area, Queensland","id":"69001129|69010688|QLD"},{"name":"Dingo, Central Highlands Area, Queensland","id":"69001097|69010688|QLD"},{"name":"Bluff, Central Highlands Area, Queensland","id":"69000386|69010688|QLD"},{"name":"Springsure, Central Highlands Area, Queensland","id":"69003419|69010688|QLD"},{"name":"Emerald, Central Highlands Area, Queensland","id":"69001223|69010688|QLD"},{"name":"Rolleston, Central Highlands Area, Queensland","id":"69003198|69010688|QLD"},{"name":"Blackwater, Central Highlands Area, Queensland","id":"69004647|69010688|QLD"},{"name":"Sapphire, Central Highlands Area, Queensland","id":"69003276|69010688|QLD"},{"name":"Nine Mile, Central Highlands Area, Queensland","id":"69026851|69010688|QLD"},{"name":"Comet, Central Highlands Area, Queensland","id":"69000860|69010688|QLD"},{"name":"Anakie, Central Highlands Area, Queensland","id":"69000060|69010688|QLD"},{"name":"Mackay Area, Queensland","id":"|69000224|QLD"},{"name":"Mackay Harbour, Mackay Area, Queensland","id":"69005929|69000224|QLD"},{"name":"Midge Point, Mackay Area, Queensland","id":"69006036|69000224|QLD"},{"name":"Pinnacle, Mackay Area, Queensland","id":"69006456|69000224|QLD"},{"name":"Eungella, Mackay Area, Queensland","id":"69005277|69000224|QLD"},{"name":"Marian, Mackay Area, Queensland","id":"69005973|69000224|QLD"},{"name":"Sarina Beach, Mackay Area, Queensland","id":"69006672|69000224|QLD"},{"name":"North Mackay, Mackay Area, Queensland","id":"69006270|69000224|QLD"},{"name":"Bucasia, Mackay Area, Queensland","id":"69004746|69000224|QLD"},{"name":"Farleigh, Mackay Area, Queensland","id":"69005303|69000224|QLD"},{"name":"Bakers Creek, Mackay Area, Queensland","id":"69004500|69000224|QLD"},{"name":"Cape Hillsborough, Mackay Area, Queensland","id":"69004833|69000224|QLD"},{"name":"Kuttabul, Mackay Area, Queensland","id":"69005797|69000224|QLD"},{"name":"Armstrong Beach, Mackay Area, Queensland","id":"69004457|69000224|QLD"},{"name":"Yalboroo, Mackay Area, Queensland","id":"69007232|69000224|QLD"},{"name":"Ball Bay, Mackay Area, Queensland","id":"69004509|69000224|QLD"},{"name":"Grasstree Beach, Mackay Area, Queensland","id":"69005463|69000224|QLD"},{"name":"Walkerston, Mackay Area, Queensland","id":"69007048|69000224|QLD"},{"name":"Sarina, Mackay Area, Queensland","id":"69003281|69000224|QLD"},{"name":"Hay Point, Mackay Area, Queensland","id":"69005549|69000224|QLD"},{"name":"Balberra, Mackay Area, Queensland","id":"69004502|69000224|QLD"},{"name":"West Mackay, Mackay Area, Queensland","id":"69007120|69000224|QLD"},{"name":"South Mackay, Mackay Area, Queensland","id":"69006758|69000224|QLD"},{"name":"The Leap, Mackay Area, Queensland","id":"69006931|69000224|QLD"},{"name":"Keswick Island, Mackay Area, Queensland","id":"69014193|69000224|QLD"},{"name":"Dalrymple Heights, Mackay Area, Queensland","id":"69005077|69000224|QLD"},{"name":"Mount Charlton, Mackay Area, Queensland","id":"69006115|69000224|QLD"},{"name":"Mackay, Mackay Area, Queensland","id":"69002247|69000224|QLD"},{"name":"Koumala, Mackay Area, Queensland","id":"69005787|69000224|QLD"},{"name":"Brightly, Mackay Area, Queensland","id":"69025971|69000224|QLD"},{"name":"Shoal Point, Mackay Area, Queensland","id":"69006717|69000224|QLD"},{"name":"Slade Point, Mackay Area, Queensland","id":"69006729|69000224|QLD"},{"name":"Newry Island, Mackay Area, Queensland","id":"69006228|69000224|QLD"},{"name":"Blacks Beach, Mackay Area, Queensland","id":"69004639|69000224|QLD"},{"name":"Eton, Mackay Area, Queensland","id":"69005273|69000224|QLD"},{"name":"Dolphin Heads, Mackay Area, Queensland","id":"69005131|69000224|QLD"},{"name":"Lindeman Island, Mackay Area, Queensland","id":"69002144|69000224|QLD"},{"name":"Andergrove, Mackay Area, Queensland","id":"69004436|69000224|QLD"},{"name":"Seaforth, Mackay Area, Queensland","id":"69006688|69000224|QLD"},{"name":"East Mackay, Mackay Area, Queensland","id":"69005192|69000224|QLD"},{"name":"Finch Hatton, Mackay Area, Queensland","id":"69005316|69000224|QLD"},{"name":"Mirani, Mackay Area, Queensland","id":"69002437|69000224|QLD"},{"name":"Eimeo, Mackay Area, Queensland","id":"69005222|69000224|QLD"},{"name":"Brampton Island, Mackay Area, Queensland","id":"69000483|69000224|QLD"},{"name":"Glenella, Mackay Area, Queensland","id":"69005422|69000224|QLD"},{"name":"St Bees Island, Mackay Area, Queensland","id":"69014941|69000224|QLD"},{"name":"McKinlay Area, Queensland","id":"|69000182|QLD"},{"name":"Julia Creek, McKinlay Area, Queensland","id":"69001859|69000182|QLD"},{"name":"Kynuna, McKinlay Area, Queensland","id":"69002044|69000182|QLD"},{"name":"Mckinlay, McKinlay Area, Queensland","id":"69002349|69000182|QLD"},{"name":"Paroo Area, Queensland","id":"|69000192|QLD"},{"name":"Wyandra, Paroo Area, Queensland","id":"69004176|69000192|QLD"},{"name":"Yowah, Paroo Area, Queensland","id":"69004257|69000192|QLD"},{"name":"Cunnamulla, Paroo Area, Queensland","id":"69001011|69000192|QLD"},{"name":"Barringun, Paroo Area, Queensland","id":"69014401|69000192|QLD"},{"name":"Eulo, Paroo Area, Queensland","id":"69001265|69000192|QLD"},{"name":"Cassowary Coast Area, Queensland","id":"|69010696|QLD"},{"name":"South Mission Beach, Cassowary Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69006759|69010696|QLD"},{"name":"Comoon Loop, Cassowary Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69026108|69010696|QLD"},{"name":"Cardwell, Cassowary Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69000699|69010696|QLD"},{"name":"Mena Creek, Cassowary Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69002375|69010696|QLD"},{"name":"Mourilyan, Cassowary Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69002606|69010696|QLD"},{"name":"Silkwood East, Cassowary Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69003345|69010696|QLD"},{"name":"Bedarra Island, Cassowary Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69004563|69010696|QLD"},{"name":"Kurrimine Beach, Cassowary Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69002038|69010696|QLD"},{"name":"Mission Beach, Cassowary Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69002445|69010696|QLD"},{"name":"Innisfail, Cassowary Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69001789|69010696|QLD"},{"name":"Tully, Cassowary Coast Area, Queensland","id":"69004280|69010696|QLD"},{"name":"Moreton Bay Area, Queensland","id":"|69010686|QLD"},{"name":"Dayboro, Moreton Bay Area, Queensland","id":"69014948|69010686|QLD"},{"name":"Kurwongbah, Moreton Bay Area, Queensland","id":"69005796|69010686|QLD"},{"name":"Wamuran, Moreton Bay Area, Queensland","id":"69007056|69010686|QLD"},{"name":"Redcliffe, Moreton Bay Area, Queensland","id":"69006539|69010686|QLD"},{"name":"Caboolture, Moreton Bay Area, Queensland","id":"69000639|69010686|QLD"},{"name":"Eatons Hill, Moreton Bay Area, Queensland","id":"69005207|69010686|QLD"},{"name":"Samford, Moreton Bay Area, Queensland","id":"69006658|69010686|QLD"},{"name":"Burpengary, Moreton Bay Area, Queensland","id":"69004773|69010686|QLD"},{"name":"Samford Valley, Moreton Bay Area, Queensland","id":"69006659|69010686|QLD"},{"name":"Mount Nebo, Moreton Bay Area, Queensland","id":"69006136|69010686|QLD"},{"name":"Brendale, Moreton Bay Area, Queensland","id":"69004710|69010686|QLD"},{"name":"Whiteside, Moreton Bay Area, Queensland","id":"69007145|69010686|QLD"},{"name":"Margate, Moreton Bay Area, Queensland","id":"69005971|69010686|QLD"},{"name":"Upper Caboolture, Moreton Bay Area, Queensland","id":"69007011|69010686|QLD"},{"name":"Banksia Beach, Moreton Bay Area, Queensland","id":"69004525|69010686|QLD"},{"name":"Deception Bay, Moreton Bay Area, Queensland","id":"69005101|69010686|QLD"},{"name":"Murrumba Downs, Moreton Bay Area, Queensland","id":"69006182|69010686|QLD"},{"name":"Bongaree, Moreton Bay Area, Queensland","id":"69004668|69010686|QLD"},{"name":"Kobble Creek, Moreton Bay Area, Queensland","id":"69026554|69010686|QLD"},{"name":"Sandstone Point, Moreton Bay Area, Queensland","id":"69006667|69010686|QLD"},{"name":"Albany Creek, Moreton Bay Area, Queensland","id":"69004399|69010686|QLD"},{"name":"Clontarf, Moreton Bay Area, Queensland","id":"69004944|69010686|QLD"},{"name":"Ocean View, Moreton Bay Area, Queensland","id":"69006319|69010686|QLD"},{"name":"Kallangur, Moreton Bay Area, Queensland","id":"69005688|69010686|QLD"},{"name":"Bellthorpe, Moreton Bay Area, Queensland","id":"69004586|69010686|QLD"},{"name":"Bellara, Moreton Bay Area, Queensland","id":"69004578|69010686|QLD"},{"name":"Griffin, Moreton Bay Area, Queensland","id":"69005485|69010686|QLD"},{"name":"Pine Rivers, Moreton Bay Area, Queensland","id":"69002995|69010686|QLD"},{"name":"Scarborough, Moreton Bay Area, Queensland","id":"69006675|69010686|QLD"},{"name":"Strathpine, Moreton Bay Area, Queensland","id":"69025533|69010686|QLD"},{"name":"Mount Glorious, Moreton Bay Area, Queensland","id":"69006123|69010686|QLD"},{"name":"Bellmere, Moreton Bay Area, Queensland","id":"69004584|69010686|QLD"},{"name":"Bribie Island, Moreton Bay Area, Queensland","id":"69000503|69010686|QLD"},{"name":"Barcaldine Area, Queensland","id":"|69000191|QLD"},{"name":"Jericho, Barcaldine Area, Queensland","id":"69001829|69000191|QLD"},{"name":"Muttaburra, Barcaldine Area, Queensland","id":"69002666|69000191|QLD"},{"name":"Alpha, Barcaldine Area, Queensland","id":"69000051|69000191|QLD"},{"name":"Barcaldine, Barcaldine Area, Queensland","id":"69000184|69000191|QLD"},{"name":"Aramac, Barcaldine Area, Queensland","id":"69000079|69000191|QLD"},{"name":"Flinders Area, Queensland","id":"|69000184|QLD"},{"name":"Stamford, Flinders Area, Queensland","id":"69003435|69000184|QLD"},{"name":"Prairie, Flinders Area, Queensland","id":"69006485|69000184|QLD"},{"name":"Torrens Creek, Flinders Area, Queensland","id":"69003717|69000184|QLD"},{"name":"Hughenden, Flinders Area, Queensland","id":"69001754|69000184|QLD"},{"name":"Maranoa Area, Queensland","id":"|69010690|QLD"},{"name":"Yuleba, Maranoa Area, Queensland","id":"69004260|69010690|QLD"},{"name":"Mungallala, Maranoa Area, Queensland","id":"69002641|69010690|QLD"},{"name":"Injune, Maranoa Area, Queensland","id":"69001784|69010690|QLD"},{"name":"Wallumbilla, Maranoa Area, Queensland","id":"69003904|69010690|QLD"},{"name":"Roma, Maranoa Area, Queensland","id":"69003199|69010690|QLD"},{"name":"Muckadilla, Maranoa Area, Queensland","id":"69002620|69010690|QLD"},{"name":"Amby, Maranoa Area, Queensland","id":"69000056|69010690|QLD"},{"name":"Surat, Maranoa Area, Queensland","id":"69003499|69010690|QLD"},{"name":"Glenmorgan, Maranoa Area, Queensland","id":"69001474|69010690|QLD"},{"name":"Mitchell, Maranoa Area, Queensland","id":"69002447|69010690|QLD"},{"name":"Jackson, Maranoa Area, Queensland","id":"69001814|69010690|QLD"},{"name":"Quilpie Area, Queensland","id":"|69000196|QLD"},{"name":"Eromanga, Quilpie Area, Queensland","id":"69001243|69000196|QLD"},{"name":"Toompine, Quilpie Area, Queensland","id":"69003705|69000196|QLD"},{"name":"Quilpie, Quilpie Area, Queensland","id":"69003096|69000196|QLD"},{"name":"Adavale, Quilpie Area, Queensland","id":"69000015|69000196|QLD"},{"name":"Cheepie, Quilpie Area, Queensland","id":"69000770|69000196|QLD"},{"name":"Livingstone Area, Queensland","id":"|69000149|QLD"},{"name":"Capricorn Coast, Livingstone Area, Queensland","id":"69000690|69000149|QLD"},{"name":"Mulambin, Livingstone Area, Queensland","id":"69025199|69000149|QLD"},{"name":"Byfield, Livingstone Area, Queensland","id":"69000629|69000149|QLD"},{"name":"Rosslyn, Livingstone Area, Queensland","id":"69025201|69000149|QLD"},{"name":"Zilzie, Livingstone Area, Queensland","id":"69007258|69000149|QLD"},{"name":"Marlborough, Livingstone Area, Queensland","id":"69002304|69000149|QLD"},{"name":"The Caves, Livingstone Area, Queensland","id":"69003626|69000149|QLD"},{"name":"Stanage, Livingstone Area, Queensland","id":"69025178|69000149|QLD"},{"name":"Yeppoon, Livingstone Area, Queensland","id":"69004244|69000149|QLD"},{"name":"Kinka Beach, Livingstone Area, Queensland","id":"69001991|69000149|QLD"},{"name":"Emu Park, Livingstone Area, Queensland","id":"69001233|69000149|QLD"},{"name":"Whitsunday Area, Queensland","id":"|69000241|QLD"},{"name":"South Molle Island, Whitsunday Area, Queensland","id":"69006760|69000241|QLD"},{"name":"Bowen, Whitsunday Area, Queensland","id":"69000460|69000241|QLD"},{"name":"Whitsundays, Whitsunday Area, Queensland","id":"69025185|69000241|QLD"},{"name":"Cape Gloucester, Whitsunday Area, Queensland","id":"69026045|69000241|QLD"},{"name":"Daydream Island, Whitsunday Area, Queensland","id":"69005096|69000241|QLD"},{"name":"Jubilee Pocket, Whitsunday Area, Queensland","id":"69025037|69000241|QLD"},{"name":"Collinsville, Whitsunday Area, Queensland","id":"69004969|69000241|QLD"},{"name":"Flametree, Whitsunday Area, Queensland","id":"69026302|69000241|QLD"},{"name":"Hamilton Island, Whitsunday Area, Queensland","id":"69005519|69000241|QLD"},{"name":"Long Island, Whitsunday Area, Queensland","id":"69005890|69000241|QLD"},{"name":"Shute Harbour, Whitsunday Area, Queensland","id":"69006720|69000241|QLD"},{"name":"Cannonvale, Whitsunday Area, Queensland","id":"69004268|69000241|QLD"},{"name":"Hook Island, Whitsunday Area, Queensland","id":"69005621|69000241|QLD"},{"name":"Proserpine, Whitsunday Area, Queensland","id":"69003076|69000241|QLD"},{"name":"Conway Beach, Whitsunday Area, Queensland","id":"69004989|69000241|QLD"},{"name":"Airlie Beach, Whitsunday Area, Queensland","id":"69000026|69000241|QLD"},{"name":"Hayman Island, Whitsunday Area, Queensland","id":"69014218|69000241|QLD"},{"name":"Dingo Beach, Whitsunday Area, Queensland","id":"69025108|69000241|QLD"},{"name":"Hideaway Bay, Whitsunday Area, Queensland","id":"69026446|69000241|QLD"},{"name":"Logan City Area, Queensland","id":"|69010691|QLD"},{"name":"Yarrabilba, Logan City Area, Queensland","id":"69025741|69010691|QLD"},{"name":"Loganholme, Logan City Area, Queensland","id":"69005886|69010691|QLD"},{"name":"Priestdale, Logan City Area, Queensland","id":"69006489|69010691|QLD"},{"name":"Springwood, Logan City Area, Queensland","id":"69006789|69010691|QLD"},{"name":"Bethania, Logan City Area, Queensland","id":"69004611|69010691|QLD"},{"name":"Cornubia, Logan City Area, Queensland","id":"69005013|69010691|QLD"},{"name":"Kingston, Logan City Area, Queensland","id":"69005760|69010691|QLD"},{"name":"Heritage Park, Logan City Area, Queensland","id":"69005574|69010691|QLD"},{"name":"Browns Plains, Logan City Area, Queensland","id":"69004743|69010691|QLD"},{"name":"Logan Village, Logan City Area, Queensland","id":"69005883|69010691|QLD"},{"name":"Beenleigh, Logan City Area, Queensland","id":"69000243|69010691|QLD"},{"name":"Underwood, Logan City Area, Queensland","id":"69007004|69010691|QLD"},{"name":"Carbrook, Logan City Area, Queensland","id":"69004837|69010691|QLD"},{"name":"Eagleby, Logan City Area, Queensland","id":"69005178|69010691|QLD"},{"name":"Slacks Creek, Logan City Area, Queensland","id":"69006728|69010691|QLD"},{"name":"Hillcrest, Logan City Area, Queensland","id":"69005590|69010691|QLD"},{"name":"Meadowbrook, Logan City Area, Queensland","id":"69006006|69010691|QLD"},{"name":"Daisy Hill, Logan City Area, Queensland","id":"69005074|69010691|QLD"},{"name":"Shailer Park, Logan City Area, Queensland","id":"69006708|69010691|QLD"},{"name":"Waterford West, Logan City Area, Queensland","id":"69007079|69010691|QLD"},{"name":"Boronia Heights, Logan City Area, Queensland","id":"69004681|69010691|QLD"},{"name":"Woodridge, Logan City Area, Queensland","id":"69007190|69010691|QLD"},{"name":"Berrinba, Logan City Area, Queensland","id":"69004608|69010691|QLD"},{"name":"Marsden, Logan City Area, Queensland","id":"69005987|69010691|QLD"},{"name":"Logan Central, Logan City Area, Queensland","id":"69025513|69010691|QLD"},{"name":"Waterford, Logan City Area, Queensland","id":"69007078|69010691|QLD"},{"name":"Tamborine, Logan City Area, Queensland","id":"69006888|69010691|QLD"},{"name":"Balonne Area, Queensland","id":"|69000222|QLD"},{"name":"St George, Balonne Area, Queensland","id":"69003425|69000222|QLD"},{"name":"Dirranbandi, Balonne Area, Queensland","id":"69001101|69000222|QLD"},{"name":"Thallon, Balonne Area, Queensland","id":"69003620|69000222|QLD"},{"name":"Hebel, Balonne Area, Queensland","id":"69001693|69000222|QLD"},{"name":"Bollon, Balonne Area, Queensland","id":"69000409|69000222|QLD"},{"name":"North Burnett Area, Queensland","id":"|69010693|QLD"},{"name":"Monto, North Burnett Area, Queensland","id":"69002481|69010693|QLD"},{"name":"Gayndah, North Burnett Area, Queensland","id":"69001410|69010693|QLD"},{"name":"Biggenden, North Burnett Area, Queensland","id":"69000314|69010693|QLD"},{"name":"Mount Perry, North Burnett Area, Queensland","id":"69002574|69010693|QLD"},{"name":"Mundubbera, North Burnett Area, Queensland","id":"69002639|69010693|QLD"},{"name":"Eidsvold, North Burnett Area, Queensland","id":"69001202|69010693|QLD"},{"name":"Hinchinbrook Area, Queensland","id":"|69000239|QLD"},{"name":"Ingham, Hinchinbrook Area, Queensland","id":"69001781|69000239|QLD"},{"name":"Halifax, Hinchinbrook Area, Queensland","id":"69005514|69000239|QLD"},{"name":"Lucinda, Hinchinbrook Area, Queensland","id":"69005907|69000239|QLD"},{"name":"Hinchinbrook, Hinchinbrook Area, Queensland","id":"69025146|69000239|QLD"},{"name":"Orpheus Island, Hinchinbrook Area, Queensland","id":"69006337|69000239|QLD"},{"name":"Allingham, Hinchinbrook Area, Queensland","id":"69004426|69000239|QLD"},{"name":"Northern Territory","id":"||NT"},{"name":"Gulf Area, Northern Territory","id":"|39000008|NT"},{"name":"Borroloola, Gulf Area, Northern Territory","id":"39000451|39000008|NT"},{"name":"King Ash Bay, Gulf Area, Northern Territory","id":"39001962|39000008|NT"},{"name":"Roper Bar, Gulf Area, Northern Territory","id":"39012885|39000008|NT"},{"name":"Alice Springs Area, Northern Territory","id":"|39000004|NT"},{"name":"White Gums, Alice Springs Area, Northern Territory","id":"39013053|39000004|NT"},{"name":"Flynn, Alice Springs Area, Northern Territory","id":"39013101|39000004|NT"},{"name":"Haasts Bluff, Alice Springs Area, Northern Territory","id":"39001634|39000004|NT"},{"name":"Ross River, Alice Springs Area, Northern Territory","id":"39003210|39000004|NT"},{"name":"Braitling, Alice Springs Area, Northern Territory","id":"39013045|39000004|NT"},{"name":"Alice Springs, Alice Springs Area, Northern Territory","id":"39000039|39000004|NT"},{"name":"West MacDonnell Ranges, Alice Springs Area, Northern Territory","id":"39012881|39000004|NT"},{"name":"Kulgera, Alice Springs Area, Northern Territory","id":"39002021|39000004|NT"},{"name":"Yuendumu, Alice Springs Area, Northern Territory","id":"39004280|39000004|NT"},{"name":"Desert Springs, Alice Springs Area, Northern Territory","id":"39013047|39000004|NT"},{"name":"Hugh, Alice Springs Area, Northern Territory","id":"39013069|39000004|NT"},{"name":"Araluen, Alice Springs Area, Northern Territory","id":"39013044|39000004|NT"},{"name":"Namatjira, Alice Springs Area, Northern Territory","id":"39013082|39000004|NT"},{"name":"Hale, Alice Springs Area, Northern Territory","id":"39013066|39000004|NT"},{"name":"Finke, Alice Springs Area, Northern Territory","id":"39001311|39000004|NT"},{"name":"East Side, Alice Springs Area, Northern Territory","id":"39013048|39000004|NT"},{"name":"Gemtree, Alice Springs Area, Northern Territory","id":"39001411|39000004|NT"},{"name":"Santa Teresa, Alice Springs Area, Northern Territory","id":"39013088|39000004|NT"},{"name":"Hermannsburg, Alice Springs Area, Northern Territory","id":"39001697|39000004|NT"},{"name":"Mount Zeil, Alice Springs Area, Northern Territory","id":"39013080|39000004|NT"},{"name":"Anmatjere, Alice Springs Area, Northern Territory","id":"39013056|39000004|NT"},{"name":"The Gap, Alice Springs Area, Northern Territory","id":"39013052|39000004|NT"},{"name":"Tennant Creek Area, Northern Territory","id":"|39000017|NT"},{"name":"Barrow Creek, Tennant Creek Area, Northern Territory","id":"39000208|39000017|NT"},{"name":"Ti Tree, Tennant Creek Area, Northern Territory","id":"39003649|39000017|NT"},{"name":"Wycliffe Well, Tennant Creek Area, Northern Territory","id":"39004168|39000017|NT"},{"name":"Wauchope, Tennant Creek Area, Northern Territory","id":"39003948|39000017|NT"},{"name":"Tennant Creek, Tennant Creek Area, Northern Territory","id":"39012892|39000017|NT"},{"name":"Davenport, Tennant Creek Area, Northern Territory","id":"39013063|39000017|NT"},{"name":"Ali Curung, Tennant Creek Area, Northern Territory","id":"39012898|39000017|NT"},{"name":"Threeways, Tennant Creek Area, Northern Territory","id":"39003642|39000017|NT"},{"name":"Victoria River Area, Northern Territory","id":"|39000020|NT"},{"name":"Victoria River, Victoria River Area, Northern Territory","id":"39003848|39000020|NT"},{"name":"Gregory, Victoria River Area, Northern Territory","id":"39013012|39000020|NT"},{"name":"Timber Creek, Victoria River Area, Northern Territory","id":"39003658|39000020|NT"},{"name":"Litchfield Area, Northern Territory","id":"|39000014|NT"},{"name":"Cox Peninsula, Litchfield Area, Northern Territory","id":"39012926|39000014|NT"},{"name":"Southport, Litchfield Area, Northern Territory","id":"39012973|39000014|NT"},{"name":"Hughes, Litchfield Area, Northern Territory","id":"39012941|39000014|NT"},{"name":"Adelaide River, Litchfield Area, Northern Territory","id":"39012990|39000014|NT"},{"name":"Coomalie Creek, Litchfield Area, Northern Territory","id":"39012925|39000014|NT"},{"name":"Belyuen, Litchfield Area, Northern Territory","id":"39012913|39000014|NT"},{"name":"Batchelor, Litchfield Area, Northern Territory","id":"39000215|39000014|NT"},{"name":"Litchfield Park, Litchfield Area, Northern Territory","id":"39012946|39000014|NT"},{"name":"Adelaide River ( Stuart Highway ), Litchfield Area, Northern Territory","id":"39012872|39000014|NT"},{"name":"Acacia Hills, Litchfield Area, Northern Territory","id":"39012908|39000014|NT"},{"name":"Tiwi Islands Area, Northern Territory","id":"|39000480|NT"},{"name":"Bathurst Island, Tiwi Islands Area, Northern Territory","id":"39000220|39000480|NT"},{"name":"Wurrumiyanga, Tiwi Islands Area, Northern Territory","id":"39012988|39000480|NT"},{"name":"Melville Island, Tiwi Islands Area, Northern Territory","id":"39002368|39000480|NT"},{"name":"Kakadu Area, Northern Territory","id":"|39000010|NT"},{"name":"Gulung Mardrulk, Kakadu Area, Northern Territory","id":"39013013|39000010|NT"},{"name":"Kakadu, Kakadu Area, Northern Territory","id":"39012942|39000010|NT"},{"name":"Cooinda, Kakadu Area, Northern Territory","id":"39000875|39000010|NT"},{"name":"Jabiru, Kakadu Area, Northern Territory","id":"39001808|39000010|NT"},{"name":"Arnhem Land Area, Northern Territory","id":"|39000005|NT"},{"name":"Groote Eylandt, Arnhem Land Area, Northern Territory","id":"39012870|39000005|NT"},{"name":"Maningrida, Arnhem Land Area, Northern Territory","id":"39002280|39000005|NT"},{"name":"East Arnhem, Arnhem Land Area, Northern Territory","id":"39012903|39000005|NT"},{"name":"Oenpelli, Arnhem Land Area, Northern Territory","id":"39002845|39000005|NT"},{"name":"Alyangula, Arnhem Land Area, Northern Territory","id":"39012889|39000005|NT"},{"name":"Nhulunbuy, Arnhem Land Area, Northern Territory","id":"39012871|39000005|NT"},{"name":"Cobourg Peninsula, Arnhem Land Area, Northern Territory","id":"39012869|39000005|NT"},{"name":"Cobourg, Arnhem Land Area, Northern Territory","id":"39012923|39000005|NT"},{"name":"Gunbalanya, Arnhem Land Area, Northern Territory","id":"39012938|39000005|NT"},{"name":"Goulburn Islands, Arnhem Land Area, Northern Territory","id":"39001533|39000005|NT"},{"name":"Katherine Area, Northern Territory","id":"|39000011|NT"},{"name":"Larrimah, Katherine Area, Northern Territory","id":"39002084|39000011|NT"},{"name":"Beswick, Katherine Area, Northern Territory","id":"39012998|39000011|NT"},{"name":"Mataranka, Katherine Area, Northern Territory","id":"39002325|39000011|NT"},{"name":"Daly River, Katherine Area, Northern Territory","id":"39012873|39000011|NT"},{"name":"Nitmiluk National Park, Katherine Area, Northern Territory","id":"39012876|39000011|NT"},{"name":"Emerald Springs, Katherine Area, Northern Territory","id":"39004302|39000011|NT"},{"name":"Hayes Creek, Katherine Area, Northern Territory","id":"39009427|39000011|NT"},{"name":"Daly Waters, Katherine Area, Northern Territory","id":"39001041|39000011|NT"},{"name":"Burrundie, Katherine Area, Northern Territory","id":"39012916|39000011|NT"},{"name":"Nitmiluk, Katherine Area, Northern Territory","id":"39013023|39000011|NT"},{"name":"Uralla, Katherine Area, Northern Territory","id":"39013031|39000011|NT"},{"name":"Katherine, Katherine Area, Northern Territory","id":"39001898|39000011|NT"},{"name":"Pine Creek, Katherine Area, Northern Territory","id":"39002985|39000011|NT"},{"name":"Lansdowne, Katherine Area, Northern Territory","id":"39012995|39000011|NT"},{"name":"Buchanan, Katherine Area, Northern Territory","id":"39013003|39000011|NT"},{"name":"Katherine South, Katherine Area, Northern Territory","id":"39012994|39000011|NT"},{"name":"Uluru/Kata Tjuta Area, Northern Territory","id":"|39000019|NT"},{"name":"Ghan, Uluru/Kata Tjuta Area, Northern Territory","id":"39013065|39000019|NT"},{"name":"Kaltukatjara, Uluru/Kata Tjuta Area, Northern Territory","id":"39013072|39000019|NT"},{"name":"Petermann, Uluru/Kata Tjuta Area, Northern Territory","id":"39013086|39000019|NT"},{"name":"Yulara, Uluru/Kata Tjuta Area, Northern Territory","id":"39004247|39000019|NT"},{"name":"Mary River Area, Northern Territory","id":"|39000479|NT"},{"name":"Adelaide River ( Arnhem Highway ), Mary River Area, Northern Territory","id":"39000017|39000479|NT"},{"name":"Marrakai, Mary River Area, Northern Territory","id":"39012951|39000479|NT"},{"name":"Mary River ( Arnhem Highway), Mary River Area, Northern Territory","id":"39004284|39000479|NT"},{"name":"Mary River ( Kakadu Highway), Mary River Area, Northern Territory","id":"39012883|39000479|NT"},{"name":"Darwin Area, Northern Territory","id":"|39000006|NT"},{"name":"Darwin, Darwin Area, Northern Territory","id":"39001055|39000006|NT"},{"name":"Charles Darwin University, Darwin Area, Northern Territory","id":"39012886|39000006|NT"},{"name":"Middle Point, Darwin Area, Northern Territory","id":"39012954|39000006|NT"},{"name":"Coconut Grove, Darwin Area, Northern Territory","id":"39010025|39000006|NT"},{"name":"Humpty Doo, Darwin Area, Northern Territory","id":"39010701|39000006|NT"},{"name":"Noonamah, Darwin Area, Northern Territory","id":"39011313|39000006|NT"},{"name":"Cullen Bay, Darwin Area, Northern Territory","id":"39010120|39000006|NT"},{"name":"Virginia, Darwin Area, Northern Territory","id":"39012100|39000006|NT"},{"name":"Berrimah, Darwin Area, Northern Territory","id":"39009672|39000006|NT"},{"name":"Tiwi, Darwin Area, Northern Territory","id":"39012022|39000006|NT"},{"name":"Nakara, Darwin Area, Northern Territory","id":"39011256|39000006|NT"},{"name":"Gunn, Darwin Area, Northern Territory","id":"39010564|39000006|NT"},{"name":"Parap, Darwin Area, Northern Territory","id":"39011454|39000006|NT"},{"name":"Casuarina, Darwin Area, Northern Territory","id":"39009928|39000006|NT"},{"name":"East Point, Darwin Area, Northern Territory","id":"39010261|39000006|NT"},{"name":"Karama, Darwin Area, Northern Territory","id":"39010765|39000006|NT"},{"name":"Fannie Bay, Darwin Area, Northern Territory","id":"39010367|39000006|NT"},{"name":"Berry Springs, Darwin Area, Northern Territory","id":"39009674|39000006|NT"},{"name":"Howard Springs, Darwin Area, Northern Territory","id":"39010696|39000006|NT"},{"name":"Hidden Valley, Darwin Area, Northern Territory","id":"39012902|39000006|NT"},{"name":"East Arm, Darwin Area, Northern Territory","id":"39012930|39000006|NT"},{"name":"Palmerston, Darwin Area, Northern Territory","id":"39002898|39000006|NT"},{"name":"Winnellie, Darwin Area, Northern Territory","id":"39012231|39000006|NT"},{"name":"Larrakeyah, Darwin Area, Northern Territory","id":"39010899|39000006|NT"},{"name":"Jingili, Darwin Area, Northern Territory","id":"39010743|39000006|NT"},{"name":"Durack, Darwin Area, Northern Territory","id":"39010235|39000006|NT"},{"name":"Charles Darwin, Darwin Area, Northern Territory","id":"39012920|39000006|NT"},{"name":"Rapid Creek, Darwin Area, Northern Territory","id":"39011593|39000006|NT"},{"name":"The Gardens, Darwin Area, Northern Territory","id":"39011994|39000006|NT"},{"name":"Holtze, Darwin Area, Northern Territory","id":"39012901|39000006|NT"},{"name":"Knuckey Lagoon, Darwin Area, Northern Territory","id":"39012884|39000006|NT"},{"name":"Driver, Darwin Area, Northern Territory","id":"39010214|39000006|NT"},{"name":"Freds Pass, Darwin Area, Northern Territory","id":"39012894|39000006|NT"},{"name":"Wagait Beach, Darwin Area, Northern Territory","id":"39012982|39000006|NT"},{"name":"Bayview, Darwin Area, Northern Territory","id":"39009616|39000006|NT"},{"name":"Moulden, Darwin Area, Northern Territory","id":"39011176|39000006|NT"},{"name":"Nightcliff, Darwin Area, Northern Territory","id":"39011303|39000006|NT"},{"name":"Stuart Park, Darwin Area, Northern Territory","id":"39011904|39000006|NT"},{"name":"Mandorah, Darwin Area, Northern Territory","id":"39012865|39000006|NT"},{"name":"Marrara, Darwin Area, Northern Territory","id":"39011047|39000006|NT"},{"name":"Ludmilla, Darwin Area, Northern Territory","id":"39010973|39000006|NT"},{"name":"Brinkin, Darwin Area, Northern Territory","id":"39009787|39000006|NT"},{"name":"Eaton, Darwin Area, Northern Territory","id":"39013112|39000006|NT"},{"name":"Malak, Darwin Area, Northern Territory","id":"39011009|39000006|NT"},{"name":"Dundee Beach, Darwin Area, Northern Territory","id":"39004304|39000006|NT"},{"name":"Mcminns Lagoon, Darwin Area, Northern Territory","id":"39012952|39000006|NT"},{"name":"Millner, Darwin Area, Northern Territory","id":"39011109|39000006|NT"},{"name":"Watarrka (Kings Canyon) Area, Northern Territory","id":"|39000481|NT"},{"name":"Kings Canyon, Watarrka (Kings Canyon) Area, Northern Territory","id":"39001967|39000481|NT"},{"name":"Barkly Tablelands Area, Northern Territory","id":"|39000478|NT"},{"name":"Elliott, Barkly Tablelands Area, Northern Territory","id":"39001213|39000478|NT"},{"name":"Newcastle Waters, Barkly Tablelands Area, Northern Territory","id":"39002739|39000478|NT"},{"name":"Dunmarra, Barkly Tablelands Area, Northern Territory","id":"39001149|39000478|NT"},{"name":"Renner Springs, Barkly Tablelands Area, Northern Territory","id":"39003146|39000478|NT"},{"name":"Tablelands, Barkly Tablelands Area, Northern Territory","id":"39013042|39000478|NT"},{"name":"Tasmania","id":"||TAS"},{"name":"North West, Tasmania","id":"|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Bakers Beach, North West, Tasmania","id":"49026061|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Gowrie Park, North West, Tasmania","id":"49001542|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Hawley Beach, North West, Tasmania","id":"49001687|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Staverton, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003448|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"North Motton, North West, Tasmania","id":"49002784|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Cooee, North West, Tasmania","id":"49004992|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Three Hummock Island, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003651|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Ulverstone, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003809|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Cradle Mountain, North West, Tasmania","id":"49000959|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Currie, North West, Tasmania","id":"49001025|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Chudleigh, North West, Tasmania","id":"49000785|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Spreyton, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003404|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Gormanston, North West, Tasmania","id":"49001526|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Sisters Beach, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003350|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Howth, North West, Tasmania","id":"49001753|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Arthur River, North West, Tasmania","id":"49000096|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Mole Creek, North West, Tasmania","id":"49002460|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Heybridge, North West, Tasmania","id":"49001706|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Liena, North West, Tasmania","id":"49002130|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Mayberry, North West, Tasmania","id":"49002340|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Burnie, North West, Tasmania","id":"49000596|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Waratah, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003926|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Don, North West, Tasmania","id":"49005132|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Cradle Valley, North West, Tasmania","id":"49000960|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Caveside, North West, Tasmania","id":"49000738|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Cape Grim, North West, Tasmania","id":"49025111|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"West Ulverstone, North West, Tasmania","id":"49004004|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Promised Land, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003075|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Somerset, North West, Tasmania","id":"49006741|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"West Kentish, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003998|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Sassafras, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003282|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Strahan, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003476|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Via Smithton, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003858|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Yolla, North West, Tasmania","id":"49004250|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Sheffield, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003328|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Moina, North West, Tasmania","id":"49002459|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Latrobe, North West, Tasmania","id":"49002089|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Lapoinya, North West, Tasmania","id":"49002083|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Loorana, North West, Tasmania","id":"49002191|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Penguin, North West, Tasmania","id":"49002961|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Railton, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003104|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Edith Creek, North West, Tasmania","id":"49001196|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Wynyard, North West, Tasmania","id":"49004189|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Lower Barrington, North West, Tasmania","id":"49002208|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"King Island, North West, Tasmania","id":"49001967|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Shearwater, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003326|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Thirlstane, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003646|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Kimberley, North West, Tasmania","id":"49001957|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"East Devonport, North West, Tasmania","id":"49005186|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Claude Road, North West, Tasmania","id":"49000798|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Table Cape, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003526|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Queenstown, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003094|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Corinna, North West, Tasmania","id":"49000934|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Rosebery, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003203|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Roger River, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003194|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Tullah, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003757|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Nietta, North West, Tasmania","id":"49002757|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Boat Harbour, North West, Tasmania","id":"49000393|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Meunna, North West, Tasmania","id":"49025054|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Grassy, North West, Tasmania","id":"49001554|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Zeehan, North West, Tasmania","id":"49004263|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Naracoopa, North West, Tasmania","id":"49002691|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Marrawah, North West, Tasmania","id":"49002316|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Devonport, North West, Tasmania","id":"49001087|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Northdown, North West, Tasmania","id":"49002797|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"West Ridgley, North West, Tasmania","id":"49004003|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Lake Barrington, North West, Tasmania","id":"49002053|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Weegena, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003969|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Crayfish Creek, North West, Tasmania","id":"49000970|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Wesley Vale, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003993|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Eugenana, North West, Tasmania","id":"49005276|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"South Burnie, North West, Tasmania","id":"49006749|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Flowerdale, North West, Tasmania","id":"49001333|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Gunns Plains, North West, Tasmania","id":"49001627|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Rocky Cape, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003187|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Smithton, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003356|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Stanley, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003439|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Gawler, North West, Tasmania","id":"49001409|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Wilmot, North West, Tasmania","id":"49004066|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Elizabeth Town, North West, Tasmania","id":"49001211|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Red Hills, North West, Tasmania","id":"49014921|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Turners Beach, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003785|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Port Sorell, North West, Tasmania","id":"49003047|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Boat Harbour Beach, North West, Tasmania","id":"49025052|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"Forth, North West, Tasmania","id":"49001357|49000244|TAS"},{"name":"South, Tasmania","id":"|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Kingston, South, Tasmania","id":"49001981|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Strathgordon, South, Tasmania","id":"49003482|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Mornington, South, Tasmania","id":"49006103|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Bellerive, South, Tasmania","id":"49004581|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Brighton, South, Tasmania","id":"49000510|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Glebe, South, Tasmania","id":"49005408|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Dulcot, South, Tasmania","id":"49001138|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Fern Tree, South, Tasmania","id":"49005308|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Eaglehawk Neck, South, Tasmania","id":"49001172|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Lymington, South, Tasmania","id":"49002233|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Dunalley, South, Tasmania","id":"49001141|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Molesworth, South, Tasmania","id":"49002462|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Dover, South, Tasmania","id":"49001121|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Colebrook, South, Tasmania","id":"49000840|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Marion Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49002300|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Buckland, South, Tasmania","id":"49000560|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Austins Ferry, South, Tasmania","id":"49004485|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Tunbridge, South, Tasmania","id":"49003773|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Blackmans Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49000356|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Rosny, South, Tasmania","id":"49006616|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Hamilton, South, Tasmania","id":"49001653|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Howden, South, Tasmania","id":"49001749|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Glaziers Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49001448|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Battery Point, South, Tasmania","id":"49004549|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Ida Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49025950|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Lewisham, South, Tasmania","id":"49002127|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Desolation Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49001084|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Lonnavale, South, Tasmania","id":"49002188|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Doo Town, South, Tasmania","id":"49001109|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Sandford, South, Tasmania","id":"49003268|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Midway Point, South, Tasmania","id":"49002405|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Bronte Park, South, Tasmania","id":"49000528|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Hobart City, South, Tasmania","id":"49005601|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Oyster Cove, South, Tasmania","id":"49002892|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Grove, South, Tasmania","id":"49001599|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"National Park, South, Tasmania","id":"49002709|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Port Arthur, South, Tasmania","id":"49003026|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Nugent, South, Tasmania","id":"49002809|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Lower Sandy Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49005903|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Dodges Ferry, South, Tasmania","id":"49001105|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Claremont, South, Tasmania","id":"49004927|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"New Norfolk, South, Tasmania","id":"49002739|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Gardners Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49001400|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Magra, South, Tasmania","id":"49002257|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"South Hobart, South, Tasmania","id":"49006756|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"White Beach, South, Tasmania","id":"49004028|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Cambridge, South, Tasmania","id":"49004798|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Campania, South, Tasmania","id":"49000668|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Kettering, South, Tasmania","id":"49001929|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Acton Park, South, Tasmania","id":"49025723|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Taranna, South, Tasmania","id":"49003568|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Deep Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49001066|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Montagu Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49006082|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Huonville, South, Tasmania","id":"49001764|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Tea Tree, South, Tasmania","id":"49003594|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Rosetta, South, Tasmania","id":"49006610|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"South Arm, South, Tasmania","id":"49003369|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Ouse, South, Tasmania","id":"49002883|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Cockle Creek, South, Tasmania","id":"49000833|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Bagdad, South, Tasmania","id":"49000140|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Lauderdale, South, Tasmania","id":"49005837|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Bushy Park, South, Tasmania","id":"49000621|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Koonya, South, Tasmania","id":"49002009|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Queens Domain, South, Tasmania","id":"49025919|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Waddamana, South, Tasmania","id":"49003868|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Judbury, South, Tasmania","id":"49001855|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Wattle Hill, South, Tasmania","id":"49026216|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Bream Creek, South, Tasmania","id":"49000493|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Saltwater River, South, Tasmania","id":"49003261|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Glenora, South, Tasmania","id":"49001476|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Hastings, South, Tasmania","id":"49001677|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Westerway, South, Tasmania","id":"49004014|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Bothwell, South, Tasmania","id":"49000454|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Risdon, South, Tasmania","id":"49006570|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Kingston Beach, South, Tasmania","id":"49001982|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Glen Huon, South, Tasmania","id":"49001456|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Woodbridge, South, Tasmania","id":"49004130|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Lune River, South, Tasmania","id":"49002231|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Castle Forbes Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49000726|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Granton, South, Tasmania","id":"49001552|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Tarraleah, South, Tasmania","id":"49003581|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Middleton, South, Tasmania","id":"49002403|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Broadmarsh, South, Tasmania","id":"49000517|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Wayatinah, South, Tasmania","id":"49003963|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Miena, South, Tasmania","id":"49002406|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Hobart, South, Tasmania","id":"49001727|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Rosny Park, South, Tasmania","id":"49006617|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Gretna, South, Tasmania","id":"49001588|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Glenfern, South, Tasmania","id":"49014454|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Fentonbury, South, Tasmania","id":"49001299|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Apslawn, South, Tasmania","id":"49025877|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Glenorchy, South, Tasmania","id":"49005428|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Seven Mile Beach, South, Tasmania","id":"49006706|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Margate, South, Tasmania","id":"49002296|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Howrah, South, Tasmania","id":"49005632|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Collinsvale, South, Tasmania","id":"49004971|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Snug, South, Tasmania","id":"49003362|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Southport, South, Tasmania","id":"49003393|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Oatlands, South, Tasmania","id":"49002846|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Ellendale, South, Tasmania","id":"49001214|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Fortescue Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49001356|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Liawenee, South, Tasmania","id":"49025663|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Port Huon, South, Tasmania","id":"49003036|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Cygnet, South, Tasmania","id":"49001029|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Sandy Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49006669|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Birchs Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49000334|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Kellevie, South, Tasmania","id":"49001911|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Brooks Bay, South, Tasmania","id":"49025925|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Gordon, South, Tasmania","id":"49001522|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Berriedale, South, Tasmania","id":"49004605|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Dolphin Sands, South, Tasmania","id":"49025882|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Carlton, South, Tasmania","id":"49000705|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Richmond, South, Tasmania","id":"49003165|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Bruny Island, South, Tasmania","id":"49000549|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Geeveston, South, Tasmania","id":"49001412|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Derwent Bridge, South, Tasmania","id":"49001083|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Nubeena, South, Tasmania","id":"49002808|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Cradoc, South, Tasmania","id":"49000961|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Maydena, South, Tasmania","id":"49002342|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"New Town, South, Tasmania","id":"49006222|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Raminea, South, Tasmania","id":"49003110|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Taroona, South, Tasmania","id":"49006901|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Tyenna, South, Tasmania","id":"49003799|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Pontville, South, Tasmania","id":"49003020|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Mt Nelson, South, Tasmania","id":"49006161|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Mountain River, South, Tasmania","id":"49002603|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Strathblane, South, Tasmania","id":"49003478|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Lake St Clair, South, Tasmania","id":"49002072|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Lutana, South, Tasmania","id":"49005914|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Dynnyrne, South, Tasmania","id":"49005173|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Sorell, South, Tasmania","id":"49003368|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Kempton, South, Tasmania","id":"49001920|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"North Hobart, South, Tasmania","id":"49006268|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"West Hobart, South, Tasmania","id":"49007114|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Franklin, South, Tasmania","id":"49001367|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Moonah, South, Tasmania","id":"49006088|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Lindisfarne, South, Tasmania","id":"49005866|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Ranelagh, South, Tasmania","id":"49003112|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"Plenty, South, Tasmania","id":"49003007|49000245|TAS"},{"name":"North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Derby, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001082|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Relbia, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003150|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Invermay, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49005658|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Lalla, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002075|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Binalong Bay, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000323|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Kings Meadows, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49005753|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Pipers River, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003002|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Carrick, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000715|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Kayena, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001903|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Ringarooma, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003171|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Swansea, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003515|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Killiecrankie, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001952|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Longford, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002183|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Gladstone, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001445|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Beaumaris, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000231|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Wyena, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49004184|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"South Launceston, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49006757|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Hillwood, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001721|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Orford, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002872|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Prospect Vale, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49006496|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Campbell Town, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000670|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Ben Lomond, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000268|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Prospect, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49006493|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Powranna, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003060|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Kelso, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001914|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Newstead, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49006231|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Lebrina, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002102|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Lulworth, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002229|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Friendly Beaches, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001380|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Fingal, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001310|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Mowbray, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49006152|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Deviot, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001086|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Hadspen, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001641|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Musselroe Bay, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49025114|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Lady Barron, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002047|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Glengarry, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001470|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Grindelwald, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001592|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"East Launceston, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49026079|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Legerwood, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002108|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Quamby Brook, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003090|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Launceston, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002091|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Launceston City, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49005838|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Gray, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001560|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Robigana, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003181|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Perth, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002974|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Coles Bay, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000842|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Four Mile Creek, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001361|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Karoola, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001897|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Hagley, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001643|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Nabowla, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002682|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Maria Island, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002297|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Bridport, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000506|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"St Leonards, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49006806|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Lilydale, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002137|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Epping Forest, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001239|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Avoca, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000120|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Deloraine, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001074|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Clarence Point, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000791|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"St Helens, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003427|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Jackeys Marsh, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49026143|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Bicheno, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000308|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"White Hills, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49004030|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Ross, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003216|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Greens Beach, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001577|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Blessington, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000373|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Beaconsfield, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000227|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Flinders Island, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001330|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Scamander, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003289|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Franklin Village, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49005356|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Norwood, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49006299|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Cranbrook, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000965|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Pipers Brook, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003001|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Triabunna, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003737|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Youngtown, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49007252|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Legana, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002107|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"St Marys, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003434|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Rosevears, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003211|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Inveresk, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49005657|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Evandale, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001275|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Underwood, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003814|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Branxholm, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000485|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Conara Junction, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000862|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Scottsdale, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003296|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Trevallyn, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49006985|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Rossarden, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003219|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Golden Valley, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001493|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Liffey, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002132|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Low Head, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002204|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"West Launceston, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49026120|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Beauty Point, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000235|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Targa, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003575|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Mathinna, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002332|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Rowella, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003227|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Nunamara, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002822|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Poatina, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003008|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Swanwick, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003517|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Falmouth, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001290|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Westbury, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49004010|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Cressy, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49000973|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Riverside, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49006573|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"George Town, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001416|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Western Junction, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49004013|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Exeter, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001282|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"South Mount Cameron, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49025829|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Whitemark, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49004034|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Pyengana, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003084|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Moorina, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002503|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Nile, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002759|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Paper Beach, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002910|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Winnaleah, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49004092|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Riverside North, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49006575|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Weldborough, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003981|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Windermere, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49004078|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Gravelly Beach, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49001557|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Little Swanport, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002160|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Sidmouth, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49003342|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Lake Leake, North - Northeast, Tasmania","id":"49002067|49000243|TAS"},{"name":"Australian Capital Territory","id":"||ACT"},{"name":"Forde, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19010398||ACT"},{"name":"Parliament House, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19011461||ACT"},{"name":"Red Hill, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19011593||ACT"},{"name":"Hall, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19010573||ACT"},{"name":"Braddon, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19009756||ACT"},{"name":"Mawson, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19011053||ACT"},{"name":"Pearce, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19011476||ACT"},{"name":"Gungahlin, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19010556||ACT"},{"name":"Garran, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19010437||ACT"},{"name":"Kingston, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19010817||ACT"},{"name":"Dickson, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19010179||ACT"},{"name":"Kambah, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19010747||ACT"},{"name":"Hume, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19010693||ACT"},{"name":"Nicholls, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19011295||ACT"},{"name":"Hawker, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19010602||ACT"},{"name":"Crace, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19010509||ACT"},{"name":"Belconnen, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19009629||ACT"},{"name":"Fisher, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19010381||ACT"},{"name":"Gordon, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19010505||ACT"},{"name":"Curtin, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19010126||ACT"},{"name":"Torrens, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19012032||ACT"},{"name":"Holt, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19010670||ACT"},{"name":"Duntroon, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19010226||ACT"},{"name":"Canberra City, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19009879||ACT"},{"name":"Forrest, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19010408||ACT"},{"name":"O'Connor, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19011365||ACT"},{"name":"Barton, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19009601||ACT"},{"name":"Evatt, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19010343||ACT"},{"name":"Amaroo, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19009486||ACT"},{"name":"Reid, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19011610||ACT"},{"name":"Downer, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19010204||ACT"},{"name":"Cook, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19010054||ACT"},{"name":"Pialligo, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19011501||ACT"},{"name":"Lyneham, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19010974||ACT"},{"name":"Weston Creek, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19012192||ACT"},{"name":"Tharwa, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19011982||ACT"},{"name":"Uriarra, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19012077||ACT"},{"name":"Deakin, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19010157||ACT"},{"name":"Chapman, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19009941||ACT"},{"name":"Parkes, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19011452||ACT"},{"name":"O'Malley, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19011367||ACT"},{"name":"Woden, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19012232||ACT"},{"name":"Casuarina Sands, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19009922||ACT"},{"name":"Majura, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19010999||ACT"},{"name":"Griffith, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19010544||ACT"},{"name":"Watson, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19012140||ACT"},{"name":"Macquarie, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19010992||ACT"},{"name":"Bruce, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19009802||ACT"},{"name":"Manuka, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19011018||ACT"},{"name":"Paddy's River, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19012868||ACT"},{"name":"Canberra, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19000672||ACT"},{"name":"Acton, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19009445||ACT"},{"name":"Tuggeranong, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19012049||ACT"},{"name":"Campbell, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19009869||ACT"},{"name":"Phillip, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19011498||ACT"},{"name":"Greenway, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19010537||ACT"},{"name":"Fyshwick, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19010428||ACT"},{"name":"Narrabundah, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19011256||ACT"},{"name":"Turner, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19012052||ACT"},{"name":"Ainslie, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19009452||ACT"},{"name":"Symonston, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19011932||ACT"},{"name":"Fairbairn, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19010350||ACT"},{"name":"Fadden, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19010349||ACT"},{"name":"Black Mountain, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19009694||ACT"},{"name":"Canberra International Airport, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19009881||ACT"},{"name":"Macgregor, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19010984||ACT"},{"name":"Mitchell, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19011121||ACT"},{"name":"Mount Stromlo, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19012865||ACT"},{"name":"Yarralumla, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19012295||ACT"},{"name":"Aranda, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19009510||ACT"},{"name":"Tidbinbilla, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19012860||ACT"},{"name":"Weston, Australian Capital Territory","id":"19012191||ACT"},{"name":"New South Wales","id":"||NSW"},{"name":"Armidale, New South Wales","id":"|29000023|NSW"},{"name":"Kentucky, Armidale, New South Wales","id":"29014831|29000023|NSW"},{"name":"Armidale, Armidale, New South Wales","id":"29000093|29000023|NSW"},{"name":"Guyra, Armidale, New South Wales","id":"29014829|29000023|NSW"},{"name":"Invergowrie, Armidale, New South Wales","id":"29014830|29000023|NSW"},{"name":"Walcha, Armidale, New South Wales","id":"29014836|29000023|NSW"},{"name":"Bundarra, Armidale, New South Wales","id":"29014827|29000023|NSW"},{"name":"Wollomombi, Armidale, New South Wales","id":"29004111|29000023|NSW"},{"name":"Ebor, Armidale, New South Wales","id":"29001185|29000023|NSW"},{"name":"Uralla, Armidale, New South Wales","id":"29014835|29000023|NSW"},{"name":"Kingstown, Armidale, New South Wales","id":"29014832|29000023|NSW"},{"name":"Arding, Armidale, New South Wales","id":"29014825|29000023|NSW"},{"name":"Yarrowyck, Armidale, New South Wales","id":"29014838|29000023|NSW"},{"name":"Yass, New South Wales","id":"|29000108|NSW"},{"name":"Wee Jasper, Yass, New South Wales","id":"29003967|29000108|NSW"},{"name":"Binalong, Yass, New South Wales","id":"29000322|29000108|NSW"},{"name":"Murrumbateman, Yass, New South Wales","id":"29002659|29000108|NSW"},{"name":"Bowning, Yass, New South Wales","id":"29000468|29000108|NSW"},{"name":"Wallaroo, Yass, New South Wales","id":"29015571|29000108|NSW"},{"name":"Burrinjuck, Yass, New South Wales","id":"29000617|29000108|NSW"},{"name":"Yass, Yass, New South Wales","id":"29004237|29000108|NSW"},{"name":"Gundaroo, Yass, New South Wales","id":"29001618|29000108|NSW"},{"name":"Bookham, Yass, New South Wales","id":"29000430|29000108|NSW"},{"name":"Jindabyne, New South Wales","id":"|29000691|NSW"},{"name":"Buckenderra, Jindabyne, New South Wales","id":"29016410|29000691|NSW"},{"name":"Berridale, Jindabyne, New South Wales","id":"29016409|29000691|NSW"},{"name":"Crackenback, Jindabyne, New South Wales","id":"29016411|29000691|NSW"},{"name":"Rocky Plain, Jindabyne, New South Wales","id":"29016419|29000691|NSW"},{"name":"Jindabyne, Jindabyne, New South Wales","id":"29016415|29000691|NSW"},{"name":"Dalgety, Jindabyne, New South Wales","id":"29016412|29000691|NSW"},{"name":"Goulburn, New South Wales","id":"|29000050|NSW"},{"name":"Binda, Goulburn, New South Wales","id":"29000324|29000050|NSW"},{"name":"Wombeyan Caves, Goulburn, New South Wales","id":"29004122|29000050|NSW"},{"name":"Bigga, Goulburn, New South Wales","id":"29000313|29000050|NSW"},{"name":"Tallong, Goulburn, New South Wales","id":"29003542|29000050|NSW"},{"name":"Lake Bathurst, Goulburn, New South Wales","id":"29002054|29000050|NSW"},{"name":"Bungonia, Goulburn, New South Wales","id":"29000586|29000050|NSW"},{"name":"Tuena, Goulburn, New South Wales","id":"29003752|29000050|NSW"},{"name":"Taralga, Goulburn, New South Wales","id":"29003566|29000050|NSW"},{"name":"Oallen, Goulburn, New South Wales","id":"29017545|29000050|NSW"},{"name":"Gunning, Goulburn, New South Wales","id":"29001625|29000050|NSW"},{"name":"Quialigo, Goulburn, New South Wales","id":"29003095|29000050|NSW"},{"name":"Marulan, Goulburn, New South Wales","id":"29002322|29000050|NSW"},{"name":"Goulburn, Goulburn, New South Wales","id":"29001537|29000050|NSW"},{"name":"Tarago, Goulburn, New South Wales","id":"29003565|29000050|NSW"},{"name":"Collector, Goulburn, New South Wales","id":"29000845|29000050|NSW"},{"name":"Laggan, Goulburn, New South Wales","id":"29002049|29000050|NSW"},{"name":"Towrang, Goulburn, New South Wales","id":"29003730|29000050|NSW"},{"name":"Kialla, Goulburn, New South Wales","id":"29001934|29000050|NSW"},{"name":"Dalton, Goulburn, New South Wales","id":"29001039|29000050|NSW"},{"name":"Windellama, Goulburn, New South Wales","id":"29004076|29000050|NSW"},{"name":"Crookwell, Goulburn, New South Wales","id":"29000980|29000050|NSW"},{"name":"The Tweed, New South Wales","id":"|29000086|NSW"},{"name":"Carool, The Tweed, New South Wales","id":"29014490|29000086|NSW"},{"name":"Hastings Point, The Tweed, New South Wales","id":"29001678|29000086|NSW"},{"name":"Midginbil, The Tweed, New South Wales","id":"29002404|29000086|NSW"},{"name":"Chinderah, The Tweed, New South Wales","id":"29000780|29000086|NSW"},{"name":"Burringbar, The Tweed, New South Wales","id":"29000616|29000086|NSW"},{"name":"Murwillumbah, The Tweed, New South Wales","id":"29002662|29000086|NSW"},{"name":"Uki, The Tweed, New South Wales","id":"29003803|29000086|NSW"},{"name":"Wooyung, The Tweed, New South Wales","id":"29004165|29000086|NSW"},{"name":"Stokers Siding, The Tweed, New South Wales","id":"29003464|29000086|NSW"},{"name":"Cabarita Beach, The Tweed, New South Wales","id":"29000636|29000086|NSW"},{"name":"Tumbulgum, The Tweed, New South Wales","id":"29003768|29000086|NSW"},{"name":"Tweed Heads, The Tweed, New South Wales","id":"29003794|29000086|NSW"},{"name":"Tyalgum, The Tweed, New South Wales","id":"29003798|29000086|NSW"},{"name":"Nobbys Creek, The Tweed, New South Wales","id":"29002763|29000086|NSW"},{"name":"Duranbah, The Tweed, New South Wales","id":"29001160|29000086|NSW"},{"name":"Pottsville, The Tweed, New South Wales","id":"29003058|29000086|NSW"},{"name":"Chillingham, The Tweed, New South Wales","id":"29000778|29000086|NSW"},{"name":"Upper Crystal Creek, The Tweed, New South Wales","id":"29003822|29000086|NSW"},{"name":"Doon Doon, The Tweed, New South Wales","id":"29001111|29000086|NSW"},{"name":"Crystal Creek, The Tweed, New South Wales","id":"29000991|29000086|NSW"},{"name":"Pottsville Beach, The Tweed, New South Wales","id":"29003059|29000086|NSW"},{"name":"South Kingscliff, The Tweed, New South Wales","id":"29014515|29000086|NSW"},{"name":"Numinbah, The Tweed, New South Wales","id":"29002820|29000086|NSW"},{"name":"Kingscliff, The Tweed, New South Wales","id":"29001975|29000086|NSW"},{"name":"Tweed Heads South, The Tweed, New South Wales","id":"29014699|29000086|NSW"},{"name":"Limpinwood, The Tweed, New South Wales","id":"29002143|29000086|NSW"},{"name":"Mount Warning, The Tweed, New South Wales","id":"29002594|29000086|NSW"},{"name":"Casuarina Beach, The Tweed, New South Wales","id":"29014496|29000086|NSW"},{"name":"Fingal Head, The Tweed, New South Wales","id":"29001312|29000086|NSW"},{"name":"Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Queenscliff, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015322|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Rouse Hill, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015351|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Maraylya, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015186|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Bowen Mountain, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015013|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Narrabeen, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015262|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Palm Beach, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015317|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Freshwater, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015141|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Bayview, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015001|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Glenorie, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015144|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Windsor, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015474|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Chatswood West, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015038|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Maroota, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015187|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Yarramundi, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015480|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Lavender Bay, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015175|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Baulkham Hills, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015000|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Glenwood, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29014797|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Balgowlah Heights, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29014998|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Vineyard, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015420|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Cherrybrook, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015072|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Wisemans Ferry, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015477|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Fairlight, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015126|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Lower Portland, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015182|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Windsor South, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29004083|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Colo Heights, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015090|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Ku-ring-gai Chase, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015164|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Lane Cove, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015171|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Pitt Town, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015319|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Frenchs Forest, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015139|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Belrose, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015005|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Hawkesbury River, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015154|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Seaforth, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015409|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"North Willoughby, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015473|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"North Sydney, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015306|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"North Narrabeen, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015263|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Willoughby, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015472|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Manly, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015183|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Glenhaven, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015143|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Galston, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015142|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Scotland Island, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015408|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Brookvale, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015020|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Mosman, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015256|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Turramurra, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015417|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Canoelands, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015024|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Avalon, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29014995|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Kurrajong, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015167|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Cromer, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015108|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Gordon, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015146|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Thornleigh, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015416|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Artarmon, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29014993|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Kenthurst, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015161|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"St Leonards, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015413|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Church Point, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015073|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Eastwood, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015121|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Newport, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015269|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"North Curl Curl, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015301|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Clarendon, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015074|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Avalon Beach, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29014996|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Hornsby Heights, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015158|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Hornsby, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015157|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Berambing, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29000282|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Spit Junction, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015410|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Northbridge, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015308|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Akuna Bay, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29014989|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"St Ives, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015412|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Blaxlands Ridge, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015011|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Wilberforce, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015471|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Bella Vista, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015004|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Naremburn, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015261|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Killara, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015162|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"West Pymble, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015465|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Lane Cove North, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015172|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Oxford Falls, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015316|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Long Reef, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015178|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Arcadia, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29014992|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Crows Nest, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015110|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Manly East, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015184|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Dural, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015118|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Wahroonga, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015421|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Dee Why, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015115|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Cremorne, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015094|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Kurrajong Heights, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015169|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Balgowlah, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29014997|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Currawong Beach, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015112|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"West Ryde, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015466|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Ebenezer, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015122|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Castle Hill, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015026|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Bilgola, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015010|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Kellyville, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015160|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Collaroy Beach, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015087|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Richmond, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015339|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Cattai, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015029|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Ryde, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015352|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"North Ryde, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015305|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Beacon Hill, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015002|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Chatswood, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015036|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Colo, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015089|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Balmoral, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29014999|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Neutral Bay Junction, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015268|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Kurrajong East, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29002034|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Oakville, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015314|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Greenwich, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015149|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Warriewood, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015426|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"St Albans, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015411|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Epping, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015125|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Dee Why Beach, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015116|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Grose Vale, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015150|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Lane Cove West, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015173|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Neutral Bay, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015267|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Brooklyn, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015019|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Milsons Point, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015254|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Terrey Hills, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015415|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Newport Beach, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015270|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Kurrajong Hills, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015170|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Berowra Waters, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015008|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Whale Beach, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015468|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Marsfield, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015189|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Scheyville, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015406|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"West Pennant Hills, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015464|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Mona Vale, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015255|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Freemans Reach, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015133|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Cremorne Point, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015107|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"Manly Vale, Sydney North, New South Wales","id":"29015185|29000680|NSW"},{"name":"The Murray, New South Wales","id":"|29000683|NSW"},{"name":"Buronga, The Murray, New South Wales","id":"29015286|29000683|NSW"},{"name":"Henty, The Murray, New South Wales","id":"29015324|29000683|NSW"},{"name":"Talmalmo, The Murray, New South Wales","id":"29015362|29000683|NSW"},{"name":"Mourquong, The Murray, New South Wales","id":"29017453|29000683|NSW"},{"name":"Murray Downs, The Murray, New South Wales","id":"29002655|29000683|NSW"},{"name":"Lake Hume, The Murray, New South Wales","id":"29002063|29000683|NSW"},{"name":"Savernake, The Murray, New South Wales","id":"29015358|29000683|NSW"},{"name":"Howlong, The Murray, New South Wales","id":"29015326|29000683|NSW"},{"name":"Wymah, The Murray, New South Wales","id":"29015378|29000683|NSW"},{"name":"Gol Gol, The Murray, New South Wales","id":"29015320|29000683|NSW"},{"name":"Mungo, The Murray, New South Wales","id":"29015347|29000683|NSW"},{"name":"Barooga, The Murray, New South Wales","id":"29015276|29000683|NSW"},{"name":"West Albury, The Murray, New South Wales","id":"29017979|29000683|NSW"},{"name":"Balranald, The Murray, New South Wales","id":"29015274|29000683|NSW"},{"name":"Woomargama, The Murray, New South Wales","id":"29015377|29000683|NSW"},{"name":"Echuca Moama, The Murray, New South Wales","id":"29001188|29000683|NSW"},{"name":"Lavington, The Murray, New South Wales","id":"29015332|29000683|NSW"},{"name":"Walbundrie, The Murray, New South Wales","id":"29015369|29000683|NSW"},{"name":"Gerogery, The Murray, New South Wales","id":"29015313|29000683|NSW"},{"name":"Mulwala, The Murray, New South Wales","id":"29015345|29000683|NSW"},{"name":"Walla Walla, The Murray, New South Wales","id":"29003887|29000683|NSW"},{"name":"Culcairn, The Murray, New South Wales","id":"29015294|29000683|NSW"},{"name":"Holbrook, The Murray, New South Wales","id":"29015325|29000683|NSW"},{"name":"Mildura, The Murray, New South Wales","id":"29015335|29000683|NSW"},{"name":"Jindera, The Murray, New South Wales","id":"29015328|29000683|NSW"},{"name":"Wentworth, The Murray, New South Wales","id":"29015372|29000683|NSW"},{"name":"Tocumwal, The Murray, New South Wales","id":"29015364|29000683|NSW"},{"name":"Curlwaa, The Murray, New South Wales","id":"29015295|29000683|NSW"},{"name":"Burrumbuttock, The Murray, New South Wales","id":"29015289|29000683|NSW"},{"name":"Corowa, The Murray, New South Wales","id":"29015293|29000683|NSW"},{"name":"Trentham Cliffs, The Murray, New South Wales","id":"29003735|29000683|NSW"},{"name":"Deniliquin, The Murray, New South Wales","id":"29001078|29000683|NSW"},{"name":"Albury, The Murray, New South Wales","id":"29015271|29000683|NSW"},{"name":"Euston, The Murray, New South Wales","id":"29015311|29000683|NSW"},{"name":"Kyalite, The Murray, New South Wales","id":"29002039|29000683|NSW"},{"name":"Morven, The Murray, New South Wales","id":"29015341|29000683|NSW"},{"name":"Mathoura, The Murray, New South Wales","id":"29015334|29000683|NSW"},{"name":"Table Top, The Murray, New South Wales","id":"29003527|29000683|NSW"},{"name":"Thurgoona, The Murray, New South Wales","id":"29015363|29000683|NSW"},{"name":"Barham, The Murray, New South Wales","id":"29015275|29000683|NSW"},{"name":"Bowna, The Murray, New South Wales","id":"29015282|29000683|NSW"},{"name":"Moulamein, The Murray, New South Wales","id":"29002536|29000683|NSW"},{"name":"Finley, The Murray, New South Wales","id":"29015312|29000683|NSW"},{"name":"Moama, The Murray, New South Wales","id":"29015337|29000683|NSW"},{"name":"Berrigan, The Murray, New South Wales","id":"29015279|29000683|NSW"},{"name":"South Albury, The Murray, New South Wales","id":"29017727|29000683|NSW"},{"name":"Dareton, The Murray, New South Wales","id":"29015296|29000683|NSW"},{"name":"Pooncarie, The Murray, New South Wales","id":"29015354|29000683|NSW"},{"name":"Brocklesby, The Murray, New South Wales","id":"29015283|29000683|NSW"},{"name":"Orange, New South Wales","id":"|29000078|NSW"},{"name":"Cumnock, Orange, New South Wales","id":"29001008|29000078|NSW"},{"name":"Guyong, Orange, New South Wales","id":"29001631|29000078|NSW"},{"name":"Molong, Orange, New South Wales","id":"29002465|29000078|NSW"},{"name":"Manildra, Orange, New South Wales","id":"29002282|29000078|NSW"},{"name":"Mandurama, Orange, New South Wales","id":"29015203|29000078|NSW"},{"name":"Emu Swamp, Orange, New South Wales","id":"29016949|29000078|NSW"},{"name":"Millthorpe, Orange, New South Wales","id":"29015204|29000078|NSW"},{"name":"Cudal, Orange, New South Wales","id":"29000994|29000078|NSW"},{"name":"Borenore, Orange, New South Wales","id":"29000450|29000078|NSW"},{"name":"Carcoar, Orange, New South Wales","id":"29014487|29000078|NSW"},{"name":"Newbridge, Orange, New South Wales","id":"29015206|29000078|NSW"},{"name":"Eugowra, Orange, New South Wales","id":"29001263|29000078|NSW"},{"name":"Neville, Orange, New South Wales","id":"29015205|29000078|NSW"},{"name":"Blayney, Orange, New South Wales","id":"29000372|29000078|NSW"},{"name":"Orange, Orange, New South Wales","id":"29002869|29000078|NSW"},{"name":"Canowindra, Orange, New South Wales","id":"29015015|29000078|NSW"},{"name":"Canobolas, Orange, New South Wales","id":"29000678|29000078|NSW"},{"name":"Yeoval, Orange, New South Wales","id":"29004243|29000078|NSW"},{"name":"Nashdale, Orange, New South Wales","id":"29002706|29000078|NSW"},{"name":"Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Shoalhaven, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003337|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Culburra Beach, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000998|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Sanctuary Point, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003264|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Erowal Bay, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29001244|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Callala Beach, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000650|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Greenwell Point, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29001579|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Wandandian, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003913|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Sussex Inlet, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003503|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Yatte Yattah, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29014536|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Bomaderry, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000414|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Terara, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003611|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Vincentia, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003862|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Yalwal, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29004205|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Shallow Crossing, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003321|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Bangalee, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29014522|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Currarong, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29001022|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Berringer Lake, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000297|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Termeil, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003612|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Pebbly Beach, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29002946|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Bawley Point, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000224|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Wrights Beach, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29018040|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Berrara, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000289|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Bewong, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29004338|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Old Erowal Bay, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29002857|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"West Cambewarra, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003994|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"South Nowra, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003385|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Nowra Hill, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29002806|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Manyana, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29002290|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Bendalong, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000271|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Cambewarra, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000658|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Tomerong, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003695|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Shoalhaven Heads, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003338|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"St Georges Basin, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003426|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Durras North, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29001166|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Beaumont, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000232|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Berry, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000299|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Coolangatta, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000892|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Crookhaven Heads, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000979|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Huskisson, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29001765|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Kangaroo Valley, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29001887|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Broughton Vale, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000535|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"North Nowra, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29002785|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Mollymook Beach, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29017406|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Callala Bay, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000649|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Burrier, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000614|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Woollamia, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29004152|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Worrigee, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29004166|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Mogood, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29014784|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Cudmirrah, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000997|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Narrawallee, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29002703|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Jaspers Brush, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29001823|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Basin View, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000213|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Kings Point, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29001974|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Cunjurong Point, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29001010|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Morton, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29014781|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Lake Conjola, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29002058|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Milton, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29002424|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Nowra, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29002805|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Jervis Bay, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29001837|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Pretty Beach Shoalhaven, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003069|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Myola, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29014535|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Falls Creek, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29001289|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Ulladulla, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003806|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Mollymook, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29002464|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Dolphin Point, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29001106|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Wairo Beach, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003879|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Kioloa, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29001992|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Numbaa, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29002815|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Pyree, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003085|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Brogers Creek, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29014585|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Bolong, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000410|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Orient Point, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29002874|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Burrill Lake, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29000615|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Tapitallee, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003563|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Tabourie Lake, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29003528|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Woodhill, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29004138|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Swanhaven, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29004342|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Hyams Beach, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29001766|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Fishermans Paradise, Jervis Bay & Shoalhaven, New South Wales","id":"29001319|29000082|NSW"},{"name":"Young, New South Wales","id":"|29000109|NSW"},{"name":"Wombat, Young, New South Wales","id":"29004121|29000109|NSW"},{"name":"Boorowa, Young, New South Wales","id":"29000445|29000109|NSW"},{"name":"Harden, Young, New South Wales","id":"29001665|29000109|NSW"},{"name":"Murrumburrah, Young, New South Wales","id":"29002660|29000109|NSW"},{"name":"Murringo, Young, New South Wales","id":"29002658|29000109|NSW"},{"name":"Galong, Young, New South Wales","id":"29001390|29000109|NSW"},{"name":"Young, Young, New South Wales","id":"29004255|29000109|NSW"},{"name":"Rye Park, Young, New South Wales","id":"29003243|29000109|NSW"},{"name":"Lismore Area, New South Wales","id":"|29000064|NSW"},{"name":"Mallanganee, Lismore Area, New South Wales","id":"29002270|29000064|NSW"},{"name":"Evans Head, Lismore Area, New South Wales","id":"29016400|29000064|NSW"},{"name":"Kyogle, Lismore Area, New South Wales","id":"29016404|29000064|NSW"},{"name":"Tuntable Creek, Lismore Area, New South Wales","id":"29003779|29000064|NSW"},{"name":"Toonumbar Dam, Lismore Area, New South Wales","id":"29003706|29000064|NSW"},{"name":"Rock Valley, Lismore Area, New South Wales","id":"29003182|29000064|NSW"},{"name":"Woodenbong, Lismore Area, New South Wales","id":"29016428|29000064|NSW"},{"name":"Goonellabah, Lismore Area, New South Wales","id":"29001514|29000064|NSW"},{"name":"Clunes, Lismore Area, New South Wales","id":"29000818|29000064|NSW"},{"name":"Richmond Hill, Lismore Area, New South Wales","id":"29003166|29000064|NSW"},{"name":"Dorroughby, Lismore Area, New South Wales","id":"29001116|29000064|NSW"},{"name":"Wadeville, Lismore Area, New South Wales","id":"29003870|29000064|NSW"},{"name":"Ettrick, Lismore Area, New South Wales","id":"29016399|29000064|NSW"},{"name":"Tucki Tucki, Lismore Area, New South Wales","id":"29003749|29000064|NSW"},{"name":"Lismore, Lismore Area, New South Wales","id":"29002153|29000064|NSW"},{"name":"Corndale, Lismore Area, New South Wales","id":"29000936|29000064|NSW"},{"name":"Broadwater, Lismore Area, New South Wales","id":"29016387|29000064|NSW"},{"name":"Coraki, Lismore Area, New South Wales","id":"29016391|29000064|NSW"},{"name":"Rosebank, Lismore Area, New South Wales","id":"29003202|29000064|NSW"},{"name":"Casino, Lismore Area, New South Wales","id":"29016390|29000064|NSW"},{"name":"The Channon, Lismore Area, New South Wales","id":"29003627|29000064|NSW"},{"name":"Findon Creek, Lismore Area, New South Wales","id":"29001307|29000064|NSW"},{"name":"Eltham, Lismore Area, New South Wales","id":"29001222|29000064|NSW"},{"name":"Modanville, Lismore Area, New South Wales","id":"29002454|29000064|NSW"},{"name":"Dunoon, Lismore Area, New South Wales","id":"29001155|29000064|NSW"},{"name":"Terania Creek, Lismore Area, New South Wales","id":"29003610|29000064|NSW"},{"name":"Whian Whian, Lismore Area, New South Wales","id":"29004026|29000064|NSW"},{"name":"Barkers Vale, Lismore Area, New South Wales","id":"29000189|29000064|NSW"},{"name":"Bonalbo, Lismore Area, New South Wales","id":"29016385|29000064|NSW"},{"name":"Bexhill, Lismore Area, New South Wales","id":"29000305|29000064|NSW"},{"name":"Goolmangar, Lismore Area, New South Wales","id":"29001506|29000064|NSW"},{"name":"Grevillia, Lismore Area, New South Wales","id":"29016402|29000064|NSW"},{"name":"Woodburn, Lismore Area, New South Wales","id":"29016427|29000064|NSW"},{"name":"Cougal, Lismore Area, New South Wales","id":"29016392|29000064|NSW"},{"name":"Homeleigh, Lismore Area, New South Wales","id":"29001741|29000064|NSW"},{"name":"Cawongla, Lismore Area, New South Wales","id":"29000740|29000064|NSW"},{"name":"South Lismore, Lismore Area, New South Wales","id":"29003382|29000064|NSW"},{"name":"Tabulam, Lismore Area, New South Wales","id":"29003529|29000064|NSW"},{"name":"Dyraaba Central, Lismore Area, New South Wales","id":"29001168|29000064|NSW"},{"name":"Nimbin, Lismore Area, New South Wales","id":"29002760|29000064|NSW"},{"name":"Blue Knob, Lismore Area, New South Wales","id":"29000383|29000064|NSW"},{"name":"Horseshoe Creek, Lismore Area, New South Wales","id":"29001746|29000064|NSW"},{"name":"Wiangaree, Lismore Area, New South Wales","id":"29004043|29000064|NSW"},{"name":"Bentley, Lismore Area, New South Wales","id":"29000280|29000064|NSW"},{"name":"Lillian Rock, Lismore Area, New South Wales","id":"29004339|29000064|NSW"},{"name":"Myrtle Creek, Lismore Area, New South Wales","id":"29002677|29000064|NSW"},{"name":"Kiama Area, New South Wales","id":"|29000061|NSW"},{"name":"Kiama, Kiama Area, New South Wales","id":"29001935|29000061|NSW"},{"name":"Jamberoo, Kiama Area, New South Wales","id":"29001817|29000061|NSW"},{"name":"Gerringong, Kiama Area, New South Wales","id":"29001424|29000061|NSW"},{"name":"Foxground, Kiama Area, New South Wales","id":"29001362|29000061|NSW"},{"name":"Kiama Downs, Kiama Area, New South Wales","id":"29001936|29000061|NSW"},{"name":"Gerroa, Kiama Area, New South Wales","id":"29001425|29000061|NSW"},{"name":"Werri Beach, Kiama Area, New South Wales","id":"29003988|29000061|NSW"},{"name":"Saddleback Mountain, Kiama Area, New South Wales","id":"29003248|29000061|NSW"},{"name":"Kiama Heights, Kiama Area, New South Wales","id":"29001937|29000061|NSW"},{"name":"Minnamurra, Kiama Area, New South Wales","id":"29002431|29000061|NSW"},{"name":"Bombo, Kiama Area, New South Wales","id":"29000417|29000061|NSW"},{"name":"Knights Hill, Kiama Area, New South Wales","id":"29001995|29000061|NSW"},{"name":"Forster & Taree, New South Wales","id":"|29000690|NSW"},{"name":"Manning Point, Forster & Taree, New South Wales","id":"29002286|29000690|NSW"},{"name":"Taree, Forster & Taree, New South Wales","id":"29016322|29000690|NSW"},{"name":"Mount George, Forster & Taree, New South Wales","id":"29002554|29000690|NSW"},{"name":"Hallidays Point, Forster & Taree, New South Wales","id":"29001649|29000690|NSW"},{"name":"Bulahdelah, Forster & Taree, New South Wales","id":"29016207|29000690|NSW"},{"name":"Pacific Palms, Forster & Taree, New South Wales","id":"29002893|29000690|NSW"},{"name":"Manning Valley, Forster & Taree, New South Wales","id":"29014503|29000690|NSW"},{"name":"Dyers Crossing, Forster & Taree, New South Wales","id":"29001167|29000690|NSW"},{"name":"Stroud Road, Forster & Taree, New South Wales","id":"29003486|29000690|NSW"},{"name":"Hannam Vale, Forster & Taree, New South Wales","id":"29001663|29000690|NSW"},{"name":"Old Bar, Forster & Taree, New South Wales","id":"29016312|29000690|NSW"},{"name":"Elands, Forster & Taree, New South Wales","id":"29016220|29000690|NSW"},{"name":"Hawks Nest, Forster & Taree, New South Wales","id":"29016264|29000690|NSW"},{"name":"Failford, Forster & Taree, New South Wales","id":"29016222|29000690|NSW"},{"name":"Seal Rocks, Forster & Taree, New South Wales","id":"29003304|29000690|NSW"},{"name":"North Tuncurry, Forster & Taree, New South Wales","id":"29002793|29000690|NSW"},{"name":"Coomba Park, Forster & Taree, New South Wales","id":"29000898|29000690|NSW"},{"name":"Monkerai Valley, Forster & Taree, New South Wales","id":"29002475|29000690|NSW"},{"name":"Mondrook, Forster & Taree, New South Wales","id":"29016305|29000690|NSW"},{"name":"Moorland, Forster & Taree, New South Wales","id":"29016307|29000690|NSW"},{"name":"Boomerang Beach, Forster & Taree, New South Wales","id":"29000436|29000690|NSW"},{"name":"Cundletown, Forster & Taree, New South Wales","id":"29016216|29000690|NSW"},{"name":"Stroud, Forster & Taree, New South Wales","id":"29016320|29000690|NSW"},{"name":"Firefly, Forster & Taree, New South Wales","id":"29016223|29000690|NSW"},{"name":"Possum Brush, Forster & Taree, New South Wales","id":"29003055|29000690|NSW"},{"name":"Harrington, Forster & Taree, New South Wales","id":"29016263|29000690|NSW"},{"name":"Bungwahl, Forster & Taree, New South Wales","id":"29016208|29000690|NSW"},{"name":"Smiths Lake, Forster & Taree, New South Wales","id":"29003355|29000690|NSW"},{"name":"Rainbow Flat, Forster & Taree, New South Wales","id":"29003105|29000690|NSW"},{"name":"Tinonee, Forster & Taree, New South Wales","id":"29016327|29000690|NSW"},{"name":"Tea Gardens, Forster & Taree, New South Wales","id":"29016325|29000690|NSW"},{"name":"Myall Lakes, Forster & Taree, New South Wales","id":"29002669|29000690|NSW"},{"name":"Taree South, Forster & Taree, New South Wales","id":"29003574|29000690|NSW"},{"name":"Diamond Beach, Forster & Taree, New South Wales","id":"29001088|29000690|NSW"},{"name":"Forster, Forster & Taree, New South Wales","id":"29016247|29000690|NSW"},{"name":"Taree North, Forster & Taree, New South Wales","id":"29003573|29000690|NSW"},{"name":"Coopernook, Forster & Taree, New South Wales","id":"29016211|29000690|NSW"},{"name":"Nabiac, Forster & Taree, New South Wales","id":"29016310|29000690|NSW"},{"name":"Krambach, Forster & Taree, New South Wales","id":"29016278|29000690|NSW"},{"name":"Bohnock, Forster & Taree, New South Wales","id":"29016199|29000690|NSW"},{"name":"Tuncurry, Forster & Taree, New South Wales","id":"29016329|29000690|NSW"},{"name":"Bombah Point, Forster & Taree, New South Wales","id":"29016200|29000690|NSW"},{"name":"Wingham, Forster & Taree, New South Wales","id":"29016337|29000690|NSW"},{"name":"Knorrit Flat, Forster & Taree, New South Wales","id":"29001997|29000690|NSW"},{"name":"Crowdy Head, Forster & Taree, New South Wales","id":"29000983|29000690|NSW"},{"name":"Johns River, Forster & Taree, New South Wales","id":"29001851|29000690|NSW"},{"name":"Mungo Brush, Forster & Taree, New South Wales","id":"29014537|29000690|NSW"},{"name":"Wallabi Point, Forster & Taree, New South Wales","id":"29016332|29000690|NSW"},{"name":"Saltwater, Forster & Taree, New South Wales","id":"29016317|29000690|NSW"},{"name":"Wootton, Forster & Taree, New South Wales","id":"29016338|29000690|NSW"},{"name":"Croki, Forster & Taree, New South Wales","id":"29016213|29000690|NSW"},{"name":"Wollongong & Surrounds, New South Wales","id":"|29000107|NSW"},{"name":"Wombarra, Wollongong & Surrounds, New South Wales","id":"29004120|29000107|NSW"},{"name":"Austinmer, Wollongong & Surrounds, New South Wales","id":"29000116|29000107|NSW"},{"name":"Coledale, Wollongong & Surrounds, New South Wales","id":"29000841|29000107|NSW"},{"name":"Wollongong East, Wollongong & Surrounds, New South Wales","id":"29004115|29000107|NSW"},{"name":"Port Kembla, Wollongong & Surrounds, New South Wales","id":"29003037|29000107|NSW"},{"name":"Kembla Grange, Wollongong & Surrounds, New South Wales","id":"29001916|29000107|NSW"},{"name":"Bulli, Wollongong & Surrounds, New South Wales","id":"29000572|29000107|NSW"},{"name":"Unanderra, Wollongong & Surrounds, New South Wales","id":"29003812|29000107|NSW"},{"name":"Thirroul, Wollongong & Surrounds, New South Wales","id":"29003647|29000107|NSW"},{"name":"Coalcliff, Wollongong & Surrounds, New South Wales","id":"29000822|29000107|NSW"},{"name":"Gwynneville, Wollongong & Surrounds, New South Wales","id":"29001635|29000107|NSW"},{"name":"Mount Kembla, Wollongong & Surrounds, New South Wales","id":"29002563|29000107|NSW"},{"name":"Mount Keira, Wollongong & Surrounds, New South Wales","id":"29002562|29000107|NSW"},{"name":"Otford, Wollongong & Surrounds, New South Wales","id":"29002880|29000107|NSW"},{"name":"Mount Pleasant Wla, Wollongong & Surrounds, New South Wales","id":"29002577|29000107|NSW"},{"name":"Windang, Wollongong & Surrounds, New South Wales","id":"29004075|29000107|NSW"},{"name":"Woonona, Wollongong & Surrounds, New South Wales","id":"29004161|29000107|NSW"},{"name":"Keiraville, Wollongong & Surrounds, New South Wales","id":"29001908|29000107|NSW"},{"name":"Berkeley, Wollongong & Surrounds, New South Wales","id":"29000285|29000107|NSW"},{"name":"Towradgi, Wollongong & Surrounds, New South Wales","id":"29003729|29000107|NSW"},{"name":"Corrimal, Wollongong & Surrounds, New South Wales","id":"29000941|29000107|NSW"},{"name":"Wollongong, Wollongong & Surrounds, New South Wales","id":"29004114|29000107|NSW"},{"name":"Stanwell Park, Wollongong & Surrounds, New South Wales","id":"29003445|29000107|NSW"},{"name":"Coniston, Wollongong & Surrounds, New South Wales","id":"29000870|29000107|NSW"},{"name":"Warrawong, Wollongong & Surrounds, New South Wales","id":"29003938|29000107|NSW"},{"name":"Primbee, Wollongong & Surrounds, New South Wales","id":"29003073|29000107|NSW"},{"name":"Bulli Tops, Wollongong & Surrounds, New South Wales","id":"29000573|29000107|NSW"},{"name":"Scarborough, Wollongong & Surrounds, New South Wales","id":"29003291|29000107|NSW"},{"name":"Bellambi, Wollongong & Surrounds, New South Wales","id":"29000250|29000107|NSW"},{"name":"Helensburgh, Wollongong & Surrounds, New South Wales","id":"29001696|29000107|NSW"},{"name":"Russell Vale, Wollongong & Surrounds, New South Wales","id":"29003238|29000107|NSW"},{"name":"North Wollongong, Wollongong & Surrounds, New South Wales","id":"29002795|29000107|NSW"},{"name":"Dapto, Wollongong & Surrounds, New South Wales","id":"29001044|29000107|NSW"},{"name":"Figtree, Wollongong & Surrounds, New South Wales","id":"29001305|29000107|NSW"},{"name":"East Corrimal, Wollongong & Surrounds, New South Wales","id":"29016929|29000107|NSW"},{"name":"Stanwell Tops, Wollongong & Surrounds, New South Wales","id":"29003446|29000107|NSW"},{"name":"Balgownie, Wollongong & Surrounds, New South Wales","id":"29000155|29000107|NSW"},{"name":"Fairy Meadow, Wollongong & Surrounds, New South Wales","id":"29001286|29000107|NSW"},{"name":"Darkes Forest, Wollongong & Surrounds, New South Wales","id":"29001052|29000107|NSW"},{"name":"Clifton, Wollongong & Surrounds, New South Wales","id":"29000808|29000107|NSW"},{"name":"Dubbo, New South Wales","id":"|29000044|NSW"},{"name":"Nevertire, Dubbo, New South Wales","id":"29015063|29000044|NSW"},{"name":"Mumbil, Dubbo, New South Wales","id":"29015059|29000044|NSW"},{"name":"Bakers Swamp, Dubbo, New South Wales","id":"29000145|29000044|NSW"},{"name":"Narromine, Dubbo, New South Wales","id":"29015061|29000044|NSW"},{"name":"Warren, Dubbo, New South Wales","id":"29015069|29000044|NSW"},{"name":"Gilgandra, Dubbo, New South Wales","id":"29015054|29000044|NSW"},{"name":"Stuart Town, Dubbo, New South Wales","id":"29003487|29000044|NSW"},{"name":"Tooraweenah, Dubbo, New South Wales","id":"29015066|29000044|NSW"},{"name":"Dubbo, Dubbo, New South Wales","id":"29001130|29000044|NSW"},{"name":"Wongarbon, Dubbo, New South Wales","id":"29004127|29000044|NSW"},{"name":"Collie, Dubbo, New South Wales","id":"29015050|29000044|NSW"},{"name":"Nanima, Dubbo, New South Wales","id":"29015060|29000044|NSW"},{"name":"Rawsonville, Dubbo, New South Wales","id":"29003128|29000044|NSW"},{"name":"Wellington, Dubbo, New South Wales","id":"29015070|29000044|NSW"},{"name":"Wellington Caves, Dubbo, New South Wales","id":"29003984|29000044|NSW"},{"name":"Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"Moruya, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29002527|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"Jeremadra, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29017166|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"Nerrigundah, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29002726|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"Broulee, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29000537|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"Guerilla Bay, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29001602|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"Congo, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29000868|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"Mogendoura, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29002456|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"Tilba Tilba, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29003666|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"Maloneys Beach, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29017325|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"East Lynne, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29001177|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"Moruya Heads, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29002528|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"Lilli Pilli Eurobodalla, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29002136|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"Denhams Beach, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29001076|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"Surf Beach, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29003500|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"Bingie Point, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29000327|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"Mogo, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29002458|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"Potato Point, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29003056|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"Tuross Head, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29003791|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"Batehaven, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29000217|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"Malua Bay, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29002271|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"Batemans Bay, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29000218|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"Long Beach, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29002179|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"Bodalla, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29000399|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"Montague Island, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29002478|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"Nelligen, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29002719|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"Dalmeny, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29001037|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"Tomakin, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29003693|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"Central Tilba, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29000749|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"North Narooma, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29002695|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"Surfside, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29003501|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"Deua River, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29001085|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"Mystery Bay, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29002679|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"Mossy Point, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29002533|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"Narooma, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29002694|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"North Batemans Bay, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29017514|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"South Durras, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29003372|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"Kianga, Batemans Bay & Eurobodalla, New South Wales","id":"29001939|29000046|NSW"},{"name":"Lord Howe Area, New South Wales","id":"|29000066|NSW"},{"name":"Lord Howe Island, Lord Howe Area, New South Wales","id":"29002192|29000066|NSW"},{"name":"Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Bulga, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015693|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Lambs Valley, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29002076|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Fordwich, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015775|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"North Rothbury, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015884|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Singleton, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015894|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Allandale, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015659|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Pokolbin, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015875|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Mount View, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29002593|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Duckenfield, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015767|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Carrowbrook, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015698|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Bellbird, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015668|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Morpeth, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015843|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Abernethy, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015658|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Wollombi, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015914|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Belford, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015667|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Lovedale, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015827|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Elderslie, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015771|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Nulkaba, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015859|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Rutherford, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015885|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Neath, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015858|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Heddon Greta, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29001694|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Oakhampton, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015861|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Lochinvar, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015816|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Leconfield, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015814|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Kearsley, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015804|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Thornton, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015899|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Ellalong, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015772|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Gowrie, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015788|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Kitchener, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015806|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Quorrobolong, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015877|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Maitland, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015834|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Middle Falbrook, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29002399|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Milbrodale, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015838|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Millfield, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015840|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Kurri Kurri, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29002037|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Lorn, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015825|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Howes Valley, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29001751|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Congewai, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015917|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Paxton, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015869|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Laguna, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015808|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Rothbury, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015883|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Richmond Vale, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29014521|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Rosebrook, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015882|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Phoenix Park, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29002981|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Branxton, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015683|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"East Maitland, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015770|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Broke, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015686|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Greta, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015794|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Cessnock, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015700|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Abermain, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015657|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Lower Belford, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29017296|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Paterson, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015867|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Aberdare, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29015656|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Glendon Brook, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29001468|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Cedar Creek, Hunter Valley, New South Wales","id":"29000742|29000685|NSW"},{"name":"Katoomba, New South Wales","id":"|29000030|NSW"},{"name":"Bilpin, Katoomba, New South Wales","id":"29000319|29000030|NSW"},{"name":"Faulconbridge, Katoomba, New South Wales","id":"29001296|29000030|NSW"},{"name":"Glenbrook, Katoomba, New South Wales","id":"29001460|29000030|NSW"},{"name":"Blaxland, Katoomba, New South Wales","id":"29000368|29000030|NSW"},{"name":"Megalong Valley, Katoomba, New South Wales","id":"29002364|29000030|NSW"},{"name":"Blackheath, Katoomba, New South Wales","id":"29000355|29000030|NSW"},{"name":"Warrimoo, Katoomba, New South Wales","id":"29003945|29000030|NSW"},{"name":"Mount Tomah, Katoomba, New South Wales","id":"29002589|29000030|NSW"},{"name":"Hawkesbury Heights, Katoomba, New South Wales","id":"29001684|29000030|NSW"},{"name":"Mount Wilson, Katoomba, New South Wales","id":"29002599|29000030|NSW"},{"name":"Echo Point, Katoomba, New South Wales","id":"29001187|29000030|NSW"},{"name":"Blue Mountains National Park South, Katoomba, New South Wales","id":"29014574|29000030|NSW"},{"name":"Lapstone, Katoomba, New South Wales","id":"29002084|29000030|NSW"},{"name":"Woodford, Katoomba, New South Wales","id":"29004134|29000030|NSW"},{"name":"Lawson, Katoomba, New South Wales","id":"29002100|29000030|NSW"},{"name":"Leura, Katoomba, New South Wales","id":"29002122|29000030|NSW"},{"name":"Valley Heights, Katoomba, New South Wales","id":"29003854|29000030|NSW"},{"name":"Katoomba, Katoomba, New South Wales","id":"29001902|29000030|NSW"},{"name":"Mount York, Katoomba, New South Wales","id":"29002601|29000030|NSW"},{"name":"Medlow Bath, Katoomba, New South Wales","id":"29002358|29000030|NSW"},{"name":"Hazelbrook, Katoomba, New South Wales","id":"29001689|29000030|NSW"},{"name":"Springwood, Katoomba, New South Wales","id":"29003422|29000030|NSW"},{"name":"Wentworth Falls, Katoomba, New South Wales","id":"29003986|29000030|NSW"},{"name":"Mount Victoria, Katoomba, New South Wales","id":"29002592|29000030|NSW"},{"name":"Tumbarumba, New South Wales","id":"|29000274|NSW"},{"name":"Tooma, Tumbarumba, New South Wales","id":"29016433|29000274|NSW"},{"name":"Khancoban, Tumbarumba, New South Wales","id":"29001932|29000274|NSW"},{"name":"Laurel Hill, Tumbarumba, New South Wales","id":"29002094|29000274|NSW"},{"name":"Rosewood, Tumbarumba, New South Wales","id":"29003212|29000274|NSW"},{"name":"Jingellic, Tumbarumba, New South Wales","id":"29001847|29000274|NSW"},{"name":"Tantangara, Tumbarumba, New South Wales","id":"29016432|29000274|NSW"},{"name":"Tumbarumba, Tumbarumba, New South Wales","id":"29003765|29000274|NSW"},{"name":"Broken Hill, New South Wales","id":"|29000032|NSW"},{"name":"Menindee, Broken Hill, New South Wales","id":"29016442|29000032|NSW"},{"name":"Silverton, Broken Hill, New South Wales","id":"29003346|29000032|NSW"},{"name":"Packsaddle, Broken Hill, New South Wales","id":"29002894|29000032|NSW"},{"name":"Broken Hill, Broken Hill, New South Wales","id":"29000526|29000032|NSW"},{"name":"Cowra, New South Wales","id":"|29000042|NSW"},{"name":"Caragabal, Cowra, New South Wales","id":"29015017|29000042|NSW"},{"name":"Darbys Falls, Cowra, New South Wales","id":"29001047|29000042|NSW"},{"name":"Cowra, Cowra, New South Wales","id":"29000952|29000042|NSW"},{"name":"Greenethorpe, Cowra, New South Wales","id":"29001571|29000042|NSW"},{"name":"Wyangala Dam, Cowra, New South Wales","id":"29004177|29000042|NSW"},{"name":"Pinnacle, Cowra, New South Wales","id":"29002997|29000042|NSW"},{"name":"Grenfell, Cowra, New South Wales","id":"29015018|29000042|NSW"},{"name":"Glen Innes & Inverell, New South Wales","id":"|29000048|NSW"},{"name":"Tenterfield, Glen Innes & Inverell, New South Wales","id":"29003608|29000048|NSW"},{"name":"Glen Innes, Glen Innes & Inverell, New South Wales","id":"29001457|29000048|NSW"},{"name":"Cullendore, Glen Innes & Inverell, New South Wales","id":"29014514|29000048|NSW"},{"name":"Bingara, Glen Innes & Inverell, New South Wales","id":"29000325|29000048|NSW"},{"name":"Emmaville, Glen Innes & Inverell, New South Wales","id":"29001228|29000048|NSW"},{"name":"Urbenville, Glen Innes & Inverell, New South Wales","id":"29003840|29000048|NSW"},{"name":"Bolivia, Glen Innes & Inverell, New South Wales","id":"29000408|29000048|NSW"},{"name":"Ben Lomond, Glen Innes & Inverell, New South Wales","id":"29000267|29000048|NSW"},{"name":"Tingha, Glen Innes & Inverell, New South Wales","id":"29003673|29000048|NSW"},{"name":"Inverell, Glen Innes & Inverell, New South Wales","id":"29001792|29000048|NSW"},{"name":"Upper Tooloom, Glen Innes & Inverell, New South Wales","id":"29014703|29000048|NSW"},{"name":"Stonehenge, Glen Innes & Inverell, New South Wales","id":"29003466|29000048|NSW"},{"name":"Bonshaw, Glen Innes & Inverell, New South Wales","id":"29000425|29000048|NSW"},{"name":"Delungra, Glen Innes & Inverell, New South Wales","id":"29001075|29000048|NSW"},{"name":"Gilgai, Glen Innes & Inverell, New South Wales","id":"29001429|29000048|NSW"},{"name":"Warialda, Glen Innes & Inverell, New South Wales","id":"29003930|29000048|NSW"},{"name":"Deepwater, Glen Innes & Inverell, New South Wales","id":"29001068|29000048|NSW"},{"name":"Parkes, New South Wales","id":"|29000093|NSW"},{"name":"Fifield, Parkes, New South Wales","id":"29015211|29000093|NSW"},{"name":"Tullibigeal, Parkes, New South Wales","id":"29015218|29000093|NSW"},{"name":"Parkes, Parkes, New South Wales","id":"29002920|29000093|NSW"},{"name":"Albert, Parkes, New South Wales","id":"29015207|29000093|NSW"},{"name":"Bogan Gate, Parkes, New South Wales","id":"29000401|29000093|NSW"},{"name":"Tottenham, Parkes, New South Wales","id":"29015215|29000093|NSW"},{"name":"Forbes, Parkes, New South Wales","id":"29015212|29000093|NSW"},{"name":"Lake Cargelligo, Parkes, New South Wales","id":"29015213|29000093|NSW"},{"name":"Peak Hill, Parkes, New South Wales","id":"29002939|29000093|NSW"},{"name":"Tullamore, Parkes, New South Wales","id":"29003759|29000093|NSW"},{"name":"Trundle, Parkes, New South Wales","id":"29003742|29000093|NSW"},{"name":"Condobolin, Parkes, New South Wales","id":"29015209|29000093|NSW"},{"name":"Southern Highlands, New South Wales","id":"|29000085|NSW"},{"name":"Alpine, Southern Highlands, New South Wales","id":"29000052|29000085|NSW"},{"name":"Penrose, Southern Highlands, New South Wales","id":"29002968|29000085|NSW"},{"name":"Hill Top, Southern Highlands, New South Wales","id":"29016414|29000085|NSW"},{"name":"Werai, Southern Highlands, New South Wales","id":"29003987|29000085|NSW"},{"name":"Berrima, Southern Highlands, New South Wales","id":"29000293|29000085|NSW"},{"name":"Burrawang, Southern Highlands, New South Wales","id":"29000610|29000085|NSW"},{"name":"Canyonleigh, Southern Highlands, New South Wales","id":"29000680|29000085|NSW"},{"name":"Bundanoon, Southern Highlands, New South Wales","id":"29000579|29000085|NSW"},{"name":"Exeter, Southern Highlands, New South Wales","id":"29001281|29000085|NSW"},{"name":"Welby, Southern Highlands, New South Wales","id":"29003980|29000085|NSW"},{"name":"Wildes Meadow, Southern Highlands, New South Wales","id":"29004051|29000085|NSW"},{"name":"Mittagong, Southern Highlands, New South Wales","id":"29002450|29000085|NSW"},{"name":"Fitzroy Falls, Southern Highlands, New South Wales","id":"29001324|29000085|NSW"},{"name":"Robertson, Southern Highlands, New South Wales","id":"29003179|29000085|NSW"},{"name":"Moss Vale, Southern Highlands, New South Wales","id":"29002531|29000085|NSW"},{"name":"Burradoo, Southern Highlands, New South Wales","id":"29000603|29000085|NSW"},{"name":"Upper Kangaroo River, Southern Highlands, New South Wales","id":"29003825|29000085|NSW"},{"name":"Barrengarry, Southern Highlands, New South Wales","id":"29000202|29000085|NSW"},{"name":"High Range, Southern Highlands, New South Wales","id":"29001710|29000085|NSW"},{"name":"Wingello, Southern Highlands, New South Wales","id":"29004086|29000085|NSW"},{"name":"Braemar, Southern Highlands, New South Wales","id":"29000481|29000085|NSW"},{"name":"Barrallier, Southern Highlands, New South Wales","id":"29000200|29000085|NSW"},{"name":"Avoca, Southern Highlands, New South Wales","id":"29000119|29000085|NSW"},{"name":"Sutton Forest, Southern Highlands, New South Wales","id":"29003505|29000085|NSW"},{"name":"Yerrinbool, Southern Highlands, New South Wales","id":"29004247|29000085|NSW"},{"name":"Bowral, Southern Highlands, New South Wales","id":"29000469|29000085|NSW"},{"name":"Oberon, New South Wales","id":"|29000249|NSW"},{"name":"Duckmaloi, Oberon, New South Wales","id":"29001134|29000249|NSW"},{"name":"Oberon, Oberon, New South Wales","id":"29002848|29000249|NSW"},{"name":"Lightning Ridge, New South Wales","id":"|29000090|NSW"},{"name":"Burren Junction, Lightning Ridge, New South Wales","id":"29000612|29000090|NSW"},{"name":"Lightning Ridge, Lightning Ridge, New South Wales","id":"29002134|29000090|NSW"},{"name":"Walgett, Lightning Ridge, New South Wales","id":"29003885|29000090|NSW"},{"name":"Barrington Tops, New South Wales","id":"|29000684|NSW"},{"name":"Gloucester, Barrington Tops, New South Wales","id":"29015635|29000684|NSW"},{"name":"Upper Allyn, Barrington Tops, New South Wales","id":"29015646|29000684|NSW"},{"name":"Lostock, Barrington Tops, New South Wales","id":"29015640|29000684|NSW"},{"name":"Salisbury, Barrington Tops, New South Wales","id":"29015644|29000684|NSW"},{"name":"Barrington Tops, Barrington Tops, New South Wales","id":"29015622|29000684|NSW"},{"name":"Gresford, Barrington Tops, New South Wales","id":"29015633|29000684|NSW"},{"name":"Vacy, Barrington Tops, New South Wales","id":"29015648|29000684|NSW"},{"name":"Dungog, Barrington Tops, New South Wales","id":"29015631|29000684|NSW"},{"name":"Barrington, Barrington Tops, New South Wales","id":"29015620|29000684|NSW"},{"name":"Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Castlereagh, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015704|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Homebush, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29016300|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Orchard Hills, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015744|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Luddenham, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015732|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Catherine Field, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015863|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Macquarie Park, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29016135|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Kentlyn, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015724|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Westmead, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29016290|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Summer Hill, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29016260|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Pennant Hills, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29016190|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Gladesville, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015979|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"North Parramatta, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015742|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Harris Park, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015993|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Penrith, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015748|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Tahmoor, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29016261|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Parklea, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015746|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Smeaton Grange, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29016244|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Minto, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015736|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"North Strathfield, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29016180|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Woodbine, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015765|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Werrington, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015762|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Glenmore Park, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015719|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Annangrove, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015779|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"St Clair, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015758|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"The Ponds, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29017824|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Kingsway West, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29016052|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Sydney Olympic Park, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29016302|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Doonside, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015711|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Smithfield, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29016245|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Rydalmere, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29016237|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Rhodes, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29016228|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Lansvale, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015727|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Blacktown, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015671|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Cambridge Gardens, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015680|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Bankstown, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015792|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Kingswood, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015726|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Kearns, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015723|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Denham Court, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015710|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Mulgoa, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015740|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Macquarie Fields, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015733|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Kirkham, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29016053|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Villawood, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29016274|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Abbotsbury, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015766|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Huntleys Point, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29016004|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Emu Plains, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015714|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Round Corner, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29016235|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Strathfield, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29016259|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Homebush West, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29016301|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Quakers Hill, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015753|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Ermington, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015967|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Wilton, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29016295|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Camden Park, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015687|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Putney, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29016197|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Cobbitty, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015890|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Menangle, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015734|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Liverpool, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29016068|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Padstow, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29016186|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Rooty Hill, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015755|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Campsie, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015851|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Leumeah, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015729|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Lakesland, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29016057|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Kingsgrove, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29016051|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Pheasants Nest, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29016191|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Picton, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015750|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Shalvey, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29016241|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Warwick Farm, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29016285|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Winston Hills, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29016296|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Wallacia, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015760|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Eastern Creek, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015712|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Appin, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015663|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Granville, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015985|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Oran Park, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015743|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Parramatta, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015747|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Thirlmere, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29016303|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Mount Annan, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015738|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Greenacre, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015987|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Penrith South, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015749|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Rosehill, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015756|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Gledswood Hills, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015716|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Narellan, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015741|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Merrylands, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29016147|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Oakdale, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29016182|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Bass Hill, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015799|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Wentworthville, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29016286|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Carlingford, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015854|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Cabramatta, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015674|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Bardwell Park, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015795|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"St Marys, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015759|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Menangle Park, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015735|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Ingleburn, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015721|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Bankstown Aerodrome, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015793|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Camden South, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015688|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Lakemba, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29016056|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Stanhope Gardens, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29017755|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Bossley Park, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015826|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Jamisontown, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015722|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Canterbury, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015853|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Razorback, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29016224|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Prospect, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015752|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Prairiewood, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29016194|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Cranebrook, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015709|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Warragamba, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29016284|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Camden, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015684|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Woolwich, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29016298|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Cecil Park, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015866|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Glenfield, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015981|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"The Oaks, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29016268|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Auburn, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015787|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Campbelltown, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015691|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Pendle Hill, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29016189|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Bargo, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015797|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Silverdale, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29016242|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Casula, Sydney West, New South Wales","id":"29015862|29000687|NSW"},{"name":"Gosford, New South Wales","id":"|29000253|NSW"},{"name":"Point Clare, Gosford, New South Wales","id":"29003009|29000253|NSW"},{"name":"Macmasters Beach, Gosford, New South Wales","id":"29002251|29000253|NSW"},{"name":"West Gosford, Gosford, New South Wales","id":"29001532|29000253|NSW"},{"name":"Killcare Heights, Gosford, New South Wales","id":"29001951|29000253|NSW"},{"name":"Copacabana, Gosford, New South Wales","id":"29000917|29000253|NSW"},{"name":"Gosford East, Gosford, New South Wales","id":"29001529|29000253|NSW"},{"name":"Forresters Beach, Gosford, New South Wales","id":"29001350|29000253|NSW"},{"name":"Kulnura, Gosford, New South Wales","id":"29002025|29000253|NSW"},{"name":"Point Frederick, Gosford, New South Wales","id":"29003010|29000253|NSW"},{"name":"Peats Ridge, Gosford, New South Wales","id":"29002945|29000253|NSW"},{"name":"Pearl Beach, Gosford, New South Wales","id":"29002943|29000253|NSW"},{"name":"Erina Heights, Gosford, New South Wales","id":"29001242|29000253|NSW"},{"name":"Umina, Gosford, New South Wales","id":"29003810|29000253|NSW"},{"name":"Ettalong, Gosford, New South Wales","id":"29001254|29000253|NSW"},{"name":"Niagara Park, Gosford, New South Wales","id":"29002754|29000253|NSW"},{"name":"Kariong, Gosford, New South Wales","id":"29001896|29000253|NSW"},{"name":"Gosford, Gosford, New South Wales","id":"29001528|29000253|NSW"},{"name":"Ettalong Beach, Gosford, New South Wales","id":"29001255|29000253|NSW"},{"name":"Avoca Beach, Gosford, New South Wales","id":"29000121|29000253|NSW"},{"name":"Tumbi Umbi, Gosford, New South Wales","id":"29003766|29000253|NSW"},{"name":"Wagstaff, Gosford, New South Wales","id":"29003875|29000253|NSW"},{"name":"Killcare, Gosford, New South Wales","id":"29001949|29000253|NSW"},{"name":"Avoca Beach North, Gosford, New South Wales","id":"29000122|29000253|NSW"},{"name":"Somersby, Gosford, New South Wales","id":"29003366|29000253|NSW"},{"name":"Patonga Beach, Gosford, New South Wales","id":"29002932|29000253|NSW"},{"name":"Erina, Gosford, New South Wales","id":"29001241|29000253|NSW"},{"name":"Gosford North, Gosford, New South Wales","id":"29001530|29000253|NSW"},{"name":"Kincumber, Gosford, New South Wales","id":"29001961|29000253|NSW"},{"name":"Mangrove Creek, Gosford, New South Wales","id":"29002280|29000253|NSW"},{"name":"Wamberal, Gosford, New South Wales","id":"29003907|29000253|NSW"},{"name":"Holgate, Gosford, New South Wales","id":"29001734|29000253|NSW"},{"name":"Glenworth Valley, Gosford, New South Wales","id":"29014743|29000253|NSW"},{"name":"Pretty Beach, Gosford, New South Wales","id":"29014734|29000253|NSW"},{"name":"Calga, Gosford, New South Wales","id":"29000648|29000253|NSW"},{"name":"Woy Woy, Gosford, New South Wales","id":"29004168|29000253|NSW"},{"name":"Gunderman, Gosford, New South Wales","id":"29001619|29000253|NSW"},{"name":"Booker Bay, Gosford, New South Wales","id":"29000429|29000253|NSW"},{"name":"Terrigal, Gosford, New South Wales","id":"29003615|29000253|NSW"},{"name":"Mooney Mooney, Gosford, New South Wales","id":"29002492|29000253|NSW"},{"name":"Bucketty, Gosford, New South Wales","id":"29000559|29000253|NSW"},{"name":"Wyoming, Gosford, New South Wales","id":"29004190|29000253|NSW"},{"name":"Davistown, Gosford, New South Wales","id":"29001060|29000253|NSW"},{"name":"Mount White, Gosford, New South Wales","id":"29002597|29000253|NSW"},{"name":"Umina Beach, Gosford, New South Wales","id":"29003811|29000253|NSW"},{"name":"Inner Sydney, New South Wales","id":"|29000677|NSW"},{"name":"Concord West, Inner Sydney, New South Wales","id":"29014856|29000677|NSW"},{"name":"Broadway, Inner Sydney, New South Wales","id":"29014848|29000677|NSW"},{"name":"Tempe, Inner Sydney, New South Wales","id":"29014893|29000677|NSW"},{"name":"Zetland, Inner Sydney, New South Wales","id":"29014897|29000677|NSW"},{"name":"Darlinghurst, Inner Sydney, New South Wales","id":"29014857|29000677|NSW"},{"name":"Ashfield, Inner Sydney, New South Wales","id":"29014843|29000677|NSW"},{"name":"Rosebery, Inner Sydney, New South Wales","id":"29014883|29000677|NSW"},{"name":"Leichhardt, Inner Sydney, New South Wales","id":"29014872|29000677|NSW"},{"name":"Alexandria, Inner Sydney, New South Wales","id":"29014840|29000677|NSW"},{"name":"Rozelle, Inner Sydney, New South Wales","id":"29014884|29000677|NSW"},{"name":"Newtown, Inner Sydney, New South Wales","id":"29014877|29000677|NSW"},{"name":"Sydenham, Inner Sydney, New South Wales","id":"29014891|29000677|NSW"},{"name":"Petersham, Inner Sydney, New South Wales","id":"29014879|29000677|NSW"},{"name":"Stanmore, Inner Sydney, New South Wales","id":"29014888|29000677|NSW"},{"name":"Woollahra, Inner Sydney, New South Wales","id":"29014896|29000677|NSW"},{"name":"Redfern, Inner Sydney, New South Wales","id":"29014881|29000677|NSW"},{"name":"Drummoyne, Inner Sydney, New South Wales","id":"29014859|29000677|NSW"},{"name":"Paddington, Inner Sydney, New South Wales","id":"29014878|29000677|NSW"},{"name":"Cabarita, Inner Sydney, New South Wales","id":"29014849|29000677|NSW"},{"name":"Balmain, Inner Sydney, New South Wales","id":"29014844|29000677|NSW"},{"name":"Concord, Inner Sydney, New South Wales","id":"29014855|29000677|NSW"},{"name":"Waterloo, Inner Sydney, New South Wales","id":"29014894|29000677|NSW"},{"name":"Forest Lodge, Inner Sydney, New South Wales","id":"29014866|29000677|NSW"},{"name":"Annandale, Inner Sydney, New South Wales","id":"29014841|29000677|NSW"},{"name":"Centennial Park, Inner Sydney, New South Wales","id":"29014852|29000677|NSW"},{"name":"Camperdown, Inner Sydney, New South Wales","id":"29014850|29000677|NSW"},{"name":"Birchgrove, Inner Sydney, New South Wales","id":"29014847|29000677|NSW"},{"name":"Sydney University, Inner Sydney, New South Wales","id":"29014892|29000677|NSW"},{"name":"Abbotsford, Inner Sydney, New South Wales","id":"29014839|29000677|NSW"},{"name":"Kirribilli, Inner Sydney, New South Wales","id":"29014871|29000677|NSW"},{"name":"Surry Hills, Inner Sydney, New South Wales","id":"29014890|29000677|NSW"},{"name":"Eveleigh, Inner Sydney, New South Wales","id":"29014864|29000677|NSW"},{"name":"Marrickville, Inner Sydney, New South Wales","id":"29014875|29000677|NSW"},{"name":"Chiswick, Inner Sydney, New South Wales","id":"29014854|29000677|NSW"},{"name":"Erskineville, Inner Sydney, New South Wales","id":"29014863|29000677|NSW"},{"name":"Glebe, Inner Sydney, New South Wales","id":"29014867|29000677|NSW"},{"name":"St Peters, Inner Sydney, New South Wales","id":"29014887|29000677|NSW"},{"name":"Chippendale, Inner Sydney, New South Wales","id":"29014853|29000677|NSW"},{"name":"Enmore, Inner Sydney, New South Wales","id":"29014862|29000677|NSW"},{"name":"Kensington, Inner Sydney, New South Wales","id":"29014870|29000677|NSW"},{"name":"Mudgee, New South Wales","id":"|29000071|NSW"},{"name":"Ilford, Mudgee, New South Wales","id":"29015193|29000071|NSW"},{"name":"Hargraves, Mudgee, New South Wales","id":"29001669|29000071|NSW"},{"name":"Gulgong, Mudgee, New South Wales","id":"29001605|29000071|NSW"},{"name":"Lue, Mudgee, New South Wales","id":"29015195|29000071|NSW"},{"name":"Mudgee, Mudgee, New South Wales","id":"29002621|29000071|NSW"},{"name":"Kandos, Mudgee, New South Wales","id":"29015194|29000071|NSW"},{"name":"Running Stream, Mudgee, New South Wales","id":"29015197|29000071|NSW"},{"name":"Windeyer, Mudgee, New South Wales","id":"29004080|29000071|NSW"},{"name":"Eurunderee, Mudgee, New South Wales","id":"29001273|29000071|NSW"},{"name":"Cooks Gap, Mudgee, New South Wales","id":"29000882|29000071|NSW"},{"name":"Rylstone, Mudgee, New South Wales","id":"29015198|29000071|NSW"},{"name":"Lake Macquarie Area, New South Wales","id":"|29000062|NSW"},{"name":"Summerland Point, Lake Macquarie Area, New South Wales","id":"29003492|29000062|NSW"},{"name":"Blacksmiths, Lake Macquarie Area, New South Wales","id":"29000359|29000062|NSW"},{"name":"Redhead, Lake Macquarie Area, New South Wales","id":"29003138|29000062|NSW"},{"name":"Dora Creek, Lake Macquarie Area, New South Wales","id":"29001113|29000062|NSW"},{"name":"Booragul, Lake Macquarie Area, New South Wales","id":"29000440|29000062|NSW"},{"name":"Silverwater, Lake Macquarie Area, New South Wales","id":"29016243|29000062|NSW"},{"name":"Cardiff Heights, Lake Macquarie Area, New South Wales","id":"29000697|29000062|NSW"},{"name":"Gateshead, Lake Macquarie Area, New South Wales","id":"29001405|29000062|NSW"},{"name":"Morisset, Lake Macquarie Area, New South Wales","id":"29002518|29000062|NSW"},{"name":"Eleebana, Lake Macquarie Area, New South Wales","id":"29001207|29000062|NSW"},{"name":"Nords Wharf, Lake Macquarie Area, New South Wales","id":"29002771|29000062|NSW"},{"name":"Wangi Wangi, Lake Macquarie Area, New South Wales","id":"29003920|29000062|NSW"},{"name":"Gwandalan, Lake Macquarie Area, New South Wales","id":"29001634|29000062|NSW"},{"name":"Dudley, Lake Macquarie Area, New South Wales","id":"29001135|29000062|NSW"},{"name":"Cooranbong, Lake Macquarie Area, New South Wales","id":"29000913|29000062|NSW"},{"name":"Warners Bay, Lake Macquarie Area, New South Wales","id":"29003933|29000062|NSW"},{"name":"Mandalong, Lake Macquarie Area, New South Wales","id":"29002274|29000062|NSW"},{"name":"Teralba, Lake Macquarie Area, New South Wales","id":"29003609|29000062|NSW"},{"name":"Belmont, Lake Macquarie Area, New South Wales","id":"29000260|29000062|NSW"},{"name":"Killingworth, Lake Macquarie Area, New South Wales","id":"29001953|29000062|NSW"},{"name":"Mount Hutton, Lake Macquarie Area, New South Wales","id":"29002557|29000062|NSW"},{"name":"Toronto, Lake Macquarie Area, New South Wales","id":"29003715|29000062|NSW"},{"name":"Cardiff, Lake Macquarie Area, New South Wales","id":"29000696|29000062|NSW"},{"name":"Carey Bay, Lake Macquarie Area, New South Wales","id":"29000700|29000062|NSW"},{"name":"Marks Point, Lake Macquarie Area, New South Wales","id":"29002301|29000062|NSW"},{"name":"Sunshine, Lake Macquarie Area, New South Wales","id":"29003498|29000062|NSW"},{"name":"Awaba, Lake Macquarie Area, New South Wales","id":"29000127|29000062|NSW"},{"name":"Caves Beach, Lake Macquarie Area, New South Wales","id":"29000737|29000062|NSW"},{"name":"Argenton, Lake Macquarie Area, New South Wales","id":"29000087|29000062|NSW"},{"name":"Speers Point, Lake Macquarie Area, New South Wales","id":"29003396|29000062|NSW"},{"name":"Rathmines, Lake Macquarie Area, New South Wales","id":"29003120|29000062|NSW"},{"name":"Swansea, Lake Macquarie Area, New South Wales","id":"29003514|29000062|NSW"},{"name":"Catherine Hill Bay, Lake Macquarie Area, New South Wales","id":"29000733|29000062|NSW"},{"name":"Charlestown, Lake Macquarie Area, New South Wales","id":"29000760|29000062|NSW"},{"name":"Belmont North, Lake Macquarie Area, New South Wales","id":"29000261|29000062|NSW"},{"name":"Cams Wharf, Lake Macquarie Area, New South Wales","id":"29000671|29000062|NSW"},{"name":"Byron Bay, New South Wales","id":"|29000033|NSW"},{"name":"Federal, Byron Bay, New South Wales","id":"29001297|29000033|NSW"},{"name":"Ballina, Byron Bay, New South Wales","id":"29015383|29000033|NSW"},{"name":"Billinudgel, Byron Bay, New South Wales","id":"29000317|29000033|NSW"},{"name":"Goonengerry, Byron Bay, New South Wales","id":"29001515|29000033|NSW"},{"name":"Huonbrook, Byron Bay, New South Wales","id":"29001763|29000033|NSW"},{"name":"Tregeagle, Byron Bay, New South Wales","id":"29015963|29000033|NSW"},{"name":"Mullumbimby, Byron Bay, New South Wales","id":"29002631|29000033|NSW"},{"name":"Teven, Byron Bay, New South Wales","id":"29015961|29000033|NSW"},{"name":"Brooklet, Byron Bay, New South Wales","id":"29015384|29000033|NSW"},{"name":"Broken Head, Byron Bay, New South Wales","id":"29000525|29000033|NSW"},{"name":"Knockrow, Byron Bay, New South Wales","id":"29015949|29000033|NSW"},{"name":"Byron Bay, Byron Bay, New South Wales","id":"29000634|29000033|NSW"},{"name":"Bangalow, Byron Bay, New South Wales","id":"29000174|29000033|NSW"},{"name":"Fernleigh, Byron Bay, New South Wales","id":"29015947|29000033|NSW"},{"name":"Talofa, Byron Bay, New South Wales","id":"29017786|29000033|NSW"},{"name":"Patchs Beach, Byron Bay, New South Wales","id":"29016446|29000033|NSW"},{"name":"Brunswick Heads, Byron Bay, New South Wales","id":"29000548|29000033|NSW"},{"name":"Alstonville, Byron Bay, New South Wales","id":"29015381|29000033|NSW"},{"name":"Tyagarah, Byron Bay, New South Wales","id":"29003797|29000033|NSW"},{"name":"Coorabell Creek, Byron Bay, New South Wales","id":"29000912|29000033|NSW"},{"name":"Suffolk Park, Byron Bay, New South Wales","id":"29003489|29000033|NSW"},{"name":"Coorabell, Byron Bay, New South Wales","id":"29000911|29000033|NSW"},{"name":"Eureka, Byron Bay, New South Wales","id":"29001270|29000033|NSW"},{"name":"New Brighton, Byron Bay, New South Wales","id":"29002735|29000033|NSW"},{"name":"East Ballina, Byron Bay, New South Wales","id":"29001174|29000033|NSW"},{"name":"South Ballina, Byron Bay, New South Wales","id":"29003370|29000033|NSW"},{"name":"Newrybar, Byron Bay, New South Wales","id":"29002750|29000033|NSW"},{"name":"Dalwood, Byron Bay, New South Wales","id":"29015708|29000033|NSW"},{"name":"Wardell, Byron Bay, New South Wales","id":"29015970|29000033|NSW"},{"name":"Ewingsdale, Byron Bay, New South Wales","id":"29016970|29000033|NSW"},{"name":"Wollongbar, Byron Bay, New South Wales","id":"29015972|29000033|NSW"},{"name":"Lennox Head, Byron Bay, New South Wales","id":"29015950|29000033|NSW"},{"name":"Uralba, Byron Bay, New South Wales","id":"29015968|29000033|NSW"},{"name":"Skennars Head, Byron Bay, New South Wales","id":"29016447|29000033|NSW"},{"name":"Cobar, New South Wales","id":"|29000282|NSW"},{"name":"Nyngan, Cobar, New South Wales","id":"29016438|29000282|NSW"},{"name":"Cobar, Cobar, New South Wales","id":"29000824|29000282|NSW"},{"name":"Corner Country, New South Wales","id":"|29000663|NSW"},{"name":"Tibooburra, Corner Country, New South Wales","id":"29003661|29000663|NSW"},{"name":"Milparinka, Corner Country, New South Wales","id":"29002423|29000663|NSW"},{"name":"Clarence Coast, New South Wales","id":"|29000688|NSW"},{"name":"James Creek, Clarence Coast, New South Wales","id":"29014532|29000688|NSW"},{"name":"Brushgrove, Clarence Coast, New South Wales","id":"29016014|29000688|NSW"},{"name":"Mororo, Clarence Coast, New South Wales","id":"29016075|29000688|NSW"},{"name":"South Grafton, Clarence Coast, New South Wales","id":"29003376|29000688|NSW"},{"name":"Tucabia, Clarence Coast, New South Wales","id":"29016094|29000688|NSW"},{"name":"Yamba, Clarence Coast, New South Wales","id":"29016108|29000688|NSW"},{"name":"Copmanhurst, Clarence Coast, New South Wales","id":"29016026|29000688|NSW"},{"name":"Halfway Creek, Clarence Coast, New South Wales","id":"29001645|29000688|NSW"},{"name":"Grafton, Clarence Coast, New South Wales","id":"29016039|29000688|NSW"},{"name":"Maclean, Clarence Coast, New South Wales","id":"29016072|29000688|NSW"},{"name":"Diggers Camp, Clarence Coast, New South Wales","id":"29016030|29000688|NSW"},{"name":"Pillar Valley, Clarence Coast, New South Wales","id":"29016081|29000688|NSW"},{"name":"Cangai, Clarence Coast, New South Wales","id":"29016017|29000688|NSW"},{"name":"Lawrence, Clarence Coast, New South Wales","id":"29016060|29000688|NSW"},{"name":"Wooli, Clarence Coast, New South Wales","id":"29016105|29000688|NSW"},{"name":"Angourie, Clarence Coast, New South Wales","id":"29016005|29000688|NSW"},{"name":"Glenreagh, Clarence Coast, New South Wales","id":"29016037|29000688|NSW"},{"name":"Minnie Water, Clarence Coast, New South Wales","id":"29016074|29000688|NSW"},{"name":"Fine Flower Creek, Clarence Coast, New South Wales","id":"29001308|29000688|NSW"},{"name":"Iluka, Clarence Coast, New South Wales","id":"29016046|29000688|NSW"},{"name":"Sandon River, Clarence Coast, New South Wales","id":"29003271|29000688|NSW"},{"name":"Ulmarra, Clarence Coast, New South Wales","id":"29016097|29000688|NSW"},{"name":"Junction Hill, Clarence Coast, New South Wales","id":"29001860|29000688|NSW"},{"name":"Ashby, Clarence Coast, New South Wales","id":"29016006|29000688|NSW"},{"name":"Woombah, Clarence Coast, New South Wales","id":"29016107|29000688|NSW"},{"name":"Jackadgery, Clarence Coast, New South Wales","id":"29016047|29000688|NSW"},{"name":"Palmers Island, Clarence Coast, New South Wales","id":"29002903|29000688|NSW"},{"name":"Waterview Heights, Clarence Coast, New South Wales","id":"29003955|29000688|NSW"},{"name":"Nymboida, Clarence Coast, New South Wales","id":"29016078|29000688|NSW"},{"name":"Dalmorton, Clarence Coast, New South Wales","id":"29016029|29000688|NSW"},{"name":"Brooms Head, Clarence Coast, New South Wales","id":"29000532|29000688|NSW"},{"name":"Tyndale, Clarence Coast, New South Wales","id":"29016096|29000688|NSW"},{"name":"Calliope, Clarence Coast, New South Wales","id":"29016016|29000688|NSW"},{"name":"Micalo Island, Clarence Coast, New South Wales","id":"29014527|29000688|NSW"},{"name":"Seelands, Clarence Coast, New South Wales","id":"29016083|29000688|NSW"},{"name":"Alumny Creek, Clarence Coast, New South Wales","id":"29000054|29000688|NSW"},{"name":"Tullymorgan, Clarence Coast, New South Wales","id":"29016095|29000688|NSW"},{"name":"Goodwood Island, Clarence Coast, New South Wales","id":"29001502|29000688|NSW"},{"name":"Woody Head, Clarence Coast, New South Wales","id":"29004147|29000688|NSW"},{"name":"Clarenza, Clarence Coast, New South Wales","id":"29016023|29000688|NSW"},{"name":"Upper Hunter, New South Wales","id":"|29000686|NSW"},{"name":"Moonan Brook, Upper Hunter, New South Wales","id":"29002487|29000686|NSW"},{"name":"Muswellbrook, Upper Hunter, New South Wales","id":"29015933|29000686|NSW"},{"name":"Denman, Upper Hunter, New South Wales","id":"29015922|29000686|NSW"},{"name":"Merriwa, Upper Hunter, New South Wales","id":"29015927|29000686|NSW"},{"name":"Scone, Upper Hunter, New South Wales","id":"29015938|29000686|NSW"},{"name":"Middle Brook, Upper Hunter, New South Wales","id":"29014656|29000686|NSW"},{"name":"Murrurundi, Upper Hunter, New South Wales","id":"29015930|29000686|NSW"},{"name":"Jerrys Plains, Upper Hunter, New South Wales","id":"29015926|29000686|NSW"},{"name":"Sandy Hollow, Upper Hunter, New South Wales","id":"29015936|29000686|NSW"},{"name":"Segenhoe, Upper Hunter, New South Wales","id":"29015940|29000686|NSW"},{"name":"Aberdeen, Upper Hunter, New South Wales","id":"29015920|29000686|NSW"},{"name":"Cooma, New South Wales","id":"|29000038|NSW"},{"name":"Bredbo, Cooma, New South Wales","id":"29000494|29000038|NSW"},{"name":"Craigie, Cooma, New South Wales","id":"29016405|29000038|NSW"},{"name":"Nimmitabel, Cooma, New South Wales","id":"29002761|29000038|NSW"},{"name":"Lake Eucumbene, Cooma, New South Wales","id":"29016406|29000038|NSW"},{"name":"Adaminaby, Cooma, New South Wales","id":"29016393|29000038|NSW"},{"name":"Cathcart, Cooma, New South Wales","id":"29016397|29000038|NSW"},{"name":"Numeralla, Cooma, New South Wales","id":"29002819|29000038|NSW"},{"name":"Bibbenluke, Cooma, New South Wales","id":"29000306|29000038|NSW"},{"name":"Bombala, Cooma, New South Wales","id":"29016395|29000038|NSW"},{"name":"Cooma, Cooma, New South Wales","id":"29000896|29000038|NSW"},{"name":"Delegate, Cooma, New South Wales","id":"29001072|29000038|NSW"},{"name":"Anglers Reach, Cooma, New South Wales","id":"29016394|29000038|NSW"},{"name":"Wyong, New South Wales","id":"|29000252|NSW"},{"name":"Gorokan, Wyong, New South Wales","id":"29001527|29000252|NSW"},{"name":"Yarramalong, Wyong, New South Wales","id":"29004225|29000252|NSW"},{"name":"Norah Head, Wyong, New South Wales","id":"29002769|29000252|NSW"},{"name":"Shelly Beach, Wyong, New South Wales","id":"29003331|29000252|NSW"},{"name":"Budgewoi, Wyong, New South Wales","id":"29000561|29000252|NSW"},{"name":"Lake Haven, Wyong, New South Wales","id":"29014534|29000252|NSW"},{"name":"Bateau Bay, Wyong, New South Wales","id":"29000216|29000252|NSW"},{"name":"Chittaway Point, Wyong, New South Wales","id":"29000782|29000252|NSW"},{"name":"Lake Munmorah, Wyong, New South Wales","id":"29002070|29000252|NSW"},{"name":"Mannering Park, Wyong, New South Wales","id":"29002285|29000252|NSW"},{"name":"Toukley, Wyong, New South Wales","id":"29003720|29000252|NSW"},{"name":"Palm Grove, Wyong, New South Wales","id":"29002900|29000252|NSW"},{"name":"Ourimbah, Wyong, New South Wales","id":"29002882|29000252|NSW"},{"name":"Wyong Creek, Wyong, New South Wales","id":"29004192|29000252|NSW"},{"name":"Warnervale, Wyong, New South Wales","id":"29003934|29000252|NSW"},{"name":"Kanwal, Wyong, New South Wales","id":"29001890|29000252|NSW"},{"name":"Wyong, Wyong, New South Wales","id":"29004191|29000252|NSW"},{"name":"The Entrance, Wyong, New South Wales","id":"29003628|29000252|NSW"},{"name":"Blue Bay, Wyong, New South Wales","id":"29000380|29000252|NSW"},{"name":"Long Jetty, Wyong, New South Wales","id":"29002181|29000252|NSW"},{"name":"Tuggerah, Wyong, New South Wales","id":"29003753|29000252|NSW"},{"name":"Toowoon Bay, Wyong, New South Wales","id":"29003713|29000252|NSW"},{"name":"Charmhaven, Wyong, New South Wales","id":"29000763|29000252|NSW"},{"name":"North Entrance, Wyong, New South Wales","id":"29002780|29000252|NSW"},{"name":"Bathurst, New South Wales","id":"|29000028|NSW"},{"name":"Cow Flat, Bathurst, New South Wales","id":"29000948|29000028|NSW"},{"name":"Georges Plains, Bathurst, New South Wales","id":"29001418|29000028|NSW"},{"name":"Hill End, Bathurst, New South Wales","id":"29001715|29000028|NSW"},{"name":"Wattle Flat, Bathurst, New South Wales","id":"29003959|29000028|NSW"},{"name":"Kelso, Bathurst, New South Wales","id":"29001913|29000028|NSW"},{"name":"Trunkey Creek, Bathurst, New South Wales","id":"29003743|29000028|NSW"},{"name":"Wisemans Creek, Bathurst, New South Wales","id":"29004103|29000028|NSW"},{"name":"Eglinton, Bathurst, New South Wales","id":"29001201|29000028|NSW"},{"name":"White Rock, Bathurst, New South Wales","id":"29004031|29000028|NSW"},{"name":"Mount Panorama, Bathurst, New South Wales","id":"29002573|29000028|NSW"},{"name":"The Lagoon, Bathurst, New South Wales","id":"29003635|29000028|NSW"},{"name":"Bathurst, Bathurst, New South Wales","id":"29000219|29000028|NSW"},{"name":"Sofala, Bathurst, New South Wales","id":"29003364|29000028|NSW"},{"name":"O'Connell, Bathurst, New South Wales","id":"29002830|29000028|NSW"},{"name":"Turondale, Bathurst, New South Wales","id":"29003789|29000028|NSW"},{"name":"Gingkin, Bathurst, New South Wales","id":"29001436|29000028|NSW"},{"name":"Perthville, Bathurst, New South Wales","id":"29002975|29000028|NSW"},{"name":"Rockley, Bathurst, New South Wales","id":"29003184|29000028|NSW"},{"name":"Peel, Bathurst, New South Wales","id":"29002949|29000028|NSW"},{"name":"Locksley, Bathurst, New South Wales","id":"29002173|29000028|NSW"},{"name":"Newcastle, New South Wales","id":"|29000076|NSW"},{"name":"Hamilton, Newcastle, New South Wales","id":"29001652|29000076|NSW"},{"name":"Merewether Heights, Newcastle, New South Wales","id":"29002383|29000076|NSW"},{"name":"Wickham, Newcastle, New South Wales","id":"29004045|29000076|NSW"},{"name":"Adamstown, Newcastle, New South Wales","id":"29000013|29000076|NSW"},{"name":"Honeysuckle, Newcastle, New South Wales","id":"29001742|29000076|NSW"},{"name":"Islington, Newcastle, New South Wales","id":"29001809|29000076|NSW"},{"name":"Mayfield West, Newcastle, New South Wales","id":"29002344|29000076|NSW"},{"name":"Wallsend, Newcastle, New South Wales","id":"29003903|29000076|NSW"},{"name":"Williamtown, Newcastle, New South Wales","id":"29016443|29000076|NSW"},{"name":"Maryville, Newcastle, New South Wales","id":"29002327|29000076|NSW"},{"name":"Cooks Hill, Newcastle, New South Wales","id":"29000883|29000076|NSW"},{"name":"Elermore Vale, Newcastle, New South Wales","id":"29001208|29000076|NSW"},{"name":"Fern Bay, Newcastle, New South Wales","id":"29001300|29000076|NSW"},{"name":"Broadmeadow, Newcastle, New South Wales","id":"29000518|29000076|NSW"},{"name":"Jesmond, Newcastle, New South Wales","id":"29001839|29000076|NSW"},{"name":"Shortland, Newcastle, New South Wales","id":"29003340|29000076|NSW"},{"name":"Newcastle East, Newcastle, New South Wales","id":"29002742|29000076|NSW"},{"name":"Beresfield, Newcastle, New South Wales","id":"29000283|29000076|NSW"},{"name":"Garden Suburb, Newcastle, New South Wales","id":"29001399|29000076|NSW"},{"name":"Merewether, Newcastle, New South Wales","id":"29002382|29000076|NSW"},{"name":"Mayfield, Newcastle, New South Wales","id":"29002343|29000076|NSW"},{"name":"Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales","id":"29002741|29000076|NSW"},{"name":"Minmi, Newcastle, New South Wales","id":"29002430|29000076|NSW"},{"name":"New Lambton, Newcastle, New South Wales","id":"29002737|29000076|NSW"},{"name":"Stockton, Newcastle, New South Wales","id":"29003461|29000076|NSW"},{"name":"Highfields, Newcastle, New South Wales","id":"29017129|29000076|NSW"},{"name":"Lambton, Newcastle, New South Wales","id":"29002077|29000076|NSW"},{"name":"Newcastle West, Newcastle, New South Wales","id":"29002745|29000076|NSW"},{"name":"Sydney City, New South Wales","id":"|29000678|NSW"},{"name":"Hyde Park, Sydney City, New South Wales","id":"29014920|29000678|NSW"},{"name":"Potts Point, Sydney City, New South Wales","id":"29014926|29000678|NSW"},{"name":"Sydney Harbour, Sydney City, New South Wales","id":"29014932|29000678|NSW"},{"name":"Darling Harbour, Sydney City, New South Wales","id":"29014907|29000678|NSW"},{"name":"Sydney, Sydney City, New South Wales","id":"29014930|29000678|NSW"},{"name":"Elizabeth Bay, Sydney City, New South Wales","id":"29014913|29000678|NSW"},{"name":"The Rocks, Sydney City, New South Wales","id":"29014934|29000678|NSW"},{"name":"Barangaroo, Sydney City, New South Wales","id":"29018077|29000678|NSW"},{"name":"Millers Point, Sydney City, New South Wales","id":"29014925|29000678|NSW"},{"name":"Circular Quay, Sydney City, New South Wales","id":"29014904|29000678|NSW"},{"name":"Kings Cross, Sydney City, New South Wales","id":"29014924|29000678|NSW"},{"name":"Haymarket, Sydney City, New South Wales","id":"29014919|29000678|NSW"},{"name":"Pyrmont, Sydney City, New South Wales","id":"29014928|29000678|NSW"},{"name":"Woolloomooloo, Sydney City, New South Wales","id":"29014937|29000678|NSW"},{"name":"Rushcutters Bay, Sydney City, New South Wales","id":"29014929|29000678|NSW"},{"name":"Ultimo, Sydney City, New South Wales","id":"29014935|29000678|NSW"},{"name":"Walsh Bay, Sydney City, New South Wales","id":"29014936|29000678|NSW"},{"name":"Goat Island, Sydney City, New South Wales","id":"29014918|29000678|NSW"},{"name":"Cockatoo Island, Sydney City, New South Wales","id":"29014905|29000678|NSW"},{"name":"Tumut, New South Wales","id":"|29000103|NSW"},{"name":"Talbingo, Tumut, New South Wales","id":"29003539|29000103|NSW"},{"name":"Brindabella, Tumut, New South Wales","id":"29000513|29000103|NSW"},{"name":"Tumut, Tumut, New South Wales","id":"29003772|29000103|NSW"},{"name":"Batlow, Tumut, New South Wales","id":"29000221|29000103|NSW"},{"name":"Adelong, Tumut, New South Wales","id":"29000018|29000103|NSW"},{"name":"Lithgow, New South Wales","id":"|29000065|NSW"},{"name":"Hartley Vale, Lithgow, New South Wales","id":"29001674|29000065|NSW"},{"name":"Bogee, Lithgow, New South Wales","id":"29014493|29000065|NSW"},{"name":"Hartley, Lithgow, New South Wales","id":"29001673|29000065|NSW"},{"name":"Rydal, Lithgow, New South Wales","id":"29003242|29000065|NSW"},{"name":"Wallerawang, Lithgow, New South Wales","id":"29003900|29000065|NSW"},{"name":"Little Hartley, Lithgow, New South Wales","id":"29002157|29000065|NSW"},{"name":"Portland, Lithgow, New South Wales","id":"29003053|29000065|NSW"},{"name":"Bowenfels, Lithgow, New South Wales","id":"29000462|29000065|NSW"},{"name":"Marrangaroo, Lithgow, New South Wales","id":"29002314|29000065|NSW"},{"name":"Hampton, Lithgow, New South Wales","id":"29001660|29000065|NSW"},{"name":"Jenolan Caves, Lithgow, New South Wales","id":"29001827|29000065|NSW"},{"name":"Wolgan Valley, Lithgow, New South Wales","id":"29014524|29000065|NSW"},{"name":"Capertee, Lithgow, New South Wales","id":"29000689|29000065|NSW"},{"name":"Newnes, Lithgow, New South Wales","id":"29002748|29000065|NSW"},{"name":"Cullen Bullen, Lithgow, New South Wales","id":"29001001|29000065|NSW"},{"name":"Lithgow, Lithgow, New South Wales","id":"29002155|29000065|NSW"},{"name":"Glen Davis, Lithgow, New South Wales","id":"29001451|29000065|NSW"},{"name":"Lidsdale, Lithgow, New South Wales","id":"29002129|29000065|NSW"},{"name":"Port Macquarie, New South Wales","id":"|29000095|NSW"},{"name":"Fernbank Creek, Port Macquarie, New South Wales","id":"29016983|29000095|NSW"},{"name":"Kendall, Port Macquarie, New South Wales","id":"29001921|29000095|NSW"},{"name":"Port Macquarie, Port Macquarie, New South Wales","id":"29003043|29000095|NSW"},{"name":"Telegraph Point, Port Macquarie, New South Wales","id":"29003596|29000095|NSW"},{"name":"Dunbogan, Port Macquarie, New South Wales","id":"29001142|29000095|NSW"},{"name":"Lake Innes, Port Macquarie, New South Wales","id":"29002065|29000095|NSW"},{"name":"Mortons Creek, Port Macquarie, New South Wales","id":"29002524|29000095|NSW"},{"name":"Kew, Port Macquarie, New South Wales","id":"29001930|29000095|NSW"},{"name":"Flynns Beach, Port Macquarie, New South Wales","id":"29001338|29000095|NSW"},{"name":"Camden Haven, Port Macquarie, New South Wales","id":"29000664|29000095|NSW"},{"name":"Camden Head, Port Macquarie, New South Wales","id":"29000665|29000095|NSW"},{"name":"Bonny Hills, Port Macquarie, New South Wales","id":"29000424|29000095|NSW"},{"name":"North Haven, Port Macquarie, New South Wales","id":"29002782|29000095|NSW"},{"name":"Laurieton, Port Macquarie, New South Wales","id":"29002095|29000095|NSW"},{"name":"Mount Seaview, Port Macquarie, New South Wales","id":"29002582|29000095|NSW"},{"name":"Comboyne, Port Macquarie, New South Wales","id":"29016444|29000095|NSW"},{"name":"Lake Cathie, Port Macquarie, New South Wales","id":"29002056|29000095|NSW"},{"name":"Sancrox, Port Macquarie, New South Wales","id":"29003263|29000095|NSW"},{"name":"Wauchope, Port Macquarie, New South Wales","id":"29003961|29000095|NSW"},{"name":"Toms Creek, Port Macquarie, New South Wales","id":"29003697|29000095|NSW"},{"name":"Rollands Plains, Port Macquarie, New South Wales","id":"29003197|29000095|NSW"},{"name":"Ellenborough, Port Macquarie, New South Wales","id":"29001213|29000095|NSW"},{"name":"Herons Creek, Port Macquarie, New South Wales","id":"29001702|29000095|NSW"},{"name":"Byabarra, Port Macquarie, New South Wales","id":"29000628|29000095|NSW"},{"name":"Hollisdale, Port Macquarie, New South Wales","id":"29001735|29000095|NSW"},{"name":"Bago, Port Macquarie, New South Wales","id":"29016488|29000095|NSW"},{"name":"Warrumbungle, New South Wales","id":"|29000039|NSW"},{"name":"Coolah, Warrumbungle, New South Wales","id":"29000890|29000039|NSW"},{"name":"Quambone, Warrumbungle, New South Wales","id":"29015570|29000039|NSW"},{"name":"Binnaway, Warrumbungle, New South Wales","id":"29015560|29000039|NSW"},{"name":"Gulargambone, Warrumbungle, New South Wales","id":"29015569|29000039|NSW"},{"name":"Purlewaugh, Warrumbungle, New South Wales","id":"29003081|29000039|NSW"},{"name":"Coonamble, Warrumbungle, New South Wales","id":"29015559|29000039|NSW"},{"name":"Coonabarabran, Warrumbungle, New South Wales","id":"29000903|29000039|NSW"},{"name":"Dunedoo, Warrumbungle, New South Wales","id":"29001144|29000039|NSW"},{"name":"Baradine, Warrumbungle, New South Wales","id":"29015561|29000039|NSW"},{"name":"Mendooran, Warrumbungle, New South Wales","id":"29015567|29000039|NSW"},{"name":"Sydney East, New South Wales","id":"|29000679|NSW"},{"name":"Queens Park, Sydney East, New South Wales","id":"29014980|29000679|NSW"},{"name":"Bellevue Hill, Sydney East, New South Wales","id":"29014942|29000679|NSW"},{"name":"Vaucluse, Sydney East, New South Wales","id":"29014986|29000679|NSW"},{"name":"Rose Bay, Sydney East, New South Wales","id":"29014982|29000679|NSW"},{"name":"North Bondi, Sydney East, New South Wales","id":"29017516|29000679|NSW"},{"name":"Pagewood, Sydney East, New South Wales","id":"29014978|29000679|NSW"},{"name":"Tamarama, Sydney East, New South Wales","id":"29014985|29000679|NSW"},{"name":"Coogee, Sydney East, New South Wales","id":"29014956|29000679|NSW"},{"name":"Bondi Beach, Sydney East, New South Wales","id":"29014947|29000679|NSW"},{"name":"Bondi, Sydney East, New South Wales","id":"29014946|29000679|NSW"},{"name":"Randwick, Sydney East, New South Wales","id":"29014981|29000679|NSW"},{"name":"Maroubra, Sydney East, New South Wales","id":"29014974|29000679|NSW"},{"name":"Double Bay, Sydney East, New South Wales","id":"29014963|29000679|NSW"},{"name":"Waverley, Sydney East, New South Wales","id":"29014988|29000679|NSW"},{"name":"Dover Heights, Sydney East, New South Wales","id":"29014964|29000679|NSW"},{"name":"Moore Park, Sydney East, New South Wales","id":"29014977|29000679|NSW"},{"name":"Kingsford, Sydney East, New South Wales","id":"29014968|29000679|NSW"},{"name":"Bronte, Sydney East, New South Wales","id":"29014950|29000679|NSW"},{"name":"Clovelly, Sydney East, New South Wales","id":"29014954|29000679|NSW"},{"name":"La Perouse, Sydney East, New South Wales","id":"29014969|29000679|NSW"},{"name":"Little Bay, Sydney East, New South Wales","id":"29014972|29000679|NSW"},{"name":"Bondi Junction, Sydney East, New South Wales","id":"29014948|29000679|NSW"},{"name":"South Coogee, Sydney East, New South Wales","id":"29014958|29000679|NSW"},{"name":"Darling Point, Sydney East, New South Wales","id":"29014960|29000679|NSW"},{"name":"Malabar, Sydney East, New South Wales","id":"29014973|29000679|NSW"},{"name":"Brewarrina, New South Wales","id":"|29000284|NSW"},{"name":"Ivanhoe, Brewarrina, New South Wales","id":"29016441|29000284|NSW"},{"name":"Brewarrina, Brewarrina, New South Wales","id":"29000499|29000284|NSW"},{"name":"Queanbeyan, New South Wales","id":"|29000097|NSW"},{"name":"Braidwood, Queanbeyan, New South Wales","id":"29015221|29000097|NSW"},{"name":"Araluen, Queanbeyan, New South Wales","id":"29015219|29000097|NSW"},{"name":"Bywong, Queanbeyan, New South Wales","id":"29015224|29000097|NSW"},{"name":"Majors Creek, Queanbeyan, New South Wales","id":"29002264|29000097|NSW"},{"name":"Sutton, Queanbeyan, New South Wales","id":"29003504|29000097|NSW"},{"name":"Captains Flat, Queanbeyan, New South Wales","id":"29000691|29000097|NSW"},{"name":"Sassafras, Queanbeyan, New South Wales","id":"29015234|29000097|NSW"},{"name":"Bungendore, Queanbeyan, New South Wales","id":"29015223|29000097|NSW"},{"name":"Wamboin, Queanbeyan, New South Wales","id":"29003908|29000097|NSW"},{"name":"Queanbeyan, Queanbeyan, New South Wales","id":"29003093|29000097|NSW"},{"name":"Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Cootamundra, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015431|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Tumblong, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015517|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Bethungra, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015396|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Gundagai, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015445|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Yarragundry, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29018059|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Conargo, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015428|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Yenda, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015528|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Darlington Point, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015434|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Ungarie, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015518|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Whitton, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015524|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Urana, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015519|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"West Wyalong, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29004007|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Weethalle, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015522|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Lake Wyangan, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29002073|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Big Springs, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29014571|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Sandigo, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015506|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Hillston, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015448|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Glenfield Park, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29017045|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Barellan, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015391|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Booroorban, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015400|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Goolgowi, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015440|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Jugiong, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015452|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Wagga Wagga, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29003871|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Muttama, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015492|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Jerilderie, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015450|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Nangus, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015493|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Uranquinty, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29003839|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Bilbul, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015397|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Hanwood, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015446|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Coolac, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015429|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Tallimba, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015512|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Murrami, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015490|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Maude, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015481|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Ardlethan, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015389|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Milbrulong, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015484|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Mirrool, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015486|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Ariah Park, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29000089|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"The Rock, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29003640|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Grong Grong, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29001594|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Kooringal, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015456|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Wallendbeen, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015520|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Turvey Park, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29003793|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"South Gundagai, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29003377|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Temora, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015513|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"North Wagga, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29002794|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Barmedman, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015392|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Leeton, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015458|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Estella, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29016959|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Carrathool, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015403|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Narrandera, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015495|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Tharbogang, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015514|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Stockinbingal, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015510|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Merriwagga, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015483|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Ganmain, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29001394|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Forest Hill, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29001345|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Coolamon, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015430|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Yoogali, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015530|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Junee, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015453|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Griffith, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015441|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Hay, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015447|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Lockhart, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015459|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Morundah, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015489|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Booligal, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015399|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Yanco, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015527|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Wyalong, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015526|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Yerong Creek, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29004245|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Coleambally, Wagga Wagga & Riverina, New South Wales","id":"29015423|29000089|NSW"},{"name":"Kempsey, New South Wales","id":"|29000060|NSW"},{"name":"Mitchells Island, Kempsey, New South Wales","id":"29002449|29000060|NSW"},{"name":"Rainbow Reach, Kempsey, New South Wales","id":"29003107|29000060|NSW"},{"name":"West Kempsey, Kempsey, New South Wales","id":"29003997|29000060|NSW"},{"name":"Georges Creek, Kempsey, New South Wales","id":"29001417|29000060|NSW"},{"name":"Clybucca, Kempsey, New South Wales","id":"29000819|29000060|NSW"},{"name":"Gladstone, Kempsey, New South Wales","id":"29001442|29000060|NSW"},{"name":"Comara, Kempsey, New South Wales","id":"29000857|29000060|NSW"},{"name":"South West Rocks, Kempsey, New South Wales","id":"29003389|29000060|NSW"},{"name":"Point Plomer, Kempsey, New South Wales","id":"29003012|29000060|NSW"},{"name":"Purfleet, Kempsey, New South Wales","id":"29016376|29000060|NSW"},{"name":"Eungai Creek, Kempsey, New South Wales","id":"29001268|29000060|NSW"},{"name":"Chatham, Kempsey, New South Wales","id":"29016353|29000060|NSW"},{"name":"Frederickton, Kempsey, New South Wales","id":"29001371|29000060|NSW"},{"name":"Willi Willi, Kempsey, New South Wales","id":"29004055|29000060|NSW"},{"name":"Yarrahapinni, Kempsey, New South Wales","id":"29004223|29000060|NSW"},{"name":"Hat Head, Kempsey, New South Wales","id":"29001679|29000060|NSW"},{"name":"Grassy Head, Kempsey, New South Wales","id":"29001555|29000060|NSW"},{"name":"Willawarrin, Kempsey, New South Wales","id":"29004053|29000060|NSW"},{"name":"Smithtown, Kempsey, New South Wales","id":"29003357|29000060|NSW"},{"name":"Tamban, Kempsey, New South Wales","id":"29003545|29000060|NSW"},{"name":"Karaak Flat, Kempsey, New South Wales","id":"29016363|29000060|NSW"},{"name":"Arakoon, Kempsey, New South Wales","id":"29000077|29000060|NSW"},{"name":"Aldavilla, Kempsey, New South Wales","id":"29000034|29000060|NSW"},{"name":"Collombatti, Kempsey, New South Wales","id":"29000851|29000060|NSW"},{"name":"Cundle Flat, Kempsey, New South Wales","id":"29014473|29000060|NSW"},{"name":"Crescent Head, Kempsey, New South Wales","id":"29000972|29000060|NSW"},{"name":"Sherwood, Kempsey, New South Wales","id":"29003334|29000060|NSW"},{"name":"Bellbrook, Kempsey, New South Wales","id":"29000254|29000060|NSW"},{"name":"Kempsey, Kempsey, New South Wales","id":"29001919|29000060|NSW"},{"name":"Bobin, Kempsey, New South Wales","id":"29016342|29000060|NSW"},{"name":"Blackhead, Kempsey, New South Wales","id":"29000354|29000060|NSW"},{"name":"South Kempsey, Kempsey, New South Wales","id":"29003379|29000060|NSW"},{"name":"Stuarts Point, Kempsey, New South Wales","id":"29003488|29000060|NSW"},{"name":"Bourke, New South Wales","id":"|29000031|NSW"},{"name":"Bourke, Bourke, New South Wales","id":"29000458|29000031|NSW"},{"name":"Coffs Harbour, New South Wales","id":"|29000036|NSW"},{"name":"Red Rock, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales","id":"29003132|29000036|NSW"},{"name":"Woolgoolga, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales","id":"29004150|29000036|NSW"},{"name":"Nana Glen, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales","id":"29002685|29000036|NSW"},{"name":"Coffs Harbour, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales","id":"29000837|29000036|NSW"},{"name":"Lowanna, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales","id":"29002206|29000036|NSW"},{"name":"Nambucca Heads, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales","id":"29002684|29000036|NSW"},{"name":"Macksville, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales","id":"29016130|29000036|NSW"},{"name":"Bellingen, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales","id":"29016114|29000036|NSW"},{"name":"Gleniffer, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales","id":"29001472|29000036|NSW"},{"name":"North Dorrigo, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales","id":"29002779|29000036|NSW"},{"name":"Bowraville, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales","id":"29016116|29000036|NSW"},{"name":"Valla, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales","id":"29016161|29000036|NSW"},{"name":"Moonee Beach, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales","id":"29002491|29000036|NSW"},{"name":"Valla Beach, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales","id":"29016162|29000036|NSW"},{"name":"Thora, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales","id":"29016155|29000036|NSW"},{"name":"Sawtell, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales","id":"29003287|29000036|NSW"},{"name":"Brooklana, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales","id":"29016119|29000036|NSW"},{"name":"Coramba, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales","id":"29000926|29000036|NSW"},{"name":"Urunga, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales","id":"29016158|29000036|NSW"},{"name":"Korora, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales","id":"29002016|29000036|NSW"},{"name":"Hungry Head, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales","id":"29016128|29000036|NSW"},{"name":"Dorrigo, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales","id":"29016124|29000036|NSW"},{"name":"Tyringham, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales","id":"29016157|29000036|NSW"},{"name":"Upper Orara, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales","id":"29003831|29000036|NSW"},{"name":"Boambee South, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales","id":"29000391|29000036|NSW"},{"name":"Sandy Beach, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales","id":"29003272|29000036|NSW"},{"name":"Sapphire Beach, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales","id":"29003277|29000036|NSW"},{"name":"Emerald Beach, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales","id":"29001224|29000036|NSW"},{"name":"Boambee, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales","id":"29000390|29000036|NSW"},{"name":"Repton, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales","id":"29016146|29000036|NSW"},{"name":"Ulong, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales","id":"29003808|29000036|NSW"},{"name":"Scotts Head, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales","id":"29003295|29000036|NSW"},{"name":"Bonville, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales","id":"29000426|29000036|NSW"},{"name":"Corindi Beach, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales","id":"29000933|29000036|NSW"},{"name":"Fernmount, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales","id":"29016126|29000036|NSW"},{"name":"Raleigh, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales","id":"29016144|29000036|NSW"},{"name":"Mylestom, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales","id":"29016133|29000036|NSW"},{"name":"Dorrigo Mountain, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales","id":"29014623|29000036|NSW"},{"name":"Tamworth, New South Wales","id":"|29000100|NSW"},{"name":"Tamworth South, Tamworth, New South Wales","id":"29003552|29000100|NSW"},{"name":"Manilla, Tamworth, New South Wales","id":"29002283|29000100|NSW"},{"name":"Tamworth, Tamworth, New South Wales","id":"29003549|29000100|NSW"},{"name":"Nundle, Tamworth, New South Wales","id":"29002824|29000100|NSW"},{"name":"Gunnedah, Tamworth, New South Wales","id":"29001624|29000100|NSW"},{"name":"Werris Creek, Tamworth, New South Wales","id":"29003992|29000100|NSW"},{"name":"Curlewis, Tamworth, New South Wales","id":"29001015|29000100|NSW"},{"name":"Tamworth North, Tamworth, New South Wales","id":"29003551|29000100|NSW"},{"name":"Barraba, Tamworth, New South Wales","id":"29000197|29000100|NSW"},{"name":"Nowendoc, Tamworth, New South Wales","id":"29002804|29000100|NSW"},{"name":"Carroll, Tamworth, New South Wales","id":"29000720|29000100|NSW"},{"name":"Hanging Rock, Tamworth, New South Wales","id":"29001662|29000100|NSW"},{"name":"Tamworth East, Tamworth, New South Wales","id":"29003550|29000100|NSW"},{"name":"Lake Keepit, Tamworth, New South Wales","id":"29002066|29000100|NSW"},{"name":"Breeza, Tamworth, New South Wales","id":"29000496|29000100|NSW"},{"name":"Currabubula, Tamworth, New South Wales","id":"29001019|29000100|NSW"},{"name":"Kootingal, Tamworth, New South Wales","id":"29002014|29000100|NSW"},{"name":"Mullaley, Tamworth, New South Wales","id":"29002627|29000100|NSW"},{"name":"Wallabadah, Tamworth, New South Wales","id":"29003888|29000100|NSW"},{"name":"Quirindi, Tamworth, New South Wales","id":"29003099|29000100|NSW"},{"name":"Willow Tree, Tamworth, New South Wales","id":"29004062|29000100|NSW"},{"name":"Bendemeer, Tamworth, New South Wales","id":"29000273|29000100|NSW"},{"name":"Whites Cliffs, New South Wales","id":"|29000283|NSW"},{"name":"Wilcannia, Whites Cliffs, New South Wales","id":"29004050|29000283|NSW"},{"name":"White Cliffs, Whites Cliffs, New South Wales","id":"29004029|29000283|NSW"},{"name":"Shellharbour Area, New South Wales","id":"|29000294|NSW"},{"name":"Oak Flats, Shellharbour Area, New South Wales","id":"29002836|29000294|NSW"},{"name":"Lake Illawarra, Shellharbour Area, New South Wales","id":"29002064|29000294|NSW"},{"name":"Barrack Point, Shellharbour Area, New South Wales","id":"29000199|29000294|NSW"},{"name":"Albion Park, Shellharbour Area, New South Wales","id":"29000030|29000294|NSW"},{"name":"Calderwood, Shellharbour Area, New South Wales","id":"29000647|29000294|NSW"},{"name":"Shellharbour City Centre, Shellharbour Area, New South Wales","id":"29004341|29000294|NSW"},{"name":"Shellharbour Village, Shellharbour Area, New South Wales","id":"29014500|29000294|NSW"},{"name":"Tongarra, Shellharbour Area, New South Wales","id":"29017850|29000294|NSW"},{"name":"Albion Park Rail, Shellharbour Area, New South Wales","id":"29000031|29000294|NSW"},{"name":"Shellharbour, Shellharbour Area, New South Wales","id":"29003330|29000294|NSW"},{"name":"Warilla, Shellharbour Area, New South Wales","id":"29003931|29000294|NSW"},{"name":"Mount Warrigal, Shellharbour Area, New South Wales","id":"29002595|29000294|NSW"},{"name":"Shell Cove, Shellharbour Area, New South Wales","id":"29014492|29000294|NSW"},{"name":"Barrack Heights, Shellharbour Area, New South Wales","id":"29000198|29000294|NSW"},{"name":"Merimbula & Sapphire Coast, New South Wales","id":"|29000080|NSW"},{"name":"Wallaga Lake, Merimbula & Sapphire Coast, New South Wales","id":"29003892|29000080|NSW"},{"name":"Merimbula, Merimbula & Sapphire Coast, New South Wales","id":"29002385|29000080|NSW"},{"name":"Coolagolite, Merimbula & Sapphire Coast, New South Wales","id":"29000889|29000080|NSW"},{"name":"Nadgee, Merimbula & Sapphire Coast, New South Wales","id":"29014531|29000080|NSW"},{"name":"Pambula, Merimbula & Sapphire Coast, New South Wales","id":"29002907|29000080|NSW"},{"name":"Green Cape, Merimbula & Sapphire Coast, New South Wales","id":"29001564|29000080|NSW"},{"name":"Wallagoot, Merimbula & Sapphire Coast, New South Wales","id":"29003893|29000080|NSW"},{"name":"Pambula Beach, Merimbula & Sapphire Coast, New South Wales","id":"29002908|29000080|NSW"},{"name":"Kalaru, Merimbula & Sapphire Coast, New South Wales","id":"29001871|29000080|NSW"},{"name":"Bemboka, Merimbula & Sapphire Coast, New South Wales","id":"29000265|29000080|NSW"},{"name":"Tanja, Merimbula & Sapphire Coast, New South Wales","id":"29003555|29000080|NSW"},{"name":"Candelo, Merimbula & Sapphire Coast, New South Wales","id":"29000674|29000080|NSW"},{"name":"Tathra, Merimbula & Sapphire Coast, New South Wales","id":"29003586|29000080|NSW"},{"name":"Bega, Merimbula & Sapphire Coast, New South Wales","id":"29000244|29000080|NSW"},{"name":"Wapengo, Merimbula & Sapphire Coast, New South Wales","id":"29003922|29000080|NSW"},{"name":"Cobargo, Merimbula & Sapphire Coast, New South Wales","id":"29000825|29000080|NSW"},{"name":"Tura Beach, Merimbula & Sapphire Coast, New South Wales","id":"29003781|29000080|NSW"},{"name":"Eden, Merimbula & Sapphire Coast, New South Wales","id":"29001190|29000080|NSW"},{"name":"Brogo, Merimbula & Sapphire Coast, New South Wales","id":"29000523|29000080|NSW"},{"name":"Kiah, Merimbula & Sapphire Coast, New South Wales","id":"29001933|29000080|NSW"},{"name":"Bermagui, Merimbula & Sapphire Coast, New South Wales","id":"29000288|29000080|NSW"},{"name":"Millingandi, Merimbula & Sapphire Coast, New South Wales","id":"29002420|29000080|NSW"},{"name":"Moree & Narrabri, New South Wales","id":"|29000074|NSW"},{"name":"Pilliga, Moree & Narrabri, New South Wales","id":"29002987|29000074|NSW"},{"name":"Boomi, Moree & Narrabri, New South Wales","id":"29000437|29000074|NSW"},{"name":"Millie, Moree & Narrabri, New South Wales","id":"29002419|29000074|NSW"},{"name":"Ashley, Moree & Narrabri, New South Wales","id":"29000104|29000074|NSW"},{"name":"Bellata, Moree & Narrabri, New South Wales","id":"29000252|29000074|NSW"},{"name":"Mungindi, Moree & Narrabri, New South Wales","id":"29002645|29000074|NSW"},{"name":"Turrawan, Moree & Narrabri, New South Wales","id":"29003792|29000074|NSW"},{"name":"Narrabri West, Moree & Narrabri, New South Wales","id":"29002698|29000074|NSW"},{"name":"Moree, Moree & Narrabri, New South Wales","id":"29002513|29000074|NSW"},{"name":"Eulah Creek, Moree & Narrabri, New South Wales","id":"29014625|29000074|NSW"},{"name":"Wean, Moree & Narrabri, New South Wales","id":"29003965|29000074|NSW"},{"name":"Gurley, Moree & Narrabri, New South Wales","id":"29001628|29000074|NSW"},{"name":"Baan Baa, Moree & Narrabri, New South Wales","id":"29000131|29000074|NSW"},{"name":"Wee Waa, Moree & Narrabri, New South Wales","id":"29003968|29000074|NSW"},{"name":"Narrabri, Moree & Narrabri, New South Wales","id":"29002697|29000074|NSW"},{"name":"Myall Vale, Moree & Narrabri, New South Wales","id":"29002670|29000074|NSW"},{"name":"Merah North, Moree & Narrabri, New South Wales","id":"29002381|29000074|NSW"},{"name":"Boggabilla, Moree & Narrabri, New South Wales","id":"29000404|29000074|NSW"},{"name":"Gwabegar, Moree & Narrabri, New South Wales","id":"29001633|29000074|NSW"},{"name":"Boggabri, Moree & Narrabri, New South Wales","id":"29000405|29000074|NSW"},{"name":"Kosciuszko National Park, New South Wales","id":"|29000084|NSW"},{"name":"Geehi, Kosciuszko National Park, New South Wales","id":"29014796|29000084|NSW"},{"name":"Smiggin Holes, Kosciuszko National Park, New South Wales","id":"29003354|29000084|NSW"},{"name":"Guthega, Kosciuszko National Park, New South Wales","id":"29001630|29000084|NSW"},{"name":"Kosciuszko, Kosciuszko National Park, New South Wales","id":"29004317|29000084|NSW"},{"name":"Cabramurra, Kosciuszko National Park, New South Wales","id":"29016429|29000084|NSW"},{"name":"Charlotte Pass, Kosciuszko National Park, New South Wales","id":"29000762|29000084|NSW"},{"name":"Thredbo, Kosciuszko National Park, New South Wales","id":"29003650|29000084|NSW"},{"name":"Bullocks Flat, Kosciuszko National Park, New South Wales","id":"29000575|29000084|NSW"},{"name":"Perisher Valley, Kosciuszko National Park, New South Wales","id":"29002972|29000084|NSW"},{"name":"Mount Selwyn, Kosciuszko National Park, New South Wales","id":"29002583|29000084|NSW"},{"name":"Kiandra, Kosciuszko National Park, New South Wales","id":"29001938|29000084|NSW"},{"name":"Kosciuszko National Park, Kosciuszko National Park, New South Wales","id":"29014648|29000084|NSW"},{"name":"Sydney South, New South Wales","id":"|29000681|NSW"},{"name":"Sutherland, Sydney South, New South Wales","id":"29015617|29000681|NSW"},{"name":"Hurstville, Sydney South, New South Wales","id":"29015581|29000681|NSW"},{"name":"Rockdale, Sydney South, New South Wales","id":"29015614|29000681|NSW"},{"name":"Sylvania, Sydney South, New South Wales","id":"29015641|29000681|NSW"},{"name":"Maianbar, Sydney South, New South Wales","id":"29015532|29000681|NSW"},{"name":"Caringbah South, Sydney South, New South Wales","id":"29015551|29000681|NSW"},{"name":"Menai, Sydney South, New South Wales","id":"29015603|29000681|NSW"},{"name":"Engadine, Sydney South, New South Wales","id":"29015576|29000681|NSW"},{"name":"Bundeena, Sydney South, New South Wales","id":"29015531|29000681|NSW"},{"name":"Brighton Le Sands, Sydney South, New South Wales","id":"29015547|29000681|NSW"},{"name":"Kareela, Sydney South, New South Wales","id":"29015587|29000681|NSW"},{"name":"Woolooware, Sydney South, New South Wales","id":"29015651|29000681|NSW"},{"name":"Sylvania Waters, Sydney South, New South Wales","id":"29015642|29000681|NSW"},{"name":"Audley, Sydney South, New South Wales","id":"29015536|29000681|NSW"},{"name":"Yowie Bay, Sydney South, New South Wales","id":"29015655|29000681|NSW"},{"name":"Cronulla, Sydney South, New South Wales","id":"29015556|29000681|NSW"},{"name":"Loftus, Sydney South, New South Wales","id":"29015598|29000681|NSW"},{"name":"Kirrawee, Sydney South, New South Wales","id":"29015588|29000681|NSW"},{"name":"Sans Souci, Sydney South, New South Wales","id":"29015616|29000681|NSW"},{"name":"Gymea Bay, Sydney South, New South Wales","id":"29015579|29000681|NSW"},{"name":"Taren Point, Sydney South, New South Wales","id":"29015645|29000681|NSW"},{"name":"Carss Park, Sydney South, New South Wales","id":"29015553|29000681|NSW"},{"name":"Waterfall, Sydney South, New South Wales","id":"29015647|29000681|NSW"},{"name":"Botany, Sydney South, New South Wales","id":"29015546|29000681|NSW"},{"name":"Miranda, Sydney South, New South Wales","id":"29015604|29000681|NSW"},{"name":"Lucas Heights, Sydney South, New South Wales","id":"29015600|29000681|NSW"},{"name":"Mascot, Sydney South, New South Wales","id":"29015602|29000681|NSW"},{"name":"Banksmeadow, Sydney South, New South Wales","id":"29015539|29000681|NSW"},{"name":"Kurnell, Sydney South, New South Wales","id":"29015590|29000681|NSW"},{"name":"Wolli Creek, Sydney South, New South Wales","id":"29015650|29000681|NSW"},{"name":"Gymea, Sydney South, New South Wales","id":"29015578|29000681|NSW"},{"name":"Caringbah, Sydney South, New South Wales","id":"29015550|29000681|NSW"},{"name":"Woronora, Sydney South, New South Wales","id":"29015652|29000681|NSW"},{"name":"Port Stephens, New South Wales","id":"|29000096|NSW"},{"name":"Anna Bay, Port Stephens, New South Wales","id":"29000068|29000096|NSW"},{"name":"Bobs Farm, Port Stephens, New South Wales","id":"29000398|29000096|NSW"},{"name":"Boat Harbour, Port Stephens, New South Wales","id":"29000392|29000096|NSW"},{"name":"Heatherbrae, Port Stephens, New South Wales","id":"29001691|29000096|NSW"},{"name":"Karuah, Port Stephens, New South Wales","id":"29001899|29000096|NSW"},{"name":"Shoal Bay, Port Stephens, New South Wales","id":"29003336|29000096|NSW"},{"name":"One Mile, Port Stephens, New South Wales","id":"29002864|29000096|NSW"},{"name":"Fingal Bay, Port Stephens, New South Wales","id":"29001311|29000096|NSW"},{"name":"Medowie, Port Stephens, New South Wales","id":"29002359|29000096|NSW"},{"name":"Raymond Terrace, Port Stephens, New South Wales","id":"29003129|29000096|NSW"},{"name":"Nelson Bay, Port Stephens, New South Wales","id":"29002721|29000096|NSW"},{"name":"Corlette, Port Stephens, New South Wales","id":"29000935|29000096|NSW"},{"name":"Tanilba Bay, Port Stephens, New South Wales","id":"29003554|29000096|NSW"},{"name":"Salamander Bay, Port Stephens, New South Wales","id":"29003253|29000096|NSW"},{"name":"Soldiers Point, Port Stephens, New South Wales","id":"29003365|29000096|NSW"},{"name":"Port Stephens, Port Stephens, New South Wales","id":"29003048|29000096|NSW"},{"name":"Lemon Tree Passage, Port Stephens, New South Wales","id":"29002115|29000096|NSW"}]}
Make your trip happen
| i don't know |
The Star of ‘who’ appears on the National flag of Israel? | The Israeli Flag | Jewish Virtual Library
Tweet
At the ceremony for the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel, the dais was decorated with a picture of Theodor Herzl , flanked on either side by the flag of the World Zionist Organization (WZO). This flag, adopted by the first Zionist Congress in Basle in 1897, had become accepted by Jewish communities throughout the world as the emblem of Zionism and it was thus natural to use it at the official proclamation of statehood.
Five-and-half months earlier - on November 29, 1947 - when the Jews of Israel had poured into the streets to celebrate the United Nations partition resolution, they too had hoisted the flag of the WZO and used it as a unifying symbol. In May 1948, however, only a few days after the Zionist dream had become reality, the question was raised as to whether the Zionist banner should be the flag of the state or should be replaced.
The dilemma continued for about six months, until the following notice was published in the Official Gazette:
The Provisional Council of State
Proclamation of the Flag of the State of Israel
The Provisional Council of State hereby proclaims that the flag of the State of Israel shall be as illustrated and described below: The flag is 220 cm. long and 160 cm. wide. The background is white and on it are two stripes of dark sky-blue, 25 cm. broad, over the whole length of the flag, at a distance of 15 cm. from the top and from the bottom of the flag. In the middle of the white background, between the two blue stripes and at equal distance from each stripe is a Star of David, composed of six dark sky-blue stripes, 5.5 cm. broad, which form two equilateral triangles, the bases of which are parallel to the two horizontal stripes.
25 Tishrei 5709 (28 October 1948)
Provisional Council of State
Joseph Sprinzak, Speaker
This decision to adopt the Zionist flag to be the flag of the State of Israel reflects its power as a symbol of the spirit of the Zionist movement. In order to examine the reasons that led to this decision, let us look for the symbolism and consider the motives which prompted the members of the Provisional Council of State first to consider replacing it and then to decide against doing so.
Zionist tradition credits the design of the Zionist flag to David Wolffsohn . Legend even tells precisely when Wolffsohn had his brainstorm, namely, that during a meeting in Basel Herzl raised the question of the Zionist flag. When his proposal of a white banner with seven gold stars failed to marshal a consensus, Wolffsohn stood up and said: "Why do we have to search? Here is our national flag." Upon which he displayed his prayer shawl and showed everyone the national flag: a white field with blue stripes along the margin.
At the behest of our leader Herzl, I came to Basle to make preparations for the Zionist Congress. Among many other problems that occupied me then was one which contained something of the essence of the Jewish problem. What flag would we hang in the Congress Hall? Then an idea struck me. We have a flag and it is blue and white. The talith (prayer ahawl) with which we wrap ouselves when we pray: that is our symbol. Let us take this Talith from its bag and unroll it before the eyes of Israel and the eyes of all nations. So I ordered a blue and white flag with the Shield of David painted upon it. That is how the national flag, that flew over Congress Hall, came into being.
— David Wolffsohn
In our attempt to uncover the message conveyed by the Zionist flag, we should therefore address each of its components separately the Magen David ( Star of David ), the blue stripes and the white background.
The Star of David
Unlike the menora (candelabrum), the Lion of Judah, the shofar (ram's horn) and the lulav (palm frond), the Star of David was never a uniquely Jewish symbol. The standard name for the geometric shape is a hexagram or six-pointed star, composed of two interlocking equilateral triangles. In a classic article, Gershom Sholem shed light on the history of the "Star of David" and its connection with Judaism and tried to answer the question whether it was appropriate to include it in the national flag or state emblem. *
One of the first Jewish uses of the Star of David was as part of a colophon, the special emblem printed on the title page of a book. Sometimes the printer included his family name in the colophon; or chose an illustration that alluded to his name, ancestry, or the local prince, or a symbol of success and blessing. The idea was to differentiate this printer's books from those of his competitors and to embellish the title page. Colophons are as old as the printing press itself.
According to Sholem, the motive for the widespread use of the Star of David was a wish to imitate Christianity. During the Emancipation, Jews needed a symbol of Judaism parallel to the cross, the universal symbol of Christianity. In particular, they wanted something to adorn the walls of the modern Jewish house of worship that would be symbolic like the cross. This is why the Star of David became prominent in the nineteenth century and why it was later used on ritual objects and in synagogues and eventually reached Poland and Russia. The pursuit of imitation, in Sholem's opinion, led to the dissemination of an emblem that was not really Jewish and conveyed no Jewish message. In his opinion, it was also the reason why the Star of David satisfied Zionism: it was a symbol which had already attained wide circulation among the Jewish communities but at the same time evoked no clear-cut religious associations. The Star of David became the emblem of Zionist Jews everywhere. Non-Jews regarded it as representing not only the Zionist current in Judaism, but Jewry as a whole.
The Blue Stripes
The blue stripes on the Zionist flag were inspired by the stripes on the tallit (prayer shawl). The tallit has two separate symbolic aspects: the light blue hue and the stripes. Some say that the stripes are meant to recall the one dyed strand of the ritual fringes (tzitzit). This leads to the significance of the hue itself. According to the Torah , one strand in the tzitzit should be light blue. To judge from references in the Talmud , it was a shade between green and blue. Many symbolic meanings were attributed to it. Rabbi Meir said that it recalls the color of the sky; Rabbi Judah ben Illai maintained that the color of Aaron's staff was light blue, as were the Tablets of the Law, and this is why God commanded the Jews to include it on their prayer shawls: "As long as the people of Israel are looking at this tehelet, they are reminded of {the words} written on the tablets and observe them." In other words, the sight of the color tehelet leads to observance of the commandments. White and tehelet, along with gold and purple, were the colors of the High Priest's raiment ( Exodus 28: 4,43 ) and of the curtains of the Tabernacle ( Exodus 26 ). They were considered to be the colors of purity symbolizing the spirituality of the Jewish people.
The first person in modern times who voiced the idea that blue and white are the national colors of the Jewish people, was the Austrian Jewish poet Ludwig August Frankl (1810-1894). More than three decades before the First Zionist Congress, Frankl published a poem entitled "Judah's Colors":
When sublime feelings his heart fill,
He is mantled in the colors of his country
He stands in prayer, wrapped
In a sparkling robe of white.
The hems of the white robe
Are crowned with broad stripes of blue;
Like the robe of the High Priest,
Adorned with bands of blue threads.
These are the colors of the beloved country,
Blue and white are the borders of Judah;
White is the radiance of the priesthood,
And blue, the splendors of the firmament.
A. L. Frankl, "Juda's Farben," in Ahnenbilder (Leipzig, 1864), p. 127
Frankl's poem was translated into flowery Hebrew and appeared in the periodical Hahavatzelet (The Rose of Sharon) in 1878. We do not know if the founders of Zionism knew the poem, but it is a fact that the flags of almost all the early Zionist associations borrowed the blue stripes of the tallit. A blue-and-white flag was raised over the agricultural village of Rishon Lezion in 1885 to celebrate the third anniversary of its founding. Independently of the Rishon Lezion event, a blue-and-white flag was raised in 1891 in Boston at the dedication of the meeting hall of the Bnai Zion Educational Society. That flag had blue stripes above and below a Star of David that had the Hebrew word "Maccabee" inscribed in its center. Bnai Zion first displayed their banner publicly in October 1892, during festivities to mark the fourth centenary of the discovery of America. This time the word "Zion" replaced "Maccabee."
Flag of the Bnai Zion Educational Society in Boston, 1892 The blue stripes of the Zionist flag serve as a counterweight to the message of the Star of David. They give the flag the religious and ritual aspect totally absent from the latter. Whether the symbolic meaning of the blue stripes was perceived consciously or not, their origin in the tallit reminds onlookers of the Torah commandments. The Zionist flag uses the Star of David to express Jewish unity, which is in turn guided by the precepts of the Torah, as represented by the blue stripes and white background.
Dual Loyalty
After nearly 50 years during which the flag served the Zionist movement worldwide, including the Yishuv (the Jewish community) in the Land of Israel, an ad-hoc committee of the Provisional Council of State in 1948 decided to "introduce a conspicuous difference - to the extent possible - between the flag of the State and the Zionist flag." Minister of Foreign Affairs Moshe Shertok (Sharett) explained that this was desirable "so as to avoid complications for Jewish communities when they raise the international flag of the Jewish people, namely the Zionist flag, and misunderstandings may occur, or the impression might be that they are flying the flag of a state of which they are not citizens." So that Diaspora Jewry would not be exposed to charges of dual loyalty, it was decided to organize a competition for new designs for the flag of the State of Israel, which would be different from the Zionist flag.
Flag Proposed by Nissim Sabbah
The proposal of Mr. Nissim Sabbah of Tel Aviv , included components that recurred in most of the proposed designs: two blue stripes, a white background, a Star of David in the middle and seven gold stars.
Another proposal endeavored to reconcile the traditional with the modern. It attempted to create a sophisticated symbolism based on the number seven. The seven candles of the Sabbath lamp are crowned by seven flames, shaped like Stars of David; thus Shabat Shalom ("Sabbath peace") is blended with the seven hours of daily labor proposed by Herzl. Another interesting detail is the shape of the proposed flag, which is reminiscent of the Star of David: jutting from the bottom is the lower half of the Star of David, while the same part of the star is cut out of the upper edge of the banner.
In July 1948, Mordechai Nimtza-bi, an expert on heraldry, published a book entitled The Flag, in which he sought to determine the appropriate design for the national flag. Nimtza-bi agreed with Sharett that the Zionist flag should be adopted by the State of Israel but also - that this was not possible.
"Even after the establishment of the State, many Jews will continue to live in the Diaspora, and were the Zionist flag to become the state flag, these Jews, who are nationals of their countries of residence, would be flying the flag of a foreign country," he wrote. Nimtza-bi was well versed in the rules of heraldry, especially of the British Empire. The flags of some members of the British Commonwealth incorporated the Union Jack either in the corner, or the center. In his various proposals for the Israeli flag, Nimtza-bi wished to impart to the State of Israel spiritual authority vis-à-vis the Zionist organizations worldwide, similar to the relationship between Great Britain and the dominions. He created many variations on the Zionist flag. The Provisional Council of State did not accept any of his proposals, nor those submitted by the public at large.
Flag Proposed by Oteh Walisch
At the tenth meeting of the Provisional Council of State, Moshe Sharett submitted another proposal, that of graphic artist Oteh Walisch.
In Walisch's design, the flag is divided crosswise into three equal sections: blue stripes at top and bottom, with a single row of seven gold stars emblazoned on the white section in the middle. This division differs from that of the Zionist flag, which had five stripes - two blue and three white. The relative widths are different, too. Walisch's design represents a deliberate departure from the Zionist flag. As noted, the blue stripes on the latter were taken from the prayer shawl. When Walisch moved them to the upper and lower edges of the banner and made them wider, the design was no longer an obvious reminder of the tallit. The disappearance of the blue stripes gives his proposal a more "secular" character.
In the meantime, Moshe Sharett decided to inquire into Diaspora Jewry's thoughts about the flag of the State of Israel. On July 20, 1948, he sent cables to Dr. Chaim Weizmann , who was in Switzerland at the time; to Rabbi Abba Hillel Silver , in New York; to Prof. Zelig Brodetsky, in London; and to the Zionist General Council, in Johannesburg. Rabbi Silver replied that "we would prefer to leave the Zionist flag as the national flag of Israel, with a minimum of changes. We feel that the fear of complications as a result of use of the flag at Zionist gatherings overseas has been somewhat exaggerated." The other Zionist leaders responded similarly. After the fears of "dual loyalty" had been alleviated, the Provisional Council of State voted unanimously on October 28, 1948 to adopt the Zionist flag as that of the State of Israel. The resolution came into effect two weeks later, after publication in the Official Gazette.
The Tablets of the Law, the Lion of Judah, and Herzl's "Seven Stars," advanced as possible replacements for the Star of David during the discussions about the flag, were incorporated in other official emblems: the Lion of Judah is the emblem of the Municipality of Jerusalem; Herzl's seven stars are prominently featured in the emblems of Tel Aviv and Herzliya ; and the Tablets of the Law appear on the emblem of the Chief Rabbinate of Israel.
The Star of David is an outstanding example of the variable significance of symbols. The power of the message they convey stems less from the original use in history. At first the Star of David had no religious, political, or social connotations whatsoever. It gained a very powerful connotation precisely as a result of its terrible abuse by the Nazis .
The blue and white stripes which symbolize a life of purity, guided by the precepts of the Torah, and the Star of David, which symbolizes rebirth and new life for the Jewish people, tie the State of Israel, through its flag, to the past, present and future. This is evidently why the Zionist flag prevailed over the political considerations that had prompted the leaders of the new state to propose substitutes for it.
Sources: Israeli Foreign Ministry ; The author is an art histroian, art critic and a lecturer at the Open University of Israel.
*- G. Sholem, "The Curious History of the Six Pointed Star; How the 'Magen David' Became the Jewish Symbol," Commentary, 8 (1949) pp. 243-351.
| David |
What was the name of the ‘St Trinians’ cartoonist? | Israel Flag - World Flags 101 - Israelian Flags
Proportions: 8:11
Israeli Flag Description:
The flag of Israel consists of a white background with a horizontal blue stripe towards the top and an equal sized stripe across the bottom section. In the middle of the Israeli flag is a blue Star of David.
Israeli Flag Meaning:
The Star of David (Magen David) is also known as the Jewish star and is a symbol of Judaism. The Star was officially used as a Jewish symbol for the first time in 1354. A modern interpretation of the Israeli flag states the blue and white stripes represent purity, guided by the principles of the Torah and the Star of David represents a new beginning for Israel.
Advertiser Links
[ what's this? ]
Israeli Flag History:
The Israeli flag was adopted on October 28, 1948, five months after the country's independence on May 14, 1948 from the British Mandate of Palestine-Israel. The Israeli flag is modeled after the Jewish prayer shawl known as the Tallit. The current Israeli flag is based on the Zionist movement flag which is about 100 years old, which represented the Jewish population in the Mandate era but had no official standing.
Interesting Israeli Flag Facts:
From most accounts, the Magen David was originally chosen on the flag of the Jewish community of Prague in the middle ages for decorative purposes. It was basically just a star with no meaning to it.
There is a custom used for the Israeli national flag's flagpole. The flag pole is painted blue, about one third of the way up the pole, and white at the top section.
World FlagsAlphabetical list of all world flags.
I
| i don't know |
In medicine, dysphagia is difficulty in doing what? | Dysphagia - Mayo Clinic
Dysphagia
Esophagus
Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) means it takes more time and effort to move food or liquid from your mouth to your stomach. Dysphagia may also be associated with pain. In some cases, swallowing may be impossible.
Occasional difficulty swallowing, which may occur when you eat too fast or don't chew your food well enough, usually isn't cause for concern. But persistent dysphagia may indicate a serious medical condition requiring treatment.
Dysphagia can occur at any age, but it's more common in older adults. The causes of swallowing problems vary, and treatment depends on the cause.
Fass R. Overview of dysphagia in adults. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed Aug. 6, 2014.
Dysphagia. National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/voice/pages/dysph.aspx. Accessed Aug. 6, 2014.
Swallowing trouble. American Academy of Otolaryngology — Head and Neck Surgery. http://www.entnet.org/HealthInformation/swallowingTrouble.cfm. Accessed Aug. 6, 2014.
Dysphagia: Esophageal and swallowing disorders. The Merck Manual for Health Care Professionals. http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal_disorders/esophageal_and_swallowing_disorders/dysphagia.html. Accessed Aug. 6, 2014.
Dysphagia. American College of Gastroenterology. http://patients.gi.org/topics/dysphagia/. Accessed Aug. 6, 2014.
Lembo AJ. Oropharyngeal dysphagia: Clinical features, diagnosis, and management. http://www.uptodate.com/home. Accessed Aug. 6, 2014.
Products and Services
| Swallowing |
The town of Crotch Lake is in which Canadian province? | Swallowing Disorders (Dysphagia) in Adults
Swallowing Disorders (Dysphagia) in Adults
Swallowing disorders, also called dysphagia (dis-FAY-juh), can occur at different stages in the swallowing process:
Oral phase – sucking, chewing, and moving food or liquid into the throat
Pharyngeal phase – starting the swallowing reflex, squeezing food down the throat, and closing off the airway to prevent food or liquid from entering the airway (aspiration) or to prevent choking
Esophageal phase – relaxing and tightening the openings at the top and bottom of the feeding tube in the throat (esophagus) and squeezing food through the esophagus into the stomach
What are some signs or symptoms of swallowing disorders?
Several diseases, conditions, or surgical interventions can result in swallowing problems.
General signs may include:
coughing during or right after eating or drinking
wet or gurgly sounding voice during or after eating or drinking
extra effort or time needed to chew or swallow
food or liquid leaking from the mouth or getting stuck in the mouth
recurring pneumonia or chest congestion after eating
weight loss or dehydration from not being able to eat enough
As a result, adults may have:
poor nutrition or dehydration
risk of aspiration (food or liquid entering the airway), which can lead to pneumonia and chronic lung disease
less enjoyment of eating or drinking
embarrassment or isolation in social situations involving eating
How are swallowing disorders diagnosed?
A speech-language pathologist (SLP) who specializes in swallowing disorders can evaluate individuals who are experiencing problems eating and drinking. The SLP will
take a careful history of medical conditions and symptoms
look at the strength and movement of the muscles involved in swallowing
observe feeding to see posture, behavior, and oral movements during eating and drinking
possibly perform special tests to evaluate swallowing, such as
modified barium swallow – individual eats or drinks food or liquid with barium in it, and then the swallowing process is viewed on an X-ray
endoscopic assessment – a lighted scope is inserted through the nose, and then the swallow can be viewed on a screen
What treatments are available for people with swallowing disorders?
Treatment depends on the cause, symptoms, and type of swallowing problem.
A speech-language pathologist may recommend:
specific swallowing treatment (e.g., exercises to improve muscle movement)
positions or strategies to help the individual swallow more effectively
specific food and liquid textures that are easier and safer to swallow
After the evaluation, family members or caregivers can help by:
asking questions to understand the problem and the recommended treatment
assisting in following the treatment plan:
help with exercises
prepare the recommended textures of food and liquid, making sure that recommendations for eating safely are followed
keep track of how much food or liquid is consumed
What other organizations have information about swallowing disorders?
This list is not exhaustive and inclusion does not imply endorsement of the organization or the content of the Web site by ASHA.
Problems affecting the head and neck, including:
cancer in the mouth, throat, or esophagus
injury or surgery involving the head and neck
decayed or missing teeth, or poorly fitting dentures
What does a speech-language pathologist do when working with adults with swallowing disorders?
It is ASHA's position that "speech-language pathologists play a primary role in the evaluation and treatment of infants, children, and adults with swallowing and feeding disorders."
ASHA has developed a number of documents about the role of the SLP in working with individuals with swallowing disorders. These include the following:
Roles of Speech-Language Pathologists in Swallowing and/or Feeding Disorders:
| i don't know |
A ‘Singing Hinny’ is what type of foodstuff’? | Traditional Singing Hinny Recipe
Traditional Singing Hinny Recipe
Sign Up for Our Free Newsletters
Thanks, You're in!
There was an error. Please try again.
Please select a newsletter.
Please enter a valid email address.
Did you mean ?
Singing Hinnies. Photo © RFB Photography
Updated April 21, 2016.
The origins of the traditional scone-like griddle cake called a Singin’ Hinny is easily identified. Hinney is the pronunciation of " honey " in the north east of England around Sunderland, Newcastle and through to Northumberland. It is a term of endearment used usually to and about women and children.
The singing part of the name is when the caked are cooked in a hot flat griddle pan, as they hit the pan, the butter and lard starts to sizzle and ‘sing’.
These northern griddle cakes are not dissimilar to a Welsh Cake , but without any added sugar. Sweetness in the hinnies comes from the dried fruit.
The hinny mixture resembles a scone mixture, and, as with scones, need handling the same way so the mixture does not becomes tough. These may be griddled cakes, but should still be light and crumbly. You can see how to keep them light in the notes at the end of the recipe.
450g / 1 lb plain / all-purpose flour
¼ tsp bicarbonate of soda
½ tsp cream of tartare
½ tsp fine salt
110g / 4 oz very cold butter
110g / 4 oz very cold lard
Zest of a lemon
185g / 6 ½ oz dried fruits mixture (currants, sultanas and raisins)
Milk to mix
Yield: 8 dependent on size of cutter.
Preparation
Into a large roomy baking bowl, sieve the flour, bicarbonate of soda, cream of tartar and salt.
Cut the cold butter and lard into small pieces, add to the baking bowl and rub together with the flour until it resembles rough sand.
Stir in the lemon zest and the mixed fruit. Once thoroughly mixed gradually add milk, a little at a time, until the dough comes together and is soft and pliable.
Dust a board or work surface with a little flour, and roll out the dough to around 5mm (the depth of a £1 coin) using a 6cm / 2” cutter.
Heat a flat griddle pan or a heavy-bottomed frying pan.
Using a little kitchen paper smeared with lard, grease the pan lightly. Once hot, cook the hinnies, a few at a time for approx 5 mins on each side or until golden brown.
Serve warm with a good smearing of butter, or simply sprinkle with a little sugar.
The hinnies are best eaten fresh but can be stored in an airtight tin for 24 hours.
Notes When Making Singin' Hinnies
Make sure the equipment and ingredients used for making the hinnies are all as cool as possible, including your hands. The butter should be very cold - but not frozen. Warm hands, ingredients, and equipment if too warm will melt the butter rather than it be rubbed in resulting in dense scones.
Work quickly, and lightly. Avoid over rubbing or kneading the mixture; it does not need to be super-smooth, simply needs to be pulled together in a light, pliable dough.
When cutting the hinnies using a tart cutter, avoid twisting the cutter, just press down then gently shake the hinny onto the prepared tray.
If cutting with a knife, make sure it is sharp blunt knives or twisting the tart cutter tears at the edges of the hinny and stops any rise when cooking.
Related Articles
| Cake |
Claudia was the first name of the wife of which US President? | Singin Hinnies - Northumbrian Tea-Time Griddle Cakes Scones Recipe - Food.com
Cook
20 mins
Served warm and oozing with butter, these fabulous fruity griddlecakes make a great treat for breakfast or afternoon tea. I remember my grandmother making these when I was little; she lived in a very old stone cottage in Northumberland, and made these on a huge cast iron black griddle, or girdle as they were also called! We used to eat them hot from the griddle, with butter – in front of a roaring wood fire during the winter months. Singin' hinnies are a type of fried fruit scone or griddle cake, so called as they 'sing' and sizzle whilst cooking. 'Hinny' is a Northern term for endearment used especially to children - my grandmother used to call me "hinny". Similar to singin' hinnies are Northumbrian griddle cakes, also known as Gosforth gridies. If you are making them for a children’s party or at Christmas, put coins that have been briefly boiled, then wrapped in greaseproof paper, in the middle of some of the singin’ hinnies.
Ingredients
| i don't know |
What is the cube root of 912,673? | Cube root of 912673
Theorems
What is Cube Root of 912673 ?
912673 is said to be a perfect cube because 97 x 97 x 97 is equal to 912673. Since 912673 is a whole number, it is a perfect cube. The nearest previous perfect cube is 884736 and the nearest next perfect cube is 941192 .
| ninety seven |
Which South American country has the International Vehicle Registration RCH? | Maths Sugestor And Helper
Maths Sugestor And Helper
Cube And Cube Roots
----------The sum of the first 100 cubes is equal to 100^2(100+1)^2/4-------------
Immediately know the cube-root of of any whole cube from 1 to 1,000,000 The Trick: To determine the cube-root of any whole cube, from one to one million, within a second or two, without any calculator...1 x 1 x 1 = 1 (cube-root of 1 = 1)2 x 2 x 2 = 8 (cube-root of 8 = 2)3 x 3 x 3 = 27 (cube-root of 27 = 3)4 x 4 x 4 = 64 (cube-root of 64 = 4)5 x 5 x 5 = 125 (cube-root of 125 = 5)So what is the cube root of 1,000,000? That's easy. It's 100.But now, how would you instantaneously determine the cube-root of 493,039 ??That is, how would you get the cube-root of 493,039, within one or two seconds, without a calculator, without paper, and without any writing implement?Or, for example, what is the cube-root of 912,673?Answers: The cube-root of 493,039 is 79...The cube-root of 912,673 is 97... Trust me, you don't have to memorize the cube-roots...Instead, i will teach you how to do this in your head, instantaneously...All you have to do is memorize the primary cubes from one to ten:1 x 1 x 1 = 1 (cube-root of 1 = 1)2 x 2 x 2 = 8 (cube-root of 8 = 2)3 x 3 x 3 = 27 (cube-root of 27 = 3)4 x 4 x 4 = 64 (cube-root of 64 = 4)5 x 5 x 5 = 125 (cube-root of 125 = 5)6 x 6 x 6 = 216 (cube-root of 216 = 6)7 x 7 x 7 = 343 (cube-root of 343 = 7)8 x 8 x 8 = 512 (cube-root of 512 = 8)9 x 9 x 9 = 729 (cube-root of 729 = 9)10 x 10 x 10 = 1,000 (cube-root of 1,000 = 10)...Now here's how you do it: First, give a friend a calculator, and ask them to choose any number from 1 to 100, and to use the calculator to cube it... In one of the above examples, the number 79 was chosen. Cubing it, using a calculator, 79 x 79 x 79 = 493,039...The person holding the calculator tells you the cube, and your job is to get the cube-root immediately, using "mental arithmetic."The way you do it is this:If the large number ends in 1, 9, or 4, 5, or 6... then the cube-root also ends in 1, 9, 4, 5, or 6... If the large number ends in 2 or 3, the cube ends in 8 or 7... If the large number ends in 7 or 8, the cube-root ends in 3 or 2... (see above list of primary cubes)Let's look at the example above: 79 x 79 x 79 = 493,039So if i tell you the cube is 493,039, you know immediately that the cube-root ends with a 9...But how do you determine the rest of the cube-root??...Since we're only dealing with cubes of numbers from 1 to 99 (while the cube-root of 1,000,000 is 100), we know that the cube-root will be either a 1 or 2-digit number... Anything between 1,000 (the cube of 10) and 1,000,000 (the cube of 100) will be a 2-digit number.Now, look to the left of the comma in the larger number 493,039. The number is 493... Go back to the list of primary cubes from 1 to 10, and 493 will fit between 7 and 8... The cube-root of 493,039 is thus 79...Try another: 262,144... The cube ends with a 4, thus the cube-root also ends with a 4... The thousands is 262, which is between 216 (the cube of 6) and 343 (the cube of 7)... Thus, the answer is 64...With a little practice, it gets very easy... You'll amaze your friends...
All you have to do is memorize the primary cubes... and understand this procedure...
------------- CUBE ROOTS FROM 1 TO 300 ARE --------------------
so here are the cubes..........
(1)^3=1
| i don't know |
Notorious British peer Richard John Bingham is better known by what name? | Lord Lucan flew to freedom from this private airfield | Daily Mail Online
After 40 years, new stunning evidence emerges that Lord Lucan flew to freedom from private airfield: The most minutely researched and brilliantly told account ever of 1974 murder - with a killer conclusion
Nanny Sandra Rivett was bludgeoned to death in a Belgravia home in 1974
Man later named as the killer was Richard John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan
There has been no sighting of Lord Lucan since November 8 that year
It was rumoured that he committed suicide following the brutal attack
But new witness suggests that he was driven to a Kent airfield and fled UK
| John Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan |
Who plays Jack’s mother in the 1995 film ‘Jack and Sarah’? | What time is Lord Lucan on? - Mirror Online
In this lavish account of the story, Rory Kinnear plays the infamous Lucan, real name Richard John Bingham.
“The fact that he was a Lord and vanished has kept this in the headlines,” says Rory, 35. “Which must say something about our society. You cannot forget that a young woman was murdered. That element of the tragedy should never be forgotten.”
The 7th Earl of Lucan, known as ‘Lucky’ for his gambling skills, was a debonair man about town who was once considered a contender to play James Bond. In 1963, Lucan wed Veronica, played here by Catherine McCormack, and they had three children.
However, when their marriage broke down, it sent Lucan into a spiral of bitterness and despair. It is said he planned to kill Veronica and dispose of her body so he could get custody of their children. But Rory reveals it was hard to find any justification for the appalling acts supposedly committed by Lucan.
“As an actor you sometimes fall into feeling sympathy for your characters,” says Rory, who also starred in Southcliffe and 007 movie Skyfall. “But I can’t imagine what Lucan must have been thinking. It’s horrible.”
The first feature-length episode concentrates on the events leading up to Sandra Rivett’s murder, while the concluding part speculates as to how Lucan evaded the police search and what might have been his fate.
Such guesswork is likely to create a heated debate about the theories put forward, but Rory insists the producers have done their research.
Theories: Christopher Eccleston as John Aspinall (Photo: ITV)
“There are certain facts that are indisputable,” he says, “both in terms of Lucan’s biography and in the lead-up to the murder. This is a story where everyone agrees you can’t really ever know the truth. There are an awful lot of things that are plausible and just a few things that are probable.”
| i don't know |
In which decade of the 20th Century did the Alcatraz Island federal penitentiary close? | Hidden history found beneath Alcatraz - BBC News
BBC News
Hidden history found beneath Alcatraz
By Rebecca Morelle Science reporter, BBC World Service, San Francisco
27 February 2014
Image caption Scientists are uncovering a hidden history lying beneath the prison of Alcatraz
It was America's most notorious prison.
Perched on a rocky outcrop in the middle of San Francisco Bay, from the 1930s to the 1960s the Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary was reserved for the "worst of the worst".
A who's who of the criminal underworld were incarcerated there: George "Machine Gun" Kelly, Mickey Cohen and Al Capone all spent time locked up in the tiny cells.
Today, the "escape-proof" jail is a much more accessible place: more than a million tourists visit each year.
But scientists say there's much more to "the Rock" than crime and punishment, and they have come to Alcatraz to investigate the hidden history that lies beneath the prison walls.
Image caption Prisoners were confined to their tiny cells for much of their time on Alcatraz
A team from Texas A&M University has gathered in the prison's recreation yard, where inmates would have spent as little as an hour a week away from the confines of the main block.
The researchers are slowly dragging a bright yellow cart along the ground, pulling it up and down in straight lines.
"That's ground-penetrating radar," says Prof Mark Everett.
"The cart has a transmitter and a receiver - it sends an electromagnetic wave into the ground that then reflects off all the different structures underneath.
"Much like medical imaging would make a scan of the body, we are making a scan of the ground under the rec yard."
Using this technique, the team has made a remarkable discovery: they have found the remains of a military fortress, which was thought to have been destroyed.
Standing in the middle of the yard, which is still enclosed by 6m-high (20ft) walls, Prof Everett points to a spot where he has found evidence of a subterranean tunnel system.
"(The tunnels) would have been used for the fortifications. There would have been movement of man and ammunition; it would have been bomb proof and covered with earth so it would have been protected," he explains.
"We get signatures that indicate there is not only a tunnel, but magazine buildings too."
Image copyright National Park Service/GOGA
Image caption This image, taken in 1868, shows one of the many cannons that formed part of the garrison
Image copyright National Park Service/GOGA
Image caption The fortress saw little action, and in 1903 it was turned into a military prison
Image copyright National Park Service/GOGA
Image caption Many traces of the fortress vanished, but some are now being rediscovered using ground-penetrating radar
These structures can be traced back to the 19th Century, at a pivotal moment in US history.
"I think most people know that in 1848 gold was discovered in California, and before that time San Francisco was really a very small town," explains Jason Hagin, the historical architect for the National Park Service, which looks after the island.
With geophysics we can help people to know what is below the surface without actually disrupting it
Prof Mark Everett, Texas A&M University
"But once gold was discovered here, San Francisco became a very important port for the country and for the west coast, and so protecting it really was the point of building the fortress of Alcatraz."
The island's strategic value became even more important with the outbreak of the American civil war in 1861.
Alcatraz was transformed into a military installation, complete with barracks and gun batteries.
But while much of America was embroiled in bloody battle, the garrison remained quiet and no shots were fired offensively.
At the start of the 20th Century another use was found: Alcatraz was turned into an army prison, paving the way for the federal penitentiary.
The fortress was mainly destroyed or built over, with most traces of it vanishing - until now.
Image caption Scientists have found evidence of parts of the fortress lying under the recreation yard
Image copyright National Park Service/GOGA
Image caption The yard provided prisoners with a brief respite from their time in their cells
"The main prison building was built in about 1915, and we have photographs showing how the rec yard was constructed," says Prof Everett.
"But what we don't really know is what exactly became of the fortifications, what state they are in and what is left of the cultural resources. And although it is not always desirable to excavate, with geophysics we can help people to know what is below the surface without actually disrupting it."
Image caption Ground-penetrating radar helps the team to see what lies under the ground without the need to excavate
Joining the team is California State University Chico's Dr Tanya Wattenburg Komas, who is also director of the Concrete Preservation Institute.
Lying beneath the recreation yard is some of the oldest concrete she has ever seen in the US.
"Originally, the fortifications were earthen - they are constructed of dirt - but parts of them had concrete over them to reinforce them. The interesting thing is we weren't even making cement in the US at that time," she explains.
"That probably came as cement in barrels from Europe. To find it on the top of a mid-19th Century battery is very exciting."
She says it's a surprise that it has lasted this long: the conditions on Alcatraz are notoriously tough.
"We are looking at how to preserve this in such an aggressive environment," she says.
"As soon as you are in this misty, wet environment with the salt air, the salt gets in with the water and the oxygen and causes corrosion. And then that produces cracks on the concrete. And once that begins, the deterioration happens very quickly."
Image copyright Texas A&M University
Image caption Today, the parade ground shows no visible signs of the fortress buildings
Image copyright NAtional Park Service/Goga
Image caption Radar tests on the parade ground may show the location of the remains of a large building called a caponier
The biggest potential discovery so far is at the south of the island, lying beneath the prison's parade ground.
"This is an area that is of most historical significance to the park service. It is a very important part of the fortifications," says Prof Everett.
"It is called a caponier, and it is a large structure that juts out into the bay and provides defensive cover. We have seen it in the old photographs but it has completely disappeared from present view."
The fortification history is something that is really important to the historical significance of the island itself
Jason Hagin, National Park Service
Using ground-penetrating radar, the team has seen a very large signal, which suggests a large proportion of the building may be buried beneath the ground.
If the team is right, archaeologists will soon start excavations.
"We have a cultural landscape report that proposes to do an excavation on the parade ground," says Mr Hagin. "It's our hope that in the future we can open up the trail and have an archaeological site that people can visit."
He is keen that the rock's military past is brought out into the open.
"The fortification is something that is really important to the historical significance of the island itself," he says.
"In that sense, it is really important to give people a sense of the early part of the island's history."
| 1960s |
What is the official language of Liechtenstein? | Hidden history found beneath Alcatraz - BBC News
BBC News
Hidden history found beneath Alcatraz
By Rebecca Morelle Science reporter, BBC World Service, San Francisco
27 February 2014
Image caption Scientists are uncovering a hidden history lying beneath the prison of Alcatraz
It was America's most notorious prison.
Perched on a rocky outcrop in the middle of San Francisco Bay, from the 1930s to the 1960s the Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary was reserved for the "worst of the worst".
A who's who of the criminal underworld were incarcerated there: George "Machine Gun" Kelly, Mickey Cohen and Al Capone all spent time locked up in the tiny cells.
Today, the "escape-proof" jail is a much more accessible place: more than a million tourists visit each year.
But scientists say there's much more to "the Rock" than crime and punishment, and they have come to Alcatraz to investigate the hidden history that lies beneath the prison walls.
Image caption Prisoners were confined to their tiny cells for much of their time on Alcatraz
A team from Texas A&M University has gathered in the prison's recreation yard, where inmates would have spent as little as an hour a week away from the confines of the main block.
The researchers are slowly dragging a bright yellow cart along the ground, pulling it up and down in straight lines.
"That's ground-penetrating radar," says Prof Mark Everett.
"The cart has a transmitter and a receiver - it sends an electromagnetic wave into the ground that then reflects off all the different structures underneath.
"Much like medical imaging would make a scan of the body, we are making a scan of the ground under the rec yard."
Using this technique, the team has made a remarkable discovery: they have found the remains of a military fortress, which was thought to have been destroyed.
Standing in the middle of the yard, which is still enclosed by 6m-high (20ft) walls, Prof Everett points to a spot where he has found evidence of a subterranean tunnel system.
"(The tunnels) would have been used for the fortifications. There would have been movement of man and ammunition; it would have been bomb proof and covered with earth so it would have been protected," he explains.
"We get signatures that indicate there is not only a tunnel, but magazine buildings too."
Image copyright National Park Service/GOGA
Image caption This image, taken in 1868, shows one of the many cannons that formed part of the garrison
Image copyright National Park Service/GOGA
Image caption The fortress saw little action, and in 1903 it was turned into a military prison
Image copyright National Park Service/GOGA
Image caption Many traces of the fortress vanished, but some are now being rediscovered using ground-penetrating radar
These structures can be traced back to the 19th Century, at a pivotal moment in US history.
"I think most people know that in 1848 gold was discovered in California, and before that time San Francisco was really a very small town," explains Jason Hagin, the historical architect for the National Park Service, which looks after the island.
With geophysics we can help people to know what is below the surface without actually disrupting it
Prof Mark Everett, Texas A&M University
"But once gold was discovered here, San Francisco became a very important port for the country and for the west coast, and so protecting it really was the point of building the fortress of Alcatraz."
The island's strategic value became even more important with the outbreak of the American civil war in 1861.
Alcatraz was transformed into a military installation, complete with barracks and gun batteries.
But while much of America was embroiled in bloody battle, the garrison remained quiet and no shots were fired offensively.
At the start of the 20th Century another use was found: Alcatraz was turned into an army prison, paving the way for the federal penitentiary.
The fortress was mainly destroyed or built over, with most traces of it vanishing - until now.
Image caption Scientists have found evidence of parts of the fortress lying under the recreation yard
Image copyright National Park Service/GOGA
Image caption The yard provided prisoners with a brief respite from their time in their cells
"The main prison building was built in about 1915, and we have photographs showing how the rec yard was constructed," says Prof Everett.
"But what we don't really know is what exactly became of the fortifications, what state they are in and what is left of the cultural resources. And although it is not always desirable to excavate, with geophysics we can help people to know what is below the surface without actually disrupting it."
Image caption Ground-penetrating radar helps the team to see what lies under the ground without the need to excavate
Joining the team is California State University Chico's Dr Tanya Wattenburg Komas, who is also director of the Concrete Preservation Institute.
Lying beneath the recreation yard is some of the oldest concrete she has ever seen in the US.
"Originally, the fortifications were earthen - they are constructed of dirt - but parts of them had concrete over them to reinforce them. The interesting thing is we weren't even making cement in the US at that time," she explains.
"That probably came as cement in barrels from Europe. To find it on the top of a mid-19th Century battery is very exciting."
She says it's a surprise that it has lasted this long: the conditions on Alcatraz are notoriously tough.
"We are looking at how to preserve this in such an aggressive environment," she says.
"As soon as you are in this misty, wet environment with the salt air, the salt gets in with the water and the oxygen and causes corrosion. And then that produces cracks on the concrete. And once that begins, the deterioration happens very quickly."
Image copyright Texas A&M University
Image caption Today, the parade ground shows no visible signs of the fortress buildings
Image copyright NAtional Park Service/Goga
Image caption Radar tests on the parade ground may show the location of the remains of a large building called a caponier
The biggest potential discovery so far is at the south of the island, lying beneath the prison's parade ground.
"This is an area that is of most historical significance to the park service. It is a very important part of the fortifications," says Prof Everett.
"It is called a caponier, and it is a large structure that juts out into the bay and provides defensive cover. We have seen it in the old photographs but it has completely disappeared from present view."
The fortification history is something that is really important to the historical significance of the island itself
Jason Hagin, National Park Service
Using ground-penetrating radar, the team has seen a very large signal, which suggests a large proportion of the building may be buried beneath the ground.
If the team is right, archaeologists will soon start excavations.
"We have a cultural landscape report that proposes to do an excavation on the parade ground," says Mr Hagin. "It's our hope that in the future we can open up the trail and have an archaeological site that people can visit."
He is keen that the rock's military past is brought out into the open.
"The fortification is something that is really important to the historical significance of the island itself," he says.
"In that sense, it is really important to give people a sense of the early part of the island's history."
| i don't know |
US television presenter Jerry Springer was born in which city? | Jerry Springer - The Celebrity Group London
Jerry Springer
Add to short-listRemove from short-list ↗
22nd Nov 2012
Jerry Springer biography
Jerry Springer is a British-born American television presenter and a cultural icon. He is best-known for his talk show The Jerry Springer Show. In addition to talk show host, he has been the mayor of Cincinnati, political pundit, lawyer, award-winning newscaster, country recording artist, movie star, Broadway actor, and progressive talk-radio broadcaster.
Early Life
Jerry Springer was born in Highgate tube station in London, England, while the station was in use as a shelter from German bombing during World War II.
He earned a degree in political science at Tulane University. He then received his law degree from Northwestern University in Illinois. He spearheaded the movement in Ohio to lower the voting age from 21 to 18, culminating with his Senate Judiciary Committee testimony supporting ratification of the 26th Amendment to the Constitution. In 1971, he won a seat on Cincinnati City Council and served five terms before becoming mayor at the age of 33.
The Jerry Springer Show
The Jerry Springer Show debuted on September 30, 1991. It was developed by WLWT to mimic the format of fellow talk show Donahue.
In early 1994, Springer and his new producer, Richard Dominick, revamped the show’s format in order to garner higher ratings. The show became more successful as it became more lowbrow: with an emphasis on infidelity.
Ringmaster
In 1998, Jerry Springer penned Ringmaster ; a personal account of his experiences from his childhood and professional career. He also starred in a fictionalized movie chronicling his television talk show.
In 2005, a UK version was shown on ITV1, simply called The Springer Show. It beat its talk-show rival, Trisha Goddard, five to one in the ratings, despite it being a subdued and more tongue-in-cheek version of the US show.
Other Work
Also in 2005, Jerry Springer became a morning radio talk show host with the debut of Springer On The Radio.
Jerry has also graced the cover of Rolling Stone, Esquire, New York Magazine, and Sarasota Magazine, and he was featured in Vanity Fair’s ‘Vanities’. Barbara Walters chose Jerry Springer as one of the 10 Most Fascinating People in her 1998 special.
What he offers
Jerry Springer travels back to the UK frequently for a variety of late night shows. A parody of The Jerry Springer Show, ‘Jerry Springer The Opera’, played in London to sold-out crowds at the prestigious National Theater and garnered awards akin to the Tony Awards. Book Jerry Springer now for celebrity appearances through The Celebrity Group : the number one agents for talent-led product endorsements.
Post navigation
| London |
Tony Lumpkin, Constance Neville and George Hastings are all characters in which play by Irish author Oliver Goldsmith? | Jerry Springer - Useful Talent
Useful Talent
Jerry Springer
*Please remember that as a Business-2-Business service we regret we are unable to respond to charity, media or autograph requests. Sorry
Jerry is a British-born American television presenter and a cultural icon, best-known for his talk show The Jerry Springer Show . In addition to talk show host, he has been the mayor of Cincinnati, political pundit, lawyer, award-winning newscaster, country recording artist, international Emcee, TV personality, movie star, Broadway actor, progressive talk-radio broadcaster, and even won America’s heart with his ballroom dancing.
He was born in Highgate tube station in London, England, while the station was in use as a shelter from German bombing during World War II and grew up on Chandos Road, East Finchley.
Springer earned a degree in political science at Tulane University. He then received his law degree from Northwestern University in Illinois. After joining a law firm in Cincinnati, he spearheaded the movement in Ohio to lower the voting age from 21 to 18, culminating with his Senate Judiciary Committee testimony supporting ratification of the 26th Amendment to the Constitution. He ran for Congress in 1970 and nearly beat the entrenched Republican incumbent. In 1971, he won a seat on Cincinnati City Council and served five terms before becoming mayor at the age of 33 with the largest plurality in the city’s history.
The Jerry Springer Show
The Jerry Springer Show debuted on September 30, 1991. It was developed by WLWT to mimic the format and look of fellow talk show Donahue, all the way down to Jerry’s haircut and glasses, making him look like Phil Donahue. It started as a politically oriented talk show, a longer version of Springer’s commentaries. Guests included Oliver North and Jesse Jackson, and topics included homelessness and gun politics.
In early 1994, Springer and his new producer, Richard Dominick, revamped the show’s format in order to garner higher ratings. The show became more and more successful as it became more and more lowbrow, with an emphasis on infidelity.
Ringmaster
In 1998, Springer penned Ringmaster , a personal account of his experiences along with remembrances from his childhood and professional career. Also in November of that year, Springer made his first venture into feature films starring in Ringmaster, a fictionalized movie chronicling his television talk show. In 1999, Springer thoroughly enjoyed working with Mike Myers, where he portrayed himself in the hit movie Austin Powers 2: The Spy Who Shagged Me.
In 2005, a UK version was shown on ITV1 titled The Springer Show. It beat its talk-show rival Trisha Goddard five to one in the ratings, despite it being a subdued and more tongue-in-cheek version of the U.S. show.
Other Work
Also in that year, Jerry became a morning radio talk show host with the debut of Springer On The Radio. Broadcast in 85 markets, including Air America, Springer ended the radio show after two years but enjoyed the opportunity to offer a progressive voice.
Jerry has also graced the cover of Rolling Stone, Esquire, New York Magazine, and Sarasota Magazine, and he was featured in Vanity Fair’s “Vanities.” Barbara Walters chose Springer as one of the 10 Most Fascinating People in her 1998 special.
Springer, born in London, England, travels back to the UK frequently, doing a variety of late night shows there. A parody of The Jerry Springer Show, “Jerry Springer The Opera,” played in London to sold-out crowds at the prestigious National Theater and garnered awards akin to the Tony Awards.
If you would like to submit a short enquiry for Jerry Springer we would be delighted to check on availability and interest. Please click the banner below to send us a quick Email, or complete a more detailed Enquiry Form by clicking HERE . Or call us on 0844 247 1986 with full details. We promise to get back to you in the "Twinkling of an Eye". Well, usually within 24 hours anyway. However, although we are always thrilled to hear from you, please remember that we are a Business-to-Business service and regret we can’t respond to autograph, media or charity requests. Sorry.
| i don't know |
What is the largest brass section instrument in an orchestra? | What is the largest brass instrument? | Reference.com
What is the largest brass instrument?
A:
Quick Answer
The largest brass instrument is the tuba. It is also the lowest in pitch. Because of its low tone, the tuba serves as the bass in the brass section of orchestras and other musical groups.
Full Answer
Tubas are featured in many styles of music, from marching bands to classical orchestras. The sousaphone is another large brass instrument that is closely related to the tuba, but it is more commonly used in marching bands. In 2013, the largest playable tuba and largest brass instrument in the world was displayed at the Musikmesse music trade fair in Frankfurt, Germany. Nearly 8 feet tall, the instrument was almost double the size of a conventional tuba.
| Tuba |
What was the name of the first human spaceflight in which Yuri Gugarin was sent into space in April 1961? | What Are the Instruments of an Orchestra? | eHow
What Are the Instruments of an Orchestra?
Lisa Maree Williams/Getty Images Entertainment/Getty Images
Orchestras are divided into four sections, or families, which are based on the kind of instruments used in them. The string section covers all of the stringed instruments like the violins; the woodwind section covers instruments which are blown through and use reeds, like the clarinet; the brass section contains metal wind instruments like trumpets; and the percussion section includes all of the drums and rhythm instruments.
String Section
The string section is the largest in the orchestra. It is mainly made up of violins, arranged into first, second and third violins who all play different arrangements. The viola is a larger instrument, slightly deeper in pitch. Cellos are much larger and sit on the ground between the player's legs, playing a much lower melody. The largest instrument in the section is the double-bass, which provides the bass part to the strings.
The violins play the lead melody in most pieces.
Woodwind Section
Flutes are the oldest instruments in the woodwind section and often provide the melody. The orchestra also features piccolos, which are smaller, higher pitched flutes. Clarinets come in a variety of sizes and tunings, and are capable of a wide range of tones. Oboes are like clarinets but use two reeds rather than one, and can play at higher pitches. Bassoons are the largest and lowest-pitched instruments in the woodwind section, although the larger and deeper contrabassoon is also sometimes used.
The woodwind section sits right in the center of the orchestra.
Brass Section
This section is so-named because all of the instruments are made from brass. They are the loudest instruments in the orchestra and support the rhythm or melody. Trumpets are the smallest and highest-pitched, while French horns are circular and slightly lower-pitched. Trombones are long instruments with sliders for adjusting the notes, playing at a similar pitch to the cellos. Tubas are the largest and heaviest brass instruments, providing the bass tone.
Less brass instruments are needed because of the amount of noise each can make.
Percussion Section
The percussion section uses a great range of instruments. Most of the musicians in the section move from instrument to instrument and can play several during any one piece. These instruments include cymbals, gongs, xylophones, tubular bells and a variety of drums. Timpani drums are the most common percussion instruments in the orchestra and the only ones which require a specialist player.
Percussion sections are carefully arranged so the musicians can move between instruments.
Other Instruments
There are a number of other instruments which can join the orchestra, each being attached to a different section. Saxophones are occasionally included as part of the woodwind section. Pianos and church organs can also be featured, generally being seen as part of the percussion section. If a harp is used, it joins the string section.
| i don't know |
In cooking, what is the main ingredient of a pongal dish? | How to Cook Pongal: 9 Steps (with Pictures) - wikiHow
Wash rice and dal together and drain well.
3
In the rice cooker , heat 1 tablespoon (14.8 ml) of ghee.
4
Add rice, dal and fry until the ghee coats the mixture.
5
Add the rest of ingredients, except for the cashews.
6
Add water cover and cook.
7
Keep testing the water level and stir frequently, as it has a tendency to stick to the bottom.
8
Mash rice and dal mixture once cooked.
9
| Rice |
Who wrote the ‘Winnie the Pooh’ books? | 10 Best Indian Recipes - NDTV Food
10 Best Indian Recipes
Tweeter facebook Google Plus Reddit
Prepare yourself to dive into a world of spice-packed, flavour and fragrance rich Indian food. From paneer makhni to Kerala-styled prawns , from mutton roganjosh to Parsi eggs , every dish is an exceptional mix of spunky ingredients and different cooking techniques. India's regional and cultural diversity reflects beautifully in its food and is possibly the main reason why Indian food outranks that of other countries. Each Indian state has its own unique pandora of flavours and ingredients. Even the spices they use are their own concoction and made from scratch: dhansak masala , panch phoron , garam masala , chicken tikka masala and many more.
Indian food has a few distinct characteristics that make it 'truly desi'; Its generous use of spices like ajwain , dalchini, cloves , black cardamom , star anise , dhania and tamarind . Its affinity for marrying flavours and most importantly its array of addictive street food. Crisp pani puris, mind-blowing papri chaats and steaming hot aloo tikkis.
We've taken on the heavy challenge of listing down 10 exciting recipes that represent the true cultural spirit of India. We hope you enjoy making them as much as we've enjoyed putting them together.
1. Rogan Josh
Recipe by Sarla Razdan
It is one of the signature dishes of Kashmir. Robust with varied spices, the dish is cooked with the aroma of fennel seeds, garam masala, bay leaves, turmeric and is indeed a celebration of all senses.
2. Butter Chicken
Recipe by R John, Moti Mahal, Daryaganj, Delhi
This gorgeous plate is the reason every Punjabi takes pride in his food. Chunks of chicken marinated overnight in yogurt and a beautiful mix of spices, served with a dollop of melting cream or butter on top.
3. Bhapaa Aloo
Recipe by Joy Banerjee
A stunner of a recipe, this one gets the Bengali flavours just right. The humble potato tossed in local flavours of panch phoron , coconut paste and mustard oil. Simple yet satisfying!
Recipe by Chef Jitendra Kumar, Taj Lake Palace Hotel, Udaipur
Experience authentic Rajasthani flavours with this exquisite blend of yogurt and juicy mutton pieces.
5. Chicken Stew and Appam
Recipe by Joey Matthew
This stunning dish comes straight from the hidden treasures of God's own country. Chunks of chicken bathed in a beautifully spiced and dreamy coconut gravy with soft-centered appams.
6. Kakori Kebab
Recipe by Niru Gupta
A famous Nawabi recipe from Lucknow passed down through generations. It derives its name from the city of Kakori on the outskirts of Lucknow. It is made with the finest meat of the lamb and a few spices.
7. Hyderabadi Biryani
Recipe by Chef Hussain
It's the perfect choice for foodies who prefer having their rice with spice, interspersed with tender peaces of meat or chicken. Cooked in 'dum style', it's layered with fried onions and mint, served with a cold raita.
8. Dhokla
Recipe by Aditya Bal & Devanshi
This steamed cake made from gram flour and channa dal is one of the best things to come out of Gujarat.
| i don't know |
What colours make up the national flag of Switzerland? | Switzerland
This page is part of © FOTW Flags Of The World website
Switzerland
Description of the flag
Gules, a cross couped argent.
On a red field, a white equilateral cross whose arms are one sixth longer than their width. The relationship between the span of the cross and the width of the flag has not been established, but in practice the ratio is about 2:3 or 7:10.
The relative dimensions of the cross are defined in Article 1 of Federal Order #111 on the arms of the Helvetic Confederation (12 December 1889).
Unlike most flags of the world, the Swiss flag is square. This was an issue when Switzerland joined the UN in 2002, as all the flags displayed on UN Plaza should have the same size. The UN first had a rectangular flag, but the Swiss mission protested. Eventually the UN accepted a Swiss square flag. But, in order to have a flag that is not too small, the flag displayed on UN Plaza has the same area of a rectangular flag.
Pascal Gross
Source: [ pay00 ] (left), [ neu39 ] (right)
The ratio between of the cross span to the flag width is not established by law, but these two layouts show how common practice may have changed over time. The flag on the left (from Album 2000 [ pay00 ]) has a ratio of 20�32=62.5%, while the flag on the right (from Flaggenbuch 1939 [ neu39 ]) has a ratio of 80�110=72.7%. In both cases, the 6:7 ratio specified in 1889 that defines the relative dimensions of the white cross is retained.
The divisions along an edge of the 2000 version (6-7-6-7-6) are the same as those along the shorter axis of the Swiss naval ensign , whose construction details were set by law in 1953.
Željko Heimer, 30 January 2003
The protocol manual for the London 2012 Olympics ( Flags and Anthems Manual London 2012 ) provides recommendations for national flag designs. Each NOC was sent an image of the flag, including the PMS shades, for their approval by LOCOG. Once this was obtained, LOCOG produced a 60 x 90 cm version of the flag for further approval. So, while these specs may not be the official, government, version of each flag, they are certainly what the NOC believed the flag to be.
For Switzerland: PMS 485 red. The vertical flag is simply the horizontal version turned 90 degrees clockwise (in 3:5 / 5:3 format, of course, like all Olympic flags).
Ian Sumner, 10 October 2012
Symbolism of the flag
The Swiss cross on a red field ultimately derives from a similar banner of the Holy Roman Empire, and thus has strong Christian connotations. The Swiss flag traditionally stands for freedom, honour and fidelity. (The motto "Honor et Fidelitas" was inscribed on the cross of several Swiss mercenary flags of the 18th century.) In modern times, through association with consistent Swiss policy, the flag has also come to denote neutrality, democracy, peace and refuge.
See also an article from Constuire , reporting views of Swiss citizens on the meaning of the national flag.
History of the flag
While Swiss independence and democracy traditionally dates from 1291, people are often surprised to learn that the national flag in its current form dates only from 1889. Modern variations of the flag can be said to go back to 1815, and the original Confederate white cross on a red field dates from the 15th century. Its inspiration perhaps goes back to the 4th century.
Some have postulated that the Swiss flag owes its origin to the vexillum of the Theban Legion of the ancient Roman empire, but any such connection is pretty tenuous. In 302 Mauritius and his Christian legionnaires were executed in Valais for refusing to sacrifice to the Emperor and suppress the local Christians. Long after his death St. Maurice was granted arms of a white cross bottony on a red field (symbolising the shed blood of the legion's martyrs), and the arms of his namesake city (whose monastery was founded in 515) consist of the same cross on a field per pale azure and gules (see relative page ). The arms of Sts. Victor and Ursus, patron saints of Geneva and Solothurn and officers of the Theban Legion, also feature the white cross bottony. (Medieval iconography sometimes depicts St. Maurice's flag and arms as a red cross on a white field, very similar to St. George's.)
Most of the Swiss cantons first earned sovereignty within the Holy Roman Empire, and were granted their banners by the Emperor. Later they banded together in a Confederation which grew from three members in 1291 to thirteen in 1513. By the Peace of Basel in 1499 ending the Swabian War, the Swiss threw off the last vestiges of imperial obligations, and their full independence was recognised in 1648 by the Treaty of Westphalia ending the Thirty Years' War (a war in which the Swiss actually had no part).
The Holy Roman Empire had three banners. The personal banner of the emperor was a black eagle on a yellow field (the eagle evoking continuity with ancient Rome), and these colours can be seen as the inspiration for several cantons (Uri, Bern, Schaffhausen, Geneva). The flag of the Empire was a white cross extending to the edges of a red field, and symbolised the Emperor's role as the protector of Christianity. This eventually became the Empire's war flag, and inspired many other flags in the German and Italian states. A third plain red banner (Blutbann) was displayed when the Emperor administered justice, and thus symbolised his power over life and death. During investitures of vassals, the Emperor granted this flag as a sign that they were empowered to exercise life-and-death justice in the name of the Emperor. When the Emperor granted sovereignty to a city-state, a red flag -- sometimes with white cross -- signified freedom and independence from all temporal powers other than the emperor. This influence can be seen in the flags of Unterwalden, Solothurn, and most notably Schwyz. The Schwyz flag was originally an unadorned red banner, and the assumption that the modern Swiss flag derives from it is incorrect since the Swiss cross was in use by the Confederation about a century before Schwyz added it to its flag.
Some cantonal war flags bore a schwenkel, or long pennant, usually granted by the Emperor as a symbol of sovereignty and high rank within the empire. Zurich's in particular is significant since it was red with a small white cross near the hoist (derived from the imperial banner). This schwenkel was granted in 1273, and Zurich eventually became the most powerful member of the Swiss Confederation, with her military commander holding supreme command over Confederate forces. The schwenkel may have influenced the development of the Swiss cross, but it would be a mistake to assume that other cantons had a red schwenkel or that Zurich's signified its membership in the Swiss alliance.
While the cantons of the Swiss Confederation went to war flying their individual banners, they soon recognised the need for a common recognition sign, and as early as 1339 at the battle of Laupen, troops wore a long-armed narrow white linen cross stitched on their breasts, sleeves and thighs. Soon afterwards, cantonal detachment started putting this white cross on their cantonal banners. Besides its familiar bear flag, powerful Bern had a red over black guidon, and white cross on the red part of their banner became a major sign of recognition. At the battle of Arbedo in 1422 and quite regularly thereafter, mixed levies from more than one Canton carried red triangular guidons with a white cross (see image ). The last time this triangular guidon appeared in battle was in 1540, by which time it was already evolving into a full four-sided flag. All these uses of the Confederate cross became increasingly important since Confederation armies were likely to meet other Swiss mercenary troops in the employ of enemies. But 1540 was also the last time a Swiss confederate army was called out until the French invasion of 1798, so the white cross on a red field disappeared from use. The Confederation remained the loosest and most decentralised of governments, and while it had no flag there remained a state seal recognised throughout Europe as the insignia of the Thirteen Cantons. It was a white cross "traversante" on a red shield, and it came to be known in Switzerland as the "federal cross".
Swiss prowess on the battlefield put them in high demand as mercenaries. The Swiss signed "capitulations" with other countries, enlisting whole regiments of mercenaries. Many of these regiments in the 17th and 18th centuries, especially those in French service, carried flags with the white cross traversante. The quarters created by this cross were not red, but rather filled with all sorts of devices -- usually "flames" in the colours of the colonel's arms.
In many ways Switzerland entered the modern era when the French overthrew the flag-less Swiss Confederation in 1798. Switzerland had recalled its French regiments in 1792 when the Swiss Guard was massacred in Paris, but they were disarray six years later, and only Bern resisted the invasion. When France imposed the Helvetic Republic on the Swiss in 1798, they also recruited a Helvetic Legion of four regiments to fight France's wars. While the regiments carried flags with an image of William Tell -- the seal of the Republic -- these flags bore no resemblance to previous Swiss iconography. When the regiments returned home after the fall of Napoleon they became border troops, and the restored Swiss Confederation in 1815 presented each of them with an honorary flag (see image ). These flags were an important development in that they represented the first prototype of a modern federal flag. They consisted of a long narrow white cross, couped near the edges of the flag, on a red field. This cross was essentially the centuries-old "confederate" cross, but in its slightly truncated form it prefigured the forthcoming federal cross. Spanning the vertical arms of the cross was a sword wrapped in a laurel vine. The obverse of the horizontal arms featured the motto "Fu"r Vaterland und Ehre" (For Fatherland and Honour) while the reverse contained the text "Schweizerische Eidgenosschenschaft" (Swiss Confederation).
The cantons remained all-powerful and raised their own armies, but since they had their own varied flags and uniforms, a federal armband consisting of a short white cross on a red field was introduced for all troops. This 1815 armband was in effect the precursor of the stocky white cross which would soon appear on the federal flag. Also in 1815 the government of the restored Confederation designed a state seal consisting of the short white cross on a red shield and surrounded by the arms of the twenty-two cantons. (Thus the seal also necessarily "finalised" the form of the cantonal arms.) The cross on the pre-1798 seal had extended to the edges of the shield.
General Henri-Guillaume Dufour, charged with training a small federal cadre of troops in 1817, simultaneously championed the idea of a federal flag for Switzerland. He argued that cantons flying the same flag were more likely to feel fraternity and come to each other's aid in times of crisis (which they had failed to do in 1798). This flag (see image ) first flew at nationwide military maneuvers in 1821, and gradually caught the popular imagination. It appears to have been in fairly widespread unofficial use by the 1830s. In 1833 Aargau -- one of the new cantons created in 1803 -- scrapped its cantonal war flag in favour of the new federal flag. Other cantons, especially the older ones, resisted surrendering centuries of history to this new federal identity. In 1840 the Diet ruled that the federal flag would replace cantonal war flags for all of Switzerland's armed forces. This flag went to war for the first and only time with Dufour's federal army as it suppressed the Sonderbund forces in the short civil war of 1847. The federal flag consisted of a stocky white cross, made up of five equal squares on a red field. This transformation of the old Confederate cross was probably adopted to avoid confusion with Savoy. The flag was enshrined in the Constitution of 1848, which in effect transformed Switzerland from a loose Confederation into a unitary federal state. So well did it catch on that when the Constitution was rewritten in 1874 no further mention was made of a federal flag.
While it took several decades to adopt the now familiar federal flag, it took a few more to refine it. It was widely criticized as being ugly, and beginning in 1880 a sometimes vehement debate broke out in the press. Finally in 1889 the Federal Assembly ruled that Switzerland was keeping its white cross, but that it would be changed from the five equal squares to one in which the arms were one sixth longer than they were wide. This last change in the flag actually brought it into conformity with the cross on the state seal of 1815.
It is evident from its history that the Swiss national flag evolved from war flags, which is why it is square. That distinction among the world's nations is shared only with the Vatican, which is ironically the only state for which Switzerland still permits mercenary service.
Switzerland has no Presidential flag, but during national crises the Federal Assembly appoints an overall commanding general with extraordinary emergency powers. As a sign of this authority, the general receives a special standard. It is an unadorned national flag with red and white fringe, identical to a cavalry guidon. The last such flag was carried by General Henri Guisan during the mobilisation of 1939-1945.
T.F. Mills, 14 November 1997
Another postulated explanation for the origin of the Swiss flag is that during the resistance against the Austrians, the early Swiss (mostly peasants in arms) used to stitch two stripes of white fabrics on their clothes to recognize each other during combat. From this, the white cross became the symbol of the Swiss. The red color (imperial color) came later, as it was "granted" by the Austrian Emperor.
Jacques F. Baud, 7 December 2002
Protection of the Swiss flag
Federal Law from 5 June 1931 protects the federal cross, the arms and the Swiss flag against "any abusive use". Penalties are possible, but the law is usually enforced with flexibility. The most important point is "not to offend the Swiss emblems" (Swiss penal code, article #70). During the April 1998 session, the national Council investigated a petition asking to mention explicitly the cross and the flag in the first article of the Constitution as "the highest symbols of the country". The Commission for revision of the federal Constitution did not follow up because neither a political party nor an organisation had requested the modification.
Ivan Sache, 20 September 2000
The public damaging of private flags is not culpable in Switzerland (i.e. everyone has the right to destroy a flag or any other object, so long as it is one's own). However all emblems (esp. flags and coats of arms) that have been put up by an authority are protected by federal law. Stealing, damaging and insulting acts against them are penalized with prison or fine. The same applies to official emblems of foreign countries. The extent of the sentence is not specified by federal law because in case of an offence, the respective cantonal authorities determine it individually.
Martin Karner, 9 April 2004
In regards to protection of the Swiss flag from commercial misuses, there are additional laws to protect it from misuse in relation to the Red Cross symbol. According to: "Model law concerning the use and protection of the emblem of the Red Cross or Red Crescent" (31-08-1996 International Review of the Red Cross no 313, p.486-495 or http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0nsf/iwpList276/D8ADD0310BB766F4C1256B66005A2611 ), Section III, Article 12 reads, "Owing to the confusion which may arise between the arms of Switzerland and the emblem of the red cross, the use of the white cross on a red ground or of any other sign constituting an imitation thereof, whether as a trademark or commercial mark or as a component of such marks, or for a purpose contrary to fair trade, or in circumstances likely to wound Swiss national sentiment, is likewise prohibited at all times; offenders shall be punished by payment of a fine of... (amount in local currency)."
Orville Eastland, 19 January 2005
images by Pascal Gross
Flaggen are vertically hoisted from a crossbar in the manner of gonfanon, in ratio of about 2:9, with a swallowtail that indents about 2 units. The chief, or hoist (square part) usually incorporates the design from the coat of arms - not from the flag. The fly part is always divided lengthwise, usually in a bicolour, triband or tricolour pattern (except Schwyz which is monocolour, and Glarus which has four stripes of unequal width). The colours chosen for the fly end are usually the main colours of the coat of arms, but the choice is not always straight forward.
Knatterfahnen are similar to Flaggen, but hoisted from the long side and have no swallow tail. They normally show the national, cantonal or communal flag in their chiefs.
Željko Heimer, 16 July 2000
| Red and White |
Who designed the stained glass Baptistry window for Coventry cathedral? | World Flags: Interesting Information for Kids on the Flags of the World
World Flags
Interesting Facts for Kids about the Flags of the World
Why are there so many different world flags? What are the most common symbols on flags? What does the colours on the flags mean? So many questions... we will show you the answers here.
Well, first let's see why people started using flags.
Antique Shield and Spear
In earlier centuries certain groups of people had decorated spears and decorated staff which showed their cultural symbols. Later people also used ribbons, leather or silk decorations on the spears to distinguish their group from another group.
The early explorers always put crosses or sculptures up when they landed on unknown land, but later they used flags to proclaim their presence or show the sovereignty.
Why do countries have flags?
Flags in front of the United Nations building
Flags a show that we belong to a community, organisation or nation and that we share beliefs, goals, rules and regulations.
Flags are national symbols. Every country has got a specific flag as their national symbol. The first flags were flown in the 18th century to tell others that we own a piece of land ('proclaim a possession') and that we rule over the people and land ('proclaim sovereignty').
Neil Armstrong, the first man on the moon
When Neil Armstrong was the first man to land on the moon and made the first steps on the moon in 1969, he erected an American flag on the moon. Above you can see a picture of this historic event.
Tenzing Norgay on Mount Everest 1953
Sir Edmund Hillary and the sherpa Tenzing Norgay, the first men to climb and reach the top of the world's highest mountain, Mount Everest, put up the British 'Union Jack' when they reached the summit of Mount Everest in May 1953.
Hillary was in fact from New Zealand and Norgay from Nepal, but as they went on an expedition financed and organised by Britain, they put up the Union flag of the United Kingdom.
Important Flags to know
EU Flags at the European Union Commission building
What's in a Flag?
Universal Symbols in World Flags
Now which symbols are most used in flags? All cultures use certain symbols which are meaningful to them, some of the symbols are even universal, that is they have the same meaning all over the world.
• Sun: The circle of the sun symbolizes unity and energy.
Japan is referred to be the "land of the rising sun" and uses the sun (simplified as a circle) in its national flag. Another country using this powerful symbol: Argentina .
• Moon: The moon is usually displayed in crescent shape to distinguish it from the symbol of the sun. In combination with a star, the moon represents divinity and especially the Islam.
Tunisia has got three powerful symbols in its national flag: the red crescent moon and one red star rest in a white circle representing the sun, which you will see in the picture to the right. Other countries using this symbol: Turkey, Singapore.
• Stars: Constellations of stars often represent energy, especially when depicting the night sky or star constellation
The flag of the USA is called "Stars and Stripes"Other countries using the stars as symbol: Australia, New Zealand, Brazil.
• Cross: In ancient times the cross only symbolized the different points of the compass, in the 4th century however the cross was also taken as the symbol of faith.
Countries using this symbol: England (see the flag to the right), Sweden, Norway , Switzerland
• Triangle: The three points of a triangle represent the Trinity (Father, Son and Holy Spirit) in Christianity. The triangle often also symbolizes strenght and power. Countries using this symbol: Bahamas, Eritrea, Sudan, American Samoa and others
• Square: The four even lengths of the square symbolize balance and equal opposites.
The Swiss flag is the only square flag in the world. Did you know that the flag of the international humanitarian organization "Red Cross" uses the reverse flag? It has got a red cross on white background.
World Flags:
Symbols, Shapes and Colours
World Flags show different sets of color and symbols, like the sun or the moon, some cultural symbols, like the national bird or flower and sometimes even have got some writing in it, like the green flag of Saudi Arabia (see in the image).
You can distinguish country flags by colors and symbols and some countries even use other shapes than the usual rectangular shape for their national flags.
Did you know that the flag of Nepal, which is pictured on the right, is the only one world flag which is not rectangular or square shaped?
There are also many other symbols used in world flags. Canada uses a maple leave in its flag which shows that the country is caring for its nature and environment. The maple tree is Canada's national tree.
Use of Colours in Flags
As you can see above, red and white are dominant colors in most of the world’s flags.
Most flags contain primary colours, which are red, blue, green and some countries also use yellow or secondary colors. Gold is also used in many flags as the colour is associated with the sun and is considered as colour of kings as well.
Colours can have different meanings in different cultures.
| i don't know |
What is the name of the pathway in the human body along which food enters and and solid wastes are expelled? | alimentary canal | Britannica.com
Alimentary canal
THIS ARTICLE IS A STUB. You can learn more about this topic in the related articles below.
Alternative Titles: alimentary tract, digestive tract, gastrointestinal tract, gut
Similar Topics
Alimentary canal, also called digestive tract, pathway by which food enters the body and solid wastes are expelled. The alimentary canal includes the mouth , pharynx , esophagus , stomach , small intestine , large intestine , and anus . See digestion .
The human digestive system as seen from the front.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
digestion (biology)
sequence by which food is broken down and chemically converted so that it can be absorbed by the cells of an organism and used to maintain vital bodily functions. This article summarizes the chemical actions of the digestive process. For details on the anatomy and physiology for specific digestive...
mouth
in human anatomy, orifice through which food and air enter the body. The mouth opens to the outside at the lips and empties into the throat at the rear; its boundaries are defined by the lips, cheeks, hard and soft palates, and glottis. It is divided into two sections: the vestibule, the area...
pharynx
cone-shaped passageway leading from the oral and nasal cavities in the head to the esophagus and larynx. The pharynx chamber serves both respiratory and digestive functions. Thick fibres of muscle and connective tissue attach the pharynx to the base of the skull and surrounding structures. Both...
esophagus
relatively straight muscular tube through which food passes from the pharynx to the stomach. The esophagus can contract or expand to allow for the passage of food. Anatomically, it lies behind the trachea and heart and in front of the spinal column; it passes through the muscular diaphragm before...
stomach
saclike expansion of the digestive system, between the esophagus and the small intestine; it is located in the anterior portion of the abdominal cavity in most vertebrates. The stomach serves as a temporary receptacle for storage and mechanical distribution of food before it is passed into the...
small intestine
a long, narrow, folded or coiled tube extending from the stomach to the large intestine; it is the region where most digestion and absorption of food takes place. It is about 6.7 to 7.6 metres (22 to 25 feet) long, highly convoluted, and contained in the central and lower abdominal cavity. A thin...
in human nervous system: Enteric nervous system
The enteric nervous system is composed of two plexuses, or networks of neurons, embedded in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract. The outermost plexus, located between the inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth-muscle layers of the gut, is called the Auerbach, or myenteric, plexus. Neurons of this plexus regulate peristaltic waves that move digestive products from the oral to the anal...
in radiation: Gastrointestinal tract
The response of the gastrointestinal tract is comparable in many respects to that of the skin. Proliferating cells in the mucous membrane that lines the tract are easily killed by irradiation, resulting in the denudation and ulceration of the mucous membrane. If a substantial portion of the small intestine is exposed rapidly to a dose in excess of 10 Gy, as may occur in a radiation accident, a...
in human digestive system
the system used in the human body for the process of digestion. The human digestive system consists primarily of the digestive tract, or the series of structures and organs through which food and liquids pass during their processing into forms absorbable into the bloodstream. The system also consists of the structures through which wastes pass in the process of elimination and other organs that...
in animal development: The alimentary canal
The alimentary canal is the chief organ developing from endoderm. The way it forms depends on the type of egg cleavage. In eggs with holoblastic (complete) cleavage, after gastrulation the invaginated mass of endoderm lines the archenteron, the cavity of which becomes the alimentary canal, or gut. In eggs with meroblastic (partial) cleavage—and also in mammals (despite their complete...
in animal: Digestion
The structure of a digestive system reflects its typical diet. Its purpose is to process food only to the point at which it can be transported to other cells for use as either fuel or structural material. In the simplest animals, such as sponges or some coelenterates, digestion is entirely intracellular, and some of the products of digestion are transported to nondigestive cells. As animals...
in echinoderm: Alimentary and blood systems
The digestive canal consists of a tube, which is almost straight (asteroids and ophiuroids), coiled in a clockwise direction (crinoids and holothurians), or coiled first clockwise, then counterclockwise (echinoids). The tube may be divided into esophagus, stomach, intestine, and rectum. Specialized branches of the digestive tube enlarge the digestive surface and may serve other functions; e.g.,...
in crustacean: The digestive system
The gut (digestive tract) is usually direct in its passage through the body and is coiled in only a few water fleas of the order Anomopoda. The foregut shows the greatest range of structure; in some crustacean species it is a simple tube, but in decapods it reaches great complexity in forming a chitinized structure called the gastric mill. This consists of a series of calcified plates, or...
in malacostracan: Digestion and nutrition
The digestive tract of malacostracans consists of a mouth; an esophagus; a two-chambered foregut; a midgut with outpocketings called digestive glands, or hepatopancreas; and a hindgut, or rectum. The large anterior foregut, or cardiac stomach, occupies much of the posterior aspect of the head and the anterior thoracic body cavity. A constriction separates it from the smaller, more ventral,...
in tuberculosis (TB): Other mycobacterial infections
...it causes caseation of the node tissue (a condition formerly known as scrofula). The node swells under the skin of the neck, finally eroding through the skin as a chronic discharging ulcer. From the gastrointestinal tract, M. bovis may spread into the bloodstream and reach any part of the body. It shows, however, a great preference for bones and joints, where it causes...
in human body: Basic form and development
The body wall forms the cylinder. The two tubes are the ventrally located alimentary canal (i.e., the digestive tract) and the dorsally located neural tube (i.e., the spinal cord). Between the tubes lies the rod—the notochord in the embryo, which becomes the vertebral column prior to birth. (The terms dorsal and ventral refer respectively to the back and the front, or belly, of an...
in tissue: Animals
...i.e., the assimilation, storage, transport, and excretion of nutrients and waste products. In humans, these tissues include the alimentary (or digestive) tract, kidneys, liver, and lungs. The digestive tract leads (in vertebrates) from the mouth through the pharynx, stomach, and intestines to the anus. In vertebrates and some larger invertebrates, oxygen and the nutrients secured by the...
in cystic fibrosis (CF)
an inherited metabolic disorder, the chief symptom of which is the production of a thick, sticky mucus that clogs the respiratory tract and the gastrointestinal tract. Cystic fibrosis was not recognized as a separate disease until 1938 and was then classified as a childhood disease because mortality among afflicted infants and children was high. However, by the mid-1980s, more than half of all...
in malabsorption test
...medical procedures used to diagnose abnormalities associated with poor absorption of nutrients. Malabsorption of nutrients can result from surgical alterations or physiological disturbances of the gastrointestinal tract. For example, the removal of a significant portion of the bowel can cause a malabsorption condition known as short-bowel syndrome. In addition, diffuse mucosal disease, such as...
| Human gastrointestinal tract |
In 1585, who established the first British colony in North America, which was later abandoned? | Urinary System: Anatomy and Physiology with Interactive Pictures
[Continued from above] . . . and red blood cells.
Urinary System Anatomy
Kidneys
The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs found along the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity. The left kidney is located slightly higher than the right kidney because the right side of the liver is much larger than the left side. The kidneys, unlike the other organs of the abdominal cavity, are located posterior to the peritoneum and touch the muscles of the back . The kidneys are surrounded by a layer of adipose that holds them in place and protects them from physical damage. The kidneys filter metabolic wastes, excess ions, and chemicals from the blood to form urine.
Ureters
The ureters are a pair of tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. The ureters are about 10 to 12 inches long and run on the left and right sides of the body parallel to the vertebral column . Gravity and peristalsis of smooth muscle tissue in the walls of the ureters move urine toward the urinary bladder. The ends of the ureters extend slightly into the urinary bladder and are sealed at the point of entry to the bladder by the ureterovesical valves. These valves prevent urine from flowing back towards the kidneys.
Urinary Bladder
The urinary bladder is a sac-like hollow organ used for the storage of urine. The urinary bladder is located along the body’s midline at the inferior end of the pelvis . Urine entering the urinary bladder from the ureters slowly fills the hollow space of the bladder and stretches its elastic walls. The walls of the bladder allow it to stretch to hold anywhere from 600 to 800 milliliters of urine.
Urethra
The urethra is the tube through which urine passes from the bladder to the exterior of the body. The female urethra is around 2 inches long and ends inferior to the clitoris and superior to the vaginal opening. In males, the urethra is around 8 to 10 inches long and ends at the tip of the penis . The urethra is also an organ of the male reproductive system as it carries sperm out of the body through the penis.
The flow of urine through the urethra
is controlled by the internal and external urethral sphincter muscles. The internal urethral sphincter is made of smooth muscle and opens involuntarily when the bladder reaches a certain set level of distention. The opening of the internal sphincter results in the sensation of needing to urinate. The external urethral sphincter is made of skeletal muscle and may be opened to allow urine to pass through the urethra or may be held closed to delay urination.
Urinary System Physiology
Maintenance of Homeostasis
The kidneys maintain the homeostasis of several important internal conditions by controlling the excretion of substances out of the body.
Ions. The kidney can control the excretion of potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, phosphate, and chloride ions into urine. In cases where these ions reach a higher than normal concentration, the kidneys can increase their excretion out of the body to return them to a normal level. Conversely, the kidneys can conserve these ions when they are present in lower than normal levels by allowing the ions to be reabsorbed into the blood during filtration. (See more about ions .)
pH. The kidneys monitor and regulate the levels of hydrogen ions (H+) and bicarbonate ions in the blood to control blood pH. H+ ions are produced as a natural byproduct of the metabolism of dietary proteins and accumulate in the blood over time. The kidneys excrete excess H+ ions into urine for elimination from the body. The kidneys also conserve bicarbonate ions, which act as important pH buffers in the blood.
Osmolarity. The cells of the body need to grow in an isotonic environment in order to maintain their fluid and electrolyte balance. The kidneys maintain the body’s osmotic balance by controlling the amount of water that is filtered out of the blood and excreted into urine. When a person consumes a large amount of water, the kidneys reduce their reabsorption of water to allow the excess water to be excreted in urine. This results in the production of dilute, watery urine. In the case of the body being dehydrated, the kidneys reabsorb as much water as possible back into the blood to produce highly concentrated urine full of excreted ions and wastes. The changes in excretion of water are controlled by antidiuretic hormone (ADH). ADH is produced in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary gland to help the body retain water.
Blood Pressure. The kidneys monitor the body’s blood pressure to help maintain homeostasis. When blood pressure is elevated, the kidneys can help to reduce blood pressure by reducing the volume of blood in the body. The kidneys are able to reduce blood volume by reducing the reabsorption of water into the blood and producing watery, dilute urine. When blood pressure becomes too low, the kidneys can produce the enzyme renin to constrict blood vessels and produce concentrated urine, which allows more water to remain in the blood.
Filtration
Inside each kidney are around a million tiny structures called nephrons. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney that filters blood to produce urine. Arterioles in the kidneys deliver blood to a bundle of capillaries surrounded by a capsule called a glomerulus . As blood flows through the glomerulus, much of the blood’s plasma is pushed out of the capillaries and into the capsule, leaving the blood cells and a small amount of plasma to continue flowing through the capillaries. The liquid filtrate in the capsule flows through a series of tubules lined with filtering cells and surrounded by capillaries. The cells surrounding the tubules selectively absorb water and substances from the filtrate in the tubule and return it to the blood in the capillaries. At the same time, waste products present in the blood are secreted into the filtrate. By the end of this process, the filtrate in the tubule has become urine containing only water, waste products, and excess ions. The blood exiting the capillaries has reabsorbed all of the nutrients along with most of the water and ions that the body needs to function.
Storage and Excretion of Wastes
After urine has been produced by the kidneys, it is transported through the ureters to the urinary bladder. The urinary bladder fills with urine and stores it until the body is ready for its excretion. When the volume of the urinary bladder reaches anywhere from 150 to 400 milliliters, its walls begin to stretch and stretch receptors in its walls send signals to the brain and spinal cord . These signals result in the relaxation of the involuntary internal urethral sphincter and the sensation of needing to urinate. Urination may be delayed as long as the bladder does not exceed its maximum volume, but increasing nerve signals lead to greater discomfort and desire to urinate.
Urination is the process of releasing urine from the urinary bladder through the urethra and out of the body. The process of urination begins when the muscles of the urethral sphincters relax, allowing urine to pass through the urethra. At the same time that the sphincters relax, the smooth muscle in the walls of the urinary bladder contract to expel urine from the bladder.
Production of Hormones
The kidneys produce and interact with several hormones that are involved in the control of systems outside of the urinary system.
Calcitriol. Calcitriol is the active form of vitamin D in the human body. It is produced by the kidneys from precursor molecules produced by UV radiation striking the skin. Calcitriol works together with parathyroid hormone (PTH) to raise the level of calcium ions in the bloodstream. When the level of calcium ions in the blood drops below a threshold level, the parathyroid glands release PTH, which in turn stimulates the kidneys to release calcitriol. Calcitriol promotes the small intestine to absorb calcium from food and deposit it into the bloodstream. It also stimulates the osteoclasts of the skeletal system to break down bone matrix to release calcium ions into the blood.
Erythropoietin. Erythropoietin, also known as EPO, is a hormone that is produced by the kidneys to stimulate the production of red blood cells. The kidneys monitor the condition of the blood that passes through their capillaries, including the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. When the blood becomes hypoxic, meaning that it is carrying deficient levels of oxygen, cells lining the capillaries begin producing EPO and release it into the bloodstream. EPO travels through the blood to the r ed bone marrow , where it stimulates hematopoietic cells to increase their rate of red blood cell production. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, which greatly increases the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity and effectively ends the hypoxic conditions.
Renin. Renin is not a hormone itself, but an enzyme that the kidneys produce to start the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). The RAS increases blood volume and blood pressure in response to low blood pressure, blood loss, or dehydration. Renin is released into the blood where it catalyzes angiotensinogen from the liver into angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is further catalyzed by another enzyme into Angiotensin II.
Angiotensin II stimulates several processes, including stimulating the adrenal cortex to produce the hormone aldosterone. Aldosterone then changes the function of the kidneys to increase the reabsorption of water and sodium ions into the blood, increasing blood volume and raising blood pressure. Negative feedback from increased blood pressure finally turns off the RAS to maintain healthy blood pressure levels.
Prepared by Tim Taylor, Anatomy and Physiology Instructor
| i don't know |
Hydref is Welsh for which month of the year? | ��ࡱ� > �� ; = ���� : �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� }� �� � bjbj�5�5 �$ �_ �_ � �� �� �� � � � + + + + + ���� ? ? ? ? K d ? ) < � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � $ e � b � + � � " � � � � + + � � � � l l l � � + � + � � l � � l l l � ���� 0�Sv�w� ? H l � � 0 ) l i R i l i + l ( � � l � � � � � � � b � � � ) � � � � ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� i � � � � � � � � � � � : IonawrJanuaryChwefrorFebruaryMawrthMarchEbrillAprilMaiMayMehefinJuneGorffennafJulyAwstAugustMediSeptemberHydrefOctoberTachweddNovemberRhagfyrDecember ' 4 C K Z j x � � � � � ��������������� hxw� h9!� CJH OJ QJ aJH %hxw� h9!� B*CJH OJ QJ aJH ph � h9!� j h9!� UmH nH u & � � � � � r � � { kd $$If �l � �0 ��<� � � t ��0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � �4� 4� l a� ytxw� $If l� & ' . 4 � t t $If l� { kd� $$If �l � �0 ��<� � � t ��0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � �4� 4� l a� ytxw� 4 5 < B � t t $If l� { kd $$If �l � �0 ��<� � � t ��0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � �4� 4� l a� ytxw� B C G K � t t $If l� { kd� $$If �l � �0 ��<� � � t ��0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � �4� 4� l a� ytxw� K L T Y � t t $If l� { kd $$If �l � �0 ��<� � � t ��0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � �4� 4� l a� ytxw� Y Z e j � t t $If l� { kd� $$If �l � �0 ��<� � � t ��0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � �4� 4� l a� ytxw� j k p w � t t $If l� { kd $$If �l � �0 ��<� � � t ��0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � �4� 4� l a� ytxw� w x } � � t t $If l� { kd� $$If �l � �0 ��<� � � t ��0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � �4� 4� l a� ytxw� � � � � � t t $If l� { kd( $$If �l � �0 ��<� � � t ��0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � �4� 4� l a� ytxw� � � � � � t t $If l� { kd� $$If �l � �0 ��<� � � t ��0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � �4� 4� l a� ytxw� � � � � � t t $If l� { kd2 $$If �l � �0 ��<� � � t ��0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � �4� 4� l a� ytxw� � � � � � { kd� $$If �l � �0 ��<� � � t ��0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � �4� 4� l a� ytxw� ~ &P +pD ,pD -pD .pD 1�h/R 4� �D 5� �D 6� �D 7� �D :p9!� ��. ��A!�"��#��$��%� ���� �� � $$If � !v h5� �5��#v �:V �l t ��0 � � � � � � � 65� �ytxw� � $$If � !v h5� �5��#v �:V �l t ��0 � � � � � � � 65� �ytxw� � $$If � !v h5� �5��#v �:V �l t ��0 � � � � � � � 65� �ytxw� � $$If � !v h5� �5��#v �:V �l t ��0 � � � � � � � 65� �ytxw� � $$If � !v h5� �5��#v �:V �l t ��0 � � � � � � � 65� �ytxw� � $$If � !v h5� �5��#v �:V �l t ��0 � � � � � � � 65� �ytxw� � $$If � !v h5� �5��#v �:V �l t ��0 � � � � � � � 65� �ytxw� � $$If � !v h5� �5��#v �:V �l t ��0 � � � � � � � 65� �ytxw� � $$If � !v h5� �5��#v �:V �l t ��0 � � � � � � � 65� �ytxw� � $$If � !v h5� �5��#v �:V �l t ��0 � � � � � � � 65� �ytxw� � $$If � !v h5� �5��#v �:V �l t ��0 � � � � � � � 65� �ytxw� � $$If � !v h5� �5��#v �:V �l t ��0 � � � � � � � 65� �ytxw� ^ 2 � � � � 0 @ P ` p � � � � � � 2 ( � � 0 @ P ` p � � � � � � 0 @ P ` p � � � � � � 0 @ P ` p � � � � � � 0 @ P ` p � � � � � � 0 @ P ` p � � � � � � 0 @ P ` p � � 8 X � V ~ _HmH nH sH tH @ `�� @ N o r m a l CJ _HaJ mH sH tH D A ��� D D e f a u l t P a r a g r a p h F o n t R i@��� R T a b l e N o r m a l � 4� l 4� a� ( k ��� ( N o L i s t j �@� � j 9!� T a b l e G r i d 7 :V �0 � � � � � � PK ! ���� [Content_Types].xml���j�0E����ж�r�(��Iw},��-j��4 ��w�P�-t#bΙ{U�����T�U^h�d}㨫���)��*1P�'�� �^��W��0)��T�9<�l�#��$yi} ��;�~@��(���H����u�* Dנz��/0�ǰ���� $�� X��3aZ����,�D0j~�3߶�b��~i>���3�\`�?�/�[���G��\�!�-�Rk.�s�Ի�..���a濭? �� PK ! �֧�� 6 _rels/.rels���j�0 ���}Q��%v/��C/�} �(h"���O� ������=������ ����C?�h�v=��Ʌ��%[xp��{۵_�Pѣ<�1�H�0���O�R�Bd���JE�4b$��q_� ���6L��R�7`�������0̞O��,�En7�Li�b��/�S���e�� е���� �� PK ! ky�� � theme/theme/themeManager.xml �M � @�}�w��7c�(Eb�ˮ�� C�AǠҟ����7��՛K Y,� �e�.���|,���H �,l����xɴ��I�sQ}#Ր���� ֵ+�!�,�^�$j=�GW���)�E�+& 8� �� PK ! ���� P theme/theme/theme1.xml�YOo�6��w toc'vu�ر�-M�n� i���P�@�I}��úa��m�a[�إ�4�:l Я�GR��X^�6؊�>$���� ����� !)O�^�r�C$�y@���� �/�yH*��)�����UDb�`}"�qۋ�Jח���X^�)I`n�E���p)���li�V[]�1M<������O�P��6r�=���z�gb�Ig��u��S�e b���O������R�D۫����qu �g��Z����o~ٺlAp�lx�pT0���+[}`j �����zA� �V�2�F���i�@�q�v�֬5\|��ʜ̭N��le�X�d s���jcs����7����f���� ��W���+�Ն�7����`� ��g� Ș��J���j|��h(�K��D-���� dX��iJ�؇(��x$(� �:��;�˹!� I_�T��S 1�������?E�� ?������?ZBΪm���U/����� �?�~����xY����'���y5�g&/����ɋ�>���G�M�Ge���D�����3Vq%'#q�����$�8��K��� ��)f�w 9:ĵ� � x}r�x����w���r�:\TZaG�*�y8I�j�bR��c|XŻ�ǿ�I u3KG�nD 1�NIB�s��� ��R��u���K>V�.E L+M2�#'�f��i ~�V� �vl�{u8��z� �H� �*� ��:�( W� ☕ ~��J��T�e\O*�tHG��HY�� }KN��P�*ݾ˦��� TѼ�9/#��A7�qZ� �$*c?���qU��n��w�N��%��O��i�4 =3ڗP�� ����1�P�m \\9���������Mؓ�2a�D�]�;Yt�\��[x������]�}Wr��|�]��g-��� eW� �)6-r��C S�j�� i�d �DЇA�ΜIqbJ#x�꺃 6k���#��A�Sh��&ʌt(Q�% ��p%m��&]�caS l=�X�������\P�1�Mh�9�M��V�dDA��aV�B��[݈fJ�íP|8� քA�V^��f �H��n���-� �"�d>�z���n��NJ� �ة�>�b���&����2��v����Kyϼ���D:����,AGm��\nz��i�Ù ��.uχYC�6�OMf��3o�r��$��5�����N H�T[XF64�T,ќ���M0�E)`#�5�XY�`�פ ;��%�1�U�٥m;���R>QD ����D�cp�U�'��&LE�/p���m���%]�����8fi��r�S4�d 7y\�`�J�n���ί�I� R� ��3U�~7+���#��m� q�BiD����������i*�L6�9��m�Y&�����i���HE��=(K&�N!V��.K�e�LD�ĕ�{D ����vEꦚde��NƟ��e�(�MN9ߜR�6����&3(��a����/D��U�z�<�{ˊ�Y��ȳ����V���)�9�Z[��4^n��5���!J��?��Q�3�eBo�C����M ����m<�.�vp�� ���IY�f���Z�Y_p�[�=al-�Y�}Nc͙���ŋ4vfa��vl����'S���A�8�|�*u�{��-�ߟ0%M0�7%��� �<�� �ҍ� �� PK ! ѐ�� ' theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.rels��M �0���wooӺ�&݈Э���5 6?$Q�� �,.�a��i����c2�1h�:�q��m��@RN��;d�`��o7�g�K(M&$R(.1�r'J��ЊT���8��V�"��AȻ�H�u}��|�$�b{� �P����8�g/ ]�QAsم(����#��L�[���� �� PK- ! ���� [Content_Types].xmlPK- ! �֧�� 6 + _rels/.relsPK- ! ky�� � theme/theme/themeManager.xmlPK- ! ���� P � theme/theme/theme1.xmlPK- ! ѐ�� ' � theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.relsPK ] �
� $ ���� � & 4 B K Y j w � � � � � �8 � @ � �� � ��� � � � �> �( � � � � � C �� ��P �� � W��� � � ��� � ��������� ��. � � � ��� ? � � �ö � M i s o e d d y f l w y d d y n - M o n t h s o f t h e y e a r C a t a n e o B T � f � �L � f f� � f� �� � � _ 70 ����B: \ E< [ I@ = UJ � ZO � _S 0L _S �L [P �M I@ hP I@ �S @8 �S 70 `T % �T �S G �G �G � # "� � ` ? � � �B � S � � � � ? � � @���L���$ 8 �@ ' - 5 ; L S Z d k o x | � � � � � � � � � � � � �w5 )"� xw� 9!� � � �@ � y � ` @ �� U n k n o w n �� �� �� �� �� �� G � �* �Ax � � T i m e s N e w R o m a n 5 � � S y m b o l 3.� �* �Cx � � A r i a l CN� � � C o m i c S a n s M S A � � �� B � C a m b r i a M a t h " q� �� h ��&��&ٜ�� � � ! � �x � ��r4 � � 2� � �� HP )��? � ���������������������9!� 2 ! x x � �� J u d i t h B e v a n G a r e t h P i t c h f o r d �� �����Oh�� +'��0 @ x � � � � � � � ( 0 8 � Judith Bevan Normal Gareth Pitchford 2 Microsoft Office Word @ F�# @ ł�;�@ ��k�w�@ ��k�w� � �� ��՜.�� +,��0 � h p � � � � � � � � � � � Home � Title ���� ���� ! " # $ % & ' ( ) ����+ , - . / 0 1 ����3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ��������< ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������R o o t E n t r y �������� � F ��Tv�w�> � D a t a ������������ 1 T a b l e ���� i W o r d D o c u m e n t ���� �$ S u m m a r y I n f o r m a t i o n ( ������������ * D o c u m e n t S u m m a r y I n f o r m a t i o n 8 �������� 2 C o m p O b j ������������ y ������������ ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� �� ���� � F' Microsoft Office Word 97-2003 Document MSWordDoc Word.Document.8 �9�q
| October |
What is the first name of the wife of US business magnate and philanthropist Bill Gates? | ��ࡱ� > �� ; = ���� : �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� }� �� � bjbj�5�5 �$ �_ �_ � �� �� �� � � � + + + + + ���� ? ? ? ? K d ? ) < � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � $ e � b � + � � " � � � � + + � � � � l l l � � + � + � � l � � l l l � ���� 0�Sv�w� ? H l � � 0 ) l i R i l i + l ( � � l � � � � � � � b � � � ) � � � � ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� ���� i � � � � � � � � � � � : IonawrJanuaryChwefrorFebruaryMawrthMarchEbrillAprilMaiMayMehefinJuneGorffennafJulyAwstAugustMediSeptemberHydrefOctoberTachweddNovemberRhagfyrDecember ' 4 C K Z j x � � � � � ��������������� hxw� h9!� CJH OJ QJ aJH %hxw� h9!� B*CJH OJ QJ aJH ph � h9!� j h9!� UmH nH u & � � � � � r � � { kd $$If �l � �0 ��<� � � t ��0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � �4� 4� l a� ytxw� $If l� & ' . 4 � t t $If l� { kd� $$If �l � �0 ��<� � � t ��0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � �4� 4� l a� ytxw� 4 5 < B � t t $If l� { kd $$If �l � �0 ��<� � � t ��0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � �4� 4� l a� ytxw� B C G K � t t $If l� { kd� $$If �l � �0 ��<� � � t ��0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � �4� 4� l a� ytxw� K L T Y � t t $If l� { kd $$If �l � �0 ��<� � � t ��0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � �4� 4� l a� ytxw� Y Z e j � t t $If l� { kd� $$If �l � �0 ��<� � � t ��0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � �4� 4� l a� ytxw� j k p w � t t $If l� { kd $$If �l � �0 ��<� � � t ��0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � �4� 4� l a� ytxw� w x } � � t t $If l� { kd� $$If �l � �0 ��<� � � t ��0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � �4� 4� l a� ytxw� � � � � � t t $If l� { kd( $$If �l � �0 ��<� � � t ��0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � �4� 4� l a� ytxw� � � � � � t t $If l� { kd� $$If �l � �0 ��<� � � t ��0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � �4� 4� l a� ytxw� � � � � � t t $If l� { kd2 $$If �l � �0 ��<� � � t ��0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � �4� 4� l a� ytxw� � � � � � { kd� $$If �l � �0 ��<� � � t ��0 � � � � � � � 6� � � �� � � � � � � � �4� 4� l a� ytxw� ~ &P +pD ,pD -pD .pD 1�h/R 4� �D 5� �D 6� �D 7� �D :p9!� ��. ��A!�"��#��$��%� ���� �� � $$If � !v h5� �5��#v �:V �l t ��0 � � � � � � � 65� �ytxw� � $$If � !v h5� �5��#v �:V �l t ��0 � � � � � � � 65� �ytxw� � $$If � !v h5� �5��#v �:V �l t ��0 � � � � � � � 65� �ytxw� � $$If � !v h5� �5��#v �:V �l t ��0 � � � � � � � 65� �ytxw� � $$If � !v h5� �5��#v �:V �l t ��0 � � � � � � � 65� �ytxw� � $$If � !v h5� �5��#v �:V �l t ��0 � � � � � � � 65� �ytxw� � $$If � !v h5� �5��#v �:V �l t ��0 � � � � � � � 65� �ytxw� � $$If � !v h5� �5��#v �:V �l t ��0 � � � � � � � 65� �ytxw� � $$If � !v h5� �5��#v �:V �l t ��0 � � � � � � � 65� �ytxw� � $$If � !v h5� �5��#v �:V �l t ��0 � � � � � � � 65� �ytxw� � $$If � !v h5� �5��#v �:V �l t ��0 � � � � � � � 65� �ytxw� � $$If � !v h5� �5��#v �:V �l t ��0 � � � � � � � 65� �ytxw� ^ 2 � � � � 0 @ P ` p � � � � � � 2 ( � � 0 @ P ` p � � � � � � 0 @ P ` p � � � � � � 0 @ P ` p � � � � � � 0 @ P ` p � � � � � � 0 @ P ` p � � � � � � 0 @ P ` p � � 8 X � V ~ _HmH nH sH tH @ `�� @ N o r m a l CJ _HaJ mH sH tH D A ��� D D e f a u l t P a r a g r a p h F o n t R i@��� R T a b l e N o r m a l � 4� l 4� a� ( k ��� ( N o L i s t j �@� � j 9!� T a b l e G r i d 7 :V �0 � � � � � � PK ! ���� [Content_Types].xml���j�0E����ж�r�(��Iw},��-j��4 ��w�P�-t#bΙ{U�����T�U^h�d}㨫���)��*1P�'�� �^��W��0)��T�9<�l�#��$yi} ��;�~@��(���H����u�* Dנz��/0�ǰ���� $�� X��3aZ����,�D0j~�3߶�b��~i>���3�\`�?�/�[���G��\�!�-�Rk.�s�Ի�..���a濭? �� PK ! �֧�� 6 _rels/.rels���j�0 ���}Q��%v/��C/�} �(h"���O� ������=������ ����C?�h�v=��Ʌ��%[xp��{۵_�Pѣ<�1�H�0���O�R�Bd���JE�4b$��q_� ���6L��R�7`�������0̞O��,�En7�Li�b��/�S���e�� е���� �� PK ! ky�� � theme/theme/themeManager.xml �M � @�}�w��7c�(Eb�ˮ�� C�AǠҟ����7��՛K Y,� �e�.���|,���H �,l����xɴ��I�sQ}#Ր���� ֵ+�!�,�^�$j=�GW���)�E�+& 8� �� PK ! ���� P theme/theme/theme1.xml�YOo�6��w toc'vu�ر�-M�n� i���P�@�I}��úa��m�a[�إ�4�:l Я�GR��X^�6؊�>$���� ����� !)O�^�r�C$�y@���� �/�yH*��)�����UDb�`}"�qۋ�Jח���X^�)I`n�E���p)���li�V[]�1M<������O�P��6r�=���z�gb�Ig��u��S�e b���O������R�D۫����qu �g��Z����o~ٺlAp�lx�pT0���+[}`j �����zA� �V�2�F���i�@�q�v�֬5\|��ʜ̭N��le�X�d s���jcs����7����f���� ��W���+�Ն�7����`� ��g� Ș��J���j|��h(�K��D-���� dX��iJ�؇(��x$(� �:��;�˹!� I_�T��S 1�������?E�� ?������?ZBΪm���U/����� �?�~����xY����'���y5�g&/����ɋ�>���G�M�Ge���D�����3Vq%'#q�����$�8��K��� ��)f�w 9:ĵ� � x}r�x����w���r�:\TZaG�*�y8I�j�bR��c|XŻ�ǿ�I u3KG�nD 1�NIB�s��� ��R��u���K>V�.E L+M2�#'�f��i ~�V� �vl�{u8��z� �H� �*� ��:�( W� ☕ ~��J��T�e\O*�tHG��HY�� }KN��P�*ݾ˦��� TѼ�9/#��A7�qZ� �$*c?���qU��n��w�N��%��O��i�4 =3ڗP�� ����1�P�m \\9���������Mؓ�2a�D�]�;Yt�\��[x������]�}Wr��|�]��g-��� eW� �)6-r��C S�j�� i�d �DЇA�ΜIqbJ#x�꺃 6k���#��A�Sh��&ʌt(Q�% ��p%m��&]�caS l=�X�������\P�1�Mh�9�M��V�dDA��aV�B��[݈fJ�íP|8� քA�V^��f �H��n���-� �"�d>�z���n��NJ� �ة�>�b���&����2��v����Kyϼ���D:����,AGm��\nz��i�Ù ��.uχYC�6�OMf��3o�r��$��5�����N H�T[XF64�T,ќ���M0�E)`#�5�XY�`�פ ;��%�1�U�٥m;���R>QD ����D�cp�U�'��&LE�/p���m���%]�����8fi��r�S4�d 7y\�`�J�n���ί�I� R� ��3U�~7+���#��m� q�BiD����������i*�L6�9��m�Y&�����i���HE��=(K&�N!V��.K�e�LD�ĕ�{D ����vEꦚde��NƟ��e�(�MN9ߜR�6����&3(��a����/D��U�z�<�{ˊ�Y��ȳ����V���)�9�Z[��4^n��5���!J��?��Q�3�eBo�C����M ����m<�.�vp�� ���IY�f���Z�Y_p�[�=al-�Y�}Nc͙���ŋ4vfa��vl����'S���A�8�|�*u�{��-�ߟ0%M0�7%��� �<�� �ҍ� �� PK ! ѐ�� ' theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.rels��M �0���wooӺ�&݈Э���5 6?$Q�� �,.�a��i����c2�1h�:�q��m��@RN��;d�`��o7�g�K(M&$R(.1�r'J��ЊT���8��V�"��AȻ�H�u}��|�$�b{� �P����8�g/ ]�QAsم(����#��L�[���� �� PK- ! ���� [Content_Types].xmlPK- ! �֧�� 6 + _rels/.relsPK- ! ky�� � theme/theme/themeManager.xmlPK- ! ���� P � theme/theme/theme1.xmlPK- ! ѐ�� ' � theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.relsPK ] �
� $ ���� � & 4 B K Y j w � � � � � �8 � @ � �� � ��� � � � �> �( � � � � � C �� ��P �� � W��� � � ��� � ��������� ��. � � � ��� ? � � �ö � M i s o e d d y f l w y d d y n - M o n t h s o f t h e y e a r C a t a n e o B T � f � �L � f f� � f� �� � � _ 70 ����B: \ E< [ I@ = UJ � ZO � _S 0L _S �L [P �M I@ hP I@ �S @8 �S 70 `T % �T �S G �G �G � # "� � ` ? � � �B � S � � � � ? � � @���L���$ 8 �@ ' - 5 ; L S Z d k o x | � � � � � � � � � � � � �w5 )"� xw� 9!� � � �@ � y � ` @ �� U n k n o w n �� �� �� �� �� �� G � �* �Ax � � T i m e s N e w R o m a n 5 � � S y m b o l 3.� �* �Cx � � A r i a l CN� � � C o m i c S a n s M S A � � �� B � C a m b r i a M a t h " q� �� h ��&��&ٜ�� � � ! � �x � ��r4 � � 2� � �� HP )��? � ���������������������9!� 2 ! x x � �� J u d i t h B e v a n G a r e t h P i t c h f o r d �� �����Oh�� +'��0 @ x � � � � � � � ( 0 8 � Judith Bevan Normal Gareth Pitchford 2 Microsoft Office Word @ F�# @ ł�;�@ ��k�w�@ ��k�w� � �� ��՜.�� +,��0 � h p � � � � � � � � � � � Home � Title ���� ���� ! " # $ % & ' ( ) ����+ , - . / 0 1 ����3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ��������< ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������R o o t E n t r y �������� � F ��Tv�w�> � D a t a ������������ 1 T a b l e ���� i W o r d D o c u m e n t ���� �$ S u m m a r y I n f o r m a t i o n ( ������������ * D o c u m e n t S u m m a r y I n f o r m a t i o n 8 �������� 2 C o m p O b j ������������ y ������������ ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� �� ���� � F' Microsoft Office Word 97-2003 Document MSWordDoc Word.Document.8 �9�q
| i don't know |
Kelvinhall, Cowcaddens and Kinning Park are all underground stations in which European city? | Maps & Stations - SPT
SPT
Subway: Maps & Stations
The fifteen stations of the Subway are distributed over a 10 km circuit of the West End and City Centre of Glasgow, with eight stations to the North of the River Clyde and seven to the South. There are two lines: an outer circle running clockwise and an inner circle running anticlockwise.
Subway map
Long description of Glasgow Subway Map
Glasgow Subway Map consists of 15 stations in a circle – Buchanan Street, St. Enoch, Bridge Street, West Street, Shields Road, Kinning Park, Cessnock, Ibrox, Govan, Partick, Kelvinhall, Hillhead, Kelvinbridge, St. George’s Cross, and Cowcaddens.
Click on map for larger version or read a description of all Glasgow Subway stations .
Google map
Opening hours
The Subway is open 06:30 to 23:45 Monday to Saturday and 10:00 to 18:12 on Sundays. View timetable for more information.
Accessibility
Wheelchairs are permitted in the Subway if folded. This is due to the small size of our trains.
Guide dogs and hearing dogs are welcome.
Ticket offices have induction loops to assist customers with hearing difficulties.
All Subway stations have tactile paving on platforms and tactile maps at key stations to assist those with visual impairment.
All station stairways have 30-point colour contrast stair nosings to assist passengers with visual impairment, additionally there are corduroy tactile strips at top and bottom of each staircase to assist visually impaired passengers locate stairs.
Double height handrails are also in place which are non-reflective and not “cold to touch” to assist passengers with mobility impairment and also for children.
Pushchairs must be folded in the Subway. Unfortunately, because of space restrictions, it is not possible to accommodate large prams and pushchairs.
In the event of an evacuation alarms are both audible and visual which will assist passengers who are visually impaired or have hearing difficulties.
People with mobility issues can read information about the number of stairs and escalators at each station.
Parking
Parking is available at Bridge Street, Kelvinbridge and Shields Road stations. Regular users can buy a money saving car park season ticket. Car parking is available during Subway opening hours .
View parking information
Lost property
If you have lost something on the Subway, please get in touch or phone 0141 333 3653. All items lost/found (with the exclusion of perishable items) are sent to the Custodiers Department (Police Scotland):
Address: 173 Pitt Street Glasgow G2 4JS
Telephone: 0141 532 2667 / 0141 532 2468 / 0141 532 2609
Opening Hours: 09:00 to 17:00 Monday to Friday (Closed on Public Holidays).
Stations (in alphabetical order)
| Glasgow |
What was the former name of the Willis Tower in Chicago, USA? | Subway - SPT
SPT
See all news
Subway
The Subway is the easiest way to get around the City Centre and West End of Glasgow. Running every four minutes at peak times , it takes just 24 minutes to complete a circuit of the fifteen stations and costs from as little as £1.40 for an adult single to travel anywhere else on the system.
| i don't know |
Which record label famously rejected a Beatles audition tape in 1962, saying that guitar bands were on the way out? | The Beatles' audition tape that was rejected has been discovered after 50 years | Daily Mail Online
comments
The Beatles’ audition tape that was infamously rejected by a record company boss - because he thought guitar groups were ‘on the way out’ - has been discovered after 50 years.
The fledgling group were also told ‘they had no future in showbusiness’ following the 1962 audition, during which they recorded a ten-track demo tape.
The decision by a Decca Records’ executive still stands as one of the worst judgement calls made in music history.
Scroll down for video
Hidden gem: The original Beatles audition tape that was rejected by a record company boss has been discovered after 50 years
Within months John, Paul, George and original drummer Pete Best had signed with EMI and went on to become the greatest band of all time.
RELATED ARTICLES
Share this article
Share
Now the original safety master tape the group recorded at Decca’s London studios on New Year’s Day 1962 has come to public light for the first time.
It is thought the Beatles’ manager Brian Epstein held on to the tape he had paid to make, and later gave it to an executive associated with EMI.
Get back: The legendary recording was rejected by Decca records in 1962 by music executive Dick Rowe
He sold it in 2002 to a prolific buyer of music memorabilia, who is now selling it at auction with a pre-sale estimate of £30,000.
The recording has never been officially released and the sound quality on it is said to be pristine.
At the time of the recording Epstein had visited several record companies with the hope of securing a contract for the Beatles - then called the Silver Beatles.
On New Year’s Eve 1961 the band were driven from Liverpool to London but ended up taking 10 hours to get there as the driver got lost.
The following day they were auditioned by Decca producer Tony Meehan.
Big mistake: The Fab Four were swiftly signed up by EMI after Dick turned them down and they became a global phenomenon
Epstein selected the material and chose ten cover songs the Beatles had previously performed in various clubs.
But the band failed to impress Decca executive Dick Rowe who turned them down, believing ‘guitar groups are on the way out.’
The ten tracks on the 12-inch audio tape include Money (That’s What I Want), Like Dreamers Do, Take Good Care Of My Baby, Three Cool Cats, Love Of The Loved, Memphis and Crying Waiting Hoping.
A handwritten note stuck on the cover for the tape lists the 10 songs and their length.
There is also a photo negative of Paul McCartney, John Lennon, George Harrison and Pete Best that they took with them to the audition, and would have been used as the album cover had they won the contract.
In order: The track list for the ten songs was recorded in London on New Year's Day
Ted Owen, of auctioneers the Fame Bureau, which is now selling the tape, said: 'This has never officially been released.
'It is totally unique and the sound quality is crystal clear. There are bootlegs of the recording out there but nobody has ever heard the original in its entirety.
'The tape went to a Capitol Records executive after the Beatles signed with EMI. He sold it to the current owner who was one of the top buyers for Hard Rock Cafe but it was for his own personal collection.'
He added: 'We have spoken to various experts and this is the best-quality recording of this session there is given that it is the master copy.
The original crew: From left, John Lennon, George Harrison, Paul McCartney and Pete Best, before Ringo joined the band
'The songs on it are all covers from mainly American artists and the Beatles actually sound American in a lot of the songs.
'They are copying the American style, the style of artists like Buddy Holly and Chuck Berry.
'Those were the days of Rock and Roll and everybody who was trying to make a name for themselves were trying to replicate that style.
'They were hoping that by doing that they would get a record deal.But they were turned down, which is pretty ironic when you look at what happened after.
'Listening to it now I would say they were as good as anything around at that time and if it was me I would have given them a record deal.
Global fame: The boys from Liverpool, pictured in 1964, went on to become the biggest band of all time
'Whoever did say no must have been looking at other bands at the time, such as The Searchers and Freddie and the Dreamers, and didn’t think there was room for the Beatles.
'EMI took them in the end and the rest is history. After that they were massive.'
Instead of the Beatles, Decca Records signed up the Tremeloes, who auditioned the same day. They did later go on to sign the Rolling Stones.
Within weeks after signing with EMI, it was decided to replace drummer Pete Best with Ringo Star.
Bill Heckle, the co-owner of The Cavern Club in Liverpool, said: “This was always a big, big deal for Beatles fans.
'It was a great album. It was the one that failed the audition but it is such a historical document.
'It is a great reminder forever of what Decca missed out on.
Back in 1971 I traded a copy of Please Please Me signed by Paul McCartney to get my hands on a bootleg copy of the Decca tape.
'For any Beatles fan, the Decca audition is very important.'
The tape will be offered for sale at the Fame Bureau auction in London’s Mayfair on 27 November.
| Decca |
Puffer, Angel and Dog are all types of which creature? | The Beatles
The Beatles
“From that point on, it was mayhem…” George Martin, RIP
Perhaps the greatest lucky break in rock history is when a young producer named George Martin had an affair with his secretary. Contrary to the oft-related story of how Martin was so impressed by their wit he signed them to a contract, the truth is that Martin was assigned to the Beatles, largely as punishment by his bosses for the affair. He had no great love for the music he heard on their original tapes, or in the audition tapes. He thought they were raw, their songs were lacking, and their drummer was terrible. But the voices…now that was something that came through the amateurish noise he heard.
George Martin turned out to be exactly what the Beatles needed. His first order of business was convincing them to fire Pete Best, which they did. But his most important contribution at that stage was to trust them. Martin gave the band a Mitch Murray song called “How Do You Do It?” and told them to learn it and record it. He assured them it was a hit single. The Beatles recorded the song against their better wishes, protesting bitterly the whole time, and Martin agreed to release “Love Me Do”, a song he didn’t like, instead. When it was time to release a followup, Martin again suggested “How Do You Do It?” Building on the fair success of “Love Me Do”, Martin told the band that “How Do You Do It?” would be a number one hit. The Beatles hated the song and refused to release it. Martin, whose word was final, challenged them to come up with something better. The result was “Please Please Me”. Martin admitted that the song was better.
He was right about “How Do You Do It?” The song was a chart topper for Gerry and the Pacemakers, Liverpool’s also-rans in the wake of the Beatles. But it bears saying how extraordinary this was in 1962-63. Artists, especially newly signed artists with a four-song contract, never contradicted their producer. Producers of that time in England functioned more as Artists & Repertoire experts, matching songs to performers, while engineers did the real recording work. In the studio the producer’s word was gospel; he was the boss and the artists did what he said. Had the Beatles been given to any other producer their weak, disinterested recording of “How Do You Do It?” would have been their first single. It’s almost certain they’d have been told to follow with another cover, hand-chosen by the producer from a pool of songs whose copyrights belonged to EMI. The recording studio was no place for real creativity; EMI Studio was a laboratory (the engineers wore white lab coats) where everything was highly regimented…microphones were placed a precise distance from instruments, drums were recorded with a specific microphone setup, etc. The studio was where music was recorded professionally, quickly, and at little cost.
And this was truly Martin’s greatest achievement: he was willing to break the rules. He listened to the band and worked with them to make their musical vision come true. He’s often said to be the “fifth Beatle” and if anyone can lay a claim to that title it was George Martin. He brought order to the band’s chaotic creativity. He harnessed their energy and focused it. He made their musical ambition a reality because he was the only trained musician in the studio. It was Martin who suggested that “Please Please Me” be sped up and turned from a Roy Orbison-like ballad into a smash hit rocker. It was Martin who suggested and scored the strings for “Yesterday”, and turned the song from a ballad into a standard. It was Martin who had the genius to record the piano solo of “In My Life” at half-speed, then speed it up, turning it into a baroque harpsichord solo. It was Martin who transcribed McCartney’s humming into the gorgeous French horn solo on “For No One.” It was Martin who figured out a way to stitch together two versions of “Strawberry Fields Forever” that were in different keys and different tempos, and got it to work.
His imagination, and his own musical creativity, were fueled by the Beatles, and he returned the favor by acting less like a studio boss and more like a collaborator. What the band wanted, he made happen even if there was no precedent for what they requested. What he suggested, the band took very seriously and, more often than not, tried (usually to great effect). The Beatles smashed all the rules of the recording studio. They were such a money machine for EMI that they couldn’t be refused. George Martin, naturally rebellious, musically creative, and in sync with the band, played a huge part in that. As the band threw out the rule book for a musical artist, Martin rewrote it for a producer. Before Martin, pop music producers tended to be either martinets like Phil Spector who insisted that everything be done their way or disinterested clock-punchers who hit the record button and let those no-talent rock and rollers sing their song until the serious jazz and classical musicians arrived; after Martin and the phenomenal success of the Beatles producers listened to the band’s ideas while offering suggestions for improvement. Producers were there to shape the final product, not to create it.
The Beatles and George Martin were the perfect yin and yang of popular music. Four young, long-haired, drug-fueled, musically immature, creative artists and one older, short back and sides, straight-arrow, musically mature, creative producer. Rarely, if ever, in rock or pop music has the marriage of band and producer been so complementary or so fruitful. Had the Beatles recorded with anyone else at the helm their career would have had a remarkably different path. One need only listen to Let It Be, the album recorded by Glyn Johns and produced (dreadfully) by Phil Spector to hear the difference. If Spector had produced “Yesterday” it probably would have featured a bombastic forty-piece orchestra and choir instead of the sympathetic and tasteful string quartet Martin suggested. Listen to the band’s recordings compared to anyone else from that era, and you’ll be able to hear the difference. One of the reasons the Beatles were so dominant in the Sixties was not just that they had better songs than anyone else. They also sounded better, and that was the result of working with George Martin. As my friend novelist (his Broken Glass Waltzes is a great combination of noir and rock and roll; you should buy it ), Berries drummer, and fellow garage rock enthusiast Warren Moore wrote in his encomium:
Despite the technical limitations of the period (remember, Sgt. Pepper was recorded on a pair of four-track machines), and despite the increasing complexity of the instrumentation as the band developed…things don’t get lost in Beatles cuts — they get found. Martin’s work allowed space for a variety of nuance that other producers lost.
Martin went on to record other artists (he actually worked with others in the Sixties, as well). He produced Jeff Beck’s landmark fusion album Blow By Blow and it’s worthy, but lesser, sequel, Wired. He worked with Cheap Trick, America, Ringo, and Paul McCartney. He even worked with Neil Sedaka and Celine Dion, but nobody’s perfect. He will always be remembered for his work with the Beatles. It’s too flip to say that Martin made the Beatles what they were; their talents existed even without him. But Martin made their musical dreams come true, and that made ours come true, too.
The Beatles: Yellow Submarine
In the summer of 1968, the film Yellow Submarine was released. The Beatles were under a contract to make three movies for United Artists, but had no interest in participating. A Hard Day’s Night and Help! had been the first two, and their other attempt at film, Magical Mystery Tour, had been a disaster both artistically and in terms of public reaction. The solution was simple: make a cartoon. The Beatles declined to take part, fearing the worst, but they agreed to provide four new songs and were so pleased by the finished movie they filmed a cameo for the end. (The band’s participation was so negligible that United Artists refused to count Yellow Submarine towards their contract, thus necessitating the Let It Be documentary.)
They were right to be pleased. Yellow Submarine is a pleasure to watch. It’s trippy and psychedelic but also fun and funny, recounting the tale of how the band traveled through various seas in a yellow submarine to save the world from the dreaded Blue Meanies who wanted to ban all music. It’s a silly story that works perfectly for children, with enough nods, winks, and in-jokes to keep the adults in the room interested. The cartoon Beatles sound nothing like the real people, but the characterizations built on the Hard Day’s Night/Help! personas that were indelibly etched in the public’s mind: posh Paul, mystic George, sarcastic John, and lovable goofball Ringo. The voices were different but the characters in the film still felt like the Beatles.
Several months later, a soundtrack album was released, with six Beatles songs on the first side and a collection of George Martin instrumentals on side two. Of the Beatles songs, two had been previously released, but it should be noted that “All You Need Is Love” was not yet available on an album in England. Because the band were not particularly interested in the project, the songs that were given to the producers had been previously recorded and left on the cutting room floor. There were two exceptions, Paul’s tossed off “All Together Now” and John’s brutal “Hey Bulldog”, but both of George’s songs were Sgt. Pepper outtakes.
Simply put, Yellow Submarine is not a Beatles album in any way, shape, or form. As an official release bearing their name, released in similar formats in both England and America (the packaging was slightly differnt…the American version featured some very funny liner notes and pictures on the back cover, the English version contained, strangely, a review of the White Album), it is part of the discography, but it also stands apart.
Unsurprisingly, the album kicks off with the title track and there is an immediate revelation: “Yellow Submarine” works better as the leadoff track to the soundtrack than it does nestled between “Here, There, and Everywhere” and “She Said, She Said.” That’s it as far as revelations go. The song remains charming, and is off-kilter enough to have fit on the bizarrely eclectic White Album, so it’s appearance here works. The first side of the album ends with “All You Need Is Love”, the anthem of the Summer of Love in 1967. It’s easy to understand why: it’s got all the makings of a finale, with the Beatles defeating the Blue Meanies through the power of love and music. In the summer of 1968, the song still had life. By the time the soundtrack was released in early 1969, there was already a dated feel. “Lady Madonna”, “Hey Jude”/”Revolution”, and the White Album had already moved the band well past the sound of 1967.
This is abundantly clear on the four previously unreleased songs on the soundtrack. “All Together Now” is custom-made for singalongs, propelled by an acoustic guitar and a lyric so simple a child could easily remember it (and probably have written it, frankly). It’s a pleasant track, almost impossible to dislike and equally impossible to truly love. Like many of Paul’s songs from the White Album, it sounds like it was dashed off, taking no more time to write than it took to play. But that trait also makes it more of a piece with where the Beatles were in 1968, so it sounds fresh in that part of the band’s history.
The same is true of John’s “Hey Bulldog,” a piano-driven rocker that’s one of the toughest songs in the band’s repertoire. It was written mostly on-the-spot when the band were in the recording studio to be filmed for a promotional video of “Lady Madonna.” Rather than just mime the song, they decided to record something. What’s fascinating is that the “Lady Madonna” promo is actually the band recording “Hey Bulldog”, something that wasn’t realized until decades later, when the footage was matched up to the proper song.
The song began life as “Hey Bullfrog”, but was changed on the fly by Lennon when McCartney started barking like a dog during the recording. Lennon later claimed that the lyrics were meaningless and, taken as a whole, he’s right. But there are several extraordinarily good lines in the song: “Some kind of solitude is measured out in you”, “What makes you think you’re something special when you smile?”, “Some kind of innocence is measured out in years/You don’t know what it’s like to listen to your fears”. At this point, writing material for what would become the White Album, Lennon was simply on fire. Even a toss-off like “Hey Bulldog” has some great lyrics and a solid rock musical background. George’s guitar solo, especially, is dazzling. This is the sound of the Beatles, and especially Lennon, in 1968: it’s tough and raw.
And that’s the fatal flaw of the soundtrack. The other “new” songs are both from George Harrison, and both sound like the Beatles of 1967. Both “Only A Northern Song” and “It’s All Too Much” are very good, even if the latter song is a bit too long and marred by a muddy production. But both songs are examples of the Beatles exploring psychedelia, something they hadn’t done since Magical Mystery Tour. The songs work in the movie, but the band had moved on from this and in the post-White Album world of the soundtrack these songs sound like what they are: leftovers from an earlier era.
They’re pretty cool leftovers, though. “Only A Northern Song” is George’s rant at Northern Songs, Ltd., the publishing company that had been created in 1963 for the Beatles. Harrison was contracted to Northern Songs as a songwriter, while Lennon and McCartney had shares in the company. This meant that Harrison earned less money from his songs than John and Paul did from theirs. The lyrics are essentially a put down of the song. Nothing about the song really matters because I’m not getting anything for this, Harrison seems to be saying. The chords may not be right, the vocals may be out of key, and none of it is important because somebody else owns the song. “It doesn’t really matter what chords I play/What words I say or time of day it is/As it’s only a Northern Song.” To hammer the point home, the music is some of the hardest to listen to in the Beatles songbook. The lead guitar is shrill and noisy, and the music has a drugged out, bad trip feel to it. Amazingly, this combination of music and lyrics works. The melody on the chorus is one of George’s best from this era. This would probably have been a lead weight clunker in the middle of Sgt. Pepper but here, its fate tied to a psychedelic movie about Apple Bonkers, Flying Gloves, and Blue Meanies, the song matches the mood. It was already a musical anachronism for the Beatles by the time it was released, but it still fit in the larger musical landscape.
This is equally true of George’s “It’s All Too Much”. It begins with a shout of “To your mother!” and a burst of feedback worthy of Jimi Hendrix before becoming a keyboard-heavy drone worthy of Vanilla Fudge. It’s saved from mediocrity by the melody and the lyrics that can be read as either a straightforward love song to a girl with long blonde hair and blue eyes (a tip of the hat to the 1966 song “Sorrow” by The Merseys) or as a tribute to what Otis Redding dubbed “the Love Crowd” in 1967 and the drug scene in general (George was very enamored with LSD at this point, his eye-opening trip to Haight-Ashbury still months away). The lyrics have many of the same mystic tendencies that could be found in “Within You, Without You” and “The Inner Light” but here they’re set to a hard rock backing track. “Floating down the stream of time from life to life with me/Makes no difference where you are or where you’d like to be,” George sings. “Everywhere is birthday cake/So take a piece but not too much.” At over six minutes, “It’s All Too Much” lives up to its title. There’s a version available on bootlegs that has an extra verse and tops the eight minute mark. Strangely, the verse that was cut out for the soundtrack is the only verse heard in the film. The song ends with chants of “too much” that go on for far too long. “It’s All Too Much” also suffers from the same problem as “Only A Northern Song”: the progress the band was making was so fast that by the time it was released the Beatles were past it. It sounded like what it was, a leftover from an earlier era. It was as if the Beatles had released “I Call Your Name” as a single between Sgt. Pepper and Magical Mystery Tour.
The second side of the album has no Beatles music at all. The music is composed by George Martin, who stole melodies from various classical composers as well as Lennon and McCartney. The soundtrack music is really pretty good, with the exception of “Yellow Submarine in Pepperland” which is just a Muzak orchestral rehash of the title song. But like most soundtrack music, it works best in the context of the film.
Yellow Submarine wasn’t even a holding pattern for the Beatles. While it bore their name and featured four unreleased songs and two earlier hits, it can’t be considered a proper album. It was rereleased in 1999 as Yellow Submarine Songtrack to coincide with the remastered DVD of the movie. This version has all the songs used in the film remixed into proper stereo. It’s an outstanding listen. The songs pop with a sonic quality they’d never had before, and there are fifteen Beatles songs and no George Martin compositions. It’s the far superior version, but also makes clear that the original soundtrack was just a repository for completed songs that didn’t fit anywhere else. When the soundtrack was released in January of 1969 the Beatles were fracturing, getting ready to play one last show on a London rooftop. Yellow Submarine, both the film and soundtrack, was a callback to a time when things were better.
Grade (Beatles songs): A-
Grade (George Martin material): C
Grade (overall): B-
The Beatles: The Beatles
With Revolver and, especially, Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band, the Beatles had radically altered the sound of rock music in the mid-1960s. Rock and roll was no longer content to be short songs with a steady beat that sent teenagers running to the dance floor. Rock music now was in big, bright Technicolor. It was now art and began to suffer from some of the problems that plague the modern art world. After Pepper, orchestras started popping up on even innocuous pop songs. The idea was to harness the mighty power of oboes and violins to make these songs into Important Works Of Art, though the effect was usually to render them insufferably pretentious. As bands got more psychedelic, and more colorful, there was the inevitable backlash.
After electrifying the music world with the holy triptych of Bringing It All Back Home, Highway 61 Revisited, and Blonde on Blonde, Bob Dylan went up to Woodstock, New York and vanished from sight. He was woodshedding with his backing group, The Hawks, and writing songs that were lyrically and musically worlds apart from the thin, wild, mercury sound of his last three albums. The Beatles got deeper in to meditation, going as far as a trip to India where they played acoustic guitars and wrote songs. The Byrds, always students of country music, added Gram Parsons to their lineup. Parsons was a talent so bright that he changed the sound of the band overnight. The Rolling Stones were stung by the critical reaction to their sojourn to psychedelia and by the increasing isolation and decrepitude of their most far out member, Brian Jones, and began to plot a future without the exotic instrumentation and influences that Jones brought to their music. Cream was still releasing songs with psychedelic tendencies, but turning them into extended blues/jazz workouts in concert. Jimi Hendrix started to move away from the psychedelic freakout of his first two albums to the blues from Mars approach of Electric Ladyland.
The backlash was heralded in late 1967 with the release of Dylan’s extraordinary and criminally underappreciated album John Wesley Harding. Over the next several months the biggest players on the field began to drop their psychedelic dreamcoats and head back to basics. The Byrds released the stone cold country album Sweetheart of the Rodeo. The Stones followed the excess of Satanic Majesties with the jaw-dropping roots blues rock single “Jumping Jack Flash”. Even a lesser act like the Beau Brummels retreated to a pre-rock sound with the excellent album Bradley’s Barn. The Beatles followed the garish Magical Mystery Tour with its polar opposite. The “Hello Goodbye”/”I Am The Walrus” single with it’s heavy orchestration and cryptic lyrics was followed by “Lady Madonna” a barrelhouse Fats Domino-inspired piano rocker that was far removed from the psychedelic world. The B-side, George’s “The Inner Light” was an Indian raga that kept one foot in Pepperland, but was so rarely played that it became a track on The Beatles’ Rarities LP in the late 1970s. Their next single was “Hey Jude”/”Revolution” and the break from psychedelia was complete.
The biggest influence on all of this was Music From Big Pink, the first album by Dylan’s Hawks, now rechristened The Band. The album electrified the rock music community. It was rootsy, country, folk, rock ‘n’ roll, and sometimes all of the above. Big Pink is the Big Bang of the genre now called Americana; there is no Mumford and Sons without it. Eric Clapton went to visit The Band in the hope they’d ask him to join. Paul McCartney sings a snippet of “The Weight” during the fade of “Hey Jude” when the Beatles performed the song on David Frost’s show. Even the Rolling Stones, on the original, banned cover of their album Beggar’s Banquet slipped in a sly piece of graffiti that read: “Music From Big Brown”. The rock music world had once again shifted.
In late November 1968 the Beatles released an album called, simply, The Beatles. The statement was obvious right away. There was no orchestral band, no magical wizards. The boldness and vibrancy of the album covers, from Revolver‘s Klaus Voorman mixed media artwork to Magical Mystery Tour‘s trippy, star-spangled typography were gone. In their place was nothing.
“The White Album? What was that? There was nothing on that goddamn cover.”—This Is Spinal Tap
For all its legendary starkness, the packaging of The Beatles, packaging that immediately and forever branded the new release as “The White Album”, was actually a good deal more sophisticated than Sgt. Pepper’s. There may not have been a picture on the front or back cover, but the words “The Beatles” was embossed above a gray line of text that was a serial number (the embossed words were later replaced by gray type and the serial number disappeared). The first pressing of the White Album was a limited edition, each album individually numbered. The gatefold contained a listing of the songs and small black and white photos of the band members. It was a double album, and the records were removed from the sleeves at the top of the cover, not the sides. The inner sleeves were black. There were four color photographs on heavy stock paper that were included with the album. These were color versions of the photos that appeared on the inner gatefold. There was an enormous fold out poster that was printed with all of the lyrics on one side and a photo montage of the band throughout their history on the other. An enormous amount of attention to detail went into the packaging for an album that has somehow become famous for being “white”.
There were 30 songs stretched across four sides of vinyl, and it was clearly a continued distancing of their sound from what they had been releasing less than a year earlier. The White Album, and the two preceding singles, mark the arrival of what’s now thought of as “late period Beatles”. It was also the sound of the beginning of the end.
The most noticeable aspect of the album is how schizophrenic it sounds. For the first time on a Beatles album there are clearly “John songs” and “Paul songs”. The recording sessions were very tense. Ringo quit the band for awhile, and their engineer Geoff Emerick also quit. The Beatles were at odds, focusing on their songs and acting as sidemen for the others. This was the first Beatles album where the band didn’t sound like a group.
It’s a very difficult album to review because there are two contradictory elements in place:
A lot of the songs, especially Paul’s, just simply aren’t that good.
It’s the Beatles bloody White Album. Shut up.
And that’s the crux of it. George Martin begged the Beatles to make a single album. He knew that many of the songs here were half-baked. But Martin lost the argument and the Beatles released this warts-and-all double record that somehow manages to hang together in one brilliant whole. Is “Wild Honey Pie” a good song? No. Is “Revolution 9” a great piece of music? No. Is “Birthday” more than just a riff with throwaway lyrics? Not really. But on the White Album, they work. It’s the most idiosyncratic album ever released, from the jokey Chuck Berry meets the Beach Boys pastiche of “Back in the USSR” to the string-laden, somnolent “Good Night” and I wouldn’t change a note of it.
George contributed some of the best songs he’d ever written: the classic “While My Guitar Gently Weeps” with a searing lead guitar by guest Eric Clapton, the swipe at unidentified fat cats everywhere with “Piggies”, the lovely ballad “Long Long Long” and the fuzzed raver “Savoy Truffle” about Eric Clapton’s love of chocolates (the lyric “you’ll have to have them all pulled out after the savoy truffle” is probably the only lyric ever written about Clapton’s teeth). George was clearly stepping up his game. He’d written and they’d recorded another gem called “Not Guilty” that didn’t make the album, though it was far better than many of Paul’s tracks.
Even Ringo stepped up with his first song as a writer. “Don’t Pass Me By” is a country honk, both a parody and tribute. Ringo loved country music (so much so that his first solo album was country), and “Don’t Pass” is a hoot. The lyrics are silly (“you were in a car crash/and you lost your hair”) and the violin is way over-the-top but Ringo’s voice lends just the right amount of bonhomie and charm to what is, at the end of the day, a pretty mundane song. Even here, despite the fact that the one source of agreement between John, Paul, and George was that everyone liked Ringo, the only Beatle who plays on the track is Paul. No Beatle plays an instrument on “Good Night”, a straightforward lullaby by Lennon that Ringo sings over an string section. At least all four Beatles played on two of George’s songs, though Lennon skipped out on “Long Long Long” and “Savoy Truffle”.
Their recent trip to India had lit a fire under the two main songwriters, who returned to England with more songs than they knew what to do with. For Paul McCartney, though, the White Album seemed to indicate that he was running a little low on petrol. McCartney had just written one of the greatest rock songs of all time and seen it released as a single while the band was in the studio working on what would become the White Album. There’s no denying that “Hey Jude” is a masterpiece. But McCartney’s White Album tracks, while mostly good and occasionally great, were well below that standard. McCartney seemed to want to stretch out, penning songs in a variety of styles. This added to the varied nature of the album, but when these songs are taken out of context they are revealed at far below the quality of Lennon’s work.
The album begins with the sound of a jet taking off and McCartney’s loving tribute to Chuck Berry and the Beach Boys. Parodying the title of Berry’s “Back in the USA” and the lyrics of the Beach Boys’s “California Girls”, “Back in the USSR” is best described as clever. It’s not particularly substantive, but it chugs along as a happy little rocker. McCartney’s vocal is excellent, a combination of his Elvis voice and his Little Richard voice, but the words are, at best, cute. For all of it’s catchy enthusiasm and sense of fun, “Back in the USSR” is the kind of song that McCartney could write in his sleep. Yet as songs go, it’s one of his best on the album.
McCartney’s songs provide a lot of the eclecticism of the album. “Wild Honey Pie” is a throwaway experiment, “Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da” is a misguided attempt at reggae, “Honey Pie” is a tribute to the music of a long-gone era, “Mother Nature’s Son” is a beautiful acoustic ballad, “Helter Skelter” was McCartney’s attempt to record something heavier than The Who.
The problem is that McCartney seems to have been infected with a nasty attention deficit disorder around this time. It seems that after Pepper he was so convinced that he (and the Beatles) could do anything, that they also should do everything. This leads to many of McCartney’s songs seeming incomplete. “I Will” is a lovely ballad that doesn’t crack the two-minute mark and features a bass line that is sung by McCartney, as if he was in such a rush to record that he didn’t have the time to pick up his bass guitar. “Why Don’t We Do It In The Road?” features a thrilling McCartney vocal (the White Album has much of Macca’s best vocal work) and the complete lyrics: “Why don’t we do it in the road?/No one will be watching us”. “Birthday” is a repetitive, and simple, guitar riff that McCartney put some dreadful lyrics on. According to Paul it was made up on the spot, and it sounds like it. It’s still a highlight of Paul’s work on the album, with another superb vocal and prominent harmonies from John (who later called the song “garbage”). “Birthday” is a fun song and sounds like the Beatles were having a blast recording it, but both lyrically and musically it’s McCartney on autopilot. “Rocky Raccoon” is a fun, jokey, spoof of folk music, while the pummeling “Helter Skelter” is the heaviest slab of music the band ever recorded, though the lyrics are about a slide at an amusement park. The original jam, lasting 27 minutes, is what led Ringo to shout “I’ve got blisters on my fingers!” at the end. But for all of its power, “Helter Skelter” is another riff in search of a song. McCartney screams and wails the lyrics like his heart was about to explode out of his chest. It’s the most mercilessly savage vocal of his entire career but, once again, he’s singing about nothing.
But “Helter Skelter” is saved by the performance. “Honey Pie” is yet another pastiche (this time of 1930s-style music hall), while “Wild Honey Pie” is little more than a clanging acoustic guitar and drum. “Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da” gamely attempts to put a Beatles stamp on reggae, or maybe it’s a reggae stamp on the Beatles. Either way, the song’s a trifle. McCartney was obsessed with the recording, but Lennon famously hated it. According to their engineer Geoff Emerick in his fascinating book Here, There, and Everywhere: My Life Recording The Music of the Beatles, after far too many attempts to get the song right, Lennon stormed out of the session. He returned a few hours later, stood at the top of the steps leading down into the studio and announced, “I am stoned! I am more stoned than I have ever been, and I am more stoned than you will ever be! The song goes like this!” before marching over to the piano and playing the intro exactly as it’s heard on the album.
All of these songs have two things in common: The first is that McCartney wasn’t writing about much of anything; the lyrics are either tossed off as if he simply didn’t care, or they’re parodies of other types of music. The second thing they have in common is that they all work in the context of the White Album. God knows, they shouldn’t work, but they do. It’s all part of the crazy quilt that is the album. Would I listen to “Wild Honey Pie” as a standalone song? No. But I sure would miss it if it wasn’t sandwiched between “Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da” and “The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill.”
And not all of Paul’s songs are like this. He also turned in a magnificent tribute to his sheepdog, Martha (“Martha, My Dear”), that is one of the catchiest songs he ever wrote. Yes, he’s singing about his dog. Who cares when the tune is that good? He also provided two stone cold classics: “Blackbird” is a magnificent acoustic ballad that uses the British slang for “girl” to make an anthem for America’s Civil Rights movement, and “Mother Nature’s Son” is a lovely back to nature song written in India with an exquisite brass arrangement, courtesy of George Martin.
The lightness of Paul’s songs stands in stark contrast to John’s material. The White Album, frankly, is owned by Lennon. His songs, for the most part, tower over the others. His opening shot is “Dear Prudence”, written about Mia Farrow’s sister who accompanied the Beatles to India and was so enamored with meditating that she refused to come out of her room. It’s one of John’s best songs, helped considerably by Paul’s throbbing bass line and rolling drums (Ringo isn’t on the song), and the intricate weaving of the guitars. John never sounded better as a singer (the high, nasal tones he’d been using since Revolver are gone), and the lyrics are gorgeous.
“Prudence” is one of several acoustic-based Lennon songs. “I’m So Tired”, “Julia”, “Bungalow Bill”, “Cry Baby Cry”, and “Revolution 1” are built on acoustic foundations. Of these, “Julia” is the standout, an uncompromisingly beautiful ballad that serves as Lennon’s introduction of his deceased mother Julia to his new lover (“Yoko” translates to “child of the ocean”) while also, somewhat disturbingly, conflating the two. But there’s no getting around the beauty of Lennon’s finger-picked guitar (learned from Donovan while they were in India) or the vocal that expresses so much pathos. “The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill” begins not with a snippet of flamenco guitar, but with a sound sample of flamenco guitar that was played on a Mellotron before launching into a fun and funny song about a wealthy American and his mother who had stayed in India in their own private bungalow and who ended up shooting a tiger while he was there. The mockery of the lyrics was Lennon’s response to what he saw as a strange contradiction of a man coming to commune with nature and God who nevertheless found time in his day to ice a tiger. Yoko Ono appears on the song in a cameo as Bill’s mother, who was apparently enormously proud of her son’s actions. Even better was “I’m So Tired”, Lennon’s ode to the insomnia that plagued him in India, and “Cry Baby Cry”, a variation on the traditional folk children’s ballad “Sing A Song of Sixpence”. “Revolution 1” was an alternate take of the much heavier song that had been released as the flip side of the “Hey Jude” single. The single version was all rock fury, but the version on the White Album is a lazy, acoustic shuffle. Most noticeable is the lyrical switch. In the single Lennon disavows violence, instructing the audience to count him out when destruction is on the menu. On the album, the lyric is more ambivalent as Lennon mutters the word “in” after the “count me out” line. It’s a great alternate version, quite different than the more well-known single, with some gnarly electric guitar riding on top of the acoustic.
It wasn’t all acoustic for Lennon, however. His more rocking side was well-served, too. “Glass Onion” featured some of John’s typical wordplay, teasing Beatle fans who had taken to obsessing over the lyrics with allusions to recent songs. “The walrus was Paul,” John sang (even though it wasn’t). “The Fool On The Hill”, “Lady Madonna”, “Fixing A Hole” and “Strawberry Fields Forever” all get namechecked. Interestingly, most of the songs John mentions were originally written by Paul. The lyric later became one of the central tenets of the “Paul Is Dead” conspiracy and, to this day, people still think the “here’s another clue for you all/the walrus was Paul” lyric is Lennon’s commentary about that conspiracy. Unfortunately for the nutters, “Glass Onion” was written, recorded, and released before the first whispers of his band mate’s mortality started to circulate. In fact, Paul plays an amazing bass line (especially for a dead guy). As a singer, John sounds reinvigorated to be playing loud, thumping rock and roll again. “Happiness Is A Warm Gun”, its title taken from Soldier of Fortune magazine is more wordplay, though according to John the title carries a sexual meaning as well. It seems to be a more sinister cousin to “Lucy In The Sky With Diamonds”. The plasticine porters with looking glass ties are now a “man in the crowd with the multi-colored mirrors on his hobnail boots/Lying with his eyes while his hands are busy working overtime” while the girl with kaleidoscope eyes is now “a soap impression of his wife/which he ate and donated to the National Trust.” What did it all mean? Who knows? With Lennon’s more surrealist songs it’s best to just let the words flow and not ponder too deeply, especially since we know that sometimes the words were specifically designed to confuse the listener. The song breaks into three distinct movements with different melodies and rhythms, moving from the piano ballad opening to the heavier section that alludes to John’s newfound heroin habit (“I need a fix ’cause I’m going down”) to the mid-tempo, Elvis-on-drugs section (“when I hold you in my arms”). It’s a dizzying song, allegedly the favorite of all the Beatles, and a minor masterpiece in the band’s canon.
After disappearing for most of the second side (his only songs are “I’m So Tired” and “Julia”), Lennon reasserted himself on side three. “Everybody’s Got Something to Hide (Except For Me and My Monkey)” is probably the most anarchic song the Beatles ever released. It’s not as heavy as “Helter Skelter” but it swings much looser and faster, with a brutal two-guitar attack from John and George and a pulsating bass line from McCartney. Rumored to be about drugs, it’s really about the thrill and excitement of John’s relationship with Yoko (who had recently been depicted in a cartoon as a monkey clinging to John’s back), and takes it’s “come on, it’s such a joy” hook from one of Maharishi’s lectures. As with some of McCartney’s cuts, “Monkey” is less a song than it is a performance. The lyrics are repetitive and the melody is nearly non-existent, but the breathless pace and exuberance of the vocals more than compensate for any lyrical shortcomings.
It’s actually somewhat ironic that John took so much good material away from his time in India with the Maharishi. He’d written some of his greatest songs there, and the Maharishi’s lectures informed not only “Monkey” but also the beautiful “Child of Nature”, which wasn’t recorded for the album but would later turn up as Imagine‘s “Jealous Guy”. But the only song on the White Album that is really about the Maharishi is “Sexy Sadie”, and it’s a scathing indictment of the band’s erstwhile guru. “What have you done? You’ve made a fool of everyone,” Lennon sings. “However big you think you are/…you’ll get yours yet.” It’s not really a surprise. John Lennon was forever seeking answers from gurus of all sorts. From his mother to Stuart Sutcliffe to Brian Epstein to the Maharishi to Yoko to Arthur Janov, Lennon threw his lot in with anyone who promised him answers and had a good sales pitch. But he also soured on these gurus, those that didn’t abandon him, quickly, and Maharishi Mahesh Yogi was no exception. Rumors hit the camp in India that the Maharishi was pursuing some of his female guests with some very earthy intentions and that was enough for John to disavow him. The title “Sexy Sadie” was a cop-out, holding the same amount of syllables as “Maharishi”, but the intent was clear. The song itself is one of John’s best, with particularly strong piano and bass (both played by McCartney), and a typically sympathetic drum part from Ringo, with some of his trademark fills and patterns. The more one listens, really listens, to the Beatles, the more impressive Ringo’s performances sound. He never played a drum part that didn’t suit the song, and “Sexy Sadie” is one of the best examples of this.
John’s first song on side three, coming after the boisterous “Birthday”, is one of the heaviest songs the band ever recorded both musically and, especially, lyrically. John titled the song “Yer Blues” as a joke but only because he felt self-conscious. The song had been written in India when John was supposed to be relaxing and meditating but, plagued by insomnia, his crumbling marriage to Cynthia (who was in India with him), and his distance from Yoko, was instead feeling borderline suicidal. The music is something of a parody of the then-popular British blues scene, but none of the Beatles could match the instrumental prowess of the Alvin Lees, Jeff Becks, or Jimmy Pages of the world. Knowing this, the solos are intentionally sloppy to add to the parody, though the rhythm from the guitars is primal and distorted. But the lyrics cut deep. Lennon hid his pain with a jokey title but the truth comes out in his performance. “Yes, I’m lonely/Wanna die” he wails. And he did. This was truly the way he felt when he was in India. “Feel so suicidal/Even hate my rock ‘n’ roll,” he concludes with enough passion and conviction in his voice to make the hairs on the back of your neck stand up. “Yer Blues” is a blues. It lacks the formal pretensions of the British blues boom, with their five-minute guitar solos, but it harkens back to an earlier era. Much of the British blues boom was about virtuosity, especially on the guitar, but this was anti-virtuosity. “Yer Blues” is less about Cream or the Yardbirds, though it shares the heavy vibe of those bands, and more about John Lee Hooker or Blind Lemon Jefferson. “Yer Blues” is a raw howl, an ode to despair from the dark night of Lennon’s soul. This is the other divide between John’s songs and Paul’s songs. Throughout the White Album, Lennon sounds like he means every single word he’s singing, while McCartney is creating characters and hiding behind them. There’s an honesty to John’s work here that is missing in Paul’s.
It wasn’t all gutbucket emotion from John. He also is responsible for the most avant garde moment in the Beatles songbook. “Revolution 9” is unquestionably the most polarizing song among Beatles fans. It’s probably pretty safe to say that most people hate it. The White Album spends four sides of vinyl creating a crazy patchwork of sounds and styles, and it culminates with the penultimate song on the album. Leading into the string-laden lullaby of “Good Night” is the audio collage that makes up “Revolution 9”. It’s the longest recording the Beatles ever released and can’t really be classified as a song at all. The sounds of fire, sirens, the crowd at a soccer game, dissonant piano tinkles, a gurgling baby, backwards violins, a choir, and bizarre vocal intrusions paints an aural picture. The key is in the title. This is the sound of revolution. Music is a thing of the past, and Lennon (and his real partner on the track, Yoko) has dropped the listener into a post-apocalyptic landscape where the world has gone insane. A voice mindlessly, endlessly, intones the words “Number nine/number nine/number nine”, the voice rising and falling in the mix. There are no lyrics, per se. The vocals all seem to be snippets of conversation:
there’s this Welsh Rarebit wearing some brown underpants
About the shortage of grain in Hertfordshire
Everyone of them knew that as time went by
They’d get a little bit older and a litter slower but
It’s all the same thing, in this case manufactured by someone who’s always
Umpteen your father’s giving it diddly-i-dee
District was leaving, intended to pay for…
…So the wife called me and we’d better go to see a surgeon
Or whatever to price it yellow underclothes
So, any road, we went to see the dentist instead
Who gave her a pair of teeth which wasn’t any good at all
So I said I’d marry, join the fucking navy and went to sea
In my broken chair, my wings are broken and so is my hair
I’m not in the mood for whirling
George appears, the only other Beatle to do so, as does Yoko. Producer George Martin and the Apple Records general manager Alistair Taylor also make an appearance in the beginning, with Taylor begging forgiveness from Martin for forgetting to bring a bottle of wine to the producer (“Will you forgive me?” “Yes.” “Bitch.”) Throughout the track, George Martin can also be heard saying “Geoff, put the red light on” though the line is buried deep in the mix and sometimes distorted beyond recognition. Once you finally hear it you become very aware of it, but actually tracking it down requires more deep listening than most people would be willing to do. There is a rich vein of typical Lennon humor in the track: “my wings are broken and so is my hair”, or his recitation of popular dances “the Watusi/the Twist” before George Harrison chimes in “El Dorado!” His sense of wordplay is also evident: “So, any road, we went to see the dentist”, “dogs for dogging…fish for fishing/Them for themming, when for whimming”, “a man without terrors from beard to false”. The revolution culminates with:
Maybe even then
It’s quick like rush for peace is
Because it’s so much
It was like being naked
Yoko concludes the ceremony with the line “If you become naked.”
The answer to why the Beatles released this, despite the protestations of both George Martin and Paul McCartney is also found in the tapes for the song, though it’s buried so deep in the mix it’s impossible to hear: John and George repeating the line “There ain’t no rules for the company freaks.” “Revolution 9” was a startling example of musique concrete. It’s not a song in any traditional sense yet, and I know I’m in a tiny minority here, it is fascinating. It’s far more interesting than more traditional songs like “Honey Pie” or “Why Don’t We Do It In The Road?”. It’s unsettling and strange, saved from being unlistenable by the attention to detail Lennon put into it, and the grace of his innate sense of humor.
The White Album is the sound of a band without limits. There were no rules for the company freaks. They recorded whatever they wanted and overruled the protests of producers and, sometimes, each other. The album can give a listener whiplash as it switches genres and moods randomly, cascading from light to heavy, from despair to frothy fun, from achingly sincere to dadaist surrealism. It’s like the earliest version of an iPod shuffle, where you have no idea what’s going to come next. So what if some of the songs lack substance? So what if some of the lyrics could use some work? It’s the bloody White Album, one of the genuine masterpieces of the rock era not just despite its flaws but, in many ways, because of its flaws. It may not be as cohesive as earlier albums, but there was so much here to digest and enjoy. A rock album would never sound like this again, this loose and unrestrained. Today, a record company would be reduced to paroxysms of anxiety if their marquee act wanted to release something this strange. The White Album flies in the face of conventional wisdom that albums need to have a sound, a feel, a pace, a unified tone. It’s a trick that perhaps only the Beatles could have pulled off. They were a band that never really had a single, easily codified, sound. Their restless creativity and boundless imaginations led them in a dozen different directions so audiences were somewhat used to being surprised by whatever came next. But if Beatles singles gave an early indication of what to expect from the next album, the White Album also gave an early indication of what was to come: four individual talents, unleashed and no longer tied to anything that might hold them together.
Grade: A+
The Beatles: Magical Mystery Tour
Released less than six months after the glory of Sgt. Pepper, Magical Mystery Tour is not really an album. At least, it wasn’t at the time. It was never released in England until the compact disc era. In truth, it was another money-grabbing effort from Capitol Records to milk a little more cash out of the audience. Ah, but what an effort…
In England, Magical Mystery Tour was released as an EP consisting of six songs on two slabs of vinyl. The songs were the soundtrack to a new movie made by, and starring, the Beatles. Since the EP market didn’t exist in America, Capitol Records took the six songs and added three recent singles, including the pre-Pepper “Strawberry Fields Forever/Penny Lane” single, the post-Pepper “All You Need Is Love/Baby You’re A Rich Man” single, and “Hello Goodbye” the A-side of the current single. But in this case, the desire for more sales accidentally created a masterpiece. There’s really no comparison: the American version of the Magical Mystery Tour soundtrack is so much better than the officially released EP that even the Beatles were forced to acknowledge it by making the American version the official version in 1987.
U.S. Edition
2. Your Mother Should Know
3. I Am The Walrus
4. The Fool On The Hill
5. Flying
6. Blue Jay Way
Everything about the American version works better. Even the sequencing of the six soundtrack songs has a far better flow and pace than the double EP version. The packaging of the album, a gatefold with a 24-page booklet featuring a bizarre Beatles cartoon story and a series of extremely odd photographs, also benefits from being the larger LP size. It should be remembered how strange this must have seemed to the American audience. The Magical Mystery Tour movie was made specifically for the BBC and was never shown in America (lucky us), which means that the photographs and cartoon story had no real context outside of the album art. Why is there a photo of John Lennon dressed as a waiter shoveling mounds of spaghetti and what look like rags onto the plate of a large woman? Why is Paul McCartney in a military uniform? Why are there cartoons of the Beatles dressed as wizards? Who the hell is Little Nicola and why is she so adamant that I am not, in fact, the Walrus? Why are the Beatles, if it’s really them, dressed up like animals on the front cover?
The answer, of course, is that it was all part of a trippy mess of a movie, but the Americans didn’t know any of that, aside from a brief mention in the gatefold. What they knew was the music, most of which was sublime.
The title track serves much the same purpose as the title track of Sgt. Pepper. It’s a grand fanfare and an introduction. Separated from the movie, the song still works as an album intro, promising a journey to lands unknown in the songs that follow. It’s a loud, brassy song with simple lyrics that can be read two ways: the literal interpretation of a magical tour, and the metaphorical reading that reveals the drug references. “Magical Mystery Tour” is a drug song, starting with John Lennon’s carnival barker shout of “Roll up for the Magical Mystery Tour!”, a line that uses a common English phrase as code for the act of rolling a joint. The entire concept of the song, written by Paul McCartney, is based on the notion of tripping, taking the common British bus tour and using it as a metaphor for a journey to magical lands. But it is, in the end, still just a fanfare. The lyrics are simple and repetitive, saved from banality by the McCartney’s lead vocal and by the driving, propulsive music. Lyrically it’s even simpler than Sgt. Pepper‘s opening salvo, though the song itself is longer. Removed from its context it’s not a great song, but it’s a world-class album opener. It’s short enough that it doesn’t wear on the listener, punchy enough to force you to pay attention, and catchy enough to leave it stuck in your head. “Magical Mystery Tour” is less a song and more a mission statement. As such, it’s the perfect introduction to the songs that follow.
“The Fool On The Hill” is the first Beatles song to reflect their newfound admiration for the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, a short, bearded guru with a girlish giggle who turned the Beatles on to Transcendental Meditation. At this point, the band was still enthralled with the diminutive Indian and McCartney’s “The Fool On The Hill” is a loving tribute, portraying the Maharishi as a misunderstood wise man while playing with the imagery of the man with the answers to life’s questions being seated at the top of a mountain. It hearkens back to the literary convention, used most famously by William Shakespeare, of having the Fool be the only person who can speak the truth that others don’t want to hear. The powerful brass of the preceding song is here replaced with flutes and woodwind instruments that float throughout the song, lending an airiness and a baroque sense of sophistication to the music that perfectly complements the naïve lyrics.
This is followed by a song that is one-of-a-kind in Beatles history. “Flying” is the only song credited to all four Beatles, and is the only instrumental they ever officially released. In the film, “Flying” is the soundtrack to a collection of unused footage that had been filmed for the trippy “stargate” sequence of 2001: A Space Odyssey, and it’s one of the few parts of the movie that genuinely works well. On record, distanced from the visuals, “Flying” still manages to achieve its desired effect. The title clues the listener in to what to expect, and the music doesn’t disappoint. The music glides and swirls. Keep the title in mind and close your eyes and you will see landscapes below you and clouds ahead. It’s very brief, just a bit over two minutes and the last thirty seconds or so is some Mellotron squealing and backwards tapes that provides a perfect segue into George Harrison’s “Blue Jay Way”.
One of the key elements to Beatles music has always been humor. All four of the them were very, very funny. “Blue Jay Way” sounds mysterious and dark, psychedelic and moody. But the lyrics are actually typical Harrison humor. The song was composed when Harrison was waiting for Derek Taylor to arrive at a house he had rented in Los Angeles. Taylor was late, and had gotten lost. Harrison, at the point of exhaustion, passed the time by playing a Hammond organ and making up lyrics about his friends. The mysterious, atonal, psychedelia of the music is paired with lyrics that could have come from a Monty Python song:
There’s a fog upon L.A.
And my friends have lost their way
They’ll be over soon, they said
Now they’ve lost themselves instead
Please don’t be long
It’s the “they’ve lost themselves” that makes it, a wonderfully eccentric turn of phrase. The music on “Blue Jay Way” is probably the most psychedelic the Beatles ever got, which makes the next song on the album all the more jarring. “Your Mother Should Know” is a McCartney soft-shoe shuffle that harkens back to English music hall. It’s a thoroughly enjoyable trifle, as good as or better than most of McCartney’s similar excursions (“When I’m 64”, “Honey Pie”). It’s the kind of track that would never be approved by a record company today because it doesn’t sound like the other songs on the album, but the Beatles never felt constrained by the need to stick to a formula. They were restless in their creativity and went wherever the song happened to take them. In the case of “Your Mother Should Know” that creativity took them to a time before Elvis shook their worlds, a sound that may have opened the ears of some of their fans.
It was the last song on side one, the final song that appeared in the Magical Mystery Tour movie that really opened ears. John Lennon had heard that there was a course that analyzed Beatles lyrics being offered at his old high school in Liverpool, something he considered absolutely absurd. “I Am The Walrus” was his response, a series of images and lyrics that seemed to make sense in a Jabberwocky kind of way but were, in the end, meaningless. This was Lennon playing with words and having a grand time doing it. The images were sometimes shocking (“pornographic priestess”, “yellow-matter custard dripping from a dead dog’s eye”), sometimes funny (“crabalocker fishwife”, “I am the eggman”), and sometimes coded (“elementary penguins” were Hare Krishnas, “semolina pilchard” was a reference to Norman Pilcher, a British police officer who was notorious for busting rock stars for drugs and even more notorious for bringing his own just to be sure the charges stuck). “Lucy in the sky” gets a shoutout, and the opening couplet came to Lennon on separate acid trips, and it was all punctuated with the refrain “Goo goo g’joob!” The ending includes dialogue taken from a radio production of King Lear and a chanting chorus that repeats the phrase “everybody’s got one” and “oompah oompah stick it up your jumper”. Musically, the song stands with “A Day in the Life” and “Strawberry Fields Forever” as one of the band’s crowning achievements, largely due to producer George Martin’s ability to interpret the desires of his unschooled musicians. There is a rock band of guitar, bass, drums, and piano at the heart of “I Am The Walrus” but it’s the churning orchestration led by violins and cellos, with brass punctuation marks, that make the song stand out. The orchestration adds a veneer of sophistication and respectability. The song seems to be an important statement because the music is so serious. Ironically, a song written to mock the people who took Lennon’s lyrics too seriously sent people into a tizzy as they tried to figure out the meaning of this word jumble. Absent the orchestration, it’s likely that Lennon’s words would have been taken for what they were: a joke. But by adding the hallmarks of so-called “serious” music the Beatles made the joke all that much funnier. “I Am the Walrus” is the greatest musical practical joke ever played.
And it was a B-side of a single. Not even deemed worthy of being the A-side, much to Lennon’s annoyance.
The song that was the A-side of that single led off the second side of the album. “Hello Goodbye” is certainly a better single than “I Am the Walrus” even if it falls far short as a musical innovation. “Hello Goodbye” is insanely catchy, perhaps the catchiest thing Paul McCartney ever wrote (and that’s saying something). One listen and it’s hooked into your brain forever. The simple yin/yang lyrics are easily remembered and the melody is unforgettable. It may not be the achievement that “Walrus” was, but it was unquestionably a more marketable single. “I Am the Walrus” was a brilliantly disorienting slice of surrealism and wordplay. “Hello Goodbye” was a markedly less brilliant solid gold radio-ready hit.
What’s ironic about this is that the two songs that follow “Hello Goodbye” were the two sides of a double A-side single that had been released in February of 1967, months before Sgt. Pepper changed the musical landscape. That single, considered one of the greatest singles ever released, was also the first Beatles single to fail to make the top of the charts. “Strawberry Fields Forever” and “Penny Lane” were a huge leap forward when they were released as the first Beatles single after Revolver. Perhaps it was too far a leap, because the single stalled at number two in the charts, held back by Engelbert Humperdinck’s “Release Me”. That doesn’t change that both sides of the single were masterpieces. The songs had been recorded for Sgt. Pepper but rush released as a single when that album was delayed. They became the centerpiece of the second side of Magical Mystery Tour instead, and their inclusion elevates the entire album. There is a slight difference in tone between these songs and the rest of the tracks on the album…they’re not a perfect fit as they would have been on Pepper, but one would have to be a long-faced, humorless scold to care. When an LP is blessed to have both sides of what may be the greatest single in rock history (all votes for “Paperback Writer”/”Rain” will be counted), the idea that the songs sound like they were recorded at a different time and mindset is the lowest form of nitpicking.
If there is a fly in the ointment of the LP it’s “Baby You’re A Rich Man”. Comprised of two songs blended together (Lennon’s “One of the Beautiful People” and McCartney’s “Baby You’re A Rich Man”), the music features a discordant and harsh clavioline, not entirely pleasing to the ear. Lennon’s vocal melody is excellent though the vocal itself isn’t his strongest, and McCartney’s chorus is loud and brash, but both are somewhat undercut by the willfully defiant music. Rolling Stone Brian Jones pops up tooting on an oboe throughout the song, and Mick Jagger is rumored to be a backing voice in the finale. The song was thought to be about Beatles manager Brian Epstein (allegedly Lennon sings “baby you’re a rich fag Jew” at one point, but I’ve never heard it), but Lennon insisted that the song was a message to people to quit whining about their status in life, that we were all “rich”. Unfortunately, the lyrics are something of a mess (“You keep all your money in a big brown bag/Inside a zoo/What a thing to do”, contributed by McCartney, may be one of the dumbest lyrics ever written), so Lennon’s theme never becomes clear.
The lyrics of Magical Mystery Tour‘s final track are also something of a mess. The chorus made the song the anthem of the so-called “Summer of Love” when it was released as a single a month after Sgt. Pepper, but the verses are a circular mash of word soup. How do you parse “There’s nothing you can do that can’t be done” or “Nothing you can sing that can’t be sung”? At first glance, the lyrics seem like a “You can do it!” affirmation but what Lennon is really saying throughout the song is that you can’t do it. If it can’t be done, you can do nothing; if it can’t be sung, you can sing nothing; if it can’t be known, you can know nothing; if it isn’t shown, you can see nothing. This is reinforced by the one exception: “There nothing you can say/But you can learn how to play the game”. The chorus seems like a non-sequitur: “All you need is love/Love is all you need”. Lyrically, “All You Need is Love” takes a somewhat darker and more cynical tone than it is ever given credit for. “Love is all you need,” Lennon sings in the chorus, while the verses hammer home the message “because you don’t/can’t have anything else.” You can learn how to play the game, but if it’s not already being done you can’t do it. “All You Need Is Love” is Lennon’s message to the voiceless, powerless masses that they don’t need the trappings of modern life as long as they have love. It’s a childlike message but, as he did later with the even more naïve “Imagine”, he uses the music to sell the message. “All You Need Is Love” is a beautiful song, from the opening bars of “Le Marseillaise” to the winding close that incorporates musical themes from “Greensleeves” and “In The Mood” and lyrical shoutouts to “Yesterday” and “She Loves You”. The chorus is simple, making it perfect for singalongs and sloganeering (much like the vastly inferior song “Give Peace A Chance”), and the verses are melodic and sung beautifully by Lennon.
Magical Mystery Tour is not an album, but it is a magnificent LP record. Some of the best songs the Beatles ever did grace its grooves and even the songs that don’t rise to that level are excellent. The Beatles canon is improved by its inclusion.
Grade: A+
The Beatles: Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band
With Revolver the Beatles were openly flouting the pop music rule book. They were sending an early notice that they wouldn’t be bound by convention. Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band ripped up the rule book, burned it, buried it, and sowed the earth with salt. It’s really not too big a statement to say that Sgt. Pepper redefined the musical landscape almost completely…for good and for bad. The significance of the album’s release in the rock music firmament can not be overstated.
But Sgt. Pepper didn’t come entirely out of the blue. In February of 1967 the Beatles released a double A-sided single of “Strawberry Fields Forever” and “Penny Lane”. These songs were such a radical departure for the band that they might as well have been recorded on Mars. Swirling Mellotrons, horns, strings, seemingly cryptic lyrics (which aren’t that cryptic if you know the back story)…this single was as great a departure from Revolver as that album had been from Help! Musically, lyrically, and stylistically, it was a huge leap forward (or backwards, I suppose, if you liked your Beatles as four lovable Mop Tops).
That single had originally been recorded for inclusion on the project that would become Sgt. Pepper. It was released early under pressure from the record label who had not released a new Beatles track in months. It seems odd to think about now, when bands routinely take years between releases, but in 1967 if a band didn’t release a new single every few months they were considered washed up. Rumors were circulating that the Beatles, holed up in EMI Studios, were out of ideas and probably going to break up. They’d quit touring in 1966, which is something bands never considered doing until that time, to focus on recording. But the recording process for the new album was taking months, an almost unprecedented amount of time in the history of rock music. Reporters routinely staked out the studio, ready to ask the Beatles “Are you finished?” whenever the band arrived at EMI’s door. The band even looked different. All four had grown moustaches.
The Beatles were not out of ideas. Sgt. Pepper was part of an extraordinarily creative period for the band and was, in many ways, the apex of that creativity.
When the album was released in June of 1967 it became the soundtrack for what was called the “Summer of Love”. It was as if an earthquake had shaken the musical world to its core. It was the first Beatles album that Capitol Records released without removing tracks and substituting others. The Beach Boys’ Brian Wilson, crafting Smile, his band’s response to Revolver, heard Sgt. Pepper and had a nervous breakdown. Paul Kantner has talked about how you could hear Sgt. Pepper blasting out of every window at Haight-Ashbury. Even the Monkees paid tribute: in one of the musical sequences on the show, when the band is seen running around in an Old West town, Davy Jones has a copy of Sgt. Pepper tucked under his arm.
The album dominated the charts for the entire summer and sent other bands reeling. The Rolling Stones responded with Their Satanic Majesties Request, a drugged out, bleary copy of Pepper. Less well-known, Arthur Lee’s Love responded with Forever Changes, an album that nearly matches Pepper on every level and surpasses it on some. The Doors heard an early acetate of the album before its release and were similarly floored by the notion that they could do anything they wanted in the studio. Frank Zappa brilliantly parodied the cover on his We’re Only It It For The Money. Jimi Hendrix opened his show by playing the title track, only 48 hours after the album was released. The rule book was gone and every band in the land suddenly realized they could go wherever their talents and muses would take them. This created the unfortunate idea in every songwriter that they needed to release “their Sgt. Pepper“. But these other bands were not the Beatles, and the result was usually an awful, overindulged, mess.
So much has been said of the album that it’s almost easy to overlook the music. The first album to have the lyrics printed on the back sleeve; the first to have a design on the inner record sleeve; the first to come with a sheet of cutouts; one of the first single album gatefold releases (maybe the first); the first to have a “legitimate”, well-known artist, Peter Blake, design the cover. The splashy, colorful cover that seems to be a graveside service, features wax figures of the “old” Mop Tops standing next to the latest incarnation of the band, who are dressed in brightly colored pseudo-military uniforms. Behind them, arranged in a crowd of life-size cutouts, are the band’s personal choices for heroes and influences. Tucked away on one side is Stuart Sutcliffe. Right up front is a doll wearing a shirt that says “Welcome The Rolling Stones Good Guys”. (The Stones repaid the compliment by hiding the Beatles’s heads in the 3-D cover of Majesties.) The album title is spelled out on a bass drum, and the name “Beatles” appears as a floral arrangement…right in front of a row of marijuana plants.
So yes, it’s easy to forget that this is an album of songs. And as an album of songs, Sgt. Pepper is not the greatest rock record ever released. It’s extraordinarily good; great even. But the songs are so decked out in their psychedelic finery that it’s easy to miss the fact that they’re not the band’s best songs. It was certainly thought so at the time, but Sgt. Pepper succeeds mainly because of its innovation, its playfulness, its experimentation, and its ruthless rule-breaking. As recordings, this is the best the Beatles, or any other band, got. As songs, on the other hand…a case could easily be made that Pepper doesn’t compare with Rubber Soul, Revolver, the best of the White Album, or even Abbey Road.
Paul McCartney’s conceit for the album was that the band could pretend to be another band. That way they could do whatever they wanted without being hemmed in by whatever was expected of the Beatles. This “concept” lasted all of two songs. The opening, eponymous, track and the introduction of “Billy Shears” to sing “With A Little Help From My Friends”. But Billy Shears sounded a lot like Ringo Starr, and the idea of the Beatles pretending to be Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band quickly fell apart, only to be briefly revived on side two with a reprise of the title track.
So what of the music? The title track, clocking in a barely two minutes, is a brief introduction to the concept. It’s not so much a song as it is a fanfare, but it does have a great vocal from McCartney and some searing guitar work on both the stinging lead and the thick, heavy rhythm riffs. It ends with applause and the introduction of “the one and only Billy Shears” before blending into “Friends”. The song is Ringo’s finest performance on a Beatles album. He gives the lyric a warmth and bonhomie the elevates the entire recording. Sung by Lennon or McCartney, “With A Little Help From My Friends” wouldn’t work as well. (Sung by Joe Cocker, it worked even better.) For the first time, Ringo was given a song to sing that was neither throwaway (“I Wanna Be Your Man”) or novelty (“Yellow Submarine”). “A Little Help” is one of the crown jewels of Pepper.
The next track, “Lucy In The Sky With Diamonds” is even better, and the album is off to a roaring start. John’s acid-drenched lyrics and nasal vocal provide the musical equivalent of an LSD trip. John would, of course, deny that “Lucy” “Sky” and “Diamonds” were intended as code for LSD. The claim was that it was based on a drawing his son Julian had done of his classmate, Lucy, flying through the air with diamonds drawn as stars. When John asked his son what the picture was called, Julian told him that it was “Lucy, in the sky, with diamonds”. It’s possible. I’ve seen pictures of the drawing. But Julian was only three years old when John wrote the song, and it’s entirely possible that the title was grafted onto a drawing made at a later date (the drawing itself seems more the work of a precocious five-year-old than a three-year-old).
Could you draw this when you were three?
Lennon stuck with the story of the song’s origin until his dying day, long past the point when anybody cared if he was winking at the audience with the title. And regardless of the title’s beginnings, the lyrics themselves were unmistakably about acid. Lennon later said that at this point in time he was taking LSD “like candy”. George and Ringo were also enthusiastic takers and McCartney was starting to dabble in the drug, though his drug of choice was always pot. “Newspaper taxis”, “tangerine trees and marmalade skies”, “rocking horse people” eating “marshmallow pies”…it’s all a trip in a psychedelic wonderland, led by your tour guide John Winston Lennon. McCartney’s bass is amazing throughout and Ringo’s pounding that leads into the chorus tether Lennon to the earth even as his phased and echoed vocal takes him higher and higher.
Pepper is McCartney’s album. The concept was his idea, and it was his work ethic that kept John focused. But after Lennon’s journey into Acidland, McCartney responds with three straight songs that are fairly conventional. “Getting Better” is a good song that is saved from its faceless optimism by John’s sarcastic “it can’t get no worse” backing vocal and George’s tamboura in the last verse. “Fixing A Hole” is better, but similarly faceless. Like many of the songs on this album, if it had not been on Sgt. Pepper it would likely be considered a second-tier Beatles song.
“She’s Leaving Home” is the third McCartney song in a row (Lennon helped in the writing). His output at this point was outpacing John, who was consumed with consuming drugs and was besotted by a Japanese avant-garde artist he’d met in late 1966. “Home” is a magnificent track, with a sensitive but not cloying string section orchestrated by Mike Leander. It’s a story song, telling a tale that was all too common in 1967. Tom Wolfe told the same story in his book The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test in what became known as “the Beautiful People letter”:
“Dear Mother,
I meant to write to you before this and I hope you haven’t been worried. I am in [San Francisco, Los Angeles, New York, Arizona, a Hopi Indian Reservation!!! New York, Ajijic, San miguel de Allende, mazatlan, Mexico!!!!] and it is really beautiful here. It is a beautiful scene. We’ve been here a week. I won’t bore you with the whole thing, how it happened, but I really tried, because I know you wanted me to, but it just didn’t work out with [school, college, my job, me and Danny] and so I have come here and it is a really beautiful scene. I don’t want you to worry about me. I have met some BEAUTIFUL PEOPLE and …”
But even on “She’s Leaving Home” it is the production and the performance that sells the song. McCartney’s lyrics are sentimental without being precious and the string section fits the mood perfectly. But the hidden star of the song is John Lennon. Lennon and McCartney are the only two Beatles on the track, and neither plays an instrument, but Lennon’s vocal steals the show. In the tale of a runaway girl, John plays the role of the parents, underpinning McCartney’s high chorus vocal. “What did we do that was wrong? We didn’t know it was wrong,” John sings in the same nasal tone he used on “Tomorrow Never Knows” and “Lucy In The Sky With Diamonds”. The vocal slices through McCartney’s lead and adds a perfect amount of pathos to the song. The dueling lead vocals of Lennon and McCartney on the chorus are a primer on how to sing a counter-melody.
Lennon’s “Being For The Benefit of Mr. Kite” closes the first side of the album. The lyrics were taken, almost verbatim, from an old-time circus poster John had hanging in his home. In the context of Pepper the song was assumed to be psychedelic, along the lines of “Lucy”. In fact, it was banned by the BBC who mistakenly believed “Henry the Horse” was a heroin reference. It’s not that, however. Hogsheads of fire, hoops, garters, somersets, the Hendersons, Mr. Kite…they’re all there in the poster. There’s an atmosphere that matches the lyric perfectly; steam organs, calliope sounds, tape loops, and various harmonicas fill out the piano/bass/drums musical accompaniment (there are no guitars on the track). After many failed attempts to achieve the desired results through conventional recording, the carnival sequence in the break was achieved by cutting the tapes into small sections, throwing them in the air, and then putting them back together in random order (some backwards). It worked beautifully, with the carnival sounding out of control. The effect was of being on the fairway with your senses radically altered. Nearly the whole of the album was an aural manifestation of disordered senses.
The second side of the album begins with George Harrison’s “Within You, Without You”. In the context of the kaleidoscopic Pepper, it works. Out of context, the song is an Indian drone with ponderous lyrics. It’s George’s longest Indian-style song, and far less effective than Revolver‘s “Love You To” or the Indian/psychedelic mashups “Blue Jay Way” and “Only A Northern Song”. As the song ends, there is a break of laughter. It shows good sense on the band’s part that they would follow the track with a laugh to lighten the oh-so-serious tone of the song. George’s heavy-handed mysticism is followed by one of McCartney’s lightest tracks. “When I’m Sixty-Four” is a staple at weddings now, but was written when McCartney was just fifteen years old. It displays both his overly sentimental side and his love for English music hall. What saves the song from being treacle is that descending line “You’ll be older, too” followed by Lennon’s wordless backing vocal that adds just a bit of edge to the song. Lennon and Harrison’s backing vocal of “We shall scrimp and save”, modulating the last vowel are the perfect complement to Paul McCharmley’s happy vocal. The backing adds just the right touch, reminding the listener that “scrimping and saving” isn’t necessarily easy or fun.
Fortunately, the song is followed by “Lovely Rita”, Paul’s ode to hooking up with a meter maid. The piano-driven track is an old-style rocker, but even here the Beatles were playing with the recording. The piano purposely slips in and out of tune, John’s backing vocals are once again very prominent, and the song ends with a not-very-subtle simulated orgasm, the music and a breathy, wordless, moaning vocal rising and getting more intense until the piano suddenly drops off and John is heard saying “Believe it.”
“Good Morning Good Morning” continues the rebound on side two. It’s a heavy rocker with a punchy brass section, scorched earth guitar fills by McCartney, and lyrics inspired by a commercial for corn flakes. The lyrics would have fit in perfectly with the original concept for Pepper’s songs. The original idea, represented by the “Strawberry Fields”/”Penny Lane” single, was that the songs be a nostalgic look at their childhoods in Liverpool. “Good Morning Good Morning” plays on that theme with its tale of a man’s day, not wanting to get up and go to work, taking a walk by his old school, heading home to watch television (“Meet the Wife” was a British TV show). Lennon captures the frustration of everyday living with typical Lennon bile in the lines “Everybody knows there’s nothing doing/Everything is closed it’s like a ruin/Everyone you see is half asleep/And you’re on your own you’re in the street”. Only when the sun starts to set does the song’s protagonist start to come alive, flirting with the girls and acknowledging the people around him as “full of life”. In many ways, it’s the sequel to Revolver‘s “I’m Only Sleeping”, taking that song’s character and seeing how the rest of his day plays out. It’s a straightforward track, but still has some of the Pepper artifice. Aside from the horns and multiple time signatures there’s the ending, where a series of animal noises are heard, each sound representing an animal that could kill or frighten the animal before it.
On the stereo version of the album, the last of the animal sounds is a two-note guitar lick that mimics a clucking chicken. In reality, that was added in later to cover a terribly bad edit between “Good Morning Good Morning” and the following song, a reprise of the title track. The original, bad edit is heard in the mono version of the album, and is a clear example of the stereo mix being better than the mono. In truth, comparing the two versions is largely a wash. Both mixes have their selling points and despite Lennon’s insistence that mono was the best way to hear the album, the stereo mix is equally good. The “Sgt. Pepper” reprise is brief, a reminder that there was once a concept behind the album. Its inclusion still leads people to believe that Pepper has a unified theme. Like the title track, it’s a fine rave up, but there’s really nothing much to be said about it. It’s main purpose is to serve as the gateway to “A Day In The Life”.
The last track on Sgt. Pepper is also the best. It is, to my ears, the best song the Beatles ever did, and arguably the best song of the rock era. With a finale like this, it’s easy to forgive the superficiality of any of the preceding tracks. It is this song that sticks with the listener more than any of the others, and elevates Pepper to the top of critical lists. “A Day In The Life” is essential listening. For this song alone, Sgt. Pepper is a necessary addition to the collection of any serious fan of rock music.
Here the Beatles transcend rock music. The song has all the conventions of rock, but the recording is something else entirely. The verses are simple: a lightly strummed acoustic guitar, a stately, near classical piano, and Ringo Starr’s brilliant drum fills. Anyone who says that Ringo is not a world-class drummer needs to listen to this, and then forever shut up about it. Floating over it all is Lennon’s voice. In the first two verses he tells the story of the car crash that killed the Guinness heir Tara Browne, in the third he pays tribute to the movie How I Won The War, in which he had taken a supporting role in 1966. But it’s at the end of the third verse that the song takes off. As Lennon sings a line written by McCartney, “I’d love to turn you on”, the music swells underneath, an orchestral rush that rises and rises until it seems like it will explode out of the speakers. The orchestra, recorded with the musicians wearing fake noses and various costume parts to get them in the right frame of mind, had been instructed that they had 24 bars to go from the lowest note on their instruments to the highest, and how they did it was up to them. The sensation one gets listening to it is the same as taking off in an airplane. There’s a rush and a feeling of inexorable rising…until the 24th bar when the orchestral orgasm abruptly ends with the sound of an alarm clock and McCartney’s voice taking over the lead from Lennon. This section by McCartney was part of a song he’d been writing for the “childhood” concept of the album. It recounts his days riding on the top of the bus, smoking cigarettes, and daydreaming. In the context of the song, though, it is from the perspective of an adult, probably running late for work. Still, the lines “found my way upstairs and had a smoke/Somebody spoke and I went into a dream” was enough to get the song banned by the BBC for referring to drugs.
It’s hard to argue that those lines are not about drugs. At the moment McCartney finishes the word “dream” the music again shifts from the rock piano to a brass section that sounds impossibly deep. The brass builds from the bottom, becoming more prominent before ending in a five-note flourish that transitions back into the music of the first three verses. Overriding the brass is Lennon’s wordless wail, providing another melody on top. His voice on that elongated “Ahhhhhh” modulates and turns, drifting from speaker to speaker, before fading. And just like that we’re back to softly strummed acoustic, stately piano, and Ringo’s ever-changing fills. The last verse is nothing more than a poetic retelling of a news story about the number of potholes in the road (“four thousand holes in Blackburn, Lancashire”). But as Lennon ends the verse he circles back to that infamous line “I’d love to turn you on” and the orchestral rush begins again. This time the surge ends not with an alarm clock, but with what is probably the most famous chord in the history of 20th century music. It’s a simple E Major chord, played simultaneously on three different pianos by Lennon, McCartney, Starr, and roadie Mal Evans and on a harmonium by George Martin. As the sound of the chord started to dissipate the engineers in the studio turned up the recording levels until they were capturing not only the resonance of the chord but the ambient studio sounds. like the squeaking of a chair. The result is a massively rich chord that sustains for over 40 seconds before finally disappearing. Buried in the fade is a dog whistle, undetectable to human ears (and probably undetectable to recording devices, so who knows if it’s really on there or not).
Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band ends with a snippet of studio dialogue and noise, sped up, backwards, and on an endless loop for record players that do not have an automatic return on the stylus. It’s the last touch on the album, a hidden nonsense track less than 5 seconds long that continued playing on a loop until the listener lifted the needle off the groove.
Sgt. Pepper changed the musical world. It opened the doors for musicians to be more creative and take more chances. It also led to the mistaken belief that brass and strings were enough to turn a pop song into an artistic statement. We still listen to music in the world that Pepper created but the fact is that, with some exceptions, the songs on the album simply aren’t as good as the ones on Revolver, or even Rubber Soul. Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band is the most important rock album ever released, and my grade reflects that. But is it The Greatest Album Ever Made as so many claim? No. It’s not even the best Beatles album.
Grade: A+
The Beatles: Revolver
For decades now, whenever some music magazine that’s staffed with old hippies (*cough* Rolling Stone *cough*) makes a list of the Greatest Albums of All Time (by which they mean the greatest albums since 1964), they invariably settle on The Beatles’ Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band as the choice for number one. But a funny thing happened several years ago when VH1 created a list of the 100 Greatest Rock Albums. As voted on by critics and musicians, the number one choice was Revolver. Since then, Revolver‘s stock has risen sharply while Pepper’s has dropped.
The rise in Revolver‘s status coincides directly with the release of the album on compact disc in 1987 when, for the first time, the original version of the album was released in America.
Revolver was the last Beatles album to be eviscerated by Capitol Records, and was probably the most damaged aside from the movie soundtracks. The American version of the album was a hard-hitting classic, long considered one of the very best albums by the band. When the English version was released in America, it was a revelation. As great as the American version was, three of the best songs had been removed.
U.S. Edition
All These Years, Vol. 1: Tune In, by Mark Lewisohn
For most Americans the story of the Beatles begins fifty years ago today when a plane carrying the four longhairs from Liverpool landed at John F. Kennedy Airport, and kicks into gear two nights later when the band played on The Ed Sullivan Show to what was then the largest television audience of all time.
Of course, that is not where the story begins. The Beatles didn’t spring forth fully formed, like Athena popping out of Zeus’s head. In one incarnation or another they’d been playing and singing for almost six years by the time Sullivan introduced them. These six years are probably the least known but, in many ways, the most fascinating and important period in the band’s history. Now author Mark Lewisohn has finally released the first volume of his projected trilogy about the band, and the work more than lives up to the expectations.
Lewisohn has long been known to Beatles fans as the world’s leading expert on the subject, the author of the essential The Complete Beatles Recording Sessions that details almost every minute the band spent in the studio. He’s as close to an “official” expert the band has; with their permission he was given access to every note they’ve recorded (including all the unreleased stuff), he’s written liner notes and books, and he wrote the biographical prefaces to The Beatles Anthology (the officially sanctioned story of the band, in their own words). With Tune In, he’s outdone himself.
This is not simply a biography of The Beatles. This is the Moby Dick of rock and roll biographies. It is so richly detailed, so deep, and so complex, that it’s like seeing the Beatles for the first time in high-definition Technicolor after years of viewing them in grainy black and white. Lewisohn leaves no stone unturned here. True, it’s not really that important for even obsessive fans (guilty!) to know how much George Harrison paid for an amplifier in 1962, but those nitpicky details are deftly woven into a narrative arc that emphasizes the story over the minutiae. It’s a story told with cheek and humor, completely appropriate for the subject, and is bathed in loving detail. Lewisohn is clearly a huge fan, but he’s not worshipping at the altar here. Paul McCartney could be petty, narcissistic, and jealous. John Lennon was often cruel and cutting. Pete Best, it is clear, was a lousy drummer who couldn’t keep time if the lives of millions were at stake. None of the Beatles practiced monogamy, though both Lennon and McCartney demanded their girlfriends be subservient in almost all ways.
The early years of the band contain stories that all hardcore Beatle fans know:
When John was five he was forced to tearfully choose between his mother and father;
the head of Decca records refused to sign the Beatles, telling their manager Brian Epstein “Guitar groups are on the way out”;
George Martin heard the Beatles demo and liked it enough to bring them in, agreeing to sign them when he met them and was impressed by their humor and spirit;
when Pete Best was fired it was because the Beatles were jealous that their “mean, moody, and magnificent” drummer got all the girls;
bassist Stuart Sutcliffe died a sudden, shocking death;
after he was sacked, Pete Best told his best friend, Beatles roadie Neil Aspinall, to continue working for the band because “they’re going places”;
the Beatles never tried marijuana until they met Bob Dylan;
Lennon and McCartney spent the early years feverishly writing songs together.
The stories are so well-known, why do we need another Beatles biography? Well for starters, this is the first biography that states with complete authority that not a single one of these stories is true. Lewisohn has talked extensively not just with the people closest to the band, but their neighbors, schoolmates, employers, and everyone else with whom they had contact. His command of the facts and of the story is so overwhelming that the reader is left in awe of both his basic knowledge and the years of research he put into the book. When the facts are unclear, Lewisohn acknowledges it. When he cannot speak authoritatively, he presents all known sides of the story. Still, the number of myths he dispels is astounding.
Lewisohn wisely avoids foreshadowing for the most part. There are a handful of references to what will come later, but Tune In is set in the time it covers. This gives the book a sense of immediacy that too many biographies lack. The story builds gradually, sprawling over 800 pages (not including the end notes!), and covers only the time period ending on January 1, 1963. At book’s end, the Beatles are still over a year away from landing at Kennedy Airport. At book’s end, the airport was still called Idlewild because Kennedy himself was nearly a year away from Oswald’s bullets. Ed Sullivan, Shea Stadium, Sgt. Pepper, the Maharishi, Apple Records…these are stories for future books. Tune In ends with “Love Me Do”.
But this is the story of The Beatles. It’s all there. The guys that charmed the hardened and cynical New York press and won over the hearts of America are present and accounted for. The irreverence, humor, and restless creativity that later made Revolver are here in their early stages. Too many Beatles books think the story begins where this book ends; the early years are dismissed as a time when an amateurish act went to Hamburg and learned how to be a good band.
Essentially, that summary is true. The Beatles were a band with limited skills and a small repertoire who went to Hamburg, Germany to be the house band at the Indra Club, the sleaziest bar in town, before making their way up the musical ladder to the Kaiserkeller, the second sleaziest bar in town. Hamburg was such a high pressure situation that it turned the rough coal of the band into a brilliant diamond. It was in Hamburg that their repertoire expanded enormously because they refused to repeat any songs on the same night, and they had to play for four and half hours a night, six hours on the weekend. They learned songs on the fly, essentially rehearsing in front of crowds of drunken and often violent locals and sailors. In Hamburg they learned to put on a show, pressured by the Indra’s manager who would bellow “Mach schau! Mach schau!” (“make a show”). The show they put on, had it been seen in 1977, would have been called “punk rock”. Stomping, jumping, screaming, joking with and at the audience…the young band developed a visceral, exciting act to go with the music. They went to Hamburg as Liverpool’s also-rans. Nobody thought of them as being anything special. The best band in Liverpool was widely acknowledged as Rory Storm and the Hurricanes, featuring drummer Ringo Starr. When they came back from Hamburg, they were the best, tightest, band in Liverpool, probably the best band in England, and possibly the best rock ‘n’ roll band in the world. As such, they became stars in their hometown, attracting a rabid, fanatical following.
They would return to Hamburg four more times, the last two times being brief contractual obligations around the time of “Love Me Do”. Each time they appeared in a higher class of low-class bars. By the time they came back from Hamburg for the third time, they had played the equivalent of almost four and a half hours every night for eight months. That’s just Hamburg, and doesn’t include their countless sets in Liverpool’s Cavern Club. When you consider that type of pace, sustainable only by the young (and full of amphetamines), it’s nearly impossible to imagine a band becoming more tempered. Even when Stuart Sutcliffe quit the band in order to stay with the woman he loved, they carried on as if nothing had happened by forcing McCartney to (reluctantly) play bass. But Lewisohn also takes great pains to point out how unusual the Beatles were. It wasn’t simply that they were the best band in Liverpool, something that almost everyone in the city acknowledged in 1961. They were different. At a time when nearly every band in England was modeled after Cliff Richard and the Shadows (a singer and backing group), the Beatles all sang (even Pete Best would sing once or twice a night), and they sang harmonies, something no other band in Liverpool was doing. They were very funny, bringing their boundless love of The Goons and John’s Lewis Carroll-esque wordplay into their act. They were more than a rock ‘n’ roll band; they were the first rock group, comprised of inseparable friends (and Pete Best on drums). Lennon was clearly the leader at this time, but McCartney and Harrison were near equals. There was no star; they were all stars.
The entire history of the early years of the Beatles is laid out here and, despite the millions of words previously written about the band, there are a wealth of revelations. John, Paul, and George played as a trio named Japage 3? Brian Epstein was not their first manager? George Martin was forced into producing the Beatles as punishment for having an affair with his secretary? A recording contract was offered only because EMI wanted the publishing rights to “Like Dreamers Do”? Beatles roadie and right-hand-man Neil Aspinall, a teenager himself, was having an affair with Pete Best’s mother…and is the father of Best’s half-brother? Aside from a few very early attempts when they were still known as The Quarrymen, John and Paul didn’t start writing in earnest until after they got a recording contract? Brian Epstein became the manager of so many Liverpool acts not because he liked them, but because it enabled him to hold a near monopoly on the Liverpool music scene (and thus promote the Beatles even more heavily)? The Beatles introduced the fledgling Detroit music scene to England, by being the first band to do a Motown song on the BBC?
This is the complete story of the early years. Many myths are destroyed; many are confirmed. The true story is better than the myth. The drugs and drink are here; the rampaging, insatiable sexual appetites of young men away from home and living in squalor on Hamburg’s naughtiest street are here; the German art crowd of “Exis” is here, teaching the young band through their example that there are no rules to art; Brian Epstein’s tawdry, dangerous taste for rough trade sex is here; the violent streets of post-war Liverpool are here; most of all, the music is here. Large sections are devoted to who the young band was listening to, who they liked, and who they didn’t like. Barrels of ink are spilled detailing their love for Elvis, Buddy Holly, Gene Vincent, Little Richard, Eddie Cochran, and Carl Perkins among many others. It brings them alive in a way that is not just “the Beatles as pop music icons” but, rather, young men in love with rock ‘n’ roll. They were music obsessives, scouring the record shop at NEMS (managed by the young Brian Epstein), for the latest and greatest singles from America. They were The Beatles as the world knows them and loves them, at a time before anyone outside of Liverpool and Hamburg had heard of them.
The book is not without flaws, but most of them are frustrating and not serious. Lewisohn often describes interesting photographs, but doesn’t include them with the photos in the book. Sometimes the level of detail is all too much. There are several dog whistles to Beatles fanatics (even including some Rutles references) that would sail over the heads of non-fanatics. The next volume is not due out for another five years, and the finale five years after that…and that is the most frustrating thing of all. Regardless of these picayune flaws, All These Years, Volume 1: Tune In is the definitive biography of the savage young Beatles, and Mark Lewisohn is their Boswell. It is difficult to imagine anyone else even bothering to tell the story after this. Any future books about the band will more likely be narrowly focused to an event, an album, or even a song. There is simply no further need for another biography. Tune In sits along Peter Guralnick’s two-volume biography of Elvis Presley at the pinnacle of books about rock and roll music.
| i don't know |
What is a male otter called? | River Otters - Living with Wildlife | Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife
River Otters
For more information on the Living With Wildlife series, contact the WDFW Wildlife Program
360-902-2515
Figure 1. River otters are powerful swimmers with snakelike agility; their small eyes are adapted for seeing food items in murky or dark water. (From Larrison, Mammals of the Northwest: Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and British Columbia.)
•
River otters (Lutra canadensis, Fig. 1) have long, streamlined bodies, short legs, webbed toes, and long, tapered tails—all adaptations for their mostly aquatic lives. Their short thick fur is a rich brown above, and lighter, with a silvery sheen, below. Adult male river otters average 4 feet in length, including the tail, and weigh 20 to 28 pounds. Female adults are somewhat smaller than males.
Although seldom seen, river otters are relatively common throughout Washington in ponds, lakes, rivers, sloughs, estuaries, bays, and in open waters along the coast. In colder locations, otters frequent areas that remain ice-free in winter—rapids, the outflows of lakes, and waterfalls. River otters avoid polluted waterways, but will seek out a concentrated food source upstream in urban areas.
River otters are sometimes mistaken for their much larger seagoing cousin, the sea otter (Enhydra lutris, Fig. 2). However, male sea otters measure 6 feet in length and weigh 80 pounds. Sea otters are acclimated to salt water, and come to shore only for occasional rest periods and to give birth. In comparison, river otters can be found in fresh, brackish, or salt water, and can travel overland for considerable distances.
Facts about Washington River Otters
Food and Feeding Habits
River otters are opportunists, eating a wide variety of food items, but mostly fish. River otters usually feed on 4- to 6-inch long, slowly moving fish species, such as carp, mud minnows, stickle backs, and suckers. However, otters actively seek out spawning salmon and will travel far to take advantage of a salmon run.
River otters can smell concentrations of fish in upstream ponds that drain into small, slow moving creeks, and will follow the smell to its origin, even in urban areas.
River otters also eat freshwater mussels, crabs, crayfish, amphibians, large aquatic beetles, birds (primarily injured or molting ducks and geese), bird eggs, fish eggs, and small mammals (muskrats, mice, young beavers).
In late winter, water levels usually drop below ice levels in frozen rivers and lakes, leaving a layer of air that allows river otters to travel and hunt under the ice.
River otters digest and metabolize food so quickly that food passes through their intestines within an hour.
Den Sites
River otters use dens for giving birth and for shelter from weather extremes. Birthing dens are lined with small sticks, shredded vegetation, and other available material.
Den sites include hollow logs, log jams, piles of driftwood or boulders, and abandoned lodges and bank dens made by nutria or beaver.
Dens are well hidden; those located at the water’s edge will have an entry far enough below the surface to prevent it from being seen and/or frozen shut.
River otters also den under boathouses, duck blinds, and other human structures up to ½ mile away from water.
Figure 2. The river otter is sometimes mistaken for its much larger seagoing cousin, the sea otter (shown here).
(From Christensen and Larrison, Mammals of the Pacific Northwest: A Pictorial Introduction.)
Reproduction and Family Structure
River otters have what is called delayed implantation; the fertilized egg does not attach to the uterine wall for a period of time after breeding. Thus, gestation ranges from 285 to 375 days.
Two to four pups are born March through May.
Young otters begin playing at four weeks of age and learn to swim at about seven weeks of age. When eight to ten weeks of age, the pups begin exploring beyond their den and are introduced to solid food.
In late fall, the pups leave to establish their own territories. During this time, wandering youngsters are seen far from water, traveling on land between lakes, ponds, and from one stream drainage to another.
The basic social group for river otters is a female and her offspring. (Before and after breeding, male otters usually lead solitary lives.)
Mortality and Longevity
Essentially safe from predators while in water, river otters are more vulnerable when they travel on land. Predators take mostly young river otters and include coyotes, bobcats, domestic dogs, cougars, and bears.
Humans trap river otters to control fish predation in private ponds and commercial fish hatcheries and to prevent damage to private property. The most significant impacts on river otter populations include reduced water quality from chemical pollution and soil erosion, and stream-bank habitat alteration by developments.
Viewing River Otters
River otters are active day and night; around humans they tend to be more nocturnal. Otters spend their time feeding and at what appears to be group play. They also dry their fur, groom themselves, and mark their territory by vigorously scratching, rubbing, and rolling on the ground. River otters are active year round, and, except for females with young in a den, are constantly on the move. They tend to follow a regular circuit that is covered in one to four weeks. Males can travel 150 miles within a particular watershed and its tributaries in a year. A family may range 10 to 25 miles in a season.
To observe river otters, sit quietly on a high place (a bridge, overhanging bank or tree, or pier) above a known feeding area, trail, or slide. Find an angle from which you can avoid surface glare. A pair of polarized sunglasses and binoculars is useful. River otters are wary and their hearing and sense of smell are well developed. However, they are fairly nearsighted and they may not notice you if you stay still.
Never instigate a close encounter with river otters. They have been known to attack humans, and females with young are unpredictable.
Trails and Tracks
When traveling on land river otters walk, run, or bound. Bounding is their fastest gait. When bounding, the front and hind feet are brought toward each other causing the back to arch and the tail to be lifted off the ground. Otters make trails along the edges of lakes, streams, and other waterways. Trails often lead from one cove to another across a small peninsula, or alongside shallow rapids. Trails are 6 to 7 inches wide and may lead to slides or dens. Look for tracks in soft mud, damp sand, or fresh snow (Fig. 3).
Figure 3. River otter tracks show five pointed toes around a small heel pad. Tracks are 3 to 3½ inches wide and 3 to 4 inches long.
(Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife.)
Slides
Slides are a common sign of river otter presence and there are often several in a river otter’s home range. Slides are about 1 foot wide and located at water’s edge—frequently on islands in lakes, or in openings under bushes or brambles along creeks and streams. Slides are made in grass, dirt, sand, or snow. There is often a trail from the water’s edge to the slide.
Droppings
River otters thoroughly chew their food, so their droppings contain only fine bits of fish scales, bones, and shells. The texture is oily, the smell fishy. Droppings are left on prominent spots at the water’s edge, along trails, and near dens. Fresh river otter droppings are shapeless, slimy, and green; they darken with age.
Calls
River otter sounds include chirps (similar to a marmot), growls, whines, and, when alarmed, an explosive hah!
Preventing Conflicts
Figure 4. An existing wire fence can be modified to keep otters out of an area by adding wire to the bottom three feet. Keep the bottom flush with the ground or bury it 6 inches.
Figure 5. Where otters seem intent on entering from underneath the fence, include a wire apron on the animal side of the fence.
Figure 6. Keep river otters out of ponds and other areas with two hot wires, 6 and 10 inches off the ground. Make sure these are well marked to prevent accidents. (Drawings by Jenifer Rees.)
River otters are often blamed for preying on wild game fish, particularly trout. Nevertheless, studies indicate that the bulk of the river otter’s diet consists of non-game fish species.
However, river otters—particularly families containing young pups in spring—occasionally cause severe problems in fish hatcheries and private ponds. Otters also den under houses, decks, and other structures near water, and the smell of their droppings and discarded food remains can be unpleasant.
To prevent conflicts or remedy existing problems:
Eliminate access to feeding sites and other areas. Because river otters have heavy bodies and aren’t jumpers, a 4-foot high fence constructed with 3-inch mesh wire can keep them out of an enclosed area, such as where fish or aquaculture activities are concentrated (Fig. 4). Because river otters are strong, fences should be sturdy and extend 6 inches below the surface to prevent otters from pushing under the fence. Alternatively, include a wire apron on the animal side of the fence to prevent otters from entering from underneath (Fig. 5).
A double-wire electric fence, with wires set 6 and 10 inches above ground will also deter river otters. Such a fence can stand alone, or supplement an existing perimeter fence (Fig. 6). A single wire can be used around docks and houseboats.
River otters are resourceful and will thoroughly investigate fence lines to find a way into a food source. They are known to use abandoned animal burrows as routes under fences. So, inspect fences regularly to make sure river otters have not dug or pushed their way under or worked their way over them.
Provide fish with hiding places. Give fish safe places to hide by constructing sturdy hiding places on the bottom of ponds using cinder blocks, ceramic drain tile, wire baskets made from leftover galvanized fencing, or upside-down plastic crates held in place with heavy rocks. In larger ponds, attach a group of cut conifer trees to a heavy anchor on the bottom of the pond.
Eliminate access to convenient denning sites. Close potential entries under porches, houses, sheds, and other structures with ¼-inch mesh welded-wire (hardware cloth), boards, or other sturdy material (Fig. 7). Aluminum flashing, or aluminum or stainless-steel hardware cloth is recommended in saltwater areas since galvanized materials quickly corrode.
Eliminate noxious odors. Commercial odor-eliminators can be used to remove the smell of otter droppings and other debris under structures. Such products are available through hospital supply houses, drugstores, pet stores, and from the Internet using the keywords “Pest Control Supplies.” If the smell is really bad, the beams and other areas under the structure may have to be cleaned with a bleach solution (1½ cups of household bleach in 1 gallon of water). Be very careful of fumes.
Figure 7. Eliminate potential entries under porches, houses, sheds, and other structures with ¼-inch mesh welded-wire (hardware cloth), boards, or other sturdy material.
(Drawing by Jenifer Rees.)
River Otter in or Under Buildings
Occasionally a river otter will find a suitable den site in or under a building. Otters normally occupy a den site for only two or three consecutive nights. However, during the mating and nesting season, females are attracted to warm, dry, dark, easily defended areas, and will remain longer if the setting remains favorable.
You may choose to let otters occupy an area, such as under an outbuilding, if they don’t pose a problem. Should you choose to remove the animals, a wildlife control company can be hired (call your local Fish and Wildlife office for a current list of contacts), or you can complete the process yourself using the steps below. (For detailed information, see Evicting Animals from Buildings .)
1. Seal all openings except the main entrance used by otters. Use sturdy wire mesh (1/4-inch hardware cloth or similar materials) to screen vents near ground level in houses and other structures. Tightly seal holes in foundations or under porches to prevent otters from entering (Fig. 7).
2. To determine entry points, you can use "tracking patches" of a fine layer of sand, flour, or dust placed at suspected entrances. Wadded up newspaper lightly stuffed into the entry hole also works great. Otters will push the paper out of the way when exiting.
3. After dark, when the otter has left seeking food they will leave tracks at the den entrance. Inspect the powder or the dislodged newspaper for exiting otter tracks.
4. Once a otter has left the building, immediately seal the entrance with a hardware cloth "one-way door" (Fig. 8). (You will not want to permanently exclude at this point, not being sure of the number of otters present.) The one-way door can be made from 1/4 -inch hardware cloth that is attached over the opening, and hinged at the top and left loose on the other 3 sides. It should be larger than the opening so that it cannot swing inward. The otter will push it open to leave, but cannot re-enter.
5. Put a layer of flour on the inside and outside of the door after the one-way door has been installed for two to three nights. Any footprints in the flour should be outside the door with none inside. This means the otter is out. If you have any doubt, then smooth out the dirt on both sides of the door with your hand or a tool, reapply the flour and observe. Once a couple of days have gone by with no footprints, the skunk is probably gone. Another way to check is to open the door and shove a few pieces of wadded up newspaper into the otter’s entrance. If the paper stays in place for two to three nights, then the otter is gone.
6. Once you are sure all otters are out, permanently seal the opening.
Important Note: Be sure all animals are out before sealing up the entrance. Pay close attention and use extra caution if trying this option March through May when babies may be in the den.
Figure 8. A one-way door can be used in conjunction with a welded wire or hardware cloth barrier. (Drawing by Jenifer Rees.)
To try and drive an otter away, consider harassing the animal. Lighting up the den site with battery operated flashing lights and adding a portable radio can cause a otter to seek a more suitable habitat. (For detailed information, see Evicting Animals from Buildings .)
Trapping and Lethal Control
Trapping or shooting river otters should be a last resort. Lethal control can never be justified without a serious effort to first prevent problems from recurring. Removing river otters by any means is a short-term solution since other otters are likely to move in if attractive habitat is still available. (For detailed information, see Trapping Wildlife .)
Public Health Concerns
Diseases and parasites associated with river otters are rarely a risk to humans. Canine distemper, a disease that affects domestic dogs, may be found in Washington river otter populations. Have your dogs vaccinated for canine distemper to prevent them from contracting the disease. Giardia and Cryptosporidium are also found in river otters around the Puget Sound area. These could be a public health concern for immunocompromised people. Anyone handling a river otter should wear rubber gloves, and wash their hands well when finished.
Legal Status
The river otter is classified as a furbearer ( WAC 232-12-007 ). A trapping license and open season are required to trap river otters. A property owner or the owner’s immediate family, employee, or tenant may kill or trap a river otter on that property if it is damaging crops or domestic animals ( RCW 77.36.030 ). No permit is necessary; however, you must notify the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife immediately after taking a river otter in these situations. Because legal status, trapping restrictions, and other information about river otters change, contact your local state wildlife office for updates.
Additional Information
Books
Christensen, James R., and Earl J. Larrison. Mammals of the Pacific Northwest: A Pictorial Introduction. Moscow, ID: University of Idaho Press, 1982.
Hygnstrom, Scott E., et al. Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 1994. (Available from: University of Nebraska Cooperative Extension, 202 Natural Resources Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583-0819; phone: 402-472-2188; also see Internet Sites below.)
Ingles, L. G. Mammals of the Pacific States. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1965.
Larrison, Earl J. Mammals of the Northwest: Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and British Columbia. Seattle: Seattle Audubon Society, 1976.
Link, Russell. Landscaping for Wildlife in the Pacific Northwest. Seattle: University of Washington Press and the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, 1999.
Maser, Chris. Mammals of the Pacific Northwest: From the Coast to the High Cascades. Corvalis: Oregon State University Press, 1998.
Verts, B. J., and Leslie N. Carraway. Land Mammals of Oregon. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1998.
Internet Resources (General)
| Dog |
Which flower is known as ‘The wind flower’? | River Otter Preservation Society
B. Order----Carnivora
C. Family----Mustelidae
Mustelids also include skunks, badgers, weasels, minks, and sea otters. River otters make up the subfamily Lutrinae, of which there are 13 recognized species in four genera.
D. Genus, species----Lutra canadensis
There are eight species in the genus Lutra. Species can be distinguished by the shape and size of the hairy patch on the nose pad.
E. Fossil records
The first aquatic otter appears in the fossil record 30 million years ago. Another species, Paralutra jaegeri, lived 25 million years ago and may have been an ancestral form of modern river otters.
River Otter Habitat and Distribution
Historically, North American river otters were widely distributed throughout Alaska, Canada, and the contiguous United States. Due to fur trapping and hunting, by the nineteenth and twentieth centuries river otter populations were greatly reduced throughout the lower 48 states except in the northwest, the upper great lakes region, New York, New England, and the states along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts.
Today the North American river otter is found in reduced numbers throughout Alaska, Canada, and the contiguous United States. Other related river otter species are found in South America, Europe, and Asia.
River otters depend on wetlands or other aquatic environments such as lakes, rivers, streams, and ocean bays. River otters live in burrows under roots and logs or in abandoned dens of foxes, badgers, or rabbits. A river otter's den may have one entrance below water and one above water. River otters can also be found in hollow tree trunks.
Although highly aquatic, river otters may travel several miles over land to reach another stream or lake.
A river otter's home territory is usually about 5 to 48 miles along a river or stream bank. Males have larger territories than females. The territories of different otters may overlap each other.
A river otter marks its territory with feces and urine, then sprays its droppings with a strong-smelling liquid from scent glands near its tail. Since different river otters use the same sites to mark their territories, the droppings seem to be a visual indicator of where an otter should sniff to determine which particular river otters have been in the area. They also rub their musky scent on logs, stones, or mounds of grass throughout their home areas.
Physical Characteristics
A. Size--
Male river otters average 3 to 4 ft. in length including the tail, which accounts for about one third of total body length. The largest river otter ever recorded measured 5 ft. An adult male may weigh 10 to 25 lbs.
Female river otters measure over 3 ft. An adult female may weigh 12 to 18 lbs.
B. Body shape--
A river otter is long, muscular, and streamlined.
Like its relative the weasel, the river otter has an upward flex in its spine which causes a hump at the hips. The spine is so flexible that an otter can bend itself nose to tail tip forwards, sideways, and backwards to form a complete circle.
C. Coloration--
A river otter is brown and has a silvery sheen on its belly.
D. Forelimbs--
A river otter's forelimbs have paws with well-developed webs that extend at least to the base of the last bone on each digit. The webs are covered with fur, but the toes and sole pads are furless.
Front paws have well developed, non-retractive claws that are about 1/2 an inch long. The digits are very sensitive to touch.
River otters use their dexterous paws for feeling for prey in muddy waters, enlarging a den in a riverbank, handling small objects, and swimming.
E. Hind limbs--
Hind paws are webbed between each of the five toes. Toes are tipped with sharp, non-retractable claws.
Hind paws have small calloused pads to help give the river otter traction on slippery surfaces. The webs are covered with fur, but the toes and sole pads are furless.
River otters can stand upright on their hind paws.
F. Head--
Muzzle--
The river otter's muzzle is broad, flat, and short, with a blunt snout.
The nose is broad, black, and rounded. A river otter closes its nostrils while under water.
Vibrissae--
River otters have long stiff vibrissae (whiskers) on their muzzle. Vibrissae are 2 to 4 inches long.
Vibrissae are used to locate prey and to explore the size of holes or burrows.
Vibrissae are also used to detect underwater movement or obstructions by changes in water current.
Teeth--
River otters have 36 sharp teeth, which they use both for catching food and aggressive behavior.
Otters use their incisors to tear small pieces of flesh.
Canine teeth are used to grasp slippery fish or break the tough skin of a fish.
Well-developed premolars are used for crushing bones.
A river otter's brown eyes are located near the front of the skull.
A river otter's ears are small, rounded, and set back on either side of its head. Ears are about 3/4 of an inch long. River otters close their ears under water.
G. Tail--
A river otter's flexible, muscular tail is flattened and thick at the base, tapering to a point.
The powerful tail acts as a rudder when the river otter is swimming, and as a brace when the river otter stands on its hind paws.
H. Fur--
The river otter's fur is short and dense.
River otters have two kinds of hair: long strong guard hairs, which form the outer layer, and finer, more dense underfur.
The guard hairs form a waterproof barrier that covers and protects the underfur. The waterproof guard hairs on the back are about 1 inch long.
The underfur traps a layer of air to provide insulation. Underfur on the back is about 3/4 of an inch long.
There are about 156,000 hairs per square inch on a river otter.
Fur insulates an otter by preventing water from penetrating the otter's skin.
Senses
A. Hearing--
A river otter's hearing is very acute. Hearing is more important than smell for detecting danger on land.
B. Eyesight--
River otters may be able to see better under water than above water. They can change the shape of their lens to a more spherical shape to compensate for the refractive qualities of water.
C. Tactile--
Paws are sensitive to touch in locating food in mud or beneath rocks. Vibrissae detect vibrations of prey's movement in the water.
D. Taste--
Little is known about a river otter's sense of taste.
E. Smell--
A river otter's sense of smell is of the greatest importance in locating food on land. It also alerts them to the whereabouts of other river otters, home, and danger.
Adaptations for an Aquatic Environment
A. Swimming--
While swimming slowly or at the surface, river otters "dog paddle" using all four legs. River otters swim as well on their backs as they do on their bellies.
Webbing increases the foot area for extra push in swimming.
On the surface a river otter can swim about 6 miles per hour. Below the surface, the river otter can swim at 3 to 4 miles per hour.
When swimming, the river otter uses its body and tail for steering.
B. Diving--
Records indicate that one river otter was caught in a fish net that was set 60 feet deep. This is likely an exceptional depth. The average diving depth is not known.
All aquatic mammals have special physiological adaptations used during a dive. These adaptations enable a river otter to conserve oxygen while it is under water.
River otters, like other mammals, have a slower heartbeat while diving.
When diving, blood is shunted away from tissues tolerant of low oxygen levels toward the heart, lungs, and brain, where oxygen is needed.
C. Respiration--
River otters can hold their breath six to eight minutes before resurfacing. They have been known to swim 1/4 of a mile underwater before resurfacing.
While swimming under frozen ponds and lakes where air is not available, river otters can breathe bubbles of air trapped against the ice. They can also exhale a breath underwater and immediately rebreathe the bubble that formed below the surface of the ice.
D. Thermoregulation--
Fur insulates an otter by preventing water from penetrating to the otter's skin. See Physical Characteristics under H
A high intake is necessary to maintain a high metabolic rate, which helps an otter keep warm. River otters eat about15% to 20% of their body weight daily. See Diet and Eating Habits under B.
Behavior
A. Daily activity cycle--
River otters may be either diurnal (daytime) or nocturnal (nighttime) but generally more active at night.
Much of a river otter's day is spent grooming its fur to spread oils from skin glands throughout its fur for waterproofing.
B. Social structure--
River otters are basically solitary.
The basic family group consists of a female and her young. Such families break up before the female gives birth again. Male river otters may or may not take part in the family group.
There is no strong pair bond between a male and female except for several months during the breeding season.
C. Social behavior--
Some river otter behavior could be described as "playful", but what we interpret as "play" is adaptive behavior that reinforces social bonds and encourages young river otters to practice their hunting and fighting techniques.
River otters slide down muddy or snowy banks headfirst with their forepaws at their sides. Upon reaching the bottom, they climb up again and repeat the slide.
Juveniles chase one another in the water and tackle each other on shore.
D. Tracks--
A river otter's running stride leaves tracks from 1 to 2 feet apart. Tracks can be distinctive, especially in snow, where its body may leave a trough up to 1 foot wide as the otter pushes itself along or "sleds". Foot tracks are 3 inches wide.
Diet and Eating Habit
A. Food preferences and resources--
River otters are active predators whose diet consists mainly of fishes. In the water, river otters also prey on frogs, snakes, turtles, salamanders, crabs, crayfish, water beetles, aquatic insects, larvae, mussels, snails, worms, and ducks. On land, river otters prey on mice, small rabbits, and ground-nesting birds and their eggs.
River otters also eat some grasses, tubers, pond weeds, algae, shoots, and blueberries.
If food is scarce in the winter, river otters prey on muskrats. Occasionally they eat young beavers.
River otters do not store food for the future. They do not kill more then they eat.
B. Food intake--
River otters eat 15% to 20% of their body weight daily, about 3 lbs. of food. They usually don't eat much more then 1 lb. at a time.
C. Methods of collecting and eating food--
River otters hunt mainly at night, usually in the water.
A mother river otter will hunt with her young. She may also join in the hunt with other females and, in the the breeding season, with males.
A river otter catches a fish by waiting just above the water surface. When it locates a fish, it glides into the water and after a brief chase, catches the fish with its teeth.
In shallow water, a river otter drives fish into inlets by slapping the water with its tail. It may corner fish to make them easy prey.
At times several river otters hunt cooperatively to drive fish together.
River otters eat small fish 3 to 5 inches long. Occasionally they catch larger fish of 4 to 5 lbs., but not often. The larger fish are stronger, faster, and harder to catch. Smaller fish are more abundant and easier to catch.
River otters usually bring their fish out on a rock, tear off the scales, and eat the fish headfirst. They may consume their food in the water.
River otters grab ducks by the legs and pull them under water. River otters also take ducks wounded or killed by hunters before the ducks are retrieved.
River otters regurgitate fish bones and scales.
Reproduction
A. Sexual maturity--
Female river otters reach sexual maturity at about two years of age.
Mature female river otters usually go into estrus ( in heat ) in the first few months of the year.
Males are not usually sexually mature until five to seven years of age.
B. Mating activity--
The peak breeding season is March and April, when river otters travel more often and leave many scent markings to mark their territory.
River otters become territorial during the breeding season. Males will sometimes fight, competing for mates, if mutual avoidance does not work.
One male will mate with several females.
Young females coming into their first estrus are usually the first to breed. The older females usually rebreed within a day or so after giving birth.
Mating activity usually takes place in the water.
The male, swimming up behind the female, seizes her by the neck with his teeth and bends his body down around and under her tail.
When breeding takes place on land, the male curls up and wraps around the female.
Mating lasts 15 to 20 minutes.
Birth and Care of Young
A. Gestation--
The total gestation period is approximately 9 1/2 to 10 months. The maximum total gestation period recorded was 12 1/2 months and the minimum 9 1/2 months.
Gestation includes a period during which the embryo remains undeveloped. This holding period is called delayed implantation.
The fertilized egg divides into a hollow ball of cells one layer thick ( a blastula ), stops growing and lies freely in the uterus for an undetermined length of time. The blastula then implants in the uterine wall and continues to develop.
Delayed implantation assures that the pup is born during the best time of the year for survival and allows the female to get into good physical condition and to use her energy for nursing her newborn pups.
The actual embryonic development is about two months.
B. Birth seasons--
River otter pups are born between February and April.
C. Frequency of birth--
A female river otter may bear a litter each year.
The average litter of river otters is two to four. On rare occasions there will be five.
D. Pupping--
Female river otters choose a snug den for the birth of their young. They use muskrat houses and woodchuck burrows close to the water. A mother will also pup in cavities under a stream bank, in hollow logs, or in openings under a tangle of roots along river banks.
The mother chooses a den where there is an abundant food supply nearby to minimize the time pups are left alone while she goes hunting.
The female river otter drives the male away from the den at birthing time.
The male may travel away or may stay near a female's den. After six to eight weeks the male river otter may rejoin a female and her pups.
The female is rebred by any male within the area shortly after birth when she ventures from the den in search of food.
E. Pup at birth--
A river otter pup is 7 to 8 inches long and weighs 4 to 5 oz.
River otter pups are born toothless, blind, and helpless.
A pup's black, silky fur is not waterproof.
River otter pups spend most of their time either suckling or sleeping.
F. Care of young--
Nursing--
Mother river otters nurse their pups. Otters' milk is more than 24% fat and 11% protein.
A female river otter has four nipples on her abdomen just forward of the hind paws. When hungry, a pup crawls up on its belly in search of her nipples, twittering softly until it locates them. Suckling vigorously, the pup wags its tail from side to side and kneads its mother's belly with its front paws.
Pups are weaned at about three to four months.
A mother river otter warms the pup by curling completely around it, putting her head in the center of this circle.
If the young are weaned and the mother is killed, the male river otter may raise and protect the pups.
G. Pup development--
Young river otters grow rapidly. At one week of age they weigh about 6oz. and by ten days their weight increases to about 1 lb.
At five weeks the pups' eyes open and they begin to interact with one another.
Pups begin to acquire the waterproof coat of an adult and shed their baby fur at five weeks.
At two months the pup and family leave the den to explore their home range.
Pups begin learning to swim at about two months.
The mother encourages her pup into the water by swimming around and calling out to it. Once in the water, the pup holds onto the mother's fur.
The mother swims underwater, forcing the pup to swim. The mother may also grab the pup by the scruff of the neck and carry or throw it into the water.
When first placed in the water pups have difficulty staying upright, but after a few minutes they can swim on their own.
Young river otters learn how to hunt by mimicking their parents. At first they catch only slow-moving prey like snails and worms but soon catch fish.
Young river otters remain with their mother throughout their first winter. Pups are independent before the mother gives birth again.
Pups reach adult size after two years.
Communication
River otters are easily recognized by their staccato, "chuckle".
When anxious, river otters utter a hissing sound or a yelp.
When threatened, the sound is a deep, nasal growl or a piercing scream.
A twittering sound is used as a companionship call.
The pups in a den peep like chicks.
The begging and alarm calls of pups and the mating calls of adults resemble soft whistles.
A one-syllable chirp occurs as a contact call that carries quite a distance.
B. Scent markings--
River otters use urine and a musky scent from scent glands to communicate with other river otters.
Scent markings may provide otters with important information such as individual identity of the animal that produced the scent, its age, sex, breeding condition, and territory.
The scent of a river otter's spray is very strong and can be detected near the deposition site for several weeks.
Longevity and Causes of Death
A. Longevity--
| i don't know |
Who directed the 1996 film ‘Secrets and Lies’? | Secrets & Lies (1996) - IMDb
IMDb
There was an error trying to load your rating for this title.
Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later.
X Beta I'm Watching This!
Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends.
Error
A successful black woman discovers that her birth mother is a underprivileged white woman, but the woman denies it. As emotions run high, everyone's secrets are exposed.
Director:
a list of 30 titles
created 20 Jul 2014
a list of 23 titles
created 26 Jan 2015
a list of 30 titles
created 01 Feb 2015
a list of 21 titles
created 08 Jul 2015
a list of 32 titles
created 3 months ago
Search for " Secrets & Lies " on Amazon.com
Connect with IMDb
Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below.
You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin.
Nominated for 5 Oscars. Another 33 wins & 37 nominations. See more awards »
Videos
Abortionist Vera Drake finds her beliefs and practices clash with the mores of 1950s Britain--a conflict that leads to tragedy for her family.
Director: Mike Leigh
Parallel tales of two sexually obsessed men, one hurting and annoying women physically and mentally, one wandering around the city talking to strangers and experiencing dimensions of life.
Director: Mike Leigh
A look at four seasons in the lives of a happily married couple and their relationships with their family and friends.
Director: Mike Leigh
A waitress, her cook husband, & their twin daughters ponder their lives over a few weeks in a working-class suburb north of London.
Director: Mike Leigh
A look at a few chapters in the life of Poppy, a cheery, colorful, North London schoolteacher whose optimism tends to exasperate those around her.
Director: Mike Leigh
Penny's love for her partner, taxi-driver Phil, has run dry. He is a gentle, philosophical guy, and she works on the checkout at a supermarket. Their daughter Rachel cleans in a home for ... See full summary »
Director: Mike Leigh
2 young women reunite and rekindle their friendship after having said goodbye at their college graduation, six years earlier.
Director: Mike Leigh
Slice-of-life look at a sweet working-class couple in London, Shirley and Cyril, his mother, who's aging quickly and becoming forgetful, mum's ghastly upper-middle-class neighbors, and ... See full summary »
Director: Mike Leigh
After Gilbert and Sullivan's latest play is critically panned, the frustrated team threatens to disband until it is inspired to write the masterpiece "The Mikado".
Director: Mike Leigh
Edit
Storyline
Cynthia lives in London with her sullen street-sweeper daughter. Her brother has been successful with his photographer's business and now lives nearby in a more upmarket house. But Cynthia hasn't even been invited round there after a year. So, all round, she feels rather lonely and isolated. Meanwhile, in another part of town, Hortense, adopted at birth but now grown up, starts to try and trace her mother. Written by Jeremy Perkins {J-26}
See All (56) »
Taglines:
Roxanne drives her mother crazy. Maurice never speaks to his niece. Cynthia has a shock for her family. Monica can't talk to her husband. Hortense has never met her mother.
Genres:
Rated R for language | See all certifications »
Parents Guide:
28 February 1997 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
$60,813 (USA) (27 September 1996)
Gross:
Did You Know?
Trivia
The restaurant where Cynthia and Hortense meet for lunch is "Pasta Plus Restaurant", a family-run Italian restaurant on 62 Eversholt Street, Camden, London. The restaurant is still open to the public (Monday to Saturday) and is very close to Euston station. See more »
Goofs
When Roxanne pushes Cynthia onto the bed, the shadow of a crew member's head is seen moving on the bed. See more »
Quotes
Words by Patty S. Hill & Mildred J. Hill (as Mildred Hill)
© Keith Prowse Music Pub Co. Ltd./EMI
Sung by the family at Hortense's birthday party
(Portland, OR) – See all my reviews
I wish the USA had a director like Mike Leigh. His movies are amazing. "Secrets & Lies" traces the pain we often hold inside along with our secrets and the catharsis that can come by revealing them. Lives of quiet desperation within a family gradually find healing in this movie about adoption, children and the walls we build around ourselves for protection. There is a poignant metaphor in the brother Morris' career as a photographer, as his subjects attempt to cover the stories in their faces long enough to smile for the camera. This is an intense movie but it is not without beauty and hope.
46 of 50 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you?
Yes
| Mike Leigh |
Classic Judaism teaches that there will be no prophet greater than who? | Secrets And Lies Trailer 1996 - YouTube
Secrets And Lies Trailer 1996
Want to watch this again later?
Sign in to add this video to a playlist.
Need to report the video?
Sign in to report inappropriate content.
Rating is available when the video has been rented.
This feature is not available right now. Please try again later.
Published on Oct 30, 2014
Secrets And Lies Trailer 1996
Director: Mike Leigh
Starring: Timothy Spall, Brenda Blethyn, Marianne Jean-Baptiste, Phyllis Logan, Claire Rushbrook,
Official Content From Twentieth Century Fox Home Entertainment
When her adoptive parents die, a young black woman seeks out her birth mother, only to make an astounding discovery: Her mother is white. 1996 Best Picture and Best Actress Awards at Cannes Film Fest.
Movie, Secrets And Lies Movie,Secrets And Lies Trailer,Secrets And Lies 1996, Mike Leigh,Timothy Spall, Brenda Blethyn, Marianne Jean-Baptiste, Phyllis Logan, Claire Rushbrook,
Category
| i don't know |
The Tatmadaw are the armed forces of which Asian country? | Myanmar - Tatmadaw - Defense Services / Armed Forces
Building the Tatmadaw: Myanmar armed forced since 1948 Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2009
Tatmadaw - Defense Services / Armed Forces
Burma's armed forces have dominated all aspects of Burmese life since General Ne Win's military coup of March 1962. In recent years, however, greater emphasis has been given to more conventional defense roles. Strategy is based on the preservation of unity, the protection of sovereignty, and the defense of Burma against external threats.
If called upon to do so, the army would fight hard and well to defend the country but would be unable to cope with a well-prepared enemy armed with modern weapon systems. The army has scored a number of significant military successes against insurgents since 1988 but would still find it difficult to defeat a committed rebel group which was well established in the rugged border areas of the country. On numerous occasions since the 1962 coup, the Burmese Army has shown ruthless efficiency in crushing political dissent. Any unrest within its own ranks has also met with the same result.
The Myanmar Armed Forces, officially known as Tatmadaw, is the military organization of Myanmar. The Tatmadaw has dominated Burma's politics since the Japanese and British occupation of Burma until today. The armed forces are administered by the Ministry of Defence and are composed of the Army, the Navy and the Air Force. Auxiliary services include Myanmar Police Force, People Militia Units and Frontier Forces, locally known as Na Sa Kha.
Although the nation took pride in its precolonial military traditions, the roots of the modern defense establishment lay in two very different military organizations, the British colonial army during the colonial period, and the Burma Independence Army (BIA) and its successors. The former, organized to serve British colonial interests, was manned primarily by Indians and by Burmese ethnic minorities. Widely resented by ethnic Burmans during the colonial period, the Burma Army was thoroughly discredited in the eyes of most Burmese by its hasty retreat before advancing Japanese forces in 1942.
When the British attempted to reestablish colonial rule in 1945, a new Burma Army was formed from a merger of the old colonial forces and the Patriotic Burmese Forces (PBF). Under the terms of an agreement between General Aung San and the British, the PBF was disbanded, some of its members entering the new army as part of five battalions of the Burma Rifles. Only an estimated 200 PBF officers were incorporated into the new structure, the top leadership of which remained in British hands. In theory, the Burman units differed only in name from Shan, Chin, Kachin, and Karen battalions that had been established at the same time in recognition of wartime contributions to the British cause. In practice, however, the four minority ethnic battalions and the five Burman ones, including the Fourth Burma Rifles led by Brigadier Ne Win, were clearly separated by ethnic cleavages and by differing military traditions and experiences.
The underlying defects in both the merger solution and the structure of the army itself quickly became apparent. The surplus of PBF members entered a private army, called the People's Volunteer Organization (PVO), which was allied with AFPFL. PVO branches were soon established in most districts and townships and came to represent a parallel and sometimes competing authority within the state. These problems were compounded by political disagreements among nationalist leaders who, though unified under the AFPFL rubric, represented a wide spectrum of ideologies and beliefs.Their differences were transmitted to PVO units and to the component battalions of the Burma Army, whcrc many leaders served or maintained close contacts.
After General Aung San's assassination in July 1947, no nationalist leader had the requisite authority and prestige to stem the growing political chaos or to compel unity in the military. Immediately after independence, civil war erupted, and the new national army, which contained small naval and air elements, was wracked by mutinies in the ranks of some minority ethnic battal- ions and by widespread defections to the communist underground in the Burman ones.
The army emerged from these crises shorn of most of its ideological extremes, its leadership united in experience and firmly committed to establishing a unified and oderly socialist nation and to developing defense forces better able to perform those tasks. During the early and mid-1950s, the military continued to press against rebel forces and consolidate its own organization. Under the direction of the army commander, General Ne Win, the number of ground force battalions was greatly expanded. More importantly, all units were ethnically integrated, eliminating what had been a serious source of internal friction in the defense services. The army and navy were also confirmed as separate branches.
Since 1948 the Burmese armed forces have been committed almost entirely to the restoration of internal security. During the three years 1980-1983 alone, Burmese armed strength increased from about 60,000 to about 78,000 men (including an estimated 60,000 in the army, 14,000 in the National Union Military Police, about 2,200 in the navy,and 1,900 in the air force), but the army still lacked sufficient strength to mount simultaneous offensives against all the insurgent forces in Burma.
While charged with civil policing functions, the Paramilitary Forces Police - numbering some 50,000 by 1997 - is armed and essentially functions as an adjunct to the army, particularly in the control of political dissent. Many senior police officers have either been seconded from the army or have had military service. There are police stations in all major population centers.
Burma is the only country in Southeast Asia to be steadily increasing the size of its armed forces. Dominated by the Army, a strong and increasingly well-armed force, the military is now double the size of what it was in 1988. After the coup in 1988, the SLORC immediately arranged for the importation of a range of small arms, support weapons, and ammunition to replenish the army's depleted supply and to help guard against further challenges to military rule. Next the SLORC began a massive build-up and modernization program. This also included expanding the domestic arms industry. To best utilize and manage this massive expansion, build-up, and modernization a new command and control, communications, intelligence, and training structure has been instituted.
In mid-1988, Burma's armed forces personnel numbered approximately 186,000. The army was the largest at 170,000, air force 9,000, and the navy 7,000. There were an additional 73,000 personnel in the paramilitary People's Police Force and People's Militia who might have been able to perform a limited combat role. After the SLORC's expansion program, these numbers increased to 270,000-300,000 personnel (army-275,000; air force-10,000; navy-15,000) to date. It is reported that the goal was to have 500,000 well equipped personnel by 2000. Currently, after Vietnam, Burma has the next largest army in South East Asia and may become the largest if Vietnam continues its troop reductions.
NEWSLETTER
| Myanmar |
Who won the 1964 Nobel Peace Prize? | Southeast Asia from Scott Circle: Myanmar’s Military Still a Wild Card as Elections Loom | Center for Strategic and International Studies
Southeast Asia from Scott Circle: Myanmar’s Military Still a Wild Card as Elections Loom
Volume 6 | Issue 3 | February 5, 2015
February 5, 2015
Myanmar for months has been immersed in intense political maneuvering with the first general elections since the country’s transition to civilian rule expected to take place in October or November. The spotlight has been on opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi’s inability to contest the presidency, whether President Thein Sein will contemplate another term, and the increasingly open competition among those two and the country’s other top leaders—parliamentary speaker Shwe Mann and Commander-in-Chief General Min Aung Hlaing.
Equally important, however, is the way Myanmar’s armed forces will behave in the lead-up to and following the polls. What Min Aung Hlaing and the military decide to do will probably be the single most decisive factor in whether Myanmar will be able to move its fledgling reform process along.
Issues surrounding the military have long been controversial in Washington. As Myanmar begins a critical year, many administration officials are convinced the United States should not pull back from its current engagement with the country. Washington has, to some extent, been prepared for a less-than-perfect outcome, provided elections take place in a sufficiently inclusive, transparent, and credible manner. Yet if the military overplays its hand, it will become difficult to convince key constituencies in Washington, especially in the U.S. Congress, that the United States should continue to pursue engagement with Myanmar for the long haul.
Myanmar’s Military Still a Wild Card as Elections Loom
By Phuong Nguyen, ( @PNguyen_DC ), Research Associate, Sumitro Chair for Southeast Asia Studies ( @SoutheastAsiaDC ), CSIS
February 5, 2015
Myanmar for months has been immersed in intense political maneuvering with the first general elections since the country’s transition to civilian rule expected to take place in October or November. The spotlight has been on opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi’s inability to contest the presidency, whether President Thein Sein will contemplate another term, and the increasingly open competition among those two and the country’s other top leaders—parliamentary speaker Shwe Mann and Commander-in-Chief General Min Aung Hlaing.
Equally important, however, is the way Myanmar’s armed forces will behave in the lead-up to and following the polls. What Min Aung Hlaing and the military decide to do will probably be the single most decisive factor in whether Myanmar will be able to move its fledgling reform process along.
Issues surrounding the military have long been controversial in Washington. As Myanmar begins a critical year, many administration officials are convinced the United States should not pull back from its current engagement with the country. Washington has, to some extent, been prepared for a less-than-perfect outcome, provided elections take place in a sufficiently inclusive, transparent, and credible manner. Yet if the military overplays its hand, it will become difficult to convince key constituencies in Washington, especially in the U.S. Congress, that the United States should continue to pursue engagement with Myanmar for the long haul.
Recent actions by the military give grounds for concern. The armed forces have acted in ways disruptive to the cease-fire talks with ethnic armed groups. Min Aung Hlaing has reserved the military’s right to intervene to restore law and order if asked by the president to do so, though he has said the military would not stage a coup. The commander-in-chief has also not shied away from conveying his discontent with both Thein Sein and Shwe Mann.
Following high hopes last August, cease-fire talks between the government and the Nationwide Ceasefire Coordinating Team, an umbrella organization representing 16 ethnic armed groups, hit an impasse. Many believe a rift between the president and the commander-in-chief has been partially responsible for the deadlock in negotiations.
Government troops on November 19 shelled a training facility of the Kachin Independence Army (KIA), which does not have a bilateral cease-fire with the military, in the deadliest attack since fighting erupted in Kachin State in 2011. Cadets from the Ta’ang National Liberation Army, another group that has not signed a cease-fire, were among those killed. The shelling was initially seen by some as an attempt by the military to pressure the Kachin and Ta’ang groups into signing the nationwide agreement.
But the attack immediately caused many ethnic armed groups to fear that the KIA might retaliate and in so doing provide the armed forces with an excuse to escalate the conflict beyond the KIA capital of Laiza. Fresh fighting broke out on January 15 outside the government-controlled state capital of Myitkyina after the KIA kidnapped a state transportation official and three police officers. The hostages have since been released, but there is no sign that smaller skirmishes or incidents will cease anytime soon.
The latest events may have proven right those who believed the military never genuinely wanted a peace deal. Sources privately say Min Aung Hlaing and Thein Sein have not been on the same page and that the military commander has sought to disrupt the peace process. Several major ethnic armed groups have lost confidence about the possibility of signing a nationwide peace deal on February 12, which is Union Day in Myanmar, as was previously discussed between the government and the Nationwide Ceasefire Coordinating Team. Meanwhile, a Kachin member of parliament has publicly accused the commander-in-chief of being behind recent clashes in Kachin State.
Another area to watch is how the relationship between the armed forces and the ruling, military-backed Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP) will evolve in the coming months. From the establishment of the civilian government in 2010, many believed a rift between the USDP, whose members have to compete to get elected, and the appointed military bloc in the parliament was inevitable. This divide has grown wider as Min Aung Hlaing has become increasingly disillusioned with Shwe Mann, whom he believes has not faithfully defended military interests in his position as speaker.
Shwe Mann has used his perch to push for discussions of national or important policy issues to be channeled through parliament, while at the same time making no secret of his presidential ambitions. Min Aung Hlaing, who will reach retirement age by the time the next government comes into office, is expected to enter politics and will likely be the appointed presidential candidate of the military representatives in parliament. If the two blocs continue to diverge, Min Aung Hlaing may eventually become convinced that it falls on him to protect the autonomy and long-term interests of the armed forces.
Finally, should Myanmar manage to hold elections in a sufficiently peaceful as well as inclusive, transparent, and credible manner, it remains to be seen how the military will respond to persistent calls by political parties and civil society to amend Article 436 of the constitution, which effectively gives military representatives the power to veto constitutional changes.
Given Myanmar’s complex political landscape in the lead-up to the elections, any serious talks on constitutional amendments realistically will have to wait until 2016, regardless of what Aung San Suu Kyi may have wished. Min Aung Hlaing wasted no time in asserting his view with respect to changing the provision: Myanmar is not ready for a reduced military role in parliament. Without the military in the legislature, the general says, the country cannot move toward a strong multiparty democratic system.
At this juncture, the military holds some of the most important cards in Myanmar’s future. But for all his tough talk, the commander-in-chief knows he cannot turn the clock back on the country’s fledgling democracy given the monumental changes that have happened in Myanmar’s civil society and economy over the past four years.
Biweekly Update
Indonesia
Military pulls out of AirAsia recovery effort after failing to raise wreckage. The Indonesian military on January 27 announced that it was ending its involvement in the effort to recover bodies and wreckage from AirAsia Flight 8501, which crashed into the Java Sea on December 28. The military attempted to lift the plane’s fuselage from the sea floor in the days before the announcement, but failed when wires attached to the plane snapped. The operation left 19 navy divers hospitalized for decompression sickness. Indonesia’s search and rescue agency has taken over the recovery operation. Authorities have so far recovered 90 bodies, leaving 72 passengers still unaccounted for.
Panel recommends Jokowi ditch police chief nominee. An independent nine-member panel, appointed by President Joko “Jokowi” Widodo, on January 28 recommended that the president withdraw his nomination of Budi Gunawan for national police chief. Jokowi has come under increasing public criticism for his refusal to ditch Budi after the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) named him a graft suspect due to unusual activity in his bank accounts. Meanwhile KPK deputy chief Bambang Widjojanto resigned his post after he was arrested in what most observers believed to be an act of retaliation by the police.
Two Australians to be executed despite international pleas. Indonesia’s attorney general on February 2 said that Australians Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumaran, members of the “Bali Nine” drug smuggling ring, would be executed after a court rejected their latest appeal. The judicial review was their last chance to avoid death by firing squad following President Joko “Jokowi” Widodo’s earlier rejection of a clemency appeal despite pleas from the Australian government. No date has been set for the executions. Indonesia on January 17 executed five foreigners for trafficking crimes amid an international outcry.
China, Indonesia expand economic cooperation. Indonesian coordinating minister for the economy Sofyan Djalil and Chinese premier Li Keqiang on January 26 vowed to strengthen economic ties between their countries during a meeting in Beijing. They agreed to boost sustainable trade and Chinese investment in Indonesian infrastructure, energy, financial services, industrial estates, fisheries, and agribusiness in Sulawesi. They also signed an agreement on the development of coal-fired power plants in Indonesia.
Myanmar
UN criticizes Wirathu’s offensive language; Médecins Sans Frontières resumes work in Rakhine. The United Nations high commissioner for human rights on January 21 said sexist and offensive language used by Buddhist monk Wirathu toward UN special rapporteur Yanghee Lee was “utterly unacceptable.” Wirathu made the comments during a protest against Lee’s January visit to Rakhine and northern Shan states, during which she criticized discrimination against Rohingya. Meanwhile, the government reportedly allowed the group Médecins Sans Frontières to resume work in Rakhine on December 17 after banning it from the state in February 2014.
Army warns against linking Kachin teachers’ murder to troops. The military-owned news outlet Myawaddy on January 28 warned against implicating government troops in the murder of two Kachin teachers who were volunteering in northern Shan State. An autopsy report has yet to be released, but Kachin activists claimed government soldiers were responsible. Meanwhile, Chinese news reports alleged the military may have detained more than 100 Chinese nationals during a raid on an illegal logging operation in northern Kachin State, where fighting broke out in January between the military and the Kachin Independence Army.
Government blames KIA for derailing peace talks. Minister of Information Ye Htut on January 19 accused the Kachin Independence Army (KIA) of provoking the military with the intention to harm nationwide cease-fire negotiations. He cited the KIA’s kidnapping of a Kachin State official and police officers and launching attacks in jade-mining areas under its control in January as deliberate attempts to derail the deal. Ethnic groups on January 21 said they would not sign a nationwide peace accord on Union Day, February 12, without further meetings with the government.
Myanmar releases prominent Rohingya political prisoner. Authorities on January 20 released Tun Aung, a prominent Rohingya doctor and community leader who was accused of inciting riots between Rohingya Muslims and Rakhine Buddhists in 2012. Tun Aung had been sentenced to 17 years in prison in what activists described as an unfair trial. His release was partly a result of international pressure. UN special rapporteur on Myanmar Yanghee Lee met with Tun Aung during her January visit to Myanmar.
Parliament to debate race and religion protection bills. Lawmakers in the upper house of parliament on January 19 voted to debate two controversial laws drafted to protect Buddhist identity in Myanmar. The first bill, the Religious Conversion Bill, would require people who want to change their faith to obtain permission from local authorities, while the second bill, the Population Bill, would allow state and regional authorities to regulate population control in their jurisdictions. The U.S. government has said the bills may not conform to international rights standards.
Thailand
Yingluck impeached, faces criminal charges. The military-appointed National Legislative Assembly on January 23 voted overwhelmingly to retroactively impeach former prime minister Yingluck Shinawatra for her role in a failed rice subsidy program. The impeachment means Yingluck is banned from politics for five years. She now faces criminal charges related to her role in the program, which could result in up to 10 years in jail. The impeachment verdict was met with scattered criticism and demonstrations from Yingluck supporters, but no large protests as some observers feared.
U.S. assistant secretary of state pushes for government transition. Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs Daniel Russel visited Bangkok on January 26 and delivered a speech at Chulalongkorn University in which he praised the U.S.-Thai relationship before calling on the military government to end martial law, restore civil rights, transparently draft a new charter with public input, and hasten Thailand’s return to democracy. Senior Thai officials including Prime Minister Prayuth Chan-ocha decried Russel’s comments as inappropriate and summoned U.S. chargé d'affaires W. Patrick Murphy to register their disapproval.
Investment applications almost double in 2014. The Thailand Board of Investment on January 26 announced that potential investors submitted nearly 3,500 applications in 2014 for investments worth $67.2 billion—the most in 50 years, and a sharp increase from the roughly 2,200 applications worth $34 billion submitted in 2013. The board did not report how many applications were approved and how many were actually implemented. The government recently implemented new policies to encourage investment, including fast-tracking applications, adding incentives to invest in higher-value-added sectors, and giving special benefits such as tax exemptions of up to eight years for investments in special economic zones and designated provinces.
Prayuth defends controversial cyber security bill. Prime Minister Prayuth Chan-ocha on January 27 defended a proposed cyber security bill, claiming it is a necessary tool to protect national security. Critics in recent weeks have spoken out against the bill, which would grant the government vast Internet surveillance powers without court approval, including granting authorities access to private e-mails. The government has not made a draft of the bill public, but authorities have acknowledged that it will be used to monitor cases of lèse-majesté.
Philippines
Senior officials prioritize maritime security during Bilateral Strategic Dialogue. Assistant Secretary of State Daniel Russel, Assistant Secretary of Defense David Shear, and their Philippine counterparts on January 20–21 agreed to prioritize joint military exercises focused on maritime security, domain awareness, and humanitarian assistance and disaster response. The agreement came during the fifth annual U.S.-Philippines Bilateral Strategic Dialogue in Manila. The officials also said both the United States and the Philippines should exercise “maximum restraint” in the South China Sea, while expressing concern about Chinese reclamation activities in the disputed Spratly Islands.
Forty-four police killed in botched raid to capture terrorist. Philippine police on January 25 clashed with forces from the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Front (BIFF) and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) during a raid to capture wanted terrorist Zulkifli bin Hir, known as Marwan, leaving 44 police dead and 16 wounded. At least five BIFF and MILF fighters, along with Marwan, were reportedly killed. The raid has set off a frenzy of criticism and inquiries in the Philippines, with officials and observers asking why the police entered MILF-held territory without prior coordination, in violation of a cease-fire the group signed with the government in October 2012.
Philippines ends 2014 with surprisingly strong economic growth. The Philippine government on January 28 announced that the economy grew 6.9 percent in the final three months of 2014, beating most economists’ predictions, according to BusinessWorld. The Philippines logged 6.1 percent annual growth for 2014, missing the government’s target of 6.5 to 7.5 percent, but placing it second behind China among Asia’s non-least developed countries. Exports of goods and services expanded by 12.1 percent in 2014. The Philippine stock exchange meanwhile continued its run as one of the world’s best performing since 2008 and is up 5.5 percent so far in 2015, according to a January 27 Wall Street Journal report.
Government rejects U.S. marine’s appeal to drop murder case. A Philippine Department of Justice panel on January 27 rejected U.S. marine Joseph Pemberton’s appeal that the government drop a murder case against him. Pemberton is charged with the murder of a transgender Filipino woman, Jennifer Laude, in October 2014. His case is being closely watched in the Philippines, where many citizens are sensitive about perceived impunity for U.S. service members. Pemberton is currently being held at a Philippine military camp but is under U.S. guard.
Vietnam
Vietnam, U.S. hold political, security, and defense dialogue. The United States and Vietnam on January 22–23 held their seventh annual political, security, and defense dialogue in Hanoi, the largest of its kind to date. Led by Assistant Secretary of State for Political-Military Affairs Puneet Talwar, the U.S. delegation included representatives from the Departments of State, Defense, Justice, and Homeland Security. The two sides discussed bilateral and multilateral cooperation in the areas of maritime security, humanitarian assistance and disaster relief, peacekeeping operations, cybersecurity, and law enforcement.
VietJet Air plans $800 million IPO, obtains $400 million credit to acquire planes. Vietnam’s budget carrier VietJet Air on January 16 announced it plans to raise as much as $800 million in an initial public offering later this year to acquire more planes. The carrier on January 28 obtained a $400 million line of credit until 2020 from a Vietnamese bank to pay for Airbus planes it ordered in 2013. VietJet, which carried 6 million passengers in 2014, has committed to buying 92 planes from Airbus worth $9 billion by 2024.
Vietnam’s expansion of nuclear power faces setbacks. Vietnam’s Atomic Energy Agency says its plans to develop nuclear power plants are facing setbacks, according to a January 23 Wall Street Journal report. Developing the legal and safety frameworks is taking longer than expected, especially following the Fukushima disaster in Japan. Vietnam initially aimed to build eight nuclear power plants by 2030, but construction of the first plant was recently delayed until 2019.
Vietnam allows new casino, considers lifting ban on entry for Vietnamese. Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung on January 23 approved a new casino on the resort island of Phu Quoc, while the government is said to be reviewing regulations that would overturn the ban on Vietnamese entering casinos. Vietnam has several casinos but they are reserved for foreigners. Proponents of lifting the ban say the move would boost tourism and encourage spending at home, given that many Vietnamese already travel to Cambodia, Singapore, and Macau to gamble.
Vietnam’s fifth Russian-built submarine to begin sea trials in May. The Russian firm building six Kilo-class submarines for Vietnam announced on January 27 that the fifth completed submarine will begin sea trials in May. The first two submarines are already in Vietnam, while the third is on its way and the fourth is undergoing testing in the Baltic Sea. The delivery of the final submarine is due in 2016. The submarines are part of a broader upgrade of Vietnam’s naval capability to deter Chinese assertiveness in the South China Sea.
Malaysia
1MDB delays loan payment again, nears deal with tycoon to help pay debt. State-owned investment firm 1Malaysia Development Bhd (1MDB) is working to secure a loan from Malaysian tycoon Ananda Krishnan to cover a $550 million loan payment it missed on January 31, according to a February 1 Wall Street Journal report. 1MDB has twice delayed the loan repayment. Creditor banks have given the fund, whose advisory board is chaired by Prime Minister Najib Razak, additional time to make the payment. The deal could see Krishnan become a major investor in 1MDB’s energy business.
Malaysia runs into hurdles in attempt to extradite a convicted murderer from Australia. Malaysia faces legal barriers in its efforts to extradite Sirul Azhar Umar from Australia to face the death penalty for his role in the death of a Mongolian model in 2006. Australian law prohibits extradition in cases where the person may face the death penalty. The model was allegedly having an affair with an aide to Prime Minister Najib Razak around the time of her death, and the opposition has long tried to link Najib to the case.
Catholic Church loses final appeal to use the term “Allah” in its Malaysian publications. The Catholic Church lost an eight-year legal battle to use the term “Allah” to refer to God in local language publications when Malaysia’s highest court on January 21 rejected its final appeal. An earlier court decision to uphold the ban on the use of the term by non-Muslims has stirred sometimes-violent protests. The case has caused controversy in Muslim-majority Malaysia, as some Islamic groups have accused the Catholic Church of using the term in an effort to convert Muslims.
Malaysian police raid office of satirical cartoonist. Malaysian police on January 28 raided the office of satirical cartoonist Zulkiflee Anwar Alhaque, who often treats politically sensitive issues in his drawings. During the raid, police confiscated a number of books depicting political stories such as opposition leader Anwar Ibrahim’s imprisonment. The cartoonist, better known as Zunar, is subject to an investigation under Malaysia’s controversial Sedition Act, which the government often uses to attack its opponents.
Senior management undergoes shake-up at AirAsia following the crash in Indonesia and growing losses. Senior management at AirAsia is undergoing a shake-up following the tragedy involving AirAsia Indonesia Flight 8501 and two years of losses at its long-haul subsidiary, AirAsiaX, according to a January 28 New Straits Times report. The chief executive officer and chief financial officer of AirAsiaX are among those being replaced. AirAsia faces growing competition in Southeast Asia amid weak consumer sentiment resulting from two crashes involving Malaysia Airlines flights in 2014.
Malaysia declares MH370 an accident, halts search for survivors. Malaysia’s Department of Civil Aviation on January 29 officially declared the disappearance of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 an accident and said all 239 passengers and crew had died. The declaration allows compensation payments to start. Malaysia will release an interim investigation report on March 7, a day before the one-year anniversary of the disappearance. No trace of the plane has been found during the ongoing search for it in the southern Indian Ocean.
Trans-Pacific Partnership
U.S. to push for a final deal at ministerial meeting in March. The United States is pushing for the conclusion of the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) trade agreement at a ministerial meeting in March, according to sources quoted in a January 22 Inside U.S. Trade report. An informal meeting of negotiators in New York from January 26 to February 1 was expected to resolve everything but the most politically sensitive issues, which will be addressed by ministers at the March meeting.
Senior U.S. lawmaker plans to introduce a new trade promotion bill in February. U.S. Senate Finance Committee Chairman Orrin Hatch on January 27 announced plans to introduce a bill in February that would renew Trade Promotion Authority (TPA). TPA is seen as crucial to getting the Trans-Pacific Partnership approved, as it limits Congress to a yes or no vote on the final agreement. The administration has been ramping up efforts to build support in Congress for TPA and a final TPP agreement.
Talks between the U.S. and Japan make progress, but leave many issues unresolved. Acting Deputy U.S. Trade Representative Wendy Cutler on January 16 told a press conference that the United States and Japan made progress on some issues during three days of talks in Tokyo, but that many other issues remain unresolved. The talks were the first bilateral negotiations since Japanese prime minister Shinzo Abe's reelection last December. The two sides reportedly made progress on nontariff barriers in the automotive sector and market access for agricultural goods.
Mounting U.S. concern with currency manipulation raises another barrier to completing TPP. Rising concern in the United States about currency manipulation, and whether it should be addressed in the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), has emerged as another hurdle to President Barack Obama’s efforts to get support in Congress for the TPP, according to a January 25 Wall Street Journal report. Some U.S. lawmakers, labor unions, and manufacturers want the TPP to include enforceable rules against countries that manipulate their currencies for trade advantages.
Disagreement over medical patents arises as major barrier for completing talks. Disagreement among Trans-Pacific Partnership member countries over the length of drug patents remains a major barrier to completing trade talks as negotiators wrapped up an informal meeting on February 1. Pharmaceutical companies and a number of U.S. lawmakers want biologic drugs to have 12 years of protection from competition and imitations. Less-developed countries such as Malaysia and Vietnam, however, oppose such restrictions given their impact on healthcare costs.
Cambodia
U.S. assistant secretary of state rebukes Cambodia over failure to reform. Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs Daniel Russel said during a visit to Phnom Penh on January 27 that Cambodia’s failure to push through political reforms has harmed foreign investment opportunities and the country’s reputation in the international community. Russel met with Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs Ouch Borith, held a roundtable discussion with the Cambodian media, and visited the Cambodian Institute for Cooperation and Peace.
Seven Montagnard asylum seekers deported. The Cambodian government on January 25 announced that it had deported seven Montagnards to Vietnam the day before. Almost 30 Montagnards have crossed the border into Cambodia in the past three months seeking asylum. An initial group that arrived in October hid in the forests of northeastern Cambodia’s Ratanakkiri Province until December when the Interior Ministry and UN officials brought them to Phnom Penh for processing as refugees. The deportation comes as another group of 14 Montagnards in the same area continues to evade authorities.
Land activists lose appeal. The Cambodian Court of Appeal on January 26 upheld the convictions of 11 land activists arrested in November for involvement in protests over flooding in Phnom Penh’s Boeng Kak Lake neighborhood that they claimed was related to an abandoned real estate project. All the defendants received one-year sentences in November. Despite rejecting their appeal, the court reduced the sentences for nine of them.
Government takes step toward fuel price control legislation. The Ministry of Mines and Energy on January 27 said it has begun drafting new regulations to control fuel prices in a bid to stop individual distributors from overcharging customers. All petroleum importers and distributors will be required to report their monthly fuel imports, sales, and stock levels. The fuel price control legislation will fit into the draft Petroleum Law set to be presented to the Council of Ministers later in 2015.
South China Sea
Chinese ship rams Filipino fishing boats. The Philippine government on February 4 sent a formal protest to Beijing over the ramming of three Philippine fishing boats by a Chinese Coast Guard ship in Scarborough Shoal five days earlier. The three fishing boats were carrying 29 fishermen. No one was injured in the incident, but the outriggers on one of the fishing boats were reportedly destroyed. Manila earlier filed a protest with Beijing over the harvesting of protected giant clams by Chinese fishermen at the disputed shoal, which the Philippine government said violated international treaties to combat the trafficking of endangered wildlife.
Forum Energy approved to drill in Reed Bank. Philex Petroleum Corp. chairman Manuel Pangilinan on January 30 told the Philippine Star that the Philippine Department of Energy has given Forum Energy, Philex’s London-listed subsidiary, permission to conduct a drilling survey in the disputed Reed Bank. Forum hopes to complete the survey in 2015. The Department of Energy ordered a halt of all exploration in the Reed Bank in 2012 amid opposition from China, but also extended Forum’s exploration license until August 2016 due to the delay. Talks between Forum and China National Offshore Oil Corp. to seek a commercial deal to jointly explore fell through in 2013.
Singapore
Singapore launches a national cybersecurity agency. Singapore is setting up a national cybersecurity agency and appointing a minister responsible for cybersecurity to step up efforts to crack down on cyber crime, according to a January 27 statement by the prime minister’s office. Singapore has faced a number of cyber attacks in recent years, including the stealing of client data from Standard Chartered and an attack on the prime minister’s official website. The announcement follows the opening of a cybercrime-focused Interpol office in Singapore last year.
Central bank makes surprise move to slow the currency’s appreciation. The Monetary Authority of Singapore on January 27 announced that it would intervene to boost inflation and export-led growth by slowing the rise of the Singapore dollar against a basket of currencies. The Singapore dollar fell 1.4 percent against the U.S. dollar immediately following the announcement. The decision follows a number of similar interventions by central banks in China, Europe, Canada, and India to use monetary policy tools to counter a slowing global economy.
Timor-Leste
Prime minister to retire early. Prime Minister Xanana Gusmão on January 28 told his cabinet that he intends to resign in early February, with the Sydney Morning Herald reporting that he will step down on February 6. Gusmão, 68, began warning in January 2014 that he would soon retire despite winning a second five-year term in 2012. Former health minister and member of the opposition Fretilin party Rui Araujo is the favorite to succeed him. Gusmao won Timor’s first presidential election in 2002 after having led the resistance to Indonesian occupation.
ASEAN
ASEAN foreign ministers concerned about land reclamation in the South China Sea. Malaysian foreign minister Anifah Aman on January 28 said in a statement that ASEAN foreign ministers are concerned about land reclamation actions in the South China Sea following a two-day ministerial retreat in Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia. The statement issued by Malaysia mentioned no specific countries. Philippine foreign minister Albert del Rosario warned during the retreat that ASEAN’s credibility will be at stake if it fails to address the massive reclamation undertaken by China in the South China Sea.
Mekong River
U.S. launches initiatives to promote Mekong sustainability. The U.S. Agency for International Development launched a new Sustainable Mekong Energy Initiative during a February 2–3 meeting of the Friends of the Lower Mekong—a coordination group of major donor countries and organizations—with representatives from Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam in Pakse, Laos. The initiative will promote the use of alternative energies among Mekong countries. In addition, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers renewed for five years its program to provide technical assistance on hydropower management to the Lower Mekong countries, and the State Department announced it will organize a business delegation to the region in 2015 to promote sustainable energy.
Laos
Progress in Lao-Thai border demarcation. Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Thongloun Sisoulith on January 23 announced that demarcation of the land border between Thailand and Laos is 90 percent complete and should be finished by 2016. He made the statement after attending the 10th Lao-Thai Joint Border Committee Meeting with his Thai counterpart, Tanasak Patimaprakorn , in Vientiane. Laos and Thailand are expected to reach an agreement over water demarcation by 2018.
APEC
White House supports India’s “interest in joining” APEC. The Indian and U.S. governments on January 25 released a joint statement during President Barack Obama’s visit to Delhi in which the White House said it “welcomes India’s interest in joining” the 21-country Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum. The statement is not an endorsement of India’s immediate candidacy, but is the strongest indicator yet of U.S. support for one of Asia’s largest economies eventually joining the grouping. Indian prime minister Narendra Modi refused an invitation to attend the November 2014 APEC summit in Beijing as an observer.
Back to top | Read Newsletter in PDF
Looking Ahead
Myanmar’s Upcoming Elections and the Fate of the Reform Process. The Sigur Center for Asian Studies at George Washington University and the School of Oriental and African Studies at the University of London will cohost a discussion on February 11 on Myanmar’s 2015 national elections. George Washington’s Christina Fink and Jefferson Waterman International’s Douglas Jackson will offer their thoughts. The event will take place from 6:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m. at the Elliott School of International Affairs, 1957 E St., NW, Lindner Commons, Room 602. Click here to RSVP.
ASEAN Economic Cooperation and the Asia-Pacific Future. The Johns Hopkins University’s School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) will host a discussion on February 12 on ASEAN’s plans to establish an economic community in 2015 and its place within wider Asia-Pacific economic integration. SAIS Europe director Michael Plummer will discuss the topic. The event will be held from 4:30 p.m. to 6:00 p.m. in the SAIS Nitze Building, 1740 Massachusetts Ave., NW. To RSVP, e-mail the Reischauer Center for East Asia Studies .
Asia Pacific workgroup planning meeting. The Society for International Development (SID) will host a meeting on February 26 to discuss the 2015 agenda of the SID-Washington Asia Pacific Workgroup. The brainstorming session will include remarks by Nathan Associates’ Jack Andre and SIL-International’s Bill Hampton. The event will take place from 12:00 p.m. to 1:30 p.m. at SID-Washington, 1101 15th St., NW, Third Floor. For more information or to RSVP, click here .
Maritime Competition in a Mature Precision-Strike Regime. The Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments (CSBA) will host a discussion on February 26 on its latest study, Maritime Competition in a Mature Precision-Strike Regime. The session will include remarks by CSBA president Andrew Krepinevich and Rep. James Langevin (D-RI), the ranking member of the House Armed Services Subcommittee for Intelligence, Emerging Threats and Capabilities. The event will be held from 1:00 p.m. to 2:30 p.m. in Room 210 of the Cannon House Office Building, Independence and New Jersey Aves., SE. For more information or to RSVP, click here .
Creating Shared Value. CSIS’s Project on Prosperity and Development will host a conference on March 3 about the role of the private sector in addressing enduring socioeconomic challenges in the world's poorest countries through agricultural development. The event will take place from 8:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m. in the Second Floor Conference Room at CSIS, 1616 Rhode Island Ave., NW. For more information or to RSVP, click here .
For more details on our programs and to follow us with real-time updates, like the Sumitro Chair for Southeast Asia Studies on
Facebook , follow us on
Twitter @ SoutheastAsiaDC , and check out our blog, cogitASIA . Thank you for your interest in U.S. policy in Southeast Asia and CSIS Southeast Asia. Join the conversation!
Downloads
| i don't know |
The ‘what’ Cap is one of the most poisonous toadstools in the world? | 10 poisonous mushrooms to watch out for in Britain - Gardening
Gardening
Previous slide Next slide 1 of 10 View All Skip Ad
Amanita phalloides (death cap)
One of the world’s deadliest mushrooms, death caps are said to have been behind the death of the Roman emperor Claudius in 54AD. Although they taste pleasant and resemble many safer varieties of mushroom, just 1oz is enough to kill a human. In 2013, an inquest heard that a woman died after adding them to soup .
Credit: Alamy
| Death |
The Orascom business group is based in which African country? | The Fascinating World of Mushrooms in Coffee Forests - EcoFriendly Coffee
EcoFriendly Coffee
by Dr. Anand Titus and Geeta N. Pereira
The Fascinating World of Mushrooms in Coffee Forests
Come to think of mushrooms and the most likely thought that comes to mind is their exquisite taste, vibrant colors, unusual shapes and texture. However, very few people are aware that these unique fungi aid the human immune system and contributes to a healthful diet. A healthy intake of mushrooms protects the body cells from heart disease, oral cancers, and slows down aging. The word mushroom is derived from the Frankish word “mussiriones” referring to the meadow mushroom and from the French “mousseron” meaning growing on moist moss.
From organic matter decomposition to the recycling of essential nutrients, mushrooms play a crucial role in the availability of nutrients required for the growth and development of coffee. Almost all the mushrooms photographed in this article were found inside a coffee forest.
The popularity of low carbohydrate diet is now gaining popularity in most homes. People are making a conscious effort to cut back on foods that lead to cholesterol and heart disease. Mushrooms are ideally positioned to fill this gap. Ladies who are especially health conscious on the weight front can include mushrooms in their diet because the role of mushrooms in weight loss and maintenance is known since ages. The nutritional value of mushrooms as sugar free, protein rich food supplement with good amounts of both essential macro and micro elements is well known.
In the West; the mushroom industry is a multimillion dollar industry. They are a healthy addition to any meal. Mushrooms can be added to enhance the food value and in a variety of culinary delights. Vegetarians will be delighted to learn that mushrooms are grouped with vegetables, yet provide the proteins found in meats. The edible mushrooms are high in antioxidants which help in disease prevention. Most importantly, mushrooms are fat and cholesterol free, low in sodium, yet provide several vitamins, minerals and amino acids which act as building blocks of proteins, in the form of riboflavin, selenium and niacin. Mushrooms are the only vegetables with vitamin D, essential for bone and teeth development. The copper content plays a crucial role in the manufacture of red blood cells, which acts as an oxygen carrier. Potassium controls the blood pressure and prevents stroke and selenium boosts the immune system.
The use of mushrooms as food has a long and varied history. These edible fungi have been used as food ever since the hunting and gathering stage of our prehistoric ancestors. The credit of popularizing mushrooms goes to the Greeks and Romans who mastered the art of exploiting the culinary benefits of mushroom fungi in preparing varied exotic dishes. A certain species of boletaria was so highly prized by the Romans that certain cooking pots were set aside and reserved for its exclusive preparation.
In the early days, scientific tools were not available to determine if wild species of mushrooms were poisonous or edible. Animals and slaves were used as guinea pigs to test the efficacy of newly discovered forest mushrooms.
Mushrooms form part of the enormous group of organisms called Fungi. They are not grouped under the plant kingdom. The fundamental difference between plants and fungi is that Green plants, with the help of the pigment chlorophyll are able to manufacture their own food. Fungi cannot synthesize their own food because they lack this pigment.
Some fungi obtain their food by breaking down dead plant or animal matter, referred to as saprophytes or saprobes; others grow parasitically on living herbs, plants or animals. Many species form a close association with the roots of trees and colonize the endorhizosphere, histosphere or rhizosphere region forming a mycorrhizal association. In this mutually satisfying, symbiotic relationship, the fungus receives nutrients for its growth and development from the tree and in turn enables the tree roots to absorb different unavailable minerals from the soil.
Mushrooms and toadstools are the fruiting bodies of fungi and represent only a short stage in their life cycle. They produce millions of spores which germinate under ideal weather conditions, giving rise to fine branched thread like structures called hyphae. In many species, spores develop only on the underside of the cap and in others they are produced all over the surface or on the inside.
Mushrooms are propagated by spores which are released from the underside of each mushroom cap. The spores are carried distances by air and water currents and germinate when they come in contact with dead wood or organic matter. The spores then sprout to form an underground net work of minute thread like filaments, called a mycelium.
Edible fungi are commonly referred to as mushrooms and poisonous ones toadstools. The toxins present in the mushroom can cause food poisoning and at times death or serious illness.
The biodiverse Western Ghat forests are a treasure trove of mushroom biodiversity. Our research for the past twenty years has clearly indicated that only a select few wild mushrooms have been identified and hordes of new species are yet to be discovered and classified. Mushrooms thrive under varied ecological conditions, from moist to dry. The Western Ghat is a flange of a high mountain range running along the west coast with a total length of 1600 km and average elevation of 1000 to 1300 m, with few peaks rising above 2500 m.
The Mushrooms species are clearly influenced by altitude, type of vegetation, type of coffee forests (Robusta’s or Arabica), prevailing temperature, relative humidity, type of soil and amount of organic matter in the soil. Some of the dominant species of mushrooms collected belonged to the Boletaceae, and Tricholomataceae family. Most of the wild mushrooms were associated with forest tree roots. Among the total number of mushrooms reported from India, only a very small percentage is poisonous or hallucinogenic.
Worldwide there are over 200,000 species of fungi. It is estimated that the mushroom species may exceed that of plants, animals and birds combined. The mushroom biota recorded in the Country includes 1200 species of fungi compared to the 14,000 species of mushrooms reported from all over the world. This represents only 10 % of the world biota of mushrooms. In the Indian context approximately 350 species of mushrooms are edible. The Western Ghat to date consists of 750 species of mushrooms.
Mushrooms have an ecologically significant role to play in the utilization of dead organic debris, rotten logs, or rotting woody material or substrate found on the floor of the forest. Mushrooms act on waste material and aid in the recycling of essential nutrients. They grow in a wide variety of habitats. Most mushrooms have an important and beneficial role to play in food chains and food webs.
Many species are quite host specific in their attachment and will not target other species of trees. Others play an important role in breaking down lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses and convert them into readily available energy rich compounds easily assimilated by plants. In short, all mushroom species play a crucial role in recycling essential nutrients.
Mushrooms are one of the most important groups of microorganisms, called Fungi. Some are edible and a few others poisonous. At times hallucinating and bioluminescent mushrooms are observed either on the floor of the forest or on dead trees or decaying organic matter. Most of the edible mushrooms are distinctive in their characteristic features, which are obvious to a trained eye of a microbiologist or a horticulturist.
People should be careful while picking mushrooms in the wild because the ordinary looking mushrooms can be deadly poisonous. If you do choose to harvest mushrooms in the wild, make certain that they are identified by a professional before you consume them.
Many mushrooms resemble the normally safe edible mushrooms, but in reality are false mushrooms, and can be deadly poisonous. For your own safety, do not experiment. There is an old saying “There are old mushroom hunters, and bold mushroom hunters, but there are no old, bold mushroom hunters.” A word of caution: Mushroom hunting is not a hobby for the careless or uninformed.
EDIBLE MUSHROOMS
Wild edible mushrooms have interesting local names. These are derived from either the habitat (e.g., Roen olmi = termite hill mushroom), shape (Khut olme = mushroom with crutch, Fugo = balloon), color (Tamdi olmi), size or occasionally the fruiting season (Shit) olmi, which fruit during winter).
In India three types of mushrooms are cultivated on a commercial scale. The white mushroom also known as table mushroom, cultivated mushroom or button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus), the Paddy straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) and the oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sajor caju).
PUFFBALLS: Puffballs are commonly observed scattered in different shapes and sizes. The size varies from one and a half inches high and one inch broad. At times several puffballs fuse together. Many species are edible.
TOXIC MUSHROOMS
Mushrooms are known to contain toxic substances. Many species produce secondary metabolites that are toxic in nature.
PSILOCYBIN MUSHROOMS
These mushrooms are also referred to as magic mushrooms. They possess psychedelic properties. The cultivation of these mushrooms is governed by strict laws.
MEDICINAL MUSHROOMS
Mushrooms have been used for hundreds of years in traditional medicine. Mushrooms are known to cure certain oral cancers and some are anti cancer, anti viral and stop migraine headaches etc.
GANODERMA: This particular mushroom is cultivated for medicinal properties instead of for food, on a commercial scale in China. It is known to cure chronic bronchitis, coronary heart disease and cancer. Various types of Ganoderma are commonly observed inside the western Ghat forests.
POLYPORE FUNGUS: (Polyporaceae & Ganodermataceae) The mushroom is observed on dead logs or injured trees. The fungal caps appear as concentric rings clustered or stacked one atop another. Caps are leathery and tough with no presence of a stem. The caps are 4 to 6 inches broad.
BIOLUMINESCENT MUSHROOMS
We have observed a few species of bioluminescent mushrooms but yet to determine the cause of bioluminescence. It could be due to bacteria or other microbial species.
MUSHROOMS IN ORGANIC MATTER DECOMPOSITION
Boletus species: The mushroom is quite common during monsoon season. The brown cap is more than 4 inches wide and 4 to 5 inches tall. The underside of the cap has tube openings instead of gills. Neem seed application to soils triggers the growth and development of Boletus.
Chanterelle species: These mushrooms are quite hardy and are uncommon in coffee forests. Whenever they are present, they are found under hardwood tree species. Some species are edible.
Coprinus species: Another common mushroom commonly observed on the floor of the coffee forest.
MUSHROOMS IN OTHER INDUSTRIES
The vivid color of mushrooms can be used for dyeing wool and natural fibers. A few reports suggest that mushrooms play an important role in effective biological remediation and filtration technologies.
MUSHROOM SELECTION: When buying mushrooms from the supermarket shelf, choose those with a firm texture and uniform color with tightly-closed caps. If the gills are exposed, it’s an indication of age, and they are probably past their shelf life. Discolored, broken and damaged mushrooms with soft spots should be avoided.
MUSHROOM FACTS
It is a fact that the price of wild mushrooms can range for reasons such as appearance, flavor, taste, soil type, historical significance and availability. European truffles can sell for over $ 1,600 per pound!
One Portabella mushroom generally has more potassium than a banana.
Almost overnight a mushroom can grow from a pin sized head to a medium sized balloon with rapid intake of water. Mushrooms grow with lightning speed because the mushrooms increase their size through cell enlargement rather than cell division.
The sporadic growth of mushrooms is due to the fact that the fungus has the ability to store up nutrient rich compounds as reserves and when ideal conditions prevail, they start to fruit.
Many of the edible white mushrooms do appear within 24 hours of a thunderstorm and this is no myth.
PADDY STRAW MUSHROOM: The commercial cultivation of this mushroom contributes to 6 % of total world production of cultivated species. This particular mushroom has the characteristic property of Agino Moto.
Amantia phalloides, commonly referred to as the DEATH CAP is considered as one of the most poisonous mushrooms in the world. Amantia muscaria, a reddish colored mushroom rarely found in the Western Ghats is said to induce a hallucinogenic effect on human beings.
CONCLUSION
The threat to mushroom diversity is clearly visible due to habitat destruction, deforestation, land use change and building mega projects {special Industrial economic zones (SEZ)} inside the core of the forest zone. Mushroom species are vanishing even before they are discovered because of intensive timber logging inside the core of the Western Ghat forest range. The other major contributors to decreased mushroom diversity are global climate change, construction of dams, submerging prime forest land, introduction of exotic tree species, application of new generation herbicides and pesticides. The slash and burn method of cultivation followed by the tribal’s is also a strong reason for the decline in mushroom species.
Although a great many species of mushroom are edible, very few species have been artificially cultivated. More research needs to be carried out in this direction. Also, since mushroom cultivation is done indoors, it requires very little land. Mushrooms grow on various substrates based on agricultural wastes, which in turn can be recycled. Mushroom cultivation can also provide employment to rural households.
References
| i don't know |
A mynah is what type of creature? | Mynas: Awaken your magick powers - Auntyflo.com
Mynas
Home › Magic › Mynas
Mynas are midsized bird with tough feet. Its flight ability is commendable, for its strength and direct approach. They are often seen at an open country. Insects and fruits are a favorite part of their diet. They are usually dark, but there are other types of Myna that have yellow head.
On western countries, Mynas are often considered as an entertaining bird, its ability to copy the voice of human are a source of pleasure of many people. Another peculiar trait of this bird is that seeds that pass through its digestive system have a higher percentage to germinate. The bird is sacred to Hindus. This can be explained by Myna’s association with the Banyan Tree which is also sacred to Hindus. Some species of Mynas also play a significant religious role like the Pagoda Myna and the Common Myna, due to their tendency to build their nests on temples.
Mynas are sociable creature, known for its ability to mimic the voice of a human, reminding us to be articulate on the way we speak. Mynas are a constant reminder for us to voice out opinion; those opinions do matter to someone else. It is also a sign to watch the way we speak, be sure that our expression can be the source of joy of others.
When a myna visited you, it may be a sign for you to learn a new language. There is a chance to travel abroad, and stay there for quite a long time. An upcoming event may also require a new language, perhaps a relationship with a foreign business partner or a foreign partner. It is better to learn something new and continue improving yourself, do not be contented on your present abilities. Life is a continuous process of learning and improvement.
Mynas are also a symbol that you can bring out your personality when surrounded by your circle of friends. Myna people are better in the presence of their friends and families. People who have myna as their totem love to be in the company of someone close to them, it make them feel secured and protected.
Mynas are constantly seen as a pet of the royalties. A sign that you should always be proud of who you are. People will recognize you for your abilities; it is never good to hide behind a fraud personality. Take the limelight and show your talents. Mynas also possess a certain level of intelligence reminding us to continue seeking for knowledge. Look at the myna and analyze it, look on how it showcases its intelligence, listen to every word and action it is showing you, and learn something from it.
Myna shows as a sprit guide when...
You are having a difficulty in voicing your opinion.
You have a plan to travel abroad.
You are not getting the support you need.
You are losing your confidence.
You are seeking for new wisdom.
Call on Myna as a spirit guide when...
You are required to speak out your view, perhaps a school event or a situation which requires public speaking.
You have an overseas job offer.
You are working on a group project.
You need to uplift you self esteem.
During exams and situations that require good retentions.
Add new comment
| Bird |
The cast of which US television show had a 2009 hit with ‘Don’t Stop Believin’? | Animal Communication and Language
Animal Communication and Language
The aim of this lecture (1) is to examine the following questions:-
How do the forms of communication used by animals differ from human language?
Can animals be taught to use languages that are analogous to or the same as human language?
Natural Animal Communication
Pearce (1987, p252) cites a definition of animal communication by Slater (1983, see Pearce for reference), which we will also use as a working definition in this lecture:-
Animal communication is "the transmission of a signal from one animal to another such that the sender benefits, on average, from the response of the recipient".
This loose definition permits the inclusion of many types of behaviour and allows "communication" to be applied to a very large range of animals, including some very simple animals.
Natural animal communication can include:-
Chemical signals (used by some very simple creatures, including protozoa)
Smell (related to chemical signals, eg. pheromones attract, skunk secretions repel)
Touch
communicate about the environment or the availability of food
Such signals may be:-
instinctive, that is genetically programmed
learnt from others
Language
Some linguists (eg Chomsky, 1957, Macphail, 1982, both cited in Pearce, 1987) have argued that language is a unique human behaviour and that animal communication falls short of human language in a number of important ways.
Chomsky (1957) claims that humans possess an innate universal grammar that is not possessed by other species. This can be readily demonstrated, he claims, by the universality of language in human society and by the similarity of their grammars. No natural non-human system of communication shares this common grammar.
Macphail (1982, cited by Pearce, 1987) made the claim that "humans acquire language (and non-humans do not) not because humans are (quantitatively) more intelligent, but because humans possess some species-specific mechanism (or mechanisms) which is a prerequisite of language-acquisition".
Some researchers have provided lists of what they consider to be the criteria that animal communication must meet to be regarded as language.
For this lecture the list devised by Hockett (1960) is utilised, although this list is not the only such list available. Such lists tend to be quite similar and certain elements of the Hockett list are considered particularly important in evaluating the question "can animals be taught language?"
Hockett's thirteen "design-features" for language are as follows:-
Vocal-auditory channel: sounds emitted from the mouth and perceived by the auditory system. This applies to many animal communication systems, but there are many exceptions. Also, it does not apply to human sign language, which meets all the other 12 requirements. It also does not apply to written language.
Broadcast transmission and directional reception: this requires that the recipient can tell the direction that the signal comes from and thus the originator of the signal.
Rapid fading (transitory nature): Signal lasts a short time. This is true of all systems involving sound. It doesn't take into account audio recording technology and is also not true for written language. It tends not to apply to animal signals involving chemicals and smells which often fade slowly.
Interchangeability: All utterances that are understood can be produced. This is different to some communication systems where, for example, males produce one set of behaviours and females another and they are unable to interchange these messages so that males use the female signal and vice versa.
Total feedback: The sender of a message also perceives the message. That is, you hear what you say. This is not always true for some kinds of animal displays.
Specialisation: The signal produced is specialised for communication and is not the side effect of some other behaviour (eg. the panting of a dog incidentally produces the panting sound).
Semanticity: There is a fixed relationship between a signal and a meaning.
Arbitrariness: There is an arbitrary relationship between a signal and its meaning. That is, the signal, is related to the meaning by convention or by instinct but has no inherent relationship with the meaning. This can be seen in different words in different languages referring to the same meaning, or to different calls of different sub-species of a single bird species having the same meaning.
Discreteness: Language can be said to be built up from discrete units (eg. phonemes in human language). Exchanging such discrete units causes a change in the meaning of a signal. This is an abrupt change, rather than a continuous change of meaning (eg. "cat" doesn't gradually change in meaning to "bat", but changes abruptly in meaning at some point. Speech loudness and pitch can, on the other hand be changed continuously without abrupt changes of meaning.
Displacement: Communicating about things or events that are distant in time or space. Bee dancing is an example of this.
Productivity: Language is an open system. We can potentially produce an infinite (2) number of different messages by combining the elements differently. This is not a feature of, for example, the calls of gibbons who have a finite number of calls and thus a closed system of communication.
Traditional transmission: Each generation needs to learn the system of communication from the preceding generation. Many species produce the same uniform calls regardless of where they live in the range (even a range spanning several continents). Such systems can be assumed to be defined by instinct and thus by genetics. Some animals, on the other hand fail to develop the calls of their species when raised in isolation.
Duality of patterning: Large numbers of meaningful signals (eg. morphemes or words) produced from a small number of meaningless units (eg. phonemes). Human language is very unusual in this respect. Apes, for example, do not share this feature in their natural communication systems.
Click here to see a table that examines the extent to which various communication systems meet these 13 design features.
Teaching Language to Apes
(and other animals)
It seems well established that no animal communication system fulfils all of the criteria outlined by Hockett (1960). This is certainly true for the apes. It is also true for most other species such as parrots and may also be true for animals such as dolphins, who have a complex communication system which involves a complex combination of various sounds.
Why try to teach a human-like language to another species?
Just because a species doesn't have such a communication system in the wild doesn't necessarily prove that they are incapable of using one.
What kind of language should we teach these animals?
We must avoid using features of human language that are physiologically difficult or impossible for the animal to manage.
For example, spoken human language is extremely difficult or impossible for most animals because of the structure of their vocal organs. Apes, for example, can't produce a large proportion of the vowels and would have difficulty with some of the consonants. This may be due not only to the shapes of the vocal organs but also to the limitations of the motor centres in the brain that control these organs. We might attempt, on the other hand, to teach apes language that involves them using their hands (eg. sign language or the manipulation of symbols).
Some birds, such as certain parrots and the Indian Hill Mynah, are able to mimic human speech with great clarity. We could, therefore, attempt to teach such animals spoken human language.
Dolphins cannot be taught either type of language but may be able to understand sounds or gestures and to respond by pressing specially designed levers.
What do we test for?
Animal communication systems generally lack one or (usually) more of the following features:-
Semanticity
Displacement
Productivity
Most researchers attempting to teach language to animals are attempting to test for the existence of these features in the "language" use of their subjects.
Projects with Apes
The ape species include gorilla, chimpanzee, bonobo (a distinct species of chimpanzee) and the orangutan. Apart from some very early attempts to teach spoken language to chimpanzees (generally resulting in the production of no more than 3-4 words) language production training has involved the use of the hands, either through the manipulation of symbols or through the use of sign language. Comprehension training has involved these types of language as well as training in the comprehension of spoken language.
Here are some of the most important studies on apes and language:-
Gardner and Gardner (1969)
A British newspaper report (July, 1999) describing the use of a speech synthesiser interfaced to the bonobos' keyboards.
Projects with Birds
Projects with birds usually involve parrots or the Indian Hill Mynah. These birds are selected for their ability to mimic human speech. The African Grey Parrot and the Indian Hill Mynah are generally considered to be the birds with the greatest ability to mimic human speech patterns but a number of other species (mainly parrots such as the budgerigar) can be trained to "speak".
Pepperberg
African Grey Parrot (Alex)
Spoken "language"
Here are a few web pages that discuss the work of Irene Pepperberg and colleagues with Alex the African Grey Parrot.
"Studies to determine the intelligence of African Grey Parrots" , Irene Pepperberg, 1995
Projects with Cetaceans
Cetaceans, such as whales and dolphins, have been shown to be readily trainable to respond to gestures and sometimes to verbal and other acoustic commands. Also, many species have very complex acoustic communication systems. It has been hypothesised that it may be possible to train them to understand language encoded in either gestures or appropriate acoustic signals. Appropriate acoustic signals are assumed to be sounds that are similar to the natural communicative sounds that these animals produce. In the project listed below, one dolphin was trained on gestures and the other with sounds. (refer to chapter 8 of Pearce (1987) for a description of this project).
Herman, Richards and Wolz (1984)
Dolphins (Akeakamai and Phoenix)
| i don't know |
‘Stairway to Heaven’ represents which Bingo number? | Slots Heaven: FREE Slot Games! - Android Apps on Google Play
Slots Heaven: FREE Slot Games!
Top Developer
Description
SLOT MACHINES: IT'S FREE SLOTS GAME HEAVEN! Play Casino Slot Games FREE! A Free Slots Casino App! JACKPOTS & Bonus Games on ALL slot machines!
For slot games you can play offline, online, or on facebook TRY SLOTS HEAVEN NOW!
This slot game is intended for adult audiences and does not offer real money gambling or any opportunities to win real money or prizes. Success within this slots game does not imply future success at real money gambling.
By Super Lucky Casino: FREE Las Vegas Casino games and apps for phone or tablet! GO TO HEAVEN WITH THESE FREE SLOTS!
Having an issue with the game? For immediate support, contact us at [email protected]. Thanks!
Read more
1 3,925
Diarmuid Hunt
Game 'bonuses' not working I've been enjoying this game for a while but keep running out of credits which is understandable in a slots machine game. The game says that you can get a bonus by installing other games from the maker but I've installed all the games, have '$200/$200' and a bonus ready sign but don't actually receive anything whatsoever.
CAROL JOHNSON
Tricky little games! At first glance I thought that these where going to be more for the younger generation, but it turns out that an old codger likes to play it too! Some of the simplest ones are fun, and don't drain the grey cells if you are trying to figure things out. I hope you will TRY this app, this is a keeper!!
A Google User
Addictive I had this game on my last phone and played it all the time. When I got a new phone and downloaded this game onto it, I lost everything and had to start all over. I had been playing for yrs, so I had unlocked all the games and amassed millions of $ worth of coins. Why did I have to lose everything just because I purchased a new phone. The other games I downloaded, all came back onto my new phone the same as they were on my old phone!!!
Sonja Shuman
New update is not good! This is one of my favorite games. I used to have all of your games. All of a sudden this game force closes everytime. I ran all usual diags and come to the conclusion that your changes to the graphics are not compatible to this phone. So I downloaded it to my husband's new phone and it is doing the same glitches. It slows or freezes and then closes itself. Please fix this.
Catherine Harvey
Update = Less coin Have only had one good run since update. Now I collect bonus (after 4 hours) few pushes and its gone! Hardly seems worth playing it now. Would be great if higher bonus given and more often. Love the app though and it is free after all.
Lea-Anne Patching
New update is awful I used to love playing this game, now you've changed format on a couple of the games. It runs slow and the payouts are next to nothing. You spend so much to activate free spins and in some of the games you win nothing. I'm going to uninstall if you don't bring back original formats plus that awful beeping sound when certain icons appear is really annoying
User reviews
Diarmuid Hunt October 22, 2015
Game 'bonuses' not working I've been enjoying this game for a while but keep running out of credits which is understandable in a slots machine game. The game says that you can get a bonus by installing other games from the maker but I've installed all the games, have '$200/$200' and a bonus ready sign but don't actually receive anything whatsoever.
Full Review
Super Lucky Casino October 22, 2015
Hi there. Have you messaged our Support Team about this problem? We'd love to help figure out what's happening with your game and send you some compensation for the trouble. You can send us a message from the 'Contact Us' feature in your game menu or email us at [email protected]. Thanks!
CAROL JOHNSON May 15, 2016
Tricky little games! At first glance I thought that these where going to be more for the younger generation, but it turns out that an old codger likes to play it too! Some of the simplest ones are fun, and don't drain the grey cells if you are trying to figure things out. I hope you will TRY this app, this is a keeper!!
Full Review
Super Lucky Casino August 3, 2015
Hi Sonja. Have you contacted our Support Team about the crashes? Drop us a line at [email protected], or from the 'Contact Us' section of the Options menu, and we would be happy to look into why this is happening. Thank you!
Catherine Harvey July 23, 2015
Update = Less coin Have only had one good run since update. Now I collect bonus (after 4 hours) few pushes and its gone! Hardly seems worth playing it now. Would be great if higher bonus given and more often. Love the app though and it is free after all.
Full Review
Super Lucky Casino July 27, 2015
Hey Catherine! Thank you for taking the time to let us know how you are experiencing the game since the update. We would love to hear more about what you have to say. Drop us a line at [email protected], or from the 'Contact Us' section of the Options menu. It would help us a lot, and we would send you Coins for your time. Thank you!
Lea-Anne Patching July 6, 2015
New update is awful I used to love playing this game, now you've changed format on a couple of the games. It runs slow and the payouts are next to nothing. You spend so much to activate free spins and in some of the games you win nothing. I'm going to uninstall if you don't bring back original formats plus that awful beeping sound when certain icons appear is really annoying
Full Review
Super Lucky Casino July 7, 2015
Hey Lea-Anne! Thank you for taking the time to send us the very constructive feedback. If you get a moment, would you mind contacting us at [email protected], or from the Contact Us section of the Options menu, and let us know what specifically about the layout you don't like? It would help us a lot, and we would send you Coins for your time. Thanks!
Marlisa Bentley October 16, 2015
Rating I have found way better games. Keep kicking me off with stupid ads. Licky I even have your stupid game on wasting my storage! And you don't pay nothing really or win nothing!
Full Review
Super Lucky Casino October 17, 2015
That must be really frustrating. Please send us a message from the 'Contact Us' feature in your game menu or email us at [email protected]. We'll get right to work finding a solution to this issue and seeing that you're compensated.
robin convey November 2, 2016
DON'T WASTE YOUR TIME Did over a thousand spins and NEVER once got any bonus round. Also pays are very CRAPPIE. You have to wait for the two hour coin claim because your NOT gonna win any I mean I know it's a free game. But come on
Full Review
Super Lucky Casino November 3, 2016
Hi Robin. Slots is a game of chance, so there are both good and bad streaks of luck. If you believe your game has an error, we would be more than happy to investigate. Please message in game through the settings menu so a member of our Support Team can assist you. Thanks!
matt ward July 31, 2015
Dont install update. The only problem i can tell is as soon as game starts up, collect free coins, i have only gotten so far as to thr choose a slot machine part before violent crash. Please fix, this used to be a fun game.
Full Review
Super Lucky Casino August 1, 2015
Hi Matt. Have you messaged our support team about this problem? We'd love to help figure out what's happening with your game and send you some compensation for the trouble. Shoot us a line at [email protected]. Thanks!
Delilah Broadwell January 19, 2016
Five star ratings certainly look good, although "helping" the most? I doubt that. please provide a way to get FREE credits other than 400 Once daily, runs out to fast and have to wait 24hrs. to play again 😞
Full Review
Super Lucky Casino January 22, 2016
Greetings, Delilah! We will make sure that our developers hear your suggestion to have more options to provide Free Credits. We appreciate your honest feedback--after all, we cannot improve our games without the voice of players like you!
Melanie Tanner July 12, 2015
Update blows! Old version was GREAT but latest update is useless. Will not let me play more than a few rolls before shutting down. I will be uninstalling this
Full Review
Super Lucky Casino July 13, 2015
Hey Melanie! Have you contacted our Support Team about the crashes? Drop us a line at [email protected], or from the 'Contact Us' section of the Options menu, and we would be happy to look into why this is happening. Thank you!
margie Wethington September 3, 2015
I have fun playing bingo heaven not sure if this is the same games but I do no this is I was playing bingo heaven and I went to buy some keys to unlock lock my chest and I ended up on this site or game and when I try to get back to my bingo it brings me here oh yea I aint spending no more money on these slots so I like playing for free
Full Review
Super Lucky Casino August 28, 2015
Hey Mary! We apologize that the response was in a different language. We would be happy to help! Drop us a line at [email protected], or from the 'Contact Us' section of the Options menu. Thank you!
Linda Hruska October 26, 2015
Sad Had this game on my phone for yrs. One of my favs. Updated several months ago. Kicks me off immediately. Reloaded it 4xs with the same result. Very dissapointed.
Full Review
Super Lucky Casino October 29, 2015
Hi Linda. We apologize if our game as fallen short for you. We'd really appreciate it if we could get some feedback from you; as we plan our updates on improving player experience. You can send us a message from the 'Contact Us' feature in your game menu or email us at [email protected].
Rickey Fraser Fraser April 23, 2016
This game is really smart Gaming you never want to gamble till you play this game coz every win is big bye
Full Review
Super Lucky Casino July 5, 2015
Hi there. That must be really frustrating. Please email us at [email protected] and we'll try to work with you to solve the problem. And we'll give you a bonus for the trouble!
Ben Stubbs August 8, 2015
Not enough coins!!?? I love the game but the payout is terrible you don't hardly get anything!! Its almost like you have to pay to play or you only get maybe three minutes a day to play!! Its almost not worth the space on my phone!! If the payout was more this game would be awesome!!
Full Review
Super Lucky Casino August 12, 2015
Hi Ben. We're sorry to hear you're disappointed with Slots Heaven. The game is supposed to give you free Coins every 4 hours, so you can keep playing without spending real money. If you're not getting your free 4 hour Coins, contact us at [email protected] and we can start working to resolve that problem.
Mitch Kantner May 25, 2016
Disappointed I enjoy playing slot games as a time killer, but this app is nothing more than frustration. The pay outs are just too low. You can't win enough chips to keep playing longer than 5 maybe 10 minutes. Sure getting 400 coins every 4 hours might seem like a lot but they go quickly. Considering removing this app.
Full Review
Super Lucky Casino May 26, 2016
Hey Mitch, thanks for your feedback! We understand why this would be frustrating, and think you might like some of our newer games. It sounds like Double Up Slots, Slots Favorites and No Limits Slots might be more up your alley. If you have any questions, feel free to email us at [email protected]. Thanks!
art naturally October 25, 2015
Games are alright But it keeps reloading app every 8-10 spins or going onto other games in adds I didn't press.------ pain in the ass..... :-( really turns me off playing.!!!!!
Full Review
Super Lucky Casino October 25, 2015
Have you messaged our Support Team about this problem? We'd love to help figure out what's happening with your game and send you some compensation for the trouble. You can send us a message from the 'Contact Us' feature in your game menu or email us at [email protected]. Thanks!
Really Doesitmatter January 15, 2017
Believe it or not , I actually do love slots heaven. My gambling luck totally sucks in reality ; which is why I love living my financial fantasy vicariously through slots heaven because it is within this app that LOOSERS ARE ALWAYS WINNERS...😘
Full Review
Super Lucky Casino July 5, 2015
Hi there. That must be really frustrating. Please email us at [email protected] and we'll try to work with you to solve the problem. And we'll give you a bonus for the trouble!
Ashley Sarros July 16, 2015
IF I COULD OF GIVEN IT '0' STARS....I WOULD OF!!!! EVER SINCE IT UPDATED ON ITS OWN (WHICH I ABSOLUTELY HATE WHEN IT DOES THAT!!!!!!) THE POINTS I GOT BEFORE IT FREAKIN' UPDATED, WAS HUUUGE!!!!! NOW, I'M LUCKY IF I GET 15-20 AT THE MOST!!!!!! I'M GETTIN' ABSOLUTELY FED UP WITH THIS GAME, & I HAVEN'T SAID ANYTHING, WELL I'M SAYIN' 1 NOW!!!! AND I'M ABOUT TO DELETE THIS ANNOYIN' GAME!!!!!!!
Full Review
Super Lucky Casino July 17, 2015
Hey Ashley! Thank you for taking the time to share you experiences with the game. Would you mind dropping us a line at [email protected], or from the 'Contact Us' section of the Options menu, and describe a little more about what you've been experiencing? It would help us a lot, and we would send you Coins for your time. Thank you!
Jessy Simpson September 17, 2015
CONTACT ME ASAP I had a big long review I typed out for this but you know what, it's my favorite slots game the tournaments are great but this app is trying to automatically make purchases on my phone after ever 2-4 tournaments I do. That's not okay. I had to remove my cards from my phone and then it tried making the purchases to my mobile provider, luckily my device is fast and I can back out in time. This needs to stop or I'm going to report to proper authoritie.
Full Review
Super Lucky Casino September 17, 2015
Hi Jessy. That must be really frustrating. Please send us a message from the 'Contact Us' feature in your game menu or email us at [email protected]. We'll get right to work finding a solution to this issue and seeing that you're compensated.
Patricia Mitchell December 25, 2016
What has happen to you Super lucky Casino you were one of the best slot games in the playstore, over the the last couple yrs some of your slot games don't work!! Especially Slot Romance, Shakespeare Slot it states UNFORTUNATELY SLOT ROMANCE HAS STOPPED REPORT PROBLEM SHAKESPEARE SLOT states the same thing, because your other games work fine. These two slot games will download for you taking your DATA but will tell unfortunately slot romance or the Shakespeare has stopped:: going on a year fix it!!
Full Review
Super Lucky Casino December 25, 2016
Have you messaged our Support Team about this problem? We'd love to help figure out what's happening with your game and send you some compensation for the trouble. You can send us a message from the 'Contact Us' feature in your Settings menu or email us at [email protected]. Thanks!
Jerry Blain August 21, 2015
Are they serious asking for money for these games. Unbelievable
Full Review
Super Lucky Casino August 25, 2015
Hey Jerry! Are you disappointed with the game, or perhaps the sales pop-ups? Feel free to let us know at [email protected], or from the 'Contact Us' section of the Options menu. It would help us a lot, and we would send you Coins for your time. Thank you!
Chris Moore October 8, 2015
Don't bet above the minimum If you buy coins and even bet moderately, it will just suck in your coins. Even wins are low. On a 125 bet the average payout was 10. Figure that out and you'll see how fast your balance goes.
Full Review
Super Lucky Casino October 8, 2015
Hi Chris. That must be really frustrating. Please send us a message from the 'Contact Us' feature in your game menu or email us at [email protected]. We'll get right to work finding a solution to this issue and seeing that you're compensated.
Christopher Woodward July 16, 2015
Problem solved. To bad i cant play tournaments anymore all tournaments say coming soon.....the problem has been fixed and I give ya 5 stars love the game.
Full Review
Super Lucky Casino July 17, 2015
Hey Christopher! We are excited that we were able to help you out! If you need any further assistance, feel free to drop us a line any time at [email protected], or from the 'Contact Us' section of the Options menu. Thank you!
carol colburn September 10, 2015
Fun game. An easy game to play with fun features like stairway to heaven and free spins but there seems to be no incentive to get to higher levels. Other games give increasingly higher bonus coins with level ups. I have this game on my Kindle and I'm at a high level but the bonus coins are the same as when I started.
Full Review
Super Lucky Casino July 9, 2015
Hey Ed! We apologize that the game isn't functioning correctly. Please drop us a line at [email protected], or from the 'Contact Us' section of the Options menu, and our Support Team would be happy to look into what is happening with the game. Thank you!
patricia harrison July 20, 2015
You need to put the videos back also less costly game time with more apps to purchase. People know how to upgrade more games when their ready
Full Review
Super Lucky Casino March 18, 2015
Hi Patricia. The video feature is actually very complex technology and its interaction with the rest of our games' coding caused a lot of bugs for a lot of players. Because of this, we've removed videos from our games. We'd be happy to award you some bonus Coins, just email us at [email protected]. Thanks!
Craig Tapson August 10, 2016
What's happened I downloaded this app a few days ago and had been enjoying it, but something has happened the wins have gone down in got a four of a kind and my prize just covered the bet amount. If something isn't sorted this is one app I'm deleting.
Full Review
Super Lucky Casino August 10, 2016
Hey Craig! Thanks for reaching out to us about this. Our Support Team would love to hear more from you. When you get a chance, please message us in game through the Settings Menu, and we'll be with you as soon as possible. Thanks!
Claudia Vargas January 14, 2017
I always play and I never get bored Never have any problems with this game. Love it!!!.
| twenty seven |
Which English singer released an 2004 album entitled ‘Unwritten’? | Slots Heaven: FREE Slot Games! - Android Apps on Google Play
Slots Heaven: FREE Slot Games!
Top Developer
Description
SLOT MACHINES: IT'S FREE SLOTS GAME HEAVEN! Play Casino Slot Games FREE! A Free Slots Casino App! JACKPOTS & Bonus Games on ALL slot machines!
For slot games you can play offline, online, or on facebook TRY SLOTS HEAVEN NOW!
This slot game is intended for adult audiences and does not offer real money gambling or any opportunities to win real money or prizes. Success within this slots game does not imply future success at real money gambling.
By Super Lucky Casino: FREE Las Vegas Casino games and apps for phone or tablet! GO TO HEAVEN WITH THESE FREE SLOTS!
Having an issue with the game? For immediate support, contact us at [email protected]. Thanks!
Read more
1 3,925
Diarmuid Hunt
Game 'bonuses' not working I've been enjoying this game for a while but keep running out of credits which is understandable in a slots machine game. The game says that you can get a bonus by installing other games from the maker but I've installed all the games, have '$200/$200' and a bonus ready sign but don't actually receive anything whatsoever.
CAROL JOHNSON
Tricky little games! At first glance I thought that these where going to be more for the younger generation, but it turns out that an old codger likes to play it too! Some of the simplest ones are fun, and don't drain the grey cells if you are trying to figure things out. I hope you will TRY this app, this is a keeper!!
A Google User
Addictive I had this game on my last phone and played it all the time. When I got a new phone and downloaded this game onto it, I lost everything and had to start all over. I had been playing for yrs, so I had unlocked all the games and amassed millions of $ worth of coins. Why did I have to lose everything just because I purchased a new phone. The other games I downloaded, all came back onto my new phone the same as they were on my old phone!!!
Sonja Shuman
New update is not good! This is one of my favorite games. I used to have all of your games. All of a sudden this game force closes everytime. I ran all usual diags and come to the conclusion that your changes to the graphics are not compatible to this phone. So I downloaded it to my husband's new phone and it is doing the same glitches. It slows or freezes and then closes itself. Please fix this.
Catherine Harvey
Update = Less coin Have only had one good run since update. Now I collect bonus (after 4 hours) few pushes and its gone! Hardly seems worth playing it now. Would be great if higher bonus given and more often. Love the app though and it is free after all.
Lea-Anne Patching
New update is awful I used to love playing this game, now you've changed format on a couple of the games. It runs slow and the payouts are next to nothing. You spend so much to activate free spins and in some of the games you win nothing. I'm going to uninstall if you don't bring back original formats plus that awful beeping sound when certain icons appear is really annoying
User reviews
Diarmuid Hunt October 22, 2015
Game 'bonuses' not working I've been enjoying this game for a while but keep running out of credits which is understandable in a slots machine game. The game says that you can get a bonus by installing other games from the maker but I've installed all the games, have '$200/$200' and a bonus ready sign but don't actually receive anything whatsoever.
Full Review
Super Lucky Casino October 22, 2015
Hi there. Have you messaged our Support Team about this problem? We'd love to help figure out what's happening with your game and send you some compensation for the trouble. You can send us a message from the 'Contact Us' feature in your game menu or email us at [email protected]. Thanks!
CAROL JOHNSON May 15, 2016
Tricky little games! At first glance I thought that these where going to be more for the younger generation, but it turns out that an old codger likes to play it too! Some of the simplest ones are fun, and don't drain the grey cells if you are trying to figure things out. I hope you will TRY this app, this is a keeper!!
Full Review
Super Lucky Casino August 3, 2015
Hi Sonja. Have you contacted our Support Team about the crashes? Drop us a line at [email protected], or from the 'Contact Us' section of the Options menu, and we would be happy to look into why this is happening. Thank you!
Catherine Harvey July 23, 2015
Update = Less coin Have only had one good run since update. Now I collect bonus (after 4 hours) few pushes and its gone! Hardly seems worth playing it now. Would be great if higher bonus given and more often. Love the app though and it is free after all.
Full Review
Super Lucky Casino July 27, 2015
Hey Catherine! Thank you for taking the time to let us know how you are experiencing the game since the update. We would love to hear more about what you have to say. Drop us a line at [email protected], or from the 'Contact Us' section of the Options menu. It would help us a lot, and we would send you Coins for your time. Thank you!
Lea-Anne Patching July 6, 2015
New update is awful I used to love playing this game, now you've changed format on a couple of the games. It runs slow and the payouts are next to nothing. You spend so much to activate free spins and in some of the games you win nothing. I'm going to uninstall if you don't bring back original formats plus that awful beeping sound when certain icons appear is really annoying
Full Review
Super Lucky Casino July 7, 2015
Hey Lea-Anne! Thank you for taking the time to send us the very constructive feedback. If you get a moment, would you mind contacting us at [email protected], or from the Contact Us section of the Options menu, and let us know what specifically about the layout you don't like? It would help us a lot, and we would send you Coins for your time. Thanks!
Marlisa Bentley October 16, 2015
Rating I have found way better games. Keep kicking me off with stupid ads. Licky I even have your stupid game on wasting my storage! And you don't pay nothing really or win nothing!
Full Review
Super Lucky Casino October 17, 2015
That must be really frustrating. Please send us a message from the 'Contact Us' feature in your game menu or email us at [email protected]. We'll get right to work finding a solution to this issue and seeing that you're compensated.
robin convey November 2, 2016
DON'T WASTE YOUR TIME Did over a thousand spins and NEVER once got any bonus round. Also pays are very CRAPPIE. You have to wait for the two hour coin claim because your NOT gonna win any I mean I know it's a free game. But come on
Full Review
Super Lucky Casino November 3, 2016
Hi Robin. Slots is a game of chance, so there are both good and bad streaks of luck. If you believe your game has an error, we would be more than happy to investigate. Please message in game through the settings menu so a member of our Support Team can assist you. Thanks!
matt ward July 31, 2015
Dont install update. The only problem i can tell is as soon as game starts up, collect free coins, i have only gotten so far as to thr choose a slot machine part before violent crash. Please fix, this used to be a fun game.
Full Review
Super Lucky Casino August 1, 2015
Hi Matt. Have you messaged our support team about this problem? We'd love to help figure out what's happening with your game and send you some compensation for the trouble. Shoot us a line at [email protected]. Thanks!
Delilah Broadwell January 19, 2016
Five star ratings certainly look good, although "helping" the most? I doubt that. please provide a way to get FREE credits other than 400 Once daily, runs out to fast and have to wait 24hrs. to play again 😞
Full Review
Super Lucky Casino January 22, 2016
Greetings, Delilah! We will make sure that our developers hear your suggestion to have more options to provide Free Credits. We appreciate your honest feedback--after all, we cannot improve our games without the voice of players like you!
Melanie Tanner July 12, 2015
Update blows! Old version was GREAT but latest update is useless. Will not let me play more than a few rolls before shutting down. I will be uninstalling this
Full Review
Super Lucky Casino July 13, 2015
Hey Melanie! Have you contacted our Support Team about the crashes? Drop us a line at [email protected], or from the 'Contact Us' section of the Options menu, and we would be happy to look into why this is happening. Thank you!
margie Wethington September 3, 2015
I have fun playing bingo heaven not sure if this is the same games but I do no this is I was playing bingo heaven and I went to buy some keys to unlock lock my chest and I ended up on this site or game and when I try to get back to my bingo it brings me here oh yea I aint spending no more money on these slots so I like playing for free
Full Review
Super Lucky Casino August 28, 2015
Hey Mary! We apologize that the response was in a different language. We would be happy to help! Drop us a line at [email protected], or from the 'Contact Us' section of the Options menu. Thank you!
Linda Hruska October 26, 2015
Sad Had this game on my phone for yrs. One of my favs. Updated several months ago. Kicks me off immediately. Reloaded it 4xs with the same result. Very dissapointed.
Full Review
Super Lucky Casino October 29, 2015
Hi Linda. We apologize if our game as fallen short for you. We'd really appreciate it if we could get some feedback from you; as we plan our updates on improving player experience. You can send us a message from the 'Contact Us' feature in your game menu or email us at [email protected].
Rickey Fraser Fraser April 23, 2016
This game is really smart Gaming you never want to gamble till you play this game coz every win is big bye
Full Review
Super Lucky Casino July 5, 2015
Hi there. That must be really frustrating. Please email us at [email protected] and we'll try to work with you to solve the problem. And we'll give you a bonus for the trouble!
Ben Stubbs August 8, 2015
Not enough coins!!?? I love the game but the payout is terrible you don't hardly get anything!! Its almost like you have to pay to play or you only get maybe three minutes a day to play!! Its almost not worth the space on my phone!! If the payout was more this game would be awesome!!
Full Review
Super Lucky Casino August 12, 2015
Hi Ben. We're sorry to hear you're disappointed with Slots Heaven. The game is supposed to give you free Coins every 4 hours, so you can keep playing without spending real money. If you're not getting your free 4 hour Coins, contact us at [email protected] and we can start working to resolve that problem.
Mitch Kantner May 25, 2016
Disappointed I enjoy playing slot games as a time killer, but this app is nothing more than frustration. The pay outs are just too low. You can't win enough chips to keep playing longer than 5 maybe 10 minutes. Sure getting 400 coins every 4 hours might seem like a lot but they go quickly. Considering removing this app.
Full Review
Super Lucky Casino May 26, 2016
Hey Mitch, thanks for your feedback! We understand why this would be frustrating, and think you might like some of our newer games. It sounds like Double Up Slots, Slots Favorites and No Limits Slots might be more up your alley. If you have any questions, feel free to email us at [email protected]. Thanks!
art naturally October 25, 2015
Games are alright But it keeps reloading app every 8-10 spins or going onto other games in adds I didn't press.------ pain in the ass..... :-( really turns me off playing.!!!!!
Full Review
Super Lucky Casino October 25, 2015
Have you messaged our Support Team about this problem? We'd love to help figure out what's happening with your game and send you some compensation for the trouble. You can send us a message from the 'Contact Us' feature in your game menu or email us at [email protected]. Thanks!
Really Doesitmatter January 15, 2017
Believe it or not , I actually do love slots heaven. My gambling luck totally sucks in reality ; which is why I love living my financial fantasy vicariously through slots heaven because it is within this app that LOOSERS ARE ALWAYS WINNERS...😘
Full Review
Super Lucky Casino July 5, 2015
Hi there. That must be really frustrating. Please email us at [email protected] and we'll try to work with you to solve the problem. And we'll give you a bonus for the trouble!
Ashley Sarros July 16, 2015
IF I COULD OF GIVEN IT '0' STARS....I WOULD OF!!!! EVER SINCE IT UPDATED ON ITS OWN (WHICH I ABSOLUTELY HATE WHEN IT DOES THAT!!!!!!) THE POINTS I GOT BEFORE IT FREAKIN' UPDATED, WAS HUUUGE!!!!! NOW, I'M LUCKY IF I GET 15-20 AT THE MOST!!!!!! I'M GETTIN' ABSOLUTELY FED UP WITH THIS GAME, & I HAVEN'T SAID ANYTHING, WELL I'M SAYIN' 1 NOW!!!! AND I'M ABOUT TO DELETE THIS ANNOYIN' GAME!!!!!!!
Full Review
Super Lucky Casino July 17, 2015
Hey Ashley! Thank you for taking the time to share you experiences with the game. Would you mind dropping us a line at [email protected], or from the 'Contact Us' section of the Options menu, and describe a little more about what you've been experiencing? It would help us a lot, and we would send you Coins for your time. Thank you!
Jessy Simpson September 17, 2015
CONTACT ME ASAP I had a big long review I typed out for this but you know what, it's my favorite slots game the tournaments are great but this app is trying to automatically make purchases on my phone after ever 2-4 tournaments I do. That's not okay. I had to remove my cards from my phone and then it tried making the purchases to my mobile provider, luckily my device is fast and I can back out in time. This needs to stop or I'm going to report to proper authoritie.
Full Review
Super Lucky Casino September 17, 2015
Hi Jessy. That must be really frustrating. Please send us a message from the 'Contact Us' feature in your game menu or email us at [email protected]. We'll get right to work finding a solution to this issue and seeing that you're compensated.
Patricia Mitchell December 25, 2016
What has happen to you Super lucky Casino you were one of the best slot games in the playstore, over the the last couple yrs some of your slot games don't work!! Especially Slot Romance, Shakespeare Slot it states UNFORTUNATELY SLOT ROMANCE HAS STOPPED REPORT PROBLEM SHAKESPEARE SLOT states the same thing, because your other games work fine. These two slot games will download for you taking your DATA but will tell unfortunately slot romance or the Shakespeare has stopped:: going on a year fix it!!
Full Review
Super Lucky Casino December 25, 2016
Have you messaged our Support Team about this problem? We'd love to help figure out what's happening with your game and send you some compensation for the trouble. You can send us a message from the 'Contact Us' feature in your Settings menu or email us at [email protected]. Thanks!
Jerry Blain August 21, 2015
Are they serious asking for money for these games. Unbelievable
Full Review
Super Lucky Casino August 25, 2015
Hey Jerry! Are you disappointed with the game, or perhaps the sales pop-ups? Feel free to let us know at [email protected], or from the 'Contact Us' section of the Options menu. It would help us a lot, and we would send you Coins for your time. Thank you!
Chris Moore October 8, 2015
Don't bet above the minimum If you buy coins and even bet moderately, it will just suck in your coins. Even wins are low. On a 125 bet the average payout was 10. Figure that out and you'll see how fast your balance goes.
Full Review
Super Lucky Casino October 8, 2015
Hi Chris. That must be really frustrating. Please send us a message from the 'Contact Us' feature in your game menu or email us at [email protected]. We'll get right to work finding a solution to this issue and seeing that you're compensated.
Christopher Woodward July 16, 2015
Problem solved. To bad i cant play tournaments anymore all tournaments say coming soon.....the problem has been fixed and I give ya 5 stars love the game.
Full Review
Super Lucky Casino July 17, 2015
Hey Christopher! We are excited that we were able to help you out! If you need any further assistance, feel free to drop us a line any time at [email protected], or from the 'Contact Us' section of the Options menu. Thank you!
carol colburn September 10, 2015
Fun game. An easy game to play with fun features like stairway to heaven and free spins but there seems to be no incentive to get to higher levels. Other games give increasingly higher bonus coins with level ups. I have this game on my Kindle and I'm at a high level but the bonus coins are the same as when I started.
Full Review
Super Lucky Casino July 9, 2015
Hey Ed! We apologize that the game isn't functioning correctly. Please drop us a line at [email protected], or from the 'Contact Us' section of the Options menu, and our Support Team would be happy to look into what is happening with the game. Thank you!
patricia harrison July 20, 2015
You need to put the videos back also less costly game time with more apps to purchase. People know how to upgrade more games when their ready
Full Review
Super Lucky Casino March 18, 2015
Hi Patricia. The video feature is actually very complex technology and its interaction with the rest of our games' coding caused a lot of bugs for a lot of players. Because of this, we've removed videos from our games. We'd be happy to award you some bonus Coins, just email us at [email protected]. Thanks!
Craig Tapson August 10, 2016
What's happened I downloaded this app a few days ago and had been enjoying it, but something has happened the wins have gone down in got a four of a kind and my prize just covered the bet amount. If something isn't sorted this is one app I'm deleting.
Full Review
Super Lucky Casino August 10, 2016
Hey Craig! Thanks for reaching out to us about this. Our Support Team would love to hear more from you. When you get a chance, please message us in game through the Settings Menu, and we'll be with you as soon as possible. Thanks!
Claudia Vargas January 14, 2017
I always play and I never get bored Never have any problems with this game. Love it!!!.
| i don't know |
Actor Neil Burgess plays Barry Scott in the UK television commercial for which cleaning product? | Neil Burgess - The Full Wiki
The Full Wiki
More info on Neil Burgess
Wikis
Note: Many of our articles have direct quotes from sources you can cite, within the Wikipedia article! This article doesn't yet, but we're working on it! See more info or our list of citable articles .
Encyclopedia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Neil Burgess (born 6 June 1966) is an actor best known for his portrayal of the character Barry Scott on the British and Irish version of the television advertisements for the Reckitt Benckiser cleaning product Cillit Bang .
Other appearances
Burgess has also appeared in the music video for Real to Me by Brian McFadden . [1] He appeared as a paramedic in the last series of Waking the Dead and was in the film adaptation of Stella Street . [2] He reprised his Barry Scott character to advertise for Easy-Off Bam , also known as Cillit Bang.
References
| Cillit Bang |
Oscar de la Hoya, Jack Dempsey and George Chuvalo are all associated with which sport? | Unit 30 Essay by Bercem - issuu
issuu
Issuu on Google+
Guinness: Guinness is an Irish draught stout, first produced in the year 1759, owned by Arthur Guinness who’s company is Diageo. The Guinness ‘noitulovE’ commercial was directed by Daniel Kleinman from Kleinman Productions, and was handled by the agency Abbott Mead Vickers BBDO. The is a high concept, high budget and high production value advertisement produced by Johnnie Frankel at a cost of £1.3 million as part of a £15 million campaign. launched on 3rd October 2005 on television it has received over 30 top awards including the prestigious Cannes Lions Film Prix, from professional organisations in both the advertising and television industries and was the mostawarded commercial worldwide in 2006. Following this campaign the advert proved to be a critical and financial success with Guinness achieving its highest ever volume of value shares and became the market leader, Guinness reported that its yearonyear earnings had noticeably increased, also increasing the brand awareness and identity worldwide. Guinness stuck to the rules CAP by making sure their actors looked over the age of 25. Although the Guinness’ ‘noitulovE’ commercial is a stand alone advert it has maintained the use of the theme of the time and their slogan ‘Good things come to those who wait’. This advert specifically targets men in their late 20’s to mid 40’s, mainly working or higher class people C1 and above, who would possibly go for a quick drink after work with friends. One of the unique selling points for draught Guinness, is that it's distinctive smooth, creamy taste is achieved when it is correctly poured in three separate stages pour settle pour hence its slogan "good things come to those who wait." However, this process is also cause for criticism so the advertiser's aim is to turn this negativity around by selling its weakness as it strength i.e. turning the 2 minute waiting time into something positive something which could only be appreciated by a more mature, sophisticated drinker . The storyline of the commercial is of three male friends who travel back in time to the beginning of time. When the three male friends go back in time, we see the advertisers have used a CGI animation in order to represent the ice age times etc.
From the opening scenes we are bombarded with so much information all in four seconds it is difficult to separate the ideas but it is immediately apparent that the advertisers are exploiting and playing on our need to conform and our gluttony for drink that we do not need. By making this connection advertisers want us to associate drinking and socialising as going hand in hand. It starts with a BCU of three men, two in shallow focus to the left of the frame increasing to deep focus on the man in the foreground. We’re positioned to feel as if we are in the same space actually standing next to them at the bar because the camera places us as if we are the fellow drinker allowing us to see the brand identity of Guinness written on the side of the glass (shot 1). This introduction to the product is u nlike past campaigns where the identity of the beer was always withheld until the end of the advertisement but here the creator’s introduce the brand name from the very start creating inversion because it is the opposite to the usual way they produce their adverts. A nondiegetic, epic orchestral fanfare synchronises with the action in the first scene just as the man takes his first sip giving the impression that something really important is about to happen. Appearing serious and warmly desirable. As we cut to scene 2 we see the advertisers have used Repetition of the Rule of three to create a familiar, warm and welcoming realistic setting where serious drinking appears to be a social experience, we see this in the use of the warm brown and cream tones in the pub. These colours and the setting which seems like a calm environment almost like a place to relax after a long day at work suggests a sophisticated type of drinker, an aspirer, intelligent young men SOC C1 or above. A WA medium long shot of the three men who are now standing opposite us on the other side of the bar behind the iconographic 3 draught pumps, which suggests to us that it is a pub. This use of iconography helps to establish a traditional pub setting especially for regular pub drinkers while actually placing us in the story because from our POV we are positioned as if we’re bar staff looking at the 3 men, of different heights and ethnicities looking at the camaraderie between them as they interact as a social group. The use of conformity plays on our human need for being with other likeminded people because as humans we tend to associate with other people we feel comfortable and relaxed with, people we can hold good conversations with especially when socialising and drinking has the psychological effect of making us feel good because we feel the sense of belonging, almost like a confidence boost to our self esteem. Social acceptance is a very basic human need because it makes us feel good when we know that other people like to spend time with us and likes to be in our company. We feel better about ourselves and our perception of ourself enhances our self esteem because it is in human nature to only go to or sit with people who make us feel like we belong. Repetition of the rule of three is everywhere as we find that the colours of the men’s jackets are similar to
their skin and hair colour, which creates visual references not only to add to the sense of conformity but once again cleverly follows the colours produced in the pouring procedure. Three men drinking the same brand of beer is quite unusual as often different people have different tastes from each other so this not only shows their unity and sense of friendship but, I think, most importantly and significantly is the covert message that this is an excellent and exclusive product.
The unique taste of Guinness is reinforced at 0.04 when a BCU of the man with blonde hair licks his lips with a nod to show his utmost satisfaction with his pint suggesting that yes, it was worth waiting for. This action could also be seen as representing personal success as beer is often advertised as a way of celebrating or rewarding success, this may therefore suggest that these three friends are there as a reward after a long days at work. The way they have combined gluttony with our need for conformity lets the associate drinking as a social habit once again creating the idea that this is a supreme quality drink.
Then at 0.06 the action takes the audience totally by surprise and happens simultaneously as the music changes to an upbeat soundtrack because in what seems like a continuous edit but is in fact a reversing of the footage to make the men appear as if they are walking backwards as soon as the blonde man puts down his glass. This use of Inversion as a persuasive technique is hilarious and immediately grabs the attention of the audience allowing them to become more interested and engaged in the commercial which make them more aware creating enigma as they will want to know what happens next, targeting aspirers. The advertisers take us on a journey going back in time over 50,000,000,000 years to prove how long the wait has really been for such a perfect pint, an epic journey for the audience. By the time we are outside the pub the scenery is already changing from modern city buildings to Edwardian Britain and the men’s costumes have changed accordingly. This use of inversion is the main strategy that helps flip or reverse the negative connotations into a positive exciting period of waiting time, creating excitement and enigma encouraging the viewer to keep on watching . Of course advertisers are not allowed to imply that alcohol makes you feel good or suggest that changes a person's behaviour in any way so now they cleverly throw in the lyrics, “tingle in your feet…” subtly following the rules of the code of advertising practice, not allowing advertisements presenting alcohol as a drink which gets the consumer drunk.
Intertextual references is a well used technique in television advertising in order to link familiar, popular songs to the audience’s weakness for gluttony. “Rhythm of Life” has built an emotional connection with the baby boomers and generation X audience, at ages of 30’s 40’s, the song in the audience’s childhood, as the song had first come out in the year 1983 by Sammy Davis Jr, also being intertextuality. The parallel actions to the song has been effective as it prevents confusion in the audience and creates interest and flows better. The use of the song and the olden type pub could appeal to the audience’s sense of nostalgia, as the going back in time with the song makes it seem like the sound of a tape recorder, reminding older audience of days of finding a favourite song on an old tape and the time it would take to rewind but it was always worth it, just like the wait for the perfect pint.
As we follow the friends who stick together throughout the epic whole adventure Humour through the use of a surreal narrative in order to help the audience not only engage with the commercial but to also make them interested by making them enjoy the commercial. We find that this has been used in the idea of the ELS shots of the 3 friends always walking backwards (0:08), the CU’s of the cavemen with the weird unsure face (0:17), the use of the clothes flying off of the creatures through the ELS (0:18), the idea of the animals suddenly flying in the sky shown to us through the use of an ELS, and the use of the diegetic “urgh” at the end from the mudsucker. The use of humour and enjoyment in the commercial would help make it more memorable for the audience, helping it become more constant in their mind so that the next time they go out they will remember the drink they enjoyed and would want to buy it to actually feel the enjoyment inside. This could therefore target audiences who are slightly younger such as the 25’s, possibly younger as they may be more able to understand the humour and may find it more funny, whereas an older audience may feel less humorous about it.
0:42
0:08
0:15 to 0.19
at 0:42 seconds, we see 3 mudsuckers drinking the mud which reminds us of the product Guinness, as we see that the 3 mudsuckers come up in the pouring order one by one, also
being repetition, we find that they appear synchronised with the beat through the use of a LS, allowing us to see the whole creature. We see them one by one along with the lyrics “Rhythm of life..”, landing in order also with their fins appearing in order of the process, which reminds the audience the 3 stage process of the pouring. The idea of the use of the right mudsucker drinking and making the facial expressions (0:44) reminds the audience of the the guy on the right, in the opening scene, also drinking the pint of Guinness and the creature on the right midway through the commercial, tasting the ice and making facial expressions.
0:46
0:15
0:29
Cillit Bang: Cillit Bang’s “The Power of Bang”, unlike Guinness is a low budget advert, it was first broadcasted on 6th March 2007, made by Jay Walter Thompson who is owned by WPP, Martin. Cillit Bang is a brand which sells domestic products such as washing up liquids and cleaning detergents. Their advertising agency is Reckitt Benckiser Group plc, who is a multinational consumer goods company. “ The “Power of Bang” because of his ‘celebrity’ status the ‘Barry Scott’ character has become a recognisable part of the brand’s marketing usp along with their brand name and their “Power of Bang” tagline. Cillit Bang’s “The Power of Bang” commercial has also played on the human fear for our health and the wellbeing of our children the audience’s fear for health, we find this in the commercial’s use of having the dirty environments and sinks turned into the clean more hygienic environment. Specifically targeting mothers as they would be feared for the health of their loved ones who they may believe are at risk if they do not get rid of the bacteria and dirt they may have in their house then their children could get become unhealthy and are vulnerable to catching diseases, In order to prevent this The advert aims to persuade viewers this they would then buy the product and use it in their homes providing themselves a safer more hygienic environment to live in. We find there are CU’s of the clean toilets and sinks which refer to the idea of the product providing clean and hygiene therefore health. The storyline of this low budget, 20 second commercial is through the idea of a tv show format, simply introducing the cleaning product, the commercial begins with “Barry Scott” introducing the different and the unique side of the product and why it is different from the
rest. The advert has been cleverly structured to reveal specific information at particular times in order to have the maximum impact on the watching audience.
1 to 3 seconds “Barry Scott” played by British actor Neil Burgess who brashly endorses the product overturns the use of celebrity endorsement because brashly enthusiastic character “Barry Scott” (0:01). Neil Burgess, who has narrated all their commercials has appeared in films such as “One in a Million” 2009 and taken the stage in theatre plays like “Sleeping Beauty” in 1995. So this targets audiences who may have watched his films and plays or simply know him as a celebrity in the Cillit Bang adverts. This recognition means that the audience may feel some connection or association with the product as the narrator is someone they are familiar with this would make them feel more trusting towards the product as they are not hearing about it from a stranger, The use of a familiar male actor specifically targets a female audience not only fans of Neil Burgess but any female that appreciates a good looking man. Females mainly housewives who do a lot of cleaning at home and require a trustworthy product, whereas males do not take any particular notice of the contents and results of the products most of the time. The idea of solving a problem is also given in the first shots, as we find that unlike many other domestic product adverts this advert, has put the before and after first, this automatically grabs the attention of the audience as they are looking for a product which will give them ‘instant’ beneficial results.
0:05 0:06 0.06/7 “... but with the power of BANG!!!” The use of a male in a cleaning product advertisement definitely targets men and one of the customers for this product as the use of the male presenter could result in the thought that men clean too and also want to live in a healthy clean environment. This would therefore target and possibly persuade and convince men into actually doing some cleaning themselves, this could also target single men living on their own providing them with the product that they need in order to get cleaning done quickly as men tend to be lazy when it comes to cleaning also linking with the use of sloth. The advert only features “Barry Scott” at the beginning and end of the commercial and leaving the rest of the advert to female characters in the middle sequences.
The actions and words of the character look very big (0:06, arms crossed looks like he is in charge) and almost as if he has the authority and power and therefore may be useful in order to persuade and target the male audience that this product will bring them strength and they will be like “Barry Scott” if they use the product.
0:07 “The thing is, I know... ... it kills all the germs… ... and look how white it is”
“It’s fantastic ….on bathrooms ...look at how well … it cleans … ... my sink!” The advert has used maternal love created through dialogue as it uses direct female address and imperatives to instruct the audience to “look how white it is…” and “..look at how well it cleans my sink”. The advert uses females to create the idea of maternal love as a way of stereotyping mainly mothers and females in general as the ones who would want the best for their household and health as the product could affect the health of the consumers. This may be seen to happen through the idea of domestic products being bad for health due to its strong smell and all the dangerous ingredients that may be used in it in order to have a stronger effect on the dirt. The use of maternal love in the next two sequences is to be expected because the advertisers are selling a domestic cleaning product and they assume and stereotype the idea that all household cleaning is carried out by women. However, this is cleverly linked to the idea of conformity and pride. We find conformity in the advertisers use of the two female characters (around the ages of 25 & 40) who appear at (0:07 & 0:11) their role is to give us real’ evidence to the audience of how good the product is, the results of the product and simply why they should buy it. The women in the advert have not got glamourous makeup or costumes which may suggest that they are everyday mothers, also suggesting that the advertisers have used ‘real’ people rather than actors which could act out these people. This may therefore make the product look more trusting and real. The colour palette changes from the previous empty white frame to the warm yellow decor, while we see the 1st women showing the ‘before and after’ while saying “The thing is… look how white it is!”, through the use of sound bridge as we don’t see her anymore and instead hear her voice as she pours the product with the vivid yellow
glove and the CB takes action, in the 3 seconds she is shown on screen. The before and after is effective as it shows to the audience that the product ‘solves’ the nasty problems of having germs and dirt all over our bathrooms etc. The fact that both their toilets and sinks are in such a disgusting state suggests they are targeting a sense of pride or conformity no one would want visitors coming to their homes with a bathroom or toilet that looks so disgusting. Therefore making the audience feel as this is the best product because they have been shown evidence of the before and after effect. This use of conformity plays on our fear of not being perceived as clean to other people of ‘dirty’ if they do not use the product, Advertisers know that females tend to have characteristics where they like to compete and win, a sense of envy is created, almost as if the women are saying “My house is cleaner than your house”, wanting to be a ‘proud’ housekeeper, as they tend to be jealous of other women. The female audience want to aspire to the clean, white hygienic cleanliness that these ‘mothers’ represent, therefore the use of the females in the product who get amazingly, white clean results will make the female audience feel as if they need the product as they need to be as good and even better, if not used they may believe that they will not only be losing the ‘competition’ but they may feel as if they will lose friends and not fit in as they may be seen as being dirty and unhygienic. This would therefore result in the female D1, D2 or E audience buying the product and therefore also possibly feeling pride, however, as advertisers target those who can clearly afford to buy the products being advertised, this may suggest that this housewife women is a stay at home homemaker etc, which would therefore suggest the enigma of there being an unseen male (just like in the Ariel advert) who probably earns the money for the needs. Identification is used as a way of getting the female audience to recognise that the women are presented as everyday looking women.mothers just like themselves people who should be admired or looked up to as they have incredibly clean environments … The first woman is seen walking into her toilet before using the ‘powerful’ product which is very good at cleaning may also make the characters look admirable. The use of the characters being different ages also helps the commercial show the targeted audience which clearly is any age group, a s one of the ladies seems like she’s in her late 20’s and the other looks more like in her 40’s, this therefore would also help target a particular audience. The women’s dialogues is diegetic as they look at the camera to speak directly to us There has been a use of emotive and instructional words like “I know it actually kills the germs..” and “It’s fantastic… look how well it cleans my sink!” which would also automatically persuade the audience by appealing to their fear of conformity persuading them to buy the product. The use of the words ‘I know’ by the first ‘mother’ makes it sound as if the ‘mother’ is sure about the product and also makes it seem as if the product is great as we see the immediate results, this making the viewer consumer feel more sure and confident in the product as they ‘know’ that if they buy the product it will make a big a difference. Feel more confident before buying the product as they have evidence from people who are ‘normal’ like themselves which may not only make the potential consumers feel as if they should be better than them and buy the product but also may make the audience feel as if it is more trusting as it isn’t coming from an expert but someone like themselves, who would generally be people who understand the
difficulties of cleaning and would tell their honest opinion about the product in order to advice the other housewives. Barry’s nondiegetic voiceover returns loud and harsh almost shouting
“Toilets… bathrooms… kitchens…. sinks…” The screen is split into four to emphasise the four places in the home where hygiene is expected. The nondiegetic male voiceover at the end sounds like the voice of authority as it sounds like he is simply summing everything up, this could therefore also be a reminder for the audiences that this is the product they need.
“BANG…. and the dirt is gone!” The repetitive use of the product’s usp colours used throughout the advert are all used for different reasons but all have the same result to remind us of the product. First we see in a two ELS the purple of Barry’s shirt, which acts to remind the audience straight away of the product. product and brand. The pink and yellow background seen in the LS at 0:04 seconds in followed by the yellow gloves worn by the two female characters all work to reinforce the product’s brand colours in the minds of the audience. The use of these allows the audience to identify and become more familiar with the product, so that we can associate the colours with the brand which increases brand awareness in the same way that we associate the white, green, red and blue of Ariel with the laundry cleaner or the red and white of Coca Cola. Repeating the product’s usp also makes it memorable and easy to spot the product in the over packed supermarket shelves saving them time once again proving that the advertisers wish to target audience such as mothers and housewives. The use of the purple as a royal or regal colour, reinforces its status as something of great importance. So, like Guinness, Cillit Bang which is a mainstream product is elevated to an aspirational product or into something that should be desired, which may make the audience believe and feel that they are getting a really good quality product.
Another use of repetition is the use of the word “BANG!”, which is diegetic in the opening dialogue and reused by the nondiegetic voiceover near the end, by ‘Barry Scott’, which is not only the name of the product but he also uses it as a verb when he says it has the power to clean with a “BANG!”, this means it will automatically associate the product with an action and being repeated which is also included in the product makes the product seem like it seriously makes a difference, the use of this word makes the audience feel as if the dirt is gone with a “BANG!”. T hus creating the feeling of the product being extra effective with getting rid of grime and dirt, giving the the impression that this product has strong cleaning ‘powers’, elevating its status as if it’s superior to other cleaning products. Along with this There has also been a repetitional use of the before and after effects of the product (shots 1 & 2, 7 & 8, 1013 and in the split screen shots above ) from filthy dirty and unhealthy looking to a pure white clean healthy surfaces once again creating the sense of exclusivity and something special. Our weakness for Sloth is also played on as Cillit Bang is seen in several close ups to clean many thick layers of dirt with only one wipe, targeting people who do not necessarily have the time to put lots of effort into the physical scrubbing usually needed to achieve a clean and healthy environment. This therefore also covertly compares Cillit Bang with other cleaners because men and women will appreciate how easy it seems the product will thoroughly clean even the most grimy of places. This is targeting working audiences who do not have enough time to be spending on cleaning, including men who aren’t always great cleaners. Hopefully increasing sales as people will believe that this is the only product that will help get rid of the awful amount of thick layered dirt in the shortest period of time. Ariel: Ariel has first been produced in the year 1967, in UK and was the first detergent with stainremoving enzymes and is marketed in many other countries. Ariel’s ‘Pure clean’ series, medium budget production and high concept advert has been created by Saatchi & Saatchi, for Proctor & Gamble, the makers of Ariel. The narrative of the advert is a quest for ‘pure clean’ to market a liquid washing tablet from the brand ‘Ariel’. The advert is targeting women in their 20’s mid 40’s, mainly being busy mums who would immediately recognise the fast paced, quick thinking nature of their role as they try to be the best parent that they can be but also housewifes, who are the people who mainly does the laundry at their homes. We find that there has been many messages used throughout the commercial being both covert and overt messages through the uses of eye line matches, action matches and montage editing which
creates the idea of illusion and actually gives the job of trying to put the shots together and make a meaning of it, to the audience. The first technique that we find has been used throughout the commercial and that has actually been one of the most frequently used persuasive techniques is the use of maternal/paternal love, which we are shown through the use of clever editing which makes us believe we have seen ‘perfect’ traditional, nuclear family. We find the use of this technique through the use of the MCU of her looking up into the sky (0:02) which may show her caring maternal ways, as her facial expressions show a mother always keeping an eye on her children and family. We then find in the next scene after the clouds which starts off with ECU/BCU of the girl staring at/playing with the lime, and the fact that the sequence of shots makes the viewer realise she is a mother, i.e. the girl/lime shot follows her looking at the sky which the audience members will then make the mother/daughter association. Especially with the mother’s facial expression being caring and ‘grown up’ whereas the girl’s is more naive/innocent and childlike implying that concept of maternal love. We can see midway through the commercial that the little girl is looking at the lime (0:06), which is then cut to a action match shot (0:07) with the character who looks like a grandma squeezing the cut lime, which reinforces the use of maternal love as the audience is shown another generation (the grandma) of a mother who is also caring for looking after the young girl. This would therefore appeal to the target audience as it would make them associate the maternal caring nature of females and families with the product hence persuading them. The use of this shot may also remind the audience that the young girl is still in the process of learning and growing up as the young girl only watches the lime rather than cutting it for the next shot, this representation suggests that she is a child who needs maternal love while learning/growing which will be given by her mother through the stages of being taught to do certain things. We see this happening while the boys are outside playing (0:12) which we are shown they are doing through the use of another action match, as they break the icicle (0:13). The facial expressions of the mother looking at the boys shows her as caring and inquisitive (but also a little like a ‘guardian angel’ looking after her children) and certainly interested in the welfare of the children in the advert (maternal) when it then cuts to the next shot we realise it is an eyeline match sequence and that she is casting her maternal, caring eye over some boys playing (0:10). The use of the MS and LS’s of the main character playing around with her children, with the white sheets (0:23), which the product that is being advertised has provided for her, connotes the idea of the mother and children being so happy because of the product, which is shown in a very explicit overt way being one of the most over messages throughout the advert. This section of the advert appeals to the target audience of SOC ABC1, succeeder/mainstreamer mothers as they will identify with the characters in the advert, and associate Ariel with their happy family and maternal feelings. We as the audience presume that the young little girl (0:23) is almost helping her mum with the washing, the idea of her being around while she is hanging the washing rather than the little boy who is actually hiding in between the sheets. This may refer to the idea of the young girls actually starting to learn the motherly duties they will need to do once they are grown ups, which we see the use of throughout the commercial, where the boys are playing around whereas the little girls are almost watching and learning, which may therefore link to the use of conformity. We find that the
girls and boys are conforming to the gender expectations throughout the advert, this girls learning how to cook, clean and so on as probably will become their expected gender roles later in life. While the boys are conforming to the gender expectations that they will be able to ‘play’ (hobbies, sport, watching TV, computer games, going out to the pub and son on) while the women do the housework at home. The denotation of the white sheets being wrapped around the children could also connote the idea of the product bringing purity and cleanliness, not only to the sheets but to the children as well, which may also synchronise with the idea of health, this would therefore also suggest maternal love as the clean sheets suggest a caring mother who is looking after her children the best that she can. Targeting ABC1 succeeders and/or mainstreamers, as they are middle class and stereotypically will spend a lot of time making sure everything is clean and perfect in their role as a mother. However, this could also appeal to aspirers from the C2 D & E SOC groups as they will associate Ariel with this cleanliness and as an aspirational product that will ‘help’ them move up the SOC scale. The use of ‘pure’ children in the product could make the audience believe that the only way their children could be so happy, pure and safe is through the use of Ariel’s ‘Pure Clean’ product. This would therefore persuade the audience into buying the product and bringing the pureness to their family. The idea of the children having pale white skin, with blonde hair almost as if they look like angels, the ‘angelic’ mother’s children (0:26), could bring out the sense of a technique that will play on maternal love, as the children look like ‘cute’ and ‘sweet’ children, just like most young children, bringing out the motherly aspect in many females. This could also refer to the idea that the product is trustworthy and the characters are important people, in other words people to admire and take notice of which would therefore then synchronise with the use of respect. We see that the body language and proxemics of the mother and child in the LS shows how close they are and how happy they are playing together reinforcing maternal love and then the CU’s of the children show even more so how happy they are also reinforcing how loved she/he is and therefore that their mother is doing a very good job hence Ariel is associated with this very positive representation of family life and how a mother’s love can make a ‘perfect’ ‘angelic’ child.
0:02
0:10
0:23
Health could be another persuasive technique that has been presented in the commercial. We find this in it’s use of the sheets and clothings being clean and purely white showing us as the audience that there is no sign of dirt whatsoever, mothers may believe that if they have clean clothings there is a higher chance of actually staying healthy, as the idea of cleanliness would refer to the idea of safety and health. We can through the facial expressions and body language of the children that they are very healthy and lively, this could refer to the idea of the sheets (therefore the product) bringing along the health most mother’s look for, we see that the children are constantly running around clearly being active, shown to us in the final few shots (0:23) and are therefore represented as healthy, especially when they are around the sheets. With some products some people may find that their clothing smell strongly of the detergent after washed, however, with Ariel we can clearly see that this is not the case and actually the product provides happiness and health. The use of this persuasive technique would again persuade the audience into buying the product as they will believe that the ‘Pure Clean’ product is the best product in cleaning out the dirt in the clothings and sheets, which would prevent the idea of the children catching germs and diseases. The use of the white sheets could also connote the idea of hospitals and medical colours as, hospitals etc are all white and pure. This would therefore once again also link with maternal/paternal love as well as health as mothers would not want their children to get ill and unhealthy and therefore would do everything to prevent that from happening. Buy the ‘Pure Clean’ product from Ariel, which they would believe will prevent all harm. Another way we find the use of health is through the use of the idea of the colours changing from all the blues and whites to browns and greens when it gets to the boys which could reinforce the idea of boys getting dirty easily and quickly, use of the colours mainly brown in the building (0:16) and green would give the idea of unclean and imperfect things, which imperfection is something that girls and women would care more about rather than boys, which is another way we find that the commercial targets its female audience. This may also suggest not only uncleanness but also possible imperfection and unhappiness, as brown is not necessarily a happy colour, therefore will tell the audience that the only possible way of getting rid of this is through the use of the ‘Pure Clean’ product, as we find afterwards the white sheets with the children shown. We can see that the white at these points shown to us through the LS and CU shots take up almost the whole screen, as the pure, clinical clean white is the most dominant colour throughout the advert, which we see that the advertisers during the resolution of the advert is trying to tell us as the audience, that this product can ‘make a difference’ to you and more importantly your children’s life. The advertisers are literally concluding with the purest, most healthy colour and showing the effect of this on the healthy happy children. However this colour may also link with the idea of the village, in the first shot, having good soil with a lot of nutrients also reminding the audience that the commercial is still in the village and still based on people who live in the village, which may reinforce the idea of not only simple living but also the idea of the beautiful, possibly safe environment given by the product, which may also link to nostalgia as people may get the sense of an emotional connection if they’ve lived somewhere like such when they were younger, or if they have family members there. Although the use of the green and brown colours could be perceived as dirty, they on the other hand could suggest ‘earthy’ and ‘natural’ colours, such as the green leaves on the trees and grass in the final ELS, which also do have connotations to the persuasive technique health. The green lime could also
support this idea, with the colour and the sense of health as a healthy fruit, the ECU of the lime being squeezed suggests health as the diegetic sound of the hand squeezing it is a sound that when seen in sync with the squeezing will make the audience think of healthy food therefore using the persuasive technique of health and linking this to Ariel. At the same time as it is squeezed the nondiegetic voiceover says “and something you smell” which makes the viewer think of the smell of citrus fruit also the nondiegetic high pitched plucking of the harp (a heavenly sound) is also a feelgood sound. That ‘zesty’ smell is something also associated with health lots of washing up liquids and air fresheners are citrus fruit flavoured. This would therefore once again appeal to the target audience of SOC ABC1 succeder mothers, who usually are stereotypically the people who do the laundry at home and are the ones who are more concentrated on the idea of being clean and living in not only a simple but beautiful, idyllic, natural environment which we are shown in the opening shot (0:01), the miseenscene of this setting the mountains, blue sky, pine trees is an example of this idyllic environment that must be a healthy place to live in the blue skies suggest that, the clean air that the trees would produce make the countryside as unpolluted by any city/industry/cars. The white sheets being surrounded by the grass and trees (0:23) at the end make the association and link between the pure and cleanliness of the sheets and the natural environment as a health giving product especially as the Ariel box/packet is seen in the LS on the ground near the grass almost like it is a part of nature. There has been a use of the colours green, blue and white on the Ariel box/packaging itself (0:28) which may also suggest or build the sense of health, as green, blue and white are not only colours of nature but the green and white are also clinical colours which is quite suggestive to the idea of hospitals and therefore health.
0:16
0:28
One other persuasive technique that has been used in the commercial is the use of identification through the use of the first shot, where we as the audience are shown the village (0:01). The idea of the denotation in the first shot looking very idyllic and picturesque type may connote the idea of the place being a very beautiful place to live but also that you would need to be rich to live there, therefore the possible thought of wealth could be brought in. The images denoting the village could also connote the idea of the village being a very simple place to live, therefore referring to the idea of simplicity of life, almost fairytale like and not real. The use of the village looking like a beautiful however expensive place to live, therefore needing to be rich to live there may have been done in order to make the audience admire those in the commercial believing that they are admirable rich people who live in a very beautiful, fairytale like place, which may also synchronise with the idea of respect. This would therefore not only mean that the audience would admire those in the commercial but would also mean that the audience may want to be like those in the commercial, admirable and living in a very beautiful place to live, which means that they would want to buy the product and and almost be like them, to feel like them. This would therefore mean that the target audience of SOC ABC1 succeeder mothers will
themselves identify with the protagonist, as she is a mother who is ‘well off’, i.e. a succeeder (she lives in a beautiful idyllic mountain village which is not a cheap place to live). The advertisers position the audience as if the children are/possibly their children, this would therefore build an emotional connection with the audience referring once again to maternal love, they would want to make their own children as happy and healthy as those in the commercial. Early in the advert the audience of mothers are literally positioned in the protagonist’s head, via the POV eye line match shots they are seeing the world through her eyes allowing a greater sense of identification. Both shots 0:02 and 0:04 seconds into the advert show this as does at 0:10 seconds and the eyeline match shot that follows of the boys. The two CU shots (0:02 and 0:10) of the mother also allow this to happen as we see how happy she is and are focused totally on her (by the CUs, i.e. there is nothing to look at but her) hence the target audience will identify with her. In addition just the idea of having a protagonist, is completely about positioning the audience to identify with her, as we follow her throughout the whole advert. Also the nondiegetic V.O also does this, as the whole time we also hear her and therefore completely follow her thinking and her ideas, the mothers in the audience literally identify with her as they can hear her thoughts (i.e. the V.O).
0:01
0:02
0:04
0:10 There has also been a use of respect used throughout the commercial through the idea of "mothers knowing best" as there is a mother who is the one that is constantly talking to the audience informing them about the product being advertised. The use of the MCU with the mother character looking upwards (0:02) into the sky which is shown to us with the use of a cut to an eye match (0:04) with a pale angelic looking face shape could make the audience believe that she is almost angel like as her skin is almost white. The idea of her costume being white and blue also links with the sky and clouds in the first shots.
0:02
0:04
One other technique we find has been used constantly throughout the advert is the use of envy, in order to make the viewer feel as if they need what the people have in the commercial therefore would want to be there, or almost as if they are living their life. The use of the advert
being filmed in a village, with a clean, fresh and beautiful environment, may make the audience get the sense of Ariel providing the freshness of the village to the consumer. In the first shot, through the use of a covert message, we find that the images denotes pine trees and greenery, which automatically connotes the idea of nature and cleanliness (0:01). The use of the mountains full of greenery and trees would also reinforce the idea of the use of envy as having a natural environment with natural products would not only make the audience want to have that natural environment but also the use of the natural village would make the audience trust the product more believing it is much more realistic and harmless like the idyllic village we see in the first shot of the commercial. The idea of the mountains looking as if it has very good soil may give the possible idea of the balance of the perfect conditions to grow and create the beautiful neutral environment, which may also make the audience being mothers want that environment in order to give to their children. The images denotes the pine trees covering the mountains, this connotes pure clean as the pine air fresheners and disinfectants which are often used for cleaning, this may reinforce the idea once again of envy of the product being good enough to be able to clean not only the clothes and villages but even the mountains, therefore making the audience want to consume the product, in order to get the same incredible result. The idea of the bountiful, nutritious landscape could also give the idea of the nature being in a perfect balance, having enough rain, sun and nutrients, almost a place anyone would want to be in, especially mothers with kids and slightly elderly women, which the commercial and product is also aimed at. In the advert, we see that the relationship the mother and children have, could also be related to envy as they clearly are the ‘perfect’ family and many of the audience would be envious of this relationship. This therefore targeting audiences mainly mothers once again who would want a relationship like so.
0:01 Conformity is another persuasive technique that has been used throughout the advert in the main 3 ways that it has been represented, one of these are conforming to be clean. There has been a perfect ending scene, shown through the ‘pure’ white sheets and how angelic the innocent child is in the LS (0:24). This use of the clean end would automatically make the SOC ABC1 mothers want to buy the product in order to be clean and also ‘pure’ as people tend to believe if you are clean you are pure. The use of the nondiegetic soundtrack also creates this need to conform by repeatedly using the word ‘clean’ which would once again automatically be linked back to the word ‘pure’ as cleanliness suggests purity. The use of the family surroundings in the ad shown to us through the MS and LS’s may suggest to the audience that the only way in having the best environment with your family in your home is through the use of products that will make everyone happy. The use of the white clothing and sheets constantly being shown through the family automatically suggests that these members of the family are not only clean but ‘pure’, this would therefore make the audience want to have that purity and cleanliness and therefore want to buy the product. The mother plays with her children which suggests to us that
the way the children will conform through the product is through the happiness of not only the children but of the mother, as if she is happy then she will spread her love and happiness around her and her children, this may be another thing that the targeted succeeder mothers would want, to have an amazing relationship with her children and to be happy. There has been conformity used for gender stereotypes/expectations as we see that the girls and the boys are represented in certain ways throughout the advert. We firstly see this in the lime scene when the young girl looks as if she is being ‘schooled’ to conform to the expectations of their gender, i.e. she is with her grandmother learning to cook/prepare food, as will be the stereotypical expectation of them when they are mothers. We also see that they are also learning to clean the clothes and do the laundry, which will also be one of their expected roles when they are married and have children. The boys on the other hand are constantly shown as playing around and enjoying themselves, we find that 0:12 seconds into the advert that the mother is standing and watching her sons playing outside through the use of an eyeline match, which almost suggests to us that while the girls are at home learning the responsibilities they will need to take once they are older the boys are outside. We also find that the father of the house is not at home which may suggest that as a male he is out working while the mother is at home housewifing, which once agains conforms for gender stereotypes/expectations. This use of conformity would persuade people (mothers) to buy the Ariel product as they will believe that they will be like this traditional family if they use this product only as we are clearly shown throughout the commercial that the advertisers are suggesting that the reason this family is like so is because of Ariel’s ‘pure clean’ product. Most people feel the need to conform as they believe that the only way into having a comfortable life or actually fitting in is through doing certain stuff. Especially females like the targeted SOC ABC1 female succeeders of this ad would be persuaded as they are the people who want the best of almost everything and Ariel’s advert clearly suggests through it’s of conformity that this is how you can get the best traditional family. C
0:12
The commercial has also used pride targeting the audiences weakness, we find this in it’s use of having the rich and wealthy looking village. The idea of the village looking so good and peaceful, almost like a fairytale like place may make the audience feel as if it is one of the important things needed to feel pride, they may have the possible idea of the village bringing them not only peace but also exclusivity as it is somewhere which seems like you would need to be wealthy to live there. This would therefore make the audience want to buy the product as they may believe that they could own that environment in a cheaper way, by buying the product. The use of the white clothing and sheets everywhere may also make the audience feel pride. The use of the commercial being outside and the sheets and clothings on the children also being outside, which we are shown through ELS and LS’s (0:23), may make the audience feel as not even the mud and dirt outside in the greenery would destroy this purity and beauty, which
may also possibly link with personal success. This may also bring the feeling of pride in the audience as they may believe that the ‘Pure Clean’ product from Ariel is the only way you can get and keep that pureness, the use of the children being wrapped around the white sheets would also make the audience feel pride as they would feel if they use the product their children will be pure and clean. This would bring along the idea of exclusivity and pride, also linking with maternal/paternal love once again as the audience being the SOC ABC1 succeeder and mainstreamer mothers, would want their children to be the best and the most pure and exclusive one. They would want to feel proud to have a family that is well looked after, they take a strong sense of pride in looking after their children and other family members, by keeping them clean and healthy. We are shown a mother who seems to be very proud to be a mother mostly proven by the final scene of her playing with her children, but also how she would be proud to have such pure, innocent, angelic children. The audience would then aspire this character and would like to be a proud mother with such pure, clean, innocent ‘perfect’ children themselves, this will therefore persuade them into buying the product and its reputation over the years, and they may believe that Ariel’s ‘Pure clean’ product is the only way to get that pure, cleanliness.
0:23 Personal success has been used in Ariel’s ‘Pure Clean’ commercial several times, we find that this has been used in the ELS of the village (0:01) but also the ELS’s and LS’s of the mother and children (0:23). The use of the whole family being used to advertise the product in the commercial could make the audience feel that if they have this product they will get the olden days back, where there were more opportunities and daily events where families came together. The use of the mother, grandma and children being together may be a scene that every mother nowadays wants, as we do realise that in our generation today there has been a cut down on the family times spent together. This may make the audience think and believe that if they buy the product there is a higher chance of their family being together and happy. They may believe that if they have the product their family will be happier, this would then therefore persuade the audience being the mothers who have missed the traditional family times to buy the product, which may make them also feel personal success as they may believe that if they have this they will not only be happier but they will be richer in heart. There has been no male adults such as the husband of the mother and the father of the children used in the commercial, unlike the Iceland commercial which has actually been based around the one particular wealthy looking man. This may have been done in order to show the audience that this the typical life of the typical middle class family, where the husband goes to work while the wife is at home housewifing. The use of the pearl necklace the mother is wearing could also refer to the idea of the family being a middle class and the husband having a good job which he is away working at during the commercial, this could also once again target the audience which may be middle class mothers and housewives. The use of the white purity in the commercial through the
clothings and sheets may also make the audience feel the sense of personal success as it is not easy to get sheets so white and pure for long. The idea of the white sheets also being on the children which we find the mother playing around with in an ELS and MS’s while she is hanging up the washing may make the audience feel as if this product is the easiest way of washing clothes to the best standard. This may also make the audience feel that this product saves us time from constantly wanting to rewash things as they are not clean and white enough, allowing us to have spare time for our children and family, this would therefore make the audience believe that if they have this product not only they will be happier, but so will their children and family as they would have enough time to spend with them rather than constantly doing the duties a housewife does.
0:01
0:23
Nostalgia has also been used throughout the commercial allowing the audience to have an emotional connection with the product, we find this in it’s use of the village once again through the ELS (0:01). This may create a nostalgic feeling in the audience as they may remember the times where they may have lived in a village with their parents and family, or if their parents still do live somewhere like so or have done. My grandmother for example, a mother of 3, whose parents live in a village, would have an emotional connection with the product as soon as the miseenscene of the opening shot of the village is shown. The use of the colours (blues and greens) and the whole scene evokes nature i.e. the mountains and blue sky surrounding the village. This links to nostalgia which could be evoked by the smells focusing again on the alpine and pine tree fresh, linking back to the point about an unpolluted, location associated with the ‘pure’/healthy theme. This could make the commercial and product more effective to the audience as the use of nostalgia may be helpful in order to remind the audience of the product through the emotional thoughts and feelings they may of had whilst watching the commercial. This could therefore make the audience believe that if they buy the product they would keep them emotional and possible special moments with them for longer, the use of the product may make the audience believe that they are closer to them and are constantly still in their lives. There could also be a nostalgic feeling with the audience through the idea of the children and grandmother, the audience being the mother of the home could feel as if they would want them happy home environments back and may believe the only way of having it is through consuming the product. This would therefore once again target the mothers and housewives of homes, persuading them into buying and consuming the product. The way that the mother and grandmother are so loving and caring for the children in the advert refers to the children having the perfect childhood which has been repeatedly shown in the advert through nostalgia. The audience will then feel a nostalgia, either for their own childhood when they were loved like this, or nostalgia for when their own children were younger and they were cute and innocent like the ones in the advert. The end scene shows us children playing around in a very carefree innocent way which would make many adults, who are the targeted audience feel nostalgic for their own
childhood’s, when they were innocent and childlike and did not have to worry about the stresses of adult life. We can see this shown to us through the facial expressions in the uses of the CU’s of the mother in the advert looking at her children (0:11), we can also see through the uses of the body language in the LS’s of the mother playing with her children (0:24), the targeted adults may remember their childhood this way and therefore would also want the best for their children. The body language and the proxemics between the mother and the children show nostalgia which very explicitly expresses the maternal love, which again most of the audience would be nostalgic for when their mother loved them so unconditionally as this mother does. Another way where nostalgia could come through could be through the use of the grey stones behind the mother (0:02). This may have been done in order to remind the audience the olden days and villages where grey stones are most oftenly used, this would therefore once again target the mothers and slightly elderly women who would also feel an emotional connection with the commercial.
0:01
0:02
0:11
There has also been a high usage of repetition used throughout the commercial in order to help not only constantly create the image that it is trying to be presented but to also constantly remind the audience what is being advertised in order to help and tell the audience that this is what is being advertised and this is what you will get. We find this in its use of the repetition of the USP colours of Ariel which are green, red, blue and white, which are shown to us straight away in the very first shot of the commercial, which again is the village. The use of the mountains covered in green, the red little village in the middle with the bright blue skies which has the white clouds (0:01) straight away refers to the USP colours of Ariel (0:28) automatically telling the audience without their realisation the product that is being advertised. There has been a repetition of blue used in the advert through the blue sky over the mountains (0:01), the cardigan of the mother character (0:02), the sky the mother then looks up to (0:03), her blue eyes when she is looking at the boys (0:11), the boys wear blue as they pick the icicles (0:12) mother in the blue cardigan again as they play at the end (0:23). There has been green mountains and trees (0:01) CU of the lime of granny surrounded by limes and green leaves growing on the wall (0:07), ECU of lime being squeezed (0:09), boys as they pick the icicles have green trees behind them (0:12), green grass as they play at the end (0:23). There has also been a repetitional use of white throughout the advert through the uses of the clouds over mountains (0:01), as the mother looks up her skin/hair ( very pale almost white) and her tshirt/dress (0:02), the white walls and cloud she looks up at (0:03) white tablecloth and chairs in granny shot (0:07), lamppost light is white (0:12) icicle (kind of) is, white sheets, clothes and very blond/white hair in final scene (0:23). The use of the repetition of all of these colours throughout the advert, constantly reminds the audience of the Ariel box which is shown to the audience at the end of the advert (0:29). We can see that the name of ‘Ariel’ has been surrounded in white, and ‘Ariel. A pure clean’ has also been written in white at the bottom of the
screen, which suggests that the purity and cleanliness in the advert is brought by the product which is ‘Ariel’. We find that the whole box is mainly in green which may also suggest that the product itself is very natural (may suggest it is safer for the children) and just like the environment in the advert, we also find the blue around the box which may refer to the sense of nature once again and also the product being a trusting product as blue is quite a trusting calming colour. Another way in which we find the use of repetition is through the mother being constantly shown through the use of cuts. The idea of the mother being shown through the use of MCU’s and CU’s (0:02 & 0:10) constantly tells the audience that she is the main focus as she is not only the narrator but the one who pushes the confidence of the audience. The idea of the main character being a mother which has been constantly repeated may also synchronise with respect as human beings we do believe in the phrase “mothers know best”, this would therefore push not only the confidence of the audience into buying the product but could also make them believe that if she as a mother is using this product for her children and loved ones, then the product definitely must be safe enough for our usage. This would therefore also target mothers once again, making them more confident in the product and wanting to buy it. There has also been a massive use of repetition with the colour white, as we are also told through the name of the product ‘Pure Clean’. We find the use of the repetition of white through the use of the constant white clothings and sheets, the use of the white buildings and clouds. The colour white automatically refers to the idea of purity as we believe that white is a colour that symbolises our innocence, this would therefore also reinforce the name of ‘Pure Clean’ which also tells the audience straight away that the commercial will be focused on purity and possibly white. The use of the colour white and the words ‘pure’ which has been repeated and used several times throughout the commercial, constantly tells the audience that this is the product that will bring you the purity, this would therefore target mainly mothers and women as they are the people who not only does the laundry at home but are the people who generally love perfectly white sheets and purity. The use of the white people throughout the commercial could also bring along the idea of purity however, this could also be seen as racism to some people as there has only been one race, being white used throughout the commercial which may slightly show the targeted audience but also be a problem for the advertisers, as they may get complaints from the audience. Mothers would normally want their children to be pure and innocent, therefore this product may be a good way in which to help them to get that purity to their children’s and family. Finally the repetition within the soundtrack there is a lot of repetition in the voiceover. The protagonist repeats the word ‘pure’ 4 times, (0:01, 0:11, 0:23, 0:28). The use of this particular repetition would result in the word ‘pure’ being stuck to the audiences head and would bring them to the recognition that this advert and this product is based on purity, therefore making them think of Ariel as ‘pure’ and ‘clean’, which is kind of like a ‘nice’ form of brainwashing. She also repeats the word ‘something’ as she is saying ‘something you see…’ ‘something you smell…’ etc (0:03, 0:08..). This use of the repetition of the word ‘something’ gives the idea of it being some kind of poetry, as if the protagonist is almost rhyming and using verse to once again subconsciously get it into our heads that this product provides the best for us. The nondiegetic music repeats certain sound motifs the high pitched plucking on the harp the music also, therefore, repeats ‘phrases’ which reminds the audience that this is actually how music works,
through the repetition of musical phrases which make a song, and all of these soundtrack aspects together create the, feelgood family orientated, quest of the mother.
0:01
0:28
0:11
Iceland: Iceland is a British supermarket chain, which sells frozen foods including prepared meals and vegetables. Iceland was first founded in 1969, by Malcolm Walker who opened the first store in Oswestry Shropshire, England with his business partner Peter Hinchcliffe. By 1978 they had 28 stores to its name. Iceland’s advertising campaign is Londonbased agency Karmarama and the brand ambassador is Peter Andre, who narrates Iceland’s adverts. Iceland’s “Baby it’s cold outside” commercial is a commercial to advertise Iceland’s low cost frozen food. The storyline of the commercial is simply by using a Christmas theme, the advertisers have tried to give the idea and sense of the old Christmas’ where families used to spend time together, having a big meal with lots of families and friends but also having snow, which nowadays we do not tend to get. One of the first persuasive techniques we are hit with is celebrity endorsement, we find that the advertisers for Iceland’s “Baby it’s cold outside” commercial has used 3 celebrities, Kerry Katona, Coleen Nolan and Jason Donovan in order to build a stronger effect on the targeted audience being the single mothers at the ages of 30’s. Unlike Ariel, the audience are single mothers of the SOC category of C2, D & E rather than ABC1 married mothers. The use of the celebrities in the commercial makes the brand more trusting in the eyes of the audience, as using a known person who would be familiar to the audience would make the audience feel as if they could trust the product as they “know” the celebrities who are acting in the advert. This would therefore also increase the sales of the products as the audience may simply want to buy the product due to the celebrities who are in the commercial, they may believe that as they are in the commercial they therefore also consume the product and typical fans tend to like using products celebrities use. The idea of the commercial using Katona and Nolan may also target audiences being single mums as we know that both ladies have divorced and are single mums, targeting single mothers, this may therefore target mainstreamers and working class audience as well as the food being advertised in the commercial are seen to be quite cheap products. The advertisers are specifically targeting single mums as Nolan used in the advert is also a single mother, we know that she is very successful single mum which would aspire the audience to want to be a successful mother like her. Nolan also presents ‘Loose Women’ which is a mainstream tv programme aimed at women (as seen through the name also) on at day time
which would also once again target the D2 and E of the SOC single mums, mums with no jobs. The use of the celebrities in the commercial may also make the audience believe that the product and brand is also famous, as there are famous people consuming it, this may then make the audience believe they should definitely buy the product as they may feel that they will be left out if they do not, this then also brings up the possible sense of conformity. This may therefore target females who do not like being left out as they are seen to be people who want what others (especially females) have and more, this may then also target children as they like to be like their friends and not left out. This could then also link with the use of conformity in the Cillit Bang ad, where the targeted audience may feel the sense of the competitiveness in wanting what others have and even better.
Kerry Katona, Coleen Nolan, Jason Donovan. Sex Appeal Sex appeal has been another persuasive technique used in the advert created through the body language, gestures and proxemics of Katona and Nolan, who are literally forcing Donovan by ‘manhandling’ him to stay i.e. the body language and proxemics, such as them pulling Donovan from his tie, telling him to stay (0:09), taking off his coat for him (0:10) and the use of the constant touching him (0:14). The body language of the single mother Katona and Nolan clearly show the audience their interest in the male character Donovan suggesting the target audience being single mothers also, we see their facial expressions also show a lot of interest in the male character which once again refers to the use of sex appeal. The 3 celebrities are almost choreographed and doing a dance especially as the advert is filmed in the style of a musical (an intertextual reference). The females at this point play the role of the target audience who (due to their age) are likely to have had a crush on Donovan when younger, the two females are playing out the audience’s fantasy, and this therefore positions the audience within the scene imagining they are flirting with him, this could therefore link with the idea of identification (0:11, 0:33 and 0:48). Donovan has been positioned at the ladies chest height (0:49) there are in these shots some quite clear (if little embarrassing) and overt facial expressions that show flirtation and sexual tension. We see that Nolan’s eyes look extremely focussed onto Donovan and Katona’s weird smirk also refers to the overt flirtation (0:33) and the gazing of the females at Donovan and how he in return is grinning excessively (0:11). We also see the reference to sex appeal through the sexual innuendo in relation to food this is both a visual innuendo and a verbal one in different instances. We see at 0:33 seconds, accompanied by a facial gesture from Katona that is totally sexualised and directed at Donovan, she sings “A little gateau creamy and rich” then Nolan sings “Let’s share”, as Katona and Nolan both look into eachothers eyes and with a cheeky grin as the double meaning of let’s share the cake and let’s share Donovan is suggested. Katona then sings “Do you still want to go…” and Donovan at this point then decides to stay. At 0:48 seconds we see that the food is right next to her chest and Donovan’s facial expression is of someone who can’t believe their eyes, Katona at this
point sings “The gateau is pure indulgence” and Nolan sings “a please that can’t be denied” all of this is very obvious innuendo. Katona then also sings “maybe you’d like a bit on the side” as she holds up a piece of cake on the side of a plate Donovan then replies “I wouldn’t say no”, accompanied by the cheeky grin and Donovan looking up to her as she holds gateaux in front of his face the use of this humorous sexual innuendo will appeal to the target audience of single mums who are attracted to Jason Donovan.
0:09
0:14
0:11
0:48 Similar to Ariel nostalgia has been another strong persuasive technique that has been constantly used in the commercial, we find this in the advertisers use of the christmas theme and all the gathering of family and friends (0:06). We first get the sense of nostalgia through the use of the ELS of the snow and snowman with the children with the extremely happy facial expressions and excited body language in the low key lighting in the very first shot (0:01) which automatically shows that one of the target audiences for this product and commercial is mothers, the use of the snow during christmas shown to us through the use of low key lighting also gives the sense of christmas, which may be nostalgia as nowadays it does not tend to snow during christmas, whereas the commercial shows the opposite which may remind the audience now being the slightly older mums and dads of the children of the christmas’ they had with snow automatically building an emotional connection. The use of the children in the advert will appeal to mothers who will want their children to be as happy and to enjoy christmas as much as the ones in the advert the key way for that to happen is for them to go to Iceland to be able to buy enough food for them to enjoy christmas like the children in the advert. This may make the audience who would be the people in their 30’s 40’s believe that the product is the perfect way to remember the times where they were young and where they had those special times where they had snow in christmas, therefore convincing them more into buying the product and consuming it. In the gathering of the family and friends we are shown through the ELS 0:06 seconds into the commercial could also bring along the sense of nostalgia as we do realise in our generation now, there aren’t many families coming together in a house for a meal
for christmas, people tend to go out and spend time in a different way, we also see through the facial expressions and body languages of the people in the advert that they are having an enjoyable good time, which would definitely be something a lot of mothers would like in their household. This could bring the sense of the product being advertised bringing the household those generations where everything was traditionally done, family and friends coming together for a christmas meal celebrating and spending precious times with each other. The song may also support this idea of tradition (as a nostalgic view) as for some of the target audience the song itself offers an emotional nostalgic connection as it is an old song which has been around at christmas for years and they may have heard it many time, in addition it creates an intertextual link to the other versions of the song it is also linked to christmas. This would then target people at the ages of 20 40 who would want them traditional days back, they may want to have their teenaged children for example and family at home, rather than out with friends celebrating as this is what tends to happen in our generation now. This would therefore make the audience believe that the only way to get these traditional family meals back is through the product which is produced and sold by Iceland. They may also want this even more if they have more evidence in the advert such as the song that would prove that they will have this environment if they consume the products.
0:06
0:01
Just like in Ariel conformity is a technique used, we find this in the commercials use of the miseenscene having a gathering of family and friends with the products of the brand being advertised (0:06). This may make the audience feel that if they do not buy or consume the products they will not fit in, this therefore builds the sense of fear in the audience into buying the product, convincing them they will be much comfortable and likeable. They will not be left out and will be sociable which may then make the product seem like a sociable product. Unlike in Ariel, where health is a persuasive technique used, the use of the food therefore brings out the sense of weakness of gluttony in the audience. We find this in the audiences use of the food on the tables and people eating all along the commercial, through the use of MS (0:06) and ELS’s which also makes the audience assume that the product being advertised is food based, the use of the saturated bright rich colours of the food, supports gluttony (0:30). There has been an ELS used (0:18) of the whole table with lots of food on it, the miseenscene is overloaded by lots of colourful bright food, set on a purple tablecloth suggesting it is wealthy and rich food (colour of royalty purple) and that there is so much of it you can over indulge your appetite at christmas, the diegetic singing of Katona “the chocolate cake’s pure indulgence” reiterates this at 47 seconds and the match on action from this MCU to the CU of Donovan looking at it that follows (0:48). This reinforces to the target audience who aspire to be able to afford to indulge themselves as they are SOC D&E who need cheap food it is only £4 so this is possible the repetition of the word indulgence in the onscreen text helps this further. In addition calling the
cake indulgence totally supports the strategy of gluttony and persuades the audience to buy the products as they will feel they need to buy the food, although they don’t. The use of gluttony may help target a wider range of people as food is something everyone needs all the time, the use of gluttony would make the audience crave what’s on screen, therefore making them want to buy the product. This could target audiences in all age groups and mothers in particular as they are the people who would want their children and family eat well. At 0:200:22 seconds in the advert, there has been a right to left pan in order to show how full the table is with food, this therefore shows also how shopping at Iceland means even the SOC D&E can afford all this Christmas gluttony. We see duck prawns etc (0:24, 0:26, 0:29), and these quite bland looking foods are shown through saturated colours and bright artificial lighting to look very tasty. At 0:39 seconds, the kebabs are shown as a CU also Katona picks them up and there is a match on action from a MS to the CU so we can see them in all their colourful glory while the diegetic soundtrack says these kebabs are “HOT”, connotations of really good things, also sexual connotations of a person as “hot”, the sound reiterates them as good quality essentially as does the CU shot of them looking so tasty. The use of gluttony and avarice together in the commercial would target audiences who like for food and a lot of food for cheaper. The persuasive technique social relationships and personal success along with it has also been used in the commercial. We find the use of social relationships in the commercial as a way to conform as there are a lot of people who are socialising together, for example the ELS (0:06). There has been a lot of social relationships, a lot of people who are social and together (which may also link with the use of conformity), this makes the target audience believe that if the working class SOC D&E shop at Iceland and buy their party food products then they would be conforming to having that social relationship with their family and friends. This may then link with the use of the socialising as a way to conform in the Guinness commercial, which we find that Guinness is also a social drink. Personal success could also be a technique used as if you have a lot of social relationships and if you actually have a happier life by having your loved ones alongside you on a very special day then you would be successful. This would make the audience believe that having that specific product will make them conform to the expectations of being richer in social relationships and happier.
0:23
0:06
0:30
0:48 In contrast to the Ariel advert Iceland uses avarice as a persuasive technique, we are shown this through the price tags at the bottom of the screen (0:23), written boldly in a bright catchy colour of yellow also being the USP colours of the brand. This has shown the audience that Iceland are not afraid of showing their prices to everyone as they are cheap and actually this is
what they do best, give great food for cheap making everyone happy. The techniques repetition and avarice have been used together quite frequently through the repetition of the onscreen at the bottom of the screen for each product which reinforces the use of the technique of avarice. For example at 0:38 seconds the onscreen text “NEW” “10 beef and pepperoni kebabs” which cost “£2”, the font of the ‘New’ has been written very swirly and has connotations of being expensive, it is also in gold and is sparkling, which has connotations of wealth and avarice. Moreover the sparkle maybe connotes ‘magic’, in addition the ‘£2’ also is sparkling suggesting of ‘how can we afford to make it so cheap for all this food’ reiterating the whole idea of the magical connotation. The miseenscene and the circular arrangement of this food that you can have for only £2, there are about 10 kebabs on one plate, this will appeal to the audience of aspirers who can have more food in a greedy or avaricious way than if they shopped elsewhere. It will also appeal to SOC D&E as they have less money than others so can have more value for their money. The persuasive technique of repetition has also been used through colours, which is a similar technique to the Ariell advert, such as purple, cream and yellow throughout the commercial. The techniques repetition and avarice have been used together quite frequently through the repetition of the onscreen at the bottom of the screen for each product which reinforces the use of the technique of avarice. I personally believe that the use of the purple in the costumes and tables may make the audience feel as if the food is rich looking or has a rich taste as I believe purple is a colour that is used to show quite rich and quality things, therefore making the cheap product look expensive and good quality. This would then target audiences like mainstreamers and SOC D1/2 and E people as they would be the types of people who would want rich looking cheap things such as Iceland’s products. The use of the purple could also refer to the idea of it being Christmas time, the perfect time to be getting ready for big family meals, therefore telling the audience that the only way to get a lot of good quality products for cheaper is through Iceland. The use of the constant yellow and cream being repeated could be in order to remind the audience of the actual products being sold, the use of the yellow could help remind the audience of the actual brand as Iceland has yellow in its logo and the cream could be used to reinforce the idea of the food such as the pastry etc. The use of these colours in the commercial has been helpful as it has reminded the audience who would watch the commercial that this commercial is not simply about gathering and Christmas but it is more about the food and the brand they are wanting to advertise.
0:04
0:18
Unlike the Ariel advert there has also been a use of humour in the Iceland advert through the use of the two ladies (Katona and Nolan) manhandling and pushing around Jason Donovan in a way that creates sex appeal. Especially humorous, is the sexual innuendo of the song such as “a bit on the side” and “creamy and rich… let’s share” as this will appeal to the sense of humour of the female single mum target audience. Being dressed quite well and professionally the audience is hit with something very unexpected and surprising of the pushing around and the
sexual innuendo, this may therefore make the target audience interested in the commercial as they would find the humour entertaining. Humour is a very effective technique, this would help the audience remember the commercial better and therefore the product as well, this would also make the audience start to talk to their friends about the advert and laugh about it together helping them remember it. When wanting to go shopping the audience may remember Iceland and its product through the use of the humour. There has also been a slight use of humour through one of the ladies telling the other not to eat her food “Is that my king..” (0:28) with a slightly shocked facial expression to suggest that she almost wanted her to ask if she was ‘allowed’ to eat it, which may be referred to being humorous. This may also remind audiences of the times where they may have gone through the same situation finding it funny and interesting and making it more memorable. There has also been a use of the persuasive technique envy in the commercial which we would find in the use of the advertisers wanting to make the audience want what everyone in the commercial. The use of there being so much food and a great atmosphere and sociable environment in the house may be something that the audience would want, this would therefore persuade the audience to buy the product as they would believe that this is the only way of having such a beautiful night. This could also target audiences being 3040 year olds, the people who may have missed the gathering at Christmas and would want to do something special to gain them back, therefore believing that this is the only way of actually receiving this night.
0:28 Personal success has been one other persuasive technique that has been used in the commercial, we find this in it’s use of the suits and dresses of the actors, which makes them look more successful and rich (0:10). There has been a use of the ‘posh’ dinner, the party clothes will make the audience aspire to be as smart at Christmas as the celebrities are in some ways envious of them. The use of this may make the target audience feel as, although the food is quite cheap the people who consume the food are not, they may believe that the food almost is what is making the target audience SOC D&E associate Iceland with a higher class of succeeders and working in a way that creates aspiration i.e. if they shop at Iceland, their food (and the amount of it they can afford) will make their dinner party/Christmas meal feel more ‘expensive’ and richer. The use of the suits and dresses in the commercial could also make the target audience feel that if they buy the product they are using then they could almost fit with them and actually be like one of them as they share the same type of food from the same brand. Therefore making the audience believe that it is not the price of the product and actually it is the quality, which would therefore make them believe that Iceland’s products are good quality, very tasty and they can get more for less. Respect could be another persuasive technique that has been used in the commercial as we find that there has been a use of parents especially single mothers which may suggest the idea of “mothers knowing best” which could also link with the
Ariel advert where there was also a mother as the main character of the commercial deciding what is best for her children and household. The advertisers have used two single mums Katona and Nolan which will automatically gain the respect of single mothers itself. But they will also view Katona and Nolan as single mothers that through their dress codes i.e. the smart dresses and the opulent, rich looking food (bought at Iceland) are demonstrating personal success therefore they act as perfect role models for the SOC D & E single mothers in the audience. They also will have the respect of the audience as they have against the odds become successful celebrities despite being single mothers who have had to gain their success as TV presenters and celebs on their own. The use of children, family and friends with the mums may make the audience feel that if there are mothers using the product and if this is shown to us through this commercial then Iceland must be a trustworthy brand and has trustworthy products. This may therefore persuade the audience much easily allowing them decide in a much easier way to buying the product also being quite comfortable and feeling safe while buying it. This would also target parents especially females and mothers once again as they would be the type of people who would care more about health and safety of their children, the use of the product being frozen ready meals which simply just need the heating up process being done, refers to the persuasive technique sloth, as it is quite a lazy process. This may also target audiences such as single mums, people who aren’t too into cooking but maybe also people who have a busy work life etc, which single mums would be a good example of as they don’t always have the time to take care of kids, go work, do the housework and cook, including men who tend to be not so good at cooking as women. Honda: Honda’s ‘Hate Something’ commercial is a stand alone, surreal, animated commercial, created in the year 2009 by the agency Wieden and Kennedy and produced by Nexus Productions at a production cost of £600,000. The cost clearly suggests the high budget CGI and high production value nature of the commercial. The commercial has been a massive success for Honda and actually increased the UK sales by 35%. The ad itself has also won many awards including Adweek’s commercial of the decade in 2009. It uses a wide range of persuasive techniques, but one of its most obvious is that the commercial presents Honda and its new diesel engine as a solution for a problem. The commercial simply presents environmentally friendly diesel engines as the solution to pollution, by showing the destroying of old the polluting ones, before unveiling the new Honda iCDTi diesel engine. Honda has used the persuasive technique intertextuality, which is shown in it’s use of animations. There is a connection through the idea of the advert having children’s cartoon and animations included, the images denotes engines, flowers, animals and many more lovely and colourful things, which connotes the idea of children’s animations as there have also been bright highly saturated coloured childish cartoon characters used (figure 1). This therefore targets audiences who are possibly still children at heart, or parents of small children who want a happier, beautiful environment and world like the one in the commercial for themselves and their children especially, also referring to the idea of maternal love. One way which we are shown that the new diesel engine will bring happiness could be through the way the rabbits have used
headphones in order to cover their ears to prevent hearing the terrible dirty old diesel engine sound in an LS panning across the fields (figure 2). However, once the new engine is unveiled we see that the rabbits start taking off the headphones and are more interested into listening to the new engine, through the use of an ELS (figure 3). The use of the birds flying away from the old engine, in another ELS and trying to destroy them tells the audience once again that they are not happy, and something should be done about it. Once we are then introduced to the new diesel engine we find that the birds have started making way and actually have started following the new Honda engine in another ELS (figure 4). The use of the diegetic, jolly song with lyrics being “Hate something, change something” also sounds very childlike and almost like the songs in children’s programmes. This could also be considered as intertextuality as there may be a connection through the music, song and lyrics. The song used in the commercial is also parallel to the screen action as the animals are actually moving in rhythm with the song. The highly saturated colours and childish animals and actions used, reinforce the idea of intertextuality with the use of the bright yellow sun having a smile on it’s face while destroying the old engines (figure 5), and the use of the extremely colourful rainbow actually turning into a hand, and flicking off the engines away from the world (figure 6). There are bright pink flowers, gold fishes, red birds and many more highly saturated colourful animals and plants in the commercial, which automatically reinforces the idea of children’s programmes and cartoon films which also use these types of colours and characters. This may make the audience feel as if the commercial/product is actually much more trustworthy as it has used children’s animations, the idea of there being highly saturated colours, animals, etc, used in the commercial would make the audience feel as if that is what is missing from their environment, world and that is what is needed to create the happy environment the commercial had reached at the end, therefore they would want to do something about it and buy the new diesel engine Honda has created, which would be the solution to the problem.
Figure 1
Figure 5
Figure 6
The use of reference to existing children’s cartoons could also create nostalgia which may build an emotional connection between the audience and the commercial as the audience may remember their childhood viewing. This may then possibly create the feeling of familiarity and would convince the audience in order to buy the product, we can see this in it’s use of the bright yellow sun, cartoon rabbits, birds, flowers and many more other colourful cartoon characters.
The images denote the cartoon rabbits, bright yellow sun with a smile on it’s face, birds and fishes everywhere, this therefore connotes to us that Honda are using nostalgia in order to build an emotional connection with the audience as the audience, being parents and adults, may remember their childhood when they used to watch the cartoon programmes and were happy. They may also have an emotional connection through the use of the children around them, perhaps their own kids, they may feel as if this new diesel engine by Honda is used then their children will be happy and lively like the commercial is aiming to show and present. This commercial therefore, clearly appeals to parents and adults in their late 20’s and 30’s. The use of the song could also be nostalgia as the song and words are almost like the songs and lyrics you would find in a children’s programme. We can see this in it’s use of the words “grr” and “bong and hong and clatter and clack”, we automatically realise that actually there are no such words, and these types of words generally are used in order to persuade and exaggerate the effect on children cartoon programmes. Due to this the audience may remember some words they use for their children or words that were used for them and they may be brought up with many different memories of the words that may have been made to be used with them, this would automatically build another emotional connection with the audience and may target people who are also possibly still child at heart who uses such words. Honda also uses maternal/paternal love as a means of persuasion, we see this in its use of creating new more efficient engines in replacement to the bad polluting ones which harm both the environment and the people/animals. The advertisers have used children’s cartoons, with highly saturated bright colours, simplistic shapes and direct address with a song that children could join in with in order to present a world that is being destroyed. Then presenting the ‘solution to a problem’ to the destruction, with Honda’s new diesel engine, therefore playing on our fears for the future of the world, also playing on parents with their fear of maternal/paternal love, to persuade their targeted audience being mainly parents in order to make the product an appealing prospect. The idea of the animals such as the rabbits taking off their headphones, in a ELS (figure 3) once the new engines have come along gives us the feeling of them being more happy and relaxed as they do not have that disturbing noisy engine sound anymore. The images also denote the chickens in their nest (figure 7) which connotes the thought of them being uncomfortable about the situation as they are affected by the smoke of the old dirty diesel engine; the idea of them throwing their eggs at the old dirty engine (figure 8) could give the audience the possible idea of the engines destroying the habitats and lives of the animals, therefore they would want to prevent that from happening by buying the new diesel engine. This would therefore be playing on the maternal, or paternal love, or instincts of the buyer, as they would be thinking about the environment their child is going to grow up in and trying to protect them from harm, due to the their love for them. The use of the happiness being shown in the commercial could bring along the feeling of paternal love especially for the children, as the audience would want their child and other children around, to be happy and in a safe, healthy environment. This therefore, also suggests that health features as a persuasive technique in the commercial because Honda is trying to show the audience that they are trying to protect the environment, animals and people, through the use of the animals in the cartoon world having a bad reaction to the old dirty diesel engines
and then in turn have a positive reaction to the new Honda diesel engine. The idea of the plants almost dying from the CO2 that is being created by the old engine and birds flying away would give us the automatic feeling of the engine being harmful to everyone, and therefore as people would want to be healthy and would want a healthy, safe environment, and would therefore be prompted to buy the product and create a positive impact. This would target audiences who want to do better for the world, who want to prevent or slow down global warming for example and create a safer environment for everyone. This of course would include parents, who would want the best for their children and their children’s futures..
Figure 7
Figure 8
The commercial also uses inversion to persuade as it subverts our expectations. The product is a new quieter, more environmentally friendly diesel engine, a product clearly aimed at adults, however, the commercial represents the engine as an animated character in a world where it denotes images of flowers and cartoon animals with human characteristics etc, connoting the idea of children and children’s cartoon programmes, or animated movies. This is inversion at work because the idea of the cartoon characters does not match with the idea of the target audience being car driving adults, nor does it match our previous experience of car company commercials, which are usually….. The use of the words “hate” in the diegetic song and on screen (figure 9) are also examples of inversion, as hate does not match with the colourful and happy environment featured in the commercial and it’s a negative and commercials usually present the benefits of a product, not its negatives. One of things I think that is really clever about this commercial is that it’s using hate as a positive because it’s using the idea of ‘hate’ as a force for change.
Figure 9
One other technique that has been used is humour, we see that this has been used through the idea of the funny and catchy song in the background of the commercial, which also almost explains what the product is, what it is for and what the aim of it is. This, along with informing the viewer more about the product also adds humour and some enjoyment, automatically allowing them to engage more with the commercial as they may enjoy it more. The idea of the use of the humourous song may also be helpful as it may result in the song being stuck in the viewer’s mind as it is extremely catchy. This would mean that they will be more into the commercial, meaning also that as it will constantly be in their minds, there may be a higher chance of them actually thinking about buying and using the product. This would be targeted at
audience who may also like a bit of humour and enjoyment, even though it is a serious matter such as changing the world and environment for the better by creating new, more efficient diesel engines. The use of the animated animals, such as birds and the sun destroying the old engines could also be humorous, as it is not often that we see animals kicking away engines and the sun blowing them away, as the commercial shows in ELS (figures 10&11). This would also catch the attention of the viewer making it more memorable as it’s humorous and enjoyment means they would be more engaged with the advertisement and therefore with product being advertised. This could perhaps create a positive bond or connection with the product or brand and impact future purchasing. This then would appeal to people with children and people who want a safer environment to live in. The use of the idea of rabbits wearing headphones to shut out the noise of the old dirty diesel engines and the chickens throwing their eggs at them could also bring humour as these are not the everyday things we expect from animals, or car commercials. The childish humour in the commercials and it’s highly saturated children’s TV programme style animation might also appeal to children themselves, who would then go and get their parents to watch the funny commercial, utilising pester power to ensure the parents at least viewed the advert.
Figure 10
Figure 11
Pride could also be considered a persuasive technique within this commercial with Honda’s use of making the audience believe that we could make a difference to the world, the idea that having the new diesel engine from Honda would mean we were making the world better. The commercial shows ELSs of animals such as the frogs, lady birds, fishes etc, being happier with the world inhabited by the new Honda diesel engine, as they are jolly, almost jumping around and dancing, on the new diesel engine (figure 12). The idea of us as the audience having such a big impact on these animals through only the idea of changing our old engines to Honda’s new diesel engine brings out pride in us making us feel extremely important and special in terms of our capacity to change the world. This clearly would appeal to people who may want to feel pride and exclusivity, like …. and to …… who look beyond their own needs to how they can change the world for the better. This could also be seen in terms of the persuasive technique personal success, as the audience will feel more successful if they do something good for the world and environment. The idea of the audience cutting the amount of pollution and CO2 being produced by changing their old engines to Honda’s new diesel engine would make them feel different and admiring, therefore this commercial could definitely appeal to reformers, people who would want to feel more important and special. This of course works with the use of envy perhaps best signified by the quiet new Honda diesel engine sound, the sound of the silence on the diegetic musical soundtrack announced by the flamingoes opening their wings like theatre curtains openings to make the engine appear desirable. This is done in order to make the
audience feel as if having that engine is a great thing and perhaps then prompting them to want and purchase the product. This may be targeted at a slightly more experience audience of drivers who already drive diesel engines and know how noisy they currently are and perhaps feel conscious of this.
Figure 12
Throughout the commercial we see a high range of repetition being used in order to persuade the audience in many ways to buy and use the product, as the use of repetition allows Honda to constantly remind them the product being advertised. One way we find that repetition has been used is through the use of the engines being shown several times in order to remind the audience that the advert is about Honda’s engineering developments with diesel engines. The idea of repeating the use of the old dirty diesel engine then changing it to the new Honda iCDTi diesel engine automatically tells the viewer that the aim of the advert is changing the old and replacing it with Honda’s new diesel engine (figures 13&14). The use of repetition allows the audience to constantly remember it is Honda and it is Honda’s new efficient engine, this would target all audiences who would want the better for the environment. There has also been a repeated use of the word ‘hate’ throughout the commercial in the lyrics of the diegetic song and on screen (figure 15&16), in order to remind the audience that Honda is using ‘hate’ as a force for change. This would constantly be telling the audience that this is a positive thing, constantly positioning Honda as positive, as a listening and forward thinking company, and as providing the solution to environmental problems.
Figure 13
Figure 14
Figure 16
This idea of Honda creating a solution to the environmental problems of our world is probably the strongest idea in the commercials. The idea is that the use of Honda’s new diesel engine,
will be the best solution in terms of addressing noise pollution, efficiency, ecofriendliness and safety, helping address the problem of the high amounts of CO2 in the atmosphere and the loud engine sounds from current old style diesel cars. The use of the words “make something better” in the diegetic song’s lyrics reinforce this idea. Therefore we once again get the thought and feeling of the new diesel engine being a solution to our problems. However perhaps the use of the word “make” reinforces the idea of it being in the hands of the audience, in other words, Honda tells us that although they have the solution to our problem, it is our job and our responsibility to purchase that solution and “make something better”. This is done in order to make the audience buy the product and use it so that they would feel as if they helped with solving the problem, which then would convince more people to buy the product. Our desire to conform is also played upon in this advert. We find this in Honda’s use of the natural world and the environment to present and advertise the new diesel engine. The idea of using an idealised animated version of our everyday life environment with the sun, the park, animals etc. being affected by the old polluting engines would appeal to the targeted audience as they would want to help their own environment. The idea of the only way of helping the animals and environment being by buying the new diesel engine Honda has created, as implied by the commercial, makes the audience feel that if they do not get the new diesel engine they will not be being a conscientious citizen and as a result will not fit in. The audience may feel as if they will not have friends and will be alone as it will destroy so much around them, thus preying on our desire to conform to social norms and belong, as it makes us feel safe.
Figure 17
Cresta: Cresta is a fizzy drink for kids which was produced and released in the 1970’s and taken off the market in 2007. Cresta’s “It’s frothy man” commercial is one of a series of ads using a surreal cartoon polar bear which is also called Cresta. The campaign was created by John Webster from Boase Massimi Pollitt, who also invented the Smash (instant mash potato) Aliens and the Honey Monster for Sugar Puffs. In contrast to Honda, for this commercial the creator has chosen to use a simple line drawn predominantly black and white cell animation. However although being very simple in appearance, just like Honda it is quite complex in its appeal. Throughout the commercial the bear is presented in ELS’s, while the product features in CU/ECU’s. It is an antirealist narrative of a “cool” polar bear drinking a fizzy drink and reacting to its frothiness. It’s also quite humorous in order to promote the brand and target a particular audience, the 1970’s audience being mainstream primary school aged children who would now be the Honda drivers, who would also be the baby boomers of the time.
One technique we find that Cresta uses in its commercial is gluttony through the use of the product. The idea of greed for food is one advertisers use a lot. We don’t need fizzy soft drinks, but when we see them in a commercial, or see someone else drinking them, we might want one. The product features mainly used in CU and ECU’s (figure 18&19) throughout the whole commercial to prompt our thirst, including during the process of the polar bear drinking the drink, making it seem desirable to children aged 6 to 12 because …... This is done because the seller wants to make the audience crave the product, they want to make them crave it in order for them to actually remember the product and want to buy it the next time they go out. As human beings when we crave food we want it straight away, or when we crave something we remember it, therefore the next time we go out most of the time we want to buy the product we craved. It makes the audience more likely to buy the product, increasing sales. Obviously in this case children would be pestering their parents to buy it.
Figure 18
Figure 19
This commercial series also uses envy with its denotation of the polar bear character, connoting ‘cool’ human characteristics, leaning against the wall, wearing sunglasses and talking using slang phrases from the 70s like ‘hi man’ (figure 20). The connotation of the bear acting cool with the drink in his hand, could make children believe that he is cool due to the drink, or that cool people drink the drink. The idea of the bear going crazy once consuming the drink would make the children crave the drink, because they would believe that the drink makes them go crazy because it’s so frothy and would make them appear funny and cool like the bear. Therefore, they have used the bear acting cool with the drink in his hand in order to make the younger targeted audience feel like they need the drink to be cool. This way they are targeting children at a young age who also wouldn’t know the harms of a fizzy drink, in order to buy the drink, or pester their parents into buying them the drink, by making them believe it’s cool. This could also be seen to be appealing to our need for conformity. The idea of not fitting in if you do not have the Cresta drink, being left out because without it you’re not ‘cool’. This has been used in order to suggest to the children that one way to be cool or fit in would be by wanting/having the drink and also means that parents would buy the Cresta drink for their children as they would want them to be happy, comfortable with their friends at school and so they would bow to the pressure of the pestering.
Figure 20
From the opening scenes of the commercial we are aware of the use of humour. It is used throughout the commercial, constantly referring to the younger audience’s humour because it’s quite physical. Humour has been used in the bear acting “cool”, with his sunglasses (figure 20), talking like one of us through the use of slang language like “hi man”, also being on screen (figure 21) and the jumping and falling around (figure 22) he does after drinking the drink. This attracts the attention of the children, with its physical humour, making them more interested in the commercial and therefore, in the product.
Figure 21
Figure 22
The Cresta commercial “It’s frothy man” also uses celebrity endorsement. The bear’s character and reactions are apparently based on the character Jack Nicholson played in the movie ‘Easy Rider’, mimicking his response when he drinks whiskey from the bottle, therefore giving us the idea of the use of celebrity endorsement. This would then be targeting adult audiences, being more of the young parents aged 2030’s, mainstreamers who might recognise the characteristics and relate them to Nicholson’s character from the movie, and as it catches the attention of these adults, it becomes something familiar to them and may make them want to buy the product for their kids due to that familiarity. The use of the celebrity endorsement of Jack Nicholson, a famous young, cult, movie star at the time could automatically give an idea of the product being ‘cool’. Another technique that is apparent in the commercial and is closely connected to the celebrity endorsement is the use of intertextuality. We see this in it’s use of the polar bear itself, Cresta. The polar bear is based on a Jack Nicholson performance in ‘Easy Rider’ after drinking whiskey. The polar bear acts in similar ways to those Jack Nicholson acted in the movie and the young mainstream parents may have seen the movie and recognise this in the bear’s performance in the commercial. Identification could be another technique which could also link with conformity and envy in this commercial as once again the audience, mainly children will see this and will want to be like them. In other words, the children would want to be as “cool” and as crazy and monster like as this polar bear, Cresta. The use of identification would make the audience feel
as if being one of these will make them different and admirable, because children may believe that the polar bear, being a children’s animation is someone they would look up to. Therefore, Cresta has chosen to use Cresta the polar bear for the advertising commercial in order to both provide the children with something/someone they are familiar with but to also allow the use of the persuasive technique identification take place so that the children can believe that the drink would bring them up to a standard where they would be admired. This animated advert can also be said to inspire nostalgia, in it’s use of the LS of the Cresta polar bear. There may be young adult mainstream parents that may refer to their childhood and the excitement of drinking fizzy or frothy drinks as a treat, and this would automatically create an emotional connection between the younger adult parent audience and the commercial. This may then make the audience feel as if their children, or the children they know should also have that excitement and therefore drink the drink as well. This would perhaps encourage those parents and adults to the drink for their children, increasing its sales. There is also a repeated use of product placement throughout the commercial. The Cresta polar bear is constantly holding the Cresta fizzy drink in his hands throughout the entire commercial presenting it to the audience in ECU’s, CU’s and LS’s (figure 18&19). This helps the commercial target their particular audience, children. Conformity has been another technique used throughout the commercial, we find this in its use of the bear acting human like and cool (figure 20) then turning into the big strong monster like character every child would imagine to be like (figure 23). This would reinforce the fear of conformity in the child as they would want to be like this character and they may believe if they are not then they will be left out and would not fit in. This would therefore also target parents as parents would want their children to fit in and not be left out, therefore they may be more convinced into buying their drink as they wouldn’t want their children feeling bad and possibly lonely, as this drink was a very popular drink and was consumed by almost most children. This would therefore not only target the main audience of the product but would also target a secondary audience being parents, we find that the use of conformity would convince and persuade the audience into buying and consuming the product as this technique plays against their fears.
Figure 23
The commercial’s structure is also a part of its direct appeal to both the consumer child and the purchasing parent. The sound is diegetic, with the bear talking, drinking the drink and then acting crazy by…. and making noises like…. until we get to the last frame of the advert and the last lines “now in 5 fruity flavours’. It is here we find that there are 2 voices used, the first one is the slang 70s bear character to appeal to the consumer child and a second adult voice towards
the close speaking in received pronunciation to appeal to the purchasing parent. The bear then returns for the tagline “It’s frothy man!” to close the commercial. The pitch of the bear’s voice changes throughout the advert, especially when he changes into the crazy big strong monster, getting more stronger suggesting possible importance, making the children feel they want to be monster like and sound as important and strong as the polar bear. There has been covert messages used throughout the commercial through the use of the white background for example. The use of the white background could refer to the idea of the polar bear coming from the snowy, ice, cold arctic in the South pole, this would then also suggest the idea of the drink best served ice cold from the fridge. The Cresta bear being very laid back and acting cool or chilled also may create the thought and feeling of him not being cool and chilled but being ice cold and although he is acting human like through the use of inversion, he still has an image/reputation to uphold and maintain. Crusha: The Crusha ‘Kittens’ ad is a low budget animation commercial with an antirealist narrative featuring impossible events. The product was first introduced in the 1950's, sold in the UK and America, and this commercial was created in order to relaunch the Crusha brand. Walsh Trott Chick Smith created this anarchic concept for Silver Spoon as part of a relaunch campaign for their Crusha flavoured syrup. It was bought by British Sugar in the first few years of it being introduced however in 2001 it came under the Silver Spoon brand. Joel Veitch is the animator for the commercial, which was produced by TomBoy Films who also created a couple of commercials for the Crusha brand using these same singing kittens and product bottles that fell from the sky and crushed cows. Crusha is often the milkshake of choice in cafes, however it is also sold in shops for home mixing. Humour is the most direct appeal to audiences here. The idea of cats and cows being the narrators of the commercial would appeal to a younger audience that may enjoy the humorous dancing and singing of the cats shown in the LS’s (figures 25&26). This enjoyment would then result in those young children going to their parents and consistently asking for the product as they may believe that this milkshake is the only way of enjoying themselves and being as energetic and joyful as the cats in the commercial. In the commercial we see that there are cows being crushed by the different flavours of the product as soon as the nondiegetic voiceover of “I want some Crusha..” begins, which may suggest humour. The use of the different colours and flavours suggest to the audience that there are more than 1 choice on offer and they can pick their favourite for their child. The idea of the animals dancing may also make the targeted children feel as if they can do impossible things such as the impossible things the cats are doing, singing and dancing. The use of humour in the commercial through the use of the LS of the cats playing the double base, the xylophone and the guitar and singing (figure 27) and dancing around to the music has been done in order to effectively drag the attention and interest of the children to the commercial and in turn the product it is advertising.
Figure 25
Figure 26
Figure 27
Intertextuality has also been used as a persuasive technique in order to persuade the audience, we find this in the advertisers use of the link between the commercial and Crusha kittens. Just like Cresta, Crusha has also used the “Crusha kittens” children’s tv programme in order to present its product, the idea of this programme being used with this particular commercial has helped grab the attention of a higher range of audiences. Audiences who may remember this particular programme from before this commercial being advertised would make them automatically trust the product more as it would be more familiar to them. This would then therefore mean that the parent audiences will buy the product for their children. Intertextuality has also been used through the use of the commercial being an animation with the bright colours, just like in Honda, which would therefore show that it is targeting children but would also make the parent audiences feel like the product once again is more trusting as it is children’s cartoon like commercial. The use of this animation commercial could also make the audience feel familiar to the product being advertised but would actually grab the interest and attention of the children, which would give a higher chance of them actually wanting and consuming the drink. The use of cats could also be intertextuality once again also linking with Honda using animals and nature as this would refer to the idea of children’s tv programmes etc, having animals and nature in order to not only educate children through the tv programmes but to also help them understand what it is trying to be shown and said through their language. The advert looks very cheap and almost homemade which could have an intertextual reference to the idea of youtubers making their own videos and adverts at home, which look similar to this advert. The use of this idea could give the sense of the advert being made in order to look like a youtube video about the funny things your pets may do, targeting a young adult audience, and students which may be interested in youtube videos. One of the main techniques used in the commercial is the use of conformity, we find this is in its use of the cats being in a group whilst presenting the product, which may make the audience being mainly children feel as if they also need to be part of a group and that if they do not have the product being advertised, in this case Crusha, then they may feel they will be left out. This plays on our fears of loneliness. The mainstream children may believe that they will not fit in with the other children who may be consuming the drink, which would then result in them going to
their parents and asking for the drink, prompting the parents to purchase it. This might also make the children more attached, or loyal to the brand, as they may believe that this drink is their only way in. This could also be said to be used to target the mainstream purchasing parents as they would also not want their children being left out or being lonely and unhappy. This is of course bringing out their fears for their child and as such playing on their feelings of maternal or paternal love. The commercial uses maternal/paternal love throughout, in order to target parents with children, to buy the product. This commercial is targeted at the mainstream consumer children but also addresses the purchasing parents of generation Y or Z, as they would buy the “healthy” product for their child to consume. The use of the CU of the pouring of the milk mixed with the syrup showing the audience how to make it at home could target the parent audience as they may believe that this product is ideal for their children. The product containing milk could suggest to the audience that the product is healthy and perfect for their children through their stages of growing up, reinforced by the use of the cut out animated cows in the background of the ELS, which could also suggest to the targeted purchasing parents that the product is healthy and safe for their children. This would therefore also link in with the use of the persuasive technique health, also targeting parents. Our gluttony is also appealed to in this commercial, just as it is with the other drinks commercials I’ve written about, Guinness and Cresta. The idea of the product being a milkshake (figure 24) sold to the audience automatically brings out the audience’s weakness of gluttony, resulting in the audience wanting and craving the drink. This targets audiences such as mainstream children aged 6 to 16 as they often want food or drink if they see others with it. It is a want, rather than a need, as milkshakes aren’t usually a must in a child’s life however parents may struggle giving their children milk, therefore may want to use the milkshake in order to feed their child the right products needed. This would therefore be a want for the parent rather than a need as they would like to make their life easier and their children happier by giving them something which perhaps tastes better. The idea of the cold milk being poured into a jug and then mixed with the product once again targets the audience’s gluttony and gives them the sense of wanting to buy the milk as it also shows them how it is done. This would also once again target parents due to them wanting to give their children healthy products including milk which is seen to be in an important position for children, also targeting the sense of the parents maternal/paternal love. Children nowadays are not too into milk and often turn it away, preferring other soft drinks. This would therefore help mainstream parents to perhaps persuade their child to drink more milk than they otherwise might, making life easier for the parents as they could give it to the children as a milkshake which tastes better than plain milk, and so we can argue that the commercial is in some ways also appealing to concerns about child health and obesity, but also in the same way appealing to the purchasing parents’ feelings of maternal/paternal love. This would then mean that parents will be buying this drink in order to make their children healthy and happy. This is most clearly suggested when the advert shows a short demo of the pouring of the milk and syrup mixture, which clearly shows the audience the milkshake contains a healthy product (milk) and is easy to make, the use of the different
flavours falling from the sky onto the cows would suggest that there are different flavours on offer which gives the audience a chance to actually pick the flavour they want, resulting in happy parents and children consuming their favourite flavour (making them happy) of milk (making parents happy).
Figure 24
Product placement is also a major feature of this commercial and adds to its humour as, at the point where the cat says the brand name “Crusha” a bottle of the flavoured syrup appears from the sky in the background and crushes one of the cut out animated cows in the pasture which is then repeated with every other flavour and colour (suggesting different flavours on offer) every time the cat uses the name of the product “Crusha” therefore is also a use of repetition (figure 28). The idea of the product being a milkshake could link with the use of the product crushing the cow, as it may give the sense that the product is making the cow shake literally. The use of the crushing would therefore target boys whereas the idea of the milk being included in the product would target the parent audience as they would be the audience interested in a healthier lifestyle for their children, which is shown through the use of the cut out animated cows which reinforces the milk. The use of the product being shown and presented in the commercial shows the mainstream children and parent audiences what the product looks like so they know what to look for in the supermarket to assist purchasing. It helps the audience become familiar with the product/milkshake so that when they next go out to the supermarket with their parents they will be able to recognise it on the shelves and pester their parents into buying it. This would therefore mean that parents would be inclined to buy the milkshake syrup to keep their children quiet in the supermarket.
Figure 28
| i don't know |
What is a Jewish place of worship called? | What are Judaism's places of worship called? | Reference.com
What are Judaism's places of worship called?
A:
Quick Answer
In the Jewish faith, a place of worship is called a temple, shul or synagogue. The synagogue is similar to a Christian church. It serves as a social center and as a place to pray and study. It is the center of the religious community.
Full Answer
The portion of a synagogue where prayer is performed is called the sanctuary, which is designed to face Jerusalem. The Ark is a cabinet that holds the Torah scrolls, which contain the five books of Moses: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy. In Orthodox Jewish synagogues, the women are separated from the men and are relegated to an upper balcony or the back of the sanctuary.
| Synagogue |
In the 2012 Olympic Games, who became Britain’s first Taekwondo Olympic medallist? | Synagogue Background & Overview | Jewish Virtual Library
What's in a Name?
Throughout this site, I have used the word "synagogue," but there are actually several different terms for a Jewish "church," and you can tell a lot about people by the terms they use.
The Hebrew term is beit k'nesset (literally, House of Assembly), although you will rarely hear this term used in conversation in English.
The Orthodox and Chasidim typically use the word "shul," which is Yiddish . The word is derived from a German word meaning "school," and emphasizes the synagogue's role as a place of study.
Conservative Jews usually use the word "synagogue," which is actually a Greek translation of Beit K'nesset and means "place of assembly" (it's related to the word "synod").
Reform Jews use the word "temple," because they consider every one of their meeting places to be equivalent to, or a replacement for, The Temple .
The use of the word "temple" to describe modern houses of prayer offends some traditional Jews, because it trivializes the importance of The Temple. The word "shul," on the other hand, is unfamiliar to many modern Jews. When in doubt, the word "synagogue" is the best bet, because everyone knows what it means, and I've never known anyone to be offended by it.
Functions of a Synagogue
At a minimum, a synagogue is a beit tefilah, a house of prayer . It is the place where Jews come together for community prayer services. Jews can satisfy the obligations of daily prayer by praying anywhere; however, there are certain prayers that can only be said in the presence of a minyan (a quorum of 10 adult men), and tradition teaches that there is more merit to praying with a group than there is in praying alone. The sanctity of the synagogue for this purpose is second only to The Temple . In fact, in rabbinical literature, the synagogue is sometimes referred to as the "little Temple."
A synagogue is usually also a beit midrash, a house of study. Contrary to popular belief, Jewish education does not end at the age of bar mitzvah . For the observant Jew, the study of sacred texts is a life-long task. Thus, a synagogue normally has a well-stocked library of sacred Jewish texts for members of the community to study. It is also the place where children receive their basic religious education.
Most synagogues also have a social hall for religious and non-religious activities. The synagogue often functions as a sort of town hall where matters of importance to the community can be discussed.
In addition, the synagogue functions as a social welfare agency, collecting and dispensing money and other items for the aid of the poor and needy within the community.
Organizational Structure
Synagogues are generally run by a board of directors composed of lay people. They manage and maintain the synagogue and its activities, and hire a rabbi for the community. It is worth noting that a synagogue can exist without a rabbi: religious services can be, and often are, conducted by lay people in whole or in part. It is not unusual for a synagogue to be without a rabbi, at least temporarily. However, the rabbi is a valuable member of the community, providing leadership, guidance and education.
Synagogues do not pass around collection plates during services, as many churches do. This is largely because Jews are not permitted to carry money on holidays and sabbaths . Instead, synagogues are financed through membership dues paid annually, through voluntary donations, and through the purchase of reserved seats for services on Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur (the holidays when the synagogue is most crowded). It is important to note, however, that you do not have to be a member of a synagogue in order to worship there. If you plan to worship at a synagogue regularly and you have the financial means, you should certainly pay your dues to cover your fair share of the synagogue's costs, but no synagogue checks membership cards at the door (except possibly on the High Holidays mentioned above, if there aren't enough seats for everyone).
Synagogues are, for the most part, independent community organizations. In the United States, at least, individual synagogues do not answer to any central authority. There are central organizations for the various movements of Judaism, and synagogues are often affiliated with these organizations, but these organizations have no real power over individual synagogues.
Ritual Items in the Synagogue
The portion of the synagogue where prayer services are performed is commonly called the sanctuary. Synagogues in the United States are generally designed so that the front of the sanctuary is on the side towards Jerusalem, which is the direction that we are supposed to face when reciting certain prayers.
Probably the most important feature of the sanctuary is the Ark . The name "Ark" is an acrostic of the Hebrew words Aron Kodesh, which means "holy cabinet." The word has no relation to Noah's Ark, which is the word "teyvat" in Hebrew. The Ark is a cabinet or recession in the wall, which holds the Torah scrolls . The Ark is generally placed in the front of the room; that is, on the side towards Jerusalem. The Ark has doors as well as an inner curtain called a parokhet. This curtain is in imitation of the curtain in the Sanctuary in The Temple, and is named for it. During certain prayers, the doors and/or curtain of the Ark may be opened or closed. Opening or closing the doors or curtain is performed by a member of the congregation, and is considered an honor.
In front of and slightly above the Ark, you will find the ner tamid , the Eternal Lamp. This lamp symbolizes the commandment to keep a light burning in the Tabernacle outside of the curtain surrounding the Ark of the Covenant. ( Ex. 27:20-21 ).
In addition to the ner tamid, you may find a menorah (candelabrum) in many synagogues, symbolizing the menorah in the Temple. The menorah in the synagogue will generally have six or eight branches instead of the Temple menorah's seven, because exact duplication of the Temple's ritual items is improper.
In the center of the room or in the front you will find a pedestal called the bimah. The Torah scrolls are placed on the bimah when they are read. The bimah is also sometimes used as a podium for leading services. There is an additional, lower lectern in some synagogues called an amud.
In Orthodox synagogues, you will also find a separate section where the women sit. This may be on an upper floor balcony, or in the back of the room, or on the side of the room, separated from the men's section by a wall or curtain called a mechitzah. Men are not permitted to pray in the presence of women.
Non-Jews Visiting a Synagogue
Non-Jews are always welcome to attend services in a synagogue, so long as they behave as proper guests. Proselytizing and "witnessing" to the congregation are not proper guest behavior. Would you walk into a stranger's house and criticize the decor? But we always welcome non-Jews who come to synagogue out of genuine curiosity, interest in the service or simply to join a friend in celebration of a Jewish event.
When going to a synagogue, you should dress as you would for church: nicely, formally, and modestly. A man should wear a yarmulke (skullcap) if Jewish men in the congregation do so; yarmulkes are available at the entrance for those who do not have one. In some synagogues, married women should also wear a head covering. A piece of lace sometimes called a "chapel hat" is generally provided for this purpose in synagogues where this is required. Non-Jews should not, however, wear a tallit (prayer shawl) or tefillin , because these items are signs of our obligation to observe Jewish law .
If you are in an Orthodox synagogue, be careful to sit in the right section: men and women are seated separately in an Orthodox synagogue.
During services, non-Jews can follow along with the English, which is normally printed side-by-side with the Hebrew in the prayerbook. You may join in with as much or as little of the prayer service as you feel comfortable participating in. You may wish to review Jewish Liturgy before attending the service, to gain a better understanding of what is going on.
Non-Jews should stand whenever the Ark is open and when the Torah is carried to or from the Ark, as a sign of respect for the Torah and for G-d . At any other time where worshippers stand, non-Jews may stand or sit.
The Temple
When we speak of The Temple , we speak of the place in Jerusalem that was the center of Jewish religion from the time of Solomon to its destruction by the Romans in 70 C.E. This was the one and only place where sacrifices and certain other religious rituals were performed. It was partially destroyed at the time of the Babylonian Exile and rebuilt. The rebuilt temple was known as the Second Temple. The famous Wailing Wall is the western retaining wall of that Temple, and is as close to the site of the original Sanctuary as Jews can go today. The site of The Temple is currently occupied by a Muslim Mosque, the Dome of the Rock.
Traditional Jews believe that The Temple will be rebuilt when the Moshiach (Messiah) comes. They eagerly await that day and pray for it continually.
Modern Jews, on the other hand, reject the idea of rebuilding the Temple and resuming sacrifices . They call their houses of prayer "temples," believing that such houses of worship are the only temples we need, the only temples we will ever have, and are equivalent to the Temple in Jerusalem. This idea is very offensive to some traditional Jews, which is why you should be very careful when using the word Temple to describe a Jewish place of worship.
| i don't know |
Who played Smee in the 1991 film ‘Hook’? | Mr. Smee | Villains Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Type of Villain
Pirate, Henchman
Mr. Smee is Captain Hook 's first mate on his pirate ship and the secondary antagonist in the novel, Peter Pan, and Disney's 14th full-length animated feature film with the same name.
Contents
[ show ]
History
Although an antagonist, Smee was not truly evil; he simply obeyed his evil captain's orders. In the book, he reformed after Hook died. Smee was a sort of bungler, though Hook still kept him as his right hand man. In the animated Disney movie, Smee helped keep the crocodile that wanted to eat Hook away from his captain, and the crocodile seemed to listen to him. Mr. Smee seems an oddly genial man for a pirate; Barrie describes him as "Irish", the only nonconformist among Hook's crew, and "a man who stabbed without offense" – and is portrayed in the multiple pantomimes or movies of Peter Pan as a rather stupid but entertaining man interested in loot rather than Hook's more evil pleasures.
Smee typically represents a humorous side to pirating, often portrayed as a portly man with a bulbous nose and red cheeks, although Barrie hinted at a darker side. When captured by Hook, every child in the brig loves Smee – he cannot lay a fist on them and does their darning – despite his belief that they fear him. Hook considers that Smee has good form without knowing it, which is of course the best form of all. He almost tears into Smee for this but knows that clawing a man for having good form is very bad form. Smee offers to save Wendy from the plank, if only she promises to be his mother – an offer she refuses, in Barrie's words, "Not even for Smee". Smee's position on the Jolly Roger is presented inconsistently (in a sense, it could be said that "no two 'Smees' are alike"). In Peter and Wendy, he is identified as the ship's bo'sun. He is one of the two pirates (the second is Starkey) who survive the final battle between the children and the pirates.
In Peter Pan in Scarlet, he has moved into the Underground Home of the Lost Boys. He leaves Neverland by the end of the book and opens up a shop that sell souvenirs collected from Neverland.
Film Appearances/Adaptations
In most Disney storybooks, Smee is said to be first mate (the position held by Starkey in the novel), and this would explain him being addressed as "Mister Smee" by Captain Hook, although some refer to him as the cook. In the Disney film, contrary to popular belief, he is never mentioned as the first mate. However, he consistently acts as Captain Hook's "left-hand man" (though with varying degrees of personal loyalty).
Peter Pan and the Pirates
In Peter Pan and the Pirates, Mr. Smee (voiced by Ed Gilbert in an Irish accent) is Captain Hook's right-hand man. His weapon is named Johnny Corkscrew. He is small, but not very thick, has grey hair and pale blue eyes. His biggest difference from the other pirates is that he is often clumsy and not really able to capture one of the Lost Boys (as seen in "Slightly Duped" and "Play Ball").
Hook
In Steven Spielberg's 1991 film Hook, Smee (played by Bob Hoskins) and Hook's relationship takes on an almost intimate tone, at times even resembling an old married couple or a master/servant arrangement. Smee is allowed access to Hook's private quarters, is seen preparing meals for the Captain and even helps him disrobe before bed. When Hook threatens suicide, he makes it obvious that he expects Smee to stop him, to which Smee replies "not again". Hook also confides all of his darkest and most personal thoughts and concerns to Smee, seemingly exclusively. When Hook admits (untruthfully) that he wants to die, Smee embraces the captain and kisses him on the cheek to dissuade him. He also convinces Hook that they should try to convince Peter's children, Jack and Maggie, to remain in Neverland permanently by using his repeated broken promises and prolonged absences as examples.
Neverland
Bob Hoskins reprises the role of Mr. William Smee in the 2011 miniseries Neverland.
Peter Pan (1953)
As the narrator tells the viewing audience, the action about to take place "has happened before, and will all happen again", only now it will happen in Edwardian London, in the neighborhood of Bloomsbury, where George and Mary Darling's preparations to attend a party are disrupted by the antics of the boys, John and Michael, acting out a story about Peter Pan and the pirates, which was told to them by their older sister, Wendy. Their father, who is fed up with the stories that have made his children less practical, angrily declares that Wendy has gotten too old to continue staying in the nursery with them, and it's time for her to grow up and have a room of her own. That night, they are visited in the nursery by Peter Pan himself, who teaches them to fly with the help of his pixie friend, Tinker Bell, and takes them with him to the island of Never Land.
A ship of pirates is anchored off Never Land, commanded by Captain Hook with his sidekick, Mr. Smee. Hook boldly plots to take revenge upon Peter Pan for cutting off his hand, but he trembles when the crocodile that ate it arrives; it now stalks him, hoping to taste more. Hook also forms a plan to find Peter's hideout using the knowledge of Tiger Lily. The crew's restlessness is interrupted by the arrival of Peter and the Darlings. The children easily evade them, and, despite a trick by jealous Tinker Bell to have Wendy killed, they meet up with the Lost Boys: six lads in animal-costume pajamas, who look to Peter as their leader. Tinker Bell's treachery is soon found out, and Peter banishes her "forever" (though she is eventually forgiven). John and Michael set off with the Lost Boys to find the island's Indians, who instead capture them, believing them to be the ones responsible for taking the chief's daughter, Tiger Lily. Big Chief, the Indian chieftain and Tiger Lily's father, warns them that if Tiger Lily is not back by sunset, the Lost Boys (along with John and Michael) will be burned at the stake.
Meanwhile, Peter takes Wendy to see the mermaids. Wendy is considering leaving when the mermaids try to drown her, but things change when the mermaids flee in terror at the sight of Hook. Peter and Wendy (who quickly spy on Hook) see that he and Smee have captured Tiger Lily, so that they might coerce her into revealing Peter's hideout. Peter and Wendy free her, and Peter is honored by the tribe. Hook then plots to take advantage of Tinker Bell's jealousy of Wendy, tricking her into revealing the location of Peter's lair. However, his plan to kill Peter becomes a bit compromised when Tinker Bell makes him promise "not to lay a finger, or a hook, on Peter Pan". He agrees, and then locks Tinker Bell in a lantern as a makeshift jail cell. Wendy and her brothers eventually grow homesick and plan to return home. They invite Peter and the Lost Boys to return to London and be adopted by the Darling parents. The Lost Boys agree, but Peter is so set against growing up that he refuses, presumptuously assuming that all of them will return shortly. The pirates lie in wait and capture the Lost Boys and the Darlings as they exit, leaving behind a time bomb to kill Peter. Tinker Bell learns of the plot just in time to snatch the bomb from Peter as it explodes.
Peter rescues Tinker Bell from the rubble and together they confront the pirates, releasing the children before they can be forced to walk the plank. Peter engages Hook in single combat as the children fight off the crew, and finally succeeds in humiliating the captain. Hook and his crew flee, with the crocodile in hot pursuit. Peter gallantly commandeers the deserted ship, and with the aid of Tinker Bell's pixie dust, flies it to London with the children aboard. However, the Lost Boys decide to return to Never Land rather than be adopted in London.
Mr. and Mrs. Darling return home from the party to find Wendy not in her bed, but sleeping at the open window; John and Michael are asleep in their beds. The parents have no idea that the children have even been anywhere. Wendy wakes and excitedly tells about their adventures. The parents look out the window and see what appears to be a pirate ship in the clouds. Mr. Darling, who has softened his position about Wendy staying in the nursery, recognizes it from his own childhood, as it breaks up into clouds itself.
Return to Never Land
It is World War II in the 1940s, and Wendy Darling has grown up. Her husband, Edward, is sent to fight in the war. Wendy tries to keep her children's spirits up with stories of Peter Pan, but Jane, her daughter, has become cynical under the pressures of the war, ignoring the stories her mother tells and unintentionally ridiculing her brother, Danny's faith in them. Jane has promised her father that she'll take care of her mother and family when he was gone. But when Wendy tells her that she must be evacuated to the countryside for her safety, Jane lashes out on her, and at Danny.
That night, Captain Hook, still seeking revenge against Peter Pan, breaks into the Darling home, and kidnaps Jane while she is sleeping, believing her to be Wendy. Smee ties her up, gags her, and flies back to Never Land on his ship to use as bait for Peter. Once in Never Land, he drops Jane into the waiting tentacles of "the beast" (a giant octopus), expecting Peter to also be devoured by it as he dives after Jane to save her, along with Tinker Bell. Peter rescues Jane, and the octopus tries to eat Hook instead but Hook is rescued by Smee. However, the octopus enjoys the taste of Hook so much (just like the crocodile) that he decides to go after him. Meanwhile, upon finding Jane is Wendy's daughter, Peter assumes she would like to follow in her mother's footsteps. He takes her to his home to be the mother for the Lost Boys, but Jane refuses, because she is more interested in getting back home. They try to teach her to fly, but she fails due to her rather pessimistic outlook. The boys then play a game of keep away with her, resulting in her notebook being destroyed and causing her to lash out angrily at the boys. In her anger, she states that does not believe in fairies, which is a death sentence for all fairies, then storms off, leaving Tinker Bell to die until Peter tells the boys they have to make her part of the group.
After Jane leaves them, she is approached by Hook, who tricks her with a deal. He promises to take her home and not harm Peter if she agrees to help him find his treasure. He gives Jane a whistle to signal him when she finds it. The Lost Boys search for Jane and eventually Peter finds her. Jane suggests they play a game of "treasure hunt". Peter and the Lost Boys show her the fun they have and she changes her ways. When Jane finds the treasure, she throws away Hook's whistle, refusing to help him. Peter and the Lost Boys make Jane the very first Lost Girl (as a coyote) and they celebrate. However, one of the Lost Boys finds the whistle and blows it. Hook and his crew arrive and capture Peter and the boys, but let Jane go as a thanks for "helping" them. Despite Jane denying that she wanted to help Hook in this way, Peter calls her a traitor for lying to him and tells her that since she said that she does not believe in fairies, Tinker Bell is dying.
Jane, realizing it is her fault, rushes to the Lost Boys' home, and her repentant tears and renewed belief revive Tinker Bell. They both hurry to the Jolly Roger, where they find the Lost Boys tied up and Peter (tied to an anchor) about to walk the plank. Jane saves him and with the help of "faith, trust, and pixie dust", she learns to fly and unties Peter. Hook's ship is sunk by the octopus, leaving him and the pirates to exit on a rowboat with the octopus pursuing them. Jane return homes to her family. After Jane apologizes to them for her selfishness, Wendy and Peter meet again for the first time in over thirty years. Though Peter is disappointed that she has grown up, Wendy assures him that she has not really changed. Tinker Bell sprinkles her with pixie dust, and Wendy shows that even as an adult she can still fly. Peter understands that though Wendy has grown up, she is still young at heart and still believes, and leaves after one last goodbye. Jane and Danny arrive just in time to watch Peter flying away, and in time to see that their father, Edward has returned from the army. The family is reunited as Peter and Tinker Bell look on, before flying off back to Never Land.
The Pirate Fairy
Mr. Smee makes a cameo in the 2014 film The Pirate Fairy. In the epilogue, he was seen being ordered by James into getting him out of the water.
Hook
In the film Hook Mr. Smee is played by the late Bob Hoskins and devises the scheme to kidnap the children of Peter (who has now grown up) and make Hook like him more than Peter. It is unknown what happens to him at the end.
Pan
Mr. Smee appears in Pan as a supporting character, before he became Hook's first mate.
He is portrayed by Adeel Akhtar.
Different TV Version
In a animated child fairytale tv show, he appear has friendly figure, but still doesn't know what a mother is, until Captain Hook defeat, he seem to be the son of a widowed gypsies who live in a caravan, and was worried about his disapearence like every other parents wich all their sons dissapear, but they are all happily reunited.
Descendants
It seem to be the uncle of a auradon student, who seem to be African American, but he's only mentioned by him when him and his friend wanted to take proof from Isle Of the Lost, maybe revealed that Smee is African American also. He has a son named Sammy.
Videogame appearance
Kingdom Hearts series
Mr. Smee in Kingdom Hearts
Mr. Smee appears in Kingdom Hearts as an inhabitant of Neverland, and is the only other human member of Hook's pirate crew other than Hook himself to appear in the series; the rest of the crew consist of Heartless .
Kingdom Hearts
Smee is seen with Captain Hook in Neverland. Smee appears to be Captain Hook's right hand man and also his only human companion. Smee assists his captain in the capture of Peter Pan and trying to make Sora and company walk the plank. The last factor that effects him is when the party tries to get Captain Hook to come out Peter Pan mocks Smee's voice. This shows that (obviously) Captain Hook has a lot of trust in Smee.
Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep
Mr. Smee and Captain Hook were transporting a treasure chest full of "light" over to Skull Rock but were attacked by Unversed, until Terra landed onto the world and fought the Unversed. Mr. Smee is then seen on Captain Hook's ship attacking Ventus and Peter Pan by firing cannons onto the Island. Mr. Smee is again seen on Captain hook's ship, attacking Aqua , Peter Pan and the Lost Boys by firing cannons. Later on he is seen with Captain Hook in the Gully with the treasure chest that the Lost Boys and Peter Pan had stolen previously. He- to Captain Hook's orders -opened the chest only to find it was filled with wooden swords, fishing rods and other objects that the Lost Boys and Peter Pan treasure. Then, the crocodile swam into the Gully and scared off Captain Hook, with Smee following.
Other
Mr. Smee is mentioned inaccurately in the movie Little Women; one of the characters, Jo, is a Dickens-fanatic who wonders if Laurie is a captive "like Smee from Nicholas Nickleby". The character she is referring to is called Smike and is a schoolboy from Dotheboys Hall who was constantly abused by the cruel headmaster Wackford Squeers.
Gallery
| Bob Hoskins |
Which French king was the husband of Marie Antoinette? | Bob Hoskins – Neverpedia, the Peter Pan wiki
Bob Hoskins during the filming of Ruby Blue (2007)
Bob Hoskins as Smee in Hook
Robert William "Bob" Hoskins, Jr. (born 26 October 1942) is the English actor who played Smee in the 1991 film Hook , returning to the role for the 2011 Syfy-Channel prequel Neverland . He is known for playing Cockney rough diamonds, psychopaths and gangsters, in films such as The Long Good Friday (1980), and Mona Lisa (1986), and lighter roles in Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988).
Early life
Hoskins was born in Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, England, the son of Elsie Lillian, a cook and nursery-school teacher, and Robert William Hoskins, Sr., a bookkeeper and lorry (truck) driver. One of Hoskins' grandmothers was a Romani (commonly called Gypsies). His father, a Communist, brought up Hoskins as an atheist, and he now describes himself as an agnostic. In 1967, he spent a short period in a kibbutz in Israel.
Career
According to the production notes on the Special Edition of Who Framed Roger Rabbit, his acting career started when he was sitting in a pub enjoying a beer when someone came up to him and told him to go upstairs to audition for a play. So he did and actually got the role. Before that day a career in acting was the last thing he ever thought he'd have.
After beginning his acting career on the London stage in the late 1960s, Hoskins first gained wide attention in the original BBC television serial version of Dennis Potter's Pennies from Heaven as sheet music salesman Arthur Parker and On the Move (both 1978), an educational series intended to tackle adult illiteracy. Later, he played Iago in Jonathan Miller's BBC Television Shakespeare production of Othello.
Hoskins' performances in British films such as The Long Good Friday (1980) and Mona Lisa (1986) won him the wider approval of the critics and, in the case of the latter, a Cannes Award, Best Actor Golden Globe and BAFTA Awards and an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor. He also delivered comic turns in Terry Gilliam's Brazil (1985) and Super Mario Bros. (1993). Hoskins was not initially aware that Super Mario Bros. was based on the popular video game of the same name. His son had asked him what film he was working on, and recognizing it, showed Hoskins the video game on the Nintendo video game console. In a 2007 interview, he revealed that despite getting praised for his performance on the film, he was extremely unhappy with the film and was greatly angered by his experiences making it, referring to it as the "worst thing I ever did". During the late 1980s and early 1990s he appeared in advertising for the recently privatised companies of British Gas and British Telecom (now BT Group).
Hoskins had a small role as a rock band's manager in the Pink Floyd film The Wall, with a two-word expletive spoken part. He has also directed films. He was slated to be a last-minute replacement in the film The Untouchables if star Robert De Niro had not decided to play Al Capone. When De Niro took the part, director Brian De Palma mailed Hoskins a cheque for £20,000 with a Thank You note, which prompted Hoskins to call up De Palma and ask him if there were any more movies he didn't want him to be in.
Hoskins' first appearance to mainstream American audiences was in Who Framed Roger Rabbit, for which he received a second Golden Globe nomination. Some of Hoskins' other notable appearances include playing opposite Cher in Mermaids (1990), bosun Smee to Captain Hook in Hook (1991), and Uncle Bart, the psychopathic and violent "owner" of Jet Li in Unleashed aka Danny The Dog. He has also performed in several television productions for the BBC, including Dennis Potter's Pennies From Heaven, Flickers, David Copperfield, and The Wind in the Willows. He played Nikita Khrushchev in the movie Enemy at the Gates (2001). Khrushchev was shown in his political commissar days during the Battle of Stalingrad. He received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in Mrs Henderson Presents.
Hoskins has done some of the voice-overs on advertisements for Tesco and more recently Argos. He also starred in the music video for Jamie T's Sheila, playing the eponymous girl's father and lip-syncing to the music.
In 2009, Hoskins made a return to British television in Jimmy McGovern's drama serial The Street, where he played a publican who stands up to a local gangster; his performance was widely praised by television critics.
Uses some licensed material by Wikipedia editors.
| i don't know |
Who became President of Argentina in October 1973 until his death in July 1974? | BBC ON THIS DAY | 29 | 1974: First female president for Argentina
1974: First female president for Argentina
Maria Estela Isabel Martinez de Peron has been sworn in as interim leader of the Argentine Republic.
Her husband President Juan Peron delegated responsibility after doctors said he required 24-hour medical attention and rest.
Mrs Peron, a former cabaret dancer, is now Argentina's first female president and at 43 the youngest Latin American head of state.
Her 78-year-old husband has not been seen in public for two weeks and is reported to be seriously ill with bronchitis and influenza.
In a state broadcast, Mrs Peron said her husband was "conscious that his state of health prevents him from directly attending to government affairs until his recovery".
Mrs Peron, known to the Argentine public as 'Isabelita', is Juan Peron's third wife and became vice-president after his return to power in September 1973.
The couple met in a night club in Panama during Juan Peron's years of exile after being ousted from power in a military coup in 1955.
Argentina's main power groups, including the armed forces and labour unions, are understood to have pledged Mrs Peron their support.
But regional experts say Isabelita will be inheriting a weak economy in a country suffering from political violence and civil unrest.
| Juan Perón |
What is the smallest garden bird in Britain? | Juan Perón - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Your continued donations keep Wikipedia running!
Juan Perón
Military
Juan Domingo Perón ( October 8 , 1895 – July 1 , 1974 ) was an Argentine soldier and politician, elected three times as President of Argentina and serving from 1946 to 1955 and from 1973 to 1974 . Perón and his wife Eva were immensely popular among a portion of the Argentine people and still considered iconic figures by followers of the Peronist Party . Perón followers lauded his efforts to eliminate poverty and to dignify labor, while his detractors considered him a demagogue and a dictator . He started the political movement known as Peronism , still popular in Argentina to this day, which professes to be a third way between capitalism and socialism .
Contents
10 References
[ edit ] Childhood and youth
Perón was born in a town near Lobos , Province of Buenos Aires . He was the son of Mario Tomás Perón, a farmer whose family was of partial Scottish and rumored Italian origin, and Juana Sosa, who is believed to have been of mixed Spanish and American Indian descent.
According to research done by the Argentine conservative journalist and writer Tomas Eloy Martinez and reported in his books "Memoirs of the General" and "The Perón Novel" Perón was probably illegitimate. When his parents finally married they acknowledged Juan and his brother. It is believed this information was kept hidden and denied for years because it would have likely ruined Perón's career had it been known.
Perón received a strict Catholic upbringing. He entered the Military School at age 16, and following graduation he made good progress through the ranks. In 1938 he was sent by the Army to Italy , France , Spain , Germany , Hungary , Albania and Yugoslavia as a military observer, during which time he became familiar with the government of Benito Mussolini and other European governments of the time.
[ edit ] Military government of 1943-1946
In May 1943, as a colonel , he was a significant figure in the military coup by the GOU ( United Officers' Group ), a secret society, against the conservative civilian government of Ramón Castillo . Initially secretary to Secretary of War General Edelmiro Farrell , under the administration of General Pedro Ramírez , he later became the head of the then-insignificant Department of Labor .
Demonstration for Perón's release, on October 17th, 1945.
Perón's growing power and influence during the military government came from his alliance with a sector of the Argentine labor unions , mainly with the socialist and syndicalist movements. After the coup, one part of the workers' movement, mainly the socialist part from the labor union CGT Nº1, decided to make contact with Colonels Perón and Mercante through the mercantile labor leader Borlenghi and through the railroad union lawyer Bramuglia . Their conversations established an initial alliance to promote labor laws that had long been demanded by the workers' movement, strengthen the unions, and transform the Department of Labor into an important government office.
He became Vice President and Secretary of War under General Edelmiro Farrell (February 1944). Forced into resignation by opponents within the armed forces on October 9 , 1945 , Perón was arrested, but mass demonstrations organized by the CGT trade union federation forced his release ( October 17 ).
[ edit ] Election as president and first term (1946-1952)
Perón leveraged his popular support into victory in the February 24 , 1946 presidential elections .
Once in office, Perón pursued social policies aimed at empowering the working class. He greatly expanded the number of unionized workers, and helped establish the powerful General Confederation of Labour (CGT) , created in 1930. He called this the "third position", between capitalism and communism. Perón also pushed hard to industrialize the country; in 1947 he announced the first five-year plan to boost newly nationalized industries. His ideology would be dubbed Peronism and became a central influence in Argentine political parties.
Among middle and upper class Argentines, the improvement of the laborers' situation was a source of resentment; negative feelings abounded towards the new industrial workers from rural areas, who had formerly been treated as servants. It was common for better-off Argentines to refer to these workers using negative epithets like "black heads" (cabecitas negras, the name of a like bird), "fats" ("grasas"), "un-shirted" ("descamisados", conveying the idea that they "took off their jackets and/or shirts"), and the radical deputy Ernesto Sammartino said that the people who vote for Perón were a "zoological flood" ("aluvión zoológico"). [1] In the 1940s the middle- and upper-class students were the first group to oppose Peronist workers, using the slogan: " peon -footwear [=espadrilles] dictatorship, NO!" ("No a la dictadura de las alpargatas"). Another famous graffitto revealing the strong opposition between Peronists and anti-Peronists appeared in high-class districts in the 1950s saying, "Long live cancer!" (¡Viva el cáncer!), when Eva Perón was dying of cancer. [2]
Weiss (2005, p.45) recalls events related to the universities:
As a young student in Buenos Aires in the early 1950s, I well remember the graffiti found in many an empty wall all over town: "Build the Fatherland. Kill a Student" (Haga patria, mate un estudiante). [Perón] was also against the universities, who questioned his methods and his goals. A well-remembered slogan runs, Alpargatas sí, libros no (" peon footwear [=espadrilles] yes, books no"). Universities were [then] "intervened". In some, a Peronista mediocrity was appointed rector. Others were closed for years.
Between 1947 and 1950, Argentina manufactured two advanced jet aircraft called Pulqui I (designed by the Argentinean engineers Cardehilac, Morchio and Ricciardi with the French Emile Dewoitine ), and Pulqui II designed by Kurt Tank . In the main test flights the planes were flown by Argentine Lieutenant Edmundo Osvaldo Weiss and Kurt Tank himself, reaching 1000 km/h with the Pulqui II. Argentina continued experimenting the Pulqui II until 1959; during that time two pilots lost their lives [3] . The Pulqui project opened the door to develop two successful Argentinean planes: I.A.58"Pucara and the I.A.63'Pampa manufactured at the Aircraft Factory of Córdoba [4] .
In 1951, Perón announced that the Huemul Project would produce nuclear fusion before any other country. In charge of the project was a swindling Austrian of German origin, Ronald Richter , who had been recommended by Kurt Tank who was expecting to power his aircraft with Richter's invention. Perón announced that the energy produced by Richter would be delivered in milk-bottle sized containers. Success of the project was announced in 1951, but no proof was shown. On 1952 Perón appointed a scientific team to investigate Richter's activities. The reports by José Antonio Balseiro , and Mario Báncora revealed that the project was a fraud. After that, the assets of the Huemul Project were transferred to the Centro Atómico Bariloche (CAB) of the Argentine National Atomic Energy Commission (CNEA) and to the physics institute of the Universidad Nacional de Cuyo which was later named Instituto Balseiro (IB).
Argentina became a leading haven for Nazi war criminals, like Erich Priebke who arrived in Argentina in 1947, Josef Mengele who arrived in 1949 and Adolf Eichmann in 1950 (his last words were "long live Argentina" [5] ). As well, many members of the notorious Croatian Ustashe took refuge in Argentina during this period. [6] . Beginning with the United States, then the USSR and other countries, Argentina also welcomed displaced German technicians such as Tank and Richter.
[ edit ] The second term (1952-1955)
Perón won re-election in 1951. During his second term Perón's administration faced serious economic problems. Perón called employers and unions to a Productivity Congress with the aim of regulating social conflict through social dialogue, but the congress failed and a deal was not possible.
At the same time Perón signed a contract with an American oil company, Standard Oil of California, on May 1955, opening an economic policy of development with the help of foreign industrial investments. The radical party leader, Arturo Frondizi , considered it to be an anti-Argentinean decision, but three years later he himself signed several contracts with foreign oil companies.
During the second term several terrorist acts were committed against civilian targets. On April 15 , 1953 , a terrorist group detonated two bombs in a public rally at Plaza de Mayo , killing 7 citizens and injuring 95. On June 15 , 1955 , a failed coup d'état by anti-Peronists used navy aircraft to bomb Peronists at Plaza de Mayo , killing 364 citizens. This barbaric act is considered a prelude to the dirty war in Argentina between 1976 and 1983.
In 1954, the Roman Catholic Church , which supported Perón's government up to that year, confronted Perón because of the enactment of the divorce law, among other reasons. On September 16 , 1955 , a fascist-Catholic group of both the Army and Navy made a definitive coup d'état, taking power under the name of Revolución Libertadora . The military regime accused Peronist leaders of corruption, but no one was prosecuted.
[ edit ] Marriages and exile (1955-1973)
Perón married Aurelia Tizón on January 5 , 1929 , but she died of cervical cancer nine years later. On October 21 , 1945 Perón married Eva Duarte (1919–1952), who became hugely popular. Known as Evita, she helped her husband develop support with labor and women's groups. Eva Perón died of cervical cancer in 1952 at the age of thirty-three. [7]
After the military coup, Perón went into exile in Paraguay . Later he lived in Panama , where he met nightclub bolero singer María Estela Martínez . Eventually settling in Madrid, Spain , he married her there in 1961. She became better known as Isabel . Peronism was banned and Peronists were persecuted.
In Argentina, the 1950s and 1960s were marked by frequent coups d'état in addition to low economic growth in the 1950s and some of the highest growth rates in the world in the 1960s (Gerchunoff et al, 309-321). Argentina also faced problems of continued social and labour demands. During those years poverty almost disappeared, with rates between 2% and 5% in the first years of the 1960s (INDEC). Argentine painter Antonio Berni 's works reflect the social tragedies of these times. In particular, Berni dealt with life hardships in the villas miseria (shanty towns) through his series Juanito Laguna, a slum child, and Ramona Montiel, a prostitute.
When the governments failed to revive the economy and suppress escalating terrorism from groups like the Catholic-pro-Perón Montoneros , marxist ERP , and rightist militaries, in the late 1960s and early 1970s, the way was open for Perón's return. General Alejandro Lanusse had taken power in March 1971 and had declared his intention to restore constitutional democracy by 1973. From exile Perón supported conservative radicals as Ricardo Balbín , Catholic-left-wing Peronists and the more active unions.
[ edit ] The third term (1973-1974)
On March 11 , 1973 , general elections were held. Perón was banned from running, but a stand-in candidate, Héctor Cámpora , was elected and took office on May 25 . On June 20 , 1973 , Perón returned from an 18-year exile in Spain. A crowd of left-wing Peronists had came at the Ezeiza airport in Buenos Aires to acclaim him. The police counted three and half million people. Perón came accompanied by Cámpora, whose first measure had been to amnesty all political prisoners and to reestablish relations with Cuba, helping Castro break the American embargo . This, and his social policies, had also earned him the opposition of the right-wing Peronists.
From Perón's tribune, camouflaged snipers, including members of the Argentine Anti-Communist Alliance , opened fire on the crowd. The left-wing Peronist Youth and the Montoneros had been trapped. At least 13 people were killed (who have been identified), and 365 injured during this episode, which became known as the Ezeiza massacre . [8]
Cámpora resigned in July 1973, paving the way for new elections, this time with Perón's participation. Argentina had by this time reached a peak of instability, and Perón was viewed by many as the country's only hope for prosperity and salvation.
UCR's leader Ricardo Balbín and Perón considered a Peronist-Radical joint government, but internal opposition in both parties made this impossible. Perón's overwhelming victory (62% of the vote), returned him to the presidency. In October 1973 he began his third term, with Isabel , his wife, as Vice President.
Perón's third term was marked by an escalating conflict between the Peronist left- and right-wing factions. This turmoil was fueled primarily by Perón's growing ties with conservative Radical Party leader Ricardo Balbín, who the opposition led by Raúl Alfonsín considered a right-wing radical.
Neither the Montoneros nor the Marxist ERP were pleased by Perón's actions. The latter turned to terrorist activities. Montoneros kidnapped and murdered former president Pedro Eugenio Aramburu .
These actions were used by Perón's Welfare Minister, José López Rega , as justification for the creation of the Triple A ( Argentine Anticommunist Alliance ), a para-policial organization which engaged in terrorism and massive political repression against citizens suspected of left-wing sympathies. Nicknamed El Brujo ("The Wizard") because of his belief in black magic and the occult, López Rega was a religious mystic with little knowledge of government and economics. He was decidely anti-liberal and authoritarian, opposed to an open culture and free markets.
Perón died on July 1 , 1974 recommending that his wife, Isabel, rely on Balbín for support. At the president's burial Balbín uttered a historic phrase, "This old adversary bids farewell to a friend".
Isabel Perón succeeded her husband to the presidency, but proved thoroughly incapable of managing the country's mounting political and economic problems, the violent left-wing insurgency and the reaction of the extreme right. Ignoring her late husband's advice, Isabel granted Balbín no role in her new government, instead granting broad powers to López Rega.
Isabel Perón's term was ended abruptly on March 24 , 1976 by a military coup d'état. A military junta , headed by General Jorge Videla took control of the country, starting the self-styled National Reorganization Process . The junta combined a widespread persecution of political dissidents with the use of state terrorism . The final death toll rose to thousands (no less than 9,000, with human rights organizations claiming it was closer to 30,000). Most of this number is accounted for by "the disappeared " (desaparecidos), people kidnapped and executed without trial and without record.
[ edit ] Perón's corpse
Perón was buried in La Chacarita Cemetery in Buenos Aires . In 1987 his tomb was defaced, and the hands of his corpse were stolen. Those responsible have never been found but some say it was palo alto.
On 17 October 2006 his body was moved to a new mausoleum in the Buenos Aires suburb of San Vicente , his former summer residence, which was rebuilt as a museum. Dozens of people were injured in riots, as trade unions affiliated to the Peronist movement fought over access to the ceremony. The police were able to contain the violence enough for the procession to move to the mausoleum. [9] [10]
[ edit ] Footnotes
^ Quoted by Hugo Gambini in his book "Historia del peronismo" Sammartino said that phrase at the Parliament on June, 1947; he textually said, in Spanish: "El aluvión zoológico del 24 de febrero parece haber arrojado a algún diputado a su banca, para que desde ella maúlle a los astros por una dieta de 2.500 pesos. Que siga maullando, que a mí no me molesta. .."
| i don't know |
Which Prime Minister opened Britain’s first motorway? | 55th Birthday of Britain’s first motorway which opened in Preston in 1958 | Blog Preston
55th Birthday of Britain’s first motorway which opened in Preston in 1958
Posted on - 5th December, 2013 - 7:00am | Author - Paul D. Swarbrick | Posted in - History , Transport
This granite plaque marking the occasion of the M6 By-pass was erected at the Samlesbury interchange and remains there to this day.
Today, 5th December 2013, is the 55th birthday of the first British motorway which was opened in Preston in 1958 by The Rt. Hon. Harold Macmillan, M.P., the current Prime Minister of the time. As well as being officially the M6 this eight and one quarter mile stretch was originally known as the M6 Preston By-pass. This was the beginning of a new era of motoring in Britain and hailed as the answer to the traffic congestion which Preston had been suffering from for quite some time
Advertisement
The by-pass was inaugurated by the Rt. Hon. Hugh Molson, M.P., joint parliamentary secretary of the Ministry of Transport and aviation on the 12th June 1956. However, before the construction of the by-pass could commence, a great deal of preparatory work was required, such as damage limitation to the environment and assessment of the various terranean conditions. It was truly amazing then that in the full length of the by-pass only one farmhouse and three other dwellings were directly affected.
At the Inauguration ceremony Mr. Fred Hackett drove his bulldozer and ceremoniously demolished a hedge to indicate the start of the construction
Early stage excavation on the new Preston By-pass. View looking south from the base of Red Scar towards the Samlesbury interchange. (Courtesy of David Eaves)
The construction of the motorway had not been without its difficulties though, and in due course solutions had to be found for ensuing problems. One of the main setbacks was the continuous rainfall in the autumn of 1956 when the land conditions of sandy clay sub-soil made it virtually impossible for the contractors to use the heavy earth moving machinery. Consequently all major earthworks were postponed until the following spring of 1957.
Following a spell of good weather the heavy rains came again and washed away a great amount of the excavated material which would have normally been used to create necessary embankments. The result was that it all had to be tipped away and new material was imported to complete the job.
Aerial view of Samlesbury Interchange near Preston. This view is looking south during the period when the bridge piers were being sunk.
The main interchange at Samlesbury was to be the only one at that time between the two extremes of the by-pass. It was decided that a single bridge spanning the River Ribble was to carry both directions of traffic being the full 112 feet width of the by-pass. In the above image of the interchange, the east roundabout is seen to the left and the west to the right and at that time traffic joining the by-pass to travel south and exit the by-pass from the north used the east roundabout and the opposite applied at the west roundabout. Through traffic on the by-pass would proceed along the bridge which spans the river and the A59.
The new bridge carrying the Preston-Longridge line to Red Scar works
The full stretch of the by-pass had twenty-two bridges in all; one of those bridges was for carrying the Preston-Longridge railway to Red Scar. Originally the line crossed the land which now was occupied by the by-pass and at that time the line was used regularly and almost daily to transport goods and coal to the Courtaulds works and to Longridge, therefore it was necessary to build a bridge across the by-pass which would carry the heavy load of the trains to cross it. This task was to be undertaken by sub-contractors, Leonard Fairclough Ltd., of Adlington as accepted by the British Transport Commission. This bridge has now been replaced with a foot and cycle bridge as part of the Guild Wheel.
It had been decided from the beginning of the planning stage of the by-pass bridges that they would be of various designs and brighter colours would be used, this essentially to enhance the appearance and perhaps more importantly to prevent drivers from potential boredom normally experienced with constantly passing the same grey, similar looks of bridges across ordinary roads.
Preston By-Pass, 5th December 1958. Former Prime Minister, Harold Macmillan, together with a number of other officials and V.I.P’s make their way along the recently completed carriageway to place a commemorative plaque on Samlesbury Bridge as part of the opening ceremony. (Courtesy L.E.P.)
The Preston By-pass has undergone many upgrades and restorations over the years and is now just a part of the complete M6 motorway. However, Preston will always be able to boast that it was the first town to enjoy the benefits of motorway driving and love them or loathe them; we could not do without our motorways now in this age of exponentially increasing road users.
I would like to thank the Preston Digital Archive for kind permission to use their images.
Do you use the Preston section of the M6 motorway regularly, what are your impressions of it? Were you around when it was being constructed? Let us know in the comments section below.
| Harold Macmillan |
Miranda, Ariel and Umbriel are all moons of which planet in our solar system? | 57 Years Policing The Motorways
57 Years Policing The Motorways
Links Page
57 Years Policing the UK Motorways
On this page we take a look at the history of policing the UK motorway network since the opening of the Preston Bypass in 1958.
There are a number of articles written by members of Police Car UK and we hope that you will find this page both informative and interesting! It is quite long, so make yourself a cup of tea and settle down to...
50th Anniversary Of Policing The Motorway
The Preston Bypass
Part 1 - The 50th Anniversary of Policing the Motorway
In 2009 we celebrated the 50th anniversary of the opening of the first section of the M1 motorway. OK, before we start there is an argument that the first motorway was opened a year earlier in 1958 and was called the Preston by-pass. However it wasn’t designated as a motorway (part of the M6) until several years later and so the other side of the coin will argue that the first ‘official’ motorway, the M1 was opened on 2nd November 1959. But the fact remains that from 1958/9 Britain’s motorway network expanded across the country and is now an integral part of our transport system and our everyday lives. And for obvious reasons it needs policing and so we find ourselves here in particular celebrating the 50th Anniversary of Policing the Motorway. Those Police officers who have worked on ‘the strip’ over the years will have an affinity towards it that is hard to describe. It can be an extremely dangerous place to work but it can also be an exhilarating one. Dealing with everything from major incidents involving multiple deaths to the often humorous side of human failure behind the wheel and everything else in between, working the motorway beat is anything but dull.
Here on this special motorway page we hope to bring you several things. Firstly a potted history of the types of cars used to patrol the motorways over the years from 1958/9 to 2009 with a large number of photos taken from PC-UK’s extensive archives. We have chosen not just the obvious Traffic patrol cars but the crash tenders and some of the more bizarre vehicles that have been tried and tested. There is a link to a page that also shows you some of the everyday incidents and accidents that Traffic cops have to deal with on the motorway, from plane crashes to abnormal loads, from adverse weather conditions to stray animals. Another link will transfer you to priceless anecdotes written by the officers that have patrolled the motorways from the very early day’s right through to the 21st century.
This page is dedicated to those Police officers who have died or been seriously injured as a result of an incident whilst working on the motorway. link to the National Police Memorial Day Page
From the very beginning Britain’s Police service was going to be at the forefront of this new breed of road and it was going to require a completely new type of policing. The first section of the M1 ran from Bedfordshire (19 miles), north towards Hertfordshire (16 miles), Buckinghamshire (9 miles) Northamptonshire (26 miles) and Warwickshire (3 miles), a total of 73 miles. The initial plan was that the road would eventually stretch from London to Birmingham. All five Chief Constables concerned tackled the project with great enthusiasm and foresight. They had profited from the experiences gained by the Lancashire County Constabulary on the Preston by-pass and also studied conditions on European motorways in Germany and Holland. They wisely adopted a common type of equipment and a common ‘drill’ for dealing with accidents. The Lancashire force had used the MK2 Ford Zephyr Farnham bodied estate together with the MGA 1600 open top sports car, both finished in white to patrol the 8 miles of the Preston by-pass.
Lancashire’s first motorway patrol cars included the Zephyr estate and MGA.
A decision was made that all five forces policing the M1 would also use identical MK2 Ford Zephyr Farnham bodied estate cars, also finished in white instead of the more familiar black and fitted with a flashing blue light. A small illuminated ‘stop’ sign was placed in the rear windscreen and a full width mud flap was placed across the rear valance. The cars carried a large number of metal accident signs and other equipment. An official photo was taken with the Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire cars placed side by side (Bedfordshire and Northants cars were distinguished with ‘Police’ lettering across the leading edge of the bonnet) but no photos of the Buckinghamshire or Warwickshire cars seem to have survived.
The Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire Zephyr estates get ready for action.
Hertfordshire’s Zephyr shows off it’s new kit.
Bedfordshire Constabulary Ford Zephyr estate gets ready to patrol the new M1
Northamptonshire’s Zephyr estate deals with a broken down HGV on the M1
It didn’t take long for those officer’s assigned to motorway duties to understand just how dangerous it can be when attending the scene of an incident and for them to suddenly become part of the incident themselves, after being hit by another vehicle.
One of the Hertfordshire cars written off on the M1.
By 1961 the Bedfordshire Constabulary added motorcycles to their motorway fleet. They used a number of BSA A10’s with Avon Streamliner fairings. The photo below not only shows the bikes but gives us a fantastic look at the almost deserted M1 which has no central barriers, no cats eyes, wooden fencing on its borders and a Ford Anglia in lane 3.
PC’s Alec Gregg and Stuart Blythe patrol the M1 on their BSA’s
Close up of the Bedfordshire BSA
By now another motorway had arrived, this time in Kent. The M2 was also patrolled for a while by motorcycle officers using Triumph Thunderbirds.
Kent Police Triumph Thunderbird.
Kent County Constabulary favoured the Humber Super Snipe estate as their motorway patrol car with its big 3 litre, six cylinder engine it was ideal for carrying the extra equipment needed to police the new road.
Kent County Constabulary Humber Super Snipe estate
Kent shows off the equipment it needs on board its Humbers
PC Ron Gamage stands proudly beside his Humber close to the M2
Meanwhile back up in Lancashire that force had started to replace its aging MGA fleet with MGB Roadsters, whilst the West Midlands Constabulary used the new Mini Cooper to patrol its new section of the M5.
Lancashire County Constabulary MGB Roadster patrols a deserted M6 south towards Birmingham
West Midlands Constabulary chose the Mini Cooper as part of its new motorway fleet
Carrying lots of extra emergency kit was a priority for the Police and large estate cars were ideal for this and so the popularity of the Humber Super Snipe grew, with forces like the Metropolitan Police (who had used the cars prior to the introduction of the motorway as SETAC units (Specially Equipped Traffic Accident Cars)) Northamptonshire and Hertfordshire taking them on to replace the now ageing MK2 Ford Zephyrs.
Hertfordshire Constabulary Humber Super Snipe
Metropolitan Police Humber finished in white as opposed to the earlier SETAC units that were finished in black
Other forces started to add vans to their motorway fleets specifically to carry the extra equipment, leaving the cars to do all the emergency response work with the van being brought in if required. Leicestershire and Rutland Constabulary who now had the next section of the M1 running through their county opted for the Morris Minor van!
Leicestershire and Rutland Constabulary Morris Minor van shows off its kit carrying capability.
By the mid 1960s there was a new faster patrol car to play with; the Jaguar 3.8 MK2. What Traffic officer wouldn’t have wanted one at the time? Leicestershire were one of several forces that opted to use them as motorway patrol cars.
One of Leicestershire’s MK2 Jags attends an RTA on the M1.
A selection of the M6 Experiment cars together with the BEA helicopter
One of the forces involved with the M6 Experiment was Cheshire and here we see one of their MK3 Ford Zephyr 6 estate cars together with its happy crew!
The Met Police started to replace the Humber Super Snipe estate with the Landrover as its latest SETAC unit. It had a greater payload and its four wheel drive capability came in useful in towing disabled vehicles from live lanes onto the hard shoulder. Over the coming years various Landrover models would prove to be popular motorway patrol cars.
The Mets early SETAC Landrovers had a wealth of extra equipment.
Not all forces utilised the very latest vehicles for motorway use. The West Midlands Police for example used a number of white Austin A110 Westminsters whilst the Nottinghamshire Constabulary opted for the Wolseley 6/110 on its section of the M1.
West Midlands Police Austin A110 Westminster
Nottinghamshire Constabulary Wolseley 6/110
By 1967 the MK2 Jaguar and the later Jaguar 340 were really starting to prove popular with a number of forces that needed a fast response car for their particular stretch of motorway.
Gloucestershire Constabulary MK2 Jaguar poses on the M4 close to the Severn Bridge.
Kent County Constabulary Jaguar 340 on the M2.
Staffordshire Police started using MK2 Jaguars in 1965 as the M6 weaved its way through the county. As with most other motorway patrol cars of the period they were finished in plain white to help make them stand out on the fast new roads. However in 1967 it is believed an accident occurred on the M6 where an officer died after his patrol car was rear ended as he stopped at the scene of another incident. In the subsequent enquiry it was felt that officers were not being offered sufficient protection whilst engaged in motorway duties. One of the lessons learned appears to be that Staffordshire Police then started to paint the boot of its motorway cars in fluorescent red. It also added red paint to the rear of the roof mounted light box and high intensity red fog lamps were also set into the box, whilst a large white sign with the word ‘POLICE’ in red was attached to the rear bumper. Large ‘POLICE’ lettering was also placed along the sides of the car. These new safety features helped distinguish the cars still further and as we will see other forces then started to adapt their cars with officer safety very much in mind.
Staffordshire Police MK2 Jags in plain white circa 1965.
Staffordshire’s later Jaguar 340’s complete with safety systems applied.
A couple of years prior to this tragic accident the Sussex Constabulary are credited with applying the first orange/red reflective stripes to the sides of some of their patrol cars. It didn’t take long for other forces to adopt the idea and the ‘jam sandwich’ livery then became synonymous with Police Traffic cars. Other forces went even further, in particular the Lancashire County Constabulary who started to paint just about every surface of their motorway cars in a bright fluorescent orange. They looked superb and certainly stood out, even from a great distance.
West Yorkshire Constabulary Vauxhall Cresta PB estate, complete with red and blue side stripes.
Lancashire County Constabulary MK3 Ford Zephyr 6 estate.
Believe it or not but Lancashire even employed a couple of Mini vans, painted orange like the Zephyr, as motorway crash tenders, loaded to the gunnels with extra kit. They must have taken forever to get the scene!
Not all forces added fancy graphics though, as this Cumbria Police MK4 Ford Zephyr being driven on their new section of their new section of the M6 demonstrates.
In late 1969 Landrover introduced a car that was almost born to be a Police motorway car; the Range Rover. With a 3500 litre V8, four wheel drive capability, bags of torque and plenty of internal room for all that extra equipment, it wasn’t too long before the Police started to take a serious look at it. And it’s been using them ever since.
Cheshire Constabulary were one of the first forces to employ the use of Range Rovers and as you can see here big new roof mounted signs and lots of equipment could be carried.
Britain’s network of motorways continued to spread throughout the late 1960s and into the 1970s. The M3 linked London via Surrey and ended on the outskirts of Southampton and the Hampshire County Constabulary became the latest force to gear itself up to police its stretch of motorway. They chose to use MK2 Triumph 2500 TC’s and a long wheel base MK1 Ford Transit van as its Motorway Accident tender.
Hampshire’s new motorway fleet consisted of Triumph saloons and the MK1 Transit van.
Also in the early 1970s Jaguar replaced its ageing MK2/340 model with the sleek new XJ6. The 4.2 litre model in particular seemed perfectly well suited towards motorway patrol work although the economy and the 1970s oil crisis meant that some opted to look at cheaper alternatives. One of those was the Austin 1800S (often referred to as the Landcrab) which actually proved to be a popular choice of vehicle for the Police. It had a fair turn of speed combined with excellent comfort and loads of interior space.
Thames Valley Police used a large number of Jaguar XJ6 saloons to work the M4.
Staffordshire Constabulary were amongst several forces to utilise the Austin 1800S model.
Meanwhile the Lancashire County Constabulary painted anything that moved in bright orange to aid safety for its officers and so that the public could easily identify the car as being a Traffic patrol vehicle.
Lancashire’s Range Rovers looked fabulous in this orange livery and they started to use the short wheel base MK1 Ford Transit van as it’s Accident Unit.
One of West Mercia’s Range Rovers seen on the M5 on a heavy vehicle stop.
The West Midlands Police now had a large amount of motorway running through its force area and of course were one of the first forces to use the Solihull built Rover 3500 V8 as its new age motorway car. Many will argue that this car was one of the best patrol cars of all time. The West Midlands also started to use vans as accident tenders and unusually they opted for the Bedford CF, complete with elevating stem light which helps illuminate a darkened scene and warns on-coming traffic much earlier.
West Midlands all new Rover V8 patrol cars and the Bedford CF accident tender.
By the mid 1970s the Rover was king of the Traffic fleets with a host of forces using the powerful V8 to power its crew at speeds of 120 mph.
Kent County Constabulary Rover 3500 V8 and Hampshire’s updated fleet for the M3 (seen here at Fleet services) included the Rover saloon.
The Transit van was starting to prove its worth as a big load carrier and several forces started to use them to transport ever more equipment to the scene of a motorway incident. The idea was good in principal, but in reality they were a burden on the officers tasked with crewing them. They were slow, cumbersome and restricted in the duties they could perform. Consequently most ended up being left in the yard and only brought out as and when required.
Thames Valley Police Transit was finished in orange, similar to the Lancashire units whilst Nottinghamshire opted to use the red side stripe livery instead.
By the early 1970s some forces were daring to use foreign made cars due to the unreliability of the British product. One of the cars that was looked at for motorway use was BMW. The Thames Valley Police started it all by using the BMW 3.0Si and West Mercia Police, followed by Derbyshire Constabulary used the same model.
West Mercia Police BMW 3.0Si was finished in a rather strange livery called ‘truck yellow’ which was a sort of pale orange.
Some home grown products continued to find favour though and non more so than the revised Jaguar XJ6 saloon, now in series 2 guise. It was a big, powerful car that commanded respect. If you saw one of these in your view mirror as you sped down lane 3, you knew you were in big trouble!
Avon and Somerset Police S2 Jaguar XJ6 certainly looked the part.
The sheer variety of vehicles now available for Police use was now becoming apparent and forces were rather spoilt for choice.
This photo shows a good variety of cars being used by the Greater Manchester Police, from a MK1 Ford Transit, Range Rover and a MK1 Ford Consul GT estate.
In 1975 Rover replaced the 3500 saloon with a radical 5 door hatchback, the SD1. It was a striking looking car and another that seemed destined for Police use on the motorway as soon as it left the drawing board. Another V8 powered car with ample interior space it again became an iconic Police car of its time, let down only by its chronic build quality.
West Yorkshire Constabulary Rover 3500 SD1, resplendent in its unusual graphics.
Rover had a serious rival to its Police crown at this time in the shape of the Consul GT and the later MK1 Ford Granada, especially in 3.0S format. History now tells us that it was honours even with forces either opting to use the Rover or the Ford, rarely using both.
MK1 Ford Granada 3.0S from Essex Police on the M11 and a 3.0S from the Avon and Somerset Constabulary.
Meanwhile the Range Rover continued to excel at motorway duties and its pulling powers became the stuff of legend with stories of them towing stranded articulated lorries and fully laden petrol tankers off the motorway with ease.
A later model Range Rover from the Cheshire Constabulary. Note the full length yellow coats that the officers are now wearing to help make them more visible whilst working the hazardous motorway environment.
Mind you not every force got to try out the latest cars from an ever growing list of manufacturers. West Midlands Police were still using brand new Triumph 2.5’s as late as 1976.
Last of the big Triumph saloons was issued to West Midlands Police for motorway duties in 1976.
Foreign cars were starting to creep in though and none more so than in Hampshire, who had been using Volvos since 1965. But it was BMW that made the big impression as a motorway patrol car with the introduction of the 525 and later the 528i. On both performance and reliability they were hard to beat.
A BMW 525 of the Hampshire Constabulary in 1978 with its driver PC Phil Jacob in the rear yard at Aldershot Police Station. This car would have patrolled the busy M3.
Big load carriers, crash tenders, accident units, call them what you will, continued to be used by Britain’s motorway Police and two more types were called into service towards the latter half of the 1970s. Ford revamped its Transit range and introduced the new MK2 which went onto even greater use by the Police, not just as a crash tender but in many other roles. Perhaps a more unusual choice was that of the South Yorkshire Police Traffic Division to deploy the Leyland Sherpa 200 as its crash tender!
This Leicestershire Constabulary MK2 Transit Accident Unit really looks the business whilst the South Yorkshire Sherpas were a very unusual choice. Both types of vehicle were fitted with huge stem light systems.
Ford also updated its Granada range in 1977/8 and the new MK2 Granada was another car that was destined for the motorway patrols, especially the estate variant. Plenty of forces used both saloon and estate and this is another car that gained iconic status.
Two splendid looking MK2 Ford Granada estates in use with Surrey Police and Essex Police as motorway cars. The Surrey unit was so top heavy with its stem light and rear spoiler set up that it gained the rather unfortunate nick-name of the General Belgrano!
The series 2 Rover 3500SE SD1 was also launched shortly after the new Ford was introduced. It was faster and better equipped than before and above all it was a whole lot more reliable. There was still a 50/50 split on which force used which car though.
Rover 3.5 V8 SD1 series 2 of the West Mercia Constabulary used to patrol the M5 area.
The Greater Manchester Police loved their Range Rovers and became the biggest fleet users in the UK. GMP had a large amount of motorway to patrol including the M60, M61, M62 and the M66 and the Range Rover suited the purpose.
Unusual Range Rover van sits beside standard model, both from the Greater Manchester Police.
It has to be said that the Metropolitan Police, in comparison with many county forces didn’t have that much motorway area to patrol and as a consequence its motorway fleet was fairly sparse. However by the early 1980s things were starting to change and the Met had to increase its motorway capability. This included the use of MK2 Ford Transit Accident Units and the last of the Rover SD1 series, the awesome Vitesse models.
Met Police Transit Accident Unit and Rover Vitesse at Chigwell Traffic Base which served the M11 and M25.
By the mid 1980s it was still neck and neck between the Rover SD1 and the MK2 Ford Granada, but things were about to change once more.
Splendid photo of a West Yorkshire Police Rover 3500 SD1 in the snow on the M1 and a Kent County Constabulary MK2 Ford Granada 2.8i used to patrol the M2.
Jaguar revamped the XJ6 again to give us the series 3 saloon and the Police made great use of the 4.2 model. It was a great motorway patrol car but was plagued with reliability issues which tainted many officer’s memories of it. You can’t argue with its good looks though!
Hampshire Constabulary Jaguar XJ6 S3 with its driver PC Phil Jacob beside the M3 and a Sussex Police XJ6 S3 used to patrol the M23 between Gatwick Airport and Brighton.
The big motorway accident units continued to be used right through the decade and the following three examples show how each force utilised the products from Ford in a big way.
Essex Police called on the services of a Ford Transit 4x4 County Conversion to help patrol the M11 and M25, whilst the Greater Manchester Police had this superb looking 3.0 litre V6 as its Incident Unit. By 1987 Ford had released the MK3 Transit and Lancashire Police were one of the forces to adopt it as an Accident Unit.
The livery and lighting units on some motorway patrol cars were now getting even bigger and bolder. Forces and manufacturers were now experimenting with new products all the time, all of it designed to make the vehicle even more conspicuous than before.
Essex Police Range Rover with lots of graphics to enhance its looks and more lights than Blackpool seafront.
Two new cars arrived in the late 1980s, the MK1 Vauxhall Senator and the Jaguar XJ40, later re-badged as the XJ6. Both cars were used by a large number of forces, but sadly this was the last of the Jaguars to reach large volume sales with the Police as their products started to be aimed at the more expensive end of the market. However, for Vauxhall the story was only just beginning.
MK1 Vauxhall Senator was used by Leicestershire Constabulary on the M1 whilst this Sussex Police Jaguar XJ40 would have cruised the M23.
By the turn of the decade the MK1 Senator had morphed into the MK2. It got a 3.0 litre, straight six engine with fuel injection and 24 valves. It was quick enough to hit 140 mph and although there were some serious reliability and handling issues it was quickly hailed as the new king of Traffic patrol. It looked pretty good to.
Hampshire Constabulary MK2 Vauxhall Senator poses on the soon to be finished M3 extension through the Twyford cutting near Winchester.
West Yorkshire Police MK2 Vauxhall Senator sits high above the M62.
Fabulous looking Senator belongs to the Greater Manchester Police.
Gloucestershire Constabulary MK2 Vauxhall Senator overlooks the M5.
But Vauxhall didn’t have it all its own way, there were several rivals during the early 1990s, from the likes of BMW, Ford and Rover.
BMW 525i from the Hampshire Constabulary was one of the best patrol cars of all time. This one is at an RTA on the A3M.
Ford introduced the Sierra XR4x4 with a 2.9i V6 and permanent four wheel drive. More suited to urban Traffic patrol work but it also spent a lot of time working on the motorway. This Surrey Police example would have been seen on the M25.
Rover introduced the 827i and this series 2 saloon from Thames Valley Police would have been seen on the M4.
Ford also gave us the MK3 Granada Scorpio 4x4 saloon and this was the last of the big Fords. In truth it wasn’t as popular as it had been in previous years. This Hampshire Constabulary version is seen at an incident on the M275.
Whilst the Granada was in the twilight of its years Ford gave us an instant legend; the Cosworth Sierra. What a beast. It was a big sales success for Ford and a huge hit with the Police. Several forces opted to use them including Bedfordshire, Sussex, Greater Manchester, Nottinghamshire, Northumbria and Cumbria all of whom had plenty of motorway now running through their areas. There weren’t many vehicles that could outrun a Police Cossie.
Sussex Police ran a fleet of Cosworth Sierra Sapphires.
Meanwhile the Range Rover continued to receive various updates and continued to give outstanding service as a motorway patrol vehicle.
Lancashire Constabulary Range Rover attends a motorway incident whilst this Cheshire Constabulary version gets striking new graphics.
Vivid graphics and extremely efficient light bars helped make the motorway patrol car easy to see from a distance, thus aiding officer safety and helping reduce speed and improve driver behaviour at the same time.
Jaguar XJ6 from the West Midlands Police looks great but the fancy graphics don’t seem to set off this Lothian and Borders Police Ford Scorpio in quite the same way.
The following two photos have been included to show how things have changed in many ways over the years. Both photos are from South Yorkshire Police and appear to be taken from the same bridge. Note the difference in traffic flow for a start and then look at the Police car graphics and lighting, even the high visibility clothing the officers themselves are wearing. The only thing that hasn’t changed is the pose!
South Yorkshire Police Rover SD1 circa 1978 and Vauxhall Omega MV6 circa 2001.
The Range Rover was completely revamped in the early 1990s and continued to serve the Police as the number one motorway car, there simply wasn’t anything else on the market to compare with its overall ability at this time.
Greater Manchester Police Motorway Unit loved their Range Rovers as this photo shows. Both old and new models are seen in this transition period.
By the mid 1990s Britain’s motorway expansion was just about complete. More than ever it needed policing and two new cars were about to be introduced and they would be become the standard motorway patrol cars for more than a decade. Vauxhall introduced the Omega to replace its Senator model and Volvo introduced the 850 T5. This car gained overnight cult status and the numerals ‘T5’ became synonymous with Police motorway patrols the country over. In 1997 Volvo revamped the car and it became the V70 T5 in estate form.
Vauxhall Omega MV6 of the Thames Valley Police sits on a Police ramp on the M40, whilst this great night time shot of a Hampshire Constabulary Volvo V70 T5 was taken on the M3.
Also in the mid 1990s a fresh look at the way the Police organised themselves on the motorway was introduced, along similar lines of the M6 Experiment from the mid 1960s. The West Midlands, West Mercia and Staffordshire Police formed the Central Motorway Police Group whose sole job description was to police the motorway network of the midlands using identical vehicles and equipment in a much more coordinated manner. It’s largely worked and continues to this day.
The CMPG even gets its own unique crest to adorn its patrol cars with. They included the Volvo 850 T5 and a new type of crash tender. The Mercedes Benz Sprinter Incident Command Unit seen here was one of the first of its type and not only carried huge amounts of kit but was also a mobile office and communications centre to be used at the scene of any large RTA.
The mid 1990s also saw the start of a revolution in Police vehicle graphics with the introduction of the Home Office inspired battenburg livery. The original idea was that this was to become the national motorway Police livery, the argument being that the yellow and blue blocks provided a greater visual impact on the motorway environment and that no matter where you went in the UK a motorway patrol car could be recognised by the public. However after more than 15 years in existence it seems that just about every Police car on the road now has battenburg on it together with the ambulance service, fire and rescue units, blood donor vehicles, various security firms, breakdown recovery agents and of course the latest Government inspired initiative the Highways Agency Traffic Officers (HATO’S).
Greater Manchester Police Volvo V70 T5 and a Strathclyde Police BMW 528i are both adorned in battenburg.
By the turn of the century the Range Rover, now on its latest incarnation got a serious rival to its crown. BMW introduced the X5, a four wheel drive SUV that did all the things the Range Rover could but with added reliability and supreme road holding. And the Mercedes Sprinter van took over from the Ford Transit as the number one crash tender in a large number of forces. Like the CMPG unit these vans were now tasked with becoming a mobile office, complete with toilet and refreshment facilities due mainly to the length of time officers now had to spend at the scene of a fatality to facilitate the needs, under Statute, of the Road Deaths Manual (average time spent at these incidents is now 6 hours).
Hampshire Constabulary were the first force in the world to use the BMW X5 3.0d as a Traffic Police car and this photo shows the car on the hard shoulder of the A3M underneath Bedhampton Bridge. The Mercedes Sprinter is also from the Hampshire Constabulary Roads Policing Unit and was their Support Tender.
Our last group of photos shows some of the current crop of motorway patrol cars. But are they the last we shall see? Is this the only big anniversary we shall celebrate? As the Police presence on our motorways declines in favour of the HATO’S it is unlikely that we will see another 50 years of Police motorway cars. The future seems to be that the HATO’S will ‘patrol’ the motorway network to do the everyday tasks that until recently were the domain of the Traffic Police and that the only time you will see a patrol car on the ‘Mike-Whisky’ is when it all goes wrong.
The Ford Mondeo of the Wiltshire Constabulary sits and watches traffic above the M4 whilst this Cambridgeshire Constabulary Volvo V70 T5 performs VASCAR speed enforcement, both being a good deterrent towards bad driving on our motorways.
What better way to finish off our montage of motorway Police vehicles than with these two examples. A Greater Manchester Police Range Rover, one of dozens that have graced our motorways for more than 35 years and a Hertfordshire Constabulary BMW 530d at an incident on the M1 where it all started.
Part 2 - THE TRUTH ABOUT BRITAIN’S FIRST MOTORWAY - The Preston Bypass
by Brian White
There seems to be an increasing reluctance in the media to accept that Britain’s first motorway was opened in Lancashire in 1958 by the then Prime Minister Harold Macmillan.
This modern misrepresentation is in danger of changing the course of history regarding the development of motorways in Britain.
The tendency is to portray the first motorway as the M1. The M1 was not opened until 2nd November 1959, almost one year later. The M1 opening ceremony had been downgraded from Prime Minister to the Minister of Transport, Ernest Marples.
The confusion may surround the expression M1. This in some people’s minds may indicate the first. The simple and correct explanation is that the M1 was designed to run parallel with the A1 trunk road. The M6 parallel with the A6, The M2 with the A2 and so on. All following the English precedent like spokes of a wheel radiating from London.
The Preston By Pass was part of the planned M6 north/south motorway system (running alongside the main A6 London to Carlisle). This planning took place as early as the 1930’s. It was the first leg of the overall Government plan for motorways in Britain.
It was built to the motorway standards and specifications of the day. It was controlled by new motorway regulations and had a specially trained and dedicated team of Police officers assigned to patrol. They had liveried vehicles, and carried emergency equipment; signs etc, more sophisticated than ‘ordinary’ Police patrol vehicles. There was even a motorway Police station (later renamed Motorway Police Post) purpose built at Samlesbury, right alongside the motorway.
When the Prime Minister officially opened the M6 Preston By Pass he referred to the “new motorway” in his inaugural speech. He also unveiled a large granite plinth alongside the motorway with the words.
“PRESTON BY-PASS BRITAINS FIRST MOTORWAY OPENED 5 DEC 1958 BY THE PRIME MINISTER THE RT HON HAROLD MACMILLAN M.P.”
RULES OF THE DAY
The opening of the Preston By-Pass marks the beginning of a new era of motoring in Britain. It is the first link in the network of motorways, which, progressively completed, will contribute to an increasing extent to the health of the community and to the national economy.
The national motorways in general and the Preston By-pass in particular are designed to enable traffic to travel safely at high speeds, and to minimise the chance of accidents arising from bad driving.
These objectives are achieved principally by: -
The prohibition of pedestrians, cyclists and animals.
The prohibition of access from adjacent land and the elimination of all cross traffic by the bridging of all roads and footpaths, etc… encountered on the route.
Dual carriageways separated by a central reservation.
The provision at junctions of acceleration and deceleration lanes which enable traffic to enter or leave the stream of traffic on the Motorway in safety.
The adoption of easy gradients and very large radius curves.
The absence of raised kerbs and the provision of hard shoulders on the nearside of the carriageway for use in emergency halts.
Sign posts of a size which can be read both by day and by night without the need for a driver to slow down.
The provision of road surfaces with the highest possible resistance to skidding.
Part 3 - The M6 Experiment
The Motorway Problem
The opening of the first section of the M.1 motorway created a problem new to the police of this country - that of supervising extremely fast, six-lane, almost self-contained highways. In 1959, therefore, a small team of chief officers of police visited Germany and Holland to study well-establisted police motorway patrol methods in those countries and the subsequent report became a blueprint for motorway policing in this country.
It was recognised from the beginning, however that a great deal more would be learned as time went on about policing motorways and that a central fund of knowledge based on the experience gained would be of the greatest value to the Police Service, police authorities and the general public. Accordingly, the working part referred to in the statement made to Parliament was set up by the Home Secretary in 1962, to consider whether useful advice could be produced for chief officers of police and police authorities about the policing of motorways and comparable through routes. The working party after considering proposed basic scales of personnel and equipment thought it right to ask the newly set up Home Office Police Research and Panning Branch to make a scientific evaluation of the problem.
It will be remembered that the branch is staffed by scientists and police officers and the first point they had to consider was that the existing motorway system (now approximately 250 miles) wold probably be increased to 1,000 miles in the next decade. The second point was that the technical sub-committee of the working party had recommended that the scale of policing for motorways and comparable through routes should vary between a patrol car and motor cycle for every 20 - 30 miles of carriageway by day and a patrol car for every 40 - 60 miles of carriageway by night.
It had been estimated that if the existing motorway system and the comparable through routes were to be policed on this scale a traffic force of over 6,000 men and approximately 1,800 vehicles would be required. The cost would be over £11.5 million and, although it would require a number of years to recruit, train and make operational such a force and costs would be spread over this period, it was necessary to make out an extremely good case before such expenditure could be undertaken. It could be said that the demands of accident prevention alone are sufficient justification for the cost, but there is no clear indication that such a force, using present methods, would have the desired impact on the problem.
The Pilot Study
It was decided that an early task of the Police Research and Planning Branch was to ascertain how the various forces were coping with the problems of policing motorways. This study was commenced in the latter part of 1963, when already there were many lengths of motorway policed by different forces and visits to seven of them were made in what has become the pilot study of the problem.
Some variation in scales of policing was apparent and this to a great extent was due to the very short lengths of motorway in some police districts which cannot always be policed to a national pattern. This is partially being overcome by co-operation between adjoining forces, but different types of vehicles are already being used and there seems a danger that standardization may not be maintained.
It is probably true that complete standardization is not essential but there is little variation in motorways throughout the country and it seems reasonable to assume that an ideal common policy is possible. The motorway accident, incident and traffic offence rates in the seven force areas were studied as being likely to give some indication of the relative effectiveness of the methods used. It was found, however, that although as expected the various scales of policing affected the number of incidents attended and the number of offences reported, the degree of police activity apparently had little effect on the accident rate per mile, which is substantially the same in all areas.
It will therefore be appreciated that although a great deal of information was obtained the pilot study did not produce any clear-cut evidence which would indicate the most effective scales and methods of policing - nor had any account been taken of modern surveillance methods such as closed-circuit television.
The Experiment
A field experiment was therefore agreed upon, the main objects of which were to examine:
(i) The effectiveness of the present traffic patrol organisations;
(ii) the advantages of combined force traffic patrol organisations;
(iii) the value of helicopters to both the current and combined force methods of policing;
(iv) the effect of various levels of policing upon accident, offence and incident rates;
(v) the administrative and technical problems which might result from combining forces, e.g., communications, vehicle maintenance;
(vi) the value of mechanical and electronic aids for surveillance and control.
The M6 motorway was selected for the experiment, mainly because it is the longest single stretch of motorway (88 miles) in the country and only three forces are concerned in its policing, a point of some importance in view of the considerable communications problems involved.
It was decided to arrange the experiment in two phases:
(i) Combined Cheshire, Lancashire and Staffordshire force motorway policing under one command from the 9th March to the 6th June 1964, inclusive;
(ii) separate force motorway policing under separate commands from the 7th June to the 26th June 1964, inclusive.
During both phases a helicopter was superimposed on the ground patrols for the purpose of assessing its relative effectiveness. The machine, a Bell 46J, was a charter with its pilot and ground engineer from British European Airways (Helicopters), Ltd. A police observer was carried and it was intended that it should normally fly four hours a day, five days a week, at varying periods. To facilitate recognition from the helicopter the call signs of the motorway cars had been painted on the roofs.
The patrol height of the helicopter was 200-400ft. and to avoid distraction to motorists and to give a wide angle of vision to the observer it was usually flown well to the side of the motorway. It was available for special traffic control on and off the motorway, e.g., at holiday time, although this had to be carefully planned as its flying time on full tanks was about two hours or 160-180 miles.
Phase One
Strength
The combined force was placed under the command of the traffic chief superintendent of the Lancashire constabulary and the combined force headquarters was set up at the police post in the Knutsford Service Area, in Cheshire on the M6. The details of the force are as follows...
Staffordshire - Personnel
Estate or Cars = 7
Motorcycles = 6
The motorway had been divided into six sections, each approximately 15 miles long (30 miles of carriageway) and a car and motorcycle normally patrolled each section by day, and one car normally covered two sections by night, as follows...
90 miles, one motor car and one motorcycle for each 15 miles ( 30 miles of carriageway) = six sections.
8.00am to 4.00pm or 6.00am to 2.00pm = 12 personnel for cars, 6 for motorcycles and 0 for supervisor cars. Vehicles included 6 cars and 6 motorcycles.
4.00pm to 12 midnight or 2.00pm to 10.00pm = 12 personnel for cars, 6 for motorcycles and 0 for supervisor cars. Vehicles included 6 cars and 6 motorcycles.
One motorcar for 30 miles (60 miles of carriageway) = three sections
12 midnight to 8.00am = 6 personnel for cars. Vehicles included 3 cars only.
This, of course, was substantially in accordance with the scales of policing recommended by the working party sub-committee, but as the experiment progressed the scale of policing was varied and the crews interchanged.
Obviously, it was important that the experiment should in no way interfere with the normal policing of the motorway and operational requirements should take precedence over the experiment. Subject to this, however, it was intended to assess the duties actually carried out by the patrols and also the police action taken in regard to certain “artificial incidents” which would be injected by the Police Research and Planning Branch. Briefly, the reason for the “artificial incidents” was that the resultant police action could be assessed under controlled conditions. For example, the time, date and place of such incidents were pre-arranged and kept confidential and the scale of policing at the time was, of course, known. The only unknown quantity was if and how the incident was to be dealt with by the police and the task of measuring the effectiveness of any action taken was therefore facilitated.
A Lancashire Motorway Car an the helicopter used in the experiment
(Picture by courtesy of the Chief Constable of Cheshire)
Duties
The duties of car crews and motorcyclists were those of normal traffic patrolling - example, assistance, advice and law enforcement. It was hoped that the effectiveness of police patrols could be assessed and that it would be possible to pinpoint the most successful methods of operation. Generally, the scales of duty were 8.00am to 4.00pm, 4.00pm to midnight, and 12 midnight to 8.00am, but once again these were varied as the experiment progressed.
Administration
The experiment, of course, resulted in the temporary creation of another police force with its attendant administrative problems, which were complicated to some extent by the fact the area policed was a narrow strip of land, carrying a highway 88 miles long.
Special arrangements were necessary, for example, for servicing and maintenance of vehicles; disposal of prisoners and property; court commitments; submission of reports; circulation of crime information; and press relations.
Various types of reports and records were maintained in the three districts and it was necessary to adapt procedures to the needs of the combined force and the purposes of the experiment within the administrative framework of the forces concerned.
Combined Force Headquarters
The control centre for the combined force was established at the police post in the Knutsford motorway service area in Cheshire. These posts were not designed as police stations or headquarters but consisted of a mess room, office and store. A good deal of improvisation was necessary to enable the building to be used as a headquarters; the officer became the control room; the mess room was a combined office and mess room; and a mobile police station was used as additional office accommodation for the officer-in-charge and for meetings.
The control room was staffed throughout the 24 hours by police officers and during the day female civilian clerks were employed to deal with correspondence and to type the patrol officers’ reports.
Sub-stations, mainly used for refreshment and reporting purposes were at the police post at Keele, Staffordshire and Charnock Richard, Lancashire.
Communications
These fell under two headings; telephone communications available to the public, and police wireless and telephone systems. The motorway emergency telephones at mile intervals for public use are linked directly to the three forces concerned. It had not been possible to divert these to the temporary motorways headquarters, but this caused not considerable difficulty, as over 95 per cent of telephone calls received by the police from the motorway relate to breakdowns, etc, which would not normally be a police responsibility.
Police telephone links were, of course, provided without difficulty, but a great deal of improvisation was necessary to secure adequate wireless communications. It was necessary to utilize the existing schemes of the three forces, as the expense of providing a new scheme could not be justified for a comparatively short experiment.
The combined force motorway headquarters at Knutsford, Cheshire (Picture courtesy of the Chief Constable
of Staffordshire. Above: Indoors showing closed circuit television monitors, wireless sub-controls and
motorway operations map.
The first complication was that the Lancashire Constabulary schemes employ frequency modulation and the Cheshire and Staffordshire Constabulary; Home Office schemes employ amplitude modulation. This was overcome by “coupling” the existing Lancashire scheme (F.M.) with a special control set (A.M.).
In addition the following equipment was supplied:
Motorway Headquarters - three two-way sub-controls on the three force frequencies;
Helicopter - three channel two-way wireless equipment;
Three Force Heaquarters - two monitor sets on the two other force frequencies;
Two Motorway Sub-stations - Monitor sets.
The arrangements provided the following facilities:
(i) The motorway headquarters had direct two-way wireless contact with the three force headquarters and, by operating the talk-through procedure, had contact with police vehicles on the motorway and with the helicopter;
(ii) the separate force wireless schemes were preserved; i.e., on receipt of emergency calls from the motorway each for could either direct a police vehicle to the scene by wireless or, if appropriate, request motorway headquarters to take the necessary action.
(iii) each force could monitor messages being passed by the two other forces; and could contact the helicopter direct if it was then using the appropriate frequency, or otherwise by direct wireless request to the motorway headquarters or monitor request to the force on whose frequency the helicopter was then operating;
(iv) communication between motorway vehicles and the helicopter was possible by operating the talk-through procedure.
After initial “teething” troubles the system worked satisfactorily. It must be remembered the wireless problem was unusual, as linear communications as opposed to area communications were required and, obviously, multi-channel sets in the vehicles would have been of greater operational value.
Phase Two
For this phase of the experiment, which lasted only three weeks, the motorway patrols reverted to normal; the motorway headquarters as such ceased to exist and each force resumed control of its own section of motorway. The effectiveness of this system was then compared with that of the combined force.
Inspection of Parade by Sir Edward Dodd C.B.E
(Picture courtsey of the Chief Constable of Cheshire)
Collection of data
To enable both phases of the experiment to be assessed by the Research and Planning Branch a great deal of data was obtained. Briefly, this included returns of motorway emergency calls; each traffic officer’s duties; utilisation of motor vehicles; traffic department establishments; road mileages; and accident and traffic offence rates.
Remembering that police problems are usually greater on ordinary roads than on motorways, the returns were required in respect of all roads. The study was not limited, however, to the three forces co-operating in the experiment and 11 other forces were requested to supply similar information during the progress of the experiment.
Technical Aids
The opportunity was taken to study various modern developments which might be of assistance to the police. Closed circuit television cameras were installed at several points with monitors in the motorway headquarters. Experiments in the use of cameras were made both in cars and the helicopter and various forms of lighting and protective clothing were tried out.
Conclusion
It should not be thought that combined forces and helicopters are necessarily the pattern for future policing of motorways and major roads. The object of the experiment was to obtain information which would lead to the most effective methods of dealing with the ever-growing problem of traffic control on such roads. Time-honoured methods of traffic patrol may not be the best way of carrying out the police task, but this can be decided only by organised studies and objective analysis.
The forces co-operating in the experiment and those supplying supplementary information were necessarily put to a great deal of trouble. Nevertheless, the police authorities, chief constables and the officers concerned were most helpful and willing in their endeavours to provide the information and assistance necessary to carry out the experiment.
The M6 Experiment
On the 14th February 1964, the following statement was made by the Home Secretary in the House of Commons:
“On behalf of a working party representative of police authorities, chief constables, the Ministry of Transport and the Home Office, the Police Research and Planning Branch has been examining as one of its tasks the basic standards of policing for motorways and major through routes, in the light of the experience already gained by the police forces concerned.
A considerable amount of work has been done within the branch, and sever forces with responsibility for policing motorways have been visited. It has been agreed that a field experiment lasting three months is needed, to provide practical experience in the working of a unified policing system for a complete motorway. This will be achieved by setting up a motorway traffic command which (subject to the continuing operational responsibility of the chief constables concerned) will direct all the police motorway units.
In agreement with the police authorities and chief constables concerned, for whose generous offers of full co-operation I am most grateful, it has been agreed that the experiment should be conducted on the M6 motorway. Officers of the Lancashire, Cheshire, and Staffordshire county constabularies will work in close conjunction with members of the Home Officer Research and Planning Branch in carrying out all stages of the experiment, including different systems of patrol organisation with and without the use of a helicopter.”
The experiment was inaugurated on the 9th March 1964, by Sir Edward Dodd, C.B.E., H.M. Chief Inspector of Constabulary, and this article is an account of the events which led up to the decision to make the experiment and the manner in which it has been conducted.
Combined motorway force on parade at the opening of the experiment by
Sir Edward Dodd, C.B.E. at Knutsford, Cheshire on the 9th March 1964.
(Picture courtesy of the Chief Constable of Cheshire)
Part 4 - Motorway Memories
BONFIRE NIGHT 1994
By Geoff Taylor
November 5th 1994 and I was the afternoon Inspector on the GMP Motorway network. It had been a run of the mill day and at 10.45pm I was refuelling my Range Rover at Whitefield Police Station, prior to going home. Then a call came in, reporting an RTA persons trapped, Fire Brigade attending M61 Northbound at Westhoughton, Bolton. I knew the afternoon troops would be in parading off and the night staff hadn't turned out yet, so I answered up for the job, hit the blues & two's and started making my way.
The accident had happened as follows: Just north of junction 5 of the M61 the motorway descends into a slight hollow. With it being bonfire night a fog had developed in the hollow and a number of cars had collided as they entered the fog bank. No one was seriously hurt but one party could not get out of the vehicle due to the damage and so it was reported as "persons trapped". The Fire Service sent two appliances from Horwich which came south on the motorway, exited at junction 5 and turned to rejoin the nortbound carriagewy. The first appliance reached the scene of the bump and started dealing with the incident - still no police motorway patrols at the scene. As the second fire appliance travelled up the nortbound slip road there was an articulated lorry travelling north along the motorway. The lorry driver moved out into lane two to allow the appliance to join, overtook the fire truck and drove into the fog bank at 60mph. Seconds later the fire crew heard an almoghty collision and thought the artic had hit the other fire appliance.
There was standing traffic within the fog bank, including a bulk powder tanker with a saloon car stationary to the rear. The artic collided with the rear of the saloon car, crushing it against the back of the tanker. The momentum of the artic then caused it to climb on top of the saloon car which then caught fire. Just after this the second fire appliance arrived at the scene and the crew rescued the artic driver from his cab. A few seconds later I arrived at the scene.
Having done a quick recce of the accident scene, and knowing other police patrols were making to the scene, I instructed the motorway should be closed due to the serious nature of the incident. In amongst the standing traffic on the motorway were two cars carrying rival factions of asian youths from the Longsight area of Manchester. November is one of the Asian Festivals and the young Asian lads used to hire flash motors and race them on the prom at Blackpool. These two rival factions were shaping up to do battle on the motorway, so putting on my best John Wayne impression, I threatened them all with instant arrest unless they got back in their cars and behaved. Fortunately it worked.
As more patrols arrived at the scene we started creating a bit of order out of the chaos. After speaking to the Sub Officer in charge of the second appliance the HGV driver was arrested on suspicion of causing death by dangerous driving. We knew the crushed car was a Rover as we could see one wheel with the Rover emblem on it. The remainder of the car was unrecognisable and still crushed beneath the tractor unit of the artic. We started to clear the traffic that had been trapped on the motorway by sending it the "wrong way" down the northbound access slip road. When the cars containing the asian gentlemen reached the roundabout at the bottom of the slip road they were met by two units of GMP's Tactical Aid Group and both they and the cars were thoroughly searched, the youths being suitably advised re their conduct, prior to being let go.
Eventually we got a mobile crane to the scene of the accident, straps were put through the cab of the artic and it was lifted off the car. The Fire Service still wouldn't go near the car, so we put a towing strap onto the Rover and dragged it clear with a Range Rover. The fire fighters then went to work and we then found the car contained two people, believed to have been killed instantly by the impact before the car caught fire.
My 3/11 shift for Friday 5th November ended at 8am on Saturday 6th November. The HGV driver was successfully prosucuted for causing death by dangerous driving. The Sub Officer who climbed up to rescue the driver from his cab spent most of that night muttering to himself "should have left him there!". This was one of the worst incidents I attended in my ten years on the Motorway and will stay with me forever.
MAKING THAT FIRST IMPRESSION
By Maurice Kime
In the mid 1980s I was a Traffic Officer with the Greater Manchester Police Motorway Section covering all the motorways around the Manchester area including the M56 Airport spur. Our shift on the motorway section had a change of Sergeant and he asked to see me in order to introduce himself. He worked out of Birch post and I worked out of Stretford post, some 10 miles away, so I duly told him I was on the Airport spur and waited for him. In those days we were allowed to park up on the grass verge and watch for miscreants driving past us!
He duly arrived and parked his Range Rover near to mine, walked over and I told him that I needed to move my jeep a few feet. So he stood at the side of my Range Rover whilst I performed a slight shunt. Suddenly there was this almighty bang and yes two tons of Range Rover had rolled onto a full plastic milk bottle with the result that our new Sergeant suddenly became covered in sour milk, from top to toe! All he could say was "well that’s a nice way of introducing yourself".
Well I was doubled up with laughter and yes as is the case in police circles word soon got around about what I had done.
MY MOTORWAY POLICING EXPERIENCES 1988 – 2008
By Steve Woodward
Getting onto the Traffic Division had been my ambition from the day I took the oath. And after doing ten years of inner city policing during the turbulent and violent 1980s it was time for me to move onto my dream job. In July 1988 I was posted to Cosham Traffic on the outskirts of Portsmouth, to commence Traffic patrol duties. At that time Hampshire had more miles of motorway than any other county in the UK (I think it was 186 miles) and included the M3, M27, M271, M275, A3(M) and the four lane section of the A27 that links the M27 to the A3(M) and which we policed as motorway.
Despite the large amount of motorway within its force area Hampshire has never had a dedicated motorway policing unit. Neither has it ever had (until 2008 anyway) a dedicated ARV section. Instead Hampshire opted to merge all three sections under the Traffic Division umbrella and its officers responsibilities consisted of motorway duty first and all other traffic duties second. Those on ARV duties did the same unless redeployed to an armed incident of course.
BMW 528i sits above the A3(M)
In 1988 Hampshire was firmly in the grip of using BMW 528i (E28) saloons with the series 3 Jaguar XJ6 4.2 saloons being phased out. We had been using BMWs since 1978 but mixed in the Jags in 1983/4 plus a few oddities like the Volvo 264 DL. We didn’t have any crash tenders then either. The BMWs were fantastic cars except for the seats. Not only were some of them covered in black vinyl, which made you sweat something awful during the summer (no aircon in them days me lad!) but the seats themselves were incredibly uncomfortable. We all suffered from back ache and most of us used those log-rolls to support the base of our spines. But the cars were very quick with excellent road holding and they had a certain presence about them. By 1989 we were starting to replace the E28 model with the E34, firstly as the 530i and then as the multi-valved 525i. This was the best Police car I ever drove, they were superb. Brilliant handling, bullet proof engine (my last one did 201,112 miles) and excellent build quality. By the early 1990s we started to bring in a few MK2 Vauxhall Senators. To many officers and enthusiasts these were the best Police cars of all time. Well they weren’t if you worked in Hampshire because we had BMWs which were infinitely superior in every department. OK so the Senator could hit 150 mph but when the bonnet ripples at anything over a ton and the rear suspension has a habit of appearing through the parcel shelf, it didn’t exactly inspire confidence. Oh and in the wet, they were bloody lethal. I also got to drive the Range Rover 3.5 V8 Classic and the first of the diesel Landrover Discovery’s which we nick named ‘the tractor’ and with very good reason. It was as noisy as a farm yard tractor and just as slow! But you couldn’t accuse the Volvo 850 T5 and the later V70 T5 as being slow, they were a sensation when issued to us in 1994 and were the Traffic patrol car for next decade when the current E61 BMW 530d estates then took over. And in 2001 Hampshire had the honour to use the very first BMW X5 3.0d 4x4 as a replacement for the old Disco. Chalk and cheese would be a gross understatement and the X5 ran the E34 a very close second to being my all time favourite patrol car.
This BMW 525i was my favourite all-time motorway patrol car
On board the 528i we had the usual boot full of 12 cones, 6 accident/slow signs plus the metal tripod frames to hang them on, tow rope, crow bar, first aid kit, gallon of water (usually to top up the BMW with because they did had a habit of boiling over when left on the hard shoulder with the engine running!) 2 blankets and a tube full of road flares. These were great fun to play with. Basically they were a hand-held flare about 12 inches in length. You struck the sharp end along a piece of attached sandpaper to ignite it and a long reddish flame erupted. You waved this in the dark to slow approaching traffic down or laid several of them on the road surface on the approach to an RTA. When things went horribly wrong and the car you were trying to slow down didn’t, you tended to throw the flare at the rear of the offending vehicle whilst screaming out some expletive or other! This generally had the desired affect.
I could write pages and pages on the various motorway incidents I have attended in 20 years on Traffic which would probably bore you to tears, so I will just pick a few for no particular reason other than to demonstrate the huge variety of work that motorway cops deal with on a daily basis. Some are quite amusing, others tragic.
I recall coming down the on-slip at junction 11 of the M27 late one afternoon when we saw a Hillman Avenger weaving from lane 1 to lane 3 and back again. It was all over the place, so much so that the public dare not overtake it. We pulled up beside it and were horrified to see the elderly male driver slumped against the driver’s side window, eyes closed, mouth wide open. “He’s dead” my partner shouted out. With that the Avenger veered left again, onto the hard shoulder where it completely demolished an SOS phone and drove 10 feet up the motorway embankment before coming to rest on the hard shoulder with steam and water pouring out from under the demolished front end. He wasn’t dead, he was asleep and the impact had woken him up! We drove him home where his son, who had been concerned about his father driving for sometime handed us his fathers driving licence and told him he would never drive again.
Late on a Sunday afternoon we got sent to a car on fire at the top end of the A3(M). On our arrival we found a MK2 Ford Granada well alight with huge flames and smoke blowing directly across both the southbound lanes. The traffic had already been forced to a halt because of this and for some reason they were all stopped in lane 2 with nothing in lane 1. The first fire appliance had arrived at the same time we had and were now busily doing their bit to extinguish the fire. We had only been there about two minutes when to my horror I saw the third car in the traffic queue pop out from the line and do a U turn and start driving north up the southbound hard shoulder. Within seconds another eight cars did the same thing, with some driving up the hard shoulder whilst others drove up lane 1. My partner Barry and I screamed at them, waving our arms in an effort to stop them. Things got even worse as we saw the second fire appliance plus an ambulance all arriving on blues and twos to be confronted by this wave of stupidity, forcing them to swerve violently to avoid what seemed to be a certain collision. Thankfully a second patrol car was also arriving just behind the ambulance and he managed to stop seven of the cars from reaching the slip road they were aiming for, some 400 yards away from the fire. Barry and I had run after them and puffing and panting we lined them all up on the hard shoulder, took all their keys away from them and told them they could wait there until we had finished dealing with the car fire and only then would we come back to speak to them further. It took us well over an hour to deal with the remains of the Granada and get it recovered. We then went back to our now rather sheepish looking car drivers. They all got reported for dangerous driving, they all pleaded guilty and all got disqualified for 12 months and rightly so.
I hate seeing animals suffer, so imagine my horror at the sight of a horse box being towed by a Landrover sitting on the hard shoulder of the A3(M) with the two female occupants absolutely frantic, running around the box and looking underneath it. As I approached I could see a trail of blood coming from underneath the trailer. Inside I could clearly hear a horse in distress. The two women were screaming and crying. I looked underneath the box and saw the front two hooves of the horse had come through the rotten wooden floor and had been virtually worn away as its feet scraped along the motorway surface. There was blood and exposed bone everywhere. I called for a vet and was told it would be about an hour. I told the control room that simply wasn’t good enough and after much shouting on my part we eventually got one to the scene (having been picked up in a patrol car) in less than half that time. By then the two women had opened the trailer and climbed inside to calm the horse down, which to their credit they managed very well. But like me, they both knew that the horse would have to be put down right here at the road side. The vet arrived and confirmed our worst fears. He thankfully put the horse out of its misery within minutes and we were left with the grizzly task of trying to get the now limp horse out of the box and recovered to a place of rest. It was an extremely unpleasant and distressing incident to deal with and has stayed with me for years.
ECP’s, remember those? Emergency Crossover Points just in case you don’t recall. They were basically a large gap in the central crash barriers, big enough to squeeze a patrol car through in order to facilitate a U turn onto the opposing carriageway. Whose stupid idea was that? Anyway I remember doing my very first one. Just as a practice run you understand, so that my partner/tutor could teach me how to go about it ‘safely’. There was a definite technique to it but the scariest part wasn’t the actual turn (although that was bad enough) but the slowing down in lane 3 to about 10 mph hoping that you weren’t going to get rear ended by the driver doing 90 and looking no further than the end of his bonnet. I did use the ECP’s on my patch now and again but only in the most urgent of responses. By the early 1990s most of them had been closed for obvious reasons and by the turn of the century I think the last of them were sealed forever.
Picking up debris is an everyday occurrence for motorway crews and over the years I’ve had to pick up or sweep away all manner of stuff, from dead foxes to an up-right hoover and from car exhaust pipes to a leather settee. By far the most common item to remove is wooden pallets and the damned things just disintegrate upon impact with the road surface and then spread like a wooden rash over the next two hundred yards. The protruding nails invariably puncture a few tyres and after sorting out the debris its time to go and pacify the distraught motorist once again. The most bizarre item I ever got sent to was a complete Luton box from a Transit van or similar laying in lane 2 of the M27. It had clearly been ripped from its mountings and the empty box bounced down the carriageway thankfully without hitting anyone else. And the owner? No idea, he never came back and we didn’t trace him. I often pictured the look on his face when he reached his destination to find that most of his vehicle was now missing!
And its debris again that forms the basis of this next little bit of lamp swinging. Late one evening I got sent to an RTA on the northbound section of the A3(M). Upon my arrival I found a Vauxhall Astra on the hard shoulder with the front end quite badly damaged. I spoke to the young male driver and asked the obvious question “what happened?”
“I hit a clowns head” he replied.
“A what?”
“A clowns head, about 3 feet high it was”
In true Traffpol style I have to confess that I was somewhat sceptical concerning his story but he was most insistent that he had collided with a 3 foot high clowns head in lane 1.
I therefore grabbed my torch and searched the motorway hard shoulder and embankment. And there it was. A 3 foot high, very colourful, fibreglass clown’s head with the biggest grin you’ve ever seen. And hardly any damage it has to be said, certainly not as much as the Astra had suffered. I did trace the owner via the local media and duly returned the head to him, together with his summons for having an insecure load. However we did have a bit of fun with the head first by sitting it in our Sgt’s chair with a note attached saying ‘spot the difference’. He took it in good heart I’m pleased to say.
The clowns head
And finally from me, you never know whose watching. Whilst on nights about half midnight, my partner Chris and I entered the M275 northbound and up ahead we saw another BMW patrol car. Must be the Fareham crew we thought. What are they doing on our patch? It was very quiet, so time for a bit of fun we thought. I raced up beside them, roof lights fully ablaze, whilst Chris hung himself out of the passenger window doing his best impression of ‘The Scream’ and gesticulating with both hands in the most disgusting manner. It was hilarious until Chris shouted out “shit, it’s the Chief Inspector, drive, damn it, drive”. He wasn’t joking either. We spent all night trying to think up excuses or somebody else to blame. We were convinced we were going to be hung, drawn and quartered. And that’s if we were lucky. But nothing ever happened. Nothing was ever said. Which made us wonder. Just what was a Chief Inspector doing out in a patrol car at half midnight anyway? Whatever it was, we weren’t supposed to have seen him! Night, night.
Part 5 - MOTORWAYS – WEST YORKSHIRE
by Colin Jackson
The first motorway in Yorkshire was the A1(M) Doncaster Bypass, which opened in August 1961. This 15 mile stretch of road was a 2 lane dual carriageway with hard shoulders, from Blyth in Nottinghamshire to Red House north of Doncaster. It had two intermediate junctions. Although the first 2 miles were in Nottinghamshire, agreement had been reached that the whole of the road would be policed by the West Riding Constabulary, and this duty fell to the men and vehicles of Doncaster Traffic Section from their garage at Bentley. A specially prepared vehicle, a Ford Zephyr 6 Mark II estate was purchased for the purpose. This was a completely new concept, a new experience for all concerned, and a steep learning curve for all concerned. Those of us not directly involved in this policing operation, took the opportunity during night shifts to nip over to Doncaster and take a trip along the new road.
1961 to 1962 Ford Zephyr 6 Mk2 and Mk3, West Riding Constabulary.
Our turn came in October 1968, with the opening of the last 35 miles of the M1, from North Anston near Sheffield to the outskirts of Leeds. This also coincided with the amalgamation of police forces in the area, now to be known as West Yorkshire Constabulary. Three Traffic Sections were to police this piece of motorway, Rotherham, Barnsley and Wakefield. The government decreed that there should be a patrol for every 10 miles of motorway, 20 miles of carriageway, 24 hours of the day. Compared with today’s congested motorways, traffic was extremely light, and motorway patrol could be rather boring, particularly on night shift. Fortunately, as we were part of a general Traffic Section, motorway duty was not every day and so we could find ourselves on area patrol one day and back on the motorway the next.
Selection of vehicles found on the M1 in the mid to late 1960’s, West Yorks Constabulary.
I suppose our main duty at this stage was to educate the motoring public on how to use these new roads. Many drivers and their vehicles were just not up to sustained high speeds and breakdowns were a common feature. If a driver missed their exit it wasn’t unusual for them to simply make a ‘U’ turn across the central reservation, as barriers were not continuous at this stage. Parking on the hard shoulder was another occurrence, one night crew came upon a van parked a few miles south of Leeds and on investigation found the driver fast asleep with his alarm clock ticking away on the dashboard so as to wake him in time to make Leeds market when it opened early next morning. Pedestrians on the motorway were another problem, especially after the opening of the M18 link between the M1 and A1(M). Students and servicemen hitching lifts up the M1 from the south would suddenly find that the vehicle they were riding in was turning off their desired route and so they would be dropped off on the hard shoulder, some considerable distance from a junction, to hitch another lift. Here the patrol would find them put them in the back of the patrol car and take them off the motorway at the next junction and report them for being a pedestrian on the motorway, after checking their identity. One evening 2 students were picked up in this way and the patrol asked control for an address check. The address given immediately rang alarm bells with control room staff, the students were the sons of our own chief constable. What happened to the offence report I don’t know, but afterwards Traffic Admin were instructed to write to every college and military establishment in the country asking them to remind their personnel that it was an offence to be a pedestrian on the motorway and of the dangers.
1969 Austin 3 Litre seen on the M1. West Yorks Constabulary.
Vauxhall Victor 3.3 Litre and Cresta PC, West Yorks Constabulary.
Accidents, when they happened, were usually high speed and serious and it wasn’t uncommon for vehicles to travel considerable distances off the motorway across the fields before coming to rest, and if the driver wasn’t seriously injured, he would walk away, and we would then waste a great deal of time trying to find him and assure ourselves that he wasn’t lying nearby with serious injuries.
1968 & 1970 Land Rovers, Supplimentary patrol, M1, West Yorks Constabulary.
In July 1973 26 miles of the M62, from the M1 to the Lancashire boarder, opened. This Trans Pennine Route, the highest motorway in Britain at the time, had been constructed after considerable thought and experiment. Embankments were specially graded so as not to cause wind eddies and snow accumulations, boundary fences, instead of the usual post and rail, were open wire mesh, high enough to be sheep proof. In fact it was said the motorway was so designed that weather would not be a problem and cause its closure. How wrong they were to be proved in the winter of 1979. By this time I was in the control room, in the warm, so did not experience the problems at first hand, but many of my old colleagues did, and by all accounts it was a frightening experience. Only Range Rovers and Land Rovers were of use for patrol in these conditions, checking that there were no stranded motorists out there. In the blizzard conditions, to move away from one’s vehicle more that a few yards could mean difficulty in finding it again. Even when it wasn’t snowing and the snow ploughs and gritters got through the road surface immediately froze over again and it was difficult to stand up. Police patrols were issued with survival suits in addition to their high visibility clothing.
1971 Jaguar XJ6 seen on the M1 and at the Wooley Services Police Post, West Yorks Constabulary.
Selection of photos showing the Range Rovers operated from the Wooley Edge Services Police Post, West Yorks Police.
The first Mark II Ford Zephyr was replaced by the Mark III and these were the first to get red and blue side striping. In 1967 a couple of Vauxhall Cresta PC estates were taken into service for motorway patrol, and these too had side striping and they were followed by Vauxhall Victor 3.3 litre estates. Two Austin 3 litre saloons were purchased in 1969, but these didn’t prove very successful as motorway vehicles and were replaced in 1971 by two Jaguar XJ6’s. When additional vehicles were required on the motorway these would be everyday area cars such as the Austin Westminster, initially, then Triumph PI Mark I and Mark II. From 1968 a long wheel based Land Rover was based at Wakefield Section. This vehicle had additional emergency equipment on board, signs and cones, lamps, heavy duty jack, brushes and shovels, portable generator and flood lighting, everything that might be required at a motorway incident. When this vehicle was deployed, during the daytime, its crew had a roving commission and was able to patrol the motorways anywhere in the Force area. It was replaced by a second Land Rover in 1970 and that was replaced in 1971 by the Force’s first Range Rover, but then it seems that a special vehicle was not required and Range Rovers were taken into general motorway use, although many of the crews weren’t too keen and didn’t like them. The early Ford Zephyr estates were fitted with a single blue lamp mounted centrally on the roof, but in 1968 most patrol cars acquired a large, full width, roof box that had internal “neon” lit police sign front and rear, the rear sign being able to flash “police” or “accident” steady or alternately, and surmounted by a blue lamp. By 1971 this roof box had been replaced by another style of large roof box, both of which had a severe detrimental effect on vehicle performance and fuel consumption.
1973 Triumph 2.5 Litre PI, West Yorks Constabulary.
The equipment carried in each car was pretty comprehensive from the beginning – 2 “Police Slow” signs; 2 “Accident” signs, these were rigid metal signs and lethal on fingers for the unwary; 12 traffic cones; 6 Pifco lamps with red domes, with flashing bulbs, and modified to fit on top of the traffic cones; first aid kit; 4 blankets; 6 road flares; broom; shovel; wheel brace (spider); heavy lift hydraulic jack; hacksaw; towrope; hammer; mole wrench; spanner; heavy duty crowbar; gas bottle with flood lamp; tape measure; waterproof chalk; plastic container of water; fire extinguisher; and 2 fluorescent waistcoats. This equipment was altered from time to time, as equipment changed, the metal signs, for example, were replaced by folding plastic ones and the number increased to six, and the gas bottle and flood lamp was replaced by a hand held re-chargeable lamp.
1974 Ford Consul 3000, M1, West Yorks Constabulary.
The other piece of equipment carried in each car was a “Motorway Manual”. As far as I am aware, this was unique to West Yorkshire, and produced internally. It began with a resume of the instructions to motorway drivers contained in the Highway Code, followed by a list of the most common offences that officers might encounter on the motorway. This was followed by advice on how to deal with a host of motorway incidents. The final part, and most useful, were plans and diagrams of the motorways of West Yorkshire, giving carriageway measurements, details of culverts, drains and under-passes, as well as overhead cables, wires and bridges, in fact everything about the motorway an officer might need to know when dealing with an incident.
Fog was something of a nightmare, not only did patrols have to activate the roadside warning lamps with their infra-red gun, and afterwards switch them off again, but if fog persisted and was dense, West Yorkshire operated a convoy system whereby every available patrol vehicle was directed onto the motorway and by driving in the centre lane, with warning lights flashing, and at a safe speed for the conditions, thus forcing traffic to follow in convoy. This proved quite effective and reduced the number of accidents, but for the patrol crews it was a devastating experience if kept up for long. More than one shift of that and you were ready to hand in your white cap cover for a helmet.
1974 Escorting a heavy transformer M1/M62. The vehicle was fitted with a skirt that was lowered and inflated like a hovercraft to spread the load on bridges.
West Yorks Constabualry.
In 1972 I move on to other duties but returned once more to motorway patrol supervision some 4 years later. On my return in 1976, there had been some changes, we were now West Yorkshire Metropolitan, the total Force area was much smaller but motorway mileage was probably about the same as before, with the addition of the M62 eastwards into Humberside and the M606 and M621 into Bradford and Leeds resepctively. The A1 Great North Road, being dual carriageway in our Force area had always been treated like a motorway for police patrol purposes, so there was that to consider as well. As far as the actual motorways were concerned, the road side fog lights had been replaced by matrix signs on the central reservation, which were now controlled from the Control Room. The system of convoys during fog had been done away with. There was now continuous barriers along the central reservation. The volume of traffic on the motorways had increased markedly, but otherwise the problems were still pretty much the same as before.
1980 Jaguar XJ6, West Yorks Metro Police.
1998 Jaguar XJ at Unit 41 Garage, Wakefield, West Yorks Police.
1999 Vauxhall Omega at Unit 41 Garage, Wakefield, West Yorks Police.
2001 Ford Explorer, at Hartshead Services Police Post, M62, West Yorks Police.
2001 Vauxhall Omega at Hartshead Services Police Post, M62, West Yorks Police.
2001 BMW 5 Series & Volvo V70 at Hartshead Services Police Post, M62, West Yorks Police.
2001 Jaguar “S” Type at Hartshead Services Police Post, M62, West Yorks Police.
Bonus Article! Traffic Officers At Work On The Motorway
Working Gallery
Below is a snap shot of images that illustrate the work of Roads Policing Officers on the Motorway Network. The images that see here, range in date from 1959 when the first motorway officially opened to the present day.
Durham Police Jaguar XJ6 series 1 on a shout on the A1(M)
Sussex Constabulary Jaguar XJ6 sat on the observation stand M23.
Hampshire Constabulary BMW X5 on a shout on the M27.
Overturned vehicles on the A3M, circa 1993.
Hampshire Police BMW 525i at incident on approach to junction 11 on the M27, circa 1992.
Serious RTA M27 late 1970s.
Plane crash on the M27 at Southampton airport in 1993 thankfully only resulted in minor injuries to the car drivers involved.
Major RTA between junctions 8 and 9 on the M27 in 1990 involved petrol tanker and several other vehicles.
Overturned car transporter with brand new Mercedes cars on board caused chaos for 9 hours at junction 12 of the M27 in 2001.
This army trailer was loaded with live ammunition when it became detached from the Landrover towing it on the A3M and is seen in a precarious position above the A27, circa 1999.
Leicestershire Police deal with an everyday type RTA on the M1 in 2005.
Nottinghamshire Police escort a Mallard class locomotive on the M1, circa 1990.
Nottinghamshire Police Range Rover on the hard shoulder of a near deserted M1 circa 1972.
Nottinghamshire Police deal with an incident in the fog on the M1 circa 1989.
A jack knifed artic poses a problem for Essex Police on the M11, circa 1987.
A Thames Valley Police Vauxhall Senator keeps watch above the M4 in 1995.
Cumbria Traffic Police meet for a chat above the M6.
The crew from this Cambridgeshire Police Range Rover have just finished dealing with an RTA on the A1M in 2006.
Bedfordshire Police Vauxhall Vectra waits for its next call at Toddington Services on the M1.
West Yorkshire Police Range Rover observes the traffic from a motorway overbridge, 2006.
West Yorkshire Police BMW 528i sits high above the M62.
The Kegworth air disaster 1987. More than 30 people died when a jet approaching the East Midlands airport crashed onto the M1.
Metropolitan Police deal with an RTA on their section of the M1 in the early 1980s.
Overturned Artic, M62 Westbound at Eccles. Shown is a 3ltr V6 Ford Transit and two door Range Rover, in 1985.
Casualty removal at RTA, M62 (Now M60) W/B at Swinton, Greater Manchester.
Road Traffic Collison, M62 (now M60) Eastbound at Eccles.
Road Traffic Collision, M62 (now M60) Eastbound at Eccles.
Chemical Incident, M62 Westbound access, Junction 17 at Whitefield.
Vehicle fire M61 Northbound at Bolton.
Fatal Road Traffic Collision M602 Westbound at Salford.
V8 Sherpa van and Range Rover attending HGV crossover in fog, M6 at Wigan in 1995.
Road Traffic Collison on the motorway running through Northamptonshire.
© 2016 Police Car UK
| i don't know |
In the nursery rhyme who ‘Killed cock robin’? | Cock Robin · 2017 Tour Dates and Concert Tickets | Thrillcall
All the birds of the air
fell a-sighing and a-sobbing,
when they heard the bell toll
for poor Cock Robin.
The rhyme has been often reprinted with illustrations, as suitable reading material for small children. The rhyme also has an alternative ending, in which the sparrow who killed cock robin is hanged for his crime. Several early versions picture a stocky, strong-billed bullfinch tolling the bell, which may have been the original intention of the rhyme.
Origin and meaning:
Although the song was not recorded until the mid-eighteenth century, there is some evidence that it might be much older. The death of a robin by an arrow is depicted in a 15th-century stained glass window at Buckland Rectory, Gloucestershire, and the rhyme is similar to a story, Phyllyp Sparowe, written by John Skelton about 1508. The use of the rhyme 'owl' with 'shovel', could suggest that it was originally used in older middle English pronunciation. Versions of the story appear to exist in other countries, including Germany.
A number of theories have been advanced to explain the meaning of the rhyme:
Zeus is well known to classical scholars, but how familiar are the Celtic traditions associating this constellation with the god Lugh? According to Celtic calendar traditions, Lugh is the sun god who dies as the nights get longer after the summer solstice; a traditional feast in his honour was held on Lughnasahd or "Lammas" day on the first of August, a day marked in the old Celtic pictographic calendar with a bow-and-arrow shape. As Lugh was the primary god representing the red sun, his name in common parlance would have been "Coch Rhi Ben" anglicised to "Cock Robin" - a leftover from the belief that souls became birds after death. This idea is still sustained in the old folk song "Who Killed Cock Robin" in which the sparrow kills him with "my bow and arrow", the sparrow here representing Bran, the tanist incarnation or opposite of Lugh - the god of winter. (Via www.lablit.com/article/341),
The rhyme records a mythological event, such as the death of the god Balder from Norse mythology, or the ritual sacrifice of a king figure, as proposed by early folklorists as in the 'Cutty Wren' theory of a 'pagan survival'.,
It is a parody of the death of King William II, who was killed by an arrow while hunting in the New Forest (Hampshire) in 1100, and who was known as William Rufus, meaning "red".,
The rhyme is connected with the fall of Robert Walpole's government in 1742, since Robin is a diminutive form of Robert and the first printing is close to the time of the events mentioned.,
The rhyme is associated with Robin Hood.,
All of these theories are based on perceived similarities in the text to legendary or historical events, or on the similarities of names. Peter Opie pointed out that an existing rhyme could have been adapted to fit the circumstances of political events in the eighteenth century.
The theme of Cock Robin's death as well as the poem's distinctive cadence have become archetypes, much used in literary fiction and other works of art, from poems, to murder mysteries, to cartoons.
Notes:
^ I. Opie and P. Opie, The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes (Oxford University Press, 1951, 2nd edn., 1997), pp. 130-3.,
^ 1,
^ M. C. Maloney, ed., English illustrated books for children: a descriptive companion to a selection from the Osborne Collection (Bodley Head, 1981), p. 31.,
^ Lockwood, W. B. "The Marriage of the Robin and the Wren." Folklore 100.2 (1989): 237-239.,
^ The gentry house that became the old rectory at Buckland has an impressive timbered hall that dates from the fifteenth century with two lights of contemporary stained glass in the west wall with the rebus of William Grafton and arms of Gloucester Abbey in one and the rising sun of Edward IV in the other light; birds in various attitudes hold scrolls "In Nomine Jesu"; none is reported transfixed by an arrow in Anthony Emery, Greater Medieval Houses of England and Wales, 1300-1500: Southern England, s.v. "Buckland Old Rectory, Gloucestershire", (Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 80.,
^ R. J. Stewart, Where is St. George? Pagan Imagery in English Folksong (1976).,
^ B. Forbes, Make Merry in Step and Song: A Seasonal Treasury of Music, Mummer's Plays & Celebrations in the English Folk Tradition (Llewellyn Worldwide, 2009), p. 5.,
^ J. Harrowven, The origins of rhymes, songs and sayings (Kaye & Ward, 1977), p. 92.,
^ "Famous Quotes"
| Sparrow (disambiguation) |
How long is a volleyball court in feet? | Who Killed Cock Robin - D.W. Wilber
Who Killed Cock Robin
Trump’s Press Conference Proves He Will Starve the Leftist Beast
Well, to hear Donald Trump tell it, it wasn’t “the sparrow with his bow and arrow” who killed Cock Robin, it was probably Ted Cruz’s father who was responsible for doing in the famous nursery rhyme victim. Trump probably read it in the tabloids, so it must be gospel.
Considering the recent comments made by the Republican front runner implying that the father of Ted Cruz - until losing the Indiana primary Ted Cruz has been his main opponent for the Republican nomination for president - was also involved some way in the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, presumably before running off to Canada. At least that’s according to Donald Trump’s close friend David Pecker, chief executive of the National Enquirer supermarket tabloid, who implied as much in a recent report.
Along with previous headlines describing the “Three-headed baby”, “Space invaders from Planet X”, and “Thirty foot long alligators in the New York sewer system”, the National Enquirer has cut its journalistic teeth on similar “hard news” stories over the years since its founding in 1926.
And while the tabloid scored some journalistic coups in recent years with their coverage of former Democrat candidate for president John Edwards, most of the stories reported in the paper are clearly intended for entertainment. Few educated people read the tabloid, much less believe any of the stories it reports in its pages. Apparently with the exception of Donald Trump.
I’m curious, if Trump wins the election in November and begins the process of selecting his cabinet and senior administration officials, will David Pecker be appointed Donald Trump’s National Security Advisor, or perhaps his Director of Central Intelligence? After all, it seems that David Pecker has his finger on the pulse of the nation, at least as far as Trump is concerned.
View Cartoon
It’s becoming more and more obvious that barring any shenanigans at the Republican National Convention in Cleveland this summer, the New York businessman Donald Trump will be the party’s nominee for president in 2016. Why all the long faces at the RNC?
With Hillary Clinton still under the shadow of a federal indictment, what happens after the Republican convention is anybody’s guess. Will Hillary campaign wearing an orange jumpsuit, or will Barack Obama pardon her? Either way it’s pretty certain that Hillary’s defenders will continue to defend her no matter how much evidence of wrongdoing they are presented with.
After all, look at her husband Bill. The Democrat Party has given him a free pass for all of his sexual transgressions over the years, including allegations of rape and sexual assault. He’s been the one behind the real ‘war on women’. It seems that when the Clintons are involved it just doesn’t matter what they’ve done.
But voter anger, at least in the Republican ranks, has fueled the Trump campaign’s success so far. It’s hard to believe that any real thinking person can put much faith in all the promises that Trump has made. Voters have flocked to him as an expression of anger at Republican politicians who failed to live up to the promises they made to their constituents if they were given the Senate back in 2014.”
Once the Republicans took control of “the world’s greatest deliberative body” - cough, cough - they simply forgot or ignored the things that they told the voters who put them back into power. Is this what they call “Karma”?
Yes, it seems that the days of having true ‘statesman’ running for or serving in political office are long gone. No more towering figures to admire and look up to. We’ve become enamored with carnival hucksters and charlatans, and crooks and con artists.
I’ve argued in the past that Americans deserve better than what we’ve been given in recent years for candidates for every political office. But then again we are the ones who vote these people in. Do we really deserve better than a Nancy Pelosi, a Barbara Boxer, or a Mitch McConnell? Or do we get what we deserve?
My thinking is that until we start setting higher standards and hold our candidates to those standards, we’re going to continue to find ourselves faced with voting for the lesser of two evils. Or for game show hosts.
| i don't know |
Who wrote the 1894 novel ‘The Jungle Book’? | The Jungle Book by Rudyard Kipling. Search eText, Read Online, Study, Discuss.
I've heard the newer versions are revised and edited for children- to be less violent and easier to understand. Does anyone know which versions are the original and which are revised? Thanks alot
Posted By tom90022 at Wed 21 Jun 2006, 3:01 AM in The Jungle Book || 1 Reply
Really need to understand Abridgement
I really need someone to expalin to me why books are abridged. In particular the Jungle Book by Rudyard Kipling. I read the scholastic version which greatly shortened the length of the novel. It left out tales such as the white seal. I really want to understand why they do this and how it can be legal to simply dumb down a classic story and publish it for profit. I'm studying to become a teacher and I'd really like to be able to explain to my student why I prefer that they read the original version. If anyone can help I'd really appreciate it.
Posted By sassypengeduin at Tue 14 Mar 2006, 2:00 AM in The Jungle Book || 3 Replies
Animals
I have always been a fan of this book in particular, even if only for the difference between the animals society and the supposedly civilised human society, and the fact that if were all raised to love and respect all animals and our environment, we would be happier. My favourite animal would have to be Shere khan the tiger, I named my son after him :nod: (my son is now 1yr and he growls so he is well named)
Posted By faery faun at Sun 12 Mar 2006, 1:59 AM in The Jungle Book || 8 Replies
I wondered if any of the locations in the jungle book are based on real
pendants in todays india, bangladesh or myanmar.
thanks for sharing knowledge...
kipling animals
i am currently tutoring a 10 year old mexican child in english reading and speaking. reading the Jungle Book has convinced her that the story couldn't possibly be set in India because, as she pointed out - there are no bears and wolves in India. She is also convinced that Kaa is an anaconda and not a python.
where can we find a source to disspel these notions? even the tiger and elephant arguments do not seem to convince her that we're in India, and not in, say, south america or god knows where.
Posted By paul at Tue 24 May 2005, 10:07 PM in The Jungle Book || 7 Replies
How do you pronounce all the characters names, especially MOWGLI?
Posted By Joe at Wed 6 Nov 2002, 6:00 AM in The Jungle Book || 6 Replies
No Subject
The stunning thing about this work is Kiplings diverse research into the area. The real existence however, of children raised by wolves in Imperialist Indian Jungle, was a sinister one, which makes this book so much more fantasticly fictional. Although it is a westernised view of life, and, in fact, alot of his subjects he standerdised, are in fact Indian taboos, "laws of the jungle" etc. The book is vivid and emotive and if writen for an older audience, could be a wonderful exploration into the fundimentals of human psychlogy. This is a book that can be shared by all and it is wonderful that is recoginzed the world over.
Posted By Jessica Quinnell at Tue 24 May 2005, 10:07 PM in The Jungle Book || 0 Replies
Kipling's work, "The jungle book" is one of my favorites which involves such imagination that if you think about it, anyone may want to have the gift to talk to animals.
Posted By Ariel at Tue 24 May 2005, 10:07 PM in The Jungle Book || 0 Replies
No Subject
I very much enjoyed reading this work by Kipling, however, I found the transition into the stories beginning with the white seal to be confusing. That is not to say I was not just as immersed in them as I was with the first part of the book, only that I did not feel what connection these stories had to the Mowgli of the book's beginning.
Posted By T at Tue 24 May 2005, 10:07 PM in The Jungle Book || 1 Reply
No Subject
This work was eceptionaly great. It had an imaginative text which only enhanced its already wonderful storyline. The characters were shown though their actions throughout the book. The great imagination of Kipling provides all readers with a strong perspective of this extravagent piece.
This is really a wonderful work of Kipling. For me it is matter of proud because this story is of course related with central high lands of India, i live in same geographical part of central India.
Posted By Unregistered at Tue 24 May 2005, 10:07 PM in The Jungle Book || 0 Replies
| Rudyard Kipling |
Which British actor/comedian is the voice of Dr Nefario in the 2010 animated film ‘Despicable Me’? | See the Vermont House Where Rudyard Kipling Wrote ‘The Jungle Book’
Houzz Tours
See the Vermont House Where Rudyard Kipling Wrote ‘The Jungle Book’
The author penned many works here, including his children’s classic, which Disney has remade into a new movie due out April 15
Victoria Villeneuve April 9, 2016
Houzz Editorial Staff. Remodeling veteran, copy editor and reporter who enjoys writing about home and garden, especially when they intersect with travel, history, health, literature or the arts. Previously at Sunset magazine and the San Jose Mercury News
Houzz Editorial Staff. Remodeling veteran, copy editor and reporter who enjoys writing... More
Email
Cloned To: DE RU AU GB ES DK JP ; Currently Featured in: US
Click "Embed" to display an article on your own website or blog.
In the snowy Green Mountains of Vermont, Rudyard Kipling spun tales of a boy raised by wolves in the steamy Indian jungle. The Bombay-born and British-educated author had married an American and built his dream house near her family in 1893. Here in the house he named Naulakha, Hindi for “priceless jewel,” Kipling rejoiced in domesticity, nature and his newborn daughter, Josephine. Words flowed, and by the next year, he’d written The Jungle Book for her.
The family’s idyll in the States was short-lived. But the popularity of Mowgli the man-cub endures. Disney’s remake of its 1967 animated Jungle Book opens April 15, and stars Bill Murray, Ben Kingsley, Scarlett Johansson, Idris Elba and newcomer Neel Sethi as Mowgli. And Warner Bros. also has a version — with Andy Serkis, Christian Bale, Cate Blanchett and Benedict Cumberbatch — due out in 2018. As for Naulakha, Landmark Trust USA restored it and maintains it as a vacation rental, where you can eat at Kipling’s table, soak in his tub and enjoy considerably more than the bare necessities.
Kipling and his wife, Caroline, bought the land in Dummerston, Vermont, from Caroline’s brother and worked closely with New York architect Henry Rutgers Marshall on their home’s design. The house incorporates elements of the South Asian bangla (origin of the word “bungalow”) — such as the verandas, hip roof and low-slung eaves — and the Shingle style that was gaining a foothold in the U.S. at the time.
“Ninety feet was the length of it and 30 the width, on a high foundation of solid mortared rocks which gave us an airy and a skunk-proof basement,” Rudyard wrote in his memoir, Something of Myself . “The rest was wood, shingled, roof and sides, with dull green hand-split shingles, and the windows were lavish and wide.”
All the rooms face east to take advantage of the views across the Connecticut River Valley toward Mount Monadnock in New Hampshire. The main entrance, protected by a gabled porte cochere , is on the west side of the house. A hallway running along that side on each floor served as a buffer against the paparazzi of the day, who congregated on the hill outside.
Photo by Kelly Fletcher
For Rudyard was as much of a celebrity by age 27 as the actors supplying the voices for Disney’s latest movie. The Jungle Book, a combination of live-action and computer-generated imagery, stars Murray as Baloo the bear, Kingsley as Bagheera the black panther, Johansson as Kaa the python and Elba as Shere Khan the tiger.
Photo from Disney Enterprises
Rudyard, who had made nine trans-Atlantic or trans-Pacific crossings between the ages of 17 and 28, wanted the house — his first — to resemble a ship riding the hillside like a wave. At the southerly bow, his first-floor study and the second-floor nursery open onto verandas. The formal garden has since been removed.
Photo from Landmark Trust USA
The eat-in kitchen — with its original range hood, hearth stone and Southern yellow pine cabinetry — occupies the stern. Thanks to the restoration efforts of Landmark Trust USA , a nonprofit organization dedicated to preserving historic U.S. buildings, it looks much the same as it did when the Kiplings lived here. Adding modern conveniences like the refrigerator, range and dishwasher, just barely visible at right, enabled Landmark Trust to rent the house and sustain it as “living history.”
Photo by Kelly Fletcher
The dining room contains the Kiplings’ original table, china cabinet and, below, Lockwood de Forest sideboard, made of oak and accented with panels of carved teak.
Photo by Peter Mauss
De Forest, trained as a painter by Frederic Church and an early business partner of Louis Comfort Tiffany’s, met Rudyard’s father, Lockwood Kipling, while on his honeymoon in India. The elder Kipling, an illustrator and art scholar, nurtured de Forest’s budding passion for the area’s handicrafts. When de Forest returned to the States, he embarked on a distinguished career in the decorative arts, furnishing the Gilded Age homes of Andrew Carnegie and the like in Indian style.
Photo by Kelly Fletcher
Next to the dining room, the shingled loggia brings the outdoors in, with a picture window that lifts entirely into the ceiling and doors that disappear into pockets. “The joy of the house is the loggia,” Rudyard wrote in a letter to his cousin Margaret Mackail, “with the 10-foot window that slides up bodily and lets all the woods and mountains in upon you in a flood.”
Some walls of the loggia were subsequently removed to form a large living area. “We knew from Kipling’s letters how important this room was, so we were committed to putting it back,” says Kelly Carlin of Landmark Trust USA. “Fortunately, we were able to find all of the original pocket doors and ash paneling in one of the barns at Scott Farm down the road, covered in 100 years of bat guano.”
Photo by Peter Mauss
Here, the Kiplings entertained guests, including Sherlock Holmes creator Arthur Conan Doyle and his brother over Thanksgiving 1894. “I had brought up my golf clubs and gave him lessons in a field,” Conan Doyle recalled in Memories and Adventures , “while the New England rustics watched us from afar, wondering what on earth we were at, for golf was unknown in America at that time.”
In fact, the Shinnecock Hills Golf Club had already opened the first U.S. clubhouse, designed by architect Stanford White, in Southampton, New York, in 1892. Less than a month after Conan Doyle’s visit to Naulakha, Shinnecock Hills and four other clubs formed the United States Golf Association .
Rudyard’s golf clubs, shown in their original location in the first photo of the loggia above, are now behind glass in a mini museum on the third floor.
Above, the view from the south doorway of the dining room looks into the loggia, through Caroline’s study to Rudyard’s study, with its door to the veranda beyond.
From her study, Caroline could keep a watchful eye on the center hall, left, and loggia, right, to intercept intrusive reporters and autograph hounds.
“Although not given to hospitality of herself, and averse to the prodigality of her husband’s social instincts, Mrs. Kipling was, in many respects, an admirable wife for a genius,” Rudyard’s friend Mary Rogers Cabot wrote to her sister, Grace Cabot Holbrook, in 1911. “She guarded his health, assumed the supervision of every detail of the routine of his daily life, published his works, was his business agent, and stood between him and any obstacles to the free and full development of his powers.”
Two photos above by Kelly Fletcher
The fireplace in Caroline’s study is one of six in the house. It shares a chimney with the fireplace in Rudyard’s study, below.
In the brick surround of Rudyard’s fireplace, his father inscribed a somberly motivating verse from the Gospel of John: “The night cometh when no man can work.”
An ornate teak cornice, a gift from de Forest, decorates the east-facing bay window in Rudyard’s study. An original alabaster light fixture (now electrified) hangs from the ceiling. Out of sight to the left of the red leather sofa is the door that opens to the veranda.
Two photos above by Peter Mauss
At Naulakha, it seems, Rudyard needed little prodding to write. Working religiously from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. weekdays, he penned his first books for children: The Jungle Book and The Second Jungle Book. He also wrote Captains Courageous, The Seven Seas and much of The Day’s Work and Many Inventions. This desk is a period piece. Rudyard’s original one is in the third-floor museum.
Rudyard had the windows on the west side of his study covered with bookcases and Tiffany glass panels to keep from being spied upon. Today the shelves hold books that the Kiplings would’ve been likely to own, plus ones about the Nobel Prize-winning author and Vermont.
In the afternoons, Rudyard hit the great outdoors. He became such an enthusiastic golfer that he took breaks from his writing to play in the dead of winter with tin cups and balls that he painted red. The United States Golf Association credits him with inventing the game of snow golf.
“He was intensely interested in all athletics, though playing more like a poet than an athlete,” wrote the Rev. Charles O. Day , a golfing buddy, in 1899. “He would discourse most eloquently about the uses of the ‘ski,’ of snowshoeing and of golf. His play was good, but his dramatic description immensely better.”
Rudyard played tennis too, and the court he built at Naulakha is said to have been Vermont’s first. It’s still in use today.
“The making of Naulakha was a great interest and delight to Rudyard,” Mary Cabot wrote. “Kipling had never had a real home since his days in Lahore [in Pakistan]. The laying of each stone and timber, interior development and finish, were followed by his close and tender observation. Of special importance to him was the arrangement of grounds and formal garden. He cared for every tree and shrub, investing them with poetic individuality, and tended the flowers with affection, as his daily portion of work, through their season.”
Three photos above by Kelly Fletcher
When the loggia’s oversize window and doors are open, the morning sun illuminates the center hall, and breezes waft up the staircase. At the top, a hallway leads south to what was once the nursery, on the right, for Josephine and, in 1896, for sister Elsie, and to Rudyard and Caroline’s bedroom on the left.
The colored military etchings on the wall were a gift from prominent French military artist Édouard Detaille. The light fixture is original.
Photos above and left by Peter Mauss
Today the nursery is one of four bedrooms accommodating a total of eight people. It lies directly above Rudyard’s study.
Here, Rudyard invented fantastical bedtime stories — origin tales like “How the Whale Got Its Throat” — which Josephine would beg him to retell in exactly the same way, or “just so.”
Rudyard’s father made the plaster animal scene decorating the nursery as a gift for his granddaughters. He also illustrated the original Jungle Book and its sequel.
Photos above and left by Kelly Fletcher
“[Josephine’s] nursery — the bay window in the second story and running back the whole depth of the house — gives onto a second piazza where she can nearly always get out,” Rudyard wrote to his cousin Mackail.
Rudyard was such a firm believer in the importance of fresh air for youngsters that he began giving those dreaded autographs in exchange for donations to the Fresh Air Fund, a nonprofit agency that sends low-income children from New York City on vacations in the country. It still exists today.
“A favorite subject was children, their seriousness and their depth,” Day wrote. “He said that he who could reach the child’s heart could reach the world’s heart.”
Rudyard and Caroline’s former bedroom adjoins the nursery. The furniture except for the beds is original.
Two photos above by Peter Mauss
Their en suite bathroom features the original oak-trimmed soaking tub and toilet, now 123 years old. “Kipling once said this was the first bathtub that met his needs,” Landmark Trust’s Carlin says.
Photo by Kelly Fletcher
To the north, the upstairs hallway leads straight to another bathroom, with two bedrooms on the right. “It’s a very interesting challenge when the toilets need repair. We often have to have someone make the parts that need to be repaired or replaced,” Carlin says.
This is the guest room where Conan Doyle slept on his Thanksgiving visit in 1894. The artwork on the mantel is thought to be by Rudyard’s father.
On the third floor, small dormers in the roof light a playroom complete with the billiard table Rudyard requested to match one he’d seen in the home of Mark Twain, whom he greatly admired.
“Lavish too was the long open attic, as I realised when too late, [builder Jean] Pigeon asked me whether I would have it finished in ash or cherry,” Kipling wrote. “Ignorant that I was, I chose ash, and so missed a stretch of perhaps the most satisfying interior wood that is grown. Those were opulent days, when timber was nothing regarded, and the best of cabinet-work could be had for little money.”
Three photos above by Peter Mauss
That bit of buyer’s remorse notwithstanding, the Kiplings seemed to have had every intention of staying at Naulakha until a dispute over a hayfield with Caroline’s brother escalated into death threats and a lawsuit. A media circus ensued, and the publicity-shy Kiplings fled to England in 1896.
While visiting relatives in New York three years later, Rudyard, pictured above in his study, and Josephine, shown in the loggia, caught pneumonia. Josephine died, and Rudyard left America, too distraught ever to return.
Photos above and left from Landmark Trust USA
Siblings Mary, Grace and Will Cabot, along with Grace’s husband, Frederick Holbrook, bought Naulakha for $5,000 in 1903. It remained in the Holbrook family until it was acquired by Landmark Trust USA in 1992.
“And so, in this unreal life, indoors and out, four years passed, and a good deal of verse and prose saw the light,” Rudyard reminisced about his time in Vermont. “Better than all, I had known a corner of the United States as a householder, which is the only way of getting at a country. Tourists may carry away impressions, but it is the seasonal detail of small things and doings (such as putting up fly-screens and stove-pipes, buying yeast-cakes and being lectured by your neighbours) that bite in the lines of mental pictures.”
Photo by Paul Osborne
| i don't know |
Phengophobia is the irrational fear of what? | The Phobia List
Amaxophobia- Fear of riding in a car.
Ambulophobia- Fear of walking.
Amychophobia- Fear of scratches or being scratched.
Anablephobia- Fear of looking up.
Ancraophobia- Fear of wind. (Anemophobia)
Androphobia- Fear of men.
Anemophobia- Fear of air drafts or wind.(Ancraophobia)
Anginophobia- Fear of angina, choking or narrowness.
Anglophobia- Fear of England or English culture, etc.
Angrophobia - Fear of anger or of becoming angry.
Ankylophobia- Fear of immobility of a joint.
Anthrophobia or Anthophobia- Fear of flowers.
Anthropophobia- Fear of people or society.
Antlophobia- Fear of floods.
Anuptaphobia- Fear of staying single.
Apeirophobia- Fear of infinity.
Aphenphosmphobia- Fear of being touched. (Haphephobia)
Apiphobia- Fear of bees.
Apotemnophobia- Fear of persons with amputations.
Arachibutyrophobia- Fear of peanut butter sticking to the roof of the mouth.
Arachnephobia or Arachnophobia- Fear of spiders.
Arithmophobia- Fear of numbers.
Cainophobia or Cainotophobia- Fear of newness, novelty.
Caligynephobia- Fear of beautiful women.
Cancerophobia or Carcinophobia- Fear of cancer.
Cardiophobia- Fear of the heart.
Carnophobia- Fear of meat.
Catagelophobia- Fear of being ridiculed.
Catapedaphobia- Fear of jumping from high and low places.
Cathisophobia- Fear of sitting.
Cenophobia or Centophobia- Fear of new things or ideas.
Ceraunophobia or Keraunophobia- Fear of thunder and lightning.(Astraphobia, Astrapophobia)
Chaetophobia- Fear of hair.
Cheimaphobia or Cheimatophobia- Fear of cold.(Frigophobia, Psychophobia)
Chemophobia- Fear of chemicals or working with chemicals.
Cherophobia- Fear of gaiety.
Chiraptophobia- Fear of being touched.
Chirophobia- Fear of hands.
Cholerophobia- Fear of anger or the fear of cholera.
Chorophobia- Fear of dancing.
Chrometophobia or Chrematophobia- Fear of money.
Chromophobia or Chromatophobia- Fear of colors.
Chronophobia- Fear of time.
Cibophobia- Fear of food.(Sitophobia, Sitiophobia)
Claustrophobia- Fear of confined spaces.
Cleithrophobia or Cleisiophobia- Fear of being locked in an enclosed place.
Cleptophobia- Fear of stealing.
Climacophobia- Fear of stairs, climbing, or of falling downstairs.
Clinophobia- Fear of going to bed.
Clithrophobia or Cleithrophobia- Fear of being enclosed.
Cnidophobia- Fear of stings.
Decidophobia- Fear of making decisions.
Defecaloesiophobia- Fear of painful bowels movements.
Deipnophobia- Fear of dining or dinner conversations.
Dementophobia- Fear of insanity.
Demonophobia or Daemonophobia- Fear of demons.
Demophobia- Fear of crowds. (Agoraphobia)
Dendrophobia- Fear of trees.
Dermatophobia- Fear of skin lesions.
Dermatosiophobia or Dermatophobia or Dermatopathophobia- Fear of skin disease.
Dextrophobia- Fear of objects at the right side of the body.
Diabetophobia- Fear of diabetes.
Didaskaleinophobia- Fear of going to school.
Dikephobia- Fear of justice.
Dinophobia- Fear of dizziness or whirlpools.
Diplophobia- Fear of double vision.
Dipsophobia- Fear of drinking.
Dishabiliophobia- Fear of undressing in front of someone.
Disposophobia- Fear of throwing stuff out. Hoarding.
Domatophobia- Fear of houses or being in a house.(Eicophobia, Oikophobia)
Doraphobia- Fear of fur or skins of animals.
Doxophobia- Fear of expressing opinions or of receiving praise.
Dromophobia- Fear of crossing streets.
Dutchphobia- Fear of the Dutch.
Dysmorphophobia- Fear of deformity.
Hagiophobia- Fear of saints or holy things.
Hamartophobia- Fear of sinning.
Haphephobia or Haptephobia- Fear of being touched.
Harpaxophobia- Fear of being robbed.
Hedonophobia- Fear of feeling pleasure.
Heliophobia- Fear of the sun.
Hellenologophobia- Fear of Greek terms or complex scientific terminology.
Helminthophobia- Fear of being infested with worms.
Hemophobia or Hemaphobia or Hematophobia- Fear of blood.
Heresyphobia or Hereiophobia- Fear of challenges to official doctrine or of radical deviation.
Herpetophobia- Fear of reptiles or creepy, crawly things.
Heterophobia- Fear of the opposite sex. (Sexophobia)
Hexakosioihexekontahexaphobia- Fear of the number 666.
Hierophobia- Fear of priests or sacred things.
Hippophobia- Fear of horses.
Hippopotomonstrosesquipedaliophobia- Fear of long words.
Hobophobia- Fear of bums or beggars.
Hodophobia- Fear of road travel.
Hormephobia- Fear of shock.
Homophobia- Fear of sameness, monotony or of homosexuality or of becoming homosexual.
Hoplophobia- Fear of firearms.
Hydrargyophobia- Fear of mercurial medicines.
Hydrophobia- Fear of water or of rabies.
Hydrophobophobia- Fear of rabies.
Hyelophobia or Hyalophobia- Fear of glass.
Hygrophobia- Fear of liquids, dampness, or moisture.
Hylephobia- Fear of materialism or the fear of epilepsy.
Hylophobia- Fear of forests.
Hypengyophobia or Hypegiaphobia- Fear of responsibility.
Hypnophobia- Fear of sleep or of being hypnotized.
Hypsiphobia- Fear of height.
Iatrophobia- Fear of going to the doctor or of doctors.
Ichthyophobia- Fear of fish.
Illyngophobia- Fear of vertigo or feeling dizzy when looking down.
Iophobia- Fear of poison.
Isolophobia- Fear of solitude, being alone.
Isopterophobia- Fear of termites, insects that eat wood.
Ithyphallophobia- Fear of seeing, thinking about or having an erect penis.
Metrophobia- Fear or hatred of poetry.
Microbiophobia- Fear of microbes. (Bacillophobia)
Microphobia- Fear of small things.
Misophobia or Mysophobia- Fear of being contaminated with dirt or germs.
Mnemophobia- Fear of memories.
Molysmophobia or Molysomophobia- Fear of dirt or contamination.
Monophobia- Fear of solitude or being alone.
Monopathophobia- Fear of definite disease.
Motorphobia- Fear of automobiles.
Musophobia or Muriphobia- Fear of mice.
Mycophobia- Fear or aversion to mushrooms.
Mycrophobia- Fear of small things.
Myctophobia- Fear of darkness.
Mythophobia- Fear of myths or stories or false statements.
Myxophobia- Fear of slime. (Blennophobia)
Nebulaphobia- Fear of fog. (Homichlophobia)
Necrophobia- Fear of death or dead things.
Nelophobia- Fear of glass.
Neopharmaphobia- Fear of new drugs.
Neophobia- Fear of anything new.
Nephophobia- Fear of clouds.
Noctiphobia- Fear of the night.
Nomatophobia- Fear of names.
Nosophobia or Nosemaphobia- Fear of becoming ill.
Nostophobia- Fear of returning home.
Novercaphobia- Fear of your step-mother.
Nucleomituphobia- Fear of nuclear weapons.
Nudophobia- Fear of nudity.
Nyctohylophobia- Fear of dark wooded areas or of forests at night
Nyctophobia- Fear of the dark or of night.
If you appreciate the Phobia List, please help support it.
Obesophobia- Fear of gaining weight.(Pocrescophobia)
Ochlophobia- Fear of crowds or mobs.
Ochophobia- Fear of vehicles.
Octophobia - Fear of the figure 8.
Odontophobia- Fear of teeth or dental surgery.
Odynophobia or Odynephobia- Fear of pain. (Algophobia)
Oenophobia- Fear of wines.
Oikophobia- Fear of home surroundings, house.(Domatophobia, Eicophobia)
Olfactophobia- Fear of smells.
Ombrophobia- Fear of rain or of being rained on.
Ommetaphobia or Ommatophobia- Fear of eyes.
Omphalophobia- Fear of belly buttons.
Oneirophobia- Fear of dreams.
Oneirogmophobia- Fear of wet dreams.
Onomatophobia- Fear of hearing a certain word or of names.
Ophidiophobia- Fear of snakes. (Snakephobia)
Ophthalmophobia- Fear of being stared at.
Opiophobia- Fear medical doctors experience of prescribing needed pain medications for patients.
Optophobia- Fear of opening one's eyes.
Ornithophobia- Fear of birds.
Osmophobia or Osphresiophobia- Fear of smells or odors.
Ostraconophobia- Fear of shellfish.
Peladophobia- Fear of bald people.
Pellagrophobia- Fear of pellagra.
Pentheraphobia- Fear of mother-in-law. (Novercaphobia)
Phagophobia- Fear of swallowing or of eating or of being eaten.
Phalacrophobia- Fear of becoming bald.
Phallophobia- Fear of a penis, esp erect.
Pharmacophobia- Fear of taking medicine.
Phasmophobia- Fear of ghosts.
Phengophobia- Fear of daylight or sunshine.
Philemaphobia or Philematophobia- Fear of kissing.
Philophobia- Fear of falling in love or being in love.
Philosophobia- Fear of philosophy.
Photoaugliaphobia- Fear of glaring lights.
Photophobia- Fear of light.
Phonophobia- Fear of noises or voices or one's own voice; of telephones.
Phronemophobia- Fear of thinking.
Phthiriophobia- Fear of lice. (Pediculophobia)
Phthisiophobia- Fear of tuberculosis.
Sarmassophobia- Fear of love play. (Malaxophobia)
Satanophobia- Fear of Satan.
Scatophobia- Fear of fecal matter.
Scelerophibia- Fear of bad men, burglars.
Sciophobia Sciaphobia- Fear of shadows.
Scoleciphobia- Fear of worms.
Scopophobia or Scoptophobia- Fear of being seen or stared at.
Scotomaphobia- Fear of blindness in visual field.
Scotophobia- Fear of darkness. (Achluophobia)
Scriptophobia- Fear of writing in public.
Selachophobia- Fear of sharks.
Selaphobia- Fear of light flashes.
Selenophobia- Fear of the moon.
Seplophobia- Fear of decaying matter.
Sesquipedalophobia- Fear of long words.
Sexophobia- Fear of the opposite sex. (Heterophobia)
Siderodromophobia- Fear of trains, railroads or train travel.
Siderophobia- Fear of stars.
Sinistrophobia- Fear of things to the left or left-handed.
Sinophobia- Fear of Chinese, Chinese culture.
Sitophobia or Sitiophobia- Fear of food or eating. (Cibophobia)
Snakephobia- Fear of snakes. (Ophidiophobia)
Soceraphobia- Fear of parents-in-law.
Social Phobia- Fear of being evaluated negatively in social situations.
Sociophobia- Fear of society or people in general.
Somniphobia- Fear of sleep.
Soteriophobia - Fear of dependence on others.
Spacephobia- Fear of outer space.
Spectrophobia- Fear of specters or ghosts.
Spermatophobia or Spermophobia- Fear of germs.
Spheksophobia- Fear of wasps.
Stasibasiphobia or Stasiphobia- Fear of standing or walking. (Ambulophobia)
Staurophobia- Fear of crosses or the crucifix.
Stenophobia- Fear of narrow things or places.
Stygiophobia or Stigiophobia- Fear of hell.
Suriphobia- Fear of mice.
Taeniophobia or Teniophobia- Fear of tapeworms.
Taphephobia Taphophobia- Fear of being buried alive or of cemeteries.
Tapinophobia- Fear of being contagious.
Taurophobia- Fear of bulls.
Teleophobia- 1) Fear of definite plans. 2) Religious ceremony.
Telephonophobia- Fear of telephones.
Teratophobia- Fear of bearing a deformed child or fear of monsters or deformed people.
Testophobia- Fear of taking tests.
Tetanophobia- Fear of lockjaw, tetanus.
Teutophobia- Fear of German or German things.
Textophobia- Fear of certain fabrics.
Thaasophobia- Fear of sitting.
Thalassophobia- Fear of the sea.
Thanatophobia or Thantophobia- Fear of death or dying.
Theatrophobia- Fear of theatres.
Theophobia- Fear of gods or religion.
Thermophobia- Fear of heat.
Tocophobia- Fear of pregnancy or childbirth.
Tomophobia- Fear of surgical operations.
Tonitrophobia- Fear of thunder.
Topophobia- Fear of certain places or situations, such as stage fright.
Toxiphobia or Toxophobia or Toxicophobia- Fear of poison or of being accidently poisoned.
Traumatophobia- Fear of injury.
| Daylight |
Which part of the body is on the Nokia logo? | What is a Phobia? A phobia, by definition, is an irrational fear of an object or a situation. A phobia can range from something as small as triskaidekaphobia, - ppt download
Download
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
What is a Phobia? A phobia, by definition, is an irrational fear of an object or a situation. A phobia can range from something as small as triskaidekaphobia,
Published by Lewis Sutton Modified about 1 year ago
Embed
Similar presentations
More
Presentation on theme: "What is a Phobia? A phobia, by definition, is an irrational fear of an object or a situation. A phobia can range from something as small as triskaidekaphobia,"— Presentation transcript:
1
2 What is a Phobia? A phobia, by definition, is an irrational fear of an object or a situation. A phobia can range from something as small as triskaidekaphobia, which is a fear of the number 13, to something as big as phengophobia, which is a fear of daylight or sunshine.
3 What is a phobia? Also, phobias can range from something very common, such as acrophobia, a fear of heights, to something extremely rare, such as porphyrophobia, a fear of the color purple. Phobias affect both men and women form all ethnicities and ages.
4 Symptomology The main symptoms and signs a perosn exhibits include hot or cold feelings, sweaty palms, nervousness, anxiety and in severe cases, strong panic attacks. A person with a phobia to an object would show the symptoms while in presence with the feared object, while a person with fear of a situation would fear thinking of it.
5 Etiology from the learning perspective Behaviorists believe that a phobia is created because the person has been conditioned to fear the object. A good example of that would be the Little Albert experiment. Little Albert was conditioned to fear rabbits at first, then the fear generalized to become doraphobia, a fear of fur.
6 Treatments from the Learning Perspective The Behaviorists have 3 ways of curing a phobia: –Systematic Desensitization –Flooding –Token Economy
7 Systematic Desensitization This technique is one of the most successful ways of curing a phobia. It involves having a person first think of the object or situation. Once the subject has gotten used to doing that, they're presented with a picture of the object or situation, then slowly put with the object or in the situation.
8 Flooding This method, being one of the least commonly used, isn't all that effective. It involves flooding the person with emotion until they are forced to overcome the fear on their own. For example, a arachnophobic would be put in a room full of spiders.
9 Token Economy This method works particularly good for patients with fears of places or situations. It involves reinforcing the person positively the closer they get to the situation.
10 Etiology for the Cognitive Perspective The cognitive perspective views phobias as being part of a line of faulty thinking. They believe that this anxiety was caused from previous experiences in life, which can include their own personal experiences or viewing others experiencing it. Cognitive scientists believe that once the fear is established, it is maintained because it has a direct influence with the persons current and future cognitive functioning.
11 Treatment for the Cognitive Perspective The main treatment Cognitive Scientists use to cure phobias, specifically social phobias, is cognitive therapy. This type of therapy involves a cognitive therapist addressing and “fixing” the faulty thinking involving the fear.
12
13 Etiology There has been evidence that phobias are sometimes common in families and that genetics may be involved in all of this. When a person is exposed to their fear or feared situation, biological changes in the body occur. When a person is exposed to a phobia there is a change in the brain activity and certain hormones are released such as cortisol, insulin, and growth hormone. There is also an increase in physical arousal symptoms, for example increased heart rate and blood pressure. Damage to the hypothalamus may also be the cause of phobias. This can be seen in phobic children, for example, as they are born with a decrease in the neuron activity in the amygdala and hypothalamus. Genetics play an important role when it comes to the formation of phobias. There has been some investigation regarding hereditary phobias but more recently there has been evidence that phobias may be related to a mutation in chromosome 15. People with this mutation are born with it but it doesn’t show up until later in life.
14 Treatments There has not been much research done regarding biological treatments for phobias and many psyhologists belive that there are better ways of treating phobias, but recently this has changed. Scientists are now giving their patients with phobias selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors like paroxetine or antianxiety medications such as diazepam. Some drugs such as Xanax and Valium are used in short-term situations. Beta-blockers are also sometimes given lessen the fear response. Antidepressants are also prescribed sometimes because is has been proven to be helpful in preventing panic attacks that take part in phobias such as agoraphobia. This way, the patients can deal with the problem itself without having to deal with the panic attacks that come from it. All the drug treatments cause a decreased blood flow in the amygdala and hippocampus, just as some other forms of phobia treatments do. The biological treatments are sometimes not recommended for long-term use because it is said to cause little benefit with long term use, unlike with some of the other perspectives.
15 According to the National Institute of Mental Health, approximately 8.7% of people, or about 19.2 million American adults, suffer from one or more specific phobias. Although researchers have not yet determined exactly what causes a phobia to develop, we know that phobias are rooted in the normal fear response. The full list of phobias is almost limitless, consisting of anything that someone could fear. However, some phobias are much more common than others. Here are ten of the most common specific phobias.
16 Acrophobia - Fear of Heights Acrophobia is a generalized fear of all heights. This distinguishes it from aerophobia (fear of flying) and other more specified phobias. Acrophobia is sometimes confused with vertigo. Vertigo is a physical condition that causes dizziness or disorientation when looking down from a great height. A fear of developing vertigo symptoms at height is not acrophobia.
17 Claustrophobia - Fear of Enclosed Spaces Claustrophobia can range from mild to severe. In severe cases, the sufferer may develop anxiety from simply closing a bedroom door. Many sufferers find that their claustrophobia is specifically triggered by certain common situations such as entering an elevator or riding in an airplane. Some people discover undiagnosed claustrophobia when undergoing an MRI.
18 Nyctophobia - Fear of the Dark This fear is common and generally transient in children. If it persists for longer than six months and causes extreme anxiety, however, it may be diagnosed as a phobia. It is less common in adults.
19 Ophidiophobia - Fear of Snakes Ophidiophobia refers specifically to snakes. If other reptiles are also feared, then the more general herpetophobia (fear of reptiles) is used. People who suffer from this phobia are not only afraid of touching snakes. They also show fear when viewing pictures of snakes or even talking about them.
20 Arachnophobia - Fear of Spiders This is an extremely common animal phobia. Sufferers generally fear spider webs and other signs that a spider may be in the vicinity. They also fear pictures of spiders.
21 Trypanophobia - Fear of Injection or Medical Needles Trypanophobia is a medical phobia. A more general fear of non-medical needles is known as aichmophobia. Trypanophobia may result in serious physiological responses including very low blood pressure and fainting. In some cases, severe trypanophobia may lead the sufferer to avoid all medical care.
22 Astraphobia - Fear of Thunder and Lightning This is a common fear among children. If it is severe and continues for longer than six months, however, then a phobia may be diagnosed. Both adults and children tend to deal with the fear by seeking “shelter,” securing themselves in windowless areas where the storm cannot be seen.
23 Nosophobia - Fear of Having a Disease Nosophobia is the irrational fear of developing a specific disease. Hypochondriasis is a related disorder marked by the persistent fear of having an unspecified disease. Sufferers of either disorder may become frequent visitors of the doctor’s office, or may instead develop an avoidance of doctors for fear of hearing bad news. “Medical student’s disease” and “cyberchondria” are forms of nosophobia. These conditions develop when the sufferer researches a disease and then starts to believe that he or she has the symptoms of that disease.
24 Triskaidekaphobia - Fear of the Number 13 There is some controversy regarding triskaidekaphobia, as many experts see it as a superstition rather than a legitimate phobia. Nonetheless, triskaidekaphobia is so pervasive in Western culture that it has actually influenced the modern world. For example, it is rare to see a 13th floor in a hotel or office building. Many people refuse to live in homes with a 13 in the address. Even public transportation is affected, with airplanes skipping over the 13th row. Triskaidekaphobia may be related to hexakosioihexekontahexaphobia, or fear of the number 666.
25 The most uncommon If you knew Australian Aaron Buckingham two years ago you might not recognize him today. That’s because Aaron has lost more than half of his body weight. Was it an eating disorder? Well, yes, but not one you might imagine. It isn’t that Aaron wants to lose weight or that he hates food. The truth is he wants to eat in the worst possible way, but according to ninemsn.com.au, “He nearly choked on an Indian curry in April last year, sparking his fear of choking to death.” Since that time Aaron has survived on protein shakes – and nothing else. A video provided by nine news (and linked below) shows Aaron attempting to eat sausage (something he really likes). He phobia kicks in and he spits out the food. In fact he works to remove every bit of food from his mouth. This fear has led him to believe that attempting to swallow this food will result in his death.
26 A schoolgirl wasted away and died after developing such a fear of dentists that she would not even open her mouth to eat. Eight-year-old Sophie Waller's phobia was so bad that she had to go to hospital just to have a tooth removed. Doctors decided to remove all her milk teeth in one go, to avoid a repeat of the procedure, but afterwards she still would not open her mouth and had to be fed through a tube. When she left the Royal Cornwall Hospital in Truro doctors were satisfied Sophie was recovering, but her mother says she would not eat anything at home except watermelon. Her weight plummeted and health worsened until she was found dead in her bed by her mother a month later.
27 Ablutophobia Ablutophobia is mostly a phobia of infants and young children. Mothers know of this phobia more than anyone else as they fight with their several pound little ball of fear and fury as they try to shove them into the bathtub. However, since almost all children have this phobia at one point in time, it is not diagnosed by professionals unless it lasts for longer than six months. Children and women are more likely to suffer from this phobia than men. Very emotional people in particular are generally the ones to develop this phobia. Since most cultures place importance on cleanliness, this phobia can become a viscous cycle as the sufferer’s uncleanliness is mocked and teased, causing feelings of shame and worsening
28 somniphobia While somniphobia can be seen in every Freddy Kruger movie (for good reason), it is an actual phobia as well. Sufferers are constantly faced with the negative health effects of lack of sleep as they have anxiety and even panic attacks while laying in bed, awaiting sleep. Some doctors consider somniphobia as merely a symptom of generalized anxiety disorder, but sufferers contradict that idea by claiming to feeling perfectly fine throughout the day.
29 Ephebiphobia – fear or dislike of youth or adolescents. Homophobia – fear or dislike of homosexuals or homosexuality. Islamophobia - fear or dislike of Muslims. Judeophobia - fear or dislike of Jews. Xenophobia – fear or dislike of strangers or the unknown, sometimes used to describe nationalistic political beliefs and movements. It is also used in fictional work to describe the fear or dislike of space aliens.
| i don't know |
How many toes does a cat normally have on each back paw? | Do Cats Have Toes or Paws? - Pets
Pets
Do Cats Have Toes or Paws?
by Melodie Anne
Lucy needs a manicure and a pedicure once in a while.
Don't get your cuddly kitty's toes and paws mixed up -- they are in fact separate and distinct parts. Think of Lucy's front paws as her hands and her back paws as her feet. Her front paws have fingers and a thumb, while her back paws have toes.
Not Just for Pouncing
Feline paws and toes are an intricate system allowing them to perform all of the same activities as their larger wildcat cousins. Lucy's front paws, fingers and claws are just like your hands. She uses them to grab prey -- or furry mice toys -- shovel food into her mouth and groom her face. Her back paws and toes help her jump, pounce, play and run away from predators. Additionally, the pads of her feet sweat a small amount, helping her cool down when it gets steamy outside. Her paw pads also help her glide around quietly when she is getting ready to pounce on one of her siblings.
Counting Fingers and Toes
All cats have four paws, unless they suffer some kind of tragic accident. Each front paw has four fingers and one thumb, which is known as a dewclaw. Her back paws each have four toes. Every finger and toe also has a claw, similar to your fingernails. In all, Lucy has 18 fingers and toes spread out between her four paws, explains Dr. Arnold Plotnick, a New York City-based veterinarian.
Extra Toes
Once in a while felines grow extra toes. A condition known as polydactylism is a genetic mutation in which your lovable companion may wind up with one or two extra digits on each foot. Having an extra toe is simply a kitty quirk and is not dangerous or harmful to her health. The extra digit doesn't offer little Lucy any extra benefits, however if the toes don't form properly, she'll wind up having chronic problems with ingrown or overgrown claws.
Special Care
Inspect Lucy's paws and toes each day, especially if she goes outside. Thorns, chunks of cat litter, small rocks or other debris can be painful when they get stuck between her digits. She also needs her nails trimmed every few weeks or so. If you hear clicking on the linoleum when she walks, it's a sign her nails are too long. When trimming her nails, avoid getting close to the quick. This pink part inside the nail is the blood supply and causes severe pain when you get close to it. If you're unsure about how to give her a proper manicure, have your veterinarian show you how. Getting her used to extra handling ahead of time helps minimize any angry hissing episodes at the vet office.
| 4 |
What type of animal is a Lipizzaner? | What Causes Cats to Have Extra Toes? - Pets
Pets
What Causes Cats to Have Extra Toes?
by Leslie Darling
A normal cat has five digits on each front paw.
Mitten cats, Hemingway cats, thumb cats. Whatever you call them, cats with extra toes are undeniably adorable. Technically known as polydactyl, these cats have more than the normal 18 digits. If you have one of these unusual cats, count yourself lucky.
Genetics
Polydactyly in cats is a mutation that is passed along as a dominant trait. That means that if a kitten inherits one copy of the gene from either Papa or Mama Cat, he will have more than the standard 18 toes—five on each front paw and four on each hind paw. How many extra toes he has, though, varies, and is not necessarily the same number of extras his parent has. The current record holder is a ginger tabby named Jake, with 28 toes!
Types
If the extra toes are on the thumb side or inside of the paw, this is technically called the pre-axial form of polydactyly. These cats are often called "mitten cats," because the cat’s paws look like mittens. If the extra toes are on the outer side of the paw, this is technically referred to as post-axial and is a less common form. Polydactyly is most often seen only in the front paws, although some cats have extra toes on all four paws. Interestingly, the condition isn’t seen in back paws only.
History
Extra-toed cats are most common along the East Coast of the United States and in southwest England. Boston, in particular, has a large population, strengthening the theory that sailors traveling to the New World brought extra-toed cats to the Colonies because they were adept at climbing and catching rodents on board their ships. Indeed, owners of polydactyls often report that their kitty is quite dexterous with his thumb! The cats are often referred to as Hemingway cats because Ernest Hemingway had a well-known love for them, and even more than 50 years after his death, about 50 polydactyl cats reside on the grounds of the museum that was once the author’s home in Key West.
Radial Hypoplasia
Extra toes in cats by themselves are harmless, and polydactyls are just as healthy as other cats. There is a rare, severe condition, however, called radial hypoplasia, in which the radial bones of the cat’s forearm are not developed. Cats with this serious condition cannot walk normally, and one corresponding feature of the abnormal radial bones is the presence of extra toes. Your vet will be able to easily determine if your cat has this condition.
| i don't know |
What was the title of British actor Oliver Reed’s last film? | Oliver Reed - IMDb
IMDb
17 January 2017 4:34 PM, UTC
NEWS
Actor | Soundtrack
Oliver Reed was born on February 13, 1938 in Wimbledon, London, England as Robert Oliver Reed. He was an actor, known for Gladiator (2000), Oliver! (1968) and Tommy (1975). He was married to Josephine Burge and Kate Byrne. He died on May 2, 1999 in Valletta, Malta. See full bio »
Born:
a list of 35 people
created 17 Jun 2011
a list of 40 people
created 18 Jun 2011
a list of 42 people
created 02 Mar 2014
a list of 24 people
created 02 Apr 2014
a list of 37 people
created 2 weeks ago
Do you have a demo reel?
Add it to your IMDbPage
How much of Oliver Reed's work have you seen?
User Polls
Nominated for 1 BAFTA Film Award. Another 1 win & 2 nominations. See more awards »
Known For
1968 Film Review (TV Mini-Series)
Andrew Quint
- Backs British Films (1968) ... Andrew Quint
1967 Omnibus (TV Series documentary)
1965 It's Dark Outside (TV Series)
Sebastian
1959-1964 The Third Man (TV Series)
Pepi / Theodore
1963-1964 The Saint (TV Series)
Aristides Koralis / Joe Catelli
1959 H.G.Wells' Invisible Man (TV Series)
Man at Roulette Table / Cafe Patron
Soundtrack (1 credit)
1975 Tommy (performer: "Bernie's Holiday Camp", "1951/What About the Boy", "Christmas", "Do You Think It's Alright? (I)", "Do You Think It's Alright? (II)", "Do You Think It's Alright? (III)", "There's A Doctor", "Go to the Mirror", "Welcome", "T.V. Studio" - uncredited)
Hide
2000 HBO First Look (TV Series documentary)
Himself
1994 The World of Hammer (TV Series documentary)
Narrator / Harry Cobtree / Leon
1993 Without Walls (TV Series documentary)
Himself
1992 The Word (TV Series)
Himself
1991 After Dark (TV Series)
Himself
1990 This Week (TV Series)
Himself
1984-1990 Aspel & Company (TV Series)
Himself
1974-1986 This Is Your Life (TV Series documentary)
Himself
1985 All Star Secrets (TV Series)
Himself
1982 Sin on Saturday (TV Series)
Himself
1972-1974 Russell Harty Plus (TV Series)
Himself - Guest
1973 Opportunity Knocks (TV Series)
Himself - Guest
1971 Director of Devils (Documentary short)
Himself
1971 Cinema (TV Series documentary)
Himself
1962 Needle Match (TV Series)
Himself - British Promoter
2016 Secret History (TV Series documentary)
Himself / Colonel Leachman
2015 It Was Alright in the... (TV Series documentary)
Himself
2008 TV's Believe It or Not (TV Movie documentary)
Himself (uncredited)
2005 20 to 1 (TV Series documentary)
Himself
2004 Room 101 (TV Series)
Himself
2001 Legends (TV Series documentary)
Himself
2000 Hellraisers (TV Movie documentary)
Himself
1995 Empire of the Censors (TV Movie documentary)
Himself
1990 That's Action (Video documentary)
General Turner (uncredited)
Personal Details
Other Works:
6/18/95: Appeared as Aleister Crowley , in the Radio 4 play, "The Death of Alexander Scriabin". See more »
Publicity Listings:
4 Print Biographies | 2 Interviews | 3 Articles | 5 Pictorials | See more »
Height:
Did You Know?
Personal Quote:
There is, of course, a world of difference between cricket and the movie business . . . I suppose doing a love scene with Raquel Welch roughly corresponds to scoring a century before lunch. See more »
Trivia:
In 1979 he published an autobiography, entitled "Reed All About Me". Asked to describe the book by an interviewer he replied, "It's a load of bollocks really.". See more »
Trademark:
Outspoken views a trademark especially his opinions of his co-stars or women in general. See more »
Nickname:
| Gladiator |
Which country hosted the 1968 Summer Olympics? | 15 Things You Genuinely Didn�t Know About Oliver Reed.
15 Things You Genuinely Didn�t Know About Oliver Reed.
Oliver Reed died from a heart attack on May 2nd 1999 while � true to form - drinking with his wife and friends in a bar in Malta.
A little over a year later, we�re finally getting the chance to witness Reed�s final acting role, as Maximus� trainer, in Ridley Scott�s much anticipated Gladiator. In a career that spanned over 40 years, and 60 films, Reed was once described as �Always word perfect and unfailingly courteous to colleagues and technicians�. However, despite being famous for his professional behaviour among colleagues, it was Reed�s notoriety as one of this country�s finest hellraisers for which most will remember him. Bubblegun is happy to add further fuel to fire of Ollie�s legend.
Where Oliver Reed went, controversy would follow. Starring in Ken Russell�s Women in Love - the first English speaking commercial film to feature full frontal male nudity � Reed famously wrestled naked with Alan Bates. Reed also starred in the first film to include the word �fuck� (I�ll Never Forget What�s �Is Name), as well as the first British film to be rated X due to its violent content (Sitting Target).
According to Ken Russell, the aforementioned homo-erotic wrestling scene was not actually included in the original script, due to his feeling that the censors of the time would not allow it to pass. Hearing this, Reed was none too pleased, and apparently demonstrated his displeasure by wrestling Russell to the floor in his kitchen, and pinning him to the ground until he agreed to include it�
For the nude wrestling, Reed admitted to considering �a fiddle� in order to �enhance� his performance. However, after much deliberation, Reed simply challenged Bates to �get it out� in order to dispel any differences between the two actor�s cocks. Upon doing so, the pair decided there wasn�t much in it either way, and filmed the scene sans manipulation.
While on the subject of Reed�s �Mighty Mallet� � as he liked to call it � during the seventies, Reed became famed for his �party trick� which, consisted of him exposing the thespian twig and berries, in order to proudly display the �bird-claw� tattoo that adorned them.
Apparently, police were once called to a remote rural location close to Reed�s home in the early hours of the morning, due to complaints that a number of naked men had been seen running across fields. The naked men were a rugby team who Reed had spent the evening entertaining. Having consumed vast quantities of alcohol, the whole lot of them stripped off and went for a run through the fields surrounding Reed�s house, their muscled white buttocks probably glistening in the moonlight.
Due to his notorious public appearances while under the influence, Reed became forever synonymous with alcohol. It was alleged that during the stag weekend prior to his second marriage (to long time sweetheart Josephine, in 1985) Reed downed an unhealthy 104 pints of beer. However, Reed was quick to dispel this rumour: �The event that was reported actually took place during an arm-wrestling competition in Guernsey about 15 years ago.�
Reed was also famed for his various public-feuds and opinions concerning certain well-known celebrities, among them Shelley Winters, Lee Marvin, Richard Harris, and Jack Nicholson. During an interview, when asked about Jack Nicholson, Reed once stated: �Nicholson? As far as I�m concerned, he�s a balding midget. He stands five-foot-seven, you know. He tries to play heavies and doesn�t quite make it.�
Reed�s comments concerning long time adversary and fellow hellraiser, Richard Harris, were also often amusing: ��Even though people say Richard Harris and I have been having a great feud, it�s not true. After all, how could be feuding for years? I�d never heard of him until two weeks ago.
�Raquel Welch is someone I can also live without. We�ve got some love scenes together and I am dreading them! I cabled Richard Harris to see if he wanted to be my stand-in for those scenes. With his toupee and her falsies they would be perfect for each other��
Lee Marvin, describing his first encounter with Reed, said: �I was expecting to meet up with this actor who was supposed to be Britain�s hellraiser, and what do I see but this tailor�s dummy in a pinstripe suit looking more like a fucking banker�.
Reed, during his infamous 80s appearance on The David Letterman Show, continued the feud by pretending to forget Marvin�s surname, and claimed to have �screwed Marvin at drinking� during a drinking competition that allegedly took place between the pair.
During the same show, Reed also caused David Letterman to lose his footing by pulling him forward during their greeting handshake; punctuated the interview by adopting an American accent, pointing at the camera and claiming �I�m after you, Stallone�; replied to Letterman�s questions in German; spoke nonsense claiming he was a fisherman who wore boots in his ears; took the piss out of Letterman�s nose by pressing his own down in imitation; and removed his glasses and stared Letterman down, forcing Letterman to plead to band leader, Paul Schaffer to accompany him.
In fact, on both sides of the Atlantic, Reed became well known for his �performances� on chat shows. On The Merv Griffin Show in the 70s, Reed sat listening attentively whilst Griffin reeled off some anecdote about Peter O�Toole in order to illustrate the temperamental nature of English actors. After enduring the entire story, Reed sat forward and, quite politely, pointed out that O�Toole was in fact Irish, and not English. More famously still, he once asked perma-tanned British talk show host Richard Madley why he had �orange skin�.
During his first appearance on The Tonight Show, Johnny Carson watched on in horror as Shelly Winters � reacting to Reed�s somewhat misogynistic comments � poured a drink over Reed�s head. When later quizzed about the incident, Reed stated: �My row with Shelly Winters was caused by her abominable lack of manners. She is getting old now and I think she is quite crazy.�
In fact, Reed�s outspoken views on women often landed him in trouble. Once prompted about the fairer sex, Reed stated: �American men like their women to have these special teeth and be perfectly coiffured and have amazing breasts. Have you seen an Italian mama with those kinds of teeth, that kind of hair, and that kind of waist? They�re not like that. They�re in the kitchen cooking for their families � doing what they should do� I believe my woman shouldn�t work outside the home�.
However, despite such vocal opinions on the subject, Reed did show some elements of compromise: �I also use women as a sex object; maybe I�m kinky. However, I like to talk to them as well.�
It could never have been considered a good idea for Channel 4 to have invited Reed to a late night, serious debate programme involving a panel of toffs and one lesbian feminist discussing male violence on TV. Quizzed afterwards about his experience � which resulted in him being ejected from the studio � Reed agreed that he �might� have told the feminist that he had had more fights in pubs than �you�ve had hot dinners�, before kissing her, quite uninvited, on the lips.
Reed � who once asked, �I like the effect drink has on me. What�s the point of staying sober?� � realised, upon his arrival at Galway airport, Ireland, while lying drunk on the baggage conveyor, that he was slowly killing himself with his constant alcohol binges. He tried to make amends for his past behaviour, which included spiking snooker star Alex Higgins� whisky with Chanel perfume. Higgins reacted by squirting washing-up liquid in Reed�s cr�me de menthe.
Reed passed away prematurely, while filming Scott�s Gladiator in Malta. His role was completed by means of placing a CGI replica of Reed�s head onto a body double, comprised of various �jigsaw-like� pieces of filming that Reed had completed. Scott admits that it was his intention to provide Reed�s screen career with a fitting end by having had him utter the final line of the film. However, after much trial and error, Scott was forced to abandon the idea due to the lack of useable footage.
Reed�s views on the subject of death were relatively well documented (and before he died he arranged to have �10,000 out of his estate spent at his local pub, but only for �those who are crying�).
Discussing potential body-disposal methods, Reed refuted the deep-freeze method adopted by those such as �rich Americans like Walt Disney�.
Also slated was the idea of him being laid out for days in his Sunday best in order to �have people gawping at me to see what a dead hellraiser looks like�, as was cremation, as was burial due to his disgust at �maggots having a ball crawling up my nose and out of my mouth�, and burial at sea: �Who wants to be gobbled up by a big fish and become excrement that is swallowed up by a prawn� ending up as mayonnaise, being nibbled at by a pretty girl� I don�t want to be permanent shit.��
Reed�s ideal form of post-life disposal? �I would much rather end up a fertiliser under a sunflower which is eventually made into sunflower seed oil so that instead of nibbling me in her prawn cocktail, the pretty girl will rub me on her bristols as she suns herself on a beach in the Caribbean�. Gawd bless you, Oliver Reed.
Gladiator goes on general release May 12th throughout the UK.
| i don't know |
Peter Parker is the alter-ego of which fictional superhero? | So, Spider-Man! Brilliant Disguise!; The Real Mild-Mannered Parkers Are in a Superhero's Fictional Lair - The New York Times
The New York Times
N.Y. / Region |So, Spider-Man! Brilliant Disguise!; The Real Mild-Mannered Parkers Are in a Superhero's Fictional Lair
Search
Continue reading the main story
Much of ''Spider-Man,'' the blockbuster action movie, was filmed on location in Queens, the comic book domain of the web-slinging superhero. As it happens, the realism of the Spider-Man comic transcends the mere film.
In the comics, Peter Parker, the mild-mannered photojournalist who is Spider-Man's alter ego, grew up at 20 Ingram Street, a modest, two-story boarding house run by his Aunt May in the heart of Forest Hills Gardens. The address actually exists and is home to a family named Parker: Andrew and Suzanne Parker, who moved there in 1974, and their two daughters.
In 1989, the family began receiving junk mail addressed to Peter Parker. ''We got tons of it,'' Mrs. Parker said yesterday. ''Star Trek magazines, a Discover Card in his name, and notices from them over the years calling him a good customer.'' There were also prank phone calls, all of which she attributed to a ''teenager who found it funny that we had the same last name as Spider-Man.''
The Parkers had no idea they were living in a comic book landmark, she said.
Then, last summer, a reporter from The Queens Tribune, a weekly newspaper, called Mrs. Parker and told her that the family's life was imitating Pop Art. He also told her that Spider-Man's greatest enemy, the Green Goblin, goes by the alias Norman Osborn, which is almost the same surname as Mrs. Parker's neighbor, Terri Osborne. Mrs. Osborne has lived across the street, at 19 Ingram, since 1979.
The address of the borough's most famous arachnid, 20 Ingram Street, was listed in the June 1989 and July 1989, issues of ''The Amazing Spider-Man,'' published by Marvel Enterprises. A supervillain named Venom finds a change-of-address form left in Peter Parker's jacket, which lists the address and even its real-life ZIP and area codes.
Advertisement
Continue reading the main story
Time Out New York published an article about the address. Then yesterday, Mrs. Parker and Mrs. Osborne (they are longtime friends, not archenemies) were whisked by limousine into Manhattan to appear on CBS's Early Show.
Mrs. Parker has not been bitten by a radioactive spider -- the event that transformed Peter Parker into a superhero -- but she does seem to have been transformed by her connection to the film, which set a record with its $115 million opening last weekend on 7,500 screens, which is a lot of screens for an opening. Mrs. Parker has seen the movie and recently bought the ''address'' issues of the comic book from a collector.
Please verify you're not a robot by clicking the box.
Invalid email address. Please re-enter.
You must select a newsletter to subscribe to.
Sign Up
Privacy Policy
''We've created two new celebrities,'' said Stan Lee, who created Spider-Man 40 years ago with Steve Ditko. Reached by phone at his Los Angeles office yesterday, Mr. Lee, 79, said that when Spider-Man was created in 1962, he made Peter Parker a Forest Hills resident, but, ''I never pinpointed his address.''
Mr. Lee was no longer writing the comic book in 1989, ''So someone else must have created that address,'' he said, adding, ''Spidey would have gotten a kick out of the coincidence, but Peter Parker, he would have loathed all this publicity revealing where he lives.''
The issues of June and July 1989 list David Michelinie as the books' writer.
Mrs. Parker is an artist, and Mr. Parker is a professor of public affairs at Baruch College in Manhattan. Their home is hardly as plain as Aunt May's in the comic book, nor as modest as the two-story home shown in the film. It is a stone Edwardian-style house built in 1916 in the English garden style. Ivy is the only thing climbing these walls.
The quiet, leafy block is lined with fine Tudor houses that have slate roofs steep enough to challenge even Spider-Man.
Yesterday, Edgar Barbosa, 32, a freelance photographer who has lived down the block from the Parkers all his life, said that he was a Spider-Man fan and worked in a comic book store, but he never knew he had a superhero as a neighbor.
''I knew he was local,'' he said, ''but not this local.''
Jennifer Burch, 30, a medical secretary who grew up in the neighborhood, called the whole thing old news. ''We all knew that was his house, but we never gave it a second thought,'' she said.
| Spider-Man |
What are the native people of Australia called? | What are the characteristics of Spider-Man? | Reference.com
What are the characteristics of Spider-Man?
A:
Quick Answer
Spider-Man is a fictional comic book superhero characterized by his iconic red-and-blue webbed body suit. Spider-Man is 5 feet 10 inches tall, weighs 167 pounds and has brown hair. Spider-Man was bitten by a spider and has obtained spider-like abilities. He has the ability to shoot web-like material from his wrists, to climb walls and to lift more than 100 times his body weight.
Full Answer
Spider-Man is the alter ego of Peter Parker, a teenager who attempts to balance normal adolescent struggles with the responsibilities of a costumed superhero. He has the spirit of a jokester and offers witty quips when facing villains and foes. Spider-Man’s abilities include enhanced agility, super strength, the ability to cling to different surfaces and enhanced reaction time to danger as a result of his "spider-sense." This sense allows him to detect villains and other potential hazards.
Spider-Man’s powers and abilities allow him to stop crime and save lives in the city of New York. However, he struggles on ways to improve his own life. He is viewed by many as a vigilante or a criminal. Spider-Man agonizes over the challenges that he faces when attempting to be a normal teenager versus being a superhero. Spider-Man lives by the saying uttered by his uncle Ben, which is that “with great power comes great responsibility.”
| i don't know |
Which US city did Scott McKenzie sing about in 1967? | Articles about Scott Mckenzie - tribunedigital-orlandosentinel
Strawberry Festival a sweet celebration
Heather McPherson and FOOD, February 27, 2013
What do Florida farmers do when the harvest is over? They throw one heck of a party. The Florida Strawberry Festival starts Thursday with midway rides, daily concerts and lots of berry-themed food on tap through March 10 in downtown Plant City. New food-related elements include the daily Southwest Dairy Farmers Milking Show featuring a milking parlor and educational presentation; a fried-corn-on-the-cob eating contest on Friday; and competitive eaters chowing down on strawberry mashed-potato pie on March 8. Facebook must be tickled with the photo prospects.
Advertisement
Scott McKenzie dies at 73
By Dennis McLellan, Los Angeles Times, August 21, 2012
Scott McKenzie, whose 1967 hit single "San Francisco (Be Sure to Wear Flowers in Your Hair)" captured the spirit of the '60s flower-power movement and became a generational touchstone, has died. He was 73. McKenzie died Saturday at his home in Silver Lake, said Matt Pook, a longtime friend and neighbor. A statement on McKenzie's website said he had been ill with Guillain Barre syndrome, a disease affecting the nervous system. "If you're going to San Francisco, be sure to wear some flowers in your hair," McKenzie gently sang in his biggest hit, written by his longtime friend, John Phillips of the Mamas & the Papas.
LIFE/FAMILY
Ethnic Grocery Guide showcases diversity
By Heather McPherson, Orlando Sentinel Food Editor, October 4, 2012
Our annual Ethnic Grocery Guide is one of my favorite things that we share with you. It reflects the diversity of Central Florida and exemplifies why I think this is a great place for foodies. These markets are scattered throughout Brevard, Lake, Orange, Osceola, Seminole and Volusia counties. We are updating the guide for 2012 and need your help. Have we overlooked one of your favorite places to shop? Do you want to get the word out about your business? Send your tips to me at [email protected] . Deadline is 5 p.m. Oct. 12. Look for the guide Oct. 17 in Cooking & Eating.
LOCAL
- Actress Cybill Shepherd is 42. - Actor John...
February 18, 1992
- Actress Cybill Shepherd is 42. - Actor John Travolta is 38. - WOMX-FM (105.1) morning an nouncer Scott McKenzie is 36. - Singer Yoko Ono is 59. - Sen. John Warner, R-Va., is 65. - Singer Juice Newton is 40.
LOCAL
Birthdays
February 18, 2001
Helen Gurley Brown (former Cosmopolitan editor)79 Toni Morrison (author)70 Yoko Ono (singer)68 Herman Santiago (singer, Frankie Lymon and the Teen-agers) 60 Dennis DeYoung (singer, Styx)54 Cybill Shepherd (actress)51 Randy Crawford (singer)49 Robbie Bachman (rock musician) 48 John Travolta (actor)47 Scott McKenzie (WOMX-FM (105.1) morning-show co-host)45 Vanna White (game-show host)44 Matt Dillon (actor)37 Dr. Dre (rapper)36 Molly Ringwald (actress)33 Tyrone Dorzell Burton (actor)
LOCAL
Happy Birthday
February 18, 2000
Songwriter-musician Pee Wee King is 86. Actor Jack Palance is 79. Former Cosmopolitan editor Helen Gurley Brown is 78. Actor George Kennedy is 75. Author Toni Morrison is 69. Movie director Milos Forman (Man on the Moon) is 68. Singer Yoko Ono is 67. Singer Irma Thomas is 59. Actress Sinead Cusack is 52. Producer-director-writer John Hughes is 50. Actress Cybill Shepherd is 50. Singer Juice Newton is 48. Scott McKenzie, morning show co-host at WOMX-FM (105.1), is 44. Game-show host Vanna White is 43. Actress Greta Scacchi is 40. Actor Matt Dillon is 36. Rapper Dr. Dre is 35. Actress Molly Ringwald is 32.
LIFE/FAMILY
Ethnic Grocery Guide showcases diversity
By Heather McPherson, Orlando Sentinel Food Editor, October 4, 2012
Our annual Ethnic Grocery Guide is one of my favorite things that we share with you. It reflects the diversity of Central Florida and exemplifies why I think this is a great place for foodies. These markets are scattered throughout Brevard, Lake, Orange, Osceola, Seminole and Volusia counties. We are updating the guide for 2012 and need your help. Have we overlooked one of your favorite places to shop? Do you want to get the word out about your business? Send your tips to me at [email protected] . Deadline is 5 p.m. Oct. 12. Look for the guide Oct. 17 in Cooking & Eating.
LIFESTYLE
Revamped Mamas, Papas
February 11, 1989
The Mamas and the Papas, who hit the 1960s music charts with such songs as ''California Dreamin','' ''Monday, Monday'' and ''Words of Love,'' will perform in a benefit concert today at the Hunter's Creek development on South Orange Blossom Trail 6 miles south of Sand Lake Road in Orlando. The Papas in the present group are John Phillips (the only original group member) and Scott McKenzie (replacing Denny Doherty). Replacing original Mamas Michelle Phillips and the late Cass Elliot are Mackenzie Phillips (John's daughter and a former star of TV's One Day at a Time)
LIFE/FAMILY
Strawberry Festival a sweet celebration
Heather McPherson and FOOD, February 27, 2013
What do Florida farmers do when the harvest is over? They throw one heck of a party. The Florida Strawberry Festival starts Thursday with midway rides, daily concerts and lots of berry-themed food on tap through March 10 in downtown Plant City. New food-related elements include the daily Southwest Dairy Farmers Milking Show featuring a milking parlor and educational presentation; a fried-corn-on-the-cob eating contest on Friday; and competitive eaters chowing down on strawberry mashed-potato pie on March 8. Facebook must be tickled with the photo prospects.
ENTERTAINMENT
Scott McKenzie dies at 73
By Dennis McLellan, Los Angeles Times, August 21, 2012
Scott McKenzie, whose 1967 hit single "San Francisco (Be Sure to Wear Flowers in Your Hair)" captured the spirit of the '60s flower-power movement and became a generational touchstone, has died. He was 73. McKenzie died Saturday at his home in Silver Lake, said Matt Pook, a longtime friend and neighbor. A statement on McKenzie's website said he had been ill with Guillain Barre syndrome, a disease affecting the nervous system. "If you're going to San Francisco, be sure to wear some flowers in your hair," McKenzie gently sang in his biggest hit, written by his longtime friend, John Phillips of the Mamas & the Papas.
LOCAL
Where can you see Scott & Erica together again?
By Hal Boedeker, Orlando Sentinel Television Critic, May 8, 2010
That Erica Lee is a saucy minx. And she serves about the only kind of sauce this high-cholesterol-suffering fella can enjoy. Lee is billing her next event "Scott & Erica Together Again ÃÂ
at least for a couple of hours!" The former co-host of "The Scott and Erica Show" on Mix 105.1 will be reunited with Scott McKenzie from 5 to 8 p.m. Thursday at Ember at 42 W. Central Blvd. in Orlando. I plan to be there. I hope you will, too. And its' all for a good cause.
LOCAL
Missing Erica: Breaking up is hard to do
January 13, 2010
I listened to WOMX Mix 105.1 recently, and I failed to see the new programming direction the station was supposed to take. It's the same lousy music, same long-winded commercials and same programming segments. The only reason I listened to the Scott & Erica Morning Show was for them. I feel sorry for Scott McKenzie, Jay Edwards and the new substitute. No offense, but it is not good. It is bombing. Don't you think management would have a business plan before one of the stars of the show is let go?
LOCAL
Foodie awards are here
By Heather McPherson, Sentinel Food Editor, November 18, 2009
Only eight days left until you strut that turkey out into the dining room. I don't know about your household, but our refrigerator is already packed with side dish fixings: spuds to mash, sweet potatoes to roast with rosemary and garlic, green beans to slow simmer with a ham hock, potato rolls to bake and tart cranberries to infuse with chopped local tangerines and sweet dark rum. Let's crank up the treadmill, boys and girls. Welcome to round two of serious holiday eating. But before you ponder your exercise strategy, let's pause for some daily dish.
LOCAL
Not married -- but still a great pair
By Scott Maxwell, Sentinel Columnist, June 8, 2006
The way Scott McKenzie and Erica Lee play off each other, many people assume they're married. "It's not just listeners," Scott said from the Mix 105.1 studios, where the two do their morning show five days a week. "There are actually people in this building who still think that." They're not. But the popular duo is celebrating their 15th anniversary -- a true milestone in the world of radio. They are commemorating the event with a private concert for listeners with Hootie and the Blowfish tonight at Universal CityWalk.
LOCAL
Orlando loves . . . L. Ron Hubbard?
By Scott Maxwell, Sentinel Columnist, September 11, 2005
Last month, Orlando Mayor Buddy Dyer honored Dr. Oswald Saavedra, a local doctor who voluntarily offers care to the needy and protection to the environment. Dyer declared Aug. 29, 2005, "Dr. Oswald Saavedra, M.D. Day." If such an occasion sounds like it involved fanfare, it did not. In fact, the odds are you probably don't know about the majority of people who have had official days declared in their honor. A check of city records found more than 400 honorees in the past 12 years, ranging from local media personalities and business execs to visiting celebrities and even the founder of Scientology, who was honored, for some strange reason, five times -- more than anyone else.
LOCAL
Where can you see Scott & Erica together again?
By Hal Boedeker, Orlando Sentinel Television Critic, May 8, 2010
That Erica Lee is a saucy minx. And she serves about the only kind of sauce this high-cholesterol-suffering fella can enjoy. Lee is billing her next event "Scott & Erica Together Again ÃÂ
at least for a couple of hours!" The former co-host of "The Scott and Erica Show" on Mix 105.1 will be reunited with Scott McKenzie from 5 to 8 p.m. Thursday at Ember at 42 W. Central Blvd. in Orlando. I plan to be there. I hope you will, too. And its' all for a good cause.
LOCAL
Missing Erica: Breaking up is hard to do
January 13, 2010
I listened to WOMX Mix 105.1 recently, and I failed to see the new programming direction the station was supposed to take. It's the same lousy music, same long-winded commercials and same programming segments. The only reason I listened to the Scott & Erica Morning Show was for them. I feel sorry for Scott McKenzie, Jay Edwards and the new substitute. No offense, but it is not good. It is bombing. Don't you think management would have a business plan before one of the stars of the show is let go?
Radio Heads: Scott Mckenzie
March 2, 2001
Birthday: Feb. 18. Birthplace: Columbus, Ohio. Occupation: Co-host of The Scott and Erica Show on Mix 105.1. Current home: Lovely Oviedo. Marital status: Married 11 years to my current wife, Fran. Children: Daughter Lauren, 9. Car: A just-cleaned-out Toyota 4 Runner (it was a MESS!). Working on: A CD of all our great in-studio musical guests: Kenny Loggins, Goo Goo Dolls, Lionel Richie, BB Mak, Dido, Hootie & the Blowfish, Michael McDonald, etc. The last good movie I saw: Traffic.
LOCAL
Birthdays
February 18, 2001
Helen Gurley Brown (former Cosmopolitan editor)79 Toni Morrison (author)70 Yoko Ono (singer)68 Herman Santiago (singer, Frankie Lymon and the Teen-agers) 60 Dennis DeYoung (singer, Styx)54 Cybill Shepherd (actress)51 Randy Crawford (singer)49 Robbie Bachman (rock musician) 48 John Travolta (actor)47 Scott McKenzie (WOMX-FM (105.1) morning-show co-host)45 Vanna White (game-show host)44 Matt Dillon (actor)37 Dr. Dre (rapper)36 Molly Ringwald (actress)33 Tyrone Dorzell Burton (actor)
| San Francisco |
Television presenter Kirsty, singer Will and former cricketer Bradley all share which surname? | Scott McKenzie Dies: ‘San Franciso’ Singer Dies At 73
Scott McKenzie Dies: ‘San Franciso’ Singer Dies At 73
Michael Söze
Singer Scott McKenzie, best known for the 1967 hit “San Francisco (Be Sure to Wear Flowers In Your Hair),” has died at the age of 73.
“It is with much sadness that we report the passing of Scott McKenzie in LA on the 18th of August, 2012,” said a statement posted on his website.
McKenzie’s cause of death was not immediately released, but his website noted that he had been in and out of the hospital in the years leading up to his passing.
Born in Jacksonville, Florida in 1939, McKenzie (whose birthname was Philip Wallach Blondhiem) began singing at an early age, and, by the time he was in high school, formed a vocal group called the Singing Strings.
After the Strings, McKenzie teamed up with John Phillips (The Mamas & the Papas), Mike Boran, and Bill Cleary to create a doo wap band, The Abstracts.
In New York, the Abstracts went through several name and personnel changes before becoming the Journeymen, a folk-style group that recorded several albums in the early 1960s.
When the Journeymen broke up, McKenzie declined Phillips’ offer to join the Mamas & the Papas, trying for a solo career instead.
The pair remained close, and, when Phillips wrote “San Francisco,” he had McKenzie sing on the record. The track became a counterculture anthem and hit Number 4 in the US and Number 1 on the UK charts.
Speaking of the song’s success, McKenzie wrote in 2002:
“I am amazed at how San Francisco continues even now to evoke dreams in the hearts and minds of people all over the world.”
Aside from “San Francisco (Be Sure To Where Flowers In Your Hair),” McKenzie co-wrote the Beach Boys 1988 No. 1 hit “Kokomo.”
McKenzie did a few more recording sessions and live gigs in his last years.
According to his NY Daily, Scott McKenzie became a major fan of Facebook, where he was posting poetry until August 12.
| i don't know |
Which domestic animal was worshipped by the ancient Egyptians? | Avatars of the Gods: The Animals of Ancient Egypt
Avatars of the Gods: The Animals of Ancient Egypt
Updated: November 26, 2012
Animals have always been around in Egypt, however whilst some will be familiar to modern Egyptian people, other species have become extinct or moved further south, deeper into Africa. Both domesticated, such as cattle, cats and dogs, and wild animals, such as lions and hyenas, abounded in ancient Egyptian times. Animals were worshipped, feared and loved. This relationship even carried on in the underworld after death, as certain animals were mummified, including family pets as well as certain species sacred to the gods . Mummified remains, animal-related hieroglyphs, and detailed paintings, reliefs and sculptures of the animals of ancient Egypt clearly show the animals that were not only well known, but also very important, to the peoples of Egypt ever since predynastic times.
Since the domestication of animals in the Neolithic Period, the ancient Egyptians' relationship to animals has taken several forms. The most significant domesticates were cattle. Their energy was harnessed, they were used to work the land, as food, and a source of raw materials. Some animals, such as gazelles and birds were less useful, but had a more intimate relationship with their owners and were kept as pets. Animals also had a cultic function: they were worshipped as manifestations of gods.
-- Salima Ikram & Mamdouh Eldamaty (2006), Bloved Beasts: Animal Mummies from Ancient Egypt, p. 5
Birds
Along the Nile, some of the multitude of bird-life included the falcon, kite, goose, crane, heron, plover, pigeon, ibis, vulture and owl. It is possible that chickens were introduced during the New Kingdom from Africa.
Sacred to Horus, the falcon (or hawk) was thought to be the guardian of the ruler, and is frequently found as spreading its wings protectively behind the head of the pharaoh. At Saqqara during the Late Period, there was a catacomb build for mummified falcons. These birds, though, were shown to be of different types of birds of prey, not just the falcon. To the Egyptians, the Horus-falcon may have been regarded as interchangeable with a whole range of different birds of prey.
The ibis, sacred birth of Thoth , was relatively common throughout Egypt until the 19th Century, but now has almost disappeared. Sacred ibises were mummified during the Late Period and Ptolemaic times, and buried in large numbers in different catacombs through Egypt. There were three types of ibis in Egypt - the sacred ibis, the hermit ibis and the glossy ibis. The hermit ibis is not a waterside bird, so it is depicted less frequently than the other two birds that were common along the banks of the Nile.
The vulture was the manifestation of Nekhbet and Mut , who were depicted as the bird with their wings outstretched on the ceilings of temples as protection, or sitting on the ground in a symbol associated with kingship. The two main types of vulture depicted were the griffon vulture and the so-called Egyptian vulture. It was the griffon vulture that was usually related to the goddesses and to royalty.
Fish
In Ancient Egypt, the fish had both sacred and scorned species. Some were sacred in some places and not allowed to be eaten, whereas in other places, anyone could eat the fish. Some of the fish in Egypt included the carp, perch and catfish.
The goddess Hatmehit from the Delta city of Per-banebdjedet (Mendes), was known as the 'Chief of Fish', and was worshipped in the form of a fish, or as a woman with a fish emblem on her head.
Both the Rilapia or Chromis and the Abdju fish were thought to act as pilots for Ra on his solar barque as it travelled, warning of the approach of the enemy of Ra, the water snake Apep , as they travelled through the underworld.
The poor ate fish more often than meat, because of the availability of the fish. Richer people kept fish in ornamental ponds or as a source of food. The pharaoh, priests and the Akhu could not eat fish, because of the association with Set :
Supposedly, it was the Nile carp, the Oxyrynchus or the Phagrus fish that ate the phallus of Osiris , when he was chopped into pieces by Set . Despite this, the Oxyrynchus was thought to be sacred in the Faiyum area, where the people thought that this fish appeared out of the wounds of the god of the dead!
Cattle
The Ancient Egyptians domesticated many different types of animals - sheep, cattle, goats, pigs, geese and later horses. Mostly they used the animals to supply milk, wool, meat, eggs, leather, skins, horns, fat, and manual labour. The cow was sacred to many goddesses, including Hathor , Bat, Isis and Nut . Bulls were sacred to Ra as they had a strong connection with solar imagery to the ancient Egyptians. Cattle were branded with red-hot irons by the great estates belonging to the pharaohs, the rich owners and the different temples.
The cattle in Egypt were, in the Predynastic Period , a long horned variety of cattle, but a thinner short-horned variety became the norm during the Old Kingdom onwards. The cattle were used for sacrificial purposes as well as being draft animals.
Herdsman tended to the cattle, and grazed them in the Nile valley during the winter months, but they generally moved the cattle to the Delta during the hotter, summer months. The cattle seemed to often be called names relating to the goddess Hathor - "Golden One", "Shining One" and "Beautiful" are some examples.
The song of a herdsman who has travelled over much of Egypt is preserved in a tomb at El Bersheh, 'You have driven oxen along every road. You have trodden the sands, and now your feet tread grass. You are eating tufted plants, and now you are well satisfied, and here is goodness to nourish you.'
-- Pierre Montet (1974), Everyday Life in Egypt in the Days of Ramesses The Great, p. 124
There were special farms for the fattening of oxen for slaughter. The long horned breed of oxen were fattened then adorned with ostrich feathers and displayed in processions with their owners before ritual sacrifice to the gods. Under Ramses III 16,000 cattle were sacrificed per year, just to the god Amen!
Although cattle were raised, beef was a luxury item because much of the meat of the cattle was used for religious ceremonies and offerings. Pork, on the other hand, was eaten regularly but was not used in the Egyptian religion. Goat meat, too, was eaten throughout Egypt, and even by upper class Egyptians. The skin of the goat was used as water containers and floating devices.
The Egyptian farmers, in their early experimental phase, also tried to domesticate other animals such as hyenas, gazelles and cranes, but abandoned these attempts after the Old Kingdom.
The general height of the Egyptian horse was 1.35m tall, though some were as tall as 1.5m, the skeleton of one such tall horse was found in the tomb of Senmut, a favourite courtier of Hatshepsut (1473-1458 BC).
Pets
The ancient Egyptians had numerous different types of pets - monkeys, ducks, geese, pigeons, hoopoes, falcons, cats, dogs and even ferrets (to keep the granaries free of vermin).
Cats seem to have been domesticated during the Middle Kingdom from the wild cats in the Delta or the Western Desert. There were two main species indigenous to Egypt - the jungle cat and the African wild cat. Cats were both pets and symbols of cat deities, such as Bast . The earliest evidence of cats kept as pets was in a Predynatic tomb at Mostagedda. The Egyptian word for 'cat' was the sound that the cats made - myw
- meow! Often, the cat accompanied the master to help with the hunting and fowling in the marshes. It was during the Late Period that sacred cats were mummified in large numbers, and placed in underground galleries such as at Per-Bast (Bubastis). The cat was also a personification of Ra, where the sun god, as a cat, battles the water serpent Apep .
Dogs, while often depicted as hunting with the master or as watch dogs, but they were never shown as an animal to be petted. Known to the Egyptians as the sound-word iw
, the sound for barking, or as thsm
, meaning 'hound', they were given individual names and were often buried with their masters. Some of their names were "Brave One", "Reliable" and "Good Herdsman" as well as naming them for their colour, just as some people do today. The types of dogs the Egyptians had were related to the basenji, the saluki, the greyhound and maybe even the mastiff and dachshunds. Unlike the cat, which was aloof and mysterious, the Egyptians thought of the dog as being subservient, and the dog was used as an insult - prisoners were sometimes known as "the pharaoh's dogs". But the dog, and the wolf or jackal, were regarded as sacred to Anubis , where they were buried as sacred animals to the god of embalming at the catacombs at Anubieion.
The Nile goose had often the run of the house and the garden in spite of its vile temper. The goose was the sacred animal of Geb , who was also known as 'The Great Cackler' when he was in goose form. There were sacred lakes around Egypt that were home to the sacred geese, where they were well looked after.
There were even some wild beasts that were used as pets - Ramses II had a tame lion, and the Sudanese cheetahs sometimes took the place of the house cat!
Wildlife
As for the animals out in the wild, the Egyptians knew of lions, cheetahs, wolves, antelope, wild bulls, hyenas, jackals, wolves, snakes, the mongoose and desert hares. The Nile was filled with crocodiles, hippos, turtles, frogs as well as the numerous fish and water birds. Bees, scarab beetles, locusts, flies, centipedes and scorpions were some of the insects that lived in ancient times.
Some wild animals, specifically the lion, the wild cattle and the cobra, came to represent royalty. The power and danger seen in the lion and the wild bull became synonymous with the pharaoh. Even from Predynastic times, images of the bull trampling the enemies of the king represented the pharaoh's triumph over his enemies. The bull implied strength and power. The pharaoh's mother was linked to the cow-goddess Hathor , and the pharaoh sometimes too the name 'Bull of his Mother'. The lion, too, was a symbol of the pharaoh's power and rulership. As the lions lived in the eastern and western deserts around the Nile, the lion also came to symbolise the rising and the setting sun and its journey through the heavens and the underworld. The lion, though, was hunted by the pharaoh in a show of courage. The cobra, being the dangerous snake of Lower Egypt, came to symbolise Lower Egypt itself. Though a female symbol, the cobra came to mean protection over the ruler.
The Egyptians kept bees for their honey and wax. They were kept in woven wicker hives that had been covered in clay. The main centre of bee keeping was Lower Egypt, where one of the symbols for that part of the country was the bee itself. Not only was the honey used for food and as offerings to the gods, but it was also used by the Egyptians to create makeup and medicine! (Honey has an antibacterial effect.) The wax was used for boat building, mummification and as a binding agent in some paints. The Egyptians didn't only keep domesticated bees - they also went out and hunted for the honey of wild bees.
All of these animals played a large part in the lives of the Egyptians, and many were deified or seen as the avatar of the god or goddess on earth . Reviled or loved, the animals each had their place in Ancient Egypt.
Further Information about the Animals of Ancient Egypt
| The Cat |
What value points is the brown ball in a game of snooker? | Egypt The Cat in Ancient Egypt
Contact Us
About us
Tour Egypt aims to offer the ultimate Egyptian adventure and intimate knowledge about the country. We offer this unique experience in two ways, the first one is by organizing a tour and coming to Egypt for a visit, whether alone or in a group, and living it firsthand. The second way to experience Egypt is from the comfort of your own home: online.
Egypt The Cat in Ancient Egypt
The Cat in Ancient Egypt
By Ilene Springer
After the pyramids and the kohl painted eyes, almost nothing evokes more awe and mystery than the fascination ancient Egyptians had with cats.
They were not only the most popular pet in the house, but their status rose to that of the sacred animals and then on to the most esteemed deities like no other creature before them.
Cats domesticate the ancient Egyptians
Although no one can pinpoint the time exactly, we know that the cat was domesticated in Egypt, probably around 2000 B.C., and that most modern cats are descendants of the cats of ancient Egypt. One reason it is difficult to say precisely when domestication occurred is that the ancient Egyptians did not distinguish between wild and tame cats in their descriptions of them. There was one word for cat-and that was miu or mii, meaning "he or she who mews."
So then how did domestication of the cat come about? Dogs, associated with hunting, had actually been domesticated thousands of years before, according to archeologists. But cats, being the aloof, aristocratic creatures they are admired for, apparently took their time in fully befriending the ancient Egyptians.
Modern Egyptian Wild Cat: The Sand Cat
Possibly one of the ancestors of the Modern Cat
There is a cat known as the African wild cat (Felis silvestris libyca)-one of the closest wild relatives of the modern cat. It is larger than the average domesticated cat of today. The feline's tawny, yellow-gray fur, long tapering tail and striped markings, affording it ideal camouflage among the rocks and sand of the desert. This cat is known as a predator-a hunter of small game-rather than a scavenger. The other cat native to Egypt is the swamp or jungle cat-(Felis chaus), but it is the wild cat which is believed to have been the cat to "domesticate the Egyptians."
In the villages, the greatest danger to Egyptian households were the numerous poisonous snakes, rats and mice which attacked food supplies in the home and the village granaries. The wild cat, it is assumed, strayed into the villages and hunted down the vermin, keeping them at bay. It's easy to imagine the grateful Egyptians leaving out scraps of food to encourage the wild cats on their vigils. A symbiotic relationship occurred between animal and human. Next, the felines found their way into the Egyptian homes, spent some time there, allowed themselves to be tamed and raised their kittens in a human environment. As soon as the Egyptians began supplying the cats with food, thereby significantly changing their diet, and breeding them for certain characteristics, the cats were domesticated. They were perfect pets-playful, intelligent, affectionate and helpful to the farmers who sustained life in ancient Egypt.
Tomb paintings with cats as part of family life began to show up during the New Kingdom-about 500 years after the first attempts at domestication. But the most direct evidence for domestication comes from cemeteries of mummified cats. These appear to be from around 1000 B.C. (the late Pharonic era). And they were most likely domesticated cats from ordinary households or temple catteries; it wouldn't make sense to go to such trouble for wild animals who died.
The lovable and helpful pet
During the New Kingdom (1540 to 1069 B.C.), there were many tomb scenes that started showing cats as part of everyday life. The ancient Egyptians took their cats on hunting excursions, especially in the marshes where cats may have been trained to retrieve fowl and fish. Another very common scene in tomb paintings was a cat seated under a woman's chair, showing that the cat had become an integral part of the ancient Egyptian family life.
Modern Egyptian Mau
Many Egyptian parents named their children after cats, especially their daughters. Some girls were called Mit or Miut. The mummy of a five-year-old girl named Mirt was found at Deir el-Bahri in King Mentuhotep's temple.
Cats were also valued for their mysterious and superstitious qualities. There is a myth that the Egyptians once won a battle because of cats. They were fighting a foreign regiment and just at the time of attack by the foreigners, the Egyptian released thousands of cats at the front lines. Seeing the onslaught of these terrifying creatures, the foreign army retreated in panic.
Cats as sacred animals
"The progress of the cat in Egyptian religion was quite remarkable and in many respects unusual," writes Jaromir Malek, author of The Cat in Ancient Egypt. "Unlike some other animals, the cat was not primarily associated with an important local deity at the beginning of Egyptian time. It never attained a truly elected 'official' status which would have enabled it to become a full member of the divine community encountered on the walls of Egyptian temples. But in spite of all this, the cat's popularity eventually surpassed that of any other animal and reached far beyond Egypt's boundaries."
The earliest feline cat goddess recorded was called Mafdet and is described in the Pyramid Texts as killing a serpent with her claws. But the most famous cat goddesses in the world, first revered by the ancient Egyptians were Bastet (also known as Bast, Pasch, Ubasti) and the lion-headed Sekhmet.
Bastet was often depicted as having the body of a woman and the head of a domestic cat. She was associated with the Eye of Ra, acting within the sun god's power. The Egyptians loved Bastet so much that she became a household goddess and protector of women, children and domestic cats. She was also the goddess of sunrise, music, dance, pleasure, as well as family, fertility and birth.
Her supposed evil counterpart was the goddess Sekhmet who represented the cat goddess' destructive force. She is known as the goddess of war and pestilence. But even she was tamed by Ra (who supposedly got her drunk) and she eventually became the powerful protector of humans. Together, Bastet and Sekhmet represented the balance of the forces of nature.
Cats began to appear on objects of everyday life. There were gold cats on intricate bracelets, small golden cat pendants, cats amulets made of soapstone for necklaces and rings. Women made up their faces holding mirrors with cats on the wooden handles and on their cosmetic pots. The best part was that ordinary people could enjoy the protection of the cat goddess through their amulets on their clothing or around their necks or in their earlobes. Cats even figured in dream interpretation. In one book of ancient dreams, it was said that if a man sees a cat in a dream, it means he will have a good harvest.
In the late periods of Egyptian history, the popularity of the cat increased and a great many bronze cat statuettes were made; most were intended for shrines or funerary purposes. Most had pierced ears and silver or gold earrings. Their eyes were made of inlaid rock crystal or a similar opaque material. The ancient Egyptians considered the female cat as a good mother, and there have been several statues of mother cats and kittens discovered.
Cats were held in such high esteem that at one point, the penalty for killing a cat-even accidentally-was death.
Feline festivities
Probably the greatest testimony to cats were the cults and celebrations the ancient Egyptians devoted to Bastet. In northern Egypt, around 3200 B.C., the city Bubastis came into being. This was the center of worship for the goddess Bastet, which simply means "she who comes from Bast." Once a year around October 31, the festival of Bastet would occur with hundreds of thousands of people making pilgrimages to Bubastis and other ancient cities including Memphis. There was singing and wine and wild behavior. And as the evening ended, there was also prayers to Bastet, accompanied by music and incense.
Bubastis was destroyed by the Persians in 350 B.C. But her most famous residents live on-not only in the streets of Cairo and the villages of rural Egypt but all over the world. Through the common domesticated cat, the ancient Egyptians achieved a most uncommon mission-immortality.
###
Ilene Springer writes on ancient Egypt and archaeology and is a student of museum studies at Harvard University.
Source: The Cat in Ancient Egypt by Jaromir Malek (British Museum Press, 1993)
| i don't know |
Which battle is known as ‘Custer’s Last Stand’? | Custer's Last Stand
Custer's Last Stand
June 25, 1876
What do you know about the Battle of Little Big Horn? You might know the story better as Custer's Last Stand.
On the morning of June 25, 1876, Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer and the 7th Cavalry charged into battle against Lakota Sioux and Northern Cheyenne Indians. Custer's orders were to wait for reinforcements at the mouth of the Little Big Horn River before attacking the Indians, but Chief Sitting Bull had been spotted nearby, and Custer was impatient to attack.
A treaty had given the Sioux exclusive rights to the Black Hills, but when gold was later discovered in the area, white miners flocked to the territory. Despite the treaty, the U.S. government ordered the Indians away from the invading settlers and back to their reservations.
page 1 of 3
| Battle of the Little Bighorn |
What is the name of a long-bodied marine fish and a person who unscrupulously exploits or swindles others? | The Quick 10: 10 Facts About the Men of the Battle of the Little Bighorn | Mental Floss
The Quick 10: 10 Facts About the Men of the Battle of the Little Bighorn
Image credit:
Like us on Facebook
Today is the anniversary of the Battle of the Little Bighorn. The battle actually lasted overnight, but today is the day of Custer's Last Stand. So, here's a little trivia for you about some of the men who made history.
10 Facts About the Men of the Battle of the Little Bighorn
1. George Armstrong Custer had almost as many nicknames as George W. Bush. When he was young, his family called him Armstrong and Autie, which came about when a young Custer tried to pronounce his middle name. Later in life, his troops called him Curley and Jack. Jack was actually because of his initials, G.A.C., which were emblazoned on his satchel. Finally, the Plains Indians called him Yellow Hair and Son of the Morning Star. I bet they had some other choice nicknames for him as well.
2. Somewhat bizarrely, Crazy Horse's nickname was Curly, too. He was born with the name "In the Wilderness" or "Among the Trees" but eventually took on his father's name, Crazy Horse. People called him Curly because he had his mother's (Rattling Blanket Woman) light, curly hair.
3. Custer liked to wear cinnamon-scented oil in his hair.
4. Custer may have had a son with Mo-nah-se-tah, the daughter of Cheyenne chief Little Rock. She had her first child in January 1869, a couple of months after Custer's 7th Cavalry killed her father in battle and took 53 Cheyenne women and children captive. She had her second child late in 1869 - this is the child speculated to be Custer's.
5. By all accounts, the battle with Custer's Battalion lasted less than an hour. In fact, some evidence shows that it was less than HALF an hour. Which makes sense, considering that the 7th Cavalry was really outnumbered. No exact numbers have ever been determined, but it could have been as high as 9:1.
6. Not only did Custer die, two of his brothers, his brother-in-law and his nephew were also killed.
7. Lakota Chief Sitting Bull had a premonition that they would prevail over the 7th Cavalry.
8. The 7th Cavalry broke up into pieces during the attack, which included battalions led by Custer, Frederick Benteen and Marcus Reno. Reno went to West Point, where his best friend was none other than James Whistler. On a test, Whistler wrote that silicon was a gas. Many years later, Whistler told Reno that if he had gotten that question right on the test, then he would have stayed in the Army and been a general. Reno's response? "Then no one would have ever heard of Whistler's mother." Some of Reno's friends say this is the only joke he ever made.
9. Sitting Bull traveled with Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show for a few months in 1885. During that time, he nicknamed Annie Oakley "Watanya Cicillia" - "Little Sure Shot". He asked to adopt Annie after seeing her shoot the ace of hearts out of a card at 30 paces.
10. Black Elk, a famous Sioux Medicine Man, said he acquired his first gun at the Battle of the Little Bighorn when he took it from a dead trooper. Black Elk was one of Crazy Horse's cousins and took the name Nicholas Black Elk later in life when he and his family converted to Catholicism.
* * * * *
| i don't know |
What is the national animal of Finland? | Finland’s wonderful wildlife — VisitFinland.com
Finland’s wonderful wildlife
Finland’s wonderful wildlife
Finland is a country of vast green forests, beautiful Baltic islands, windswept arctic fells and countless blue lakes (though someone claims to have counted 187,888!)
These pristine and picturesque landscapes provide habitat for many wild animals and birds including magnificent bears, wolves, lynx, eagles, cranes and swans, as well as the world’s rarest seal. Birdwatchers flock to Finland to find species that are hard to spot anywhere else in Europe. Keen wildlife photographers also come here to enjoy excursions and facilities that enable them to get spectacular shots of our amazing animals in their natural wild settings. Great places to watch out for these creatures include Finland’s 37 national parks, which are freely open to everyone all year round. Our wildlife gallery spotlights some of Finland’s most iconic animals and birds.
About Finland
Full of interesting contrasts, such as the four seasons, the Midnight Sun and winter darkness, urban and rural, East and West.
About Finland
Lynx
These beautiful big cats have become more common in Finland’s forests in recent years, though they are hard to spot, as their excellent senses of sight, smell and hearing enable them to keep well away from humans.
Whooper swan (Laulujoutsen)
The graceful white whooper swan is Finland’s national bird. Flocks of swans and cranes returning from their southerly wintering areas are welcomed by Finnish nature-lovers as heralding the long-awaited arrival of the spring.
Saimaa ringed seal
These rare inland seals have adapted to their freshwater home since they were cut off from the sea in Lake Saimaa – Finland’s largest lake – after the Ice Age. They are found only in Lake Saimaa. Thanks to conservation measures their numbers have recently risen to over 300, but they are still seriously endangered.
Great grey owl (Lapin pöllö)
The concentric rings around the eyes of these huge northern owls make them look perpetually surprised. Great grey owls can get quite aggressive if anyone approaches their nest or their young owlets.
Wolf
Who’s afraid of the big bad wolf? There’s no need to fear an unexpected encounter with a wolf when walking in a Finnish forest, as wolves are scarce and do their best to avoid people. The best way to see a wild wolf is to take one of the specially organised overnight wildlife-watching excursions in Finland’s eastern borderlands where wolves are most numerous.
Bear
Finland is home to more than 1,500 bears, though they are only seldom seen, since they are shy of people. Several wildlife tour operators run excursions out into the forests of Eastern Finland where you can stay overnight in a hide and watch and photograph wild bears who come to feed on fishy or meaty scraps put out to attract them.
Wolverine
Also known as gluttons, wolverines are hardy arctic animals that look like small elongated bears, though in fact they are more closely related to Finland’s pine martens, otters and badgers. Wolverine-watching trips are organised in Eastern Finland.
Siberian jay (Kuukkeli)
Siberian jays are sociable birds found in Lapland and other northerly regions. They often appear to scrounge tasty tidbits when they notice that hikers or skiers have stopped for a picnic.
Ermine
This ermine is well camouflaged in the snow in its white winter coat. Several Finnish forest animals shed their summer coats in the autumn and turn white for the winter. Snow-covered forests may look lifeless at first, until you notice the many tracks left by their animals and birds.
White-tailed eagle (Merikotka)
Thanks to the efforts of Finnish nature conservationists, majestic white-tailed eagles have returned from the brink of extinction, and today they are a common sight soaring over the waters and islands of Finland’s beautiful Baltic archipelagoes.
Services in the area
| Brown bear |
How many squares are on a chess board? | Finnish Wildlife - Animals & Plants in Finland | Discovering Finland
Finnish Wildlife
Finnish Wildlife
photo © Visit Finland
The diversity of wildlife in Finland often comes as a surprise to visitors to Europe’s easternmost country, but in Finland there are currently 80 mammal species in Finland. The list must be incomplete because it makes no mention of the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides), a species introduced in the last century, or of whatever rabbit species that has become a real problem in Helsinki in recent years, thought to be former pets and the offspring of former pets. Although neither species are native to Finland there is no denying that they have successfully adapted themselves to the environment in a relatively short time.
Featured
Joensuu 80110 FI
Fauna
Most visitors will be aware of Finland’s ‘Big 4′, namely the Brown bear, the Gray wolf, the Eurasian lynx, and the wolverine, however there are another 11 species of mammalian carnivore resident in the country. These are the Arctic fox, Red fox, and raccoon dog; the stoat (or ermine), European mink, the Least weasel (the smallest mammalian carnivore in the world), the European polecat, the Pine marten, and the sable; the badger; and the otter. Finland is home to one of the most endangered species of seals in the world, the Saimaa Ringed Seal which can only be found on Lake Saimaa, and which is one of only three species of freshwater seals living today. The Saimaa colony has a total population of only about 260 individuals. There are also 7 species of bats in Finland, 7 species of shrews, and 18 species of rodents including 2 lemmings, 8 voles, and the elusive Siberian Flying squirrel.
However, as diverse as mammalian life in Finland is, it pales in comparison to the richness of Finland’s avifauna. There are 450 species of bird in Finland, although 7 of these have not been seen since 1950. Thanks to Finland being the most eastern country in Europe, and one of the most northern in the world, there are a number of species rarely enountered anywhere else in Europe, which makes Finland very popular with birdwatchers everywhere. Those who make the trip come to see Black and Great spotted woodpeckers; Pygmy, Great Grey, and Snowy owls; White tailed and Golden eagles; Merlin; Pink footed geese; Willow and Siberian tits; Black grouse and Capercaillie; and many others that are rare elsewhere. There is an especially large number of birds of prey, including some 23 types of kites, hawks, and eagles, 9 types of falcon, 11 types of owl, and the osprey. Finnish birders greet the spring with great enthusiasm, with April and May being their busiest months as many migrants return north, including Finland’s national bird, the elegant Whooper swan.
Despite its northerly location and the severity of its winters, Finland is also home to 5 species of reptile and 5 species of amphibian, all of which hibernate, usually from the end of September through ’til April. There are two types of lizard; the Viviparous lizard, which is the northern lizard species in the world, and the only one in the Lacertidae family that is viviparous, meaning it gives birth to young rather than laying eggs and hatching them; the Slow Worm is also viviparous and is not as common as the Vivaparous lizard. They are often mistaken for snakes, however they possess eyelids which snakes do not, shed their skin in patches, and may shed their tails in defense.
There are three species of snake native to Finland. The Smooth snake can only be found in the Åland Islands, although it rare there and little is known of its lifecycle. In Sweden the females mate every two or three years, it is likely the same with the Finnish snakes. The Grass snake has the distinction of being the only reptile in Finland to lay eggs, which it does in moist places like leaf piles. It can be found in southwest Finland, along the coast, and in the lake district up to the 62nd parallel. Finland’s only poisonous snake is the Adder, or Common Viper, but it is really only dangerous to small children, old, weak, or sick people, or those with an allergic reaction to viper venom. The last known death to have been attributed to a bite from a Common Viper in Finland was in 1984, nonetheless, anyone who is bitten by one should seek medical assistance immediately.
The five amphibians that are found in Finland are the Warty (or Great Crested) Newt, the Smooth Newt, the Common Toad, the Common Frog, and the Moor Frog.
Finland is a paradise for anyone who loves fishing, from the seas around it, through the lakes that take up so much of the country, to the pristine northern rivers of Lapland. There are 68 species of freshwater fish found in Finland, and flyfishers flock every year to catch salmon and trout in the most idyllic of surroundings. In addition to the these you’ll find bream, sturgeon, shad, loach, carp, vendace, whitefish, bullhead, pike, burbot, bass, smelt, perch, roach, pike-perch (or zander), rudd, grayling, tench, and many more. When fishing in the Gulf of Finland, the Baltic Sea, or the Gulf of Bothnia, the most common fish you might catch are herring, dogfish, flounder, mackerel, ray, halibut, and atlantic salmon.
Flora
Vegetation only reappeared in Finland at the end of the last ice age some 10,000 years ago when the glaciers began finally to retreat. Nevertheless there are now more than 1,200 species of vascular plants, 800 species of bryophtes (mosses, liverworts, hornworts, etc.), and 1,000 species of lichen. Plant life is well adapted to tolerate the extremely contrasting weather of Finland’s pronounced seasons, although there is a greater variety of flora in southern Finland. Much of the country is dominated by conifers, mainly pine and spruce (although Siberian larch, fir, and juniper can also be found). However, in the extreme southern part of Finland there is a deciduous zone, the trees being mainly birch, hazel, aspen, maple, elm, linden, and alder. Birch is Finland’s national tree, and is found throughout the country as far as the arctic circle. Pine extends right to the north where it can be found growing among hardier species such as the pygmy willow and dwarf arctic birch.
Swathes of forests and vast areas of lakes are usually the first impression the visitor has of Finland, but a little exploration will reveal so much more. Over 1,000 species of flowering plants have been recorded here, and the the forests and countryside attract many Finns in the autumn when the berry and mushroom picking seasons are in full swing. Wild berries are very commonly used in Finnish recipes, and berry-picking is often a family day out. The most common types of berries picked in Finland are lingonberry, bilberry, crowberry, cranberry, buckthorn berry, wild raspberry and strawberry, rowanberry, arctic bramble, and the elusive and highly prized cloudberry. Finns also love their wild mushrooms, but, as is always the case with fungi, much care should be taken when picking: some mushrooms are poisonous, so only pick those which you recognise as being good for eating. The most popular mushrooms picked are the chantarelle and funnel chantarelle, the rufous, northern, and saffron milk caps, ceps, slippery jack, sheep polydore, pine mushroom, and the orange birch and variegated boletes.
| i don't know |
In the human body, molars, canines and incisors are all what? | Types of Teeth - Human Teeth
Types of Teeth - Human Teeth
The 4 Types of Human Teeth
Humans, same as the rest of the mammals, are heterodont animals, meaning that they have several different forms of teeth. Human teeth differentiate in shape, while more primitive animals are homodont and all their teeth have the same shape possibly differing only on size.
Permanent human teeth come in four different types: incisors , canines , premolars , and molars .
Types of teeth
Human teeth belong to four distinct types each having a typical appearance and performing a certain function. The shape and morphology of each human tooth type depends on the function that it is assigned to perform.
As a species, humans are omnivorous eating both meats and plants, so they need different types of teeth to handle both types of food. Generally, carnivorous animals need sharp teeth to pierce and tear meat, while herbivorous animals need flat teeth to crush and grind plants. Humans, as omnivorous, must have at least these 2 types of teeth.
Through evolution humans have developed 4 different main teeth types:
1. Incisors
Incisors (Cutting teeth) are the teeth at the center of the dental arch. There are eight incisors in total in the permanent (and primary) dentition, two on either side (left and right) in the upper and lower jaw. The middle four of them (one at each quadrant) are called central incisors, while the other four next to them are named lateral incisors.
Incisors are flat and board, shaped like a shovel with a narrow straight cutting edge that enables them to cut food. The main functions of an incisor in the mastication process are biting, cutting of food into chewable pieces and moving it inwards the mouth.
All eight incisors have a single root and almost the same shape, but their size may differ slightly with the upper incisors usually larger, and especially the central ones.
2. Canines (cuspids)
Canines (also called eye teeth or cuspids) are the teeth located next to the incisors towards the edge of the mouth. There are 4 canines in both primary and permanent human dentitions, one at each quadrant of the mouth. They are the third teeth from the center.
They have a sharp pointed edge that is used to rip and tear tough foods such as meat. In humans canine teeth have the same height as the rest of the teeth but in other animals they are longer and used to bite and kill prey. Canines have a single but long root that can reach up to 3 cm providing the stability required for their function. They are the longest and most stable human teeth.
3. Premolars (bicuspids)
Premolars (also called bicuspids) are the teeth located after the canines towards the back of the mouth. There are eight premolars in the permanent dentition, two on either side (left and right) in the upper and lower jaw. The front four of them (one at each quadrant) are called first premolars, while the other four on the back are called second premolars. The premolars are the fourth and fifth teeth from the midline. Premolars are only present in the permanent dentition; there are no premolars in the primary human dentition. When they erupt, they replace the primary molars.
The morphology of premolars is a combination between canines and molars. They are also known as bicuspids, because usually they have at least two cusps on their upper side. Premolars have a broader surface for chewing and grinding, but they also have some sharp points for piercing and ripping at the edge of the cusps. Their major role is to begin the crushing of foods before they are transferred to the molars for the final grinding. The upper jaw first premolars have two roots, while the upper second ones and all the lower jaw premolars have only one root.
4. Molars
Molars are the teeth located at the back of the dental arch. Adult humans have twelve molars, three on either side (left and right) in the upper and lower jaw. There are only 8 molars in the primary dentition which are replaced by the permanent premolars. Permanent molars are named as first, second, and third starting from the front to the back. The third molars are also known as wisdom teeth. Wisdom teeth are the last teeth to erupt behind all other teeth at the age of 17-25 years, much later than the rest. The molars are the sixth, seventh, and eighth teeth from the midline.
Molars perform most of the chewing, by crushing and finalizing grinding before swallowing the food.
The first and second molars have a similar shape with premolars, but they are larger (with the first molar larger than the second one). The mandibular first molars (the one at the lower jaw) are usually the largest teeth of the human mouth. They have a more flattened surface with four to five cusps, and two to three roots.
The morphology and size of third molars (wisdom teeth) may vary significantly but they are usually smaller than the other molars. In some cases they fail to erupt properly in the mouth, either remaining trapped inside the jaw bone (impacted wisdom teeth), or erupting partially causing a painful condition known as pericoronitis .
| Tooth |
How many events make up a biathlon? | The Learning Zone: The Living Animal
Nutrition
Nutrition is just a complicated word for something we all like doing - eating!
All animals, including humans, eat to live.They take in food at their mouths, munch it with their teeth, and the teeth break it down so it can be taken into the stomach. All the nutritious bits of the food are absorbed into the body through the intestine, and the rest comes out the other end!
Chewing is very important - it starts the process that breaks down our food. Most mammals have teeth to chew their food. Their teeth are adapted to their diets, but they usually have some combination of the three types of teeth that are found in human mouths: incisors, canines and molars.
Look at the human teeth below. Can you identify the incisors, canines and molars?
Click on the picture to see if you are right!
One way you can tell what type of food an animal eats is by looking at its teeth.
Humans are omnivores. They eat a bit of everything, and have all three types of teeth to chew their food. But lots of animals are not omnivores.
Some animals eat meat and only meat - thay are called carnivores. Carnivores have well developed canine teeth - for tearing and slicing meat.
Other animals eat only plants - they are called herbivores. Herbivores often have well developed molars or incisors for grinding and cutting plant food.
Have a look at the teeth below. Can you guess the diets of these animals? Remember incisors are for cutting plant food, molars are for grinding grass and other plants, and canines are for slicing and tearing meat.
Click on the pictures to see if you are right!
Look at more animal skulls and different types of teeth
Another way of finding out what an animal eats is by looking at its gut. The shape and size of an animal's intestines and stomach tell us a lot about its diet.
Did you know koalas have incredibly long guts? This is because they only eat eucalyptus leaves, which contain very few nutrients - they have to have a very long intestine so they can get as much goodness out of the leaves as they can.
Cows have a similar problem.
Grass isn't too good to eat - so they need a long time to process their food. How do they solve their problem? Simple - they just have four stomachs!
Move your mouse over the picture to see what's going on!
Return to Mrs Nerg on the Homepage or test your knowledge with her Quiz!
Search the Learning Zone
| i don't know |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.