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What type of musical instrument is a Burns Bison? | Used Burns Usa Musical Instruments Product Values by UsedPrice.com
Electric Guitar
2005
Description: Body: Basswood (Tilia, Linden, Lime) - Neck Attachment: Bolt - Neck Wood: Maple - Neck Construction: 3 Piece - Fingerboard: Rosewood - Frets: 21 - Scale Length: 24.75" (63cm) - Headstock: 3+3 - Cutaway: Double - Hardware: 1x Volume Control, 2x Tone Control - Pickups: Alnico Burns Rez-O-matik - Pickup Configuration: 3 - String Instrument Finish: Jet Black, Shadow White
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Donatello’s Bronze Statue of David shows David’s foot on whose severed head? | Burns Guitars Reviews & Articles
Burns Guitars Reviews & Articles
50 Years Of Burns Guitars
In this special feature commemorating the 50th anniversary of Burns guitars, Paul Alcantara looks at the history of the original British electric guitar brand
Few would dispute the importance of Jim Burns's contribution to the development of the electric guitar in the UK. The fact that he designed Britain's first solidbody guitars and basses would have been enough to guarantee him a place in the history books, but Jim's accomplishments went far beyond that.
Through the guitar's boom years in the early 1960s, Burns instruments were the choice of many rising stars of the 'beat group' scene, including the Honeycombs, the Searchers and the Troggs. With the launch of the Burns Marvin in 1964, Britain finally had a solidbody electric that was fully equivalent in terms of sound and performance to its American counterpart, the Fender Stratocaster.
Here we take a look at the story of the Burns company, which this year celebrates its 50th anniversary, taking in a rather special example of the Marvin model along the way. Supersound In 1958, Jim Burns joined forces with Alan Wootton of the Supersound amplification company to develop and manufacture a line of solidbody guitars and basses.
A makeshift workshop was set up in the basement of Jim's rented accommodation at 131 Queens Road in Buckhurst Hill, Essex and Jimmy and Peter Farrell, the sons of Jim's landlady Louise Farrell, were recruited as 'helpers'. Though they were primitive when compared to the instruments that Jim would build a few years later, the Supersound guitars and basses were nevertheless significant in being the first of their type to be manufactured on a commercial basis in the UK. Supersound's sole advertisement pictured the 'Ike Isaacs Short Scale' model, a single-cutaway Les Paul-like solidbody.
Jim Burns later stated that he made around 20 of these, but all of those that have since surfaced actually bear the later 'Burns Weill' badge suggesting that few, if any, Supersound examples actually made it onto the market or survived. Burns-Weill The collaboration with Alan Wootton lasted less than a year, but Jim's appetite for guitar making had been whetted. He promptly entered into a similar arrangement with amplifier manufacturer Henry Weill.
Once again Jim took care of the woodwork while Henry supplied the pickups and electronics. Marketed under the 'Burns-Weill' banner, the resulting instruments were the first to bear Jim's name. The range, which included both budget and professional quality models, comprised three solidbody guitars together with matching basses. Styled after the Japanese-built Guyatone/Antoria guitars (as used by guitarist Hank Marvin in his days with the Drifters), the Fenton guitar was priced at £35 while the futuristic RP2G Streamline Guitar retailed at a hefty £56.
Jim's partnership with Henry Weill ended acrimoniously when Jim decided to set up his own company, Ormston Burns Ltd, in late 1959. Henry continued to manufacture revised versions of the Burns-Weill models, now under the Fenton Weill brand name, but his efforts were ultimately eclipsed by the success enjoyed by Jim Burns in the following decade. The Burns Company The first guitar to carry the 'Burns' brand name, the Short Scale De-Luxe Artistes (sic) model, was unveiled in late 1959 and Ormston-Burns Ltd a partnership that included Jim Burns, Louise Farrell and her sons Jimmy and Peter was officially established the following year.
The early Burns line included the Artist, soon superseded by the Vibra Artist, and the small-bodied Sonic model, plus bass versions of both. Unlike the offerings from Watkins, Vox, Dallas, Rosetti and other UK-based companies, Burns products were never built to a price. The company's cheapest six-string, the Artist, retailed at £51 (equivalent to around £900 in today's money) while the top of the line Vibra Artist model sold for the princely sum of £78, a serious investment at a time when the average adult wage was around £7 per week!
The introduction of the Black Bison in December 1961 reflects the confidence that Jim Burns must have felt in his new venture. With its all-black finish, forward sloping horns and gold-plated hardware, the new guitar made a bold visual statement. Innovative features included four Ultra-Sonic pickups (developed with the help of the Goldring hi-fi company), novel 'Split Sound' circuitry, a newly designed 'boomerang' tremolo unit and a 'gear box' truss rod system that was concealed within the neck heel.
The model's £157 price tag singled it out as the most expensive British-built solidbody guitar of its era. In practice, the Black Bison proved completely uneconomical to manufacture and as a result, just 50 examples of the original four-pickup version were made before the model was redesigned with three pickups, a bolt-on neck and a simplified vibrato unit.
The Marvin Model Over the next few years the Burns Company added several new models to its line including the Split Sonic, the Jazz Split Sound guitar and the semi-solid TR2. With the introduction of the Marvin in December 1964, however, Burns came of age. That Hank Marvin the lead guitarist with the UK's top instrumental group, The Shadows should have laid aside his famous red Fender in favour of a British-built Burns guitar represented a remarkable coup for Jim and one that he could hardly have envisaged just a few years earlier.
The Shadows, who were experiencing tuning problems with their Fenders, had approached Jim with the request that he build them a Stratocaster-style instrument that would play and stay in tune. According to Hank, around 30 prototypes of the new model were assembled before the guitar finally met with his approval. "The 24 months of waiting was a nuisance but it all seemed worthwhile when we first began to use them," Marvin told the readers of his Beat Monthly column.
Taking Hank's Fender Stratocaster as a point of departure, Jim had incorporated various 'improvements' including the newly designed Rezo-Tube vibrato unit and Rez-o-Matik pickups. With a £173 price tag (around £20 more than a sunburst Fender Stratocaster), the Marvin replaced the Bison as Burns's flagship model.
Baldwin & Beyond In the 1960s, guitar-based pop music was seen as a passing fad and the Farrells were keen to sell before the bubble burst. With this pressure behind him, Jim accepted an offer from the American Baldwin Piano and Organ Company (which had earlier failed in an attempt to buy Fender) and the entire Burns operation was sold to Baldwin for £250,000 on September 30th 1965.
Jim Burns remained with the company as a consultant but left after about a year. Initially little changed, but in mid 1966 Baldwin decided to rationalise the range, dropping several models in the process. Those that remained were subjected to a design overhaul that was intended to facilitate production. A visible consequence of this 'restyling' was the 'flattened scroll' headstock now seen on the Bison, the Marvin and most other Baldwin models (only the Double Six 12-string and G.B.66 De Luxe hollowbody escaped intact with their original flat headstocks).
By the close of the decade, interest in the Burns/Baldwin instruments had diminished to the extent that Baldwin decided to pull the plug, focusing instead on the Gretsch guitar and drum lines that it had acquired in 1967. After Baldwin Having left Baldwin, Jim Burns continued to develop his ideas, initially under the Ormston banner, since Baldwin now owned the 'Burns' brand name.
In 1969 he joined the Dallas Arbiter organisation, where he collaborated with ex-Vox employee Bob Pearson on a line of guitars and basses that were sold under the Hayman brand name. In 1973, Jim was employed as designer and production controller for a Newcastle-based musical instrument retailer that operated under the Burns UK banner. Despite its name, the operation was not owned or run by Jim, who had effectively relinquished the right to his own name once again.
Burns UK models included the radically shaped Flyte guitar, the angular Hank seems suitably pleased: it's said that the scroll headstock was his idea Mirage and the LJ24. The 1980s saw Jim Burns resume guitar manufacture under his own name, this time as part of the PA:CE electronics group. Production began in 1980 with a series of all-new designs that included the eye-catching Scorpion, a model that found favour with Blondie guitarist Chris Stein.
Interest in the classic Burns designs continued, however, and in 1981 the company responded by reissuing the Marvin and Bison guitars. Unfortunately, creating authentic reproductions was deemed uneconomic and as a result many characteristic details were sacrificed, including the Marvin's Rezo-Tube vibrato, which was replaced by a generic Strat-style unit.
Poor management and inconsistent build quality resulted in disappointing sales and the company was gone by the mid 1980s. Burns London In the 1990s, Burns guitars began a much more successful rebirth. Founded in 1992 by Barry Gibson, with Jim Burns on board as a consultant, the Burns London Company set out to produce new Burns guitars in the spirit of the original models, beginning with the Legend, an accurate reissue of the Marvin.
Initially building guitars by hand in the UK, Burns London began producing guitars in the Far East in 1999 and today offers a full catalogue of electric guitars and basses, from the affordable Club Series to the upmarket Custom Elite range, together with limited edition instruments, such as the Dream guitar reviewed this month on page 26.
Our Guitar Designed to replace the early 1960s Fender Stratocasters that Hank Marvin and Bruce Welch were playing at the time, the Burns Marvin incorporated a number of Fender-like features that included a 21-fret rosewood fingerboard, 25.5-inch scale length and three single-coil pickups. The model's circuitry was virtually identical to that of a Strat, with a single volume control, two tone controls and a three-way pickup selector switch. (The earliest examples were fitted with a rotary switch mounted on its side in place of a regular three-way switch, presumably because a suitable switch wasn't available in the UK.) However, other details such as the three-a-side scroll headstock (a feature suggested by Hank himself ), three-section split pickguard and zero fret lent the Marvin a distinct visual identity of its own.
The Marvin's 'Rezo-Tube' vibrato employed a knife-edge pivot and individual string anchor tubes, hence the name. To get around Fender's patents, the tension springs were mounted backwards beneath an extended baseplate, also adding to the model's unique look. Tension could be adjusted via a pair of bolts at the end of the baseplate. Early examples had a mahogany body and a natural-finished 'steamed beech' neck (the steaming process increased the timber's stability by reducing its resin content).
Burns later substituted an obeche body (perhaps Hank and Bruce found the earlier mahogany bodies too heavy) and began using sycamore, a species of European maple, for the neck. Most Marvins were finished in white polyester and fitted with a brown or grey tortoiseshell plastic, three-piece split scratchplate. Custom colours were also offered, which came with black plastic scratchplates, though these sometimes appeared on white finished examples as well.
Initially Burns glued the two small sections of the scratchplate in place but soon switched to attaching them with screws both the slot-head and Phillips variety can be found, sometimes appearing on the same instrument! Details such as the size of the scratchplate engraving, the position of selector switch, the vibrato hand-rest and the top strap button also varied.
Back in the 1960s the detailing of Burns guitars was largely carried out by hand and as a result, the neck profile and the size and shape of the headstock scroll varied from one guitar to another. Mighty Marvin The Marvin pictured here belongs to the Managing Director of Burns London, Barry Gibson. According to Barry it is a pre-production model and details such as the switch angle and the full-width 'Rez-o-Matik' pickup engraving certainly point to an early date of manufacture.
The guitar's body has been refinished and the two small scratchplates, which would originally have been glued in place, are now secured with Phillips screws. "The guitar was originally fitted with an unusually long vibrato arm," Barry comments. "It was half as long again as the standard Marvin arm and I ended up playing over the neck pickup all the time!"
A reissue arm has since been fitted and the original stored safely in the case. Around 300 original Burns Marvins were produced before the company was sold in 1965. Baldwin continued to produce the model for a further five years but most collectors prefer the original Burns-branded guitars. All told, this is a very nice example of what is undoubtedly Burns's most sought after model.
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Mount Nemrut is in which European country? | Mount Nemrut - Statues at Mount Nemrut
Mount Nemrut
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Located in southeastern Turkey near the border with Syria , Mount Nemrut rises to just over 7,000 feet above sea level. Called Nemrut Dag in Turkish, it is protected by Mt Nemrut National Park and was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987. It is known for the vast field of gigantic statues that surround the sanctuary tomb of King Antiochus. These huge monoliths (25 to nearly 30 feet high) are similar to the mysterious statues of Easter Island in Chile and date to the first century B.C.
The statues at Mount Nemrut are of lions, eagles, various gods of Greece , and the king himself. They once were arranged in seated positions around the tumulus (burial mound), with the names of the gods inscribed on them and are now scattered about the site in a somewhat haphazard (but nonetheless impressive) manner. Around the tumulus are terraced courts carved out of the rock, an altar in the shape of a pyramid, and rock walls.
Many travel companies offer Mount Nemrut tours and vacation packages to this rather remote region of the country. They are generally part of the itineraries for tours that visit the Cappadocia churches and monasteries, the frozen waterfalls of Pamukkale , the ruins of Ephesus , and perhaps a visit to the beautiful beaches of the Turquoise Coast . It is also possible to book a simple overnight to Mt Nemrut National Park from Istanbul or Ankara .
Turkey Map
Not a large percentage of visitors take advantage of these tours since Mount Nemrut is in a fairly remote area of the country and not near other attractions. However, the awesome statues at Mount Nemrut are well worth a visit if you have the time and funds to get there. The closest city with an airport is Adiyaman (about 45 minutes away from the site), and there are flights between this Mount Nemrut airport and Istanbul or Ankara.
The tourist infrastructure around Mt Nemrut National Park is not as sophisticated as it is along the coast, so you won’t be staying in world-class luxury hotels for your excursion. But if you book vacation packages from reputable tour operators, you can still expect clean comfortable hotels rooms and excellent transportation and guide services. Some day excursions from Adiyaman are done by helicopter.
Many of the Mount Nemrut tours will include sunset cocktails at the site, as the statues at Mount Nemrut are quite an extraordinary sight as the sun sets and under the brilliant night stars in the mountain air. This is fitting since it appears that, like Stonehenge in England, the statues at Mount Nemrut were originally arranged to mark certain astrological events that were important to religious rites. King Antiochus was a believer in a religious cult that worshiped several astrological deities of Persia (today’s Iran) and Greece. While the cult largely died out with the king, some of his successors also placed their tombs here, a site that was lost to modern civilization until excavated in the late nineteenth century by an engineer from Germany. Some of the statues lie on the ground, as though deliberately pushed over or toppled by earthquake. Many have their noses defaced (like the monuments of Egypt), evidence of the efforts of subsequent Christian generations to eradicate the history of the cult.
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Which musical instrument is used in the ‘Third Man Theme’, otherwise known as ‘The Harry Lime Theme’? | New geopark to be built on Nemrut Crater Lake - Daily Sabah
New geopark to be built on Nemrut Crater Lake
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Nemrut Crater Lake, the world's second largest crater lake, is currently the site of the construction of the "International GeoPark Project."
Academics will conduct studies on the crater lake, which received an award for excellence from the European Destinations of Excellence (EDEN) project. The studies have been launched by a team of seven under the coordination of Professor Aydın Büyüksaraç, the vice chancellor of Bitlis Eren University. The project, which has been done with the support of the Eastern Anatolia Development Agency (DAKA), is expected to contribute to Bitlis' tourism and economy.
Professor Büyüksaraç said Nemrut Crater Lake is a unique geographic creation, since it is located between the largest volcanic mountains in the region, as well as Mount Nemrut. He said: "We will conduct studies on geologic creation, endemic plants, animal species, other lakes in the region and archaeological settlements at first. There are historical records of two active volcano's in Turkey: One is Mount Erciyes and the other is Mount Nemrut, which was last active in 1941. The volcano, which was first active roughly 600 years ago, is currently an active but dormant volcano."
Due to the volcanic eruption of Mount Nemrut, five different crater lakes came into being. "The lake's average depth is 100 meters, which is a very deep creation. The surrounding of the lake is as high as four meters. The top part of the crater is 46 kilometers wide, while the bottom is 36 kilometers wide. The crater is conical in shape," added Büyüksaraç.
Following the necessary studies in the region, the scientific team will present the reports they prepared to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and will work for Nemrut Crater Lake to be recognized and accepted by UNESCO on the international geopark list. Büyüksaraç claimed that if the crater lake is recognized by UNESCO, Bitlis's tourism will be boosted and the region will be the second geopark in the world. "The region will attract international tourists as well because there are so many natural creations. Moreover, I believe that the region will also be a hub for nature sports. As it gets a lot of strong winds, the region is also suitable for paragliding. Tours can be organized to hike to other natural areas. Nemrut has great potential for tourism as an alternative destination," he concluded.
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Karl Stromberg is the name of the villain in which James Bond film? | Karl Stromberg | James Bond Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Film biography
Background
The webbed-fingered Karl Stromberg is a successful self-employed businessman as head of his own shipping firm . It must be noted that in Christopher Wood 's novelisation of the film, Stromberg's first name is Sigmund, and is Swedish. Stromberg's obsession and passion is the ocean where he lives in his palace, named Atlantis , that could submerge itself underwater so as not to be seen or detected. Located off the coast of Sardinia , Italy , Atlantis has everything to support life above and below water for any length of time. In fact, Atlantis is more like a city, able to support dozens if not hundreds of people.
Stromberg also owns a huge tanker, named Liparus , that serves as his headquarters away from Atlantis. Aboard the tanker he has a small army of soldiers clad in orange jumpsuits.
Scheme
Although Stromberg has a passion and love for the ocean and its various species, he absolutely despises the human race, not unlike Jules Verne's Captain Nemo. Stromberg, however, is much more diabolical and has no interest in benefitting the world. He has a congenital condition in which his hands were webbed like those of aquatic birds or mammals. It is his personal mission to start over with a new civilization underwater. After contracting two scientists to create the technology to track nucleur submarines , Stromberg takes this technology and uses it to capture a Soviet nuclear submarine and a United Kingdom submarine. By tracking the subs, Stromberg's specially adapted tanker, the Liparus, would sneak up on the subs and capture them inside the tanker. His plan calls for the use of firing nuclear weapons from these subs at Moscow and New York City , thus framing each other's government and starting a nuclear war, which would wipe out every last human being on Earth. The Russian and British government send the agents Anya Amasova and James Bond respectively.
-"Every person who even comes into contact with that microfilm, is to be eliminated". Stromberg to Jaws
This scheme is actually a recycled plot from a previous film, You Only Live Twice , which was similar in that by stealing space capsules it would start a war between the Soviets and the Americans. The scheme in which the villain wishes to destroy mankind to create a new race or new civilization was also used in Moonraker , the next film after The Spy Who Loved Me. In Moonraker, the villain Hugo Drax had an obsession with starting a new human civilization in space. The film Moonraker was also written by Christopher Wood. Both featured Jaws as a henchman.
Prevention
While Bond and Amasova are briefed about their task, Stromberg meets with Dr. Bechmann and Professor Markovitz , the men who developed his submarine tracking system. He tells them that he has payed 10 million dollars each into their bank accounts. Before dismissing them, he tells them that he regrets to inform them that someone has been attempting to sell the plans to competing world powers and that only someone close to the project could have done so. He tells his assistant to leave the room while he discusses with the men, but as she enters the elevator, Stromberg pushes a button and the bottom of the elevator opens, dropping the girl into a water tank occupied by a swimming shark. Over a PA system, Stromberg reveals that woman was the one responsible for trying to sell the project as she had access to the information and watches with little to no emotion as the woman ends up being devoured by the shark. The two scientists then leave the room and Stromberg heaves Atlantis, his underwater palace, out of the ocean. He then calls two henchmen, Sandor and Jaws, and tasks them with the recovery of the tracking system, telling them to eliminate everyone who came into contact with the system.
Stromberg then watches the helicopter with the two scientists leaving Atlantis and, with them having outlived their usefulness, blows them up. He then swiftly cancels the transaction and tells a secretary to inform the two mens' families that they have met with an accident and are "buried at sea".
Meeting Bond
Eventually, Bond and Amasova find a microchip leading them to Stromberg's marine research laboratory on
Sardinia. Their governments decide that Amasova and Bond will be sent to investigate together. Under the cover of a marine biologist and his assistant, Bond and Amasova are granted "an audience" with Stromberg. Sent by Stromberg, his helicopter pilot Naomi picks up Bond and Amasova and she brings them to Atlantis. When they arrive at Atlantis, Stromberg watches them via hidden cameras. While Bond enters the elevator to meet Stromberg, Naomi volunteers to show Amasova around. After exiting the elevator, Bond (as Mr. Sterling) meets Stromberg, who tests Bond's cover by asking him about the fishes in his aquarium. Bond manages to avert this by correctly deducing a certain species of fish, much to Stromberg's surprise. Bond and Stromberg briefly talk about Stromberg's obsession with the ocean before Stromberg parts with Bond, claiming to have urgent business.
While Bond and Amasova leave, Stromberg meets with Jaws, who confirms that his two guests were the ones he fought on the train. Stromberg then tells both Jaws and Naomi to let them get to shore before killing them. However, Bond and Amasova manage to escape the hit, and Naomi ends up being killed, though Jaws manages to escape alive.
Capturing another vessel
When Stromberg's men capture an American submarine with the help from a cargo ship called the Liparus, Bond and Amasova are inside amidst the crew. As the submarine is placed inside the Liparus, Stromberg talks to the captain via intercom, telling him that he and his crew will be exterminated via cyanide gas if they do not open the hatch. Without an alternative, the hatch is opened and the men leave the ship. Stromberg then orders the crew to be imprisoned with the crews of the other submarines. However, while the men are walking off, Stromberg recognizes Bond and Amasova and tells his men to bring the two to him. When Bond and Amasova stand before him, Stromberg reveals his true plan to fire nuclear missiles from the stolen submarines at Moscow and New York City, thus framing each other's government and starting a nuclear war, which would wipe out every last human being on Earth and allow Stromberg to create a new civilization under the oceans. He reveals that he considers the modern world to be corrupt and decadent, and that he plans to destroy it to make room for his new oceanic civilization.
His two submarines then set off. After witnessing their departure, Stromberg orders his men to imprison Bond with the rest of the crew while he takes Amasova for himself and enters a speedboat wit her to return to Atlantis. However, Bond manages to free himself on the way and frees the American, British, and Soviet crews from their cells. After arming themselves, Bond and the crews takes over the Liparus, killing the remainder of Stromberg's men. After gaining entrance to the control room, Bond is able to trick the stolen British and Soviet submarines to fire their nuclear warheads at each other with the same tracking system, obliterating both submarines and Stromberg's crews onboard. Using the American submarine, Bond and the remaining crew members escape as Liparus sinks to the bottom of the ocean.
Death at Atlantis
When the captain of the submarine gets orders from Washington to destroy Atlantis, Bond manages to convince him to wait one hour to allow Bond to enter Atlantis and save Amasova. After Bond arrives, Stromberg addresses Bond over the PA system and tells Bond that he will send the elevator down for him. Planning to drop Bond into the shark tank, Stromberg is surprised to see that Bond evaded his trap by keeping his feet off the floor. Arriving safely at Stromberg's living quarters, Bond sits down at the table, opposed to Stromberg. Stromberg then tries to shoot Bond with a hidden torpedo gun attached under the table, but Bond evades the missile and returns fire.
A dying Stromberg collapsing behind the table.
Bond exercises his licence to kill by shooting Stromberg two times in the crotch, once in the chest, and finally on the head, killing him. Bond then proceeds to rescue Amasova and they evade in an escape pod before Atlantis is torpedoed and sunken to the bottom of sea, giving the deceased Stromberg a burial at sea.
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| The Spy Who Loved Me |
Sir William Vernon Harcourt was Home Secretary in which British Prime Minister’s government? | The Spy Who Loved Me (1977) - IMDb
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The Spy Who Loved Me ( 1977 )
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James Bond investigates the hijacking of British and Russian submarines carrying nuclear warheads with the help of a KGB agent whose lover he killed.
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Nominated for 3 Oscars. Another 2 wins & 8 nominations. See more awards »
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Storyline
James Bond is back again and his new mission is to find out how a Royal Navy Polaris submarine holding sixteen nuclear warheads simply disappears whilst on patrol. Bond joins Major Anya Amasova and takes on a a web-handed mastermind, known as Karl Stromberg, as well as his henchman Jaws, who has a mouthful of metal teeth. Bond must track down the location of the missing submarine before the warheads are fired. Written by simon
Roger Moore as Ian Fleming's James Bond 007 See more »
Genres:
3 August 1977 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
La espía que me amó See more »
Filming Locations:
Did You Know?
Trivia
According to the book 'James Bond: A Celebration' (1987) by Peter Haining , who passed away in 2007, " Jules Verne 's Captain Nemo was the inspiration for [Ian] Fleming's Ernst Stavro Blofeld". The book states that the character " . . . has his origins in Caprtain Nemo, the hate-fuelled rebel of Jules Verne 's classic novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under The Sea [1870]". Blofeld was originally intended to be the villain in The Spy Who Loved Me (1977). See more »
Goofs
On the train, the wine spill on Jaws' jacket disappears in one shot and is inconsistently dry in others. See more »
Quotes
HMS Ranger Navigator: Captain wants to keep 500 feet.
Young officer, HMS Ranger : [over PA] Maneuvering, Control. Come in shallow to 500 feet.
Young officer, HMS Ranger : [to crewman] Keep 500 feet
HMS Ranger crewman: Keep 500 feet, sir.
See more »
Crazy Credits
First opening credit sequence to incorporate specially shot footage of the actor playing James Bond (in this case, Roger Moore ). See more »
Connections
(Järvenpää, Finland) – See all my reviews
Just like the highly disappointing "Die another day" is a regrettable class example of how to do everything in a James Bond film completely wrong, legendary "The Spy who loved me" is a prototype of a perfect 007 adventure. Everything seems to work here.
First of all this was the first Bond movie that really showed what a modern pre-credits sequence should look like. After all in Roger Moore's first two flicks "Live and let die" and "The Man with the golden gun" we don't even see 007 until after the credits.
From the opening ski chase to the underwater car, stunts are amazing. In many ways this has to be one of the most imaginative Bonds. Story is excellent, especially because it doesn't only deal with Stromberg's evil plot against the unaware world but because it has a pleasant little sideplot about 007's relationship with Major Anya Amasova.
Villains are of course splendid, why should I even bother to mention that (almost literally) larger-than-life character Jaws is perhaps the most beloved bad guy James Bond has ever been against with. Curd Jürgens also gives a magnificent performance as the insane mastermind Stromberg.
I'm one of the people who thinks that in the end Sean Connery is the one and only true James Bond. Nevertheless, "The Spy who loved me" is still better than some of Connery's Bond movies. At least it surpasses "From Russia with love", "Thunderball" and "Diamonds are forever" and I must admit these films are most terrific experiences too.
Everyone should see this film, not only the big Bond fanatics. Why? Simply because "The Spy who loved me" is not only a significant film in the movie series, it's much more than that. It's an important part of the pop culture.
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What colour is the snake on the logo of car manufacturer Alfa Romeo? | 33 Cars Logos Meaning & History | CarLogos.org
33 Cars Logos Meaning & History
1. Audi
Audi Logo Meaning - Audi cars of the four rings logo, representing the four pre-merger company. These companies have a manufacturer of bicycles, motorcycles and small passenger cars. The company was originally a merger of four companies, so each ring is a symbol of one of the company.
2. Mercedes-Benz
Mercedes-Benz Logo Meaning - apply for Daimler company registered in June 1909 pointed star as a car flag, symbol of landing on water and air mechanization. Coupled with a circle around it in 1916, set with four small stars in the top of the circle, the following Mercedes "Mercedes" word. "Mercedes" is the meaning of happiness, meaning Daimler production of car owners who will bring happiness.
3. Volkswagen
Volkswagen Logo Meaning - Volkswagen automobile company in German the Volks Wagenwerk, intended for public use vehicles, marking the VW for the full name the first letter. Signs such as by three with the middle finger and index finger to make the "V", said the public company and its products win - win - win.
4. Toyota
Toyota Logo Meaning - Toyota's three oval logo is from early 1990. Large oval logo on behalf of the Earth, in the middle by a vertical combination of two ellipses into a T-word, on behalf of Toyota. It is a symbol of Toyota is based on the future, confidence in the future and ambition, but also a symbol of Toyota is based on the customer, the customer guarantees, a symbol of the user's heart and the heart of the automotive manufacturers are linked to a sense of mutual trust, Yu said Toyota's superior technology and innovative potential.
5. Ford
Ford Logo Meaning - Ford logo Ford English Ford "blue white. As founder Henry Ford, like small animals, so the logo designers Ford English painting into a pattern of small white rabbit look like.
6. BMW
BMW Logo Meaning - BMW logo middle, on behalf of blue sky, white clouds and stop rotating propellers, Yu said a long history of BMW origins, a symbol of the company's leading position in the aero-engine technology, but also a symbol of the company has always The aims and objectives: in the vast space, with advanced technical skills, the latest concept to meet customer wishes, reflecting the vigorous momentum and the new face of the ever-changing.
7. Rolls-Royce
Rolls-Royce Logo Meaning - Rolls-Royce Rawls · Luolao, Lewis Automotive logo two "R" overlap, a symbol of you have me, I have you, reflect both harmony and harmonious relationship.
lawers Laois logo In addition to the double R, the famous trapeze signs. This flag is an idea taken from the corridors of the Louvre in Paris art statue of the goddess of victory in two thousand years of history, she was dignified and noble figure of the artists to produce a source of passion. When automotive art guru Charles Sykes was invited to the Rolls-Lo Lewis Motor Company design marks, goddess like etched in his mind immediately makes him produce inspiration. So an arms stretched to the Goddess of the body with a veil floating in the air.
8. Ferrari
Ferrari Logo Meaning - Ferrari logo is a leaping horse. In the First World War, Italy has a performance very good pilot; his aircraft had this one will bring him good luck in the Yamaha. In the first Ferrari racing after winning the pilot's parents - a pair of Earl couple suggestions: Ferrari should also be in the car printed on this horse, bring good luck in the Yamaha. The pilot was killed, the horse became a black color; logo background color of Modena canary.
9. Peugeot
Peugeot Logo Meaning - Peugeot Automobile Company, the predecessor of the Peugeot family, brothers Pierre in the early 19th century opened a production of the see-saw, spring and other iron tools, small workshops. These iron products, the trademark is a mighty lion, it is a sign of the company is located Frendo repair Kundi province, invincible metaphorical. Reflects the three major advantages: Peugeot see-saw hardened wear-resistant serrated teeth like a lion, saw themselves as the backbone of the Lions flexible, see-saw performance like a lion to the unimpeded. In 1890, a Peugeot car, to show that its high-quality, the company decided to still follow the "lion" trademark.
11. Bentley
Bentley Logo Meaning - Walter Owen Bentley in 1919 produced the first one, four-cylinder racing car with a badge, the above is a pair of hawk wings surrounded by Bentley at the beginning of the letter "B" . Four-cylinder car is no longer in production, while "B" word badge is still the symbol of Bentley. Bentley car logo is based on the company name the first letter of the "B" as the main body to give birth to a pair of wings, like volley soaring eagle, the logo still in use.
12. Lincoln
Lincoln Logo Meaning - Lincoln car is owned by Ford Motor Company brands. Mounted at the front of the middle surrounded by the elongated shape of the cross star, a symbol of dignity and solemnity. Lincoln Motor Company is Mr. Henry Leland founded in 1907, acquired by Ford Motor Company in 1922. The initial production of aircraft engines for the industry. Lincoln is a brand named after the president's name, designed for the production of high-end car of the president and head of state. Lincoln cars outstanding performance, elegant styling and unparalleled comfort, since the 1939 U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, has been the White House selected as the presidential limousine.
13. Jaguar
Jaguar Logo Meaning - Jaguar name origin can be traced back to 1937. June SS Motor Company officially took over the car companies Sunbeam (Wolverhampton). Sir Lyons was very much hope that can car called the Sunbeam, Sunbeam had many world racing champions, can be described as a "victory" sign. Unfortunately, within the company there are some problems. Finally, forced to abandon the use of the name of the Sunbeam as a company. Sir Lyons last name-the Jaguar chose a clear pronunciation in various languages, it is named according to the World War I flying machine. Also known as Jaguar Jaguar, Hong Kong people also known as "Jaguar", the reason for the transliteration of the English JAGUAR, it identifies the car is designed as a jaguar jump jump, vivid, concise image of strong, dynamic, contains the power of , rhythm and brave.
14. Chevrolet
Chevrolet Logo Meaning - Chevrolet brand, said patterned bow, Chevrolet is a Swiss racing driver, engineer Louis Chevrolet name.
15. Lexus
Lexus Logo Meaning - Lexus symbol of English pick up the car the first letter, that is, LEXUS first letter "L".
16. Lamborghini
Lamborghini Logo Meaning - Lamborghini company logo is a whole body full of strength, is preparing to launch a fierce attack to the opponent. Is said to the pigheadedness Lamborghini is this not to be outdone, also reflects the characteristics of the Lamborghini company's products because the company's cars are high-power, high-speed sports car. The trademark on the front and rear eliminating the need for the company's name, only a stubborn cattle.
17. Cadillac
Cadillac Logo Meaning - selection of "Cadillac" in the name of the royal nobility to the French explorer, Anthony Simmons, the founder of the U.S. city of Detroit Cadillac to pay tribute to trademark graphics crown and shield composition. The crown symbolizes the Cadillac family coat of arms, seven pearl on the crown metaphor for the royal blue blood. The shield symbolizes the heroic army of Cadillac. The shield is divided into four equal portions. The first and fourth decile is full at the end of the Clemens family coat of arms, dark brown stick to the middle across three of the same Blackbird separate the two, one the next. Three birds mean the shamisen, one of the sacred, and also means daring and enthusiasm of the Christian warrior wisdom, rich, intelligent mind and perfect character. The second and third decile is due to internal intermarriage, when another piece of territory added to the Clemens family property, these 4 equal to Clemens coat of arms was adopted. 4 and so on since the beginning of the colors that vast land, enriched by the fame of the Clemens family, brave and bold; silver unity, love, virtue and rich red marks action. Across the bars represent the brave knights in the Crusaders war. Cadillac trademark of bravery and honor of the ancestors of the founder of the Detroit City.
18. Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo Logo Meaning - Alfa Romeo logo began in the early 1930s, which is the emblem of the City of Milan City medieval Milan lord Weisikangtai of the Duke family crest, the sign of the cross section from the Crusaders from the Milan out the story of the expedition; the right part of the badge of the Duke of Milan; snake swallowing Sarah fast pattern, according to mythology, one of them saying symbolizes Weisikangtai ancestors had repelled the suffering of the people "Dragon". In short, While the old badge accompanied the Alfa Romeo sports car has been known to become the one of the well-known trademarks.
19. Volvo
Volvo Logo Meaning - "Volvo" (Volvo), also translated as "rich". The logo is composed of two parts by the icon and the word mark. Volvo graphic logo is composed by the dual-ring wheel shape, and point to the upper right of the arrow. The middle of the Latin word "Volvo" means rolling forward, signifying the wheel of the Volvo car rolled forward and thrive promising.
20. Mazda
Mazda Logo Meaning - Mazda Motor Corporation, formerly known as the Japan Industrial production car named after company founder "Matsuda", because "Matsuda" pinyin MAZDA (Mazda), so people used to call the Mazda .
Mazda initially in the oval into the hands holding a sun, meaning Mazda will have tomorrow, Mazda traveled all over the world.
Mazda with Ford after using the new logo, the seagulls fly in the oval, and form the "M" word. The "M" is the the MAZDA first uppercase letter indicates that the company will fly to the infinite creativity and sincere service, the new century.
21. Pontiac
Pontiac Logo Meaning - Pontiac logo, composed by two parts of the letters and graphics. The letter "PONTIAC", taken from the name of a place in the U.S. state of Michigan: graphic car marked with a cross mark the arrow. The cross marks, said Pontiac is an important member of the General Motors Corporation, also a symbol of Pontiac car safe and reliable; arrow represents ahead of Pontiac's technology and research spirit, indicates that the Pontiac car traveled global.
22. Lotus
Lotus Logo Meaning - Lotus cars marked, in the oval on the floor inlaid with abstract lotus shape, above in addition to the word "Lotus" (LOTUS), also founder of Chapman Name Name (A.C.B CHAPMAN) four letters of the alphabet "A. C. B. C superposition made.
Lotus is a British Chapman, founded in 1951, mainly produces sports car, the small scale, in the fierce competition changed hands several times, Lotus is owned by DRB-HICOM through its subsidiary Proton, which acquired it following the bankruptcy of former owner Romano Artioli in 1996.
23. Renault
Renault Logo Meaning - 1898, Louis Renault, the three brothers in France, Renault than Yang Ancient create. It is one of the oldest car company in the world. Renault sedans, official cars and sports car.
Renault logo makes up the pattern of four diamond, symbolizing the the Reynold three brothers to blend with the automotive industry, said, "Renault" to compete in the infinite space (4D), survival and development.
24. Buick
Buick Logo Meaning - The shape of "sword" pattern Buick trademark for a total of graphical trademarks, are installed in the car radiator grille. Three different color sword (from left to right, respectively, for the three colors of red, white and blue), in order of priority in different height positions, giving a positive, continue to climb the feeling, it said Buick top-level technology, Buick is the courage of the warriors of Dengfeng.
Buick cars marked in English comes from the surname of the company's founder David Buick. The whole trademarks are the wings of the eagle is about to fall on the Buick on the letters of the alphabet. It symbolizes the Buick Eagle ideal habitat is to be the old adage: "Families with plane trees, in order to provoke the Golden Phoenix.
25. Porsche
Porsche Logo Meaning - Porsche cars marked in English with German Porsche founder Ferdinand Porsche's surname. Graphic logo company is located in Stuttgart's coat of city emblem.
the word "PORSCHE" trademark top, that the trademark is owned by the Porsche design company; the trademark STUTTCART "the words in the top of the horse, the company is headquartered in Stuttgart; trademarks of the middle horse, said Stuttgart a place rich in a valuable species of horse; the upper left and lower right of the trademark pattern of antlers, Stuttgart is a good place for hunting; trademark the top right and bottom left of the yellow stripes represent the mature wheat color, a metaphor for the bumper harvest of the trademark in black on behalf of the fertile land, the trademark red symbolizes the people's wisdom and love of nature, which form a superb deep meaning, delicate and beautiful pastoral landscape, show the insurance McNair brilliant in the past, and foreshadowed a bright future for the Porsche, the Porsche sports car's outstanding!
26. Opel
Opel Logo Meaning - Who often watch TV sports channel spectators, will see large-scale international sports competitions circle lightning "emblem, that is, the identity of the German Opel. Circle lightning ", which means the Opel's strength and speed is unmatched; Opel is always full of vigor and vitality.
German Opel company is a subsidiary of General Motors, is a window of the GM in Europe. Founded by Adam Opel, has been one hundred years of history. Opel company's sponsorship of the football World Cup, European Championship, the Davis Cup, League Cup tennis tournament and other major world sports competitions, making the Opel company has a high reputation in sports, no doubt, to bring its good returns. At present, Opel has more than 100 markets throughout the world in over 20 countries. Opel cars for five consecutive years the location of the car's number one brand in Western Europe accounted for 12% of Western European car market share.
27. Fiat
Fiat Logo Meaning - Italian Fiat company was founded in July 1899, has been more than 100 years of history. Now Fiat is Italy's most important automobile manufacturing center and the largest private enterprise groups. The early establishment of the Group's only production car, then quickly diversified products in the fields of commercial vehicles, ships, aircraft, trains, farm tractors and construction machinery.
The Fiat (FIAT) Italian Automobile Factory of Turin (Fabbrica Itliana Auto-the dotmobi Ledi Torino) translation abbreviation "fiat" in English the meaning of the word "law", "license" "approval". The company's logo has been used to "FIAT", just different shape and color improvement. Such as 1921, The Scarlet Letter white circular logo; font vertical pull workers trademark in 1931; 1959 the company launched a new car and the logo bigger to do round the corner; 1965 Guizhi wound red and white circular logo as the official emblem; the establishment of a joint-stock companies in 1968 a new logo in the four boxes, each with a letter; factory in 1991, Fiat 600 switch on the front face of the five cable-stayed straight bars, the rear is still the identity of the four boxes.
28. Rover
Rover Logo Meaning - Rover is Mascot from the world's most famous homeless family - Vikings pun. The "Rover" the word in English with the meaning of the Rangers, mariners.
Since 1902, this flag will be placed in the position of the middle of a car before.
1920s of the 20th century, the Vikings helmet image and triangle badge attract a generation of young people like Rover car.
Later, standing in the Rover is sign the Vikings gradually to his head, but he still took the helmet. Accurate and consistent logic is to let the bow of the National People's Congress ships in Virgin statue.
Viking ship bow and sails in 1929, first appeared in the signs of the radiator, as an auspicious symbol of the centuries-old runs through the Rover car.
29. Hyundai
Hyundai Logo Meaning - In 1947, Chung Ju Yung create Hyundai Motor Company, through 50 years of development, it has become Korea's largest automobile manufacturers, and enter the ranks of the world-famous car companies. Its trademark is used in the Oval italics H, H is the Hyundai Motor Company English Name HYUNDAI capital letters. Modern first reflects the concept of the "Hyundai Motor Company in the world to take off in 2000; followed by Hyundai Motor Company is also a symbol of development in harmony and stability. The trademark oval, which represents the car's steering wheel, can be seen as the Earth, during the H together exactly represent the mean of a modern car all over the world.
30. Skoda
SkodaLogo Logo Meaning - The meaning of Skoda trademark: a huge ring a symbol of Skoda impeccable product for the world; bird wings symbolizes the technological progress of worldwide product marketing; right flight of the arrow, the symbol of advanced process; the outer ring in the black color symbolizes the Skoda company more than 100 years of tradition; central covered with green, the expression of the Skoda people focus on renewable resources and environmental protection.
Skoda Felicia brand car trademarks now production Guizhi of the bottom part of the leaves, said the victory. In addition, the Skoda trademark a legend: It is said, the plant manager from the Americas back to an Indian servant, and this person is very diligent, the mask is also very beautiful, so on the selection of his mask as a trademark, which is now Sri Lanka Kodak Arrow trademark.
31. Chrysler
Chrysler Logo Meaning - Chrysler is named after founder Walter Chrysler Motor Company. Graphic trademark five-pointed star, like a medal, it embodies the Chrysler family and employees their lofty ideals and aspirations, and always the pursuit of endless and win in the competition's spirit of struggle. The five-pointed star of five parts, respectively, on all five continents in Chrysler cars, Chrysler cars all over the world.
32. Suzuki
Suzuki Logo Meaning - The Suzuki logo is S is the S in the first SUZAUKI logo SUZUKI's first capital letters, it gives the feeling of infinite power, a symbol of the unlimited development of Suzuki Motor Corporation.
Suzuki Loom Manufacturing 1909 Suzuki coast of Shizuoka Prefecture name of the county to create, in 1954 renamed Suzuki Automotive Industry Corporation.
Company mainly produces mini-cars, light trucks, motorcycles and so on. Since 1979, the company produced mini-cars in Japan sales in the first place, Suzuki SPORT SWIFTGTI had won the first prize in the Asia-Pacific Rally Championship. In 1983, the Company and Chongqing Changan Automobile Co., Ltd. production Alto mini-cars, already occupies an important position in the field of domestic mini-cars, crazy little mouse said.
33. Citroen
Citroen Logo Meaning - In 1900, Andre Citroen, the invention of the herringbone gear. In 1912, Andre Citroen began employing shaped gear as the Citroen product trademarks. Later, Citroen has organized two trips across the continent and across the Asian continent, Citroen car became famous. French life, cheerful, and love fashion, like the novel and beautiful, Citroen car on the performance of the France of this character, all the time exudes the romance of France.
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Tocology is the study of what in humans? | 22 Corporate Brand Logo Evolution of Automobile Groups | InstantShift
22 Corporate Brand Logo Evolution of Automobile Groups
Posted in Inspiration , Showcases February 25th, 2010 By MsaNkadI 62 Comments
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Did you know that many of the biggest automobile companies started as bicycle manufacturers? Have you ever wondered why the Audi has four interlocked rings as its logo? Or why the Alfa Romeo has such a romantic company name?
Logos represent the brand image, traditions and origins of a company. It is not just a visual badge on the car’s bonnet but represents what people think about the brand and the cars themselves. Somebody driving a Mercedes is perceived as prosperous, mature and of course rich. On the other hand, somebody with an Aston Martin is likely to be a more flamboyant personality. All of these perceptions, just from a small logo of the car manufacturer! So it is not surprising, that the logos undergo historic evolution along with the company’s products, origins and customers.
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Corporate Brand Logo Evolution Of Automobile Groups
A company’s brand is its most important asset. A brand is a leadership tool. A brand defines your business, products and services you offer. It is a guarantee of quality. Your brand helps your business establish a relationship with customers and define your position in the market. The brand makes a promise to customers and key stakeholders that must be delivered at every touchpoint.
There are a lot of fascinating stories associated with companies’ logo histories. Below we share logo stories of some of the biggest automobile companies today. Be sure to let us know if I have missed anything!
01. Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo, the Italian car manufacturer, traces its beginnings to France. The company was initially founded as Società Anonima Italiana Darracq (SAID) in 1906 by the French automobile firm of Alexandre Darracq, with some Italian investors. After the partnership failed, one of the investors, Cavaliere Ugo Stella, moved the company and renamed it as Anonima Lombarda Fabbrica Automobili (Lombard Automobile Factory, Public Company) or A.L.F.A.
The first logo of ALFA was designed in 1910 by Romano Cattaneo, and has an interesting story. He was once waiting for a tram at the Piazza Castello station in Milan, when he was inspired by the Red Cross on the Milan Flag and the Coat of Arms of the Noble House of Visconti (the coat of arms featured a grass snake, biscione, with a man in its jaws, symbolizing “[to the] Visconti’s enemies that the snake [was] always ready to destroy”). The words ALFA and MILANO were written around the two symbols separated by two Savoia Dynasty Knots, to honor the kingdom of Italy.
In 1916, Neapolitan businessman Nicola Romeo bought the company and converted its factories to produce munitions and machineries for World War I. In 1918, the badge was redesigned by Giuseppe Merosi, to include the words ALFA and ROMEO (after the name of the owner Nicola Romeo). Post war, the company went back to producing car and was named after its owner as Alfa Romeo.
02. Aston Martin
Aston Martin is a British manufacturer of luxury sports car, which was found by Lionel Martin and Robert Bamford in 1913. Initially, the duo started to sell sports car made by Singer but later decided to make their own vehicles. Their first car was named Aston Martin, after the name of the owner Lionel Martin and the Aston Clinton Hill Climb Racing Course (one of their Singer cars, they sold earlier had won a race there).
In 1959 James Bond happened, and frankly the Aston Martin story cannot be told without Mr. Bond. In 1959, Ian Fleming put the super spy James Bond in an Aston Martin DB Mark III. When the movie was released in 1964, James Bond drove the upgraded supersleek silver Aston Martin DB5 in Goldfinger (1964) and Thunderball (1965) (complete with machine gun, passenger ejector seat, and revolving number plates!).
03. Audi
Audi is a German brand which produces cars and is a part of the Volkswagen Group. The company was founded as A. Horch & Cie by August Horch in 1899, and its origin has a very interesting story. August Horch, a German Engineer, was forced out of his own company in 1909, after which he continued to use the old brand name of Horch. However, his partner sued him for trademark infringement, and Horch was forced to look for a new name.
During a meeting at his business partner Franz Fikentscher’s apartment, Franz’s son came up with the name Audi (which is a Latin translation of Hoch, which means listen):
During this meeting Franz’s son was quietly studying Latin in a corner of the room. Several times he looked like he was on the verge of saying something but would just swallow his words and continue working, until he finally blurted out, “Father – audiatur et altera pars… wouldn’t it be a good idea to call it audi instead of horch?”. “Horch!” in German means “Hark!” or “listen”, which is “Audi” in Latin. The idea was enthusiastically accepted by everyone attending the meeting. (Source: Wikipedia, A History of Progress (1996) – Chronicle of the Audi AG)
After this the company was named as Audiwerke GmbH in 1910. In 1932, four car makers Audi, Horch, DKW, and Wanderer merged to form Auto Union. The four interlinked rings that would later become the modern Audi logo, was originally the logo of the Auto Union. Initially the Auto Union logo was used only for racing cars and the four companies continued to produce cars under their own brands. Finally in 1985, the Auto Union became the Audi company we know today.
in 2009, Audi introduced new logo which is also the current one. The modern Audi logo shows a three-dimensional texture and shadowing, resulting in a polished chrome look. The Audi name is now smaller, has moved away from the center to the bottom left corner, while the font has changed as well.
04. BMW
BMW or Bayerische Motoren Werke AG (Bavarian Motor Works) was originally founded as an aircraft company. The aircrafts manufactured were painted with the colors of the Bavarian flag, which is the color of BMW logo. Another explanation is that when the pilot used to sit in the plane he would see alternating segments of white and blue due to rotation the plane propeller (blue being the sky).
The major business of BMW was to supply planes to the German army during World War I. But after the war they were forced to change their business. It made railway brakes, before making motorized bicycle, motorcycles and cars.
The logo itself hasn’t changed a lot during the years, but now has a more stylish look due to the different gradients. The unchanged logo has made it easier for people to remember and has given the company more recognition.
05. Buick
Buick Motor Company, which would later become the world’s largest auto company General Motors, was founded in 1903 by David Dunbar Buick, a high school dropout! Buick had dropped out of school at 15, to work for a plumbing fixture manufacturer. Buick and his friend took over the business, after the last owner decided to shut down the failed business. Buick sold his share in the company after an argument with his partner because he used to spend most of his time tinkering with car engines.
With this money, Buick founded the Buick Motor Company and within a few years he ran it to the ground. Around 1904, James H Whiting took over the company and brought in William Durant to manage his acquisition. Buick was kicked out of the company by Durant and had to sell his share for just $ 100,000. Buick’s share would be worth more than $ 100 Million today. Later Buick held low paying jobs, and died penniless as an inspector at the Detroit School of Trades. Ironically, Durant himself was kicked out of the company years later and denied him pension. He too died penniless.
Before 1937, the company’s logo was a variation of the cursive word “Buick”. In 1930s, Ralph Pew, a General Motor’s Styling Researcher, found the Scottish “Buick” family’s crest and the company used that as its logo. In 1959, the company logo incorporated three such shields, one each for its three models at that time (LeSabre, Invicta, and Electra).
In 1975, the company launched its Skyhawk line, and the company logo was changed to include a hawk named “Happy”. The familiar tri-shield logo returned in late 1980s when the company stopped manufacturing the Skyhawk car.
06. Cadillac
When Henry Ford left Henry Ford Company, the financial backers wanted to sell the company’s assets. Cadillac was found in 1902, when an engineer, Henry M Leland, convinced the financial backers to hold on to the company assets.
Cadillac was named after a minor aristocrat Antoine de La Mothe, Seigneur de Cadillac (Sir of Cadillac), and the family crest of de La Mothe was used as the first company logo back in 1906. Antoine de La Mothe, born in France, was forced to move to America, (some say he had committed a crime, others say he had a debt which he was unable to pay) where he assumed a new identity and formed his family crest by borrowing from different crests.
In 1998, the company started redesigning its logo under the design philosophy called “Art & Science”. The new logo finally unveiled in 2002, didn’t have the six birds (merlettes), crown and the crest resemblance, and looked like it was made by Piet Mondrian.
in 2009, As part of the new marketing vice president Bob Lutz’s campaign to revive and spin the GM image around, Cadillac’s general manager, Bryan Nesbitt, revealed the brand’s new logo, in fact a very minor-tweaked version of the old one.
07. Chrysler
The Company was formed by Walter Percy Chrysler on June 6, 1925, with the remaining assets of Maxwell Motor Company. The original Chrysler logo, which vanished after 1954 from all but 1955-1956 Windsors, C300s, and 300Bs with manual transmissions*, and reappeared in 1994, is a rendition of a wax seal complete with ribbon affixed at the lower right. The thunderbolts above and below the name are actually “Z”s, a tribute to the prototype built before Chrysler took over Maxwell, which took the name “Zeder” from chief engineer Fred Zeder. (At the time, Chrysler was trying to keep development of the new car and his involvement in it a secret, probably still upset about the loss of the car that was supposed to be the first Chrysler. This car design was sold to Billy Durant as a liquidated asset in the Willys-Overland bankruptcy; Durant eventually built this car under the Flint name.)
Starting in the 1980s, Chrysler adopted “modernistic” logos in print materials and on some car nameplates. During the “rebirth” of Chrysler in the late 1990s, the Chrysler “seal” logo was installed in wings. After Cerberus bought Chrysler, Trevor Creed was let loose on the traditional pentastar. Shortly after the Fiat takeover, Chrysler trademarked another new logo, based on a modernized wing design. [ Read More.. ]
In 2009, Chrysler redesigned it’s logo for their adorn cars, The look is sleeker and clearly more modern than the previous winged logo, which incorporated the old Chrysler seal. The new one has an almost Aston-esque (Aston Martin) vibe to it, featuring “Chrysler” embossed in a blue emblem centered between the outstretched wing.
08. Citroen
Citroen double arrow that is found in every logo Citroen has a fascinating history.
Brand founder, André Citroën, was fascinated by wooden gears with spiral teeth, produced by a Polish inventor and business partner’s André Citroën, he decides to produce steel, bought a license and open a factory in St Denis, France. This business, ENGRENAGES Citroën brings profits, of mention is that these gears, Citroen products were used on the Titanic.
Logo factory and later the Citroen brand is stylized and two teeth “cut” on the clutch.
In 1919, Company start production of cars, the first model is Type A, we observed first logo Citroen, octagonal with arrows logo on a blue background with silver or gold, on top of the radiator. After been many ups and downs, In 2009, The new company logo is shown in the time she was born founder, André Citroën. Belongs design firm Landor and presents new trends in automotive three-dimensional logos. Citroen change appearance. Arrows (chevroanele) out in relief, gained strength. Writing Citroen keeps its traditional red color, as a bridge between history and future. Both, together, represent brand identity, Citroen subliniand restore confidence in the values and ambitions.
09. Fiat
Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino (FIAT) was founded in Turin (1899) by a group of investors including Giovanni Angelli who later became the Managing Director of the company. At this time a poster was created to celebrate the event, and the company name in the top left corner of the poster became the company’s first logo. In 1901, the company changed its logo to a brass plate with the name FIAT in the centre. The logo had a characteristic ‘A’ which has remained unchanged till date.
In 1925, the FIAT logo became circular, from an oval shape in 1904. The laurel wreath around the circle was to celebrate the company’s victory in first competitive car races. The shape of the logo kept changing from square to shield, and returned to a circular logo in 1999, with the characteristic ‘A’ and a modern stylish laurel wreath around the circle.
The current FIAT logo was launched in 2006, and was first seen on Bravo.
10. Ford
Henry Ford used to work for Thomas Edison. He founded two companies before settling on Ford. His first company went bankrupt after just two years, and he left the second company after just one year. However, the second company became Cadillac later on. His third company, founded in 1902, was called Ford & Malcomson, Ltd.
He was unable to pay the bills for parts in his third company, but some investors agreed to put money in the company, and it was renamed as Ford Motor Co. This is the company name in the first logo of 1903. The 1909 logo, which has a similar font as today’s logo was borrowed from Childe Harold Wills, who had made this font for his business card.
In 1912, the Ford logo was given a complete makeover, as compared to the earlier simplistic design. When a car was launched in 1927, called Model A, the famous blue oval was introduced in the logo. This was the shape and color, on which all future Ford logos have been made.
The Company has experimented with different shape going from ellipse to circle, and even a diamond like shape in 1957. The 1976 logo was essentially, the last major change in the symbol, and is very similar to their current logo. Finally, in 2003, the company released a new logo, which came to be known as “Centennial Blue Oval”.
11. Mazda
The company derives its name from a West Asian God named Ahura Mazda, the God of wisdom, intelligence and harmony. The company was setup in 1920 as Toyo Cork Kogyo Co. in Hiroshima, Japan. The company was setup to produce a cork substitute because there was a shortage of real cork in Japan during World War I. However, after the war when real cork was again available, the company failed.
In 1927, Jujiro Matsuda joined the company, and it started manufacturing tools, three-wheeled trucks and finally cars. After World War II, the company registered its trademark under the Mazda brand, and the first logo was launched. The curved “M” in the logo was inspired from the Hiroshima city emblem. The 1936 logo had a combination of the curved M from the city emblem, and wings that represented the “company’s agility, speed and capability to soar to new heights”.
The current company logo was designed by Rei Yoshimara in 1997, and was nicknamed as the “owl” logo. According to the company, the new logo has the following significance :
Capturing the spirit of Mazda, the stylised “M” evokes an image of wings in flight and symbolises the Mazda’s flight toward the future. The “V” in the centre of the “M” spreads out like an opening fan, representing the creativity, vitalty, flexibilty and passion that is Mazda. The symbol as a whole expresses the sharp, solid feeling that Mazda will be seeking in all of its products. The dynamic circle symbolises our readiness to spread our wings as we enter the 21st century.
Some people saw a stylized Tulip instead of the stretched wings.
12. Mercedes-Benz
The Mercedes-Benz was formed by the merger of two car companies – DMG (Daimler-Motored-Gesellschaft, founded by Gottlieb Daimler) and Benz & Cie, founded by Karl Benz. Both the companies were similar in their work and were situated in close proximity.
It was after the World War I, when the German economy was shattered, that both these companies decided to from a syndicate in 1924, and then finally merge in 1926, called Diamler-Benz.
In 1902, the logo for Mercedes was nothing more than the simple company name. However, it was changed to a 3 pointed star in 1909. The origin of this star came from a postcard by Diamler, where he had drawn a 3 pointed star which represented ‘making vehicles in land water and sky’.
After 1926, a new symbol for Mercedes-Benz came into picture, where the original logo of both the companies was merged into one. It combined the 3 pointed star of Mercedes and the laurel wreath of Benz.
Over the years, the symbol has been improved vastly in design and simplicity. It has been recognized as a symbol representing luxury and top tier cars.
13. Mitsubishi
The Iwasaki family, who started the Mitsubishi brand, lived in 1854 feudal Japan, and had to go through very tough times. When Yataro Iwasaki was in school he was called home one day because his father was injured during a dispute with the village leader. He asked a local magistrate to hear his father’s case, and when the magistrate refused, he accused the man of corruption. Yataro was promptly jailed for 7 months.
After abolition of Japan’s feudal clan system, Yataro, acquired Tosa Clan’s shipping business in 1873 and named his shipping business as Mitsubishi. Later, a fourth generation Iwasaki, Kayota, turned this company into a giant corporate group, with an automobile manufacturing company called Mitsubishi Motors.
The Mitsubishi logo was a combination of the Iwasaki family crest, the Tosa Clan three-leaf crest (see origin of shipping business above), and three stacked diamonds. The official translation of the logo itself is “three diamonds”.
14. Opel
Opel is a so important historically and currently, to a large class of people, representing the quality for a mid-price category. We thought so to present to those who still not a history facts in a circle logo used by the company of great importance in Europe.
The founder of the Opel factory sewing machines, Adam Opel died in 1895. His sons bought Lutzmann company and produced the first Opel car in 1898. On the right you see first company logo Adam Opel, a manufacturer of sewing machines.
In 1900 they began to import and Renault cars and Darracq, which purchased and a production license. During the company has adapted a logo Art Deco since 1906.
After 1906, there are many version of opal logo introduced and from 2002 to today is just a bit modernized version of 1987, complying with the 3D design style of this era. With the introduction in 2008 of the Insignia which reached the 2009 Car of the Year worldwide, the company introduced a new logo to strengthen brand image. The new logo received in addition to the previous logo, OPEL inscription in the upper part of the circle.
15. Peugeot
Peugeot, a major French car brand was started by two brothers Jean-Pierre and Jean-Frédéric Peugeot in 1812. The company was a steel mill for decades, making different products like machine tools, crinoline dresses, umbrellas, wire wheels, irons, sewing machines, kitchen gadgets. In 1855, the company started making bicycles and was one of the largest bicycle manufacturers in France.
The company entered the automobile industry due to its bicycle manufacturing business. In 1889, Armand Peugeot created the company’s first car which was run by a steam powered engine. After meeting Gottlieb Daimler, the company replaced the steam engine with a gas powered internal combustion engine.
The Peugeot “lion” logo was based on the flag of the Région Franche-Comté, designed by a jeweler Justin Blazer in 1847. Earlier, the logo was used on the company’s kitchen gadgets, to denote the signature quality of their steel, and was introduced on cars only after Armand could convince his family, that cars could be a profitable business.
16. Porsche
Porsche, a German manufacturer of luxury high performance automobiles, was started as a company called “Dr. Ing. h. c. F. Porsche GmbH” by Ferdinand Porsche. Initially the company didn’t build any cars under its own name and offered consultancy for motor vehicle development. This company is known for designing the first Volkswagen car, Volkswagen Beetle. Ferdinand turned this company into Porsche in 1931, but the first Porsche car wasn’t introduced till 1939.
In 1950s Dr. Ferdinand, set about developing a company logo to denote their location in Stuttgart and a dynamic, powerful image. After several draft versions, a logo created by Porsche engineer Franz Xaver Reimspiess was decided as the company emblem and has become the trademark of the company. The rampant house in the centre was derived from the city seal of Stuttgart, and was a symbol of forward thrusting power.
Unfortunately, Ferdinand died in 1951, before the company shield first appeared on the Porsche 356 model in 1952. The logo first appeared in the centre of the steering, and started appearing on the bonnet of 356 from 1955. In 1959, the shield appeared on the wheel-caps too, allowing the sports car to be recognized from the sides to. The Porsche shield has remain unchanged over the years, and still appears on the steering, bonnet and the wheel-caps.
17. Renault
Louis Renault, the founder of Renault, produced his first car in his own backyard when he was 21 years old. When he started receiving orders from companies to build more cars, he started the Société Renault Frères Company with his brothers and friends in France (1898).
Renault’s first logo introduced in 1900 featured the initials of the Renault brothers: Louis, Ferdinand and Marcel. In 1906, the logo was changed to a front end of a car, enclosed in a gear wheel.
During the First World War, Renault produced light tanks for the Allies. Renault changed its logo to a tank after the war due to the popularity of its tank, Renault FT-17. The diamond shape, which appears in the company logo till date was first introduced in 1925. Victor Vasarely designed the modern Renault logo in 1972.
18. Rolls Royce
Charles Stewart Rolls and Henry Royce founded the Rolls Royce Limited in Britain (1906). The company manufactured automobiles and aircraft engines. In 1973, the Rolls Royce Motor Company was separated from the parent company, which was nationalized following a huge crisis in 1971.
In 1884, Henry Royce, One of the founders of Rolls Royce, started an electrical and mechanical business. He made his first car, a two-cylinder Royce 10, in his Manchester factory in 1904, and was introduced to Charles Rolls at the Midland Hotel in Manchester on 4 May of that year. They both agreed to create a company that would later go on to manufacture the ‘best car in the world’. The name of the company “Rolls Royce” derives from the surnames of the company founders, Henry Royce and Charles Rolls.
In 1971, the company and subsequently the brand were split. Rolls-Royce plc, the owner of the famous Rolls-Royce trademarks, initially granted permission for use to a newly formed entity, Rolls-Royce and Bentley Motors Ltd. In 1998, this license was withdrawn when the motorcar trademarks were sold by Rolls-Royce plc to a BMW company, now known as Rolls-Royce Motor Cars Ltd. This company today manufactures luxury automobiles and accessories in the name of Rolls-Royce from its headquarters in Goodwood, England. Its identity system and brand are consistent with the original principles of the company founded over 100 years ago.
19. Saab
Saab, the automobile manufacturer, started as an aircraft company back in 1937. In 1937, to meet the needs of the Swedish Air Force, Svenska Aeroplan Aktiebolaget (“Swedish Aeroplane Limited” or simply SAAB) was created.
After the Second World War, SAAB company started manufacturing automobiles to diversify its business. In 1947, the SAAB Automobile Company was incorporated, and the first manufactured car was named as SAAB 92 (because it was the company’s 92nd design, all previous designs were aircrafts). The griffen logo, featuring the head of a mythological beast that had a body of a lion and head and wings of an eagle, came from Vadis-Scania, a truck manufacturer that merged with SAAB (airplane) company. The griffen was a coat of arms of the province Scania.
In 2000, SAAB Automobile Company was acquired by General Motors (100% stake) and just a week ago (Feb 23, 2010) GM announced that it has completed the sale of Saab to Spyker Cars NV . Simply put, from the of announcement, Saab is part of Spyker and the new life for the troubled Swedish brand begins. To make things even clearer, GM announced the wind down of Saab operations has ended.
20. Skoda
Skoda, is an automobile manufacturer based in Czech Republic. It became a subsidiary of the Volkswagen Group in 1991. The company was started as a bicycle manufacturing company back in 1890s. Vaclav Laurin and Václav Klement started a bicycle repair shop in Mladá Boleslav (1895), and later they started a bicycle and motorcycle manufacturing factory in 1898. The company’s first logo was based on the Slavia brand, with lime leaves, to represent the Slav nations. The logo also included the owners’ names which later became the main foundation for future logos.
In 1905, “L&K” logo (initials of the owners) was designed and was influenced by Art Nouveau, an artistic style at the beginning of the 20th century. From 1926, the cars were produced under the brand name Skoda, which is reflected in the oval shaped logo of the company. The laurels enclosing the brand name were retained in the new logo as well.
The famous “winged arrow” logo was first introduced in 1926, but its origin and designer is unknown. This was merged with the Skoda brand logo and the new logo was used on cars from 1994. The black and green logo, gives the Skoda brand a great degree of originality. The black color symbolizes the company’s 100 years tradition, and green color signifies the environment friendly production of Skoda cars.
21. Volkswagen
Volkswagen means ‘People’s car’ in German. The history of the company is tied with Adolf Hitler.
Before the rise of Hitler, the German economy was in a very bad shape; as a result people couldn’t afford to buy cars. In 1933, Hitler raised the idea of an inexpensive car in the Auto show.
In 1934, Ferdinand Porsche met with Hitler to design the car. Hitler gave him all the specifications of the car and Porsche promised to deliver the design. In 1937, the Gesellschaft zur Vorbereitung des Deutschen Volkswagens mbH was created (it became simply Volkswagenwerk GmbH a year later). In 1938, Hitler opened a state funded Volkswagen factory in Walburg. It was suppose to produce commercial cars, but it was used to churn out military cars. It was only later found that Hitler had intended to use the Porsche car as a military vehicle only, which could carry 3 men and a machine gun.
After the WWII, Britishers took over the company. They renamed the car as Beetle. Surprisingly all the car makers like Fiat and Ford declined to take ‘free control’ of the Volkswagen factory. So, it was returned to the German government, and went on to become one of the world’s bestselling cars ever.
The first logo was designed by Franz Xavier Reimspiess, a Porsche employee during an office logo design competition. The main part of the logo hasn’t changed much, but understandably after the WWII, they got rid of the design around the circle which seems to be inspired from the Nazi flag. I love the colors that were added in 2000, to the logo which was built after WWII, it depicts a positive change in the company and the ability to adapt to the new millennium.
22. Yamaha
Yamaha’s logotype, featuring the combination of the tuning fork mark and the Yamaha logo, was established in 1967 when the tuning fork mark was standardized. Following a period in which the tuning fork mark was not used, the company unified the logotype to the one used today. The Yamaha brand has its roots in the name of our founder, Torakusu Yamaha. Familiar with western science and technology from his youth, Yamaha initially found employment repairing medical equipment. This led to a request to repair a organ, a project that resulted in the birth of the Yamaha brand.
The three tuning forks of the Yamaha logo mark represent the cooperative relationship that links the three pillars of our business — technology, production, and sales. They also evoke the robust vitality that has forged a reputation for sound and music the world over, a territory indicated by the enclosing circle. The mark also symbolizes the three essential musical elements: melody, harmony, and rhythm.
In 1967, The Yamaha logotype was established but in 1980 The Yamaha logotype was revised. A design using simple lines (the current special version of the logo) was established as the standard version of the logo. Then in end of 1987, The Company changed its name to Yamaha Corporation to mark the 100th anniversary of its founding. To emphasize the Yamaha name, the tuning fork mark was eliminated but again in 1998 the tuning fork mark comes into picture. The current standard version of the Yamaha logotype (upper line) and special version (bottom line) were established.
There is a slight differences between the Yamaha logotype and that of Yamaha Motor. Yamaha Corporation uses a Yamaha Logomark with the tips of the tuning forks contained within a circle. And an “M” with a middle column shorter than the outer legs, and features “YAMAHA” printed in an asymmetric font. The logo of Yamaha Motor Co., Ltd. is printed in a symmetrical font and uses red as its corporate color, while Yamaha Corporation uses violet. There are many talking about why Yamaha changed its color from blue to red. The one which we believes that Yamaha motors want to match the logo color with Yamaha Japan’s corporate color.
Further References for Detailed Logo History!
If you like to read some detailed information about above automobiles logo evolutions then refer the following list.
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The Rufiyaa is the currency of which island group? | MVR - Maldivian Rufiyaa rates, news, and tools
MVR - Maldivian Rufiyaa
Maldives (Maldive Islands), Rufiyaa
The Maldivian Rufiyaa is the currency of Maldives (Maldive Islands). Our currency rankings show that the most popular Maldives (Maldive Islands) Rufiyaa exchange rate is the MVR to INR rate . The currency code for Rufiyaa is MVR. Below, you'll find Maldivian Rufiyaa rates and a currency converter. You can also subscribe to our currency newsletters with daily rates and analysis, read the XE Currency Blog , or take MVR rates on the go with our XE Currency Apps and website.
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Who was the father of English monarch King Henry I? | Calculator for Maldives Rufiyaa (MVR) Currency Exchange Rate Conversion
Maldives Rufiyaa (MVR) Currency Exchange Rate Conversion Calculator
This currency convertor is up to date with exchange rates from January 18, 2017.
Enter the amount to be converted in the box to the left of the currency and press the "convert" button. To show Maldives Rufiyaa and just one other currency click on any other currency.
The Maldives Rufiyaa is the currency in Maldives (MV, MDV). The symbol for MVR can be written Rf. The Maldives Rufiyaa is divided into 100 lari. The exchange rate for the Maldives Rufiyaa was last updated on January 15, 2017 from Bloomberg. The MVR conversion factor has 4 significant digits.
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The first FA cup final was held at which London venue in 1872? | The first FA Cup final: A shilling to get in, no nets and seven up front - BBC Sport
BBC Sport
The first FA Cup final: A shilling to get in, no nets and seven up front
By Tom Rostance
Read more about sharing.
Football in the late 19th Century was a chaotic affair as this illustration of an early England v Scotland game at the Oval shows
Saturday's FA Cup final between Arsenal and Aston Villa at Wembley will be watched by half a billion viewers in more than 120 countries.
Close to 90,000 fans will be at Wembley for the 134th final of the world's oldest cup competition as two teams of elite, millionaire sportsmen battle it out for glory.
But what exactly was the scene at the original final way back in 1872?
An estimated crowd of 2,000 were there to see 22 amateurs play on a cricket pitch, with no nets, as Wanderers beat Royal Engineers 1-0 thanks to a goal from Morton Betts.
BBC Sport, with the help of Matthew Taylor, professor of history at De Montfort University, look at the first final 143 years ago...
The best 15 teams in the land
Prior to the 1872 FA Cup, there were no regular competitive games being played in England. Football Association secretary Charles Alcock drew up plans for the first FA Cup which saw 15 teams enter the first round of November 1871.
As this letter from July 1871 shows, an FA committee established the first FA Cup. Letter courtesy of the Football Association and the National Football Museum
Step forward Barnes, Civil Service, Hitchin, Crystal Palace (confusingly not the present-day Palace but their precursors who were dissolved in 1876), Maidenhead, Marlow, Queen's Park, Donington School, Upton Park, Clapham Rovers, Royal Engineers, Reigate Priory, Wanderers, Harrow Chequers and Hampstead Heathens, who were given a bye.
Teething problems and the logistical headaches of scheduling football matches across Britain in the era of steam meant that Scottish side Queen's Park advanced to the semi-finals without actually playing a game.
The semi-finals - both goalless draws - were played at the Kennington Oval. The Royal Engineers booked their place in the final with a 3-0 replay win over Crystal Palace, while Wanderers made it through when Queen's Park decided they could not afford another costly trip to London for the replay and withdrew.
A (gentle)man's game: The Royal Engineers side of 1872
The historian's view: "The general consensus is that the FA Cup was based on the knockout competitions between 'Houses' at major public schools such as Harrow. But Alcock may also have taken inspiration from existing competitions in the provinces, such as Sheffield's Youdon Cup, launched in 1867.
"Certainly football was equally, if not more, established and popular in Sheffield as it was in London at this time, and the elite ex-public schoolboys based in the capital knew and played against teams from Sheffield, Nottingham and elsewhere."
Invented the Cup, ran the FA
Alcock - the brains behind the whole idea - played in defence for Wanderers.
Formed in 1859 as Forest Football Club, the side mainly consisted of former Harrow public schoolboys and took the name 'Wanderers' because they played their matches at different grounds. But by 1869 the club was based at the Kennington Oval, where Alcock also happened to be the secretary of Surrey cricket club.
The Royal Engineers are still playing and still proud of their heritage.
The Royal Engineers were founded in 1863 by Major Francis Marindin - an extraordinary man. Having served in the Crimean war, he would go on to play in the 1872 final, become president of the FA in 1874 and then referee eight further FA Cup finals.
'Wanderers attacking from the Vauxhall End'
The 1872 final was held at Kennington Oval, also the venue for the first international football match between England and Scotland in 1870.
The Oval would go on to host 20 of the next 21 FA Cup finals, with the 1873 final played at Lillie Bridge - close to Chelsea's modern home at Stamford Bridge.
The historian's view: "Many football clubs played on cricket grounds in the late 19th century. Football clubs often emerged from existing cricket clubs, as a way of the players keeping fit in the winter. Purpose-built football grounds did not emerge in significant numbers until the 1880s and 1890s."
A shilling on the door
While fans at this year's final will have to battle through the crowds at Wembley, it was a more sedate affair in 1872. Football had yet to catch on and around 2,000 are said to have been at the Oval.
Much has changed beyond recognition in football but the cost of attending remains an issue...
The historian's view: "Attendances for football matches were not large in the early 1870s, with one reason for the relatively low attendance the price of tickets, which at one shilling (five pence in today's money) was higher than for most matches at the time.
"The Oval crowd was said to be 'very fashionable', so presumably made up of the well-to-do and the upper middle-class, as well as those connected with the 'old boys' public school network that ran the Football Association at this time."
Wanderers will play 2-2-6
The Royal Engineers could lay claim to being the Barcelona of their day, with their revolutionary tactic of 'passing' the ball to a team-mate at odds with the usual approach of chasing the ball into space.
The only goal of the final came after 15 minutes when Betts, playing under the pseudonym "A H Chequer", derived from his membership of the Harrow Chequers club, collected the ball after a long dribble from Walpole Vidal and slammed home.
Goalkeeper was not yet a specialist position, with keepers regularly playing outfield.
The original rules of the FA Cup stated that the winners could choose where to play the following year's final. Courtesy of the Football Association and The National Football Museum
The historian's view: "It was not unusual for teams to line up with six or seven forwards in the early 1870s. Most teams at this time still relied primarily on individual dribbling, with team-mates backing up the dribbler in an effort to move the ball towards the opponents' goal.
"Some authorities have claimed that the Royal Engineers were the first team to develop a passing game, and were doing so at around the time of the first FA Cup final."
The banker, the vicar and the Crimean War veteran
It's fair to say that the footballers of Oscar Wilde's age were a different breed to today's sporting stars.
The Wanderers' band of ex-public schoolboys and the aristocratic elite produced some notable sportsmen. As well as the pioneering Alcock the team contained several men who played first-class cricket, a goalkeeper who was capped by England as a defender and a forward who was capped by England in goal.
Forward Edward Bowen was noted for walking the 90 miles between Cambridge and Oxford in 26 hours in between his football and playing cricket for Hampshire; full-back Edgar Lubbock went on to become the deputy governor of the Bank of England and wing-wizard Walpole Vidal - known as the "prince of dribblers" - would later become a vicar.
What the players were playing for in 1872. An original medal, courtesy of the Professional Footballers Association and the National Football Museum
As you would expect, the Royal Engineers side had all seen military service from across the world, with experiences branching from India to the Crimea, Bermuda, Gibraltar and the Zulu war.
Forward Henry Waugh Renny-Tailyour played football and rugby union for Scotland as well as cricket for Kent and would still find time to become a managing director of Guinness, while half-back Alfred Goodwyn would suffer the unfortunate fate of being the first international footballer to be killed in a riding accident in India two years after the final.
The historian's view: "Most of the players in the first final had learnt the game in elite public schools and at university. The Wanderers was open only to those who had attended leading public schools and Oxbridge. Three of the Cup final line-up had attended Eton and four had gone to Harrow."
'Our ball ref!'
'Did that cross the line?'
The early rules were very different. In a nod to cricket, players had to appeal for a goal and changed ends after each goal, not at half-time. This once allowed Walpole Vidal to score three times without the opposition touching the ball.
The historian's view: "Modern fans would be surprised by some of the features of football in 1872. Rather than a crossbar, a tape was pitched between two posts eight feet above the ground.
"Throw-ins were not determined by the team whose player had kicked the ball off the pitch but by the first player to reach the ball. But these rules were not consistent across the country. Variations existed in different areas and it was not until 10 years later, in 1882, that a uniform set of rules was established by the FA."
Death, taxes, and referees from Whitehall
The 2015 final will be refereed by Jon Moss, who can expect some grief from the stands. It was a different story for civil servant Alfred Stair, the referee chosen for the first three FA Cup finals. Stair was the head of the Inland Revenue - presumably seen as a trustworthy gentleman of his day - and also played football for Upton Park.
The historian's view: "In the earliest days of football, referees were literally peripheral figures. They stood outside the playing area and were only called upon to adjudicate if the umpires (who were appointed by each club and stood in either half of the pitch) could not reach agreement."
What happened next?
For winners Wanderers it was the start of a golden - if brief - era of success. They retained the trophy in 1873 by beating Oxford University 2-0 and added three more trophies before the end of the decade. Their haul of five FA Cups has only been bettered by Blackburn Rovers, Newcastle, Aston Villa, Chelsea, Liverpool, Tottenham, Manchester United and Arsenal.
But by 1881 Wanderers could not field a side as players left to play for some of the newer clubs springing up across the country and the team folded in 1887. A reformed side was founded in 2009 and the club currently play in the Surrey South Eastern Combination. In fact they are looking for a new manager to get the club back in the FA Cup by 2022.
The Engineers reached four finals and won the Cup in 1875. They continue to play on and are currently managed by Capt Simon Mayers, who has a 25-man squad to select from around 8,000 men based around the world.
Wanderers in 1872, Leeds United in 1972 - who will win the FA Cup in 2072?
The historian's view: "Football became increasingly popular over the next decade or so, as it became embedded in British working-class culture. Its popularity was helped by entrepreneurs who realised the opportunities that existed in enclosing playing fields and charging the public for entry.
"The next step from this, as teams began to act as representatives of their localities, was for ambitious club committees to 'poach' the best players and pay for them to play for their teams. Within less than a decade of the first FA Cup final, professional football had emerged in England, though it was not legalised by the FA until 1885."
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What was the name of the England football team mascot for the 1966 FIFA World Cup? | History of Football Stadiums
History of Football Stadiums
Football Stadiums
Football stadiums were initially very primitive. Therefore, the first FA Cup final was held in 1872 at the Kennington Oval , a cricket ground built in 1845. The Oval hosted the final until 1892. The following year, the final between Wolverhampton Wanderers and Everton was held at Fallowfield in Manchester .
Goodison Park was the first purpose built football stadium in England. It cost £8,090, and was officially opened on 24th August 1892. It consisted of two uncovered stands, each to accommodate 4,000 and a covered stand to accommodate 3,000 people. In 1894 it hosted the FA Cup final between Notts County and Bolton Wanderers , a match with an attendance of 37,000.
Women were initially allowed in free at some grounds as it was believed that it would improve the behaviour of make fans. When Preston North End introduced free tickets in April, 1885, over 2,000 women turned up for the game. Free entry for women was so popular that by the late 1890s all the football clubs had discontinued the scheme.
In 1896 Arnold Hills , the chairman of West Ham United , announced that he had purchased land at Canning Town , Hills built what became known as the Memorial Grounds . It cost £20,000 to build and was considered to be one of the best stadiums in the country. Hills claimed it could hold 133,000 spectators and applied to hold an FA Cup Final at the Memorial Grounds. This only allowed 16 inches for each person and the Football Association turned the idea down.
Early map showing the location of the Memorial Grounds
Arnold Hills wanted to hold other sporting events, including cycling and athletics. As well as a football arena, it also had a cinder running track, tennis courts and an outdoor swimming pool. According to one report, the 100 feet (30.4m) long pool was the largest in England. The Memorial Grounds was opened in June, 1897. Hills made a speech where he pointed out that it had "the largest cycle track in London where they would hold such monster meetings that the attention of the Metropolis would be called to the Thames Ironworks".
The site had been chosen because it was planned to build Manor Road railway station close to the stadium. Unfortunately the project was delayed and it was not finished until four years later. This meant that attendances at the ground were much lower than expected.
Season tickets for the 1897-98 were fixed at 5 shillings (25p). Tickets for individual matches cost 4d. However, attendances at games were very disappointing. Only 200 people saw the first game against Northfleet. This is not surprising when you compare this with the price of other forms of entertainment. It usually cost only 3d. to visit the musical hall or the cinema. It has to be remembered that at this time skilled tradesmen usually received less than £2 a week.
As Dave Russell points out in Football and the English: A Social History of Association Football in England (1997): "in terms of social class, crowds at Football League matches were predominantly drawn from the skilled working and lower-middle classes... Social groups below that level were largely excluded by the admission price." Russell adds "the Football League, quite possibly in a deliberate attempt to limit the access of poorer (and this supposedly "rowdier") supporters, raised the minimum adult male admission price to 6d".
In the 1899-1900 West Ham United was promoted to the top division of the Southern League and it was decided to increase season ticket prices. It was now 10s. 6d (52.5p) for the grandstand and 7s. 6d. (37.5p) for the rest of the ground. The first home game was against Chatham . The attendance of 1,000 was lower than most games the previous season and was probably a reaction to the price rise. However, for a FA Cup game against local rivals, Millwall , an estimated 13,000 people turned up to see the game.
The most important figure in the design of football stadiums was Archibald Leitch . In 1899 he was commissioned to build Ibrox Park , the new home ground of Rangers . The new stadium comprised large wooden terraces and a stand accommodating some 4,500 spectators. However, people began to question Leitch's safety features when on 5th April, 1902, when 25 people were killed and 517 injured as part of the west terracing collapsed during the annual international game with England.
Despite this disaster Archibald Leitch was commissioned to build other football grounds. In 1909 John Henry Davies , the chairman of Manchester United , decided to loan the club £60,000 in order that they could build a new stadium with an 80,000 capacity. The Old Trafford ground featured seating in the south stand under cover, while the remaining three stands were left as terraces and uncovered. When it was completed the stadium had the largest grandstand in the Football League . It also had a gymnasium, massage room, plunge baths, bars, lifts and tearooms.
The Empire Stadium at Wembley was built by Robert McAlpine for the British Empire Exhibition of 1923, at a cost of £750,000. It was originally intended intended to be demolished at the end of the Exhibition. However, it was later decided to keep the building to host football matches. The first match at Wembley, the 1923 FA Cup Final between West Ham United and Bolton Wanderers , took place only four days after the stadium was completed.
The Empire Stadium had a capacity of 125,000 and so the Football Association did not consider making it an all-ticket match. After all, both teams only had an average attendance of around 20,000 for league games. However, it was rare for a club from London to make the final of the FA Cup and supporters of other clubs in the city saw it as a North v South game. It is estimated that 300,000 people attempted to get into the ground. Over a thousand people were injured getting in and out of the stadium.
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Which English football club play their home games at Pride Park Stadium? | Official Website of the Rams - Derby County FC latest news, photos and videos
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Royal Charleroi SC is a football club in which European country? | Official Website of the Rams - Derby County FC latest news, photos and videos
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Which English football club won the 2000 FA Cup? | The FA Cup Finalists 2000-2009 - Historical Football Kits
English League Teams > FA Cup Finals
English FA Cup Finalists 2000 - 2009
By the turn of the century, Wembley Stadium was showing its age and its facilities were far inferior to the new club stadia that were being built around the UK. In 2000,
the stadium was torn down and work begun on the new Wembley. Sadly the iconic twin towers were not preserved but in their place the designers put a graceful steel arch that could be seen right across London. The FA Cup's new temporary home was the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff, a magnificent state of the art structure built for the 1999 Rugby World Cup.
1999 - 2000
Liverpool 3 West Ham United 3 (Liverpool won 3-1 on penalties)
venue Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
date 13 May 2006
The new Wembley Stadium was behind schedule so the final stayed in Cardiff and was again decided on penalties. West Ham scored after seven minutes (Carragher og) and twenty minutes later they had a second. Liverpool came storming back and had a goal disallowed before Cisse volleyed home on 32 minutes. Ten minutes after the break, Gerrard equalised but West Ham stunned the Liverpool support by taking back the lead when Konchesky sent over a high cross that looped over Reina in the into the net. Liverpool teams generally do not know when they are beaten and this side was no exception. As the match went into injury time and the Hammers' fans prepared to celebrate, Liverpool's captain Steve Gerrard scored from 35 yards. There was little action in extra-time and both teams were prepared to settle for a penalty contest. Reina saved three penalties in the shoot-out, an exciting climax to what was considered the best final for 20 years.
Portsmouth 1 Cardiff City 0
venue Wembley Stadium
date 17 May 2008
For once none of the four big Premiership sides featured in the FA Cup final of 2008. Both teams had previously won the cup before the Second World War, Cardiff in 1927 and Portsmouth in 1939. The match was closely contested and only a single goal, snatched by Kanu when the Cardiff goalkeeper fumbled in the 38th minute, separated the sides. In the second half Cardiff, wearing the lucky black kit that had seen them through both quarter- and semi-finals, pressed their Premier League opponents harder and harder but could not find their way through. For the first time in 69 years the famous Pompey Chimes rang out at Wembley Stadium.
venue Wembley Stadium
date 30 May 2009
The final was put back to the end of May to ensure that it would be the climax to the domestic season. On a baking hot day in brilliant sunshine, Everton, playing in their first final since 1995, could not have asked for a better start when Louis Saha scored after just 25 seconds, the fastest ever goal in a cup final. Chelsea came back strongly to equalise midway through the first half, Didier Drogba finding space between Everton's central defenders to head home Malouda's cross. Chelsea dominated the second half but, with both teams committed to the attack, the match might have gone either way before Lampard let fly a terrific strike from distance that beat Tim Howard in the Everton goal with sheer pace. Chelsea could have had a third when Malouda's powerful shot hit the underside of the bar and bounced back into play: TV replays showed that the ball had crossed the line in an uncanny recreation of Geoff Hurst's 1966 World Cup final goal.
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Which number shirt does footballer Wayne Rooney wear for Manchester United? | BBC SPORT | Football | FA Cup | When Dalglish did the Double
When Dalglish did the Double
FA Cup fourth round
Venue: Anfield Date: Sunday, 25 January Kick-off: 1600 GMT
Coverage: Live commentary on BBC Radio 5 Live & BBC Radio Merseyside 95.8 FM, 1485 MW, DAB and online; score updates and text commentary on BBC Sport website
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The 1986 Everton side
By Chris Bevan & Russell Barder
Whether you were a Red or a Blue, there was usually far more than local pride at stake when Liverpool met Everton in the 1980s.
The two clubs enjoyed a period of almost total domination - known as the "Mersey Monopoly" - of English football that saw the two rivals win eight league titles between them that decade.
They also met three times at Wembley with major honours at stake during the decade of Bros, Wham! and Frankie Goes To Hollywood - in the 1984 Milk Cup final, and the 1986 and 1989 FA Cup finals.
606: DEBATE
What are your memories of the 1986 FA Cup final?
The 1986 clash was the first all-Merseyside FA Cup final and was a match to remember for the legions of fans that travelled south.
Everton, who had been pipped to the title by their neighbours a week earlier, led through Gary Lineker's first-half goal and dominated for almost an hour.
But after Ian Rush took advantage of a Gary Stevens mistake to equalise, Liverpool did not look back. Craig Johnston quickly put the Reds ahead and a late Rush goal sealed their Cup win, and a memorable Double.
There will be no trophies at stake when the two sides meet again at Anfield on Sunday for a record 21st time in the Cup - just a place in the fifth round - but, like any derby clash, it will be ferociously contested.
Ahead of that tie, BBC Sport speaks to the heroes and villains of Wembley '86 and finds out what happened to the players who lined up on that day 23 years ago.
LIVERPOOL
Player-manager - Kenny Dalglish
"It didn't make any difference to the team that Kenny managed us as well as played," former Liverpool centre-back Mark Lawrenson told BBC Sport. "He was still undeniably our best player."
Dalglish won the double in his first season in charge of Liverpool
"By this stage he'd been in the job for a season so he had that 'them and us' attitude with the other players. He might have had a quiet word with Ronnie Moran to change things round at half-time but we were never party to that."
Then: Took charge of Liverpool after Joe Fagan's resignation in May 1985 and became the first player-manager to win the league - clinching it himself with a volley against Chelsea the week before the Cup final. Resigned in February 1991, after another epic Cup clash with the Toffees, having won three League titles and two FA Cups.
Now: Won the Premier League title with Blackburn in 1995 to become only the third man to win top-flight titles with two different clubs, but stints as boss of Newcastle and as Celtic's director of football failed to produce more trophies and he has been out of football since leaving Parkhead in 2000. Dalglish helped to set up a cancer charity when his wife was diagnosed with breast cancer in 2003 and he and former Everton midfielder Paul Bracewell now run a network of football training centres.
Bruce Grobbelaar
"The big turning point in the match was a second-half incident between Bruce and Jim Beglin," recalled Everton captain Kevin Ratcliffe. "They had a bit of a to do over a defensive mix-up and that seemed to make a massive change to the game."
On 10 May 1986
Falco is at number one with Rock Me Amadeus.
Millions tune in to watch Merseyside-set sitcom Bread , featuring the ups and downs of the Boswell family.
Crocodile Dundee, starring Paul Hogan , is released in cinemas in Australia and quickly becomes a worldwide smash.
"That and Bruce's save from Graeme Sharp were the turning points. Liverpool seemed to raise their game, and surpass us and our chance had gone."
Then: Spent 13 successful years at Liverpool after joining from Vancouver Whitecaps in 1981 and was also Zimbabwe's number one until 1998.
Now: Bankrupted by legal action to clear his name over match-fixing allegations in 1994. Ater retiring he moved to South Africa and tried his hand at coaching, without great success. Also had a spell of caretaker manager of his native Zimbabwe. Came out of retirement in 2007 to play a one-off game for non-league side Glasshoughton Welfare and is now an after-dinner speaker.
Mark Lawrenson
Lawro told BBC Sport: "The highlight of the day came when we got back to the dressing room and had all swigged out of the cup, that whole kind of thing, we took our kit off and went to get in the bath.
"In those days Wembley had a a massive bath that you could stand up in and would fit the whole team.
"But three of our supporters, fully clothed in their suits, were in there already and said 'come on in boys, the water's lovely!'.
Then: Was a lynchpin at the heart of Liverpool's back four with Alan Hansen and won five league titles, an FA Cup, a European Cup and three League Cups during his time at Anfield.
Now: After brief spells managing Oxford and Peterborough United and a stint as Newcastle's defensive coach, he joined the BBC as a pundit in 1997 and works for Match of the Day, Football Focus, Radio 5 Live and this website.
Jim Beglin
Then: Talented Republic of Ireland international full-back who was Bob Paisley's last signing as Liverpool manager when he paid Shamrock Rovers £20,000 for his services in 1983.
Now: Broke his leg in a derby clash in the League Cup in January 1987 and never properly recovered, retiring three years later at the age of 27. Now a TV pundit who also does the voiceovers for official Liverpool DVDs.
Steve Nicol
Then: The versatile defender made 468 appearances in 14 years at Liverpool, having been signed by Paisley in 1981 from Ayr United.
Now: Moved to the United States in 1999 to play for the Boston Bulldogs and in 2001 took over as manager of New England Revolution on an interim basis. Still in charge of Revolution and is Major League Soccer's longest serving manager.
Ronnie Whelan
Then: An industrious and skilful player, the Republic of Ireland international replaced Ray Kennedy on the left side of Liverpool's midfield and left for Southend in 1994.
Now: Managed the Shrimpers and then had spells in charge of Greek club Panionios and then Olympiakos Nicosia of Cyprus. Now an after-dinner speaker.
Hansen made over 400 appearances for Liverpool in a 14 year career
Alan Hansen
Hansen recalled for BBC Sport: "I was at fault for Everton's goal, as Gary Lineker keeps reminding me, but you don't mind playing badly if your team wins. And I wasn't thinking about how I'd played badly when I was lifting the trophy.
"It was just a great game to play in. As a double-winning captain, it was one of the highlights of my life.
"Going round the city on the bus afterwards, there were 500,000 people there for the parade which was absolutely phenomenal. We'd gone on an open-top bus three or four times before but because it was the double it was extra special and Everton were the added ingredient."
Then: A composed centre-back who was known for his control and vision and his ability to build attacks from the back. Captained Liverpool to the double in 1986 but was left out of Scotland's World Cup squad that summer.
Now: Left Liverpool a week after Dalglish stepped down in 1991. A BBC pundit on Match of the Day since 1992. Hansen also writes a column for this website and stars in adverts for a well-known supermarket.
Craig Johnston
Then: Born in South Africa but an Australian citizen, Johnston wrote to a number of English clubs for a trial at the age of 15 and and was signed by Middlesbrough in 1977 before moving to Anfield in 1981. 'Skippy' won two England Under-21 caps and was well known for his tireless running and mop of unkempt hair.
Now: Quit the game aged 27 in 1988 to look after his sick sister but went on to design the iconic Adidas Predator boot. He has had success as a designer, TV producer and businessman and he describes himself as a photographer and inventor.
Dalglish and Rush formed a prolific strike partnership
Ian Rush
"As soon as we equalised we knew we were going to win," Rush told BBC Sport. "At the time of that game, Liverpool had never lost when I'd scored.
"It was my first FA Cup final goal and I remember running to the crowd and seeing everyone's faces - it was a dream come true for me."
Then: The Welsh striker was one of the deadliest strikers in English football and broke just about every scoring record during two spells at Anfield between 1980 and 1987 and from 1988 to 1996 that saw him score 346 goals in 660 appearances and a record 25 times in Merseyside derbies, including two more in a highly emotional 1989 final that followed the Hillsborough disaster.
Now: Coached Liverpool's strikers under Gerard Houllier and briefly managed Chester but is now elite performance director for the Wales Under-16 side and ambassador for Prostar Leagues, the largest network of six-a-side leagues in the UK.
Jan Molby
"I seem to remember Jan got hold of the game in the second half and really kicked us on that day," Lawro explained. "Everton had run us ragged all day but we slowly got hold of midfield and that was the key.
"Because of the fact they worked so hard to get on top they completely ran out of steam."
Then: A Danish playmaker who Dalglish hailed as "one of the finest midfield players of his generation", Molby went on to become the first foreign player to spend a decade at one English club.
Now: Tried his hand at management with Swansea, Kidderminster and Hull. Now a TV and radio pundit and has also played for a Liverpool veterans side in the Masters series. In recent years has also appeared in several poker events.
Kevin MacDonald
Then: Signed by Joe Fagan in 1984, the Scot was a tigerish midfielder but struggled to hold down a regular place at Anfield. After the double winning season he broke his leg and never played another game for Liverpool.
Now: Finished his playing career at Walsall and went on to become assistant manager of the Republic of Ireland under Steve Staunton. Now reserve team manager at Aston Villa.
Substitute:
Steve McMahon (unused)
Then: Tough-tackling midfielder who began his career with Everton and turned down a move to Liverpool to head to Aston Villa in 1983 but became Dalglish's first signing as Liverpool boss when he joined as replacement for Graeme Souness in 1985. Did not play in the 1986 final but enjoyed plenty of success at Anfield until Souness sold him to Manchester City in 1991.
Now: Lives in Singapore and is a football pundit and group commercial director of Singapore-based global investment company Profitable Group. Last August, Profitable Group were linked with a £260m takeover of Newcastle United, but McMahon insisted the speculation was wide of the mark.
EVERTON
Manager - Howard Kendall
Then: A distinguished midfielder who helped Everton win the league title in 1970, Kendall returned to Goodison Park as a player-manager in 1981 and initially struggled before enjoying a purple patch that saw him win two league titles, an FA Cup and the European Cup Winners' Cup between 1984 and 1987 - making him the most successful manager in the club's history.
Now: The Heysel ban that stopped English clubs competing in Europe meant Kendall never got a tilt at the European Cup with Everton and made him decide to leave for Athletic Bilbao in 1987. But has not been in football management since 1999 despite recent applications for the Wales and Republic of Ireland posts.
Ian Rush goes round Bobby Mimms to equalise for Liverpool
Bobby Mimms
"If anything happened to Neville Southall, I was going to be playing," Mimms told BBC Sport. "We just got pipped in the league and lost the final but I'd like to think it wasn't because Nev was missing from the team.
"I played my part in getting us to the final and almost winning the league.
Then: Mimms was usually Southall's understudy but an injury to the Welshman meant the 22-year-old former Halifax and Rotherham keeper stood in as the Toffees fought for the title and reached Wembley. Mimms, who left to join Tottenham in 1988, played for 15 clubs in a 20-year career before retiring in 2001.
Now: Was Wolves' goalkeeper coach from 2001 until August 2008 when he took up the same role with Blackburn, one of his former clubs.
Gary Stevens
Then: A pacy and reliable right-back, Stevens came through the ranks at Everton and made 208 appearances for the club before leaving for Glasgow Rangers in 1988. Also won 46 England caps and played in two World Cups.
Now: Hung up his boots in 1998 after a stint with Tranmere and embarked on a career in physiotherapy after studying at Salford University. Has a practice on the Wirral.
Van Den Hauwe was known for his full-blooded tackling
Pat Van Den Hauwe
Then: Right-footed Belgian-born left-back who played 13 times for Wales and was nicknamed 'Psycho' for his uncompromising style. He scored the goal against Norwich City that clinched the league title for Everton in 1987 and made 135 appearances for the club before joining Tottenham in 1989.
Now: Won the FA Cup with Spurs in 1991 and also played for Millwall before moving to South Africa where he played for Hellenic and Wynberg St Johns. Now a landscape gardener in Cape Town.
Ratcliffe got his hands on silverware when Everton won the 1987 title
Kevin Ratcliffe
"Howard Kendall wasn't a very vocal manager," Ratcliffe told BBC Sport. "Before games everybody knew their jobs. Howard had named his team on the bus, as always, by going round just pointing his finger and telling you what number you were. The team picked itself.
"We were the two best sides in the country at the time and I think we both knew it. It was just a case of who had that little edge on the day that was going to win it."
Then: Ratcliffe was a pacy centre-back who lacked authority on the ball but more than made up for his lack of technical skills with his anticipation and tenacity. Captained Everton and Wales and made 461 appearances for the Toffees but this was a season to forget as his club were denied the chance to play in the European Cup by the Heysel ban, Wales were pipped to a place at the World Cup finals by Scotland and Everton finished trophyless.
Now: Had spells in charge of Chester City and Shrewsbury Town, steering the latter to a memorable Cup win over Everton in 2003, but the Shrews were relegated from the Football League that same season and he has not managed since. Now a football pundit for BBC Wales and an after-dinner speaker.
Mountfield scored a string of vital goals for Everton in the mid-80s
Derek Mountfield
Then: A childhood Everton fan, the moustachioed Mountfield was a powerful centre-half with an eye for goal, who joined from Tranmere in 1982 and played 106 matches for the Toffees before leaving for Aston Villa in 1988.
Now: Had an unsuccessful six-month stint as manager of Eircom side Cork City in 2000/01. Now a PE teacher on the Wirral and also works for the Everton Former Players' Foundation.
Peter Reid
Then: Industrious and intellligent midfielder who overcame injury problems earlier in his career to blossom under Kendall at Everton. Although he only earned 13 England caps, he went to the World Cup finals in Mexico later that summer.
Now: Employed a direct style of play as manager that brought him success at Manchester City and Sunderland but he struggled in charge of Leeds and Coventry. Reid worked as a pundit for the BBC at the 2006 World Cup but he resumed his managerial career in November 2008 when he became Thailand's national coach.
Trevor Steven
Then: Skilful midfielder who linked up brilliantly with Stevens on the right flank. Steven made up for his Wembley disappointment by making the England squad for the 1986 World Cup finals. He scored 48 goals in 299 appearances for Everton between 1983 and 1989 before linking up with Stevens again at Rangers.
Now: Ended his career back at Ibrox in 1997 after spending the 1991/92 season in France with Marseille. Now a football agent and fantasy league web pundit and runs his own financial management company.
Paul Bracewell
Then: Elegant England midfielder whose career was hampered by injuries and was on the losing side in four FA Cup finals - in 1985, 1986 and 1989 with Everton and 1992 with Sunderland - again against Liverpool.
Now: Had brief spells as manager of Fulham and Halifax before working as a youth coach for the Football Association. Now runs a chain of football training centres with Dalglish.
Graeme Sharp
"Whenever we played against each other we would kick lumps of each other and always want to win, but we were very close," Sharp told BBC Sport. "My next door neighbour was Ronnie Whelan and there was a friendly rivalry.
"The fans came down together, there was a great bond between the fans and everyone was signing 'Merseyside, Merseyside'. It was a fantastic occasion.
Then: Sharp was the club's top league scorer in 1986 with 21 goals in 36 games and he made the Scotland squad for that summer's World Cup finals. He hit 150 goals in 11 seasons at Goodison Park before moving to Oldham in 1991 after a bust-up with Kendall.
Now: Later became the Latics' manager and also had a season as boss of League of Wales side Bangor City. Worked as a radio and TV pundit and now back at Everton as fans' liaison officer.
Archive: Lineker and Lawro play snooker
Gary Lineker
"In the build-up to the final I played Lineker at snooker with Tony Gubba commentating," Lawro told BBC Sport.
"It was best of three and he beat me 2-1. To be fair he'd had breaks of over 100 by then and I was Liverpool's best player on 22. He won the first frame, I bored him to death in the second and he sneaked the third frame.
"Whenever the goals from the game are played now, he is very very quiet - even with the one he scored - because if he does say anything we can say 'yeah, yeah - show us your medal from that day'.
Then: This was the England striker's only season with Everton as, after winning the Golden Boot at the Mexico World Cup, he moved to Barcelona for £2.75m.
Now: Won the FA Cup with Tottenham in 1991 and ended his career with an injury-hit spell in Japan. Now presents Match of the Day.
Sheedy's sweet left foot was one of Everton's biggest weapons
Kevin Sheedy
"I remember on our way down to Wembley seeing cars with blue scarves hanging out of one window and red ones out of the other," Sheedy told BBC Sport.
"There was a lot more friendly rivalry between the two teams and it was a 'friendly final', so to speak, for the supporters.
"For the first hour we were totally in control. I remember I had an effort at 1-0 with my right foot that just went the wrong side of the post - I will always remember that because if that had gone in, I think that would have taken the sting out of Liverpool."
Then: The first player in almost 20 years to join Everton from Liverpool when he moved across the city in 1982, Sheedy was a gifted winger and set-piece expert with a wand of left foot. Born in Wales but played for the Republic of Ireland, he stayed at Goodison Park until he joined Newcastle in 1992.
Now: Ended his career with Blackpool in 1994 and was assistant manager at Tranmere and Hartlepool before leaving the game to open a shop in Southport selling hi-spec home appliances but sold it in 2006 when he returned to Everton as youth team coach in 2006 - a move he described to BBC Sport as "like coming home."
Substitutes:
Adrian Heath Replaced Gary Stevens (72 minutes)
Then: Diminutive striker best known for scoring the goal that supposedly kept Kendall in his job - an equaliser in a League Cup tie against Oxford in 1983/84.
Now: Managed Burnley and Sheffield United after retiring in 1997 and worked as Reid's assistant at Sunderland, Leeds United and Coventry. Now in charge of American side Austin Aztex, who enjoy close links with Heath's first club Stoke City.
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Which Scottish football club is nicknamed ‘The Jags’? | Partick Thistle Official Football Shirts & New Kit Releases
Partick Thistle 2016/17 Joma Home Shirt
Ladbrokes Premiership club Partick Thistle unveil their truly striking home shirt for 2016/17. Partick Thistle's trademark red and yellow colour-way continues once again on their 2016/17 home shirt for the elite of Scottish football through a modernly designed template by Joma, which can hopefull [...]
Ladbrokes Premiership club Partick Thistle unveil their truly striking home shirt for 2016/17. Partick Thistle's trademark red and yellow colour-way continues once again on their 2016/17 home shirt for the elite of Scottish football through a modernly designed template by Joma, which can hopefull [...]
Partick Thistle 15/16 Jome Away Kit
On the back of their new home kit launched in July, Scottish outfit Partick Thistle have officially launched their new away kit for the 2015-16 season. The brand new away shirt for Partick Thistle is sky blue and features thin white hoops on the front panel of the shirt. Like on the new home shir [...]
On the back of their new home kit launched in July, Scottish outfit Partick Thistle have officially launched their new away kit for the 2015-16 season. The brand new away shirt for Partick Thistle is sky blue and features thin white hoops on the front panel of the shirt [...]
Scottish Premiership side Partick Thistle have officially launched their new home kit for the 2015-16 season. Supplied by Spanish brand Joma who also supply kits to the likes of Clyde, Dunfermline Athletic, Queen of the South and St [...]
Scottish Premiership side Partick Thistle have officially launched their new home kit for the 2015-16 season [...]
Partick Thistle 2014-15 Joma Away Kit
Having launched their new home kit for the 2014-15 season back in June this year, Scottish club Partick Thistle have now revealed their new away kit. Supplied by Spanish brand Joma, the new away shirt for the Jags is black and boasts hot pink trim on the sides, v-neck collar and shoulder region. [...]
Having launched their new home kit for the 2014-15 season back in June this year, Scottish club Partick Thistle have now revealed their new away kit [...]
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Which national football team won gold medals at the 2012 Olympic Games, after beating Brazil 2-1? | Top 10 Club Nicknames (British) - Midfield Dynamo
Top 10 Nicknames (British)
Top 10 Club Nicknames (British)
Forget dull club nicknames like 'the Blues' and 'the Reds', check out some of Britain's more interesting ones...
No
The Posh
Peterborough
The name apparently comes from the 1920's when the manager of nearby Fletton Utd advertised for 'posh new players to join a posh new team'. After that Peterborough & Fletton Utd were formed and 'The Posh' nickname stuck with them throughout the various mergers and folds that led to the formation of the present day Peterborough. The crowd still regularly greet the team with shouts of 'Up the Posh', as they did in the 20's and 30's.
2
The Blue Brazil
Cowdenbeath
There doesn't seem to be a definitive answer as to the origins of this classic nickname. Its been suggested that it arose because of the club's financial plight in the early 1980's and humorously compared to that of Brazil's national debt. However, popular consensus seems to be that it's just down to a heavy dose of football irony. Oh yes, and they play in blue shirts, obviously.
3
Maryhill Magyars
Partick Thistle
Partick were given nicknamed the Maryhill Magyars during the fifties in honour of the great Hungarian team of the time (known as the Mighty Magyars). And Maryhill ? That's the name of the area of Glasgow that the club are based in. They are also known as the Jags and the Harry Wraggs
4
The Toffeemen
Everton
Allegedly named after the legendary 'Mother Noblett's Toffee Shop' that sold Everton Mints on match day. Another explanation is that "toffee" is slang for "Irishmen", of which there were plenty in Liverpool when the nickname was first coined. Not satisfied with one cracking nickname, the club has another in "The School of Science", used regularly by radio fruitcake Stuart Hall.
5
The Bully Wee
Clyde
The most common theory behind this one is from fans shouting "Bully Wee Clyde" in the early days of the clubs formation (Bully being an olden-days slang for good work). The other popular idea is that Clyde's support were known as 'wee bullies', a reference to their aggressive reputation.
6
The Honest Men
Ayr United
Taken directly from the famous poem "Tam o' Shanter" by Robert Burns (nicknamed himself as 'the Bard of Ayrshire'), it includes the line... Auld Ayr, wha'm ne'er a town surpasses, For honest men and bonnie lasses. Very cultural.
7
The Loons
Forfar Athletic
Unfortunately, in the local East of Scotland dialect, Loons means "lads" rather than the "deranged fruitcake" we were hoping it meant. The phrase "I'm off to see the Loons" was coined when the young reserve team of the original Forfar club broke away and created the loontastic Forfar Athletic.
8
The Spireites
Chesterfield
Terrific, traditional-sounding nickname from the north Derbyshire club. Named after the town's famous crooked spire. The 'ite' is still affectionately used in the North Derbyshire/South Yorkshire area (e.g. Spireite, Wednesdayite, Unitedite)
9
The Doonhamers
Queen of the South
Fabulously stereotypical-Scottish sounding nickname, taken from the name given to the natives of Dumfries, who referred to the town as doon-hame (down home).
10
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The IFFHS (International Federation of Football History and Statistics) named which goalkeeper The Best of the 20th Century? | IFFHS' Century Elections
IFFHS' Century Elections
Winners' List for all Countries (separate file)
The IFFHS (International Federation of Football History and Statistics) has been organizing elections for the "Football Player of the Century" for various countries and continents, and separate elections for the "Goal 'Keeper of the Century". Apparently elections were based on polls of journalists and former players, but no specific details are known. Players above the dotted lines in the continental elections were eligible for the worldwide elections . Players whose country is given in italics were (implicitly) chosen as the best of their country.
World - Player of the Century
1."Pelé" (Brazil) 1705 (Edson Arantes do Nascimento) 2.Johan Cruijff (Netherlands) 1303 3.Franz Beckenbauer (Germany) 1228 4.Alfredo di Stéfano (Argentina) 1215 5.Diego Armando Maradona (Argentina) 1214 6.Ferenc Puskás (Hungary) 810 7.Michel Platini (France) 722 8.Garrincha (Brazil) 624 (Manoel dos Santos Garrincha) 9.Eusébio (Portugal) 544 (Eusébio Ferreira da Silva) 10.Robert Charlton (England) 508 11.Stanley Matthews (England) 368 12.Marco van Basten (Netherlands) 315 13.Gerd M�ller (Germany) 265 14.Zico (Brazil) 207 15.Lothar Matth�us (Germany) 202 16.George Best (N. Ireland) 187 17.Juan Alberto Schiaffino(Uruguay) 158 18.Ruud Gullit (Netherlands) 119 19.Valdir Pereira Didi (Brazil) 116 Gianni Rivera (Italy) 116 21.Giuseppe Meazza (Italy) 108 22.Matthias Sindelar (Austria) 106 23 Fritz Walter (Germany) 103 24.Robert Moore (England) 98 25.José Manuel Moreno (Argentina) 96 26.Hugo Sánchez (Mexico) 85 27.George Weah (Liberia) 79 28.Roger Milla (Cameroon) 78 29.José Leonardo Andrade (Uruguay) 74 30.Just Fontaine (France) 73 Francisco Gento (Spain) 73 32.Ladislao Kubala (Spain) 71 33.Franco Baresi (Italy) 70 34.Josef Bican (Czechoslovakia) 63 35.Karl-Heinz Rummenigge (Germany) 59 36.Omar Sivori (Argentina) 56 37.Elias Figueroa (Chile) 55 38.Kevin Keegan (England) 53 39.Sándor Kocsis (Hungary) 52 40.Héctor Scarone (Uruguay) 51 41.Josef Masopust (Czechoslovakia) 46 42.Giacchinto Facchetti (Italy) 44 43.Raymond Kopa (France) 41 Alessandro Mazzola (Italy) 41 45.Uwe Seeler (Germany) 40 46.Gunnar Nordahl (Sweden) 36 47.Zizinho (Brazil) 35 48.Teófilo Cubillas (Peru) 34 49.Arsenio Erico (Paraguay) 30 50.Denis Law (Scotland) 29
World - Keeper of the Century
1.Lev Yashin (Soviet Union) 1002 2.Gordon Banks (England) 717 3.Dino Zoff (Italy) 661 4.Sepp Maier (Germany) 456 5.Ricardo Zamora (Spain) 443 6.José Luis Félix Chilavert(Paraguay) 373 7.Peter Schmeichel (Denmark) 291 8.Peter Shilton (England) 196 9.Frantiek Plánicka (Czechoslovakia) 194 10.Amadeo Raúl Carrizo (Argentina) 192 11.Gilmar dos Santos Neves(Brazil) 160 12.Ladislao Mazurkiewicz (Uruguay) 144 13.Patrick Jennings (N. Ireland) 132 14.Ubaldo Matildo Fillol (Argentina) 121 15.Antonio Carbajal (Mexico) 105 16.Jean-Marie Pfaff (Belgium) 95 17.Rinat Dasaev (Soviet Union) 89 18.Gyula Grosics (Hungary) 87 19.Thomas Ravelli (Sweden) 66 20.Walter Zenga (Italy) 62 Keepers that figured between places 21 and 50 include: Jorge Campos (Mexico) Edwin van der Sar (Netherlands) Ren� Higuita (Colombia) Mohammed Al-Deayea (Saudi Arabia) Andreas K�pke (Germany)
World - Female Player of the Century
1.Mia Hamm (USA) 443 2.Michelle Akers (USA) 411 3.Heidi Mohr (Germany) 250 4.Carolina Morace (Italy) 230 5.Sissi (Brazil) 212 6.Linda Medalen (Norway) 181 7.Liu Ailing (China) 165 8.Kristine Lilly (USA) 160 9.Heidi St�re (Norway) 141 10.Pia Sundhage (Sweden) 129 11.Joulie Foudy (USA) 117 12.Gao Hong (China) 100 13.Silvia Neid (Germany) 83 14.Joy Fawcett (USA) 82 15.Elisabetta Vignotto (Italy) 77 16.Helge Riise (Norway) 76 17.Bettina Wiegmann (Germany) 73 18.Sun Qing-Mei (China) 63 19.Pretinha (Brazil) 46 20.Martina Voss (Germany) 39 21.Gro Espeseth (Norway) 32 Lena Videkull (Sweden) 32 23.Ann Kristin Aar�nes (Norway) 29 24.Charmaine Hooper (Canada) 27 Gunn Nyborg (Norway) 27 26.Carin Gabarra-Jennings (USA) 25 Fan Yunjie (China) 25 28.Anette B�rjesson (Sweden) 24 29.Doris Fitschen (Germany) 23 30.Alicia Vargas (Mexico) 22 31.Roseli (Brazil) 21 32.Elisabeth Leidinge (Sweden) 20 33.Birthe Hegstadt (Norway) 18
Africa - Player of the Century
1.George Weah (Liberia) 95 2.Roger Milla (Cameroon) 77 3.Abedi Ayew "Pelé" (Ghana) 72 4.Lakhdar Belloumi (Algeria) 56 5.Rabah Madjer (Algeria) 51 6.Théophile Abega (Cameroon) 39 7.Laurent Pokou (Ivory Coast) 38 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8.François Omam-Biyik (Cameroon) 37 9.Ahmed Faras (Morocco) 35 10.Finidi George (Nigeria) 32 11.Kalusha Bwalya (Zambia) 31 Mahmoud El-Khatib (Egypt) 31 13.Japhet N'Doram (Chad) 30 14.Youssouf Fofana (Ivory Coast) 29 15.Abdel Aziz Bouderbala (Morocco) 28 Tarek Dhiab (Tunisia) 28 17.Rachidi Yekini (Nigeria) 27 18.Daniel Amokachi (Nigeria) 26 19.Labri Ben Barek (Morocco) 22 Ali Bencheikh (Algeria) 22 Segun Odegbami (Nigeria) 22 Ibrahim Youssef (Egypt) 22 23.Tahar Abou-Zeid (Egypt) 21 24.Petit Sorry (Guinea) 20 Anthony Yeboah (Ghana) 20 26.Emmanuel Amunike (Nigeria) 19 Tshimemu Bwanga (Congo-Kinshasa) 19 28.Ali Abugreisma (Egypt) 18 Papa Camara (Guinea) 18 30.Mohamed Timoumi (Morocco) 17 31.Karim Abdul Razak (Ghana) 16 Chérif Souleymane (Guinea) 16 33.Nwankwo Kanu (Nigeria) 15 34.Victor Ikpeba (Nigeria) 14 Jean Manga Onguene (Cameroon) 14 Bengaly Sylla (Guinea) 14 37.Magdi Abdelghani (Egypt) 13 Opoku (N'Ti) Afriye (Ghana) 13 39.Etefe Kakoto (Congo-Kinshasa) 12 Robert Mensah (Ghana) 12 Hany Ramzy (Egypt) 12 42.Cheik Mohamed Keita (Guinea) 11 Djamel Lalmas (Algeria) 11 44.Adolf Armah (Ghana) 10 Salah Assao (Algeria) 10 Mark Fish (South Africa) 10 Salif Keita (Mali) 10 Serge-Alain Magui (Ivory Coast) 10 Paul Moukila (Congo-Brazzavl.) 10 Sunday Oliseh (Nigeria) 10 Ibrahim Sunday (Ghana) 10
Africa - Keeper of the Century
1.Joseph-Antoine Bell (Cameroon) 39 2.Thomas N'Kono (Cameroon) 30 3.Sadok Attouga (Tunisia) 26 4.Badou Zaki (Morocco) 24 5.Mwemba Kazadi (Congo-Kinshasa) 19 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6.Jacques Songo'o (Cameroon) 13 7.Bruce Grobbelaar (Zimbabwe) 11 8.Ahmed Shoubeir (Egypt) 10 9.Alain Gouaméné (Ivory Coast) 9 10.Peter Rufai (Nigeria) 6
Asia - Player of the Century
1.Bum-Kun Cha (South Korea) 112 2.Joo-Sung Kim (South Korea) 93 3.Abdullah Majed (Saudi Arabia) 87 4.Kazuyoshi Miura (Japan) 71 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5.Kunishige Kamamoto (Japan) 70 6.Said Al-Owairan (Saudi Arabia) 68 7.Ali Daei (Iran) 64 8.Khodadad Azizi (Iran) 59 9.Ahmed Rahdi (Iraq) 48 10.Karim Bagheri (Iran) 47 11.Soon-Ho Choi (South Korea) 33 12.Masami Ihara (Japan) 31 13.Pardip Kumar Banderjee (India) 27 14.Faisal Ali Ak-Dakhil (Kuwait) 23 Ali Parvin (Iran) 23 16.Zhi-Yi Fan (China) 22 Myung-Bo Hung (South Korea) 22 Yashuhiko Okudera (Japan) 22 19.Piyapong Pue-Oun (Thailand) 21 Hassan Rowshan (Iran) 21 21.Doo-Ik Pak (North Korea) 19 22.Avi Cohen (Israel) 17 23.Hae-Won Chung (South Korea) 16 Guangming Gu (China) 16 25.Hussain Saeed (Iraq) 15 Natipong Sritong-In (Thailand) 15 27.Fahad Al-Bishi (Saudi Arabia) 14 Sun-Hong Hwang (South Korea) 14 29.Ahmad Fandhi (Singapore) 13 30.Mokhtar Dahari (Malaysia) 12 Adnan Khamis Al-Taliyani(UAE) 12
Asia - Keeper of the Century
1.Mohammed Al-Deayea (Saudi Arabia) 54 2.Naser Hejazi (Iran) 18 3.In-Young Choi (South Korea) 15 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4.Hui-Kang Zhang (China) 14 5.Yubin Fu (China) 8 Hamoud Sultan (Bahrain) 8 Peter Thangaraj (India) 8 8.Khaled Al-Fadhli (Kuwait) 7 Mohammed Wafah Saami (Qatar) 7 10.Chow Chee Keong (Malaysia) 6
Central and North America - Player of the Century
1.Hugo Sánchez (Mexico) 107 2.Luis Funete (Mexico) 45 3.Carlos Hermosillo (Mexico) 42 4.Horacio Casarin (Mexico) 40 5.Raúl Cárdenas (Mexico) 39 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6.William Gonsalves (USA) 33 7.Salvador Reyes (Mexico) 30 8.Julio César Dely Valdéz(Panama) 29 Bruce Wilson (Canada) 29 10.Jorge Alberto González (El Salvador) 24 11.José Mauricio Cienfuegos(El Salvador) 21 Eryc Wynalda (USA) 21 13.Walter Alfred Bahr (USA) 17 14.Jesús del Muro (Mexico) 15 15.Raúl Ignacio Díaz Arce (El Salvador) 14 Alejandro Morera (Costa Rica) 14 17.Mario López (Cuba) 13 18.Gustavo Peña (Mexico) 11 19.Marcelo Balboa (USA) 10 Robert Lenarduzzi (Canada) 10 Oscar "Conejo" Sánchez (Guatemala) 10 22.Benjamin Galindo (Mexico) 9 Ronald Gómez (Costa Rica) 9 Juan Carlos Plata (Guatemala) 9 Gilberto Yearwood (Honduras) 9 Dwight Yorke (Trinidad/Tobago) 9 27.Juan Carreño (Mexico) 8 Roger Gómez (Costa Rica) 8 José Rafael Meza (Costa Rica) 8 Nicolás Suazo (Honduras) 8 31.Jorge Roldán (Guatemala) 7 Luis Ernesto Tapia (Panama) 7
Central and North America - Keeper of the Century
1.Antonio Carbajal (Mexico) 52 2.Luis Gabelo Conejo (Costa Rica) 25 3.Kasey Keller (USA) 24 4.Jorge Campos (Mexico) 22 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5.Henri Francillon (Haiti) 17 6.Raúl Estrada (Mexico) 9 7.James Kennaway (Canada) 7 8.Craig Forrest (Canada) 6 9.Ignacio Calderón (Mexico) 5 10.Manuel "Tamalón" Garay (El Salvador) 4
Europe - Player of the Century
1.Johan Cruijff (Netherlands) 753 2.Franz Beckenbauer (Germany) 709 3.Alfredo di Stéfano (Spain) 708 4.Ferenc Puskás (Hungary) 667 5.Michel Platini (France) 505 6.Eusébio (Portugal) 370 (Eusébio Ferreira da Silva) 7.Robert Charlton (England) 303 8.Stanley Matthews (England) 282 9.Gerhard Müller (Germany) 249 10.Marco van Basten (Netherlands) 240 11.George Best (N. Ireland) 193 12.Gianni Rivera (Italy) 113 13.Matthias Sindelar (Austria) 110 14.Fritz Walter (Germany) 105 15.Giuseppe Meazza (Italy) 90 16.Giacinto Facchetti (Italy) 79 17.Bobby Moore (England) 74 18.Raymond Kopa (France) 72 Uwe Seeler (Germany) 72 20.Franco Baresi (Italy) 66 21.Ruud Gullit (Netherlands) 63 22.Oleg Blokhin (Soviet Union) 61 23.Sándor Kocsis (Hungary) 54 24.Ladislao Kubala (Spain) 53 Michael Laudrup (Denmark) 53 Alessandro Mazzola (Italy) 53 27.Francisco Gento (Spain) 49 28.Josef Bican (Czechoslovakia) 47 29.Silvio Piola (Italy) 46 30.Kevin Keegan (England) 45 31.Ernst Ocwirk (Austria) 44 32.Lothar Matthäus (Germany) 43 33.József Bozsik (Hungary) 41 34.Just Fontaine (France) 40 Karl-Heinz Rummenigge (Germany) 40 36.Gunnar Nordahl (Sweden) 39 37.Denis Law (Scotland) 38 38.Josef Masopust (Czechoslovakia) 35 39.Paul Van Himst (Belgium) 28 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 40.Georgi Asparukhov (Bulgaria) 27 Paolo Rossi (Italy) 27 42.James Greaves (England) 26 Luigi Riva (Italy) 26 Imre Schlosser (Hungary) 26 45.Stephen Bloomer (England) 25 46.Zbigniew Boniek (Poland) 24 Kenneth Dalglish (Scotland) 24 Allan Simonsen (Denmark) 24 Eduard Streltsov (Soviet Union) 24 50.Gerhard Hanappi (Austria) 23 Luis Suárez (Spain) 23 52.William "Dixie" Dean (England) 22 53.Roberto Baggio (Italy) 21 Kazimierz Deyna (Poland) 21 Dragan Dzajic (Yugoslavia) 21 56.Gheorghe Hagi (Romania 19 Gaetano Scirea (Italy) 19 58.Nils Liedholm (Sweden) 18 59.Gunnar Gren (Sweden) 17 60.Mário Coluna (Portugal) 16 Györgi Sárosi (Hungary) 16 62.Thomas Lawton (England) 15 Hristo Stoichkov (Bulgaria) 15 64.Dennis Bergkamp (Netherlands) 14 Raymond Braine (Belgium) 14 66.Thomas Finney (England) 13 Gary Lineker (England) 13 James Edward McGrory (Scotland) 13 Herbert Prohaska (Austria) 13 70.Eric Cantona (France) 12 Karl Koller (Austria) 12 Paolo Maldini (Italy) 12 73.Liam Brady (Ireland) 11 Nándor Hidegkuti (Hungary) 11 Anton Polster (Austria) 11 Jean Tigana (France) 11 Bernard Vukas (Yugoslavia) 11 Vivian John Woodward (England) 11 79.Ruud Krol (Netherlands) 10 Dejan Savicevic (Yugoslavia) 10 81.Roberto Bettega (Italy) 9 Alex James (Scotland) 9 Karel Pesek "Káda" (Czechoslovakia) 9 84.Flórián Albert (Hungary) 8 Paul Breitner (Germany) 8 Emilio Butragueño (Spain) 8 John Charles (Wales) 8 Ronald Koeman (Netherlands) 8 89.Wsjevolod Bobrov (Soviet Union) 7 Hugh Gallacher (Scotland) 7 Wlodzimierz Lubanski (Poland) 7 Dragan Stojkovic (Yugoslavia) 7 93.Nicolae Dobrin (Romania) 6 Günter Netzer (Germany) 6 Ian Rush (Wales) 6 96.Jackey Carey (Ireland) 5 Richard Hofmann (Germany) 5 Severino Minelli (Switzerland) 5 Wolfgang Overath (Germany) 5 100.Grzegorz Lato (Poland) 4 Fritz Szepan (Germany) 4
Europe - Keeper of the Century
1.Lev Yashin (Soviet Union) 498 2.Dino Zoff (Italy) 373 3.Gordon Banks (England) 360 4.Ricardo Zamora (Spain) 304 5.Sepp Maier (Germany) 263 6.Frantiek Plánicka (Czechoslovakia) 204 7.Peter Schmeichel (Denmark) 148 8.Peter Shilton (England) 124 9.Gyula Grosics (Hungary) 117 10.Jean-Marie Pfaff (Belgium) 100 11.Patrick Jennings (N. Ireland) 76 12.Vladimir Beara (Yugoslavia) 72 13.Rudi Hiden (Austria) 63 14.Thomas Ravelli (Sweden) 59 15.Harald Schumacher (Germany) 51 16.Giampiero Combi (Italy) 49 Rinat Dasaev (Soviet Union) 49 18.Jan Tomaszewski (Poland 44 19.Michel Preud'homme (Belgium) 41 20.Hans van Breukelen (Netherlands) 37 Andreas Köpke (Germany) 37 22.Ronnie Hellström (Sweden) 31 Andoni Zubizarreta (Spain) 31 24.Edwin van der Sar (Netherlands) 21 Ivo Viktor (Czechoslovakia) 21 26.Walter Zeman (Austria) 19 27.Walter Zenga (Italy) 18 28.Frank Victor Swift (England) 17 29.Jürgen Croy (East Germany) 16 30.Angelo Peruzzi (Italy) 13 Neville Southall (Wales) 13 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 32.Enrico Albertosi (Italy) 12 David Seaman (England) 12 34.Samuel Hardy (England) 10 José Ángel Iríbar (Spain) 10 József Mlynarczyk (Poland) 10 Gianluca Pagliuca (Italy) 10 Alberto Costa Pereira (Portugal) 10 Hans Tilkowski (Germany) 10 40.Vítor Damas (Portugal) 9 Heinrich Stuhlfauth (Germany) 9 42.Yevgheni Rudakov (Soviet Union) 8 43.Luis Arconada (Spain) 7 Giuliano Sarti (Italy) 7 Anton Turek (Germany) 7 46.Bernard Lama (France) 6 47.Pierre Chayriguès (France) 5 Alexej Khomitch (Soviet Union) 5 Antoni Ramallets (Spain) 5 Ronald Simpson (Scotland) 5 Károly Zsák (Hungary) 5
South America - Player of the Century
1."Pelé" (Brazil) 220 (Edson Arantes do Nascimento) 2.Diego Armando Maradona (Argentina) 193 3.Alfredo di Stéfano (Argentina) 161 4.Garrincha (Brazil) 142 (Manoel dos Santos Garrincha) 5.José Manuel Moreno (Argentina) 82 6.Juan Alberto Schiaffino(Uruguay) 52 7."Zico" (Brazil) 51 (Arthur Antunes Coimbra) 8.Arsenio Pastor Erico (Paraguay) 42 Elías Ricardo Figueroa (Chile) 42 10.Thomas Soãres "Zizinho"(Brazil) 40 11.Luis Alberto Cubilla (Uruguay) 25 12.Adolfo Pedernera (Argentina) 24 13.Arthur Friedenreich (Brazil) 21 "Tostão" (Brazil) 21 (Eduardo Gonçalves de Andrade) Obdulio Jacinto Varela (Uruguay) 21 16.Enrique Omar Sivori (Argentina) 19 17.Teófilo Cubillas (Peru) 17 Valdir Pereira Didi (Brazil) 17 Willington Ortiz (Colombia) 17 20.José Leandro Andrade (Uruguay) 16 Héctor Scarone (Uruguay) 16 Alberto Spencer (Ecuador) 16 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 23.Mario Alberto Kempes (Argentina) 15 24.Enzo Francescoli (Uruguay) 13 Leônidas da Silva (Brazil) 13 26.Angel Amadeo Labruna (Argentina) 12 José Nasazzi (Uruguay) 12 Nílton dos Santos (Brazil) 12 Ronaldo (Brazil) 12 (Ronaldo Luís Nazário de Lima) 30.Romário de Souza Faria (Brazil) 11 31.Paulo Roberto Falcão (Brazil) 10 Roberto Rivelino (Brazil) 10 José Marcelo Salas (Chile) 10 34.Ademir da Guía (Brazil) 9 35.Héctor Chumpitaz (Peru) 8 Daniel Alberto Passarella(Argentina) 8 37.Luís Edmundo Pereira (Brazil) 7 Pedro Virgilio Rocha (Uruguay) 7 39.Carlos Alberto Valderrama(Colombia) 6 40.Carlos Alberto Torres (Brazil) 5 Leonel Sánchez (Chile) 5 Iván Luis Zamorano (Chile) 5 43.Domingos Antônio da Guía(Brazil) 4 44.Ademir Marquez de Menezes(Brazil) 3 Pedro Cea (Uruguay) 3 Raimundo Orsi (Argentina) 3
South America - Keeper of the Century
1.Amadeo Raúl Carrizo (Argentina) 68 2.José Luis Félix Chilavert(Paraguay) 57 3.Ubaldo Matildo Fillol (Argentina) 53 4.Gilmar dos Santos Neves(Brazil) 47 5.Ladislao Mazurkiewicz (Uruguay) 46 6.Roque Gaston Máspoli (Uruguay) 26 7.Hugo Orlando Gatti (Argentina) 20 8.José René Higuíta (Colombia) 18 9.Sergio Livingstone (Chile) 15 10.Émerson Leão (Brazil) 13 11.Barbosa Moacir Nascimento(Brazil) 11 12.Roberto Antonio Rojas (Chile) 6 Rodolfo Rodríguez (Uruguay) 6 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 14.Américo Tesorieri (Argentina) 5 15.Manga Aílton Corrêa Arruda(Brazil) 4 Andrés Mazali (Uruguay) 4 Antonio Roma (Argentina) 4
Brazil - Player of the Century
Simply chosen as a sublist of the South American election . 1."Pelé" 220 (Edson Arantes do Nascimento) 2.Garrincha 142 (Manoel dos Santos Garrincha) 3."Zico" 51 (Arthur Antunes Coimbra) 4.Thomas Soãres "Zizinho" 40 5.Arthur Friedenreich 21 "Tostão" 21 (Eduardo Gonçalves de Andrade) 7.Valdir Pereira Didi 17 8.Leônidas da Silva 13 9.Nílton dos Santos 12 Ronaldo 12 (Ronaldo Luís Nazário de Lima) 11.Romário de Souza Faria 11 12.Paulo Roberto Falcão 10 Roberto Rivelino 10 14.Ademir da Guía 9 15.Luís Edmundo Pereira 7 16.Carlos Alberto Torres 5 17.Domingos Antônio da Guía 4 18.Ademir 3 (Ademir Marquez de Menezes) 19."Bebeto" 2 (Jorge Roberto Gama de Oliveira) "Jairzinho" 2 (Jair Ventura Filho)
| Lev Yashin |
Former footballer Vinnie Jones captained which national team? | IFFHS' Century Elections
IFFHS' Century Elections
Winners' List for all Countries (separate file)
The IFFHS (International Federation of Football History and Statistics) has been organizing elections for the "Football Player of the Century" for various countries and continents, and separate elections for the "Goal 'Keeper of the Century". Apparently elections were based on polls of journalists and former players, but no specific details are known. Players above the dotted lines in the continental elections were eligible for the worldwide elections . Players whose country is given in italics were (implicitly) chosen as the best of their country.
World - Player of the Century
1."Pelé" (Brazil) 1705 (Edson Arantes do Nascimento) 2.Johan Cruijff (Netherlands) 1303 3.Franz Beckenbauer (Germany) 1228 4.Alfredo di Stéfano (Argentina) 1215 5.Diego Armando Maradona (Argentina) 1214 6.Ferenc Puskás (Hungary) 810 7.Michel Platini (France) 722 8.Garrincha (Brazil) 624 (Manoel dos Santos Garrincha) 9.Eusébio (Portugal) 544 (Eusébio Ferreira da Silva) 10.Robert Charlton (England) 508 11.Stanley Matthews (England) 368 12.Marco van Basten (Netherlands) 315 13.Gerd M�ller (Germany) 265 14.Zico (Brazil) 207 15.Lothar Matth�us (Germany) 202 16.George Best (N. Ireland) 187 17.Juan Alberto Schiaffino(Uruguay) 158 18.Ruud Gullit (Netherlands) 119 19.Valdir Pereira Didi (Brazil) 116 Gianni Rivera (Italy) 116 21.Giuseppe Meazza (Italy) 108 22.Matthias Sindelar (Austria) 106 23 Fritz Walter (Germany) 103 24.Robert Moore (England) 98 25.José Manuel Moreno (Argentina) 96 26.Hugo Sánchez (Mexico) 85 27.George Weah (Liberia) 79 28.Roger Milla (Cameroon) 78 29.José Leonardo Andrade (Uruguay) 74 30.Just Fontaine (France) 73 Francisco Gento (Spain) 73 32.Ladislao Kubala (Spain) 71 33.Franco Baresi (Italy) 70 34.Josef Bican (Czechoslovakia) 63 35.Karl-Heinz Rummenigge (Germany) 59 36.Omar Sivori (Argentina) 56 37.Elias Figueroa (Chile) 55 38.Kevin Keegan (England) 53 39.Sándor Kocsis (Hungary) 52 40.Héctor Scarone (Uruguay) 51 41.Josef Masopust (Czechoslovakia) 46 42.Giacchinto Facchetti (Italy) 44 43.Raymond Kopa (France) 41 Alessandro Mazzola (Italy) 41 45.Uwe Seeler (Germany) 40 46.Gunnar Nordahl (Sweden) 36 47.Zizinho (Brazil) 35 48.Teófilo Cubillas (Peru) 34 49.Arsenio Erico (Paraguay) 30 50.Denis Law (Scotland) 29
World - Keeper of the Century
1.Lev Yashin (Soviet Union) 1002 2.Gordon Banks (England) 717 3.Dino Zoff (Italy) 661 4.Sepp Maier (Germany) 456 5.Ricardo Zamora (Spain) 443 6.José Luis Félix Chilavert(Paraguay) 373 7.Peter Schmeichel (Denmark) 291 8.Peter Shilton (England) 196 9.Frantiek Plánicka (Czechoslovakia) 194 10.Amadeo Raúl Carrizo (Argentina) 192 11.Gilmar dos Santos Neves(Brazil) 160 12.Ladislao Mazurkiewicz (Uruguay) 144 13.Patrick Jennings (N. Ireland) 132 14.Ubaldo Matildo Fillol (Argentina) 121 15.Antonio Carbajal (Mexico) 105 16.Jean-Marie Pfaff (Belgium) 95 17.Rinat Dasaev (Soviet Union) 89 18.Gyula Grosics (Hungary) 87 19.Thomas Ravelli (Sweden) 66 20.Walter Zenga (Italy) 62 Keepers that figured between places 21 and 50 include: Jorge Campos (Mexico) Edwin van der Sar (Netherlands) Ren� Higuita (Colombia) Mohammed Al-Deayea (Saudi Arabia) Andreas K�pke (Germany)
World - Female Player of the Century
1.Mia Hamm (USA) 443 2.Michelle Akers (USA) 411 3.Heidi Mohr (Germany) 250 4.Carolina Morace (Italy) 230 5.Sissi (Brazil) 212 6.Linda Medalen (Norway) 181 7.Liu Ailing (China) 165 8.Kristine Lilly (USA) 160 9.Heidi St�re (Norway) 141 10.Pia Sundhage (Sweden) 129 11.Joulie Foudy (USA) 117 12.Gao Hong (China) 100 13.Silvia Neid (Germany) 83 14.Joy Fawcett (USA) 82 15.Elisabetta Vignotto (Italy) 77 16.Helge Riise (Norway) 76 17.Bettina Wiegmann (Germany) 73 18.Sun Qing-Mei (China) 63 19.Pretinha (Brazil) 46 20.Martina Voss (Germany) 39 21.Gro Espeseth (Norway) 32 Lena Videkull (Sweden) 32 23.Ann Kristin Aar�nes (Norway) 29 24.Charmaine Hooper (Canada) 27 Gunn Nyborg (Norway) 27 26.Carin Gabarra-Jennings (USA) 25 Fan Yunjie (China) 25 28.Anette B�rjesson (Sweden) 24 29.Doris Fitschen (Germany) 23 30.Alicia Vargas (Mexico) 22 31.Roseli (Brazil) 21 32.Elisabeth Leidinge (Sweden) 20 33.Birthe Hegstadt (Norway) 18
Africa - Player of the Century
1.George Weah (Liberia) 95 2.Roger Milla (Cameroon) 77 3.Abedi Ayew "Pelé" (Ghana) 72 4.Lakhdar Belloumi (Algeria) 56 5.Rabah Madjer (Algeria) 51 6.Théophile Abega (Cameroon) 39 7.Laurent Pokou (Ivory Coast) 38 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8.François Omam-Biyik (Cameroon) 37 9.Ahmed Faras (Morocco) 35 10.Finidi George (Nigeria) 32 11.Kalusha Bwalya (Zambia) 31 Mahmoud El-Khatib (Egypt) 31 13.Japhet N'Doram (Chad) 30 14.Youssouf Fofana (Ivory Coast) 29 15.Abdel Aziz Bouderbala (Morocco) 28 Tarek Dhiab (Tunisia) 28 17.Rachidi Yekini (Nigeria) 27 18.Daniel Amokachi (Nigeria) 26 19.Labri Ben Barek (Morocco) 22 Ali Bencheikh (Algeria) 22 Segun Odegbami (Nigeria) 22 Ibrahim Youssef (Egypt) 22 23.Tahar Abou-Zeid (Egypt) 21 24.Petit Sorry (Guinea) 20 Anthony Yeboah (Ghana) 20 26.Emmanuel Amunike (Nigeria) 19 Tshimemu Bwanga (Congo-Kinshasa) 19 28.Ali Abugreisma (Egypt) 18 Papa Camara (Guinea) 18 30.Mohamed Timoumi (Morocco) 17 31.Karim Abdul Razak (Ghana) 16 Chérif Souleymane (Guinea) 16 33.Nwankwo Kanu (Nigeria) 15 34.Victor Ikpeba (Nigeria) 14 Jean Manga Onguene (Cameroon) 14 Bengaly Sylla (Guinea) 14 37.Magdi Abdelghani (Egypt) 13 Opoku (N'Ti) Afriye (Ghana) 13 39.Etefe Kakoto (Congo-Kinshasa) 12 Robert Mensah (Ghana) 12 Hany Ramzy (Egypt) 12 42.Cheik Mohamed Keita (Guinea) 11 Djamel Lalmas (Algeria) 11 44.Adolf Armah (Ghana) 10 Salah Assao (Algeria) 10 Mark Fish (South Africa) 10 Salif Keita (Mali) 10 Serge-Alain Magui (Ivory Coast) 10 Paul Moukila (Congo-Brazzavl.) 10 Sunday Oliseh (Nigeria) 10 Ibrahim Sunday (Ghana) 10
Africa - Keeper of the Century
1.Joseph-Antoine Bell (Cameroon) 39 2.Thomas N'Kono (Cameroon) 30 3.Sadok Attouga (Tunisia) 26 4.Badou Zaki (Morocco) 24 5.Mwemba Kazadi (Congo-Kinshasa) 19 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6.Jacques Songo'o (Cameroon) 13 7.Bruce Grobbelaar (Zimbabwe) 11 8.Ahmed Shoubeir (Egypt) 10 9.Alain Gouaméné (Ivory Coast) 9 10.Peter Rufai (Nigeria) 6
Asia - Player of the Century
1.Bum-Kun Cha (South Korea) 112 2.Joo-Sung Kim (South Korea) 93 3.Abdullah Majed (Saudi Arabia) 87 4.Kazuyoshi Miura (Japan) 71 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5.Kunishige Kamamoto (Japan) 70 6.Said Al-Owairan (Saudi Arabia) 68 7.Ali Daei (Iran) 64 8.Khodadad Azizi (Iran) 59 9.Ahmed Rahdi (Iraq) 48 10.Karim Bagheri (Iran) 47 11.Soon-Ho Choi (South Korea) 33 12.Masami Ihara (Japan) 31 13.Pardip Kumar Banderjee (India) 27 14.Faisal Ali Ak-Dakhil (Kuwait) 23 Ali Parvin (Iran) 23 16.Zhi-Yi Fan (China) 22 Myung-Bo Hung (South Korea) 22 Yashuhiko Okudera (Japan) 22 19.Piyapong Pue-Oun (Thailand) 21 Hassan Rowshan (Iran) 21 21.Doo-Ik Pak (North Korea) 19 22.Avi Cohen (Israel) 17 23.Hae-Won Chung (South Korea) 16 Guangming Gu (China) 16 25.Hussain Saeed (Iraq) 15 Natipong Sritong-In (Thailand) 15 27.Fahad Al-Bishi (Saudi Arabia) 14 Sun-Hong Hwang (South Korea) 14 29.Ahmad Fandhi (Singapore) 13 30.Mokhtar Dahari (Malaysia) 12 Adnan Khamis Al-Taliyani(UAE) 12
Asia - Keeper of the Century
1.Mohammed Al-Deayea (Saudi Arabia) 54 2.Naser Hejazi (Iran) 18 3.In-Young Choi (South Korea) 15 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4.Hui-Kang Zhang (China) 14 5.Yubin Fu (China) 8 Hamoud Sultan (Bahrain) 8 Peter Thangaraj (India) 8 8.Khaled Al-Fadhli (Kuwait) 7 Mohammed Wafah Saami (Qatar) 7 10.Chow Chee Keong (Malaysia) 6
Central and North America - Player of the Century
1.Hugo Sánchez (Mexico) 107 2.Luis Funete (Mexico) 45 3.Carlos Hermosillo (Mexico) 42 4.Horacio Casarin (Mexico) 40 5.Raúl Cárdenas (Mexico) 39 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6.William Gonsalves (USA) 33 7.Salvador Reyes (Mexico) 30 8.Julio César Dely Valdéz(Panama) 29 Bruce Wilson (Canada) 29 10.Jorge Alberto González (El Salvador) 24 11.José Mauricio Cienfuegos(El Salvador) 21 Eryc Wynalda (USA) 21 13.Walter Alfred Bahr (USA) 17 14.Jesús del Muro (Mexico) 15 15.Raúl Ignacio Díaz Arce (El Salvador) 14 Alejandro Morera (Costa Rica) 14 17.Mario López (Cuba) 13 18.Gustavo Peña (Mexico) 11 19.Marcelo Balboa (USA) 10 Robert Lenarduzzi (Canada) 10 Oscar "Conejo" Sánchez (Guatemala) 10 22.Benjamin Galindo (Mexico) 9 Ronald Gómez (Costa Rica) 9 Juan Carlos Plata (Guatemala) 9 Gilberto Yearwood (Honduras) 9 Dwight Yorke (Trinidad/Tobago) 9 27.Juan Carreño (Mexico) 8 Roger Gómez (Costa Rica) 8 José Rafael Meza (Costa Rica) 8 Nicolás Suazo (Honduras) 8 31.Jorge Roldán (Guatemala) 7 Luis Ernesto Tapia (Panama) 7
Central and North America - Keeper of the Century
1.Antonio Carbajal (Mexico) 52 2.Luis Gabelo Conejo (Costa Rica) 25 3.Kasey Keller (USA) 24 4.Jorge Campos (Mexico) 22 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5.Henri Francillon (Haiti) 17 6.Raúl Estrada (Mexico) 9 7.James Kennaway (Canada) 7 8.Craig Forrest (Canada) 6 9.Ignacio Calderón (Mexico) 5 10.Manuel "Tamalón" Garay (El Salvador) 4
Europe - Player of the Century
1.Johan Cruijff (Netherlands) 753 2.Franz Beckenbauer (Germany) 709 3.Alfredo di Stéfano (Spain) 708 4.Ferenc Puskás (Hungary) 667 5.Michel Platini (France) 505 6.Eusébio (Portugal) 370 (Eusébio Ferreira da Silva) 7.Robert Charlton (England) 303 8.Stanley Matthews (England) 282 9.Gerhard Müller (Germany) 249 10.Marco van Basten (Netherlands) 240 11.George Best (N. Ireland) 193 12.Gianni Rivera (Italy) 113 13.Matthias Sindelar (Austria) 110 14.Fritz Walter (Germany) 105 15.Giuseppe Meazza (Italy) 90 16.Giacinto Facchetti (Italy) 79 17.Bobby Moore (England) 74 18.Raymond Kopa (France) 72 Uwe Seeler (Germany) 72 20.Franco Baresi (Italy) 66 21.Ruud Gullit (Netherlands) 63 22.Oleg Blokhin (Soviet Union) 61 23.Sándor Kocsis (Hungary) 54 24.Ladislao Kubala (Spain) 53 Michael Laudrup (Denmark) 53 Alessandro Mazzola (Italy) 53 27.Francisco Gento (Spain) 49 28.Josef Bican (Czechoslovakia) 47 29.Silvio Piola (Italy) 46 30.Kevin Keegan (England) 45 31.Ernst Ocwirk (Austria) 44 32.Lothar Matthäus (Germany) 43 33.József Bozsik (Hungary) 41 34.Just Fontaine (France) 40 Karl-Heinz Rummenigge (Germany) 40 36.Gunnar Nordahl (Sweden) 39 37.Denis Law (Scotland) 38 38.Josef Masopust (Czechoslovakia) 35 39.Paul Van Himst (Belgium) 28 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 40.Georgi Asparukhov (Bulgaria) 27 Paolo Rossi (Italy) 27 42.James Greaves (England) 26 Luigi Riva (Italy) 26 Imre Schlosser (Hungary) 26 45.Stephen Bloomer (England) 25 46.Zbigniew Boniek (Poland) 24 Kenneth Dalglish (Scotland) 24 Allan Simonsen (Denmark) 24 Eduard Streltsov (Soviet Union) 24 50.Gerhard Hanappi (Austria) 23 Luis Suárez (Spain) 23 52.William "Dixie" Dean (England) 22 53.Roberto Baggio (Italy) 21 Kazimierz Deyna (Poland) 21 Dragan Dzajic (Yugoslavia) 21 56.Gheorghe Hagi (Romania 19 Gaetano Scirea (Italy) 19 58.Nils Liedholm (Sweden) 18 59.Gunnar Gren (Sweden) 17 60.Mário Coluna (Portugal) 16 Györgi Sárosi (Hungary) 16 62.Thomas Lawton (England) 15 Hristo Stoichkov (Bulgaria) 15 64.Dennis Bergkamp (Netherlands) 14 Raymond Braine (Belgium) 14 66.Thomas Finney (England) 13 Gary Lineker (England) 13 James Edward McGrory (Scotland) 13 Herbert Prohaska (Austria) 13 70.Eric Cantona (France) 12 Karl Koller (Austria) 12 Paolo Maldini (Italy) 12 73.Liam Brady (Ireland) 11 Nándor Hidegkuti (Hungary) 11 Anton Polster (Austria) 11 Jean Tigana (France) 11 Bernard Vukas (Yugoslavia) 11 Vivian John Woodward (England) 11 79.Ruud Krol (Netherlands) 10 Dejan Savicevic (Yugoslavia) 10 81.Roberto Bettega (Italy) 9 Alex James (Scotland) 9 Karel Pesek "Káda" (Czechoslovakia) 9 84.Flórián Albert (Hungary) 8 Paul Breitner (Germany) 8 Emilio Butragueño (Spain) 8 John Charles (Wales) 8 Ronald Koeman (Netherlands) 8 89.Wsjevolod Bobrov (Soviet Union) 7 Hugh Gallacher (Scotland) 7 Wlodzimierz Lubanski (Poland) 7 Dragan Stojkovic (Yugoslavia) 7 93.Nicolae Dobrin (Romania) 6 Günter Netzer (Germany) 6 Ian Rush (Wales) 6 96.Jackey Carey (Ireland) 5 Richard Hofmann (Germany) 5 Severino Minelli (Switzerland) 5 Wolfgang Overath (Germany) 5 100.Grzegorz Lato (Poland) 4 Fritz Szepan (Germany) 4
Europe - Keeper of the Century
1.Lev Yashin (Soviet Union) 498 2.Dino Zoff (Italy) 373 3.Gordon Banks (England) 360 4.Ricardo Zamora (Spain) 304 5.Sepp Maier (Germany) 263 6.Frantiek Plánicka (Czechoslovakia) 204 7.Peter Schmeichel (Denmark) 148 8.Peter Shilton (England) 124 9.Gyula Grosics (Hungary) 117 10.Jean-Marie Pfaff (Belgium) 100 11.Patrick Jennings (N. Ireland) 76 12.Vladimir Beara (Yugoslavia) 72 13.Rudi Hiden (Austria) 63 14.Thomas Ravelli (Sweden) 59 15.Harald Schumacher (Germany) 51 16.Giampiero Combi (Italy) 49 Rinat Dasaev (Soviet Union) 49 18.Jan Tomaszewski (Poland 44 19.Michel Preud'homme (Belgium) 41 20.Hans van Breukelen (Netherlands) 37 Andreas Köpke (Germany) 37 22.Ronnie Hellström (Sweden) 31 Andoni Zubizarreta (Spain) 31 24.Edwin van der Sar (Netherlands) 21 Ivo Viktor (Czechoslovakia) 21 26.Walter Zeman (Austria) 19 27.Walter Zenga (Italy) 18 28.Frank Victor Swift (England) 17 29.Jürgen Croy (East Germany) 16 30.Angelo Peruzzi (Italy) 13 Neville Southall (Wales) 13 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 32.Enrico Albertosi (Italy) 12 David Seaman (England) 12 34.Samuel Hardy (England) 10 José Ángel Iríbar (Spain) 10 József Mlynarczyk (Poland) 10 Gianluca Pagliuca (Italy) 10 Alberto Costa Pereira (Portugal) 10 Hans Tilkowski (Germany) 10 40.Vítor Damas (Portugal) 9 Heinrich Stuhlfauth (Germany) 9 42.Yevgheni Rudakov (Soviet Union) 8 43.Luis Arconada (Spain) 7 Giuliano Sarti (Italy) 7 Anton Turek (Germany) 7 46.Bernard Lama (France) 6 47.Pierre Chayriguès (France) 5 Alexej Khomitch (Soviet Union) 5 Antoni Ramallets (Spain) 5 Ronald Simpson (Scotland) 5 Károly Zsák (Hungary) 5
South America - Player of the Century
1."Pelé" (Brazil) 220 (Edson Arantes do Nascimento) 2.Diego Armando Maradona (Argentina) 193 3.Alfredo di Stéfano (Argentina) 161 4.Garrincha (Brazil) 142 (Manoel dos Santos Garrincha) 5.José Manuel Moreno (Argentina) 82 6.Juan Alberto Schiaffino(Uruguay) 52 7."Zico" (Brazil) 51 (Arthur Antunes Coimbra) 8.Arsenio Pastor Erico (Paraguay) 42 Elías Ricardo Figueroa (Chile) 42 10.Thomas Soãres "Zizinho"(Brazil) 40 11.Luis Alberto Cubilla (Uruguay) 25 12.Adolfo Pedernera (Argentina) 24 13.Arthur Friedenreich (Brazil) 21 "Tostão" (Brazil) 21 (Eduardo Gonçalves de Andrade) Obdulio Jacinto Varela (Uruguay) 21 16.Enrique Omar Sivori (Argentina) 19 17.Teófilo Cubillas (Peru) 17 Valdir Pereira Didi (Brazil) 17 Willington Ortiz (Colombia) 17 20.José Leandro Andrade (Uruguay) 16 Héctor Scarone (Uruguay) 16 Alberto Spencer (Ecuador) 16 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 23.Mario Alberto Kempes (Argentina) 15 24.Enzo Francescoli (Uruguay) 13 Leônidas da Silva (Brazil) 13 26.Angel Amadeo Labruna (Argentina) 12 José Nasazzi (Uruguay) 12 Nílton dos Santos (Brazil) 12 Ronaldo (Brazil) 12 (Ronaldo Luís Nazário de Lima) 30.Romário de Souza Faria (Brazil) 11 31.Paulo Roberto Falcão (Brazil) 10 Roberto Rivelino (Brazil) 10 José Marcelo Salas (Chile) 10 34.Ademir da Guía (Brazil) 9 35.Héctor Chumpitaz (Peru) 8 Daniel Alberto Passarella(Argentina) 8 37.Luís Edmundo Pereira (Brazil) 7 Pedro Virgilio Rocha (Uruguay) 7 39.Carlos Alberto Valderrama(Colombia) 6 40.Carlos Alberto Torres (Brazil) 5 Leonel Sánchez (Chile) 5 Iván Luis Zamorano (Chile) 5 43.Domingos Antônio da Guía(Brazil) 4 44.Ademir Marquez de Menezes(Brazil) 3 Pedro Cea (Uruguay) 3 Raimundo Orsi (Argentina) 3
South America - Keeper of the Century
1.Amadeo Raúl Carrizo (Argentina) 68 2.José Luis Félix Chilavert(Paraguay) 57 3.Ubaldo Matildo Fillol (Argentina) 53 4.Gilmar dos Santos Neves(Brazil) 47 5.Ladislao Mazurkiewicz (Uruguay) 46 6.Roque Gaston Máspoli (Uruguay) 26 7.Hugo Orlando Gatti (Argentina) 20 8.José René Higuíta (Colombia) 18 9.Sergio Livingstone (Chile) 15 10.Émerson Leão (Brazil) 13 11.Barbosa Moacir Nascimento(Brazil) 11 12.Roberto Antonio Rojas (Chile) 6 Rodolfo Rodríguez (Uruguay) 6 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 14.Américo Tesorieri (Argentina) 5 15.Manga Aílton Corrêa Arruda(Brazil) 4 Andrés Mazali (Uruguay) 4 Antonio Roma (Argentina) 4
Brazil - Player of the Century
Simply chosen as a sublist of the South American election . 1."Pelé" 220 (Edson Arantes do Nascimento) 2.Garrincha 142 (Manoel dos Santos Garrincha) 3."Zico" 51 (Arthur Antunes Coimbra) 4.Thomas Soãres "Zizinho" 40 5.Arthur Friedenreich 21 "Tostão" 21 (Eduardo Gonçalves de Andrade) 7.Valdir Pereira Didi 17 8.Leônidas da Silva 13 9.Nílton dos Santos 12 Ronaldo 12 (Ronaldo Luís Nazário de Lima) 11.Romário de Souza Faria 11 12.Paulo Roberto Falcão 10 Roberto Rivelino 10 14.Ademir da Guía 9 15.Luís Edmundo Pereira 7 16.Carlos Alberto Torres 5 17.Domingos Antônio da Guía 4 18.Ademir 3 (Ademir Marquez de Menezes) 19."Bebeto" 2 (Jorge Roberto Gama de Oliveira) "Jairzinho" 2 (Jair Ventura Filho)
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Who scored the final goal in the 1966 FIFA World Cup final? | 1966 FIFA World Cup Final | Football Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
1966 FIFA World Cup Final
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The 1966 FIFA World Cup Final was the final match in the 1966 FIFA World Cup , the eighth football World Cup and one of the most controversial finals ever. The match was contested by England and West Germany on 30 July 1966 at Wembley Stadium in London, and had an attendance of 96,924.
England won 4–2 after extra time to win the Jules Rimet Trophy . The England team became known as the "wingless wonders", on account of their then-unconventional narrow attacking formation, described at the time as a 4–3–3. The match is remembered for England's only World Cup trophy, Geoff Hurst 's hat-trick – the only one ever scored in a World Cup Final – and the controversial third goal awarded to England by referee Gottfried Dienst and linesman Tofiq Bahramov .
Contents
[ show ]
Road to Wembley
Both teams were strong throughout the tournament. Each won all but one of their three matches in the group stages, which they both drew. West Germany tied against Argentina, while England drew against Uruguay, at that time tied for the number of World Cups won with Italy and Brazil. The German team conceded but two goals before the final, and England did not concede at all until their semi-final against Portugal.
England
Summary
Normal time
England, managed by Alf Ramsey and captained by Bobby Moore , won the toss and elected to kick off. After 12 minutes, Siegfried Held sent a cross into the English penalty area which Ray Wilson misheaded to Helmut Haller , who got his shot on target. Jackie Charlton and goalkeeper Gordon Banks failed to deal with the shot which went in making it 1–0 to West Germany.
In the 19th minute, Wolfgang Overath conceded a free kick, which Moore took immediately, floating a cross into the West German area, where Geoff Hurst rose unchallenged and levelled the scores with a downward glancing header. The teams were level at half-time, and after 77 minutes England won a corner. Alan Ball delivered the ball to Geoff Hurst whose deflected shot from the edge of the area found Martin Peters . He produced the final shot, beating the West German keeper from eight yards to make the score 2–1 to England.
Germany pressed for an equaliser in the closing moments, and in the 89th minute Jack Charlton conceded a free kick for climbing on Uwe Seeler as they both went up for a header. The kick was taken by Lothar Emmerich , who struck it into George Cohen in the wall; the rebound fell to Held, who shot across the face of goal and into the body of Karl-Heinz Schnellinger . The ball deflected across the England six-yard box, wrong-footing the England defence and allowing Wolfgang Weber to level the score at 2–2 and force the match into extra time. Banks protested that the ball had struck Schnellinger on the arm, and reiterated the claim in his 2002 autobiography, but replays showed that it actually struck Schnellinger on the back.
Extra time
England pressed forward and created several chances. In particular, with five minutes gone, Bobby Charlton struck the post and sent another shot just wide. With 11 minutes of extra time gone, Alan Ball put in a cross and Geoff Hurst swivelled and shot from close range. The ball hit the underside of the cross bar, bounced down – on the line – and was cleared. The referee Gottfried Dienst was uncertain if it had been a goal and consulted his linesman, Tofiq Bahramov from the Azerbaijan , who in a moment of drama indicated that it was. After non-verbal communication, as they had no common language, the Swiss referee awarded the goal to the home team. The crowd and the audience of 400 million television viewers were left arguing whether the goal should have been given or not.
England's third goal has remained controversial ever since the match. According to the Laws of the Game the definition of a goal is when "the whole of the ball passes over the goal line".
In England, supporters cite the good position of the linesman and the statement of Roger Hunt, the nearest England player to the ball, who claimed it was a goal and that was why he wheeled away in celebration rather than attempting to tap the rebounding ball in.
Modern studies using film analysis and computer simulation have conclusively proved the ball never crossed the line – both Duncan Gillies of the Visual Information Processing Group at Imperial College London and Ian Reid and Andrew Zisserman of the Department of Engineering Science at University of Oxford agree that the ball would have needed to travel a further 2.5–6.0 cm to fully cross the line, and that therefore this was not strictly speaking a goal. Furthermore, there exists colour footage of Hurst's goal, taken from another angle by an amateur cameraman in the stands and having a view almost parallel to the English goal line. This film material claims that the ball did not cross the goal line in full.
Some Germans cited possible bias of the Soviet linesman (Bakhramov was from Azerbaijan ), especially as the USSR had just been defeated in the semi-finals by West Germany. Bakhramov later stated in his memoirs that he believed the ball had bounced back not from the crossbar, but from the net and that he was not able to observe the rest of the scene, so it did not matter where the ball hit the ground anyway. (An apocryphal story exists that Bakhramov, when asked why he gave the goal later, simply replied "Stalingrad". There is no evidence that this is genuine.) Swiss referee Gottfried Dienst did not see the scene.
One minute before the end of play, the West Germans sent their defenders forward in a desperate attempt to score a last-minute equaliser. Winning the ball, Bobby Moore picked out the unmarked Geoff Hurst with a long pass, which Hurst carried forward while some spectators began streaming onto the field and Hurst scored moments later. Hurst later admitted that his blistering shot was as much intended to send the ball as far into the Wembley stands as possible should it miss, in order to kill time on the clock.
The final goal gave rise to one of the most famous sayings in English football, when the BBC commentator Kenneth Wolstenholme described the situation as follows:
"And here comes Hurst. He's got... some people are on the pitch, they think it's all over. It is now! It's four!".
The matchball from the final is now on display in the National Football Museum in Manchester.
Details
30 minutes of extra time if necessary
Replay if scores still level:
19:30 BST, Tuesday, 2 August 1966
Wembley Stadium, London
No substitutions permitted
Champions photograph and statue
One of the enduring images of the celebrations in Wembley immediately after the game was the picture of the captain Bobby Moore holding the Jules Rimet Trophy aloft, on the shoulders of Geoff Hurst and Ray Wilson, together with Martin Peters. In recognition of Moore and other West Ham United players' contribution to the win, the club and Newham Borough Council jointly commissioned a statue of this scene. On 28 April 2003 Prince Andrew as president of The Football Association , duly unveiled the World Cup Sculpture (also called The Champions) in a prominent place near West Ham's Boleyn Ground (Upton Park), at the junction of Barking Road and Green Street. The one and a half life-size bronze piece was sculpted by Philip Jackson.
Cultural impact
The final is the most watched event ever on British television, as of January 2012, attracting 32.30 million viewers. In Germany, a goal resulting from a shot bouncing off the crossbar and hitting the line is called a Wembley-Tor (Wembley Goal) due to the controversial nature of Hurst's second goal. This goal has been parodied a large number of times. Some of the most notable include:
England's third goal was referenced in a 2006 Adidas advertisement, where English midfielder Frank Lampard takes a shot at German keeper Oliver Kahn , and a similar event happens. On 27 June 2010 at that year's World Cup a goal by Lampard was disallowed which would have levelled the second-round game against Germany 2–2 (Germany won 4–1).
Kenneth Wolstenholme's commentary on the third goal that bounced on the line, "It's a goal!" was used (along with the sound of breaking glass) in the tape-looped coda of an early version of The Beatles song "Glass Onion", available on the album Anthology 3.
Kit Kat parodied the controversial third goal in an advert for the Kit Kat bar. The goal is scored and the linesman was shown about to eat a Kit Kat bar as opposed to following the game. Upon realising that a possible goal has been scored, he hastily stuffs the bar into his mouth and awards the goal.
In August 1966 a special 4d stamp marked
ENGLAND WINNERS
was issued by the British Post Office to celebrate the victory and which soared in value to up to 15 shillings each on the back of public enthusiasm for the victory before falling back in value when the public realised it was not rare.
England's win in the final also helped fans to create the Two World Wars and One World Cup chant.
2009 receipt of winners medals
The players and staff of England's winning squad who did not get medals in 1966 received them on 10 June 2009 after a ceremony at 10 Downing Street in London. Initially, only the 11 players on the pitch at the end of the match received medals, but FIFA later awarded medals to every non-playing squad and staff member from every World Cup -winning country from 1930 to 1974 .
| Geoff Hurst |
Which English football club has the Latin inscription ‘Audere est facere’ on its badge? | BBC ON THIS DAY | 30 | 1966: Football glory for England
1966: Football glory for England
England have won football's World Cup for the first time since the tournament began in 1930.
A crowd of 93,000 spectators - including the Queen and Prince Phillip - filled London's Wembley Stadium to watch the host nation play West Germany in the final game of the 1966 championships.
Another 400 million people around the world watched the keenly fought match on television.
In the final moments of extra time Geoff Hurst powered home his third goal to give England a 4-2 victory and to become the first man ever to score a hat-trick in a World Cup final.
After Germany had taken an early lead, Hurst levelled the score for England by half time with a header from a free kick taken by captain Bobby Moore.
Victory in sight
England came out with courage and determination after the break and glimpsed glory thirteen minutes from time as Martin Peters took their second goal.
But a free kick to Germany 15 seconds from full time gave Wolfgang Weber a close-range shot into Gordon Banks' goal and took the score to 2-2.
In the crucial minutes before the decisive half hour of extra time England manager Alf Ramsey was heard to rally his team, saying: "All right. You let it slip. Now start again."
A dubious goal by Hurst - glanced off the line by Weber and only given after consultation between the Swiss referee and Soviet linesman - put England ahead in the last 15 minutes, before the striker's third goal put the game out of Germany's reach.
Bobby Moore went up to the royal box to collect the solid gold Jules Rimet trophy from Queen Elizabeth.
In the largest World Cup ever - numbering 70 countries - England were among the favourites and got as far as the semi-final, against newcomers Portugal, before conceding a goal.
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Which 1981 film , directed by John Huston, starred footballers Bobby Moore, Pele and Osvaldo Ardiles? | Escape To Victory (1981) Trailer - YouTube
Escape To Victory (1981) Trailer
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Published on Aug 31, 2014
Escape to Victory, known simply as Victory in North America, is a 1981 film about Allied prisoners of war who are interned in a German prison camp during World War II who play an exhibition match of football against a German team. The film was directed by John Huston and stars Michael Caine, Sylvester Stallone, Max von Sydow and Daniel Massey.
The film received great attention upon its theatrical release, as it also starred professional footballers Bobby Moore, Osvaldo Ardiles, Kazimierz Deyna, Paul Van Himst, Mike Summerbee, Hallvar Thoresen, Werner Roth and Pelé.
Category
| Escape to Victory |
The Marshall islands are in which body of water? | Victory (1981) - IMDb
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As allied POWs prepare for a soccer game against the German National Team to be played in Nazi-occupied Paris, the French Resistance and British officers are making plans for the team's escape.
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Edit
Storyline
In World War II, a group of Nazi officers come up with a propaganda event in which an all star Nazi team will play a team composed of Allied Prisoners of War in a Soccer (Football) game. The Prisoners agree, planning on using the game as a means of escape from the camp. Written by John Vogel <[email protected]>
Now is the time for heroes. See more »
Genres:
31 July 1981 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
Escape to Victory See more »
Filming Locations:
Did You Know?
Trivia
This movie is both known as Victory and Escape to Victory in various territories though its original English title is Victory. In some territories, it was released under one of these titles in theaters and and then the other title for videocassette release. See more »
Goofs
The vast majority of the extras in the soccer stadium have hairstyles and wear clothes associated with the late 1970s and early 1980s (long hair, flares and wide-collared shirts etc.). See more »
Quotes
(United Kingdom) – See all my reviews
When Major Karl Von Steiner sees POW's playing football he suggests a friendly match between the guards and a select 11 of the prisoners. However as word of the match spreads, the German high command seize on it as a chance to publicly show the strength of the Germans to the world, while the escape committee within the POW camp start planning for a major escape to humiliate the Germans on their big day.
Well worth seeing simply because of the range of `famous' footballers in the cast and the fact that it is one of a select few films that is based around football. That is not to mean it is any good because of course it simply isn't. The film is a strange mix of POW movie and sports movie. The POW side of it is full of cliché and rip offs of better films, the music itself sounds like a watered down version of The Great Escape. The football action itself is saved for the final third. I think the film would have worked better if it had focused more on training (al la Dirty Dozen) rather than opening up the stuff around Hatch's escape. As it stands the game is actually quite enjoyable, of course it doesn't really play out like a real football match, but it's very hard to get that in a film.
For all those who say that coming back from 4-1 down at halftime is unrealistic and laughable, I say HA! A few seasons ago I watched Man United win 5-3 over Spurs despite losing 3-0 at halftime. Even in the past 3 weeks I have seen both Wolves and West Brom come back from a 3-0 halftime loss to win 4-3 against Leicester and West Ham respectively. Of course the long midfield runs etc are a little unrealistic but the game itself is the more enjoyable aspect of the film.
The cast are not that great. Caine does almost nothing and seems to have just been interested in playing football alongside Pele and Moore (who wouldn't!). Pele, Moore and the other footballers all do OK and seem happy to play (but have major problems with delivering their lines without sounding a little wooden). However, Stallone is probably the best of the cast. For the most part his performance is pretty weak and he is forced to be a strong chin in an escape plot, however he also does well with some comic stuff and seems to enjoy being a footballer!
Overall the film is a very strange hybrid, none of which really works very well. It is best viewed as a bit of fantasy football where the `Brits' beat the Germans at football (and everything else) mainly worth watching because they can't do it in real life! The sub-par rip offs of other films keep reminding us that this is not as good as it's peers, but it is worth seeing if you are a football fan even if it's a pretty poor product as a film.
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Which 1960 British film is subtitled ‘How to Win Without Actually Cheating’? | School for Scoundrels or How to Win Without Actually Cheating!
School for Scoundrels or How to Win Without Actually Cheating!
(11-Jul-1960)
Writers: Hal E. Chester; Patricia Moyes
From novel: School for Scoundrels or How to Win Without Actually Cheating by Stephen Potter
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| School for Scoundrels |
The Triton Fountain in the Piazza Barberini is in which Italian city? | Question #14 - YouTube
Question #14
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Published on Jul 26, 2013
*This is my opinion*, so you can comment what movies you have in mind.
My favorite remakes:
3:10 to Yuma (2007, remake of " 3:10 to Yuma" from 1957)
Bad News Bears (2005, remake of "The Bad News Bears" from 1976)
Cape Fear (1991, remake of "Cape Fear" from 1962)
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005, remake of "Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory" from 1971)
Cheaper by the Dozen (2004, remake of "Cheaper by the Dozen" from 1950)
Death Race (2008, remake of "Death Race 2000" from 1975)
The Departed (2006, remake of "Infernal Affairs" from 2002)
Disturbia (2007, remake of "Rear Window" from 1958)
Down and Out in Beverly Hills (1986, remake of Boudu Saved from Drowning from 1932)
Father of the Bride (1991, remake of "Father of the Bride" from 1950)
Footloose (2011, remake of "Footloose" from 1984)
Fright Night (2011, remake of "Fright Night" from 1985)
The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011, remake of the Swedish film series)
Godzilla (2014, American remake of "Gojira" from 1954)
Hairspray (2007, remake of "Hairspray" from 1988)
Insomnia (2002, remake of "Insomnia" from 1997)
The Italian Job (2003, remake of "The Italian Job" from 1969)
King Kong (2005, remake of "King Kong" from 1933)
The Longest Yard (2005, remake of "The Longest Yard" from 1974)
Miracle on 34th Street (1994, remake of "Miracle on 34th Street" from 1947)
The Mummy (1999, remake of "The Mummy" from 1939)
Oceans Eleven (2001, remake of "Oceans 11" from 1960)
Point of No Return (1993, remake of "Nikita" from 1990)
Red Dawn (2012, remake of "Red Dawn" from 1984)
Scarface (1983, remake of "Scarface" from 1932)
Scent of a Woman (1992, remake of "Profumo di donna" from 1974)
School for Scoundrels (2006, remake of "School for Scoundrels or How to Win Without Actually Cheating" from 1960)
The Taking of Pelham 123 (2009, remake of "The Taking of Pelham 123" from 1974)
True Grit (2010, remake of "True Grit" from 1969)
True Lies (1994, remake of "La Totale" from 1991)
Vanilla Sky (2001, remake of "Abre los ojos (Open Your Eyes)" from 1997)
Walking Tall (2004, remake of "Walking Tall" from 1973)
My Least favorite remakes:
Clash of the Titans (2010, remake of "Clash of the Titans" from 1981)
Day of the Dead (2008, remake of "Day of the Dead" from 1985)
The Day the Earth Stood Still (2008, remake of "The Day the Earth Stood Still" from 1951)
The Fog (2005, remake of "The Fog" from 1980)
Friday the 13th (2009, remake of "Friday the 13th" from 1980)
Get Carter (2000, remake of "Get Carter" from 1971)
Godzilla (1998, American remake of the 1954 Japanese film "Gojira")
Gone in 60 Seconds (2000, remake of "Gone in 60 Seconds" from 1974)
The Jazz Singer (1980, remake of "The Jazz Singer" from 1927)
A Nightmare on Elm Street (2010, remake of "A Nightmare of Elm Street" from 1984)
Planet of the Apes (2001, remake of the 1968 film)
Prom Night (2008, remake of the 1980 film)
Psycho (1998, remake of the 1960 film)
Rollerball (2002, remake of the 1975 film)
Total Recall (2012, remake of "Total Recall" from 1990)
The Vanishing (1993, remake of the 1988 French-Dutch film of the same name)
The Wicker Man (2006, remake of the 1973 British film)
Yours, Mine and Ours (2005, remake of the 1968 film of the same name)
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British comedian Jasper Carrott was a director of which English football club? | Jasper Carrott
Jasper Carrott
Jasper Carrott:
Jasper Carrott, the stage name of Robert Norman Davis OBE, born 14 March 1945, is an English comedian, actor, television presenter, and personality.
Early life
Born in Shaftmoor Lane, Acocks Green (which he said sounded like the address for "the home of a professional rapist"), in Birmingham, Carrott was educated at Acocks Green primary school and Moseley School. He worked as a trainee buyer at a city centre department store, the Beehive, with schoolmate Bev Bevan .
Rise to fame
This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately. (April 2010)
In February 1969 he started his own folk club, "The Boggery", in nearby Solihull with his friend Les Ward. Carrott performed folk songs and as an MC. His banter overtook the songs and he became more a comedian than singer. He also worked as a musical agent (with John Starkey, who was his manager from 1974 to 1992), as Fingimigig, managing among others Harvey Andrews. He toured UK rugby clubs. He recorded an album in 1973 called Jasper Carrot – In the Club, which he sold from his van. The album contained the original "Magic Roundabout", although mainly material used in his next three LPs (such as "Hare Krishna", "Car Insurance", "Bastity Chelt", and "Hava Nagila") plus the Fred Wedlock song "The Folker".
He had a UK Top 5 chart hit in August 1975 with the novelty record " Funky Moped ", written by Chris Rohmann and produced by Jeff Lynne . The B-side was a risqué monologue parodying the children's TV series The Magic Roundabout . This was banned by the BBC, which is widely believed to have contributed to its success, which in turn led to his appearance on the BBC's Top of the Pops.
By the late 1970s, Carrott had developed anecdotal sketches which he still performs 30 years on. Often they purport to be auto-biographical; many celebrate the Birmingham accent and culture, including his support of Birmingham City.
His live performances were recorded as Jasper Carrott Rabbitts on and on and on... and Carrott in Notts. Notable hits were "Bastity Chelt", a song in Spoonerism, "The Football Match" describing a visit to Old Trafford, "The Nutter on the Bus" including the cry "Has anybody seen my camel?"), "The Mole" ("There's only one way to get rid of a mole – blow its bloody head off!") and "Zits" – an explanation of American slang for spots that brought the word into use in Britain.
Birmingham Walk of Stars
In 1979 he published A Little Zit on the Side, a humorous autobiography. The follow-up, Sweet and Sour Labrador, mixed sections of stand-up routines with similar autobiographical material, much of it related to his world travels.
Jasper was one a compère for the Birmingham Heart Beat Charity Concert 1986, which featured local bands such as The Electric Light Orchestra and the The Moody Blues , with a finale that included George Harrison from the Beatles.
On 15 September 2007 he was inducted into the Birmingham Walk of Stars at the Arts Fest 2007 celebrations. The award was presented by the Lord Mayor of Birmingham. Carrott is the second inductee, following Ozzy Osbourne.
Carrott was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award by the British Comedy Awards on 6 December 2008.
His first appearance on television was a half-hour show for BBC Midlands on 11 August 1975 in a programme about local football called "The Golden Game". Then in 1976, A Half Hour Mislaid with Jasper Carrott recorded at Pebble Mill. His break came two years later when Michael Grade asked for a pilot for LWT. Grade liked it and five further shows were recorded, which became his first TV series, An Audience with Jasper Carrott, in 1978, this partnership with LWT lasted until 1981, The Unrecorded Jasper Carrott (1979) and Beat the Carrott (1981) are the best known live stand-up performances from his time with LWT.
He moved to the BBC forCarrott's Lib, a Saturday night comedy broadcast live, and then a string of BBC shows. The most notable were Carrott's Commercial Breakdown, which broadcast weird adverts from around the world, and the sketch and stand-up shows Carrott Confidential, 24 Carrott Gold, The Jasper Carrott Trial and Canned Carrott, some of which also featured Steve Punt and Hugh Dennis.
Carrott played Heinrich in the 1987 British comedy film, Jane and the Lost City.
Canned Carrott also featured a spoof police drama called The Detectives, co-starring Robert Powell, which turned into a series. In 2002–2004, he starred in the sitcom All About Me.
He performed in several of the Secret Policeman's Ball charity concerts for Amnesty International, and returned to the stage in 2004 at the National Indoor Arena in Birmingham featuring classic routines from his career. He returned to singing for the musical Go Play Up Your Own End (written by Malcolm Stent, songs by Harvey Andrews) in 2005.[4]
In 2005, he appeared in and put on the first of Jasper Carrott's Rock With Laughter concerts. He appeared alongside Bill Bailey, Bonnie Tyler, Lenny Henry, Bobby Davro, the Lord of the Dance troupe and Bev Bevan . This became a regular at the NEC in Birmingham, usually in December and sometimes alternating with his "Jasper Carrott's Christmas Crackers" events, but there have also been a few summer shows too.
In summer 2007, Jasper hosted the Endemol-produced game show Golden Balls for ITV1. Promising ratings led to a second series in January 2008. A third series began in April 2008, and a fourth in October 2008. A fifth and six series were shown in 2009.
He hosted the Sunday night national pub quiz, Cash Inn.
He was 20th in Channel 4's 100 Greatest Stand-Up Comedians show.
Literary work
Carrott has written three humorous autobiographical paperbacks: A Little Zit on the Side (1979), Sweet and Sour Labarador (1982) and Carrott Roots...and Other Myths (1986). He also wrote an odd novel called 'Shop! or A Store is Born'.
Also of interest is a book by Jasper's former manager John Starkey, Jasper and Me (1993; Etsiketsi Books).
Business interests
Carrott was part-owner of the production company Celador, makers of Who Wants To Be A Millionaire? In 2006, he and wife Hazel sold their shares for £10m as part of a management buyout.
Personal life
Carrott has been married to his wife Hazel (née Jackson), a former local journalist, since 1973. They have two daughters: Lucy Davis (born 1973), an actress best known for playing Dawn Tinsley in The Office; and Jenny Davis.
Carrott is a supporter and former director of Birmingham City FC. He was awarded an OBE in 2002 "for charitable services". The University of Birmingham awarded him an honorary doctorate in 2004, following a similar award from Aston University in 1995.
Carrott lives in Dorridge, close to Solihull. He was a runner and supported Knowle Fun Run through sponsorship and publicity, in 2001 paying several thousand pounds in £10 for each person who beat him. He is also a patron and fundraiser for Sunfield Children's Home, a school for children with autism. The school is in Clent.
Webmaster: Ken Stavensoe Nielsen, 10-09-2015.
| Birmingham City F.C. |
In the board game ‘Operation’, which part of ‘Cavity Sam’s’ body lights up if the player touches the metal edge with the tweezers while removing a body part? | Jasper Carrott at Wembley with Birmingham City fans 1991 - YouTube
Jasper Carrott at Wembley with Birmingham City fans 1991
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Published on Jan 8, 2016
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What colour jersey is worn by the best-placed rider under 26 years of age in the Tour de France? | Ten Tour de France phrases you should know
Published on Thursday, July 18, 2013
Ten Tour de France phrases you should know
Thanks to the BBC's Catherine Wyynne some of The Tour de France's most important French phrases have been translated.
So if you can tear your eyes away from the scenery, here are a few phrases that will impress your friends when discussing Le Tour around the dining table.
1. Peloton
Peloton refers to the main group of cyclists riding together during a stage. Literally translated as "little ball", the term was first used to refer to a small group of soldiers, who, like cyclists, travel in tight formation.
The word "platoon" is thought to be a variation of peloton.
Cyclists travel together in packs for protection - mostly from the wind, as a rider uses about a third less energy by riding in another's slipstream.
2. Domestique
Riders win the tour as individuals, but they would not be able to do it without their teammates. This year's Tour started with 22 teams of nine riders. Each has a designated leader - the VIP of the team - who is looked after by riders known as domestiques.
They are the foot soldiers of this small, travelling army. A domestique will turn up the pace to try to weaken rivals or defend his leader from attack.
He will also be expected to fetch food and clothing from the team car - and give up his bike if his leader has a mechanical problem.
Overall, the main aim is to save the leader as much energy as possible for the crucial moments of the race.
3. Hors categorie
Those crucial moments often take place on steep mountain roads. This is where many Tours are won and lost.
Each mountain climb is ranked according to difficulty from four to one - but the most punishing are given the label "hors categorie", or beyond categorisation.
Tour legend has it that the numbers originally referred to the gear that a car would have to be in to go up it. HC climbs, it is said, were either impassable by car or would even have to be tackled in reverse gear. Nice story, if true.
4. Flamme rouge
A welcome sight to all riders, the flamme rouge is a red flag which indicates there is 1km to go in that day's stage. It hangs from an inflatable arch over the road.
Maillot jaune: The overall leader of the race, the one who has ridden it in the least amount of time, wears the yellow jersey
Maillot blanc: The white jersey is worn by the best-placed rider under 26 years of age
Maillot a pois: The polka dot jersey is worn by the King of the Mountains, the rider who has performed best on the mountain stages
Maillot vert: The green jersey is given to the rider who has picked up the most points during the Tour. Points are awarded for winning stages and being the first to reach various points along the route. It rewards consistently good finishers and is often won by sprinters.
5. Lanterne rouge
The lanterne rouge is the name given to the rider who finishes the Tour in the longest time. Last year's last man, Frenchman Jimmy Engoulvent, rode the 3,494.4km course almost four hours slower than the winner, Bradley Wiggins.
Due to the publicity that comes with being the lanterne rouge, riders who have toiled as anonymous domestiques for three weeks have been known to ride more slowly towards the end to try to win the accolade.
The term comes from the red light that used to hang at the back of trains so that drivers could see that none of the carriages had come loose.
6. Autobus
The lanterne rouge may often find himself riding in the autobus, or grupetto. This is the group of riders - typically star sprinters or hard-working domestiques - who cannot keep up with the best climbers on the punishing climbs through the Alps or the Pyrenees.
As the slower riders gradually drop off the pace, they gather together and ride to the finish in a group.
It saves energy and is a way of keeping up morale, helping to ensure that they don't get eliminated for being too much slower than the average rider.
7. Musette
A musette is a rider's equivalent of a lunchbox. Part way through the stage cyclists will be handed a fabric bag by a team employee stationed by the side of the road.
Riders are more likely to find high-energy bars, small cakes and sandwiches in their musettes.
On the hotter days of the Tour de France, a team can also get through over 200 water bottles, or bidons, per day.
8. Soigneur
In the early days of the Tour, riders used metal bidons and stopped at village fountains to refill them. Now, filling up those hundreds of bottles a day and packing the musettes are part of the job of a team's soigneurs.
A soigneur is the non-cycling equivalent of a domestique. He or she makes sure that the riders sleep, eat and drink well and also gives the riders their daily massages.
9. Directeur sportif
Even English-speaking teams, tend to still refer to the boss as the directeur sportif. The DS is often a former professional rider and their office during the Tour is the team car.
They decide on tactics and speak to the riders - and sometimes other teams' directeurs - about strategy. They can often be seen handing a bottle or shouting encouragement to a cyclist through the car window.
10. Chapeau
A wonderful French term which is frequently used by cyclists to indicate respect for another's achievements. By saying "chapeau", which literally means "hat", the rider is doffing his cap to a colleague for a good day's riding.
| White |
What was the first name of British Field Marshall Kitchener, who played a central role in the early part of the First World War? | Tour de France 2007: Stage 20 Results | Cyclingnews.com
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Daniele Bennati kicks Champs-Élysées for second Tour win
Daniele Bennati made the most of the Tour de France by adding a sprinters' dream win on the Champs-Élysées to his first stage win in Castelsarrasin on the final stage of the 2007 Tour de France. 'Benna' took the lead in the sprint early but was able to hold off a strong charge from Thor Hushovd (Crédit Agricole) and Erik Zabel (Milram).
The 26 year-old Italian followed the Quick.Step-Innergetic lead-out train down the Rue de Rivoli to the Avenue des Champs Élysées, and was left in the best position possible behind Tom Boonen's lead-out man Sébastien Rosseler. The Belgian pulled off with 300 metres to go, but Bennati was able to hold his acceleration to distance Hushovd and Zabel. Barloworld's Robert Hunter made an impressive acceleration to take fourth place, salvaging his second in the points classification with the 24 points gained.
"I still don't believe that I have won this great sprint," said Bennati after crossing the line. "As far as I am concerned it is a dream. As soon as I raised my arms I saw the Arc de Triomphe ahead of me, I had goose bumps right away. There were tears... It was the most beautiful win for me.
"It was long and hard for me to conquer. The 200 metres were so long over the cobbles but I had a huge sprint."
Young and yellow
Alberto 'Kid' Contador of Discovery Channel enjoyed the cloudy and damp Parisian day riding in the maillot jaune which he easily kept after ending yesterday's time trial with 23 seconds on Cadel Evans (Predictor-Lotto) and 31 seconds on team-mate Levi Leipheimer. The 24 year-old Spaniard rode into Paris without a final challenge from Cadel Evans' Predictor-Lotto team to his small GC advantage; it was a gap that proved enough for him to be crowned king of the world's largest bike race.
"I want to celebrate it and to have parties, then go on holidays, enjoying this first win," commented Contador on the overall win. He came back from a near-death brain clot to capture the greatest cycle race. "I could not image when I was there [in the hospital] that today I would be here with all these people watching me and with these results."
Not only did Contador take home the prize of best overall rider after 3,569.9 kilometres of racing but also he showed he will be around for a few years by winning the maillot blanc of the best young rider. The next best rider was Soler at 16 minutes back. Bruyneel suggested before the Tour started that he should go for the young rider classification but he proved that he was out for more with his response.
"A week before the Tour I scanned the rivals for the Tour's white jersey and sent him an e-mail with names like Gerdemann and Dekker," explained Discovery Team Manager Bruyneel. "He answered, 'I hope my rivals will be Valverde and Evans.'"
Boonen's green dream
Tom Boonen's (Quickstep-Innergetic) dream of winning the maillot vert of best sprinter was finally achieved when he crossed the line fifth on the Champs-Élysées finish. The 26 year-old Belgian from Mol has worn the green jersey before but never taken it home in Paris. In fact, he only made it to Paris at all once before, in 2004. That year he won two stages including the final romp on the Champs-Élysées, but his inability to haul his huge body over the mountains spelled the end of his hopes for green. He won another two stages in 2005 but pulled out midway through with a knee injury. 2006 was winless for Boonen, and while he had consolation in the three days he spent in the maillot jaune, he still couldn't make it to Paris. Today was different.
Boonen took the maillot vert of best overall sprinter of the 2007 Tour de France on stage two , and only let it go to allow Milram's seasoned veteran Erik Zabel the opportunity to wear it for old times' sake. The green jersey will now go into his treasure chest along side the 2005 World Champion's jersey and add to his rock star status in Belgium as winner of Ronde van Vlaanderen in 2005 and 2006.
"I did not go for the victory because the last two weeks I have been going for the stages. Not today because I did not want to have a crash and lose my green on the stones," stated Boonen in the green sprinter's jersey. "I stayed in the neighbourhood of Zabel and Hunter. If you stay near them, you know that you cannot win the stage but it is more important to have the green.
"My legs were good but here I was tired after the fight over two weeks."
Boonen's major competitor for the green jersey should have been three time points competition winner Robbie McEwen (Predictor-Lotto), but the Australian, winner of stage one to Canterbury, left the race after missing the time cut on stage eight. Boonen's closest competition instead came in the surprise form of Barloworld's Robert Hunter, the winner of stage 11. 2005's green jersey Hushovd finished the race, but only managed 186 (to Boonen's 256) points and second in the final sprint that he won in 2006.
Evans raises Australian status
Evans would have had to fight for a time gap on Contador to make his yellow quest a possibility, however, the last day is into Paris is typically ruled by the sprinters' teams and Contador's Discovery soldiers would have quashed any attempt for freedom had one been tried.
It was the highest ever placing by an Australian in Paris at the end of the three week test. Prior to Evans' fifth in 2006, there was the fifth of Phil Anderson in 1982 and 1985.
"It was very special to stand on the podium," added Evans to Cyclingnews' John Trevorrow. "I can't really come to terms with it yet; it is so huge. I felt numb up there on the podium. It will take about a week for this to settle down and for me to appreciate what happened."
Disco dominates
Levi Leipheimer rode the best Tour of his life and added to Discovery Channel's haul at the Tour. The American came close to stealing the Tour overall when he blasted to yesterday's time trial win and closed to within eight seconds of Evans and 31 from the overall win. The ride garnered him his first-ever stage win at the Tour while adding to Discovery's earlier stage victory with Contador on the Plateau de Beille and its overall win in the team's classification.
Doping clouds Grand Boucle
Despite a sunny, warm welcome to the Tour in London on July 6th, a black storm cloud of doping scandal was brewing even before the race began, and it hit the Tour with its first clap of thunder with news of a positive doping control from T-Mobile's Patrik Sinkewitz on July 18th. Sinkewitz had already crashed out of the Tour, and the positive sample came from before the Tour started, but the Tour organisers criticised the UCI for making the results known only after the Tour had started.
That first bit of news was only a warning shot, and the real barrage hit the Tour on July 24th when it was announced that Astana's battered Kazakh, Alexandre Vinokourov, who had thrilled fans with double stage victories after battling back from serious crash injuries, had tested positive for homologous blood transfusions. Astana was then invited to exit from the Tour, and they did, taking GC hopeful Andreas Klöden with them.
The gale-force winds of doping controversy continued to buffet the Tour the very next day when another positive control was announced. Cofidis' Cristian Moreni embarrassed his vocally antidoping team by testing positive for testosterone, and the team packed up and left in disgrace. But those rumblings were nothing compared with what came out the next morning. The race's own maillot jaune, Michael Rasmussen, was withdrawn from the race by his own Rabobank team over his failure to inform antidoping authorities of his correct whereabouts prior to the Tour.
However, nothing can stop the power and popularity of the Tour, and the riders, fans and race organisers pushed through the difficulties despite an undercurrent of rumblings about new yellow jersey Alberto Contador and mountains classification winner Mauricio Soler (Barloworld), rumours which the Tour director, Christian Prudhomme, himself had to quash.
Youth dominates the Tour
Alberto Contador took home his first Tour win at just 24 years of age, but he wasn't the only young rider to stand on a podium in Paris. Both Contador and king of the mountains Mauricio Soler already had their jerseys, so the young Basque rider Amets Txurruka (Euskaltel-Euskadi), who was third behind the Contador and Soler in the best young rider classification, wore the maillot blanc on the jersey podium. Txurruka was also awarded the overall Prix de la Combativite for most aggressive rider. Together, the three made green jersey winner Tom Boonen seem old at the ripe age of 26.
How it unfolded
The Tour's final day began at a very relaxed pace, with the141 remaining riders enjoying the traditional procession until they hit the outskirts of Paris. The early part of the stage saw the riders cross the final two climbs of the race, the Côte de Saint-Rémy-les-Chevreuse and the Côte de Châteaufort. Both were category four and came 51 and 54.5 kilometres after the start.
Juan Mauricio Soler (Barloworld) was already certain of victory in the mountains classification and so that fact combined with the light-hearted atmosphere meant that it was perhaps unsurprising that the riders didn't take those hills very seriously. Known non-climber Gert Steegmans (Quickstep-Innergetic) was first over the top of both, with Thomas Lövkvist (Française Des Jeux) and Frederik Willems (Liquigas) second and third on the first and Michael Albasini (Liquigas) and Yaroslav Popovych (Discovery) the runners-up on the second.
The peloton ambled onwards and approached the first of two intermediate sprints, situated at Chatenay-Malabry, the location of the French antidoping lab. Maillot jaune Alberto Contador (Discovery Channel) had started the day just 23 seconds clear of Levi Leipheimer (Predictor Lotto) who was in turn just eight seconds ahead of Contador's team-mate Levi Leipheimer. Mathematically it was still possible for Evans to win and also for Leipheimer to overtake him for second, and so this could have made the outcome of the intermediate sprints [which offered bonuses of six, four and two seconds] an interesting one. So too the fact that the green jersey competition was yet to be decided.
However the contenders in each of those two classifications decided to hold back on the first intermediate sprint, which came some 74 kilometres after the start. Instead, Boonen's team-mates Carlos Barredo and Steven de Jongh moseyed clear of the bunch to soak up the points and while they were passed by a stealth-like Lilian Jegou (Française des Jeux) just before the line, they were happy that the first possible threat to Boonen's points classification lead was averted.
The riders continued on towards Paris, passing the offices of the Tour organisers, the ASO, in Issy les Moulineaux. With approximately 60 kilometres to go the mood and pace changed, with the Discovery Channel riders moving to the front and ramping up the speed. The team led the peloton up the Seine and past the Eiffel tower, then headed over the Grenelle Bridge, along the Rue de Rivoli, onto the Place de la Concorde and then over the finish line for the first of eight complete laps.
George Hincapie and the rest of the team led the peloton across the line and, with 52 kilometres to go, the racing really started in earnest. The bunch headed up the road towards the Arc de Triomphe, then rounded the 180 degree bend and accelerated down the other side of the Champs Elysées. With 48 kilometres to go Agritubel rider Freddy Bichot attacked and had a 15 second lead when he finished that first lap. Several riders tried to get clear in the hope of joining up with him but the peloton covered all the moves, then gobbled the lone Frenchman on the fast run down towards the Place de la Concorde. Vicente Garcia Acosta (Caisse d'Epargne) and Marcus Burghardt (T-Mobile) then tried their luck but were unable to break the elastic.
With 40 kilometres to go Murilo Fisher (Liquigas) and Christian Knees (Milram) gave it a go and managed to slip away. Australian Ag2r Prévoyance rider Simon Gerrans set off in pursuit and others then joined up to make it a ten man break. The remainder of the move was made up of Jose Ivan Gutierrez, Nicolas Portal (both Caisse d'Epargne), Ronny Scholz (Gerolsteiner), Alessandro Ballan (Lampre-Fondital), Juan Antonio Flecha (Rabobank), Mickael Delage (Francaise Des Jeux) and Anthony Charteau (Credit Agricole).
On the third lap of the finishing circuit Gerrans took the final intermediate sprint ahead of Ballan and Portal. The ten riders continued to work well together and with 34 kilometres to go they had an advantage of 27" over the peloton. The bunch was led by the Barloworld riders who were keen to set up Robert Hunter for both a stage win and a possible shot at the green jersey. However, despite their driving, the break continued to pull ahead. With 25 kilometres remaining the gap was 37 seconds and then three kilometres later this reached its maximum of 45 seconds. It stayed around this mark for several clicks but then the pendulum swung the other way as the Crédit Agricole team of last year's Paris stage winner Thor Hushovd joined the chase.
Gerrans and Ballan were amongst the most active but as the pursuit accelerated behind, the break's efforts started to become less co-ordinated. The gap dropped to 35 seconds with 18 kilometres remaining; a few splatters of rain fell but fortunately the threat of showers held off. At the ten kilometre go to point the ten riders were just twenty seconds ahead and this gap then fell more rapidly as the break started to lose hope.
Flecha had been sitting on, feigning tiredness in a bid to get out of doing his share of the work, but his trickery was exposed when he and Gutierrez attacked with eight kilometres to go. However, despite some strong driving from the Rabobank rider the duo were caught with six kilometres remaining. From that point on the sprinters teams turned on the gas to prevent any further riders trying to go clear. Lampre were very prominent, then with a kilometre to the finish Crédit Agricole hit the front to set Hushovd up for what they hoped would be his second win here in a row. Like the Norwegian, maillot vert rivals Boonen, Hunter and Zabel manoeuvred themselves into position but it was Daniele Benatti who was the quickest, exploding off the front of the peloton and hitting the line just ahead of Hushovd.
Zabel had been trying to get the best of Boonen throughout the Tour but the Belgian was more consistent in the sprints, thus explaining their third and first place overall in the points classification. However, the German was quicker today, finishing ahead of Hunter and Boonen and placing third, but that wasn't enough to see him take the maillot vert. Boonen netted points for fifth and finishing 22 ahead of the South African and 24 up on Zabel.
Sébastien Chavanel (Française des Jeux) was best placed Frenchman in sixth, with Fabian Cancellara (Team CSC) and David Millar (Saunier Duval – Prodir) showing good sprinting speed in placing seventh and eighth. However many eyes were focussed further back in the field, where Alberto Contador was rolling across the line with his arms in the air. He finished right behind closest rival Cadel Evans (Predictor Lotto) and just ahead of team-mate Levi Leipheimer, winning the Tour de France at just 24 years of age. Evans took the best ever Australian result in placing second, and Leipheimer landed his best Tour result with third.
Carlos Sastre (CSC), Haimar Zubeldia (Euskaltel Euskadi) and Alejandro Valverde (Caisse d'Epargne) were fourth, fifth and sixth. Contador's dominant ride also saw him land the white jersey while his Discovery Channel squad beat Caisse d'Epargne in the team classification. The King of the Mountains award went to Juan Mauricio Soler, who continued an old Colombian tradition of coming to France and shining on the climbs. As for the most aggressive rider award, that went to the promising Euskaltel – Euskadi youngster Amets Txurruka.
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How many hurdles are in a 100 metre women’s hurdle race? | Olympic Hurdle Events Rules - Track and Field
By Mike Rosenbaum
Updated October 12, 2016.
Both men and women run a 400-meter hurdle event. Men also run a 110-meter race while women run a 100-meter event. The rules for all hurdle events are the same, but the hurdles themselves are different for each event.
Hurdling Equipment
All Olympic hurdle races include 10 hurdles. In the 110 meter event for men, the hurdles measure 1.067 meters high -- about 40 inches. The first hurdle is set 13.72 meters from the starting line. There are 9.14 meters between hurdles and 14.02 meters from the final hurdle to the finish line.
In the women's 100, the hurdles measure .84 meters high. The first hurdle is set 13 meters from the starting line. There are 8.5 meters between hurdles and 10.5 meters from the final hurdle to the finish line.
In the 400 men’s race the hurdles are .914 meters high. The first hurdle is set 45 meters from the starting line. There are 35 meters between hurdles and 40 meters from the final hurdle to the finish line.
The hurdle setup in the 400 meter women’s race is the same as the men’s 400, except the hurdles are .762 meters high.
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Hurdling Competition
All hurdle events include eight runners in the final. Depending on the number of entries, each event includes two or three preliminary rounds before the final. In 2004, the 110-meter event included one round of preliminary heats followed by quarterfinal and semifinal rounds prior to the final. The 100 and 400 both included a round of preliminary heats followed by a semifinal and then the final.
The Start
Runners in all hurdle events begin in starting blocks.
In all events other than the 400-meter hurdles, the runners line up on a single start line.
In the 400, which necessarily involves rounding one curve, the runners start positions are staggered. The rationale for this is that staggering the start allows the runners to stay in separate lanes, a clear necessity for a hurdle event. If the start wasn't staggered and there were a single un-staggered finish line, the runner in the innermost lane would have the greatest distance advantage, and runners on the outer lines would be disadvantaged, with the runner on the outmost line having the greatest distance to travel -- in effect, creating an event where each runner would need to complete a distance different from all others.
The starter announces, “On your marks,” and then, “Set.” At the “set” command runners must have both hands and at least one knee touching the ground and both feet in the starting blocks. Their hands must be behind the start line. The race begins with the opening gun.
Prior to the 2016 Olympics, runners were permitted one false start and were disqualified only after a second false start. In 2016, a much-criticized rule change, which has been called "the cruelest rule in all of sports," calls for sprinters and hurdlers to be disqualified with the first false start.
The Hurdle Race
The 100- and 110-meter races are run on straightaways. Runners must remain in their lanes during all hurdle races. As in all races, the event ends when a runner’s torso (not the head, arm or leg) crosses the finish line .
Runners are not disqualified for knocking a hurdle over, unless it’s done intentionally. Hurdlers can be disqualified for failing to jump a hurdle or trailing a foot or leg below the horizontal plane of the top of any hurdle while clearing the hurdle .
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Abyssinia was the former name of which country? | 100 meter Hurdle for Women, Track and Field Events in Summer Games
USA earns third straight gold in basketball
Team USA defeated team Serbia to win its third straight basketball gold medal in Men’s Basketball tournament. The winning team’s coach Mike Krzyzewski was utmost delighted with his team’s victory on the final day of Rio 2016 Olympic Games. USA won by a 19-15 lead and this is their 25th straight victory at the Olympic Games in addition to the 15th straight victory in the basketball tournament.
Mo Farah wins 5000 m gold; Caster Semenya wins gold in women's 800m
Mo Farah of Great Britain has bagged the gold by winning the 5000 meters final and completed the double double. According to media reports, with this victory Farah has become the second man in the history of Olympics to be able to successfully defend his 5000 and 10000 Olympic championships. His victory is being hailed on Twitter with some calling him the greatest long distance runner of all time. Meanwhile, the silver medal has gone to Paul Kipkemoi Chelimo and Dejen Gebremeskel of Ethiopia has bagged the bronze.
In the women's event, Caster Semenya of South Africa won the Olympic gold in the 800m. She won in one minute 55.28 seconds. Francine Niyonsaba of Burundi won the silver medal and Kenya's Margaret Nyairera Wambui bagged the bronze.
Chen Long Earns Gold in Men's Badminton in Olympics 2016
Chen Long of China has taken gold medal in the Rio Olympics 2016 after defeating Lee Chong Wei of Malaysia, who has won a silver in men’s badminton today. Lee was facing pressure not to lose the match. He beat Lin Dan of China in the semi-final. Lee and Lin, both are considered to be the best players of their time. With Lee’s defeat, Malaysia has missed out the chance of getting an Olympic gold medal.
Italy Reaches Rio 2016 Men's Volleyball Final
Italy came up with a win and is heading to men's volleyball final against Brazil, after defeating USA. The US men's volleyball team tried all their survival skills, but could not stand in front of Italy. The winning team's thriller was 30-28, 26-28, 9-25, 25-22, 15-9. After it was over, US coach John Speraw said that the team was not skilled enough and they did not execute on some of the opportunities, which Italy flawlessly did
French boxer Mossely wins gold on her birthday
French boxer Estelle Mossely celebrated her 24th birthday by winning a gold medal in Women’s lightweight boxing championship. She defeated China’s Yin Junhua after the end of four rounds that had the two defending champions leveled on the scorecards of three judges. The bronze medals were earned by Mira Potkonen of Finland and Anastasia Beliakova of Russia.
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What is the pin, or bolt, called which forms the pivot of a hinge? | Bolt, Screw, Strap & Pintle Hinges | HardwareSource.com
Bolt, Screw, Strap & Pintle Hinges
Over 80 different bolt, screw, strap and pintle hinges are found in this section.
Pintle hinges have a vertical pintle which acts as the pivot point of the hinge.
Pintle hinges can be installed so that the gate may be lifted off of the post after installation.
This is a very heavy duty hinge specially made for heavy gates and doors.
This hinge will swing a full 180 degrees if installed without a stop.
Hinge is made up of a mounting plate (flange) and J-Bolt arm.
Hinge pivots on a steel ball bearing and includes a grease fitting to keep the bearing lubricated.
Mounts with 3/8" lag screws or bolts (not included).
The minimum gap between the post and edge of gate frame is 2-1/2" for SKU 783000 and 3-1/8" for SKU 783002.
The maximum spread between the two nuts on the threaded part is 2-3/4" for 783000 and 4-1/4" for 783002.
The thread size on our SKU 783000 is 5/8 x 11. The thread size on our SKU 783002 is 3/4 x 10.
Screw hole center to center measurement for SKU 783000 is 5-1/8".
Screw hole center to center measurement for SKU 783002 is 6"
Weight rating is for 2 hinges.
Finishes:
Hinge is made for gates with a curved or arched top.
Made for gates where the surface of the gate is flush with the post.
This is a pintle style hinge. Gate straps fit over vertical pintles that are installed on the gate post.
Made from steel and black coated.
Fasteners are included.
Top Hinge is approximately 11.5" wide by 8.5" tall.
Each Pintle plate is approximately 5-3/8" tall by 1.5" wide, plate projection is 1-7/16".
Bottom Hinge is approximately 5-3/8" tall by 7-3/4" wide.
This hinge is sold by the set. A set includes a top hinge and a bottom hinge (as shown in the image).A set is what is needed to hang one gate.
IMPORTANT: These hinges are handed (left hand or right hand).
The hinge shown in the image above is a Right Hand set (SKU 215539).
To view an image of the Left Hand set (SKU 215537) click on link below.
Black Bolt & Strap Pintle Hinge
Available in 3 sizes
Heart style strap hinge with a pintle end
Pintle end fastens to wood or masonry (with masonry anchor not included)
Comes complete with black square head wood screws
This hinge can be used on a gate weighing up to 175lbs (per pair of hinges).
Pintle style mounting allows gate to be removed by lifting off pintle
With "pintle style mounting" your gate can be installed so it can swing both ways (in and out) or it can be installed so that it opens only one way (either in or out).
Normal installation requires two hinges per gate
"Hook Size" refers to the dimensions of the threaded portion.
Finishes:
Pintle Type Strap Hinges with Carriage Bolts-
Heart style strap hinge with a pintle end that fastens to wood or masonry (with masonry anchor, not included)
This strap hinge is for heavy duty use. It can be used on a gate weighing up to 250lbs (per pair of hinges). Comes complete with 3 black carriage bolts (plus nuts and washers) and a black square head wood screw
Pintle style mounting allows gate to be removed by lifting off pintle
With "pintle style mounting" your gate can be installed so it can swing both ways (in and out) or it can be installed so that it opens only one way (either in or out).
Normal installation requires two hinges per gate
"Hook Size" refers to the dimensions of the threaded portion. "Screw Size" refers to the carriage bolt dimensions.
Finishes:
Bean style strap hinge with a pintle end
Pintle end fastens to wood or masonry (with masonry anchor not included)
Comes complete with black wood screws to attach to gate side
This hinge can be used on a gate weighing up to 175lbs (per pair of hinges).
Pintle style mounting allows gate to be removed by lifting off pintle
With "pintle style mounting" your gate can be installed so it can swing both ways (in and out) or it can be installed so that it opens only one way (either in or out).
Normal installation requires two hinges per gate
"Hook Size" refers to the dimensions of the threaded portion.
Matches other "Bean" style products found on our website.
Finishes:
Bean Style Strap Hinge with Carriage Bolts
Bean style strap hinge with a pintle end that fastens to wood or masonry (with masonry anchor, not included).
This strap hinge is for heavy duty use. It can be used on a gate weighing up to 250lbs (per pair of hinges). Comes complete with 3 black carriage bolts (plus nuts and washers) and a black square head wood screw.
Pintle style mounting allows gate to be removed by lifting off pintle.
With "pintle style mounting" your gate can be installed so it can swing both ways (in and out) or it can be installed so that it opens only one way (either in or out).
Normal installation requires two hinges per gate.
"Hook Size" refers to the dimensions of the threaded portion. "Screw Size" refers to the carriage bolt dimensions.
Finishes:
Made from steel with a durable black finish.
Can be installed two ways
with both pintles facing up so the gate can be lifted off after installation.
with the pintles facing towards each other so the gate cannot be lifted off after installation.
Decorative styling.
Comes complete with matching lag screws.
Dimensions are shown below.
durable black finish and steel base material
decorative style
This hinge is made up of two parts: a "pintle" side and an "eye".
Made from malleable iron.
Hinge can be installed in masonry by using a masonry anchor.
SKU 504860 measures 8.5" tip-to-tip as shown in the photo to the left. The eye size and pintle diameter is 1/2". The screw is a 5/8" screw.
SKU 504861 measures 10.25" tip-to-tip as shown in the photo to the left. The eye size and pintle diameter is 5/8". The screw is a 3/4" screw.
These hinges are sold by the pair. A pair is two sets of hinges which is usually enough to hang one gate or door.
The weight rating listed is per pair of hinges.
Finishes:
Screw Eye and Pintle Hinge
The "Screw Eye" and "Screw Pintle" for this hinge are ordered as separate components.
When ordering components make sure that the "pintle" sizes match. The pintle sizes available for these components are 1/2" (Small) and 5/8" (Large).
The weight ratings listed are for one hinge. For example, if the listed weight rating is 100 lbs. and you install 2 hinges, your 2 hinges would be rated at 200 lbs.
One hinge consists of one "Screw Eye" and one "Screw Pintle". You would normally order 2 screw eyes and 2 screw pintles to hang one gate or door.
PLEASE NOTE: the sizes listed as the "Pintle Diameter" (for example 3/4" Pintle) are nominal dimensions, meaning they do not measure exactly that dimension. Use our "nominal dimension" to match up our Straps with our Bolts, etc. when you are ordering our products. If you order one of our products to match a pintle diameter of something that you already own, you do so at your own risk.
Finishes:
Bolt & Strap Hinge
The "bolt" and "strap" for this hinge are ordered as separate components.
When ordering components make sure that the "pintle" sizes match. The pintle sizes available for these components are 1/2", 5/8", 3/4" and 7/8".
Maximum post sizes(maximum distance between the washers) for the "Bolt" are as follows; SKU 504820 is 4-5/8", SKU 504821 is 6-1/2", 504822 is 10-1/4", 504823 is 7-7/8", 504824 is 10" and 504825 is 9-7/8".
The weight ratings listed are for one hinge. For example, if the listed weight rating is 100 lbs. and you install 2 hinges, your 2 hinges would be rated at 200 lbs.
One hinge consists of one "strap" and one "bolt". You would normally order 2 straps and 2 bolts to hang one gate or door.
The "straps" are normally installed using carriage bolts (not included).
Two washers and two nuts are included with each "bolt" ordered.
PLEASE NOTE: the sizes listed as the "Pintle Diameter" (for example 3/4" Pintle) are nominal dimensions, meaning they do not measure exactly that dimension. Use our "nominal dimension" to match up our Straps with our Bolts, etc. when you are ordering our products. If you order one of our products to match a pintle diameter of something that you already own, you do so at your own risk.
Finishes:
Screw & Strap Hinge Components
The "screw" and "strap" for this hinge are ordered as separate components.
When ordering components make sure that the "pintle" sizes match. The pintle sizes available for these components are 1/2", 5/8", 3/4" and 7/8".
The weight ratings listed are for one hinge. For example, if the listed weight rating is 100 lbs. and you install 2 hinges, your 2 hinges would be rated at 200 lbs.
One hinge consists of one "strap" and one "screw". You would normally order 2 straps and 2 bolts to hang one gate or door.
The "straps" are normally installed using carriage bolts (not included).
Steel base material
PLEASE NOTE: the sizes listed as the "Pintle Diameter" (for example 3/4" Pintle) are nominal dimensions, meaning they do not measure exactly that dimension. Use our "nominal dimension" to match up our Straps with our Bolts, etc. when you are ordering our products. If you order one of our products to match a pintle diameter of something that you already own, you do so at your own risk.
Finishes:
Pintle Hinge for Livestock Gates, Medium
Medium duty livestock gate hinge for use on 1-3/4"" (outside diameter) round tube gates.
Pintle side of hinge uses a "lag screw" thread to attach to the gate post with a 6.5" long bolt (11/16" diameter). Threaded portion of lag screw pintle is 4.5" so the minimum post width should be at least 4.5". Pintle size is 5/8" x 2".
Carriage bolts, nuts, and washers are included to attach brackets to round gate post.
These hinges are sold by the pair. A pair is usually what is required to hang one gate.
PLEASE NOTE: the green tubing and wooden post shown in the photo are for illustrative purposes and are not included with the hinge.
Finishes:
| Pintle |
Milwaukee Deep is the deepest part of which Ocean? | What does hinge mean? definition, meaning and pronunciation (Free English Language Dictionary)
Hypernyms ("hinge" is a kind of...):
joint (junction by which parts or objects are joined together)
Meronyms (parts of "hinge"):
pintle (a pin or bolt forming the pivot of a hinge)
Hyponyms (each of the following is a kind of "hinge"):
butt hinge (a hinge mortised flush into the edge of the door and jamb)
joint hinge ; strap hinge (a hinge with two long straps; one strap is fastened to the surface of a moving part (e.g., a door or lid) and the other is fastened to the adjacent stationary frame)
T hinge ; tee hinge (a hinge that looks like the letter T when it is opened; similar to a strap hinge except that one strap has been replaced by half of a butt hinge that can be mortised flush into the stationary frame)
Holonyms ("hinge" is a part of...):
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In which English castle did King John die in 1216? | The Death of King John - Medieval manuscripts blog
Medieval manuscripts blog
18 October 2014
The Death of King John
King John of England (1199–1216), of Magna Carta fame, was by all accounts a particularly unpleasant ruler. The charges levelled against him, many of them during his own lifetime, included the murder of his nephew, the sexual predation of the wives and daughters of his nobles, and the starving to death of the wife and children of one of his former companions. So unpopular was John that his barons finally rose up in rebellion against his arbitrary rule, and against the severe punishments often inflicted upon them, until they eventually forced the king to grant them the Charter of Liberties, also known as Magna Carta, at Runnymede on 15 June 1215. Few can have lamented King John's eventual demise at Newark Castle — most probably following an attack of dysentery —in October 1216. Writing some 40 years later, Matthew Paris (d. 1259), monk and historian of St Albans Abbey, delivered the ultimate condemnation: 'Foul as it is, Hell itself is made fouler by the presence of John'.
King John in happier times, hunting on horseback according to this illustration in a 14th-century manuscript (London, British Library, Cotton MS Claudius D II, f. 116r).
Today may, or may not, be the anniversary of King John's death. The medieval chroniclers could not reach consensus on the exact date that John died. Matthew Paris and his St Albans' predecessor, Roger of Wendover (d. 1236), plumped for 17 October. Ralph (d. 1226), abbot of the Cistercian monastery at Coggeshall (Essex), stated instead that King John had succumbed to his illness on 18 October. A number of monastic chroniclers, writing at Tewkesbury, Winchester, Worcester and elsewhere, favoured 19 October as the day in question. Of these various witnesses, we should perhaps give greatest credence to the anonymous chroniclers writing at Waverley Abbey (Surrey) and Southwark Priory (Surrey), both of whom asserted that the death of King John took place on 19 October. The manuscripts of these two chronicles (Waverley, British Library Cotton MS Vespasian A XVI; Southwark, British Library Cotton MS Faustina A VIII) were both being written in the year 1216, as evidenced by their numerous changes of scribe at this period. The same is also true, however, of Ralph of Coggeshall's Chronicon Anglicanum (the autograph manuscript of which is British Library Cotton MS Vespasian D X). Roger of Wendover and Matthew Paris, in contrast, were writing many years after the events being described, and so their testimony — albeit possibly derived from an authentic St Albans tradition — is more open to question.
Is this how King John met his fate? As early as the 13th century, it was alleged that he had been poisoned by a monk of Swineshead Abbey (Lincolnshire), seen here offering him a poisoned chalice (London, British Library, Cotton MS Vitellius A XIII, f. 5v).
Earlier in his reign, King John had determined that he should be buried at the Cistercian abbey he had founded at Beaulieu (Hampshire). In October 1216, Beaulieu lay in that part of England which was held by the rebel barons; and so John asked instead that he be buried at Worcester Cathedral, where his tomb can still be seen . In fact, the tomb was opened in 1797, in order to confirm whether it did contain John's body, and certain of the remains removed, which are also on view in Worcester. Mr Sandford, a local surgeon, inspected the skeleton, and reported that King John stood 5 ft 6½ in. (approximately 1.69 m) tall. Unlike one of his successors, Richard III, John was clearly not buried under a carpark .
Next February, the four surviving manuscripts of King John's Magna Carta will be brought together at the British Library for the first time in 800 years. A ballot is currently being held to give 1,215 lucky winners the chance to see all four manuscripts side-by-side. The ballot closes on 31 October: don't forget to enter for your chance to take part in this moment of history! If you do miss out, you'll still be able to see the British Library's two 1215 Magna Carta manuscripts at our own major exhibition later in 2015: tickets are already on sale . And if you'd like to know more about the history of Magna Carta, take the chance to visit our new Learning webpages , which will be updated with more information next year.
Strangely enough, we doubt that King John would have been particularly amused by the modern-day celebrations planned for Magna Carta in 2015. Less than 10 weeks after that document had been granted in June 1215, Magna Carta was annulled by Pope Innocent III, at John's request, declaring it to be 'shameful and demeaning, illegal and unjust, and null and void of all validity for ever'. Just over a year later, a revised version of Magna Carta was issued in the name of John's son, King Henry III (1216–1272), and the rest is history. King John never did get the last laugh.
Posted by Ancient, Medieval, and Early Modern Manuscripts at 12:01 AM
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Who played Leonardo DiCaprio’s murdered father in the 2002 film ‘Gangs of New York’? | King John | Britroyals
Britroyals
Born: December 24, 1166 at Beaumont Palace : Oxford
Parents: Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine
Relation to Elizabeth II: 21st great-grandfather
House of: Angevin
Ascended to the throne: April 6, 1199 aged 32 years
Crowned: May 27, 1199 at Westminster Abbey
Married: 1) Isabella of Gloucester, (annulled 1199), (2) Isabella, Daughter of Count of Angouleme
Children: Two sons including Henry III, three daughters and several illegitimate children
Died: October 18, 1216 at Newark Castle, aged 49 years, 9 months, and 24 days
Buried at: Worcester
Reigned for: 17 years, 6 months, and 13 days
Succeeded by: his son Henry III
John was nicknamed Lackland, probably because, as the youngest of Henry II's five sons, it was difficult to find a portion of his father's French possessions for him to inherit. He was acting king from 1189 during his brother Richard the Lion-Heart's absence on the Third Crusade. The legend of Robin Hood dates from this time in which John is portrayed as Bad King John. He was involved in intrigues against his absent brother, but became king in 1199 when Richard was killed in battle in France.
Most of his reign was dominated by war with France. Following the peace treaty of Le Goulet there was a brief peace, but fighting resumed again in 1202. John had lost Normandy and almost all the other English possessions in France to Philip II of France by 1204. He spent the next decade trying to regain these without success and was finally defeated by Philip Augustus at the Battle of Bouvines in 1214. He was also in conflict with the Church. In 1205 he disputed the pope's choice of Stephen Langton as archbishop of Canterbury, and Pope Innocent III placed England under an interdict, suspending all religious services, including baptisms, marriages, and burials. John retaliated by seizing church revenues, and in 1209 was excommunicated. Eventually, John submitted, accepting the papal nominee, and agreed to hold the kingdom as a fief of the papacy; an annual monetary tribute was paid to the popes for the next 150 years by successive English monarchs.
His repressive policies and ruthless taxation to fund the warin France brought him into conflict with his barons which became known as the Barons War. In 1215 rebel baron leaders marched on London where they were welcomed by an increasing band of defectors from John�s royalist supporters. Their demands were drawn up in a document which became the known as the Magna Carta. John sort peace and met them at Runnymede where on 15th June 1215 he agreed to their demands and sealed the Magna Carta. It was a remarkable document which set limits on the powers of the king, laid out the feudal obligations of the barons, confirmed the liberties of the Church, and granted rights to all freemen of the realm and their heirs for ever. It was the first written constitution.
Read and view the Magna Carta .
His concessions did not buy peace for long and the Barons War continued. The barons sought French aid and Prince Louis of France landed in England supported by attacks from the North by Alexander II of Scotland. John fled and according to legend lost most of his baggage and the crown jewels when crossing the tidal estuaries of the Wash. He became ill with dysentery and died at Newark Castle in October 1216.
Quotes:
No free man shall be taken or imprisioned .. except by lawful judgement of his peers ..' - Magna Carta, Clause 39, 1215
Timeline for King John
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Whipsnade Zoo is in which English county? | Whipsnade Zoo | Zoo, Animal Centre or Park in Bedfordshire, England
England
Opening Hours:
Opening times Dates Opening Closing Until 12th Sept 2009 10.00 18.00 (19.00 on Sundays and Bank Holidays) From 13th Sept 2009 until 10th Oct 2009 10.00 18.00 From 11th Oct 2009 until 24th Oct 2009 10.00 17.00 From 25th Oct 2009 until Feb 2010 10.00 16.00 ZSL Whipsnade Zoo is open every day of the year except Christmas Day. Last admission is one hour before advertised closing time. Children under 16 will not be admitted without an adult
Whipsnade Zoo
Zoo, Animal Centre or Park in Dunstable, Bedfordshire, England
Whipsnade Zoo is a great family attraction full of fun, excitment and plenty of wild and interesting animals.
Whipsnade Zoo is situated on the Chiltern Hills, it is an amazing 600 acre conservation area making it one of the largest wildlife conservation parks in Europe. There are a staggering variety of different and interesting animals to be seen ranging from African lions, to Asian elphants to Humboldt penguins.
Pack your kit bag and get on your boots and see if you’re big enough to find the big 5 at zsl whipsnade Zoo.
At Whipsnade zoo you will see some of the biggest and best stars of the animal kingdom - lions, giraffes, elephants, bears and rhinos.
Conservation
zsl whipsnade Zoo runs conservation programmes in Britain and over 80 countries worldwide.
The conservation of wild animals and their natural habitats is fundamental to our mission. We work with local communities to conserve their environment and promote sustainability.
Keeper for a Day
This amazing Keeper for a Day experience gives you a once in a lifetime opportunity to get up close and personal with some of Whipsnade's most popular animals, and also offers a unique insight into the day-to-day life of our keepers and their charges.
Budding keepers can try their hand at tasks such as feeding the giraffes, mucking out rhino, cleaning the penguin pool and going behind the scenes at the big cats, all of which makes a day to remember for any animal lover!
Adopt and Animal
at Whipsnade Zoo we know that love is in the hair, so why not treat your family and friends by giving them something ‘especially fur you’ and adopting an animal.
Find out more about your favourite animals by getting an exclusive behind the scenes look, come visit them at the zoo and get regular emails telling you what they have been up to. It’s like owning a zoo, but with none of the poo!
Best of all, this is the ideal gift for animal lovers, as your money supports our important conservation work around the world.
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Which US band played their legendary concert at the Fillmore East in Manhattan in March 1971? | Whipsnade Map | United Kingdom Google Satellite Maps
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Who was the mother of King Edward VI of England? | King Edward VI (1537-1553) [England Under The Tudors]
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EDWARD VI, King of England and Ireland, born at Greenwich on the 12th of October 1537, was the only child of Henry VIII by his third wife, Jane Seymour , who died of puerperal fever twelve days later. The story that the mother's life was deliberately sacrificed by the performance of Caesarean section is unfounded, although Jane's death was little noticed amid the rejoicings which greeted the advent of a male heir to the throne. But in spite of Holbein's vivacious portrait of Edward at the age of two (now at Hanover), he was a frail child, and a short life was anticipated for him from his early years. This did not prevent a strenuous education; until the age of six he was naturally left in the charge of women, but when he was only seven his tutor Dr Coxe, afterwards bishop of Ely, writes that he could decline any Latin noun and conjugate any regular verb (L. and P., 1544, ii. 726); "every day in the mass-time he readeth a portion of Solomon's Proverbs, wherein he delighteth much." Sir John Cheke , Sir Anthony Cooke and Roger Ascham all helped to teach him Latin, Greek and French; and by the age of thirteen he had read Aristotle's Ethics in the original and was himself translating Cicero's De philosophia into Greek.
Edward was Duke of Cornwall from his birth, but he was never prince of Wales, and he was only nine when he succeeded his father as king of England and Ireland and supreme head of the English church (28th of January 1546/7). His nonage threw power into the hands of Somerset and then of Northumberland , and enabled Gardiner and Bonner to maintain that the royal supremacy over the church was, or should be, in abeyance. Projects for his marriage were hardly even the occasion, but only the excuse, for Somerset's war on Scotland and Northumberland's subsequent alliance with France.
All factions sought to control his person, not because of his personality but because of his position; he was like the Great Seal, only more so, an indispensable adjunct to the wielder of authority. The Protector 's brother [Edward's uncle, Thomas Seymour ] tried to bribe him with pocket-money; Northumberland was more subtle and established a complete dominion over his mind, and then put him forward at the age of fourteen as entitled to all the power of Henry VIII. But he was only Northumberland's mask; of his individual influence on the course of history during his reign there is hardly a trace. A posthumous effort was made to give him the credit of a humane desire to save Joan Bocher from the flames; but he recorded with apparently cold-blooded indifference the execution of both his uncles, and he certainly made no attempt to mitigate the harassing attentions which the council paid his sister Mary . This passed for piety with the zealots, and the persecutions of Mary's reign reflected a halo on that of the Protestant Josiah. So strong was the regret that rumours of his survival persisted, and hare-brained youths were found to personate him throughout Mary's and even far into Elizabeth 's reign.
It was well that they were false, for Edward showed signs of all the Tudor obstinacy, and he was a fanatic into the bargain, as no other Tudor was except Mary. The combination would probably have involved England in disasters far greater than any that ensued upon his premature death; and it was much better that the Anglican settlement of religion should have been left to the compromising temper of Elizabeth. As it was, he bequeathed a legacy of woe; his health began to fail in 1552, and in May 1553 it was known that he was dying. But his will and the various drafts of it only betray the agitated and illogical efforts of Northumberland to contrive some means whereby he might continue to control the government and prevent the administration of justice.
Mary and Elizabeth were to be excluded from the throne, as not sufficiently pliant instruments; Mary Stuart was ignored as being under Scottish, Catholic and French influence; the duchess of Suffolk, Lady Jane Grey 's mother, was excluded because she was married, and the duke her husband might claim the crown matrimonial. In fact, all females were excluded, except Jane, on the ground that no woman could reign; even she was excluded in the first draft, and the crown was left to "the Lady Jane's heirs male." But this draft was manipulated so as to read "the Lady Jane and her heirs male." That Edward himself was responsible for these delirious provisions is improbable. But he had been so impregnated with the divine right of kings and the divine truth of Protestantism that he thought he was entitled and bound to override the succession as established by law and exclude a Catholic from the throne; and his last recorded words were vehement injunctions to Cranmer to sign the will.
He died at Greenwich on the 6th of July 1553, and was buried in Henry VII 's chapel by Cranmer with Protestant rites on the 8th of August, while Mary had Mass said for his soul in the Tower.
Excerpted from:
Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Ed., Vol VIII
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1910. 997.
Father
| Jane Seymour |
A seriema is what type of creature? | King Edward VI
King Edward VI
Location of death: Greenwich, England
Cause of death: Tuberculosis
Nationality: England
Executive summary: King of England, 1547-53
Edward VI, King of England and Ireland, born at Greenwich on the 12th of October 1537, was the only child of King Henry VIII by his third wife, Jane Seymour, who died of puerperal fever twelve days later. The story that the mother's life was deliberately sacrificed by the performance of Caesarean section is unfounded, although Jane's death was little noticed amid the rejoicings which greeted the advent of a male heir to the throne. But in spite of Holbein 's vivacious portrait of Edward at the age of two, he was a frail child, and a short life was anticipated for him from his early years. This did not prevent a strenuous education; until the age of six he was naturally left in the charge of women, but when he was only seven his tutor Dr. Coxe, afterwards Bishop of Ely, writes that he could decline any Latin noun and conjugate any regular verb; "every day in the mass-time he readeth a portion of Solomons Proverbs, wherein he delighteth much." Sir John Cheke, Sir Anthony Cooke and Roger Ascham all helped to teach him Latin, Greek and French; and by the age of thirteen he had read Aristotle 's Ethics in the original and was himself translating Cicero 's De Philosophia into Greek.
Edward was Duke of Cornwall from his birth, but he was never Prince of Wales, and he was only nine when he succeeded his father as King of England and Ireland and supreme head of the church (28th of January 1546/7). His nonage threw power into the hands of Somerset and then of Northumberland, and enabled Stephen Gardiner and Bonner to maintain that the royal supremacy over the church was, or should be, in abeyance. Projects for his marriage were hardly even the occasion, but only the excuse, for Somerset's war on Scotland and Northumberland's subsequent alliance with France. All factions sought to control his person, not because of his personality but because of his position; he was like the Great Seal, only more so, an indispensable adjunct to the wielder of authority. The Protector's brother tried to bribe him with pocket money; Northumberland was more subtle and established a complete dominion over his mind, and then put him forward at the age of fourteen as entitled to all the power of King Henry VIII . But he was only Northumberland's mask; of his individual influence on the course of history during his reign there is hardly a trace. A posthumous effort was made to give him the credit of a humane desire to save Joan Bocher from the flames; but he recorded with apparently cold-blooded indifference the execution of both his uncles, and he certainly made no attempt to mitigate the harassing attentions which the council paid his sister Mary . This passed for piety with the zealots, and the persecutions of Mary's reign reflected a halo on that of the Protestant Josiah. So strong was the regret that rumors of his survival persisted, and hare-brained youths were found to personate him throughout Mary's and even far into Elizabeth 's reign.
It was well that they were false, for Edward showed signs of all the Tudor obstinacy, and he was a fanatic into the bargain, as no other Tudor was except Mary. The combination would probably have involved England in disasters far greater than any that ensued upon his premature death; and it was much better that the Anglican settlement of religion should have been left to the compromising temper of Elizabeth. As it was, he bequeathed a legacy of woe; his health began to fail in 1552, and in May 1553 it was known that he was dying. But his will and the various drafts of it only betray the agitated and illogical efforts of Northumberland to contrive some means whereby he might continue to control the government and prevent the administration of justice. Mary and Elizabeth were to be excluded from the throne, as not sufficiently pliant instruments; Mary Stuart was ignored as being under Scottish, Catholic and French influence; the Duchess of Suffolk, Lady Jane Grey 's mother, was excluded because she was married, and the duke her husband might claim the crown matrimonial. In fact, all females were excluded, except Jane, on the ground that no woman could reign; even she was excluded in the first draft, and the crown was left to "the Lady Jane's heirs male." But this draft was manipulated so as to read "the Lady Jane and her heirs male." That Edward himself was responsible for these delirious provisions is improbable. But he had been so impregnated with the divine right of kings and the divine truth of Protestantism that he thought he was entitled and bound to override the succession as established by law and exclude a Catholic from the throne; and his last recorded words were vehement injunctions to Thomas Cranmer to sign the will.
He died at Greenwich on the 6th of July 1553, and was buried in King Henry VII 's chapel by Cranmer with Protestant rites on the 8th of August, while Mary had Mass said for his soul in the Tower of London .
Father: King Henry VIII (d. 28-Jan-1547)
Mother: Jane Seymour
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In Greek mythology, Aeolus was the ruler of which weather feature? | AEOLUS (Aiolos) - Greek God King of the Winds
Translation
Fast Shifting, Sparkling (aiolos)
AIOLOS (Aeolus) was the divine keeper of the winds and king of the mythical, floating island of Aiolia (Aeolia). He kept the violent Storm-Winds locked safely away inside the cavernous interior of his isle, releasing them only at the command of greatest gods to wreak devastation upon the world.
The hero Odysseus once visited Aiolos' isle and was entrusted with a bag containing all of the Storm-Winds to ensure a safe voyage home. However, during the trip, the hero's greedy companions opened the bag in a search for gold and the escaping winds carried their ship all the way back to Aiolos' shore.
The Winds were often conceived of as horse-shaped gods or spirits, and as such Aiolos was titled Hippotades, "the reiner of horses," from the Greek words hippos ("horse") and tadên ("reined in tightly").
Homer's wind-god Aiolos bears many similarities to Hesiod's Ouranos (Uranus)--both are described as having six sons and daughers joined in wedlock, and both kept a group of storm-spirits locked behind a threshold of bronze. In the case of Ouranos, the twelve children were the Titan-gods, and the storm-gods were the Hekatonkheires (Hecatoncheires) and Kyklopes (Cyclopes) in Tartaros.
Aiolos also resembles Astraios (Astraeus), Hesiod's father of the winds and stars. Stesichorus seems to confirm this connection when he describes Aiolos Hippotades as the cousin of Iris Thaumantias ("the wondrous rainbow") for Astraios was a son of Eurybia and Iris a daughter of Eurybia's brother Thaumas.
It should also be noted that the Greek words aiolos ("glittering"), aiolokhros ("spangled"), and astraios ("starry") were all adjectives applied to the starry night-sky (ouranos).
FAMILY OF AEOLUS
PARENTS
[1.1] HIPPOTES (Homer Odyssey 10., Stesichorus Frag 222B, Quintus Smyrnaeus 14.467, Ovid Metamorphoses 14.223, Diodorus Siculus 5.7.5)
[1.2] HIPPOTES & MELANIPPE (Diodorus Siculus 4.67.3)
OFFSPRING
[1.1] 6 SONS & 6 DAUGHTERS (Homer Odyssey 10.4, Quintus Smyrnaeus 14.467)
[1.2] IOKASTOS (Callimachus Frag 202)
[1.3] POLYMELA, DIORES (Philetas Hermes Frag, Parthenius Love Romances 2)
[1.4] ASTYOKHOS, XUTHOS, ANDROKLES, PHERAIMON, IOKASTOS, AGATHYRNOS (by Kyane) (Diodorus Siculus 5.7.5)
[1.5] ALKYONE (Ovid Metamorphoses 11.430)
[1.6] ARNE (Diodorus Siculus 4.67.3)
ENCYCLOPEDIA
AE′OLUS (Aiolos). In the mythical history of Greece there are three personages of this name, who are spoken of by ancient writers as connected with one another, but this connexion is so confused, that it is impossible to gain a clear view of them. (Müller, Orchom. p. 138, &c.) We shall follow Diodorus, who distinguishes between the three, although in other passages he confounds them.
1. A son of Hellen and the nymph Orseïs, and a brother of Dorus and Xuthus. He is described as the ruler of Thessaly, and regarded as the founder of the Aeolic branch of the Greek nation. He married Enarete, the daughter of Deimachus, by whom he had seven sons and five daughters, and according to some writers still more. (Apollod. i. 7. § 3; Schol. ad Pind. Pyth. iv. 190.) According to Müller's supposition, the most ancient and genuine story knew only of four sons of Aeolus, viz. Sisyphus, Athamas, Cretheus, and Salmoneus, as the representatives of the four main branches of the Aeolic race. The great extent of country which this race occupied, and the desire of each part of it to trace its origin to some descendant of Aeolus, probably gave rise to the varying accounts about the number of his children. According to Hyginus (Fab. 238, 242) Aeolus had one son of the name of Macareus, who, after having committed incest with his sister Canace, put an end to his own life. According to Ovid (Heroid. 11) Aeolus threw the fruit of this love to the dogs, and sent his daughter a sword by which she was to kill herself (Comp. Plut. Parallel. p. 312.)
2. Diodorus (iv. 67) says, that the second Aeolus was the great-grandson of the first Aeolus, being the son of Hippotes and Melanippe, and the grandson of Mimas the son of Aeolus. Arne, the daughter of this second Aeolus, afterwards became mother of a third Aeolus. (Comp. Paus. ix. 40. § 3.) In another passage (v. 7) Diodorus represents the third Aeolus as a son of Hippotes.
3. According to some accounts a son of Hippotes, or, according to others, of Poseidon and Arne, the daughter of the second Aeolus. His story, which probably refers to thus emigration of a branch of the Aeolians to the west, is thus related : Arne declared to her father that she was with child by Poseidon, but her father disbelieving her statement, gave her to a stranger of Metapontum in Italy, who took her to his native town. Here she became mother of two sons, Boeotus and Aeolus (iii.), who were adopted by the man of Metapontum in accordance with an oracle. When they had grown up to manhood, they took possession of the sovereignty of Metapontum by force. But when a dispute afterwards arose between their mother Arne and their foster-mother Autolyte, the two brothers slew the latter and fled with their mother front Metapontum. Aeolus went to some islands in the Tyrrhenian sea, which received from him the name of the Aeolian islands, and according to some accounts built the town of Lipara. (Diod. iv. 67. v. 7.) Here he reigned as a just and pious king, behaved kindly to the natives, and taught them the use of sails in navigation, and foretold them from signs which he observed in the fire the nature of the winds that were to rise. Hence, says Diodorus, Aeolus is described in mythology as the ruler over the winds, and it was this Aeolus to whom Odysseus came during his wanderings. A different account of the matter is given by Hyginus. (Fab. 186.)
In these accounts Aeolus, the father of the Aeolian race, is placed in relationship with Aeolus the ruler and god of the winds. The groundwork on which this connexion has been formed by later poets and mythographers, is found in Homer. (Od. x. 2, &c.) In Homer, however, Aeolus, the son of Hippotes, is neither the god nor the father of the winds, but merely the happy ruler of the Aeolian island, whom Cronion had made the tamiês of the winds, which he might soothe or excite according to his pleasure. (Od. x. 21, &c.) This statement of Homer and the etymology of the name of Aeolus from aellô were the cause, that in later times Aeolus was regarded as the god and king of the winds, which he kept enclosed in a mountain. It is therefore to him that Juno applies when she wishes to destroy the fleet of the Trojans. (Virg. Aen. i. 78.) The Aeolian island of Homer was in the time of Pausanias believed to be Lipara (Paus. x. 11. § 3), and this or Strongyle was accordingly regarded in later times as the place in which the god of the winds dwelled. (Virg. Aen. viii. 416, i. 52; Strab. vi. p. 276.) Other accounts place the residence of Aeolus in Thrace (Apollon. Rhod. i. 954, iv. 765; Callim. Hymm. in Del. 26), or in the neighbourhood of Rhegium in Italy. (Tzetz. ad Lycophr. 732; comp. Diod. v. 8.) The following passages of later poets also shew how universally Aeolus had gradually come to be regarded as a god: Ov. Met. i. 264, xi. 748 xiv. 223; Val. Flacc. i. 575; Quint. Smyrn. xiv. 475. Whether he was represented by the ancients in works of art is not certain, but we now possess no representation of him.
HIPPO′TADES (Hippotadês), a name given to Aeolus, the son of Hippotes. (Hom. Od. x. 2 ; Ov. Met. xiv. 224; Eustath. ad Hom. p. 1644.)
Source: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology.
ALTERNATE NAMES
CLASSICAL LITERATURE QUOTES
Homer, Odyssey 10. 1 ff (trans. Shewring) (Greek epic C8th B.C.) :
"[Odysseus tells the tale of his wanderings :] We came to the Aiolian (Aeolian) island (nesos Aiolios); here lived Aiolos (Aeolus) Hippotades (son of Hippotas); the deathless gods counted him their friend. His island is a floating one; all round it there is a wall of bronze, unbreakable, and rock rises sheer above it. Twelve children of his live in the palace with him; six are daughters, six are sons in the prime of youth; moreover the king has given his daughters as wives to his sons. These all hold a continual feast with their dear father and much-loved mother; countless dainties are there before them, and through the daytime the hall is rich with savoury smells and murmurous with the sound of music. At night they sleep, each with his own chaste wife, on inlaid bedsteads with coverlets over them.
To their city and noble palace we now came, and for a whole month Aiolos gave me hospitality and questioned me on all manner of things, Ilion [i.e. Troy] and the Argive ships and how the Akhaians (Achaeans) sailed for home. I duly told him all he desired; then in my turn I asked his leave to depart and begged him to help me on my way. Nor was he unwilling; he set about speeding my return. He gave me a bag made from the hide of a full-grown ox of his, and in the bag he had penned up every Wind (anemos) that blows whatever its course might be; because Kronion (Cronion) [Zeus] had made him warden of all the Winds (anemoi), to bid each of them rise or fall at his own pleasure. He placed the bag in my own ship's hold, tied with a glittering silver cord so that through that fastening not even a breath could stray; to Zephyros (the West Wind) only he gave commission to blow for me, to carry onwards my ships and men. Yet he was not after all to accomplish his design, because our own folly ruined us.
For nine days and through nine nights we sailed on steadily; on the tenth day our own country began to heave in sight; we were near enough to see men tending their fires on shore. It was then that beguiling sleep surprised me; I was tired out, because all this time I had kept my own hands on the steering-oar, never entrusting it to one of the crew, for I wished to speed our journey home. Meanwhile the crew began murmuring among themselves; they were sure I was taking home new presents of gold and silver from Aiolos.
One of them would say as he eyed his neighbour : ‘What injustice! In whatever city or land he comes to, this man wins everyone's friendship and regard. He is taking back a mass of fine things from the spoils of Troy, while we who have journeyed with him from the first to last are returning home all empty-handed. And now come these latest gifts that Aiolos in his hospitality had indulged him with. Come, let us look without wasting time. What are these gifts? How much gold and silver is there inside the bag?’
Thus the men talked among themselves, and the counsels of folly were what prevailed. They undid the bag, the Winds (anemoi) rushed out all together, and in a moment a tempest (thuella) had seized my crew and was driving them--now all in tears--back to the open sea and away from home.
I myself awoke, and wondered if now I should throw myself overboard and be drowned in ocean or if I should bear it all in silence and stay among the living. I did bear it and did remain, but covered my face as I lay on deck. My own ship and the others with it were carried back by raging storm (anemos thuella) to the island of Aiolos (nesos Aioloios), amid the groaning of all my company.
There we set foot ashore and drew water, and without delay my crews and I took our meal by the rapid ships. When we had had our portion of food and drink, I chose to come with me one man as my own attendant and one besides; then I sent up to the place of Aiolos, and found him feasting there with his wife and children. We went in and we sat down at the threshold by the doorposts, while the household asked in deep amazement : ‘Odysseus, how is it that you are here again? What malicious god has set upon you? Surely we did our best before to speed you upon your way, meaning to reach your own land and home or whatever place you might desire?’
So they spoke, and I said despondently : ‘Faithless comrades were my undoing, they and the slumber that betrayed me. But you are my friends; you have the remedy; grant it me.’
With these humble words I made my appeal to them. They remained in silence, except the father, who answered me : ‘Away from this island, away at once, most despicable of creatures! I am forbidden to welcome here or to help send elsewhere a man whom the blessed gods abhor. This return reveals you as god-forsaken; go!’
And with these words he drove me forth despite my pitiful lamentations. Then we sailed onwards sick at heart."
Homer, Odyssey 23. 309 :
"[Odysseus told Penelope of his journeys :] His coming to Aiolos (Aeolus), who received him gladly and sent him upon his way, though his homecoming was still barred by fate, and a tempest caught him up again and drove him in lamentation over the teeming sea."
Stesichorus, Fragment 222B (trans. Campbell, Vol. Greek Lyric III) (C7th to 6th B.C.) :
"Thaumantias [Iris, daughter of Thaumas], the cousin of Aiolos (Aeolus) Hippotades."
Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca E7. 10 (trans. Aldrich) (Greek mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"Odysseus went on to the island of Aiolia (Aeolia), of which Aiolos (Aeolus) was king. Zeus had set him up as coordinator of the Anemoi (Winds), for both stopping them and stirring them up. After playing host to Odysseus, he gave him an ox-skin, in which he had tied up the Anemoi (Winds). He explained which Winds would be needed for sailing, and fastened the skin securely in the ship. So Odysseus, by using the correct Winds, had a good voyage, but as they drew near enough to Ithaka to see the smoke rising from the polis, he fell asleep. His comrades, in the belief that he carried gold in the skin, opened it and let the winds escape. Back again they went, captured by the Winds, but when Odysseus made his way to Aiolos to ask for a sailing breeze, Aiolos threw him off the island, saying he could not save him as long as the gods had other ideas."
Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 4. 762 ff (trans. Rieu) (Greek epic C3rd B.C.) :
"[Hera addresses Iris :] ‘Go to Aiolos (Aeolus), king of the Sky-born Winds, and to him too convey my wishes, which are that he should order all the winds of heaven to cease. The sea must not be ruffled by a breeze. All I ask for is a soft air from the west, till the lords [the Argonuats] in Argo reach Alkinous' (Alcinous') Phaiakian (Phaeacian) Isle.’ . . .
She [Iris] went to Aiolos, the famous son of Hippotes (pais Hippotes), and when she had given him too her message, she rested her limbs, the errand done."
Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica 4. 819 ff :
"[Hera addressses Thetis :] ‘I have little doubt that Hephaistos (Hephaestus) and Aiolos (Aeolus) will do what I have told them . . . Aiolos will hold his gusty winds in check, letting none but soft Zephyros (the West Wind) blow till Argo reaches a Phaiakian (Phaeacian) port.’"
Callimachus, Fragment 202 (from Tzetzes on Lycophron 54) (trans. Mair) (Greek poet C3rd B.C.) :
"Leaving Rhegion (Rhegium) [in southern Italy], [one comes to] the city of Iokastos (Jocastus) son of Aiolos (Aeolus)."
[N.B. Post-Homeric poets identified Aiolia (Aeolia) with an island off the Sicilian coast and his sons were made eponyms of Greek colonies along the south Italian coast.]
Lycophron, Alexandra 738 ff (trans. Mair) (Greek poet C3rd B.C.) :
"And he [Odysseus] shall shut up the blustering winds in the hide of an ox."
Parthenius, Love Romances 2 (trans. Gaselee) (Greek poet C1st B.C.) :
"From the Hermes of Philetas [a Greek elegiac poet from Kos (Cos), C3rd B.C.]. While Odysseus was on his wanderings round about Sikelia (Sicily), in the Tyrrhenian (Etruscan) and Sikelian (Sicilian) seas, he arrived at the island of Meligounis, where King Aiolos (Aeolus) made much of him because of the great admiration he had for him by reason of his famous wisdom: he inquired of him about the capture of Troy and how the ships of the returning heroes were scattered, and he entertained him well and kept him with him for a long time. Now, as it fell out, this stay was most agreeable to Odysseus, for he had fallen in love with Polymela, one of Aiolos's daughters, and was engaged in a secret intrigue with her. But after Odysseus had gone off with the winds shut up in a bag, the girl was found jealously guarding some stuffs from among the Trojan spoils which he had given her, and rolling among them with bitter tears. Aiolos reviled Odysseus bitterly although he was away, and had the intention of exacting vengeance upon Polymela; however, her brother Diores was in love with her, and both begged her off her punishment and persuaded his father to give her to him as his wife."
Diodorus Siculus, Library of History 4. 66. 6 (trans. Oldfather) (Greek historian C1st B.C.) :
"Aiolos (Aeolus) [son of Hippotes] took possession of the island in the Tyrrhenian Sea which are called after him Aiolian and founded a city to which he gave the name Lipara."
Diodorus Siculus, Library of History 4. 67. 3 :
"The sons of Aiolos (Aeolus), who was the son of Hellen, who was the son of Deukalion (Deucalion), settled in the regions we have mentioned, but Mimas remained behind and ruled as king of Aiolis (Aeolis). Hippotes, who was born of Mimas, begat Aiolos by Melanippê, and Arnê, who was the daughter of Aiolos, bore Boiotos (Boeotus) by Poseidon."
[N.B. This genealogy was constructed to try to explain the connection between the two figures named Aiolos in myth.]
Diodorus Siculus, Library of History 5. 7. 5 :
"When Liparos (Liparus) [King of the Aiolian (Aeolian) island of Lipara] had already come to old age, Aiolos (Aeolus), the son of Hippotes, came to Lipara with certain companions and married Kyane (Cyane), the daughter of Liparos; and after he had formed a government in which his followers and the natives shared equally he became king over the island . . .
This is the Aiolos to whom, the myth relates, Odysseus came in the course of his wanderings. He was, they say, pious and just and kindly as well in his treatment of strangers; furthermore, he introduced sea-farers to the use of sails and had learned, by long observation what the fire foretold, to predict with accuracy the local winds, this being the reason why the myth has referred to him as the ‘keeper of the winds’ ; and it was because of his very great piety that he was called a friend of the gods.
To Aiolos, we are told, sons were born to the number of six, Astyokhos (Astyochus), Xouthos (Xuthus), and Androkles (Androcles), and Pheraimon (Pheraemon), Iokastos (Jocastus), and Agathyrnos (Agathyrnus), and they every one received great approbation both because of the fame of their father and because of their own high achievements."
[N.B. The sons of Aiolos given here are eponyms of Greek colonies along the coasts of southern Italy and Sicily. Diodorus himself was a Sicilian Greek.]
Strabo, Geography 6. 2. 11 (trans. Jones) (Greek geographer C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) :
"As for Strongyle, [of the Liparai Islands] it is so called from its shape, and it too is fiery; it falls short in the violence of its flame, but excels in the brightness of its light; and this is where Aiolos (Aeolus) lived, it is said."
Strabo, Geography 7. 1. 5 :
"Off this coast [of southern Italy] lie the islands of the Liparaei, at a distance of two hundred stadia from the Strait. According to some, they are the islands of Aiolos (Aeolus), of whom the Poet makes mention in the Odyssey. They are seven in number and are all within view both from Sicily and from the continent near Medma."
Quintus Smyrnaeus, Fall of Troy 3. 580 ff (trans. Way) (Greek epic C4th A.D.) :
"For honour to [Thetis] the Goddess, Nereus' child, he [Zeus] sent to Aiolos (Aeolus) Hermes, bidding him summon the sacred might of his swift Anemoi (Winds), for that the corpse of Aiakos' (Aeacus') son [Akhilleus (Achilles)] must now be burned [swiftly on the pyre]. With speed he went, and Aiolos refused not : tempestuous Boreas (the North Wind) in haste he summoned, and the wild blast of Zephyros (the West Wind); and to Troy sped they on their whirlwind wings."
Quintus Smyrnaeus, Fall of Troy 14. 467 ff :
"Sped she Iris unto Aiolos (Aeolus), from heaven far-flying over misty seas, to bid him send forth all his buffetting Anemoi (Winds) o'er iron-bound Kaphereus' (Caphereus') cliffs to sweep ceaselessly, and with ruin of madding blasts to upheave the sea. And Iris heard, and swift she darted, through cloud-billows plunging down--thou hadst said : ‘Lo, in the sky dark water and fire!’
And to Aiolia (Aeolia) came she, isle of caves, of echoing dungeons of mad-raging winds with rugged ribs of mountain overarched, whereby the mansion stands of Aiolos (Aeolus) Hippotas' son. Him found she therewithin with wife and twelve sons; and she told to him Athena's purpose toward the homeward-bound Akhaians. He denied her not, but passed forth of his halls, and in resistless hands upswung his trident, smiting the mountain-side within whose chasm-cell the wild Anemoi (Winds) dwelt tempestuously shrieking. Ever pealed weird roarings of their voices round its vaults. Cleft by his might was the hill-side; forth they poured. He bade them on their wings bear blackest storm to upheave the sea, and shroud Kaphereus' heights."
Pseudo-Hyginus, Fabulae 125 (trans. Grant) (Roman mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
"He [Odysseus] came to Aeolus, son of Hellen, to whom control of the Winds had been given by Jove [Zeus]. He welcomed Ulysses [Odysseus] hospitably, and gave him as a gift a bag full of Winds. But his comrades took it, thinking it to be gold and silver, and when they wished to divide it, they opened the bag secretly, and the Winds rushed out. He was carried again to Aeolus, who cast him out because the divinity of the gods seemed hostile to him."
Ovid, Metamorphoses 1. 262 ff (trans. Melville) (Roman epic C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) :
"Swiftly within the Aeolus' cave he [Zeus] locked Aquilo (the North Wind) [Boreas] and the gales the drive away the gathered clouds, and set Auster (the South Wind) [Notos] forth; and out on soaking wings Notus (the South Wind) flew . . . the thunder crashed and storms of blinding rain poured down from heaven."
Ovid, Metamorphoses 4. 663 ff :
"Now in their age-old prison Hippotades [Aiolos (Aeolus)] had locked the Venti (Winds) [Anemoi]."
Ovid, Metamorphoses 9. 507 ff :
"No scruples held the fabled Aeolidae (sons of Aeolus) from their six sisters beds."
Ovid, Metamorphoses 11. 430 ff :
"Take no vain comfort in false confidence that my [Alkyone (Alcyone) wife of Keyx (Ceyx)] great father Hippotades [Aiolos (Aeolus)] rules the Venti (Winds) [Anemoi] of heaven, holding imprisoned all their stormy strength, soothing at will the anger of the seas. When once the Venti (Winds) are loosed and seize the main, naught is forbidden them; the continents and oceans cower forsaken; in the sky they drive the clouds and with their wild collisions strike fiery lightnings crashing down the world. The more I know them (for I know them well, and in my father's house, when I was small, I often saw them) my heart fears the more."
Ovid, Metamorphoses 11. 560 ff :
"[The ship of Keyx (Ceyx), son of Hesperos (Hesperus), and the husband of Alkyone (Alcyone), daughter of Aiolos (Aeolus), was sunk in a storm :] Ceyx in his hand, that once had held the sceptre, clutched a plank, and prayed to his wife's father [Aiolos] and his own [Hesperos] for help in vain."
[N.B. Alkyone, "the halcyon bird," was represented as a daughter of both the Thessalian king Aiolos and Aiolos, king of the winds.]
Ovid, Metamorphoses 11. 742 ff :
"The gods changed both [Keyx (Ceyx) and Alkyone (Alcyone)] to birds [i.e. halycons or kingfishers]; the same strange fate they shared, and still their love endured, the bonds of wedlock bound them still, though they were birds. They mate and rear their young and in the winter for seven days of clam Alcyone broods on her nest, borne cradled on the waves. Calm lies the sea. The Aeolus keeps his squalls imprisoned and forbids the storms to break, and days are tranquil for his grandsons' sake."
Ovid, Metamorphoses 14. 85 ff :
"The fleet [of Aeneas] . . . cast off and left behind Hippotades' [Aiolos' (Aeolus')] domain, the smoking land of sulphur fumes, and the three SirenesAcheloiades' (Achelousian Sirens') rock."
Ovid, Metamorphoses 14. 223 ff :
"Aeolus ruled the Tyrrhene main, Hippotades [son of Hippotes], and held the Venti (Winds) [Anemoi] imprisoned. These, secured within a bull's-hide bag, Ulixes [Odysseus] had received, a memorable gift. Nine days, he said, they sailed with a fair breeze and they had seen the land they sought, but when the tenth day dawned envy and lust fro booty overcame his shipmates. Sure the gold was there, they loosed the lace that held the Venti (Winds), and back their ship was blown over the waters she'd just crossed, back to the Wind-King's (tyrannus Aeolius) harbour once again."
Ovid, Fasti 2. 455 ff (trans.Boyle) (Roman poetry C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) :
"Blasts are inconstant; the wide door of Aeolus' dungeon flaps and is unbarred for six days."
Ovid, Heroides 10. 65 ff (trans. Showerman) (Roman poetry C1st B.C. to C1st A.D.) :
"Grant I do glide with fortunate keel over peaceful seas, that Aeolus tempers the winds."
Ovid, Heroides 11. 9 ff :
"Fierce as he [Aiolos (Aeolus)] is, far harsher than his own Euri (East-Wnds) . . . Surely, something comes from a life with savage winds; his temper is like that of his subjects. It is Notus (the South Wind), and Zephyrus (the West Wind), and Sithonian Aquilo [Boreas the North Wind)], over whom he rules, and over thy pinions, wanton Eurus (the East Wind). He rules the winds, alas! but his swelling wrath he does not rule, and the realms of his possession are less wide than his faults."
[N.B. This passage is from an epistle written by Kanake (Canace). Kanake, however, is usually described as a daughter of the Thessalian king Aiolos (Aeolus), rather than a daughter of Aiolos god of the winds.]
Ovid, Heroides 18. 37 ff :
"[Leandros (Leander) prays for gentle seas :] ‘But thou, most ungentle of the sweeping winds, why art thou bent on waging war with me? It is I, O Boreas (the North Wind), if thou dost not know, and not the waves, against whom thou ragest! . . . Have mercy on me, I pray; be mild, and stir a more gentle breeze--so may Hippotades [Aiolos (Aeolus)] lay upon thee no harsh command.’"
Virgil, Aeneid 1. 50 ff (trans. Day-Lewis) (Roman epic C1st B.C.) :
"[Juno-Hera, calls upon Aiolos (Aeolus) to send a storm to destroy the fleet of the Trojan hero Aeneas :] The goddess [Juno-Hera] came to the storm-cloud country, the womb-land of brawling siroccos, Aeolia. Here in a huge cavern King Aeolus keeps curbed and stalled, chained up in durance to his own will, the heaving Winds and far-reverberating Tempests. Behind the bars they bellow, mightily fretting: the mountain is one immense murmur. Aeolus, aloft on his throne of power, sceptre in hands, gentles and disciplines their fierce spirits. Otherwise, they'd be bolting off with the earth and the ocean and the deep sky--yes, brushing them all away into space. But to guard against this the Father of heaven [Zeus] put the Winds in a dark cavern and laid a heap of mountains upon them, and gave them an overlord who was bound by a firm contract to rein them in or give them their head, as he was ordered. Him Juno [Hera] now petitioned. Here are the words she used:--‘Aeolus, the king of gods and men has granted you the rule of the winds, to lull the waves or lift them. A breed I have no love for now sails the Tyrrhene sea [i.e. Aeneas and his Trojans]. Transporting Troy's defeated gods to Italy. Lash fury into your Winds! Whelm those ships and sink them! Flail the crews apart! Litter the sea with their fragments! Fourteen nymphae I have--their charms are quite out of the common--of whom the fairest in form, Deiopea, I'll join to you in lasting marriage and seal her yours for ever, a reward for this great favour I ask, to live out all the years with you, and make you the father of handsome children.’
Aeolus answered thus:--‘O queen, it is for you to be fully aware what you ask: my duty is to obey. Through you I hold this kingdom, for what it's worth, as Jove's [Zeus'] viceroy; you grant the right to sit at the gods' table; you are the one who makes me grand master of cloud and storm.’
Thus he spoke, and pointing his spear at the hollow mountain, pushed at its flank : and the Winds, as it were in a solid mass, hurl themselves through the gates and sweep the land with tornadoes. They have fallen upon the sea, they are heaving it up from its deepest abysses, the whole sea--East wind, South, Sou-wester thick with squalls--and bowling great billows at the shore. There follows a shouting of men, a shrilling of stays and halyards. All of a sudden the Storm-clouds are snatching the heavens, the daylight from the eyes of the Trojans; night, black night is fallen on the sea. The welkin explodes, the firmament flickers with thick-and-fast lightning, and everything is threatening the instant death of men . . .
Even as he cried out thus, a howling gust from the North hit the front of the sail, and a wave climbed the sky. Oars snapped; then the ship yawed, wallowing broadside on to the seas: and then, piled up there, a precipice of sea hung. One vessel was poised on a wave crest; for another the waters, collapsing, showed sea-bottom in the trough: the tide-race boiled with sand. Three times did the South wind spin them towards an ambush of rocks (those sea-girt rocks which Italians call by the name of The Altars), rocks like a giant spine on the sea: three times did the East wind drive them in to the Syrtes shoal, a piteous spectacle--hammering them on the shallows and hemming them round with sandbanks . . .
Meanwhile Neptunus [Poseidon] has felt how greatly the sea is in turmoil, felt the unbridled storm disturbing the water even down to the sea-bed, and sorely troubled has broken surface; he gazes forth on the seep with a pacific mien. He sees the fleet of Aeneas all over the main, dismembered, the Trojans crushed by waves and the sky in ribbons about them: Juno's vindictive stratagems do not escape her brother.
He summons the East and the West Winds, and then proceeds to say:--‘Does family pride tempt you to such impertinence? Do you really dare, you Winds, without my divine assent to confound earth and sky, and raise this riot of water? You, whom I--! Well, you have made the storm, I must lay it. Next time, I shall not let you so lightly redeem your sins. Now leave, and quickly leave, and tell your overlord this--not to him but me was allotted the stern trident dominion over the seas. His domain is the mountain of rock, your domicile, O East Wind. Let Aeolus be king of that castle and let him keep the Winds locked up in its dungeon.’
He spoke; and before he had finished, the insurgent sea was calmed."
Pliny the Elder, Natural History 3. 92 - 94 (trans. Rackham) (Roman encyclopedia C1st A.D.) :
"At a distance of nearly 25 miles from Italy, are the seven islands called the Aeoliae and also the Liparean; their Greek name is Hephaestiades, and the Roman Volcaniae; they are called Aeoliae from King Aeolus, who reigned there in the Homeric period . . . Lipara takes its name from King Liparus, who succeeded Aeolus . . . Between it and Sicilia (Sicily) is another island formerly called Therasia, and now Hiera (Holy Island) because it is sacred to Volcanos [Hephaistos], on it being a hill that vomits out flames in the night.
The third island is Stromboli, six miles to the east of Lipara; here Aeolus reigned. It differs from the Lipara only in the fact that its flame is more liquid; the local population are reported to be able to foretell from its smoke three days ahead what winds are going to blow, and this is the source of the belief that the winds obeyed the orders of Aeolus."
Pliny the Elder, Natural History 7. 203 :
"[On inventions :] Aeolus on of Hellen [invented] the theory of winds."
Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica 1. 416 ff (trans. Mozley) (Roman epic C1st A.D.) :
"He [the Argonaut Erginos (Erginus), a son of Poseidon] can tell . . . what wind Aeolus is planning to unprison from his caves."
Valerius Flaccus, Argonautica 1. 574 ff :
"There stand in the Sicilian Sea on the side of retreating Pelorum a crag, the terror of the straits; high as are the piles it lifts into the air, even so deep are those that sink below the surface of the waters; and hard by may one see another land with rocks and caverns no less terrible; in the former dwell [the Kyklopes (Cyclopes)] Acamas and naked Pyragmon, the latter is the home of Squalls and Winds and shipwrecking Storms; from here they pass to the lands over the wide ocean, from here in bygone days would they spread turmoil in the heavens nad in the disastrous sea--for at that time no Aeolus was their master, when the intruding sea broke Calpe off from Libya, when Oenotria to her sorrow lost the lands of Sicily and the waters burst into the heart of the mountains--until the All-powerful [Jove-Zeus] thundered from sky upon the trembling blasts and appointed them a king [Aiolos], whom the fierce band were bidden to revere; iron and a twofold wall of rocks quell Euros (the East Wind) within the mountain. When the king can no longer curb their roaring mouths, then of his own will he unbars the doors and by granting egress lulls their savage complaints. Boreas now with these tidings drives him from his lofty throne : ‘Ah! What monstrous deed, Aeolus, have I spied from the heights of Pangaeus! Grecian heroes have devised a strange engine with the axe [i.e. a boat], and now triumph joyously over the seas with a huge sail, nor have I power of myself to stir up the sea from its sandy depths, as I had or ever I was fettered and imprisoned. This it is that gives them courage and confidence in the vessel they have built, that they see Boreas ruled by a king. Grant me to overwhelm the Greeks with their mad bark : the thought of my children [i.e. the Boreades who had joined the Argonauts] moves me not, only do thou quench these threats of mortal man, while still the shores of Thesally and as yet no other lands have seen their sails.’
He ceased speaking : but within all the Winds began to roar and clamour for the open sea. Then did Hippotades [Aiolos (Aeolus)] drive against the mighty door with a whirling blast. Joyfully from the prison burst the Thracian horses, Zephyrus (the West Wind) and Notus (the South Wind) of the night-dark pinions with all the sons of the Storms, and Eurus (the East Wind) his hair dishevelled with the blasts, and tawny with too much sand; they drew the tempest on, and in thunderous advance together drive the curling waves to shore, and stir not the trident's realms alone, for at he same time the fiery sky falls with a mighty peal, and night brings all things beneath a pitchy sky."
Statius, Thebaid 1. 346 ff (trans. Mozley) (Roman epic C1st A.D.) :
"And now the rocky prisons of Aeolia are smitten and groan, and the coming storm threatens with hoarse bellowing: the Venti (Winds) [Anemoi] loud clamouring meet in conflicting currents."
Statius, Thebaid 3. 432 ff :
"Even so their chieftain Neptunus [Poseidon] drives before him the Venti (Winds) [Anemoi] set free from Aeolus' cell, and speeds them willing over the wide Aegean; in his train Nimbi (Storms) and high-piled Himes (Tempests), a surly company, clamour about his reins, and Nubes (Clouds) and the dark Tempestas (Hurricane) torn from earth's rent bowels; wavering and shaken to their foundations the Cyclades stem the blast."
Statius, Thebaid 6. 299 ff :
"On a single shore Aeolus appoints a contest for the wild Venti (Winds) [Anemoi]." [N.B. The contest of the winds is likened to a horse-race]."
Statius, Thebaid 10. 246 ff :
"Father Aeolus, when the cave is in tumult and the Winds are already yearning for the deep, sternly set another rock against the door, and wholly bar their passage."
Statius, Silvae 3. 2. 1 (trans. Mozley) (Roman poetry C1st A.D.) :
"And may the father [Aiolos] whose Aeolian prison constrains the Winds, whom the various blasts obey, and every air that stirs on the world's seas, and storms and cloudy tempests, keep Boreas (the North-Wind) and Notos (the South-Wind) and Eurus (the East-Wind) in closer custody behind his wall of mountain; but may Zephyros (the West-Wind) alone have the freedom of the sky, alone drive vessels onward and skim unceasingly o'er the crests of the billows, until he bring without a storm thy glad sail safe to the Paraetonian haven."
Nonnus, Dionysiaca 9. 59 ff (trans. Rouse) (Greek epic C5th A.D.) :
"Leukothea (Leucothea), holding the key of calm waters, mistress of good voyage next to Aiolos (Aeolus)."
[N.B. Leukothea was a sea-goddess, the protector of sailors.]
Nonnus, Dionysiaca 13. 381 ff :
"Psyllos (Psyllus) the harebrained; the bridegroom she [Ankhiroe (Anchiroe)] held in her arms was the gods' enemy. Notos (Notus, the South Wind), that hot wind, once burnt his [Psyllos of Libya's] crops with parching breath; whereupon he fitted out a fleet and gathered a naval swarm of helmeted warriors, to stir up strife against the Aetai (Winds) [Anemoi] of the south with avenging doom, eager to kill fiery Notos. To the island of Aiolos (Aeolus) sailed the shieldbearing fleet; but the Aetai (Winds) armed themselves and flogged the madman's vessel, volleying with tempestuous tumult in a whirlwind throng of concerted confederate blasts, and sank Psyllos and armament in water grave."
Nonnus, Dionysiaca 23. 155 ff :
"[During the Indian War of Dionysos, when the troops of the god attempt to cross the river Hydaspes, the River cried out to Aiolos (Aeolus) :] ‘Aiolos--grant me this boon, arm your stormy Winds to be champions against my foes, to fight with the Satyroi, because their host has marched through the waters and made a highroad of Hydaspes for landchariots, because they drive a watery course through my stream! Arm your winds against my ferryman Lyaios (Lyaeus)!’"
Nonnus, Dionysiaca 47. 340 ff :
"[Ariadne laments her fate after being abandoned by Theseus on the island of Naxos :] ‘Who stole the man of Athens [Theseus]? . . . If Zephyros (the West-Wind) torments me . . . if Notos (the South-Wind), or bold Euros (the East-Wind) . . . O Theseus my treacherous bridegroom, if the marauding Anemoi (Winds) have carried your course from Naxos to the Athenian land, tell me now I ask, and I will resort to Aiolos (Aeolus) at once reproaching the jealous and wicked Anemoi (Winds).’"
SOURCES
Homer, The Odyssey - Greek Epic C8th B.C.
Greek Lyric III Stesichorus, Fragments - Greek Lyric C7th - 6th B.C.
Apollodorus, The Library - Greek Mythography C2nd A.D.
Apollonius Rhodius, The Argonautica - Greek Epic C3rd B.C.
Callimachus, Fragments - Greek Poetry C3rd B.C.
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The River Danube flows into which body of water? | Ancient Greek Rulers of the Winds
Ancient Greek Rulers of the Winds
Posted In: Ancient Civilizations 9/8/10
By: Yona Williams
In Greek mythology, Aeolus was known as the ruler of the winds. Interestingly, he appears throughout the Greek culture as three different personalities, including the founder of the Aeolian race and as the son of Poseidon. All three personalities are connected to one another in genealogy, yet the exact relationships are unknown. In this article, you will also encounter the Anemoi - the wind gods.
Anemoi – gods of the winds
As for gods of the winds, the Anemoi represent four deities associated with a specific direction that describes where their winds come from. Various seasons and weather conditions were linked to the wind gods. Sometimes, they are depicted as gusts of wind, while other mentions see them personified as me with wings. Some myths see the gods as horses that Aeolus keeps in his stables. In the Odyssey, the Anemoi are provided to Odysseus during his travels.
In addition to the four main gods, there were lesser Anemoi sometimes referenced in myths. They represented the wind that came from the northeast, southeast, northwest, and southwest. The four central Anemoi include:
Boreas: The North Wind
Boreas is the wind that comes from the north and brings the colder winter air. Boreas' name translates into "North Wind" or "Devouring One". He is described as a rather strong god with a violent temper. His image often shows a winged old man with a shaggy beard and hair. Holding a conch shell in his hand, he also wears a billowing cloak. Boreas had a close relation to horses and it is said that he had fathered 12 colts after he took the form of a stallion. He bred with the mares of Erichthonius – the king of Troy. The horses appeared in myths with the ability to race across a field of grain without trampling the plants under their hooves.
Notus: The South Wind
With winds coming in from the south, Notus is responsible for the storms that come in late summer and autumn. The god is linked to the hot winds that rise after midsummer and is believed to bring storms that are feared for their ability to destroy crops.
Zephyrus: The West Wind
The west wind god also causes the breezes of late spring and early summer. Zephyrus represents the gentlest of all the winds and is seen as the messenger of spring. Different myths place the god with various wives. Some say he was the husband of his own sister Iris – the goddess of the rainbow. He is said to have kidnapped his sister Chloris – a goddess that he gave the domain of flowers. With her, he fathered Carpus – whose name translates into 'fruit.' The god also appears in the tale of Cupid and Psyche, where Zephyrus transported Psyche to his cave.
Eurus: The East Wind
Eurus is the east wind (which was considered unlucky). This is probably why he is not associated with any of the three Greek seasons. He is also the only god of the four that does not appear in Hesiod's Theohony or in the Orphic Hymns. However, the god still brought warmth and rain.
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In Paris, a young employee in the office of the US Ambassador hooks up with an American spy looking to stop a terrorist attack in the city.
Director: Pierre Morel
When the daughter of a well-known and well-respected base commander is murdered, an undercover detective is summoned to look into the matter and finds a slew of cover-ups at West Point.
Director: Simon West
In order to foil an extortion plot, an FBI agent undergoes a face-transplant surgery and assumes the identity and physical appearance of a ruthless terrorist, but the plan turns from bad to worse when the same criminal impersonates the cop.
Director: John Woo
A retired master car thief must come back to the industry and steal 50 cars with his crew in one night to save his brother's life.
Director: Dominic Sena
An ordinary man sees a bright light descend from the sky, and discovers he now has super-intelligence and telekinesis.
Director: Jon Turteltaub
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Storyline
When the DEA shut down its dummy corporation operation codenamed SWORDFISH in 1986, they had generated $400 million which they let sit around; fifteen years of compound interest has swelled it to $9.5 billion. A covert counter-terrorist unit called Black Cell, headed by the duplicitious and suave Gabriel Shear, wants the money to help finance their raise-the-stakes vengeance war against international terrorism, but it's all locked away behind super-encryption. He brings in convicted hacker Stanley Jobson, who only wants to see his daughter Holly again but can't afford the legal fees, to slice into the government mainframes and get the money. Written by Jeff Cross <[email protected]>
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Rated R for violence, language and some sexuality/nudity | See all certifications »
Parents Guide:
8 June 2001 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
$18,145,632 (USA) (8 June 2001)
Gross:
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Trivia
Stan Jobson is clearly named after Steve Jobs , co-founder of Apple. He's modeled after the cool computer geniuses of William Gibson 's cyberpunk novels. See more »
Goofs
When the FBI agents are watching Gabriel and Stanley, one of them looks through the viewfinder of a camera (Canon XL1s) with a large lens. It is clearly visible that the viewfinder cable is not connected with the body of the camera. See more »
Quotes
[first lines]
Gabriel : You know what the problem with Hollywood is? They make shit. Unbelievable, unremarkable shit. Now I'm not some grungy wannabe filmmaker that's searching for existentialism through a haze of bong smoke or something. No, it's easy to pick apart bad acting, short-sighted directing, and a purely moronic stringing together of words that many of the studios term as "prose". No, I'm talking about the lack of realism. Realism; not a pervasive element in today's modern American cinematic ...
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Crazy Credits
The opening studio logos for Warner Bros and Village Roadshow Productions flicker as if they were on a problematic computer screen. Other than those logos and the movie's title, there are no opening credits. See more »
Connections
| Swordfish |
What is the state capital of Tasmania? | “Swordfish," Starring John Travolta, Began Principal Photography - WarnerBros.com - The Studio - News
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“Swordfish," Starring John Travolta, Began Principal Photography
(September 29, 2000 – Burbank, CA) - “Swordfish," a counter-espionage action thriller starring John Travolta, Hugh Jackman, Halle Berry, Don Cheadle, Vinnie Jones and Sam Shepard, began principal photography on September 18th on location in Oregon, it was announced today by Lorenzo di Bonaventura, President of Worldwide Productions for Warner Bros. Pictures. Produced by Joel Silver, who brought to the screen the groundbreaking, Oscar-winning hit “The Matrix,” in addition to some of the biggest blockbusters of all time, and Jonathan D. Krane, whose roster of successful films includes “The General’s Daughter” and the upcoming "Lucky Numbers,” “Swordfish” is directed by Dominic Sena, helmer of the fast-paced action thriller “Gone In Sixty Seconds.” "Swordfish" is a dark story centering around Gabriel Shear (Travolta), a charismatic and dangerous spy who is hired by a government agency to coerce a computer hacker (Jackman) to help steal $6 billion in unused government funds. In exchange, the hacker, who has just been released from prison, will be able to regain custody of his daughter and start a new life. Jim Van Wyck is the executive producer. The screenplay is by Skip Woods (“Thursday”). Dan Cracchiolo co-produces. "Swordfish" will be filmed in Los Angeles and Ventura. Box-office superstar John Travolta plays Gabriel. A two-time Oscar nominee for his work in the culture-defining films “Pulp Fiction” and “Saturday Night Fever,” Travolta’s film credits include some of the most critically acclaimed and popular films of all time, including “The General’s Daughter," “A Civil Action,” “Phenomenon,” “Face/Off,” “Broken Arrow,” “Urban Cowboy” and “Grease,” among numerous others. One of Hollywood's hottest newcomers Hugh Jackman plays the role of Stanley, the computer hacker. Jackman stars in the successful action film, "X-Men." Jackman began his acting career in the theater in his nature Australia. He appeared in major productions of "Beauty and the Beast," "Sunset Boulevard," and Trevor Nunn's "Oklahoma." Jackman's role in the feature film "Erskine Kings" won him an Australian Film Institute nomination for Best Actor in 1999. Halle Berry stars as Ginger in “Swordfish.” A recent Emmy and Golden Globe Award winner for her highly acclaimed performance in the title role of “Introducing Dorothy Dandridge,” English-born Berry's film credits include “X-Men,” "Why Do Fools Fall In Love," "Bulworth," "Executive Decision" and "The Flintstones." Don Cheadle, who plays Roberts, has received acclaim for his performances in such films as “Mission To Mars," "Out of Sight," "Devil in a Blue Dress" (for which he was named Best Actor by The Los Angeles Film Critics), "Boogie Nights," "Bulworth," "Volcano" and "Rosewood." Award-winning writer, director, producer and actor, Sam Shepard plays Senator Reisman. As an actor Shepard's film credits include an Oscar nominated performance in "The Right Stuff," as well as "All The Pretty Horses," "Hamlet: Safe Passage," "The Pelican Brief," "Steel Magnolias," "Baby Boom," "Paris, Texas" and "Days of Heaven." Vinnie Jones, plays Marco, was made his feature film debut in the acclaimed Guy Ritchie film, “Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels,” and will soon be seen opposite Brad Pitt in Ritchie’s “Snatch.” Jones is probably best known for his athletic ability as a renowned world-class footballer (soccer player). He began acting in 1999 on British television. Director Dominic Sena most recently directed "Gone In 60 Seconds," a $100 million dollar grossing movie. Sena is a founder member of Propaganda Films, where he directed countless award-winning videos and commercials. Sena made his feature film debut with "Kalifornia." The film earned the International Film Critics Jury Prize at the 1993 Montreal Film Festival, as well as taking top honors for its cinematography. Joel Silver is one of the most successful producers in the motion picture industry today. His films have earned a combined gross of over $3.4 billion worldwide, averaging over $100 million per picture. His 1999 release, “The Matrix,” grossed over $456 million worldwide, earning more than any other Warner Bros. release in the history of the studio. Universally acclaimed for its groundbreaking storytelling and visuals, “The Matrix” also won four Academy Awards, including the award for Best Visual Effects. He is currently preparing the two sequels to “The Matrix,” which are expected to begin shooting in March 2001. Among the films Silver has helped bring to the screen are “The Warriors,” “48 HRS.,” “Streets of Fire” and “Brewster's Millions.” Under the Silver Pictures banner he produced “Commando,” “Jumpin' Jack Flash,” “Predator,” the “Lethal Weapon” series, as well as “Die Hard,” “Die Hard 2: Die Harder,” “The Last Boy Scout,” “Demolition Man,” “Richie Rich” and “Conspiracy Theory.” He also recently produced the surprise hit “Romeo Must Die,” starring Jet Li and Aaliyah. Producer Jonathan D. Krane’s roster of more than 40 films includes the most profitable comedy of all time, "Look Who's Talking," and several other studio hits such as "Face/Off," the "Look Who's Talking" sequels, "Blind Date," "The General's Daughter," "The Man Who Loved Women," "Phenomenon," "Micki and Maude," "Michael," "A Civil Action," "Primary Colors," "The Trail of the Pink Panther" and "The Curse of the Pink Panther." He also produced "Lucky Numbers," to be released in October, 2000, starring John Travolta and Lisa Kudrow, and directed by Nora Ephron. "Swordfish" is a Silver Pictures/Jonathan D. Krane/Village Roadshow production to be distributed worldwide by Warner Bros. Pictures.
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The Valais is a canton of which European country? | Valais | canton, Switzerland | Britannica.com
canton, Switzerland
Switzerland
Valais, (French), German Wallis, canton , southern Switzerland . It borders Italy to the south and France to the west and is bounded by the cantons of Vaud and Bern on the north and Uri and Ticino on the east. Its area includes the valley of the upper Rhône River , from its source at the Rhône Glacier to its mouth on Lake Geneva; the valley runs from east to west and then, in a right angle at Martigny, from southeast to northwest. From just above Saint-Maurice, the Rhône’s right bank belongs to Vaud canton. The mountain chains of the Bernese and the Pennine Alps border the Rhône River valley, and on each side lateral valleys open; those of the south are spread out and inhabited, and those of the north are steep and largely uninhabited, with the exception of the Lötschental (Lötschen Valley) and Leukerbad (Loeche-les-Bains).
Electric power station near Vissoie in the Anniviers Valley, Valais canton, Switz.
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The region first appeared in the account of Julius Caesar’s conquest of the Celts at Octodurum (Martigny) about 57 bc. It was originally called Vallis Poenina (“Upper Rhône Valley”). Part of the kingdom of Jurane Burgundy from 888, Valais was granted in 999 by King Rudolf III of Burgundy to the bishop of Sion, who became prefect, count of Valais, and later prince-bishop. The area’s subsequent history was mostly related to the struggles of the patriots against their episcopal overlords and of the bishops against the dukes of Savoy , who coveted their land. Efforts to Protestantize Valais during the Reformation were unsuccessful. The prince-bishops retained their power until the revolution of 1798, when Valais became part of the Helvetic Republic . Napoleon made Valais the independent Rhodanic Republic in 1802 and incorporated it into France as the département of Simplon in 1810. In 1815 Valais entered the Swiss Confederation. Although it took part in the conservative Sonderbund (a Roman Catholic separatist league) in 1845, it did not fight but submitted to federal forces in 1847.
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On which British overseas territory was fashion designer John Galliano born? | Valais - Lonely Planet
Valais
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Welcome to Valais
Natural beauty Valais has a tale of rags to riches, of changing seasons and celebrities, of an outdoors so fantastic it's always fashionable. Wedged in a remote corner of southern Switzerland, this is where farmers were so poor they didn’t have two francs to rub together a century ago and where luminaries flock today to sip champagne cocktails in posh Verbier nightclubs... Read More
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What is the name of the famous US Military Academy in New York? | 10 Most Prestigious Military Academies in the World - OnlineCollege.org
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10 Most Prestigious Military Academies in the World
For some college students , school is about more than just learning history , engineering , or mathematics . It’s also a chance to learn skills that will serve them well working in intelligence, military technology, or even on the front lines of battle. While military academies aren’t every student’s ideal match, for those who want to pursue a career in the armed forces, they can be great training and preparation resources, teaching students how to ready both their bodies and minds for active service. Students who complete undergraduate programs at U.S. military academies may even have the option to pursue an online master’s degree in military history if they are interested in graduate study.
Not all military academies are created equal, however, and some have a certain cachet that goes along with their names. While not a complete list (there are a lot of military academies out there, after all), we’ve tried to highlight some of the best, most rigorous, and most prestigious of these military academies in nations around the world. Read on to find out which schools are producing the best and brightest brass today.
United States Military Academy , West Point, New York
The USMA, better known as West Point, is perhaps one of the best and most prestigious military academies in the world. That reputation isn’t taken lightly. Students must not only apply to the school, but almost must receive a nomination from a U.S. Congressman (or woman) in order to be accepted, though non-U.S. citizens are allowed to apply. There is also a strict honor code, and students are expected to not only do well academically, but build military leadership and athletic skills. There is no tuition at West Point, but students must begin active duty with the Army upon graduation. Situated on a picturesque hill overlooking the Hudson River, the school itself is a national landmark and boasts some elite alumni including two presidents, many famous generals, and 74 recipients of the Medal of Honor.
United States Naval Academy , Annapolis, Maryland
The USNA was established in 1845, and has been educating officers for the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps ever since. Located on the former grounds of Fort Severn, the school’s campus is a national landmark and is within easy driving distance to Washington, D.C. Like West Point, students at USNA need endorsement from a member of Congress to get accepted, and while 1,300 enter every year, only about 1,000 ever make it to graduation. In exchange for free tuition, graduates must serve in a branch of the military for at least five years after getting their degrees. Graduates from the USNA have included more than 50 astronauts (six of whom flew to the moon), 46 Rhodes scholars, one president, two Nobel Prize winners, and 73 Medal of Honor recipients.
Royal Air Force College Cranwell , Sleaford, United Kingdom
The Royal Air Force College was originally established as a naval aviation training center during World War I, and reached official status as the world’s first air academy in 1919. During World War II, the school stopped exclusively training officers and began working to train as many recruits as possible to fly in the British Air Force. Today, the RAF College has returned to its original purpose and boasts some pretty big names for alumni, including Prince William; Prince Charles; Frank Whittle, a founding father of jet propulsion; and Douglas Bader, a famous flying ace during World War II.
Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, Camberley, United Kingdom
For Brits who don’t want to go into the Air Force, this military academy is another prestigious choice. Sandhurst, as its commonly known, trains officers for both the British military and others around the world, and prides itself on “excellence in leadership.” Sandhurst is quite old, opening its doors in 1802, just like West Point in the U.S. and Saint-Cyr in France. What is different about it, however, is that it is not a university and graduates do not earn a bachelor’s degree. Instead, they embark on a rigorous training program to prepare them for leadership as an officer. The school has a long and storied history, and dozens of princes, sheiks, and government leaders have gone through the training programs there, including author Ian Fleming and Prince Harry.
The Special Military School of Saint-Cyr , Coetquidan, France
The French Armed Forces may get a good ribbing from other nations, but that doesn’t diminish the prestigious history and reputation of this military academy. Students at Saint-Cyr are put through a rigorous training program, and graduate with an M.A. or M.S. as commissioned officers. The academy was founded in 1803 by Napoleon Bonaparte himself, and the school still uses the motto he coined for the school: “They study to vanquish.” Graduates have fought in nearly every European conflict (and those around the world, as well) since the Napoleonic Wars, and famous French president Charles De Gaulle was a graduate of the school’s prestigious program.
PLA National Defense University , Beijing, China
This academy is China’s answer to West Point for their own military students. Run by the state and located in Beijing, the school was founded in 1985 through the merger of several existing military and political schools. The school is responsible for training and educating the PLA’s senior commanding staff officers and researchers, though many top level officials also attend China’s Academy of Military Sciences, which is their premier research institute for military science.
General Staff Academy , Moscow, Russia
You might not have heard of this school, but its graduates have been at the top of the Russian (and former USSR) military for years. Founded in 1936, the school was intended as a place for the best and the brightest officers of the Soviet Armed Forces to get additional training and eventually rise to the top of the ranks. Unlike many other schools on this list, this academy requires previous military experience, and most are not admitted until they are in their late 30s, with many already holding the rank of Colonel or General.
National Defense Academy of Japan , Yokosuka, Japan
Created in 1953, the NDA offers a degree program and training for students who want to be officers in the Japan Self-Defense Force. There are a few differences between this school and others on this list, however. First, students are paid a salary while at school, as they are considered employees of the Ministry of Defense. Second, after graduation, students aren’t done with their training, and will go on to Officer Candidate Schools in a military force of their choosing. Students who are especially interested in academics can also pursue master’s and doctoral degrees through the school, as long as they are endorsed by supervisors. In 1984, Condoleeza Rice visited the school as a professor, and grads include astronauts, government officials, scholars, and high-ranking military officers.
South African Military Academy , Saldanha, South Africa
Modeled after the military academy system in the U.S., the South African Military Academy was founded in 1950 to train recruits to be officers and midshipmen in the South African National Defense Force. Situated amid a scenic mountain landscape and overlooking Saldanha Bay, the school’s campus is home to more than 300 men and women in training and 48 professors and other faculty members. Students graduate from the school with a bachelor’s degree in a field of their choosing, from military science to natural science.
| United States Military Academy |
What is the official language of Nigeria? | West Point Hotels - Hudson Valley Hotels
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THE HISTORIC WEST POINT HOTEL
Seated on a hilltop in Upstate New York, with commanding views of the Hudson River and the United States Military Academy, The Historic Thayer Hotel at West Point is a national historic treasure. Visited by past U.S. Presidents, international leaders and celebrities alike, this hotel is like no other in the world. Come and discover a captivating blend of over 200 years of military history combined with a full array of modern comforts and amenities.
151 beautiful guestrooms and suites , including two magnificent Presidential Suites and 22 Executive Suites
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Which US Tour de France winner had his contract with Nike terminated in 2012 because of accusations of doping? | Tour de France - Anabolic Steroids Blog – iSteroids.com
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Former professional David Millar in a revealing opinion piece published in the New York Times titled ‘How to get away with doping’ has provided a detailed account of his personal use of use of Therapeutic Use Exemptions (TUEs) during his career.
Millar offered an account about the powerful effects of Kenacort and how the World Anti-Doping Agency and the UCI, the world governing body of cycling, have failed in their oversight of the list of drugs available with a Therapeutic Use Exemption and in their administration of the application process.
Millar said Kenacort was so powerful that it was ultimately destructive. The former cyclist said the substance, apart from being a catabolic agent, would also suppress the immune system, making you more susceptible to infections. Millar said he took Kenacort only twice after 2001: for the 2002 Vuelta a España and the 2003 Tour de France. The ex-cyclist went on to reveal that he used to take an initial 20 to 40 milligram dose, and then topped up with 10 to 20 milligrams about 10 days later both times in order to prolong the effects into the final week of the three-week stage race and to avoid too rapid a descent off it. Millar added he was taking this powerful, potentially dangerous drug as a performance enhancer , yet he was doing so within the rules â thanks to the T.U.E. loophole.
Millar was arrested by French police in 2004 and confessed to making the use of Erythropoietin (EPO) in 2001 and 2003. The UCI imposed a ban of two years on him in August 2004 and Millar was stripped of his 2003 individual time trial world title and was fired by his Cofidis team.
Millar made a return to racing in 2006 with Saunier DuvalâProdir but would leave the team at the end of 2007 season to join the newly created SlipstreamâChipotle outfit. The American team and its owner Jonathan Vaughters on a strong anti-doping stance with Millar becoming a spokesman for ‘clean cycling’.
Millar wrote in the New York Times article that he served a ban of two years but he was at least free of all the deception and disgust. The Scottish former professional road racing cyclist said he was determined to do everything in his power when he returned to the sport for preventing the next generation of riders having to make the decisions he had made. Millar said telling his story is his way of helping to prevent other athletes’ careers being poisoned as his was. The former professional cyclist also wrote he believes the “the biggest races are today being won by clean riders.”
The Scottish former professional road racing cyclist added the Fancy Bears hack of the World Anti-Doping Agency and the release of Therapeutic Use Exemptions for athletes such as Team Sky’s Tour de France winners Bradley Wiggins and Chris Froome has opened the world’s eyes to a disturbingly gray area in sporting law: the therapeutic use exemption, and shown the system is open to abuse.
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Christian Prudhomme, the general director of the Tour de France since 2007, has remarked anti-doping measures in the recent past have significantly changed image of cycling. Prudhomme said he believes that doping in cycling is under control and that all the measures that have been taken should be enough.
The Frenchman added cycling is no longer the principal sport to provide news on the use of illegal substances. Long associated with systematic doping, cycling has been spared such close scrutiny during recent affairs that have plagued athletics, football, and the International Olympic Committee.
Till few years back, cycling was in all kinds of controversies ever since the Lance Armstrong doping scandal broke out. The disgraced cyclist, who was denied doping throughout his illustrious career, finally admitted to making use of banned substances and techniques such as blood doping, testosterone , cortisone, and human growth hormone during a televised interview with Oprah Winfrey.
Prudhomme also commented there is no longer a feeling in the sport that change is necessary and said you don’t see champions who come from nowhere any more. The former French journalist the absence of champions coming “out of nowhere” and the believable and mappable progress of young riders has done the job for cycling. Prudhomme said the likes of Nairo Quintana and Esteban Chaves have a pedigree, they shone on the Tour de l’Avenir and it is reassuring.
The Tour de l’Avenir is the most prestigious under-23 race in the world and both Chaves and Quintana – who have finished on the podiums of the Tour de France and the Vuelta a Espana over the last few years – performed very well in their youth. The Tour de France chief also commented that the change in communication with the sport has been a huge factor in the progress he has seen. Prudhomme said cycling was seen as a closed sport until recently but it is not anymore and people talk. Prudhomme went on to comment that cycling has been cleaning up its act and added it was not easy but it has been cleaning up its act. He also said we want sport to be perfect, while society will never be and also said society is not full of saints or full of crooks. Prudhomme also said all the cheats and the liars on this earth did not gather up one day to decide they would be taking up cycling.
Prudhomme took charge of the Tour de France by inheriting the mantel of his predecessor, Jean-Marie Leblanc, in 2006, the year of the Operación Puerto doping scandal. Prudhomme has overseen doping scandals in 2007, 2008, and 2010 but admitted revelations about mechanical doping earlier this year was something he was not prepared for. The Frenchman called mechanical doping the “biggest challenge facing cycling.” The Tour de France director said he was scared eight days before the Tour of the rumors would mar the race but was relieved after the secretary of state announced the use of thermal imaging cameras to help locate any motors being used in the peloton.
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Team Sky boss Dave Brailsford has defended the decision to obtain special permission for Bradley Wiggins to receive injections of Triamcinolone, a banned drug before three major races, including his historic win in the 2012 Tour de France.
Brailsford reiterated his belief that Team Sky had done nothing wrong. The Team Sky boss denied that this was remotely similar to the doping so prevalent in the sport a decade ago. Brailsford commented what we’re talking about here is Bradley having a need, the team doctor supporting that, an expert giving their opinion that this is the medicine that is required, and that then going to the authorities who say that we agree with you, and here is the certificate that gives you the permission to use that medication.
Brailsford added he has got trust in the therapeutic use exemption process and the integrity of that process. The chief of Team Sky added it is not one person making that decision and further remarked it is not the rider or the team doctor, who is picking the medication as they have to seek permission to use it and they were granted permission. The 52-year-old added the brilliant team of doctors of Team Sky has a duty to help the riders be as healthy as they can be, and the riders are supported in every aspect of their performance. The Team Sky boss rejected any comparisons with former dopers and remarked certain dopers, who cheated with a cocktail of drugs, claim they used this and abused it for performance enhancement and that is not the case here.
Brailsford went on to defend reputation of his team by remarking one-hundred per cent you can trust in Sky, absolutely 100 percent and also added this is the very essence of why we created this team in the first place. Brailsford added this sport had a difficult time in the past and the whole reason for creating the team was so that young guys leaving (Manchester’s National Cycling Centre) could go and you’d know they would never be pressurized to cheat.
A group of Russian computer hackers recently leaked medical records of several athletes including Wiggins. It was disclosed Bradley Wiggins used the powerful anti-inflammatory drug on the eve of the 2011 and 2012 Tours and 2013 Giro d’Italia. The 36-year-old British star applied was granted three therapeutic use exemptions (TUEs) to take Triamcinolone to deal with a pollen allergy that aggravates his long-standing asthma condition. The TUEs of Wiggins were approved by the UCI, the world governing body of cycling, and there is no suggestion that he or the team have broken any rules.
However, Triamcinolone is widely used as a doping agent and has the potential of assisting athletes to lose weight, fight fatigue, and aid recovery.
Wiggins, who last month in Rio became Team GB’s most decorated Olympian with his eighth medal, said he was not seeking an “unfair advantage” but was trying to level the playing field so he could perform at the highest level.
Bradley Wiggins , the first British man to win the Tour de France, is facing a fight for his reputation after recently-leaked documents showed he used banned performance enhancing drugs .
Wiggins used Triamcinolone, the same drug Lance Armstrong tested positive for at the 1999 Tour de France.
Wiggins has been forced to deny that the controversial Belgian doctor Geert Leinders was involved in his obtaining so-called therapeutic use exemptions. This was after details of the therapeutic use exemptions granted to him and fellow Tour de France winner, Chris Froome, were leaked.
The leaked documents suggested three TUEs were obtained by Bradley Wiggins for the treatment of asthma and allergies between 2011 and 2013, each before his major target race for that season. The British cyclist also had to clarify apparent inconsistencies between what he wrote in 2012 about the use of needles and the details that have emerged via the Fancy Bears hackers.
In a statement, a spokesperson for Wiggins said Brad has no direct link to Geert Leinders. The spokesperson added Leinders was ‘on race’ doctor for Team Sky for short period and so was occasionally present at races dealing with injuries sustained whilst racing such as colds, bruises etc. It was further commented by the spokesperson of Wiggins that Leinders had no part in Bradâs TUE application and added Bradâs medical assessments from 2011-2015 were processed by the official Team Sky doctor, and were verified by independent specialists to follow WADA, UCI, and BC guidelines. The statement also reads Bradâs passing comment regarding needles in the 2012 book referred to the historic and illegal practice of intravenous injections of performance-enhancing substances, which was the subject of a law change by [world cyclingâs governing body] the UCI in 2011. It was also commented that the Triamcinolone injection that is referred to in the Wada leaks is an intramuscular treatment for asthma and is fully approved by the sportâs governing bodies and Brad stands by his comment concerning the use of illegal intravenous needle injections.
Belgian doctor Geert Leinders was a Team Sky doctor between 2011-2012 and Bradley won the Tour de France in the latter year. Leinders was later banned for life for doping offences committed during a previous stint at the tainted Rabobank cycling team between 2001-2009.
David Walsh, the Sunday Times journalist who brought down Lance Armstrong, suggested that a 2012 injection of Triamcinolone was given as a preventive measure rather than to treat existing symptoms ahead of Wigginsâs historic Tour victory. The journalist said the team that wanted to be seen as whiter than white had been dealing in shades of grey and added what they did was legal, but it was not right.
The British professional road and track racing cyclist, who rides for the UCI Continental team WIGGINS and was awarded a CBE in 2009, won the ParisâNice, the Tour de Romandie, the Critérium du Dauphiné, and became the first British cyclist to win the Tour de France and the time trial at the Olympic Games in 2012.
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Italian road bicycle racer Luca Paolini has received a doping ban of 18 months from the world governing body of cycling. The cyclist tested positive for cocaine during last yearâs Tour de France.
The 39-year-old was facing the possibility of facing a ban of two years when his hearing took place in March. Paolini’s case was one of the first cases heard by the UCIâs Anti-Doping Tribunal. Cocaine is classified as a banned substance in competition under the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) code. However, athletes are not banned if they test positive for the social drug out of competition.
Paolini’s teammate Alexander Kristoff had previously revealed the cyclist’s use of sleeping tablets. Kristoff remarked he knew Paolini was struggling to sleep at night and to wake up in the day. Paolini had himself already admitted to using the drug and also said he has an addiction to sleeping tablets, calling himself a slave to the pills. Paolini admitted he took cocaine in June at a personal training camp and also remarked it happened at a low point in his life after he spent years of addiction to the sleeping medicine Minias (Benzodiazepine). The rider has undergone treatment for his addiction to the sleeping medication since he was suspended from racing following his A-sample test .
The suspension of Paolini will end 18 months from the date of the âadverse analytical findingâ and he can make a return to the Peloton as he will be free to race from January 6 next year, 11 days before his 40th birthday.
The rider however has the right to appeal the decision. Meanwhile, his former team, Katusha, has confirmed that it will not take Paolini back after nullifying his contract last year. A Katusha spokesperson said we are happy that thereâs now been a decision but for us it doesnât change anything for the team because we terminated his contract last year. The spokesman added he admitted at a certain point to us that he took cocaine and that is really against the team rules and added Paolini still has the right to go to appeal but it doesnât change things for us as we have strict anti-doping policy.
A statement on the UCIâs website said the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) announces that the UCI Anti-Doping Tribunal has rendered its decision in the case involving Luca Paolini. The statement further reads that the Anti-Doping Tribunal found the rider guilty of a non-intentional anti-doping rule violation (presence of a cocaine metabolite – Benzoylecgonine) and imposed an 18-month period of ineligibility on the rider. In accordance with the Procedural Rules of the Anti-Doping Tribunal, the decision will shortly be published on the UCI website.
Born on 17 January 1977, Luca Paolini has been professionally riding since 2000. Paolini started his sports career by joining MapeiâQuick-Step (2000â2002) and then its successor team Quick-StepâInnergetic (2003â2005) where he attained many wins, including first places at Gran Premio di Lugano, Giro del Piemonte and Gran Premio Bruno Beghelli. Paolini also won stages at Tour of Britain and Tour de Wallonie.
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Former amateur cyclist and drugs cheat Dan Stevens, who was the whistleblower in the Dr Mark Bonar doping case , has finally came out and accused the UK Anti-Doping of a “catastrophic failure”.
Stevens said UKAD had absolutely no reason to not investigate Dr Bonar and also added they had every reason to investigate the doctor, they were given prescriptions that the doctor had produced – those prescriptions included the doctor’s GMC registration number. The former amateur cyclist also remarked they were prescribed via British chemists and UK Anti-Doping have got absolutely no excuse for not investigating this, and that is a massive concern. Stevens also said it is horrendous and diabolical and he does not think it is by accident either.
A few days back, a report in The Sunday Times alleged that Dr Bonar prescribed 150 athletes – including Premier League footballers, British Tour de France cyclists, tennis players, and a British boxer – with performance enhancing drugs. It was claimed by the British newspaper that UK’s anti-doping agency was provided with information about alleged doping activities of the doctor two years ago but failed to take action. It has now been revealed that it was Dan Stevens who was the whistleblower.
The 47-year-old Stevens was banned for a period of two years after he refused to give an out-of-competition sample. His suspension was later reduced by three months. In an interview with BBC Sport, the former amateur cyclist said he found Dr Bonar online after he was diagnosed with low testosterone levels and initially found Bonar to be a “sensible, good doctor”. However, he soon learned that Bonar would later talk to him about other drugs like the blood-boosting drug Erythropoietin and human growth hormone .
Stevens said he thinks it was quite revolutionary to meet with a British doctor in a private clinic who was telling me that a number of high-profile British athletes, cyclists, runners, boxers, cricketers, and footballers were using these substances to improve their performance. The ex-cyclist added his words were that this is what is needed to be done to move up a level.
In response to Stevens, Bonar told the BBC that Dan Stevens presented with some personal medical issues and he treated symptoms appropriately and did not prescribe for the purposes of performance enhancement.
In a statement to BBC Sport, UK Anti-Doping said it is important to highlight that UKAD is investigating the claims made by the Sunday Times. The statement further reads that UKAD must also clarify that UKAD does not have the names of any sportspeople who may have been treated by Dr Bonar other than the sportsperson concerned. UK’s anti-doping agency also said the UKAD Board has appointed Andy Ward to lead an independent review into UKAD’s handling of intelligence in 2014 in relation to Dr Bonar and the wider investigation which took place following the sportspersons interviews. It also remarked we will fully cooperate with the independent review and we will not comment further on this particular case until that review has been concluded.
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According to an article that appeared in the Sunday Times, a British doctor has claimed he provide performance-enhancing drugs to many clients, including unnamed British Tour de France riders plus other sporting clients.
The doctor in question, Mark Bonar, was quoted by the story as saying that he assisted the athletes obtain the substances that are forbidden under anti-doping rules. Undercover reporters were told by the 38-year-old doctor that banned performance enhancing drugs were prescribed by him to 150 elite sportsmen, including British Tour de France cyclists, an England cricketer, Premier League footballers, a British boxing champion, tennis players, and martial arts competitors. The reporters were told by the doctor that he had treated sportsmen from the United Kingdom and abroad over the past six years banned substances such as Erythropoietin (EPO), anabolic steroids , and human growth hormone. Bonar described the performance improvements were âphenomenalâ.
Bonar was secretly filmed by an undercover reporter at a private London clinic. The reporter pretended to be an athlete who was experiencing difficulties in recovering from training. In a video recording, Dr Bonar tells the ‘reporter athlete” that growth hormone and testosterone are very important for recovery and also in building strength. Bonar said obviously some of these treatments he use are banned on the professional circuit and added so you have to be mindful of that. Bonar added he had worked with lots of professional athletes who do use these treatments, but it is how you do it. The initial cost of the consultation between the “reporter athlete” and Dr Bonar was £780.
The athlete returned to the doctor after a period of two weeks and was told his blood tests were normal but Dr Bonar still suggested continuing taking banned substances. The doctor mentioned the levels of hematocrit in blood and talked about how they could be improved. Dr Bonar said the way that you would boost that potentially is to use Erythropoietin. Bonar also suggested that the “reporter” used DHEA and Injected growth hormone that are also banned in sport. The doctor also offered the reporter an injection of a slow-release testosterone at that point in time.
During the third meeting, another undercover reporter accompanied the first posing as his uncle and made it clear that the athlete was aiming to make it to the British Olympic squad. It was conceded by Dr Bonar that though the patient had no medical problems, the levels were âsuboptimalâ and justified the prescribing of banned substances to him. Dr Bonar said the truth of the matter is that drugs are in sport and what he does is that he prescribes responsibly and he tries to keep his patients the optimum level of normal.
Responding to the Sunday Times, an inquiry into the taxpayer-funded UK Anti-Doping (UKAD) watchdog was ordered by the British culture secretary John Whittingdale. The allegations were described by Whittingdale as âshocked and deeply concernedâ and he suggested that UKADâs chief executive Nicole Sapstead should resign.
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On Monday, the transcript from a recent Lance Armstrong testimony became public following the filing of court documents by the US Federal Government. This transcript revealed that Armstrong, the former seven-time Tour de France winner, alleged that his former teammate Frankie Andreu “doped for the majority of his career”.
Frankie Andreu was a domestique in his 12 years as a professional cyclist and was a worker bee whose primary job was to assist a top rider like Lance Armstrong win.
Frankie denied the allegation and said the testimony of the disgraced cyclist was “completely false”. Frankie admitted to a limited amount of doping during his career in 2006 and added he raced for the majority “completely clean”. Andreu remarked a lot of riders made bad choices in that time and he was one of them and added that he was taking Erythropoietin (EPO) off and on. Andreu also revealed he was introduced to performance enhancing drugs in 1995 and took EPO for âa few races.â
Frankie revealed his introduction to performance enhancing drugs came in 1995 when Armstrong and he were with the Motorola team. Frankie said some of the riders from the team felt that they were unable to compete with some European teams that had rapidly improved and were rumored to be using Erythropoietin. The top riders of Motorola asked their doctor, Massimo Testa, now a sports medicine specialist at the University of California at Davis, about the safety of EPO as more than a dozen young riders in Europe had died mysteriously of heart attacks. Dr. Testa gave literature about Erythropoietin to each rider in case any of them decided to use it on their own. Dr. Testa said he wanted riders to be educated and urged the riders not to take the drug.
Steve Swart, one of Armstrongâs teammates, has admitted using Erythropoietin while riding for Motorola. Swart discussed his time with the team in the book âL.A. Confidential: The Secrets of Lance Armstrong,â that was published in 2004, only in French. Roberto Heras of Spain, another former lieutenant of Armstrong, tested positive for EPO and served a suspension of two years. Pavel Padrnos, one of Lance Armstrong’s United States Postal Service teammates, was summoned to appear before an Italian tribunal and face accusations about taking illicit substances during the 2001 Giro. In 2004, Tour de France Tour director, Jean-Marie Leblanc ejected Stefano Casagranda of the Saeco team and Martin Hvastija of Alessio for suspected doping. The cyclists were associated with an Italian doctor, Enrico Lazzero, in an investigation of doping at the 2001 Giro d’Italia.
EPO is a synthetic hormone that boosts stamina by improving the bodyâs production of oxygen-rich red blood cells that can last several weeks or more.
Frankie and wife Betsy revealed to the world that they saw Lance Armstrong telling a doctor in October 1996 that he had taken performance enhancing drugs. This hospital admission came three months after the Atlanta Olympics and three years before his first Tour de France title and more than 16 years before Lance admitted to doping during his career.
The testimony of Lance Armstrong was part of a pretrial deposition in a US Federal Government whistleblower case brought forward by former teammate Floyd Landis. Armstrong faces the risk of losing up to $100 million.
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The doping control samples submitted by riders in the Tour de France will be stored for a period of ten years for the purpose of retrospective analysis. This announcement was made by the UCI, the Cycling Anti-Doping Foundation (CADF), and French Anti-Doping Agency (AFLD).
Cyclingâs governing body, the UCI, announced that all three bodies have agreed to keep the samples for potential retrospective analyses in the future. The statement read all the collected samples as for all Grand Tours concerning the best five riders in the general classification will be kept for ten years for potential retrospective analyses. In total, 656 doping controls were carried out at the Tour de France and 482 blood samples were analyzed against the biological passport .
In a press release, UCI president Brian Cookson said he would like to emphasize again the excellent climate in which all the stakeholders involved in the fight against doping are working together on a daily basis for the benefit of the sport.
Cookson, said we can be confident of the robustness of our program thanks to the sharing of information between all anti-doping actors and a strategy focused on even more targeted controls. Dr Francesco Rossi of the Cycling Anti-Doping Foundation remarked targeted controls have been strengthened by testers based on information offered by sources and the support of an intelligence analyst.
Katushaâs Luca Paolini was kicked off the Tour de France after he tested positive for cocaine. Paolini, who won Gent-Wevelgem earlier this year, tested positive after producing an adverse analytical finding of cocaine following a test taken after the cobbled stage 4 of the French Grand Tour. Paolini has been provisionally suspended by his team and is still awaiting the result of his B sample. In July this year, the UCI announced Paolini was informed of an Adverse Analytical Finding of Cocaine (Benzoylecgonine metabolite) in a sample collected in the scope of an in-competition control on 7 July 2015 during the Tour de France. Cocaine is banned in-competition, but not outside of competition. The 38-year-old faces a possible four-year ban if his B-sample analysis confirms the positive. Paolini has been claiming innocence but apologize for the damage he and the positive test had caused.
Paolini’s former teammate Giampaolo Caruso was suspended by the team after he tested positive via retrospective testing for Erythropoietin in 2012. Caruso returned a positive test for EPO in an out-of-competition anti-doping test taken on March 27, 2012. In a statement, Team Katusha had remarked it was informed by the UCI that Italian rider Giampaolo Caruso has been notified of an Adverse Analytical Finding. It was added that the presence of erythropoietin has been detected in a sample collected on 27th March 2012 the rider has been provisionally suspended in accordance with the UCI Regulations. This is the second anti-doping offense of Caruso as he tested positive for Nandrolone on January 25, 2003 and received a suspension of six months. The Italian rider was due to start the Vuelta a España behind team leader Joaquim Rodriguez but was suspended before.
| Lance Armstrong |
Who plays Christina Walters in the 2002 film ‘The Sweetest Thing’? | Nike to Sever Ties With Livestrong | News | PND
Home News Nike to Sever Ties With Livestrong
Nike to Sever Ties With Livestrong
May 30, 2013
The Livestrong Foundation , the cancer charity created by cyclist Lance Armstrong, has announced that athletic footwear and apparel company Nike is cutting its ties with the organization despite Armstrong's resignation as Livestrong board chair following accusations by the United States Anti-Doping Agency that the seven-time Tour de France winner had doped throughout his career.
Nike will stop making its Livestrong line of apparel after the 2013 holiday season, the Associated Press reports, although it will honor the financial terms of its contract until the deal expires in 2014. While Nike, the brand most closely associated with Armstrong, was the first major sponsor to announce it was ending its relationship with Armstrong last October, the company had pledged to continue to back "Livestrong initiatives." Since partnering with Livestrong in 2004, Nike has helped raise more than $100 million of the approximately $500 million raised by the charity in the decade and a half of its existence.
Kelly O'Keefe, professor of brand strategy at the Virginia Commonwealth University Brandcenter , told the AP that while Nike was slow to cut ties with Livestrong, the company "likely had no alternative," given how closely associated the Livestrong brand is with its founder. But Nike's decision may not be the end of the organization, according to Leslie Lenkowsky of Indiana University's School of Public and Environmental Affairs . Livestrong is in decent position to survive, Lenkowsky said, because it has a solid organizational structure and a distinct identity among cancer-fighting charities.
For its part, the charity said its finances were in good shape, with 2013 revenues totaling $16.4 million to date, compared with current year budgeted amounts of $16 million and prior year actual results of $17.1 million. "This news will prompt some to jump to negative conclusions about the foundation's future. We see things quite differently," said a statement on the Livestrong Web site. "We expected and planned for changes like this and are therefore in a good position to adjust swiftly and move forward with our patient-focused work. Because of our sound fiscal health, the foundation is well positioned to continue to grow our free services for cancer patients and survivors that improve quality of life and access to care."
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Thomas Derbyshire and Robert Harper are the real names of which British comedy duo? | Cannon and Ball - Everything2.com
Cannon and Ball
by Ashley Pomeroy
Thu Oct 11 2001 at 13:28:42
Tommy Cannon and Bobby Ball (real names: Thomas Derbyshire and Robert Harper) are a British comedy duo whose greatest fame was during the 19 70s (clubs) and the 19 80s (television). They were part of the last generation of comedians to emerge from constant live performance in working men's clubs ; with a few exceptions (such as Hale & Pace and, curiously in this company, Vic Reeves ), any new comedians who show promise on the live circuit tend to be quickly snapped up by television. After coming last in 1968 's season of Opportunity Knocks , the duo - who had been performing together since the early 1960s - slowly built up a following over the next decade before ITV found them.
Of the two Bobby Ball was short, and had a moustache and curly hair, and Yuppie -style braces which he would 'twang' whilst saying 'Rock on, Tommy!', his catchphrase. Tommy Cannon did not have much hair and always seemed miserable but otherwise had no comedic mannerisms.
As 'Cannon and Ball' - thus making them one of the few comedy double acts to be named after medieval military equipment - they were extremely popular in the 1980s, selling out the London Palladium several times and appearing in a top-rated ITV variety show from 1979 to 1988, filling a gap vacated by Morcambe and Wise , to whom they were often compared (unfavourably, most of the time; as with Keith Harris , Cannon and Ball were often held as one of the reasons for the success of alternative comedy ). There was even a film, 'The Boys in Blue', which received very bad reviews. ( Leslie Halliwell : "Village policemen catch art thieves. Horribly incompetent remake of 'Ask a Policeman' with a totally untalented star team.")
After a hyped, expensive and disastrous game show ('Cannon and Ball's Casino') and an equally short-lived sitcom called 'Plaza Patrol' (in which our heroes were security guards at a shopping centre), they vanished from television into the world of pantomime, where apparently they both discovered God and became born-again Christians . As with The Krankies , they are still there... lurking... waiting...
| Cannon and Ball |
Prudence, Justice, Temperance and Fortitude are the Four Cardinal ‘what’? | And there's more... The new alternative comedy | The Independent
Features
And there's more... The new alternative comedy
Politically incorrect humour was meant to have died in the 1980s. But sexist, racist jokes are alive and well on the Best of British Variety Tour. Jonathan Brown went along to hear the catchphrases that time forgot
Tuesday 26 August 2008 23:00 BST
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And there's more... The new alternative comedy
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An almost balmy night at the height of the summer season at Blackpool's Opera House and an excited sell-out crowd is standing to attention to the patriotic strains of God Save the Queen. Families with children, pensioners and people in wheelchairs are clutching their bulldog-emblazoned programmes and waving Union flags in happy anticipation of the evening's entertainment.
Standing before the red, white and blue of the national flag that fills the entire stage, 83-year-old Belfast-born comedian Frank Carson, veteran of The Comedians, Opportunity Knocks and The Good Old Days and still a stalwart of the live comedy circuit as far afield as Australia, prepares to put the audience through its paces, poking fun at a variety of targets that many of us haven't laughed at – in public at least – since the Ford Capri ruled the road.
Among his victims tonight will be gays, lesbians, and a selection of hapless foreigners including a linguistically challenged oriental gentleman whose inability to pronounce the word "comedian" gets one of the biggest laughs of the night. But Carson also brings his act up to date with a poke at the radical cleric Abu Hamza and women in burqas – a routine which sees him speaking to one veiled caller through the letterbox of his front door. "See how you like it?" he says.
It may be the best part of two decades since they were the highest paid stars in television, but the acts taking part in this summer's Best of British Variety Tour 2008, packing in audiences around the country, say that demand for their unchanging brand of entertainment has never been higher. As ticket sales at the Edinburgh Fringe, with its line-up of achingly hip modern comics, show a 10 per cent decline – the first in eight years, the decision to put the Variety tour together this year is already proving a smart one.
Featuring on the bill, and fresh from capacity shows in Southend-on-Sea and Skegness, are performers many in the Big Brother generation will never have heard of. Among them are some of the titans of 1970s and 1980s light entertainment, Cannon & Ball, Paul Daniels, Jimmy Cricket and The Krankies. Music is provided courtesy of 1976 Eurovision Song Contest winners Brotherhood of Man.
To prove there is a ready market out there for nostalgic sing-a-longs and retro-laughs they are about to set off on a gruelling month long tour of the rest of Britain. Many of the shows are already sold out.
Speaking before the show as long time partner and fellow former Oldham welder Bobby Ball struggles to park his Bentley in the Opera House car park, Tommy Cannon says he believes that the world is once again waking up to the old-style allure of traditional British comedy. "This tour has shown all people in TV – at least I hope it has – that this is what is lacking nowadays," he says. During their 13 years on prime-time television, Cannon & Ball commanded audiences of up to 18 million, the kind of ratings schedulers can only dream about today. Some might recall their 2005 appearance on I'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here! which – aside from cameos on Last of the Summer Wine – provided their most high-profile small screen exposure since that extraordinary run came to an end in 1991.
Cannon & Ball, real names Thomas Derbyshire and Robert Harper, are like many who fought their way up through the working men's clubs in the 1960s. They have little time for some modern mores and continue to find ready audiences, performing about 40 shows a year. "You should be able to make a joke about anybody without them taking offence. That's what's wrong with comedy now it has gone too politically correct," said 70-year-old Cannon. "But now you can eff and blind all you want," adds Ball, 61. "Everything starts at the beginning. It is like a circle – it all comes back again. Eventually someone comes along and they find these things in the archive and they say, 'this is all right, this'," Ball says.
The magician Paul Daniels says demand for his particular brand of conjuring and comedy remains high. "I have done more television in the past 12 months than when I was the BBC's 'brightest discovery'," he says. "I have done so much television it is not true. I don't think any of us has ever not been in work.
But there is that peculiar belief that if you are not on television you must be starving," he says.
"I suspect that today's breaking news that there are more people over the age of 80 than we have children hasn't filtered through to television executives who have come from media studies rather than actually doing something. When I say this, people say, 'he wants his show back on'. But I don't because it was damn hard work."
Later he makes a sideswipe at the cult of the reality show and its irrepressible appetite for cookery and property programmes, telling the audience: "People ask me why I'm not on telly any more. I tell them I can't do magic while I'm cooking or painting a house."
Daniels believes there is a deep vein of patriotism that runs through the British people that television ignores. "If they are not patriotic why the hell have we got the Olympics," he says, urging anyone interested in his views to log on to his blogsite. He also refuses to be cowed by political correctness: "If I don't do a joke about an Indian, a black fellow or a Chinaman it is racist to leave them out."
The Krankies, husband and wife Ian and Janette Tough, have been coming to Blackpool since the 1960s. In their heyday they could pack out the theatre twice a night. The couple met at the Glasgow Pavilion Theatre at the age of 17 and as inheritors of the Jimmy Clitheroe tradition, have been touring their act for the past 43 years. They had their own television show for 12 years, appearing on Crackerjack in the early 1980s, a time when playgrounds and workplaces up and down the land reverberated to the cry of Janette's "fandabidozi" catchphrase.
But they admit times have changed and variety performers appearing in often dilapidated theatres have struggled to meet the challenge of more modern forms of entertainment.
"We are the last of the line of the Vaudeville performers," said Ian Tough. "There has been no variety on television for the past 10 years, it has just been reality. What is sad is that people have never seen a juggler or a balancing act. They have never heard the street comic, they might have heard the university comic, but not the comic who learnt his act on the street. Comedy became the new rock'n'roll and kids decided they didn't want to laugh at what their mums and dads were laughing at," he added.
Janette, now 61, concedes that four decades spent impersonating a "wee boy" might not be to everyone's taste, especially as she has got her own bus pass, something she produces proudly on stage, but believes there are benefits for performers still out there. "Audiences have got easier than they were in the Seventies or Eighties. There was so much competition then. But everyone has not got the same taste and people have the right to like what they like," she says, admitting that television programmes such as Britain's Got Talent have delivered a boost to the industry.
The couple have cut down their regular cruise line shows and now spend four months of the year in Australia recovering from each pantomime season, enjoying the golf and the ocean. But they don't anticipate hanging around indefinitely. "When the public don't want you, the worst thing you can do is hang on. It is important to get out gracefully," says Ian.
For Brotherhood of Man, it has been 32 years since the group's Eurovision triumph in The Hague with "Save Your Kisses For Me" but the moment remains indelibly etched in the memory of anyone over the age of 40. "It is very rare for anyone to get to win a gold medal for their country. Athletes do it but singers don't often so it is a great honour to be doing this best of British," says singer Martin Lee.
As the UK's answer to Abba, the foursome notched up 26 platinum, gold and silver discs during their career worldwide. Today, with the same line-up and still singing the same songs, they continue to perform full time and count all the other members of the tour as personal friends. "We have known everyone from the beginning. We all came up the same way," says brunette female vocalist Nicky Stevens. "We are working all year round but when people find out I am with Brotherhood of Man they say, 'whatever happened to them?'" she says. But they have never gone away. As well as regular live shows with fellow Eurovision winners Bucks Fizz, they also perform a popular musical review of the events of the 1970s.
"Everybody ends up in our dressing room after the show. It is like the Green Room. We have so much fun," says Lee. "If someone had said to us when we wrote 'Save Your Kisses For Me' that people would still be singing it in 32 years' time I would have been very happy with that. Fans bring their kids along and I can remember when they were 10 years old with their mums and dads. It is a bit frightening."
By the end of the three-hour show the audience are once again on their feet, this time applauding headliners Cannon & Ball's strangely moving version of "The Wind Beneath My Wings", a show-closing number added after the pair, now both born-again Christians, reconciled following years of personal antipathy. But there is just time for one last rousing chorus of Rule, Britannia! before the audience spill out into the Blackpool night, with many left wondering why it is they never see their heroes on the box any more.
You've got to be joking...
Doctor: "Mr Krankie, your little boy's willy has fallen off. And I think he's going through the menopause."
Krankies: "What do you find in Ancient Greece? Ancient chips."
**************
Jimmy Cricket: "Come here. I rang up the optician. He's no good. He couldn't see me. He said have your eyes ever been checked? I said no, they've always been this colour."
**************
Frank Carson: "I went into a toilet and there was a sign saying: "beware of homosexuals." When I came out there was another one saying the same thing. Then I saw a sign attached to the skirting board. I bent down to read it. It said: "You've been warned twice."
***************
Cannon: "I've got a beautiful house a beautiful swimming pool, all in its own grounds.
Ball: I've got my own beautiful house, all in its own grounds with two swimming pools – one with water, and one without water."
Cannon: What's the one without water for?
Ball: Me friends that can't swim."
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Who was named BBC’s Sports Personality of the Year in 2001? | BBC Sport - Sports Personality of the Year - David Beckham receives Lifetime Achievement award
David Beckham receives Lifetime Achievement award
Beckham wins lifetime achievement award
Former England captain David Beckham has received the BBC Sports Personality Lifetime Achievement award.
The 35-year-old midfielder is England's most capped outfield player and won six Premier League titles and the Champions League crown with Manchester United.
He won the Spanish league with Real Madrid after a £25m move from United before joining Los Angeles Galaxy and also spent two loan spells at AC Milan.
In 2001 Beckham was named BBC Sports Personality of the Year.
"I'm humbled to receive an award for something I love doing and continue to love doing, [I am] very humbled," said a tearful Beckham, who accepted the award from Sir Bobby Charlton.
"To receive it from Sir Bobby, who was there when I first started, [I am] truly honoured," he added.
"Football's a team game. Without the teams and players' support I've had over the years, players like Ryan [Giggs] and the other greats, I wouldn't be here without the support and skill of them.
"Playing for England is one of the biggest things of my career, and I've always been able to play for some of the best coaches throughout my career.
"I have to thank so many people - my parents, who sacrificed so much, who always have done and always will do, my family and friends, of course my wife and children. Not only has she [Victoria] given me three amazing boys but the support she has given me, inspiration every day."
"David's record on and off the pitch has been remarkable," BBC Sports Personality of the Year editor Carl Doran said.
Archive - Beckham's redemption in 2002
"It's a fitting reward for an outstanding career as a player and for his tireless work as an ambassador for British sport. He has also been a tremendous role model."
Nine years ago Beckham won the main award, voted for by the public, after an outstanding display for England against Greece in which his late free-kick earned the national side a place in the 2002 World Cup finals.
His England career began in September 1996 against Moldova with his latest, and 115th, cap coming against Belarus in October 2009. He also captained England 59 times in that period.
Having appeared and scored in the previous three World Cups, Beckham was expected to be selected for the tournament in South Africa in 2010.
But the player, who hails from east London, tore his Achilles tendon while on loan from LA Galaxy at AC Milan in March, and was ruled out of what would have been his fourth World Cup.
BBC LIFETIME AWARD WINNERS
| David Beckham |
Which British monarch was the last Emperor of India? | Ryan Giggs named BBC Sports Personality of the Year - Wikinews, the free news source
Ryan Giggs named BBC Sports Personality of the Year
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Welsh footballer Ryan Giggs was named as the 2009 BBC Sports Personality of the Year in a ceremony Sunday night. The 36-year-old Manchester United and Welsh international player has won a record eleven Premier League titles in his career, and made over 800 appearances for his club.
Giggs holding the Premier League trophy in 2008
The award is given in December each year to a British sportsman or woman, and is voted for by the public. Giggs is only the fifth footballer to win since the award started in 1954, the most recent being David Beckham in 2001.
Formula One driver Jenson Button was runner-up, and heptathlon champion Jessica Ennis came in third.
Giggs said that winning came as a shock. "I grew up watching this programme. To see the people that have won it and to be here is unbelievable," he said in his acceptance speech.
"I am playing for the greatest manager that has ever lived and I'm playing for the greatest club," Giggs said. "Perhaps I've become more appreciated as I have got older. It's unusual for a 36-year-old to be playing with a team like Manchester United for 20 years but I am enjoying it and long may it continue."
Through his career United is the only club Giggs has played at. This year he made his 800th appearance and scored his 150th goal, and in April he also won the PFA Player Of The Year award.
Seve Ballesteros won the event's Lifetime Achievement award. The Spanish golfer, who is suffering from a brain tumour, was unable to attend the event, but received a standing ovation. His award was presented at his home in Padrena by fellow golfer José María Olazábal.
"It's a pity I'm not there. I'm very sorry, I know I'm missing a good show, thank you very much to everyone," Ballasteros said.
15-year-old diver Tom Daley won Young Sports Personality of the Year for the second time, as well as being one of the ten contenders for the main award. "It's been a good year for me and I would just like to thank everyone who has helped me," Daley said.
Comedian Eddie Izzard received a special award for his contributions to the charity event Sport Relief. Earlier this year he completed 43 marathons across the United Kingdom in 51 days, running a total of 1,100 miles. Izzard said that he decided on the challenge as "a health idea". He trained for only five weeks before setting out.
"Everything was painful. People asked me if I enjoyed the running, but I enjoyed the stopping! I staggered, I ran and I crawled," he admitted when accepting the award. His efforts netted over £200,000 for charity.
The awards were presented at the Sheffield Arena, in front of 11,000 people.
Full list of awards
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Tess Coleman, Jake and Pei Pei are all characters in which 2003 Disney film? | Freaky Friday (2003) DVD Review
Freaky Friday (2003) DVD Review
Freaky Friday
Theatrical Release: August 1, 2003 / Running Time: 97 Minutes / Rating: PG
Director: Mark Waters
Cast: Jamie Lee Curtis (Tess Coleman), Lindsay Lohan (Anna Coleman), Mark Harmon (Ryan), Harold Gould (Grandpa), Chad Michael Murray (Jake), Stephen Tobolowsky (Mr. Bates), Ryan Malgarini (Harry Coleman), Christina Vidal (Maddie), Haley Hudson (Peg), Rosalind Chao (Pei-Pei), Lucille Soong (Pei-Pei's Mom), Willie Garson (Evan), Dina Waters (Dottie Robertson)
In recent years, Disney has remade some popular films with mixed results. The '90s saw remakes of The Absent-Minded Professor and The Parent Trap, plus new spins on other studio films Angels in the Outfield and Mighty Joe Young. Disney's 1977 comedy Freaky Friday ( coming to DVD in June ) isn't as popular or as old as those other films, but nonetheless, the decision to remake the film did not seem like a bad idea.
Having already tackled duplicating Hayley Mills (in her finest dual role, no less), Lindsay Lohan was quickly in place to play the role of the daughter who switches bodies with her mother, a role performed by a young Jodie Foster in the original film. The rest of the casting was less firm. With Foster declining to play the role of the mother this time, Annette Bening was hired. In a touch of Disney synergy, Kelly Osbourne of "The Osbournes" was slated to play Lohan's best friend. Tom Selleck was to play the husband-to-be.
Nonetheless, when filming started in the fall of 2002, all three were gone. In their place were Jamie Lee Curtis as the mother, Christina Vidal (the young star of Life with Mikey) as the best friend, and Mark Harmon as fiance Ryan. When the film was released less than a year later, Curtis won rave reviews, and later was nominated for a Golden Globe Best Actress award.
Curtis does deserve praise, as she both successfully brings her middle-aged character Tess Coleman to life and takes what could be a cartoonish body-switch gag and makes it convincing. Curtis almost calls to mind Tom Hanks' brilliant performance in the 1988 body-switching comedy Big. It's rare for such a substantial middle-aged adult performance to turn up in a live action Disney film. Certainly, Richard Farnsworth's leading role in The Straight Story was excellent, but that was neither middle-aged nor standard Disney family fare. The closest that comes to mind in recent history is Bruce Willis' able performance in The Kid, though even that could have undoubtedly used some refinement.
But enough with the critical analysis, what's this movie about, you ask? Well, it's a pretty original concept, assuming you didn't see the original Freaky Friday, the 1995 TV remake, or Vice Versa or Like Father, Like Son. Nonetheless, like all those films, this Freaky Friday has a distinct appeal on premise alone. Anna Coleman (Lohan) is a 15-year-old high school student who appreciates sleeping in late, fashionable dressing, and punk rock. Her mother, Tess Coleman (Curtis), is a hard-working psychologist and writer, who gets by with a collection of portable electronic communication devices.
While Tess is excited about her new book and her new wedding to Ryan (Harmon), Tess is more excited about her garage band, The Pink Slips, and an opportunity to rehearse in front of a real crowd. Of course, this opporunity conflicts with her mother's wedding rehearsal dinner, making just another topic for mother and daughter to argue over. This can be added to a list which includes wakeup time, sibling privacy, and body piercings. When dining at a Chinese restaurant, the Coleman family gets a shakeup, when some "strange Asian voodoo" works through a fortune cookie. The next morning, Anna and Tess have switched bodies.
Now on this freaky Friday, mother and daughter will have to see what it's like to be daughter and mother. While the obvious physical humor ensues, so does some genuine perspective-shifting and a bit of witty interplay arising from the situations.
For a film which so clearly telegraphs its message and attempts to 'hiply' speak to today's world, Freaky Friday works surprisingly well. That's not to say it's a great film, but rather it nearly overcomes these rather intimidating guidelines it sets up for itself and actually remains somewhat fresh and likable. By trying to create modern situations and characters, Freaky Friday not only puts it at odds with a cynical world, but sets it up to feel very dated in the near-future. For the time being, though, viewers will find it entertaining and brisk.
Lindsay Lohan is clearly overmatched by Jamie Lee Curtis, and though younger male audiences will be enamored with her looks, there are some bright moments in her acting that enable the film to work, or nearly work. While the romantic element and love triangle don't exactly work, the larger, more obvious theme of switching places and understanding one another manages to engage and nearly refrain from being heavy-handed.
Last thing worth mentioning is to look for the cameo by Mark McClure, who played Jodie Foster's love interest in the original Freaky Friday. This time around, his character's name is still Boris, but he's a delivery man.
DVD Details
| Freaky Friday |
The seaport of Dar-es Salaam is in which African country? | Freaky Friday | Variety
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July 20, 2003 | 06:57PM PT
One of the more pleasant surprises of a summer movie season littered with lumbering disappointments, "Freaky Friday" is a fleet and funny comedy with more than enough cross-generational appeal to draw auds far beyond target demo of teen and tweener females.
A correction was made to this review on July 21, 2003.
One of the more pleasant surprises of a summer movie season littered with lumbering disappointments, “Freaky Friday” is a fleet and funny comedy with more than enough cross-generational appeal to draw auds far beyond target demo of teen and tweener females. Indeed, there’s definite “Princess Diaries”-style sleeper potential in this genuinely clever switched-identities romp. Expect a leggy theatrical run, followed by brisk vid biz.
Pic actually is third Disney film of the popular 1972 novel by Mary Rodgers. First version, a broad 1977 farce, paired Barbara Harris and Jodie Foster as single mom and adolescent daughter who magically swap personalities. (Comedy was a B.O. under-achiever in its time, but subsequently developed a large, loyal following.) Shelley Long and Gaby Hoffman assumed lead roles in the 1995 made-for-TV recycling.
In this new and largely improved configuration, Jamie Lee Curtis shines as single mom Tess Coleman, a stressed-for-success psychotherapist, and up-and-comer Lindsay Lohan (who also top-lined Disney’s 1998 “The Parent Trap” retread) is appealing as Anna, Tess’ 15-year-old daughter. Each thesp is adept at evoking the other’s body language and speech patterns after the switcheroo takes place. But Curtis bounds beyond mimicry and gimmickry: She’s nothing short of dazzling as she enjoys one of her relatively rare opportunities to showcase her splendid comic timing and graceful physicality.
Early scenes are a tad too over-emphatic — almost strident, really — as helmer Mark Waters errs on the side of obviousness while setting up familiar premise. Anna is a spirited, self-absorbed adolescent who repeatedly clashes with her bratty younger brother, Harry (Ryan Malgarini), and chafes against disciplinary restraints imposed by her totally uncool and control-freakish mom. Tess is a well-meaning but work-obsessed widow who doesn’t approve of Anna’s fashionably grungy attire, and usually takes Harry’s side when the boy claims his sister is picking on him
The mother-daughter squabbles escalate into a public shouting match in a Chinese restaurant two days before Tess’ marriage to the blandly affable Ryan (Mark Harmon). An aged waitress (Lucille Soong) with a recipe for magic decides to intervene by offering Anna and Tess some enchanted fortune cookies. The next morning — a Friday morning, of course — the spell is cast: Anna finds herself trapped in her mother’s fortysomething body (“I’m old! I look like The Crypt Keeper!”) while Tess is transported into her daughter’s more nubile carcass.
Once he completes his expository duties, Waters lightens his touch to allow for a freer, friskier sort of comedic interplay. Curtis — who hasn’t been this enjoyably antic on screen since “True Lies” — plays for big laughs as Anna-as-Tess uses her mom’s credit cards to finance a more becomingly cool fashion and hairstyle makeover. Better still, she strikes the perfect balance of lovestruck bliss and anxious discomfort in scenes with Chad Michael Murray as Jake, a hunky high-schooler who’s attracted to Anna. As Jake finds himself, much to his perplexity, equally attracted to Anna’s “mother,” Murray offers a textbook example of how to grab attention while engagingly underplaying in a thinly written supporting part.
Lohan does a fine job of conveying Tess’ buttoned-down, chronically disapproving demeanor inside Anna’s form. She’s especially effective as she faces down a tyrannical teacher (Stephen Tobolowsky) with a hidden agenda, and reflexively turns motherly while Tess-as-Anna hangs out with Anna’s classmates. Climactic scenes — a rock concert where Anna’s garage band auditions for a gig and a wedding rehearsal where Tess tearfully reconciles with her daughter — are predicable but amusingly well-played.
“Freaky Friday” comes complete with maxims about seeing life through someone else’s eyes, bridging the generation gap, appreciating the pressures brought to bear on loved ones, and blah blah, blah. To their credit, screenwriters Heather Hach and Leslie Dixon sugar-coat the bite-sized life lessons with humor and verve.
A strong supporting cast — including Mark Harmon, whose character reveals surprising depth and decency in a key scene, and Harold Gould as a sprightly grandfather — also helps the medicine go down.
Pic is a reasonably slick tech package, and sports a tune-filled soundtrack that will generate CD sales. A nice touch: To underscore the cross-generational aspects of the plot, score employs two different versions of “Happy Together” (i.e., original Top Ten single by The Turtles and newly recorded cover by Simple Plan).
It’s worth noting, by the way, that director Waters originally attracted attention with “The House of Yes” (1997), an edgy, Sundance-friendly indie. So what’s next from Disney? A new version of “The Love Bug” directed by Larry Clark? Or perhaps a “Candleshoe” remake helmed by Todd Solondz? Consider the possibilities.
Freaky Friday
Production
A Buena Vista release of a Walt Disney Pictures presentation of a GUNNFilms production. Produced by Andrew Gunn. Executive producer, Mario Iscovich. Co-producer, Ann Marie Sanderlin. Directed by Mark Waters. Screenplay, Heather Hach, Leslie Dixon, based on the novel by Mary Rodgers.
Crew
Camera (Technicolor), Oliver Wood; editor, Bruce Green; music, Rolfe Kent; music supervisor, Lisa Brown; production designer, Cary White; art director, Maria Baker; set decorator, Barbara Haberecht; costume designer, Genevieve Tyrrell; sound (Dolby Digital/DTS/SDDS), Paul Ledford; assistant director, Benjamin Rosenberg; casting, Marci Liroff. Reviewed at Edwards Grand Palace Stadium 24, Houston, July 18, 2003. MPAA Rating: PG. Running time: 96 MIN.
With
Tess Coleman - Jamie Lee Curtis Anna Coleman - Lindsay Lohan Ryan - Mark Harmon Grandpa - Harold Gould Jake - Chad Michael Murray Mr. Bates - Stephen Tobolowsky Maddie - Christina Vidal Harry Coleman - Ryan Malgarini Pei-Pei - Rosalind Chao Pei-Pei's Mom - Lucille Soong Evan - Willie Garson Dottie Robertson - Dina Waters Stacey Hinkhouse - Julie Gonzalo Detention Monitor - Lu Elrod
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The bouzouki is the traditional musical instrument of which European country? | bouzouki | Greek musical instrument | Britannica.com
Greek musical instrument
gittern
Bouzouki, also spelled buzuki , long-necked plucked lute of Greece . Resembling a mandolin , the bouzouki has a round wooden body, with metal strings arranged in three or four double courses over a fretted fingerboard. The musician plucks the strings over the soundhole with a plectrum held in the right hand, while pressing on the strings on the fingerboard with the fingers of the left hand.
Musician playing a bouzouki.
Courtesy of Panagis Noussias
Derived from the Turkish bozuk and closely related to the Turkish saz and the Asian tanbur , the bouzouki was traditionally used for dancing and entertainment at social gatherings. It became a featured instrument in rebetika, a type of improvised early 20th-century music associated with the Greek underworld. Since gaining a wider audience, the bouzouki has become the major popular-music instrument of Greece. It is also played in a variety of musical genres throughout the world, including jazz , bluegrass , rock , and folk music .
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ṭanbūr
long-necked fretted lute played under various names from the Balkans to northwestern Asia. Resembling the long lutes of ancient Egypt and Babylon as well as the ancient Greek pandoura, it has a deep pear-shaped body, some 1 to 4 dozen adjustable frets, and 2 to 10 metal strings that are typically...
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Date Published: August 08, 2007
URL: https://www.britannica.com/art/bouzouki
Access Date: January 17, 2017
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In the game of snooker, which colour ball should be pocketed after all the reds? | Greek Instruments ~ Greek Folk Music and Dance ~ John Pappas ~ Ioannis Pappayiorgas ~ Greek Dance Greek Music Klarino Bouzouki Greek Instruments Greek Clarinet
Lyra Pontos
Pontian Lyra from Thessaloniki, 1970.
The LYRA of the Greeks of Pontos (Black Sea region of Asia Minor) is also known as the Kementse. It is played like a violin (violi) with a primitive style bow, but the musicians hold the lyra in an upright position. Sometimes they rest the instrument on their knee when they are sitting, and sometimes it is held out in front of them. They sometimes even dance in front of the dancers while holding the lyra in that way. The lyra usually has three strings. There are several tunings. Common tunings include: a-a-d, e-a-d, and many others. Since the instrument was often played alone, the tuning was often done according to the preference of the musician and his voice's range. Sometimes percussion instruments like a defi or daouli might be played to accompany the lyra. The musicians usually play two or all three strings at the same time, utilizing the open string(s) as a sort of drone to the melody. Sometimes they play the melody on two strings at once, giving a primitive harmony in fourths. They tend to play with many trills and embellishments, and with the unusual harmonies, the Pontian music has a very unique sound.
Lyra Crete
Cretan Lyra by M. Stagakis, 1981.
Carved Swallow; Back of Cretan Lyra by M. Stagakis, 1981.
The Cretan lyra is the most popular melody instrument on the island of Crete (Kriti). It is a bowed instrument similar to the violin (violi), and it usually has three strings which are tuned in fifths. The lyra players play the lyra in an upright position. They sometimes rest it on the kneee, or, if they are standing, they will put one foot up on a chair and rest the lyra on the thigh. They have an unusual way of fingering the strings. Instead of pressing the strings with the finger tips (like violinists or guitarists do), they press against the sides of the strings with the tops of their finger nails. Sometimes the lyra players play unaccompanied, and it was not uncommon for the bow to have small bells attached to lend a rhythmic accompaniment to the melodies as the lyratzis played his lyra. The most common instrument used to accompany the lyra is the Cretan laouto, which is typically larger than the mainland laouto and tuned lower. The Cretan laouto players often play melodies with the lyra rather then just chords and rhythm. Sometimes two laoutos accompany the lyra, with one playing melody and the other playing rhythm and chords.
Outi
Outi.
The outi (ud) is a stringed, lute type instrument that is used throughout the Arabic world. It originated with the Arabs. The Greek outi has mainly been used by the Greeks from Thrace and Asia Minor, which is now part of Turkey. When the Greek population was forcibly moved from their homelands in Asia Minor such as Smyrni (Izmir), Konstantinoupoli (Istanbul), and Kappadokia, musicians brought these instruments into mainland Greece. It is very popular in the music of Smyrna and the Poli, and is often played along with a violi (violin), a kanoni, and a hand drum like the toumbeleki. Sometimes it is played along with a klarino and a santouri also.
Baglamas
Baglamas; Peiraieus, circa 1950. Made by Kyriakos Lazaridis, once owned by Papaioannou.
The baglamas was often favored in the early part of the 20th century as a solo instrument for men in jail or for a small group of "rebetes" to play for singing and dancing. It is a smaller version of the bouzouki and is tuned re, la, re (D, A, D), but an octave higher than the bouzouki's tuning.
The baglamas can be used as a melody instrument and can be easily made from wood or other material for the back (including tortoise shells, gourds, or carved solid wood).
A saying that the old "rebetes" used to quote was: "Eho to baglamadaki, kato ap' to sakaki." "I have my baglamadaki under my coat." This refers to the fact that they would carry the small instrument tucked into the back of their belt, under the back of their coat tail so that it did not show. If they found the occasion to play for their own expression, or for some friends, they could take the baglama out. However, if the situation was not appropriate for a good "kefi" (mood), they could keep it out of sight.
It also has been used as a chord and rhythm instrument in small "bouzouki" bands. In this role, it is often played with a simple, driving rhythm giving a high pitched, insistent beat to back up the lead bouzouki. It thus rounds out the sound of the bouzouki band.
Tzouras
New Tzouras.
The tzouras is a long necked string instrument which is in the bouzouki family of instruments. The tzouras is also called a tambouras, and is similar to the ancient and Byzantine forms of the long necked stringed instruments. The body of the tzouras is smaller than that of a bouzouki.
In the past, the body of the tzouras was carved from a solid piece of wood, often mulberry wood, and they are still made this way today, although the body of the instrument is often made of separate staves (called "douyies" in Greek) just as the bouzouki is made.
Like the bouzouki and the baglamas, the tzouras (tambouras) was a favorite instrument of the rebetes in rebetiko music. For several years it was not as popular, but it has had a renaissance in the past few years. Almost all bouzouki luthiers now are making tzourades, and it is a very popular instrument today.
It is tuned exactly like the bouzouki, with three pairs of strings tuned D, A, D. It has a twangier sound than a bouzouki, but the style of playing is like old style bouzouki and lagouto playing, in that the musician periodically picks all the strings as a sort of drone as he plays the melody on the higher D string. Another similar instrument popular in Crete today is the boulgari, which is in the same tambouras family of instruments. It is played and tuned in the same way as the tzouras. And like the old lagouto and bouzouki/tambouras style of playing, old timers often used an eagle feather as a pick.
Finally, the tzouras and the baglamas make a great pair of instruments for old traditional rebetika songs.
Bouzouki
Bouzouki by Zozef, created for Papaioannou ca. 1940.
The bouzouki is the main or lead folk instrument found in the taverna style or rebetiki music of the seaports and urban areas of Greece. The bouzouki is the descendent of ancient Greek and eastern instruments. In ancient times the name of this long-necked string instrument was the "trichordo" or "three stringed instrument." During the Byzantine period, it had many names including "tambouras," "yiongari," "pantouri," and others. It has three pairs of strings tuned re, la, re (D, A, D). In the 1950's, a bouzouki with four pairs of strings tuned to the intervals of the high four strings of the guitar was developed. It is tuned down one key from the guitar's tuning to (C, F, A, D).
The make up of the typical bouzouki musical group has varied and changed over the years and has included many types of instrument groupings. A very common musical group might be one or two bouzoukia, a baglamas, and a kithara (guitar). Sometimes a violin, or an accordion, a piano, or other instruments would be played as well. Similar instruments that are played like the bouzouki in this style of music are the tzouras (long necked, like the bouzouki, but with a smaller body), and the baglamas (a very small bouzouki).
Santouri
Santouri by A. Garavelis; Athens, 1981.
The Santouri is a type of hammered dulcimer. It probably evolved from harp-like instruments such as the lyra of the ancient Greeks. It is a form of the psalterion of Byzantine times, and some ethnomusicologists attribute the name, santouri, to the word psalterion. It is played with two "hammer-like" sticks whose ends are wrapped in cotten. These hammers are similar in function to the small hammers which strike the strings of a piano. The piano probably evolved from these early hammered dulcimer type instruments. The santouri tuning tends to be chromatic, and this works will with the Greek modes. Another tuning used is the "tsimbalon" tuning which was popularized in Hungarian and Romanian hammered dulcimers. The Santouri is popular with both the mainland "koumbania" which might include klarino, violi, lavouto and santouri, and the island folk group which might include a violi, lavouto, and santouri. The percussive sound of the Santouri lends a strong, rhythmic element to the group, but it also plays the melodies and chordal accompaniments.
Lavouto
Lavouto by Kopeliadis, ca. 1930.
The lavouto (laouto, lagouto) is a stringed instrument in the lute family. It is related to the Arabic ud or the Greek outi, as well as to the European lutes. In Greek folk music, it is the largest plucked string instrument, followed by the tambouras/bouzouki, the tzouras, and the baglamas, from largest to smallest.
This instrument has 4 courses of strings, or four double strings. It is tuned (from lowest to highest strings) C, G, D, A. The lower three pairs of strings consist of one wound, heavy metal string, and one unwound string. The highest strings, the A, consists of a pair of unwound strings of the same diameter.
There are three sizes of lavouta. The largest is found on the island of Crete, and it is often tuned lower than the tuning found in other parts of Greece. The medium size is the most common and is found all over Greece. There is also a slightly smaller size which is not as common. It is very good for playing melody along with the lead melody instruments.
The lavouto is used in most regions of Greece, including the mainland and the islands. It can be used as a melody instrument or as a chord, rhythm instrument to accompany a melody instrument such as the klarino or violi. Sometimes the lavouto players will strum the rhythm by striking all of the strings while playing the melody on the higher strings. This gives a melody, as well as a drone harmony and a dance rhythm. Today, in the folk music of mainland Greece, most lavouto players play chords and rhythm, while on the island of Crete, the lavouto players play melodies as they accompany the lead instrument, the lyra.
Wind Instruments (Aerophones)
Floyera made by John in Kyparissia.
Tzamara Metsovon.
The floyera is the Greek shepherd's flute. It is not a "whistle" type flute where the musician puts the flute into his mouth and blows like blowing a whistle. Instead, the musican blows across the open end or rim of the upper part of the floyera. In most areas of mainland Greece including Roumeli and Peloponnisos, the instrument is called the floyera.
It can vary in length, but commonly the flolyera is about 12 inches long, more or less. In northern Greece they also have longer floyeres. In Epiros, northwestern Greece, these longer flutes are called tzamara. In Greek Thrace, northeastern Greece, they are sometimes called gavali (similar to the Bulgarian kaval). These longer flutes are usually around thirty (30) inches or so in length. The longer tzamara or gavali flutes have a different fingering and allow for playing half tones more easily that on the shorter floyera.
Shepherds often play these, as they are fairly easily made by the musician himself. They can be made from bamboo, or from a straight branch from a tree which has a pithy center that can be poked out easily. Sometimes, the shepherds would make the floyera from the bone of a large bird's wing (like the eagle's wing bone). These floyeres were said to have magical properties. The finger holes, usually six (6) on the top and one (on the bottom), but sometimes seven (7) on the top, could be burned into the bamboo or wood or bone body of the floyera. A piece of wire or metal the proper diameter would be heated to red hot in a fire and then the finger hole would be burned through. Sometimes, pieces of metal pipe would be used, and the shepherd would have a metal worker drill the finger holes to his satisfaction. I have even made floyeres myself from pvc or plastic pipe, and they play quite well.
If you are interested in purchasing a handmade floyera or tzamara, please visit my "For Sale" page .
Karamoudza
Karamoudzes.
Before the klarino arrived in Greece (approximately 1830), the main instruments in the mainland of Greece were the double reed Karamoudzes and the Daouli drums. Variations of these instruments could be found in most regions from the north all the way to the south, and even on some of the islands.
The Karamoudza is similar to the ancient Greek Avlos, which was also a double reed instrument. Drawings from ancient Greek vases show that musicians usually used some sort of a "lip guard" which helped them keep their lips from losing air as they played. Today, karamoudza players use the "kareli" or small wooden disk for the same purpose. Other names for the Karamoudza include: pipiza, zournadi, and zournas. They range in size from the small, approximately 5 or 6 inch zournadi to the large approximately 20 inch long zournas common in Greek Makedonia. In Peloponnisos and Roumeli, the pipizes or karamoudzes are usually about 12 inches long.
Very old "flutes": Bone avloi (or auloi). Avloi were double-piped reed instruments played in ancient times.
An ancient statue featuring an avlos player. Avlos players would play to help athletes keep time while competing in the halma (or "long jump") event in the ancient panhellenic games.
Thiambioli Crete
A Cretan Thiambioli.
The thiambioli is a very primitive clarinet type instrument. It is a single reed wind instrument played by shepherds, especially in Crete (Kriti). It is made from a piece of cane (like bamboo). One end is left closed, where the joint would be, and then a slice is made so that a thin "reed" is formed which can vibrate when that end is blown. (One can see how similar this is to the reed which is attached to a mouthpiece on a clarinet.) Then some holes are cut or burned into the instrument as finger holes. The bottom end is open. The thiambioli would seem to be a forerunner of the bagpipes and the early clarinets like the chalumeau.
Tsabouna Crete
A Cretan Tsabouna.
The tsabouna is the same as the bagpipe tsabouna from the Greek islands (see below), and similar to the Pontian bagpipe, askavlos. Sometimes the bagpipe type instrument is called askomantoura. However, sometimes the part that the player plays with his fingers is not attached to a bag, as is the case with this example. This "chanter" can be placed directly in the mouth and blown this way. Sometimes there is a bulbous mouthpiece place between the reed part. It acts as a sort of air reservoir. We can see that the reeds are made the same as the reed of the thiambioli, but the cylinder with the finger holes is made separately and can be much more sophisticated than the thiambioli. In fact, the reeds for the mainland gaida (bagpipe) are made in the same way.
Tsabouna Kythnos
Tsabouna from Kythnos; circa 1976.
The Tsabouna is a type of bagpipe which is very popular on many of the Greek islands. It differs from the mainland bagpipe (or gaida) in that it does not have a separate, low-toned drone pipe. Instead, the Tsabouna has double pipes that are fingered at the same time. In other words, the musician plays two pipes at the same time. On some islands one of the pipes has 5 holes, while the other one has only two. This gives a simple "moving drone" sound. On this bagpipe from Kythnos, both pipes have the same number of holes, and the result is a melody which is played in unison on two pipes at the same time. The interesting thing is that the two pipes are usually somewhat out of tune with one another, and this gives a very interesting sound. The Tsabouna on Kythnos is usually played by shepherds and it is accompanied by the small drum, the toumbi. Sometimes a laouto will play a simple open chord, rhythmic accompaniment to the Tsabouna.
Gaida Kavala
Gaida from Kavala; circa 1975.
John plays a Thracian gaida at San Joaquin Delta College's 1977 campus dedication event. The Delta Hellenic Dancers perform to the music.
The Greek gaida is similar to other bagpipes found in Balkan countries. According to Anthony Baines, the bagpipe has been used by the Greeks since ancient times. The gaida has a single chanter pipe and one drone pipe. The reeds are single (like a clarinet reed). Gaides like this one can be found today mostly in northern Greece, including Greek Macedonia and Thrace. At one time it was found even in southern Greece. According to my grandmother, Kaliopi Petimeza Pappayiorga, she remembers the gaida when she was young (circa 1890's) in Arkadia (Peloponnisos). She pronounced the name as "gazhda." The gaida can be played unaccompanied, but percussion instruments are played when another musician is available. The favorite accompaniment for the gaida varies. In Greek Macedonia the daouli or toumbano (large drum) accompanies the gaida. In Greek Thrace, the defi or daires (small hand drum like a tambourine) accompanies the gaida.
Klarino
Five Albert System klarina: Keys of G, A, B flat, C, E flat.
Klarino is what the Greeks call the Greek clarinet, and it is the most popular lead melody instrument in the mainland regions of Greece. It is an Albert (or simple) system clarinet which is an older, more primitive version of the clarinet now common in classical and popular music in most of Europe and America. The Albert system klarino has fewer keys and has a different tone than the modern clarinet. The Greek "klaritzides" also play the klarino with a different style and sound than that used by classical musicians in Europe and America. The klarino in the key of "C" ("do") is a favorite of the old folk klaritzides (clarinet players), although the Albert Bb has become the most popular clarinet in recent years. They also use the A and G clarinets, which are lower pitched instruments, for some music.
Drum Instruments (Membranophones)
Daouli
Daouli (shown with Karamoudza) from Zevgolateio, Korinthias.
The Daouli is the two headed drum. The daouli player usually hangs the drum from a belt or strap over his left shoulder. The right side of the drum has a lower pitched skin, while the left side has a higher pitched skin. Goatskins are Usually used for the drumheads. In my family's village of Kandyla, the tradition in the old days was to use wolf skin for the heads of the daouli. A friend from Epiros told me they used to use wolf skins for the defi (hand drum similar to a large tuned tambourine), and today they still favor dog skin.
The right or lower side is struck with the "daouloxylo" or daouli stick, and the left or higher pitched side is struck with the "daouloverga" or daouli switch. The main dance beats are played with the heavier stick on the right side, while the decorative and "in between" beats are played with the light stick. Other names for the daouli, depending on the area, include toumpano, tymbano, or toumbi. This is from the ancient Greek word tympano which exists in English in the word "tympani" for the drum section in the modern classical orchestra, and the tympanic membrane for the ear drum.
These drums vary in size from the small 12 to 14 inch diameter toumbi, to the 3 to 4 foot diameter daouli in the north of Greece. The most common size in Peloponnisos and Roumeli tends to be about 20 to 30 inches in diameter.
Defi
Defi from Epiros.
The defi (sometimes called daire in other areas) is a fairly large hand drum with metal bangles. It is similar to a tambourine in construction, however the defi is made with a metal screw system so that the head can be tightened and tuned. It is popular in many forms all over Greece, expecially in the mainland klarino music. The defi is particularly popular in Epiros in northwestern Greece, where they are still handmade today. They have a beautiful low tone, and the bangles are low pitched as well. A virtuoso defi player can decorate the rhythm of the songs in many exciting ways.
Toumbi
Toumbi Kythnos.
The toumbi is a very small drum made in a similar way to the daouli. It is mainly used on the Aegean islands like Kythnos. The toumbi is held usually under the left arm, and the head of the drum is struck with two drum sticks. It is often used to accompany the island tsabouna (bagpipe).
This page was last updated on 8/4/2011.
| i don't know |
Who sang the theme song to the BBC television series ‘Dad’s Army’? | Dad's Army | Music from the television series on CD and download
1. WHO DO YOU THINK YOU ARE KIDDING, MR HITLER? Bud Flanagan
2. BLUE SKIES ARE 'ROUND THE CORNER Jack Hylton and his Orchestra
3. THE KING IS STILL IN LONDON Billy Cotton and his Band
4. TIGGERTY BOO Joe Loss and his Orchestra
5. KEEP YOUNG & BEAUTIFUL Harry Roy and his Orchestra
6. IT'S A HAP-HAP-HAPPY DAY Arthur Askey, with Orchestra
7. LET THE PEOPLE SING Geraldo and his Orchestra. Vocal by Evelyn Lane
8. CALLING ALL WORKERS Eric Coates and Orchestra
9. I'VE GOT MY EYES ON YOU Ambrose and his Orchestra. Vocal by Jack Cooper
10. FOOLS RUSH IN Carroll Gibbons and his Orchestra. Vocal by Anne Lenner
11. PENNIES FROM HEAVEN Ambrose and his Orchestra. Vocal by Sam Browne
12. RUN RABBIT RUN Ambrose and his Orchestra. Vocal by Jack Cooper
13. WISH ME LUCK (AS YOU WAVE ME GOODBYE) Gracie Fields
14. THE TEDDY BEARS' PICNIC Henry Hall and his Orchestra, with Chorus
15. THE DEVIL'S GALOP Charles Williams and his Concert Orchestra
16. LORDS OF THE AIR Harold Williams and Orchestra
17. ADOLF Billy Cotton and his Band
18. I CAME, I SAW, I CONGA'D Nat Gonella and his New Georgians
19. FOLLOW THE WHITE LINE Arthur Riscoe and Orchestra
20. WHISTLE WHILE YOU WORK Billy Cotton and his Band
21. HEY LITTLE HEN Bunny Doyle with Orchestra
22. WHEN THEY SOUND THE LAST 'ALL CLEAR' Vera Lynn with Mantovani's Orchestra
23. BLESS 'EM ALL Billy Cotton and his Band
24. THERE'LL ALWAYS BE AN ENGLAND Jack Payne and his Orchestra. Vocal by Robert Ashley
25. FURIOSO No. 1 The Crawford Light Orchestra
26. WHO DO YOU THINK YOU ARE KIDDING, MR HITLER? (MARCH) Performed by the Grand Massed Bands
Sleevenote:
The immortal BBC television comedy series Dad's Army ran for over 80 episodes between 1968 and 1977, as well as spawning a feature film, a radio series and a West End musical. Written by Jimmy Perry and David Croft, it established Captain Mainwaring, Segeant Wilson, Corporal Jones and Privates Pike, Godfrey, Walker and Frazer as comedy legends, spawning half a dozen deathless catchphrases such as "Don't panic!" and "Stupid boy".
In addition to drawing on his own experience as a youthful Home Guard in Barnes and Watford between 1940-1943 (reflected in the character of Pike), Jimmy Perry elected to use period music rather than library material, which is often somewhat sterile. This decision was also influenced by budgetary restrictions at the BBC - and thank goodness, since the use of nostalgic vintage recordings added immeasurably to the success and popularity of the show. A BBC survey as early as 1968 confirmed that "attention to detail and the inclusion of excerpts from wartime songs add greatly to the atmosphere of authenticity."
On this popular CD you will hear many of the best songs featured in the nine series filmed, as well as rare incidental music, and the immortal theme written by Jimmy Perry, and sung by Bud Flanagan. Said Jimmy Perry: "It didn't take me long to write Mr Hitler. I often tell people that I just put together a lot of wartime songs. This isn't quite true, but once I had decided on my theme - the brave defiance of the British people against one of the most evil forces the world has known - the words seemed to come quite easily. I sorted out the melody and then I contacted Derek Taverner to put the whole thing together for me." The song (together with the end title version, performed by the Band of the Coldstream Guards) was recorded at BBC Riverside Studios, Hammersmith, in February 1968.
Of Bud Flanagan, David Croft recalled: "We were very lucky to get him. It turned out he'd never recorded a song that he hadn't actually sung before. In the end that signature tune was an accumulation of about eight takes pieced together." Three months later Flanagan died, and a great music hall legend passed into the hall of fame. In 1970 the song won a richly deserved Ivor Novello award for best signature tune.
Annotated tracklist:
1. WHO DO YOU THINK YOU ARE KIDDING, MR HITLER?
Performed by Bud Flanagan. Written by Jimmy Perry and Derek Taverner. Published by Veronica Music Ltd. Originally released as a single on Pye Records in 1969.
2. BLUE SKIES ARE 'ROUND THE CORNER
Performed by Jack Hylton and his Orchestra. Vocal by Evelyn Lane. Written by Hugh Charles/Ross Parker. Published by Dash Music Co Limited. First published in 1938. Featured in Command Decision. Blue Skies was written at the time of the Munich Crisis, at a time when it was hoped that war might be avoided. The partnership of Charles and Parker is best known for the evergreen song We'll Meet Again.
3. THE KING IS STILL IN LONDON
Performed by Billy Cotton and his Band. Written by R Hunter/H Charles. Published by Dash Music Co Ltd. First published in 1941. Featured in Battle School, The Royal Train. The song is an affectionate tribute to King George VI and Queen Elizabeth, who remained in residence at Buckingham Palace during the Blitz on London, and regularly visited the worst hit areas of the city.
4. TIGGERTY BOO
Performed by Joe Loss and his Orchestra. Written by Hal Hallifax. Published by Peter Maurice Music Ltd. First published in 1940. Featured in Operation Kilt, The Loneliness of the Long Distance Walker, Sgt Wilson's Little Secret, The Lion Has 'Phones. Subtitled The Forces' Thumbs Up Song, the slang term tiggerty or tickety boo dates from the late 19th century and means all is in order, or everything's OK. Some give its origin in the phrase "that's the ticket", others in the Hindustani word teega.
5. KEEP YOUNG AND BEAUTIFUL
Performed by Harry Roy and his Orchestra. Written by Harry Warren/Al Dubin. Published by B Feldman & Co Ltd. First published in 1933. Featured in Keep Young and Beautiful. From the 1933 Hollywood musical Roman Scandals, an Eddie Cantor vehicle jam packed with Busby Berkeley dance numbers.
6. IT'S A HAP-HAP-HAPPY DAY
Performed by Arthur Askey, with Orchestra. Written by Al J. Neiburg/Sammy Timberg/Winston Sharples. Published by Famous Music Publishing Ltd. First published in 1939. Featured in Command Decision, The Armoured Might of Lance Corporal Jones, Fallen Idol. Diminutive British comedian Arthur Askey sprang to prominence in January 1938 with the debut broadcast of Band Waggon, the first British radio show to present its stars in situations, rather than simply as stand-up comics.
7. LET THE PEOPLE SING
Performed by Geraldo and his Orchestra. Vocal by Evelyn Lane. Written by Noel Gay/ Frank Eyton/Ian Grant. Published by Noel Gay Music Co Ltd. First published in 1940. Featured in The Man and the Hour, Museum Piece, War Dance, Let the People Sing. Born Reginald Armitage in Wakefield, Noel Gay was a prolific writer of show songs and light music. This rousing number first appeared in the musical Lights Up.
8. CALLING ALL WORKERS
Performed by Eric Coates and Orchestra. Written by Eric Coates. Published by Chappell Recorded Music Library. First published in 1940. Featured in All Is Safely Gathered In. Coates' stirring march was adopted by the BBC as the theme tune for the radio programme Music While You Work, first broadcast in June 1940, which undoubtedly increased morale and output on wartime production lines. The programme played at 10.30 am and 3 pm, the times of day when workers' concentration was found to slip. His other famous (and similar) composition is The Dam Busters March from the classic 1954 film.
9. I'VE GOT MY EYES ON YOU
Performed by Ambrose and his Orchestra. Vocal by Jack Cooper. Written by Cole Porter. Published by Warner/Chappell North America. First published in 1939. Featured in The Loneliness of the Long Distance Walker, The Deadly Attachment. From the musical film Broadway Melody of 1940. Bert Ambrose led what is considered by many to be the best British dance band of its era, playing dance music with a strong Ellington-inspired jazz flavour.
10. FOOLS RUSH IN
Performed by Carroll Gibbons and his Orchestra. Vocal by Anne Lenner. Written by Johnny Mercer/Rube Bloom. Published by Lafleur Music Ltd. First published in 1940. Featured in The Loneliness of the Long Distance Walker, Battle School. One of the all-time great lyricists, Johnny Mercer wrong songs for more than 90 motion pictures, winning no less than four Oscars for songs including Moon River and The Days of Wine and Roses.
11. PENNIES FROM HEAVEN
Performed by Ambrose and his Orchestra. Vocal by Sam Browne. Written by Arthur Johnston/Johnny Burke. Published by Campbell Connelly & Co Ltd. First published in 1936. Featured in The King Was In His Counting House, The Miser's Hoard. A rare recording by Ambrose, the song first appeared in the 1936 film of the same name starring Bing Crosby, but gained a new lease of life thanks to the acclaimed television series written by Dennis Potter, broadcast in 1978.
12. RUN RABBIT RUN
Performed by Ambrose and his Orchestra. Vocal by Jack Cooper. Written by Noel Gay/Ralph Butler. Published by Noel Gay Music Co Ltd/Campbell Connelly & Co Ltd. First published in 1939. Featured in Operation Kilt, Mum's Army. Written with the war effort in mind, the song was also recorded by Bud Flanagan.
13. WISH ME LUCK (AS YOU WAVE ME GOODBYE)
Performed by Gracie Fields. Written by Harry Parr Davies/Phil Park. Published by Chappell Music Ltd. Featured in The Man and the Hour. Written for the 1939 Gaumont film Shipyard Sally, and reprised in the 1943 two-reeler Young and Beautiful. Harry Parr Davies was the Rochdale songbird's accompanist of choice. In 1940 Fields married Italian-born comedian/dancer Monty Banks, and left Britain for the USA after he was threatened with internment, leading to questions in Parliament and general furore. This number remained a popular wartime rallying song nonetheless.
14. THE TEDDY BEARS' PICNIC
Performed by Henry Hall and his Orchestra, with Chorus. Written by Jimmy Kennedy/John W Bratton. Published by B Feldman & Co Ltd. Recorded in 1932. Featured in The Big Parade. American composer and publisher John Bratton conceived the song as a novelty instrumental around 1906. Only later were lyrics added by Jimmy Kennedy, one of the most successful British composers of his day, though he received no royalties for this part in creating a perennial childrens' favourite until much later, by which time it had sold over four million copies. Almost a million of these were this recording by Henry Hall, who directed the BBC Dance Orchestra until 1939.
15. THE DEVIL'S GALOP
Performed by Charles Williams and his Concert Orchestra. Written by Charles Williams. Published by Chappell Recorded Music Library. First published in 1946. Featured in several episodes to accompany chase sequences. The piece is better known as the signature tune to Dick Barton-Special Agent, which ran on BBC radio between 1946 and 1951. Born Isaac Cozerbreit, Williams was a prolific composer of light and film music, notably the piece Dream of Olwen. Note that there's only one 'l' in galup - it being a dance, rather than a horse race.
16. LORDS OF THE AIR
Performed by Harold Williams and Orchestra. Written by Michael North/Davy Burnaby. Published by Noel Gay Music Co Ltd. First published in 1939. Featured in Battle of the Giants, A Soldier's Farewell, Knights of Madness. Michael North was a producer and composer, Davy Burnaby a noted actor who often played aristocrats and army officers.
17. ADOLF
Performed by Billy Cotton and his Band. Written by Annette Mills. Published by EMI Music Limited. First published in 1939. Featured in The Desperate Drive of Corporal Jones, If the Cap Fits, Come In-Your Time Is Up. Sister of actor Sir John, Annette Mills was a pianist, scriptwriter, singer and songwriter. As a dancer, Mills is credited with introducing the Charleston to England, although her dancing career was cut short by a car accident early in the war. Boomps-A-Daisy, the big production number on the 1939 film version of Band Waggon, was written by Mills, who would go on to create Muffin the Mule the following year.
18. I CAME, I SAW, I CONGA'D
Performed by Nat Gonella and his New Georgians. Written by Frank Weldon/James Cavanaugh/John Redmond. Published by Redwood Music Ltd/Campbell Connelly & Co Ltd. First published in 1941. Featured in The Armoured Might of Lance Corporal Jones, Boots Boots Boots. Other hits by the writing team of Weldon, Cavanaugh and Redmond included Winter Wonderland, 32 Feet and 8 Little Tails and Christmas in Killarney. Nat Gonella's jazz-orientated dance band were so named due to the great popularity of his version of Georgia On My Mind.
19. FOLLOW THE WHITE LINE
Performed by Arthur Riscoe, with Orchestra. Written by Davy Burnaby/Michael North. Published by Noel Gay Music Ltd. First published in 1940. Featured in Round and Round Went the Great Big Wheel, Is There Honey Still For Tea?, High Finance. Yorkshire-born actor and comedian Arthur Riscoe starred in films such as The Street Singer, Public Nuisance No. 1, Paradise for Two and Going Gay.
20. WHISTLE WHILE YOU WORK
Performed by Billy Cotton and his Band. Written by Frank Churchill/Larry Morey. Copyright Control. First published in 1937. Featured in The Deadly Attachment. Taken from the 1937 Disney animated film Snow White and the Seven Dwarves, Private Frank Pike's immortal adaption ran as follows: "Whistle while you work / Hitler is a twerp / He's half barmy / So's his army / Whistle while you work."
21. HEY LITTLE HEN
Performed by Bunny Doyle with Orchestra. Written by Noel Gay/Ralph Butler. Published by Noel Gay Music Co Ltd/Campbell Connelly & Co Ltd. First published in 1941. Featured in The Armoured Might of Lance Corporal Jones, All Is Safely Gathered In. Noel Gay's best-remembered hits were The Lambeth Walk, The Sun Has Got His Hat On, Leaning on a Lamp Post, Me and My Girl, Run Rabbit Run, Hey Little Hen, The Fleet's in Port Again, Let the People Sing and There's Something About a Soldier.
22. WHEN THEY SOUND THE LAST 'ALL CLEAR'
Performed by Vera Lynn with Mantovani's Orchestra. Written by Hugh Charles/Louis Elton. Published by Dash Music Co Ltd. First published in 1941. Featured in Room at the Bottom, When You've Got To Go. A plumber's daughter from East Ham, Vera Lynn was dubbed the Forces' Sweetheart after topping an on-air poll conducted by the BBC among the BEF in France. The programme Sincerely Yours rocketed her to fame and brought in 2000 requests a week.
23. BLESS 'EM ALL
Performed by Billy Cotton and his Band. Written by Jimmy Hughes/Frank Lake. Published by Keith Prowse Music Publishing. First published in 1940. Featured in Menace From the Deep. Also known as The Service Song, and often corrupted by soldiery as Sod 'Em All.
24. THERE'LL ALWAYS BE AN ENGLAND
Performed by Jack Payne and his Orchestra. Vocal by Robert Ashley. Written by Ross Parker/Hugh Charles. Published by Dash Music Co Ltd. First published in 1939. Featured in The Man and the Hour, The Showing Up of Corporal Jones, Shooting Pains, The Battle of Godfrey's Cottage, The Loneliness of the Long Distance Walker, The Test, Battle of the Giants, Turkey Dinner and Never Too Old. During the First World War Jack Payne had served in the Royal Flying Corps.
25. FURIOSO No. 1
Performed by The Crawford Light Orchestra. Written by Tony Lowry. Published by JW Media Music Ltd. Recorded in 1957. Featured in The Day the Balloon Went Up, Brain Versus Brawn.
26. WHO DO YOU THINK YOU ARE KIDDING, MR HITLER? (MARCH)
Performed by the Grand Massed Bands, conducted by Harry Mortimer. Written by Jimmy Perry and Derek Taverner. Published by Veronica Music Ltd. Released under licence from Brass Magic Music.
Dad's Army soundtrack CD produced by James Nice for CD41. Liner notes by James Hayward. CD41 logo by JustWizard. With thanks to James Hayward, Bryan Webb, Zoe Lawrence, Vicky Mitchell, Alan Littlemore, Richard Webber, Bill Pertwee and Jimmy Croft.
| Bud Flanagan |
The A3 road crosses which bridge over the River Thames? | We're Doomed! The Dad's Army Story (TV Movie 2015) - IMDb
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We're Doomed! The Dad's Army Story ( 2015 )
1h
In 1967 actor Jimmy Perry shows his friend David Croft the script of a sitcom he has written based on his time in the Home Guard, entitled 'Fighting Tigers'. Head of BBC TV comedy Michael ... See full summary »
Director:
Steve Bendelack (as Stephen Bendelack)
Writer:
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Title: We're Doomed! The Dad's Army Story (TV Movie 2015)
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During WW2, in a fictional British seaside town, a ragtag group of Home Guard local defense volunteers prepare for an imminent German invasion.
Stars: Arthur Lowe, John Le Mesurier, Clive Dunn
The misadventures of a ragtag group of elderly Home Guard local defense volunteers at the onset of WW2.
Director: Norman Cohen
This prison comedy is based on the popular British television series of the same name. Long time Slade prison inmate Fletcher is ordered by Grouty to arrange a football match between the ... See full summary »
Director: Dick Clement
The Walmington-on-Sea Home Guard platoon deal with a visiting female journalist and a German spy as World War II draws to its conclusion.
Director: Oliver Parker
A TV-movie about Britain's real-life ghost hunter and skeptic Harry Price, who investigated tales of the paranormal and supernatural.
Director: Alex Pillai
The story of the 1980s snooker rivalry between the flamboyant Alex Higgins and the methodical Steve Davis.
Director: Brian Welsh
A celebration of the much-loved British sitcom Dad's Army (1968).
Director: Gerard Barry
All leave is canceled so that a British submarine can be sent after a new German warship. They chase it so far that they have no fuel to get home.
Director: Anthony Asquith
Edit
Storyline
In 1967 actor Jimmy Perry shows his friend David Croft the script of a sitcom he has written based on his time in the Home Guard, entitled 'Fighting Tigers'. Head of BBC TV comedy Michael Mills likes it, changing its title to 'Dad's Army' though, to Jimmy 's dismay, he refuses to let him act in it. He commissions Jimmy and David to write a whole series, despite TV controller Paul Fox's misgivings that the Second World War is too fresh in people's mind to be comedic. The pilot goes ahead with an ensemble cast keen to perform despite a low wage and some with problems of their own, notably star Arthur Lowe's tendency to forget his lines, and Jimmy is thrilled that wartime favourite Bud Flanagan is performing its theme song. In April 1968 the first show is recorded in front of an enthusiastic test audience. Fox is less generous in his opinion but the viewing figures ensure the show's future, running for nine series and becoming one of the best-loved of all British television sitcoms. Written by don @ minifie-1
22 December 2015 (UK) See more »
Also Known As:
The Making of Dad's Army See more »
Filming Locations:
Did You Know?
Trivia
Arthur Lowe's refusal to take a script home is based on Lowe's genuine refusal to mix work and his private life. See more »
Goofs
David Croft drives a Rolls-Royce Silver Cloud standard saloon, but for the interior shots a Daimler DS420 Limousine is used, which has a window behind the rear door, much more room in the back and a glass partition behind the front seats, which Croft uses to block out the noise of his children in the back. See more »
Quotes
Arnold Ridley : I ran a film company that went bust before the war. And I made the very bad decision to sell off the rights to all my plays so I could pay everyone off, quickly. Never ever do this. Writers must always hold on to their bloody rights!
Jimmy Perry : Why didn't you write more plays?
Arnold Ridley : The ideas dried up. The ones I had were mucked about with. You're lucky. You're on set, in charge. Make the most of it. Some writers can end up as old actors.
Arnold Ridley : [laughs] A terrible, terrible thing!
See more »
Crazy Credits
Opening titles, with wording contained in broad arrows, in the style of the title sequence for Dad's Army (1968): "Some scenes in this film are imagined. BUT DON'T PANIC! Most of this really happened." See more »
Connections
They don't like it up em
24 December 2015 | by Prismark10
(United Kingdom) – See all my reviews
Paul Fox as Controller of BBC1 commissioned Monty Python's Flying Circus. I mention this because according to this drama he is portrayed as a humourless burk.
Then again We're Doomed: The Dad's Army Story needed drama and the best they could come up with that some BBC bigwigs were short-sighted, did not like it and might not broadcast it.
As for the rest Paul Ritter plays it broad as Jimmy Perry, the frustrated actor who turns to writing and writes about his time in the Home Guard. He was very much the Private Pike, fresh faced type. However Jimmy Perry has appeared a lot on television over the years to talk about his successful writing career and seems little like the character portrayed here.
John Sessions known both for acting and impressions does a good turn as Arthur Lowe. Julian Sands a perennial contender for the worst actor in the world award fails to convince as John Le Mesurier; a character that has popped up in other biopics such as Tony Hancock's and Hattie Jacques.
However to me it was the story of Jimmy Perry and David Croft getting an idea for a sitcom off the ground which is still getting great ratings even today with its umpteenth repeat on BBC2.
We have had several making of drama documentaries in the last few years. The best so far has been The Road to Coronation Street, which had a heart and grittiness of the launch of a seminal programme.
This just was pleasant enough. There was some sweet moments such as Arnold Ridley talking with Perry about hitting hard times and had to sell off his rights to his plays. There was the joke about Jon Pertwee being interested in the part until being told how much he was going to be paid. John Laurie being irate that Private Fraser had no fully formed character but he never turned down a part.
It was nice to see Roy Hudd as Bud Flanagan recording the theme song. It was meant to be Flanagan & Allen but Chesney stopped performing due to ill health. Ironically it was the final work done by Flanagan, Chesney lived until the early 1980s.
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Which English football club is nicknamed ‘The Baggies’? | Origins of Nicknames for 20 Premier League Clubs - World Soccer Talk
Origins of Nicknames for 20 Premier League Clubs
Origins of Nicknames for 20 Premier League Clubs
James Beckett November 15, 2010 Leagues: EPL 33 Comments
Supporters of Premier League clubs often pride themselves on their nicknames, but do you really know the origin of them? Do you know the origins of the Baggies, Gunners, Red Devils, Toffees, Trotters, Hammers, Lilywhites and Citizens?
Let’s take a closer at look some of the interesting stories behind each of Premier League club’s nicknames.
Arsenal – The Gunners
Like many, Arsenal’s nickname goes right back to when the club was originally founded. Way back in 1886, workers at Woolwich Arsenal Armament Factory decided to form a football club called Dial Square. The club would be renamed as Woolwich Arsenal before dropping the prefix in 1913, but their original connection with the armament industry would remain and the names Gunners is now synonymous with the club.
Aston Villa – Villans
Not the most fascinating story behind this one. Formed when a local cricket team Villa Cross needed something to occupy themselves during the winter months, the name Villa inevitably evolved to Villans.
Blackburn Rovers – Rovers
Again not the most imaginable nickname. Rovers is a common team name for a side which is willing to travel distances for victory. Logically fans shortened the clubs name to Rovers.
Birmingham City – Blues
When the club was formed as Small Heath Alliance they decided the club would play in a dark blue shirt. The club would stick with these colors and the nickname Blues was born.
Blackpool – Seasiders/ Tangerines
One of several clubs to have multiple nicknames. The term Seasiders relates to the popularity of the town as a tourist resort on the North West coast, while Tangerines relates to the color of the clubs home kit. The club picked up the colors after been impressed when a club official saw a Netherlands side play.
Bolton Wanderers – Trotters
There are a few reported explanations for this one. One explanation claims that like Rovers, the term Wanderers implies a side is willing to travel great distances for victory. The term Trotters is simply a variation. Another explanation claims that the Trotters nickname originates because people from Bolton have a reputation for being practical jokers. Pranksters are known locally as Trotters. The most bizarre explanation claims that an old ground was built next to a pig farm and stray balls would end up with the pigs.
Chelsea – Pensioners
The nickname comes from the well known Chelsea Pensioners – war veterans living in a nearby hospital. In 1905 the club adopted the crest of the Chelsea pensioners, and the nickname followed on.
Everton – The Toffees
The famous nickname comes after a local sweet shop known as Mother Noblett’ sold and advertised the Everton mint. The sweet shop is located opposite Prince Rupert’s Tower, which forms the majority of the Everton crest.
Fulham – Cottagers
This nickname originates from the famous cottage which is an iconic part of Fulham’s Craven Cottage ground.
Liverpool – The Reds
Another nickname which doesn’t take two much explanation. When Liverpool adopted the city’s color of red as the color of their strip, the nickname of the Reds simply followed on.
Manchester City – Citizens/ The Blues
Again not the most fascinating story behind this nickname, the name Citizens has simply evolved from the term City, where as The Blues has obvious connections with the clubs home colors.
Manchester United – The Red Devils
A few conflicting stories describe the Red Devils nickname. One rumor suggests that during a tour of France in the 1960s the club were branded the Red Devils due to their red kit and Sir Matt Busby liked the name so much he asked for the club to incorporate a devil in the badge. Another story suggests it stems from local rugby Salford. The rugby club were nicknamed the Red Devils and with United formally training in Salford the nickname transferred over.
Newcastle United – Magpies / The Toon
The name Magpies originates from the clubs iconic black and white striped kit, where as ‘The Toon’ comes from a local pronunciation of town.
Stoke City – Potters
A fairly straightforward nickname that originates from the large connection with the pottery industry in North Staffordshire.
Sunderland – The Black Cats
In 1997 when Sunderland moved to the Stadium of Light the clubs supporters were also given the opportunity to vote on the clubs official nickname. With 11,000 votes the club announced their official nickname as ‘The Black Cats’. The historical link with black cats goes way back to the 1800’s with a River Weir artillery base named “Black Cat Battery”. This name reportedly developed after a member of the local militia who was manning the station fled after thinking a black cat was a devil incarnate because of the howling wind and full moon at the time.
Fast-track to 1905 and a black cat was pictured sitting on a football next to the club chairman at the time, and three years later a black cat would appear in the clubs team photo. The fans believed that the animal brought them good luck and in 1937 Sunderland fan Billy Morris took a black cat to Wembley in his pocket, Sunderland would win their first FA Cup trophy that year. The connection grew even further in the 1960s when a black cat lived at Sunderland’s Roker Park ground and was cared for by the club.
Tottenham Hotspur – Spurs/ Lilywhites
Spurs is obviously a shortened version of Hotspur which comes from the clubs connection with Shakespeare character Harry Hotspur. Lilywhites simply comes from the color of Tottenham’s home shirt.
West Brom – Baggies
One of the most debated nicknames around is West Brom’s. The popular belief is that the name originated from the baggie shorts that the players wore around in the early 1900s. But club historian Toby Matthews claims: “In its early days The Hawthorns had only two entrances, one behind each goal. On match days the gatekeepers would gather up the takings at each end and be escorted by policemen along the sides of the pitch to the centre line where there was a small office under the stand.
“The gate money, mostly in pennies, amounted to a considerable sum and was carried in large cloth bags. It wasn’t long before some wag in the crowd started shouting “Here come the bag men!” at their appearance in front of the main stand, and this developed into a chant of “Here come the Baggies,” giving the team its nickname.
West Ham – Hammers
West Ham’s nickname originates from the Thames Ironwork Football Club, a team from which they developed. The West Ham crest features two crossed rivet hammers and the club has been known has the Hammers ever since
Wigan Athletic – Latics
Wigan are not on their own with this nickname with League 1 side Oldham Athletic also claiming it. Latics is simply a corruption of the world Athletic.
Wolverhampton Wanderers – Wolves
Probably the most unimaginative nickname out of the bunch, but the most commonly used. Most football fans will know the Midlands club as Wolves, and there is no prize guessing why!
| West Bromwich Albion F.C. |
What is the name of the coffee bean, the most expensive in the world, which is eaten and excreted by the civet? | Appendix:English names of sports teams - Wiktionary
Appendix:English names of sports teams
Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
rhyming play on the non-standard English negative "ain't".
Als
Referring to a period of success.
Amazin's
Short version of the above.
America's Team
references a period of team success.
America's Team
Dallas Cowboys
American football
Coined by Bob Ryan , the Vice President and editor-in-chief of NFL Films in 1979 as a title for the team's 1978 highlight film; based on the widespread fan base of the team outside its home environs.
Argonots
Derogatory name used when team is performing poorly (i.e. " not " winning).
Argos
Oakland Athletics
baseball
Short version of "Athletics" Emphasized by Charles O. Finley during his ownership of the team during the 60's and 70's.
Abbreviation of official team name.
B.I.L.L.S.
Buffalo Bills
American football
Used by detractors, acronyms for "Boy I Love Losing Super Bowls", in reference to the team's failure to win the Super Bowl in four straight tries during the early 1990s.
West Bromwich Albion
English football
Acquired when the players played in long shorts (debatable - see the club's article on Wikipedia for more details).
Banjo Pickers
Saskatchewan Roughriders
Canadian football
Winnipeg place kicker Troy Westwood stated before a playoff game in 2003 that Saskatchewan fans were a bunch of " banjo -pickin' inbreds ".
Bantams
A reference to the claret and amber colours of the club's strip
Battlin' Bucs
Colorful version of "Bucs", short for "buccaneer", another word for a pirate.
Beaners
Reference to Beantown , a nickname for Boston .
Beermakers
Based on colour of home strip
Bees
Reference to Bengal Tigers, a species of tiger.
Big Blue
Winnipeg Blue Bombers
American football
reference to the team's name and colours, possibly influenced or suggested by the nickname of IBM
Big Blue (Wrecking Crew)
from the color of their jerseys, influenced by the nickname of IBM [1]
BIG D
Reference to the cardinal, which is a bird.
Black and Gold
Sunderland
English football
Named after the Black Cat battery gun that was where the stadium is now on the bank of the River Wear
Black Sox
Chicago White Sox
baseball
Reference to the infamous 1919 team, which fixed the World Series and is popularly known as the "Black Sox".
Sheffield United
English football
Local links with steel and cutlery. Used to be the nickname of Sheffield Wednesday until they became The Owls in 1899
Blake Street Bombers
Reference to the street Coors Field is on.
Blake Street Bullies
Abbreviation of official team name.
Bless You Boys
Reference to the teams from the 80's and surrounding years.
Blue and Gold
Reference to one of the team's colors
Blue Jays
Colour of home football kit & possibly named after 1909 children's play 'Blue Bird'
Bluenotes
Colour of home football kit
Blueshirts
Toronto Argonauts
Canadian football
in reference to the team's foundation by the Argonaut Rowing Club of Toronto, which in turn was derived from Jason and the Argonauts, mythical heroes and boatmen who are the namesake of both the rowing club and the CFL team
From the lightning bolt design on their helmets.
Bolts
Boston Red Sox
baseball
Combination of "Boston" and "Sox". Coined by media to distinguish from the Chicago White Sox, or "ChiSox".
Boys in Blue
Reference to one of the team's colors.
Boys of Summer
Los Angeles Dodgers
baseball
From the Brooklyn years. Reference to baseball being the only major sport played during the summer. Usage has faded with time.
Short version of the nickname "True Blue Brew Crew".
Brewers
Local links to the brewing industry
Brewers
An ESPN invention (as in "brouhaha")
Broad Street Bellies
Philadelphia Phillies
baseball
Name for the 1993 NL Championship team. Reference to their lack of physical fitness, and the nickname of the NHL's nearby Philadelphia Flyers, the "Broad Street Bullies".
Broad Street Bullies
Philadelphia Flyers
hockey
during the team's Stanley Cup runs during the 1970s, their home ice was the Spectrum on Broad Street in South Philadelphia. The team currently plays in the Wachovia Center, also on Broad Street.
Bronx Bombers
New York Yankees
baseball
Reference to the team's home, the New York City borough of the Bronx, along with their propensity for hitting "bombs" (home runs).
Bronx Zoo
New York Yankees
baseball
Used by detractors. Reference to the team and the Bronx's turbulent times in the late 70's, and also the name of a book written by former Yankees pitcher Sparky Lyle about the team's 1978 season. Still used sometimes to describe the organization and stadium. The term has been embraced by many Yankees fans.
Broons
From 1969, the year when the Mets went from losing club to world champions.
Monkey hangers
Hartlepool United F.C.
English football
During the Napoleonic wars the citizens of Hartlepool allegedly hung a monkey believing it to be a French spy. [6]
Monsters of the Midway
Chicago Bears
American football
originally applied to the University of Chicago "Maroons", a strong (former) college football team; "Midway" refers to the Midway Plaisance, a long, green swath of boulevard space bordering the southern end of the campus. The University discontinued its football program in 1939, and the Bears adopted the nickname
Motor City Kitties
| i don't know |
On a cat, ‘Vibrissae’ are more commonly known by what name? | How do whiskers work? | Discover Wildlife
How do whiskers work?
Why do animals have whiskers? And how do they work?
27th June 2012
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Whiskers are much more widespread and important – in both functional and evolutionary terms – than you might imagine.
These modified hairs – vibrissae – form specialised touch organs, found at some stage in the life of all mammals except monotremes (duck-billed platypus and echidnas) and humans, though we still have vestiges of the muscles once associated with vibrissae in our upper lips.
Whiskers typically grow around the nostrils and above the lips and eyes, but also on the forelegs and feet of some mammals. Manatees have them all over the head and body, but in most mammals they form an ordered pattern.
Rats – whose whiskers are the best-studied – have five rows on either side of the snout, each comprising five to nine vibrissae: shorter microvibrissae at the front, longer macrovibrissae at the rear, a little under 1mm in diameter at the base, tapering to an extremely narrow tip. In contrast, seals’ whiskers are much stiffer and do not taper.
Vibrissae can be very long: up to 50mm in rats, and one-third of a chinchilla’s body length. The whiskers of many carnivores, particularly aquatic and nocturnal species, are also very prominent.
Whisk assessment
So, how do they work? In essence, they function like an old-fashioned gramophone stylus. As whiskers brush an object, irregularities in the surface are translated into movements of the vibrissae; those, in turn, are detected by hundreds of motion sensors inside a heavily innervated hair follicle – rats and cats have 100–200 nerve cells per whisker, seals up to 1,500.
These nerves relay detailed information about the direction, velocity and duration of vibrissal movement, thereby allowing the animal to detect the precise location, size, texture and other details of the object.
In some mammals, individual muscles allow macrovibrissae around the nose to be moved independently, whereas those elsewhere on the body cannot; neither can microvibrissae. Larger muscles move all of the whiskers together by changing the position or shape of the whisker pad.
Small rodents exhibit rapid whisker movements – in fact, the ‘whisking’ motions of rats are the fastest of any mammal.
By contrast, in larger rodents, lagomorphs and some carnivores, such ‘vibrations’ (the name derives from the Latin vibrare) are sporadic; bats, ungulates, primates and cetaceans make few whisker movements.
Food finders
Whiskers serve various purposes, but are most commonly used to locate food. Seals, for example, extend their whiskers forward to follow the hydrodynamic trails left by swimming fish.
Indeed, the vibrissae of common seals are so sensitive that they can discriminate the species – or at least the size – of their prey, and the direction in which it fled, long after it swam away.
The vibrissal sensory system of Etruscan shrews enables them to distinguish prey from non-prey in a single touch – an ability that scientists are attempting to replicate in robots.
Many terrestrial mammals can also detect air currents with their whiskers, which may warn them of approaching danger.
The body vibrissae of manatees may help to detect the movements of other animals, water currents, tidal flows and changes in the contours of the seabed in their shallow-water environment.
Whiskers are also important in indicating an animal’s state of mind, and play a role in various social behaviours. But though vibrissae have been the subject of some fascinating research, little is known about the function of cats’ whiskers.
The making of mammals
The role whiskers played in the early evolution of mammals is perhaps the most fascinating aspect of the topic. The first mammals coexisted with dinosaurs, and became adapted to the main ecological niches available: hunting insects at night, when predatory dinosaurs were least active, and living high up in trees.
Facial whiskers would have endowed these early mammals with a sensory advantage, using the increased sensitivity of touch provided by vibrissae to help them move and hunt in the dark.
This new tactile sense – based, we assume, on mobile, exploratory whiskers like those of rats – underpinned the ability of later mammals to exploit so many environments, and was also key to developing facial muscles and driving the reorganisation and expansion of the brain.
In fact, it was probably as important a step in mammalian evolution as becoming warm-blooded and giving birth to live young.
HOW RATS MAKE MAPS
The rapid whisker movements seen in rats – vibrating up to 25 times per second – enable them to collect detailed information about their environment to build ‘touch’ maps.
Rapid 'whisking' of all vibrissae
1. When travelling in a straight line, a rat ‘whisks’ the vibrissae on each side symmetrically, sampling a large area around its head. When turning, though, it biases its whisker movements towards the turn.
Contralateral whiskers forward
2. When the macrovibrissae on one side of the rat’s head make contact with an object, those on the opposite side sweep round to gather more information.
Close-range assessment
3. The rat then orientates its head to explore the object in more detail, moving its nose towards the obstacle and employing the tightly packed microvibrissae on its chin and lips to gather additional sensory information.
| Whiskers |
What was the surname of British horticulturalist and garden designer Gertrude, who died in 1932? | Black Panthers | Big Cat Rescue
Big Cat Rescue
http://bigcatrescue.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/BlackPanther12653.mp3
Since the 1960’s it has been considered politically incorrect to call a black cat a black panther. The big black cats are black leopards or black jaguars and are not referred to as black panthers by anyone who knows anything about big cats. Some people claim to have seen black cougars, which are sometimes referred to as Florida Panthers (despite the fact that they are not in the Panthera category) and thus extrapolate the term black panther, but Florida Panthers are always tan.
Black panther may refer to:
Animals
Black panther, a big cat (of any species, but most commonly a jaguar or a leopard) whose coloration is entirely black. This may have originated from the Latin name Panthera for the big cats and was probably shortened from Black Panthera to Black Panther.
Political movements
Black Panther, a member of the Black Panther Party, a revolutionary Black nationalist organization in the United States formed during the 1960s.
Black Panther, a member of a group of Israeli Mizrahi Jews inspired by the Black Panther Party in the United States.
Media
Black Panther, the nickname for the British criminal and murderer Donald Neilson.
Black Panther, a comic book superhero in the Marvel Comics universe, and a member of The Avengers.
Black Panther, an underground newspaper.
Music
Black Panther, a well-known Chinese rock band
A song by Mason Jennings from his 2000 album Birds Flying Away
Military units
Black Panther, the symbol for the Filipino Special forces, The Scout Rangers
The nickname of the U.S. 761st Tank Battalion, after their unit’s shoulder sleeve insignia.
The Black Panther
The black panther is the common name for a black specimen (a melanistic variant) of any of several species of cats.
Zoologically speaking, the term panther is synonymous with leopard. The genus name Panthera is a taxonomic category that contains all the species of a particular group of felids. In North America, the term panther is commonly used for the puma; in Latin America it is most often used to mean a jaguar. Elsewhere in the world it refers to the leopard (originally individual animals with longer tails were deemed panthers and others were leopards; it is a common misconception that the term panther necessarily refers a melanistic individual).
Melanism is most common in jaguars (Panthera onca) – where it is due to a dominant gene mutation – and leopards (Panthera pardus) – where it is due to a recessive gene mutation. Close examination of one of these black cats will show that the typical markings are still there, and are simply hidden by the surplus of the black pigment melanin. Cats with melanism can co-exist with litter mates that do not have this condition. In cats that hunt mainly at night the condition is not detrimental. White panthers also exist, these being albino or leucistic individuals of the same three species.
It is probable that melanism is a favorable evolutionary mutation with a selective advantage under certain conditions for its possessor, since it is more commonly found in regions of dense forest, where light levels are lower. Melanism can also be linked to beneficial mutations in the immune system.
Black Jaguar
Black Jaguar cubs. In jaguars, the mutation is dominant hence black jaguars can produce both black and spotted cubs, but spotted jaguars only produce spotted cubs when bred together. In leopards, the mutation is recessive and some spotted leopards can produce black cubs (if both parents carry the gene in hidden form) while black leopards always breed true when mated together. In stuffed mounted specimens, black leopards often fade to a rusty color, but black jaguars fade to chocolate brown. The black jaguar was considered a separate species by indigenous peoples.
In Harmsworth Natural History (1910), WH Hudson writes:
The jaguar is a beautiful creature, the ground-colour of the fur a rich golden-red tan, abundantly marked with black rings, enclosing one or two small spots within. This is the typical colouring, and it varies little in the temperate regions; in the hot region the Indians recognize three strongly marked varieties, which they regard as distinct species – the one described; the smaller jaguar, less aquatic in his habits and marked with spots, not rings; and, thirdly, the black variety. They scout the notion that their terrible “black tiger” is a mere melanic variation, like the black leopard of the Old World and the wild black rabbit. They regard it as wholly distinct, and affirm that it is larger and much more dangerous than the spotted jaguar; that they recognize it by its cry; that it belongs to the terra firma rather than to the water-side; finally, that black pairs with black, and that the cubs are invariably black. Nevertheless, naturalists have been obliged to make it specifically one with Felis onca, the familiar spotted jaguar, since, when stripped of its hide, it is found to be anatomically as much like that beast as the black is like the spotted leopard.
The gene is incompletely dominant. Individuals with two copies of the gene are darker (the black background colour is more dense) than individuals with just one copy whose background colour may appear to be dark charcoal rather than black.
A black jaguar called Diablo has been crossed with a lioness at Bear Creek Sanctuary, Barrie, Canada resulting in a charcoal coloured “black jaglion”. The gene is therefore dominant over normal lion coloration.
Black Leopard
A melanistic black leopard, or “black panther.” These are the most common form of black panther in captivity and have been selectively bred for decades as exhibits or exotic pets (this inbreeding for the sake of appearance has adversely affected temperament). They are smaller and more lightly built than jaguars. The spotted pattern is still visible on black leopards, especially from certain angles where the effect is that of printed silk. Skin color is a mixture of blue black gray and purple with rosettes. A black panther (leopard) is able to hunt and kill animals outweighing them by more than 1,350 pounds but this is rare because of competition from tigers and lions.
Black leopards are reported from most densely-forested areas in south-western China, Burma, Assam and Nepal; from Travancore and other parts of southern India and are said to be common in Java and the southern part of the Malay Peninsula where they may be more numerous than spotted leopards. They are less common in tropical Africa, but have been reported from Ethiopia (formerly Abyssinia), the forests of Mount Kenya and the Aberdares. One was recorded by Peter Turnbull-Kemp in the equatorial forest of Cameroon.
Adult black panthers (leopards) are more temperamental (nervous or vicious) than their spotted counterparts. It is a myth that their mothers often reject them at a young age because of their colour. In actuality, they are more temperamental because they have been inbred (e.g. brother/sister, father/daughter, mother/son matings) to preserve the coloration. The poor temperament has been bred into the strain as a side-effect of inbreeding. It is this poor temperament that leads to problems of maternal care in captivity as the proximity of humans stresses the mother. According to Funk And Wagnalls’ Wildlife Encyclopedia, black leopards are less fertile than normal leopards having average litters of 1.8, compared to 2.1. This may be due to their high-strung nature.
In the early 1980s, Glasgow Zoo, Scotland acquired a 10 year old black leopard from Dublin Zoo, Ireland. She was exhibited for several years before moving to Madrid Zoo, Spain. This leopard had a uniformly black coat profusely sprinkled with white hairs as though draped with spider webs. She was therefore nicknamed the Cobweb Panther. The condition appeared to be vitiligo and as she aged, the white became more extensive. Since then, other Cobweb Panthers have been reported and photographed in zoos.
Hear our roars, chuffs, hisses, snarls, calls, and growl sounds HERE
Cryptid Status
There are no authenticated cases of truly melanistic pumas. Black pumas have been reported in Kentucky, one of which had a paler belly. There have also been reports of glossy black pumas from Kansas and eastern Nebraska. These are known as the North American Black Panther (NABP). None have ever been photographed or shot in the wild, and none have been bred. There is wide concensus among breeders and biologists that the animal does not exist and is a cryptid. Sightings are current attributed to mistaken species identification by non feline experts, and memetic exaggeration of size.
Historical Descriptions
In his “Histoire Naturelle” (1749), Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, wrote of the “Black Cougar”: “M. de la Borde, King’s physician at Cayenne, informs me, that in the [South American] Continent there are three species of rapacious animals; that the first is the jaguar, which is called the tiger; that the second is the couguar [sic], called the red tiger, on account of the uniform redness of his hair; that the jaguar is of the size of a large bull-dog, and weighs about 200 pounds (90 kg); that the couguar is smaller, less dangerous, and not so frequent in the neighborhood of Cayenne as the jaguar; and that both these animals take six years in acquiring their full growth. He adds, that there is a third species in these countries, called the black tiger, of which we have given a figure under the appellation of the black couguar.”
“The head,” says M. de la Borde, “is pretty similar to that of the common couguar; but the animal has long black hair, and likewise a long tail, with strong whiskers. He weighs not much above forty pounds. The female brings forth her young in the hollows of old trees.” This black couguar is most likely a margay or ocelot, which are under forty pounds, live in trees, and do occur in a melanistic phase.
Another description of a black cougar was provided by Mr Pennant: “Black tiger, or cat, with the head black, sides, fore part of the legs, and the tail, covered with short and very glossy hairs, of a dusky colour, sometimes spotted with black, but generally plain: Upper lips white: At the corner of the mouth a black spot: Long hairs above each eye, and long whiskers on the upper lip: Lower lip, throat, belly, and the inside of the legs, whitish, or very pale ash-colour: Paws white: Ears pointed: Grows to the size of a heifer of a year old: Has vast strength in its limbs.– Inhabits Brasil and Guiana: Is a cruel and fierce beast; much dreaded by the Indians; but happily is a scarce species;” (Pennant’s Synops. of quad., p 180). According to his translator Smellie (1781), the description was taken from two black cougars exhibited in London some years previously.
Candidate: Jaguarundi
In the US, the most likely explanation for black puma sightings is the jaguarundi, a cat very similar genetically to the puma, which grows around 30″ of body and 20″ of tail. Their coat goes through a reddish-brown phase and a dark grey phase. While their acknowledged natural range ends in southern Texas, a small breeding population was introduced to Florida in the 1940’s, and there are rumors of people breeding them as pets there as well. Jaguarundis hunting territory can extend to 100km wide for males, and it’s quite possible that very small populations which rarely venture out of deep forests are responsible for many or most of the sightings. While they are significantly smaller than a puma, differently colored, and much lower to the ground (many note a resemblance to the weasel), a little memory bias combined with their secretive nature could explain many of the sightings in the southeastern US.
Candidate: Jaguar
After that, the next most likely are black jaguars, who are believed to have ranged North America in historical memory. Melanistic jaguars aren’t common in nature, and more importantly, jaguars themselves were hunted to near extinction in the ’60’s; However, while they do not look exactly like pumas, but they have the requisite size, and it’s conceivable that there could be, for example, a breeding population hidden in the Louisiana bayou. The jaguar has had several photographically confirmed and many unconfirmed sightings in Arizona, New Mexico, and southwest Texas, but not outside that region.
| i don't know |
Which British singer released a 2003 album entitled ‘Life For Rent’? | Dido | New Music And Songs |
Dido
About Dido
The electronic pop chanteuse Dido entered London's Guildhall School of Music at age six; by the time she reached her teens, the budding musician had already mastered piano, violin, and recorder. After touring with a British classical ensemble, she accepted a publishing job. Meanwhile, she sang with a series of local groups before joining the trip-hop outfit Faithless -- helmed by her older brother, the noted DJ and producer Rollo -- in 1995. The group released its debut album, Reverence, the following year. It went on to sell over five million copies worldwide, and Dido parlayed her newfound success into a solo deal with Arista Records.
Dido's ethereal solo material combined elements of acoustic pop and electronica. She released her debut LP, No Angel, in mid-1999, and supported the release by joining the Lilith Fair tour that summer. However, her biggest break arrived in 2000, when rap superstar Eminem sampled one of her tracks, "Thank You," for the chorus of his hit single "Stan." The result was a surprisingly touching song, and demand for the Dido original quickly escalated. "Thank You" became a Top Five smash in early 2001, as did the accompanying No Angel, whose album sales topped 12 million copies worldwide by the time Dido returned to the spotlight two years later.
In September 2003, she released her long-awaited follow-up, Life for Rent. This sophomore effort was layered with personal hardship and heartbreak, marking some of Dido's more honest material yet. An eagerly anticipated record, it became one of the fastest-selling albums in U.K. history, quickly going multi-platinum at home while also moving several million copies in America. Following a world tour, Dido once again retreated from the public eye in 2005 to work on her third solo release. Safe Trip Home arrived in 2008, featuring collaborations with Brian Eno, Mick Fleetwood, and Citizen Cope. Shortly after this, she recorded the single "Everything to Lose," which subsequently appeared on the Sex and the City 2 soundtrack. In 2011, she worked with producer A.R Rahman on the single "If I Rise" and began work on her fourth studio album, Girl Who Got Away, with producers Rollo Armstrong and Jeff Bhasker, as well as guest producer Brian Eno on the track "Day Before We Went to War." Described by herself as a "big, fun electronic extravaganza," the album was scheduled for release in early 2013 ~ Jason Ankeny, Rovi
| Dido |
Bankstown Airport is in which Australian state? | DIDO Lyrics | eLyrics.net
Dido Lyrics
(1-75 of 77 song lyrics)
Average rating for Dido songs is 8.86/10 [82 votes]. Selected popular Dido song of Thursday, January 19 2017 is "Hurry Home (demo)".
click on the album covers to see the lyrics inside the album
Girl Who Got Away (Deluxe Version)
[2013]
Safe Trip Home (Deluxe Version)
[2008]
Dance Vault Mixes: Sand In My Shoes / Don't Leave Home
[2006]
Sand In My Shoes - EP
[2004]
Life for Rent / No Angel
[2003]
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Related Information for Dido Dido Armstrong (born 25 December 1971) is a British BRIT Award-winning and Grammy Award-nominated singer and songwriter.Dido was born in London, UK on Christmas day; she was christened Dido Florian Cloud de Bounevialle O'Malley Armstrong. She lived with her poet mother and publisher father in London. One day she looked up the story of her first name. "I thought it was strange that I was called after a woman who killed herself in ancient literature. It's great.. read more
| i don't know |
Larry Lurex was the original stage name of which late singer? | Larry Lurex Story - Freddie Mercury Net Worth
Larry Lurex Story
Read more...
Freddie Mercury
Freddie Mercury Net Worth is $100 Million. Freddie Mercury was born in Zanzibar and has an estimated net worth of $100 million dollars. As the lead singer and songwriter with the hugely successful British band, Queen, Freddie Mercury wrote many hit. Freddie Mercury (born Farrok...
Freddie Mercury Net Worth is $100 Million.
Freddie Mercury Net Worth is $100 Million. Freddie Mercury was born in Zanzibar and has an estimated net worth of $100 million dollars. As the lead singer and songwriter with the hugely successful British band, Queen, Freddie Mercury wrote many hit Freddie Mercury , 5 September 1946 - 24 November 1991) was a British musician, singer and songwriter, best known as the lead vocalist and lyricist of the rock band Queen. As a performer, he was known for his flamboyant stage persona and powerful vocals over a four-octave range. As a songwriter, Mercury composed many hits for Queen, including "Bohemian Rhapsody", "Killer Queen", "Somebody to Love", "Don't Stop Me Now", "Crazy Little Thing Called Love" and "We Are the Champions". In addition to his work with Queen, he led a solo career, and also occasionally served as a producer and guest musician for other artists. He died of bronchopneumonia brought on by AIDS on 24 November 1991, only one day after publicly acknowledging he had the disease.
Mercury was a Parsi born in Zanzibar and grew up there and in India until his mid-teens. He has been referred to as "Britain's first Asian rock star". In 2002, Mercury was placed ...
| Freddie Mercury |
The, now extinct, dodo was native to which island in the Indian Ocean? | Freddie Mercury
MESSENGER OF THE GODS: THE SINGLES
7” coloured singles box - Released on September 2 by Mercury Records/ Universal / Hollywood Records
Pre-order now @ https://MessengerOfTheGods.lnk.to/FreddieStore
Freddie Mercury was a man of many talents and many different sides. The songs he wrote for and with Queen filled stadiums around the globe and have rightly gone down in history, but he also embarked on a solo career that took him from the clubs of Munich and New York to the great opera houses of the world.
He was the ultimate showman, but he kept his private life away from the prying eyes of the media; a larger than life rock star who loved disco, classical music and ballet. He was a restless spirit, a true chameleon who reveled in his own contradictions.
All the different sides of this iconic musician can be found on Freddie Mercury: Messenger Of The Gods – The Singles. Fittingly released on Mercury Records for the world outside North America, and on Hollywood Records in North America, this box set brings together all 13 of Freddie’s solo singles on individually coloured vinyl.
From his debut solo single I Can Hear Music, released under the name Larry Lurex, through the dance floor-influenced solo anthems of the 80s and up to his collaborations with legendary Spanish opera singer Montserrat Caballé including the timeless Barcelona, this is a journey through the career of a unique talent.
Born Farrokh Bulsara on the East African island of Zanzibar on September 5, 1946, the rechristened Freddie Mercury was already a star in his own mind by the time he formed Queen with Brian May and Roger Taylor in 1970. Where his band mates had studied astrophysics, dentistry and electronics at college, Freddie majored in stardom.
His first solo single actually emerged a week before Queen’s own debut 7”. Released in 1973 and credited to Larry Lurex in a nod to the fashionably flamboyant noms de rock of the glam era, the Beach Boys cover I Can Hear Music and its B-side, Goin’ Back, were recorded as a favour towards a musical project by Trident Studios’ house engineer Robin Geoffrey Cable, in 1972.
As Queen’s career rocketed towards the heavens, Freddie poured his energies into the band. It would be more than a decade before he released his second solo single, the pulsating, electronic Love Kills. Originally released in 1984, Love Kills was a collaboration with famed Italian disco producer Giorgio Moroder for the soundtrack to Moroder’s update of the groundbreaking 1927 silent movie Metropolis. A Top 10 UK hit, it found Freddie moving away from Queen’s traditional sound, paving the way for what he would do next.
Released in 1985, Freddie’s debut solo album, Mr Bad Guy, fully explored the music he had fallen in love with in the dance clubs of Munich and New York. The four hit singles released from that album – I Was Born To Love You, Made In Heaven, Living On My Own and Love Me Like There’s No Tomorrow, all of which are included in the Messenger Of The Gods box set – crackled with playfully hedonistic energy, but they also hid a more serious side to Freddie. Here was a man who craved the good times but wanted something deeper as well.
Within two years, he had abandoned the sound of the clubs for the music of the opera house – though not before releasing both the epic single Time, the theme to the lavish stage musical of the same name produced by Dave Clark, and his outrageous (and strangely revealing) Top 5 cover of The Platters’ 1965 hit, The Great Pretender.
In 1987, he dived headlong into the world of opera and classical music with the towering single, Barcelona. A duet with legendary Spanish soprano Montserrat Caballé, an idol of Freddie’s, it came about after the opera star asked him to write a song about her home town.
Barcelona remains one of the most momentous hit singles not just of Freddie’s career but in pop history. Not only did it lead to an album of collaborations between these two huge talents, but the title track was also chosen as the official anthem of the 1992 Olympics. That song, together with the two other singles taken from the album, The Golden Boy and How Can I Go On, are all included as part of Messenger Of The Gods with their original B-sides.
In October 1988 Freddie and Montserrat were invited by the King and Queen of Spain to perform Barcelona on the steps of Barcelona’s National Palace of Montjuic at the open air La Nit festival which was staged to mark the arrival of the Olympic Flag from Seoul.
But sadly, Freddie would not live to see the fruits of his collaboration with Montserrat Caballé showcased at the Barcelona Olympics. He passed away on November 24, 1991, just seven months before the Games took place. The grand opening ceremony was a fitting tribute to a man who thrived on spectacle.
Messenger Of The Gods is completed by two posthumous singles, In My Defence and Living On My Own (No More Brothers Radio Mix), the latter of which became Freddie’s first solo number 1 and was the biggest selling European single of the year in 1993.
Had he lived, it is anyone’s guess where this most restless and protean of singer’s muses would have taken him. But Messenger Of The Gods – The Singles is a towering legacy, a collection of songs which will never lose their stature of classics and will live on forever.
September 5, 2010 saw The Mercury Phoenix Trust, the HIV AIDS charity set up in Freddie’s name by the remaining members of Queen and manager Jim Beach, launch ‘Freddie For A Day’, a major annual initiative designed to celebrate Freddie’s life each year on his birthday and to support the on-going work of the Trust.
Taking it one stage further, Freddie’s 70th birthday, September 5, 2016, will be marked on Sunday September 4th with a major celebration in Montreux, the Swiss town he so loved. The event is in aid of The Mercury Phoenix Trust, and will see fans and friends gather at Montreux Casino to remember Freddie and raise a toast to him at midnight. Official tribute band, the Queen Extravaganza will fly into Montreux especially to perform for the evening marking their first performance in Freddie’s Swiss home town.
Freddie Mercury: Messenger Of The Gods – The Singles is released by Mercury/Universal on September 2 as a box set featuring 13 x 7” singles on coloured vinyl with a booklet featuring photos, some of which are previously unpublished, and text. It will be released in North America through Hollywood Records.
Watch the product unboxing video here: https://MessengerOfTheGods.lnk.to/Video
FREDDIE MERCURY:
MESSENGER OF THE GODS – THE SINGLES
COLOURED 7” SINGLES VINYL BOX
DISC 1 - BLUE
(A) I Can Hear Music - Larry Lurex (1973)
(B) Goin’ Back – Larry Lurex
DISC 2 - ORANGE
(A) The Great Pretender (1987)
(B) Exercises In Free Love [Freddie’s Vocal]
DISC 9 - CLEAR
(A) Barcelona [Single Version] (1987)
(B) Exercises In Free Love [Montserrat’s Vocal]
DISC 10 - GOLD
(A) The Golden Boy [Single Edit] (1988)
(B) The Fallen Priest [B-Side Edit]
DISC 11 - GREEN
(A) How Can I Go On [Single Version] (1989)
(B) Overture Piccante
(A) In My Defence (1992)
(B) Love Kills [Wolf Euro Mix]
DISC 13 - YELLOW
(A) Living On My Own [No More Brothers Radio Mix] (1993)
(B) Living On My Own [Julian Raymond Album Mix]
Freddie Mercury: Messenger Of The Gods – The Singles will also be available on 2CD with a 20-page booklet and as a digital album.
All formats available to pre-order here .
| i don't know |
How many gold rings, altogether, did ‘My True Love give to me’ over the Twelve Days of Christmas? | The Twelve Days of Christmas - How Many Presents?
» The Twelve Days of Christmas - How Many Presents?
The Twelve Days of Christmas - How Many Presents?
By Murray Bourne , 16 Dec 2008
A partridge in a pear tree
Most people wrongly believe that the '12 Days of Christmas' refers to the days before Christmas. However, it's really the period starting on Christmas day and finishing with the Epiphany (January 6th, when the 3 kings from 'the East' brought gifts).
You may be familiar with the Christmas song, The 12 Days of Christmas. The first few lines go like this:
On the first day of Christmas,
my true love sent to me
A partridge in a pear tree.
On the second day of Christmas,
my true love sent to me
Two turtle doves,
And a partridge in a pear tree.
On the third day of Christmas,
my true love sent to me
Three French hens,
Two turtle doves,
And a partridge in a pear tree.
The song continues, adding 4 calling birds on the 4th day, 5 golden rings on the 5th, and so on up to the 12th day, when 12 drummers add to the cacophony of assorted birds, pipers and lords leaping all over the place.
Notice that on each day there is one partridge (so I will have 12 partridges by the 12th day), and each day from the second day onwards there are 2 doves (so I will have 22 doves), and from the 3rd there are 3 hens (total of 30 hens), and so on.
So, how many presents are there altogether?
Partridges: 1 × 12 = 12
Calling birds: 4 × 9 = 36
Golden rings: 5 × 8 = 40
Geese: 6 × 7 = 42
Drummers: 12 × 1 = 12
Total = 364
We observe that we have the same number of partridges as drummers (12 of each); doves and pipers (22 of each); hens and lords (30 of each) and so on. So the easiest way to count our presents is to add up to the middle of the list and then double the result: (12 + 22 + 30 + 36 + 40 + 42) × 2 = 364.
Efficiently counting the presents
What if we have more than 12 days? How many presents then?
Let's now generalize the above result just in case out true love decides to be extraordinarily generous and keeps on giving us gifts - up to 100 days, say. (Multiplying and adding could get quite tedious.)
Mathematically speaking, my true love is giving me 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n presents on the n-th day after Christmas.
The number of presents each day is 1 on the 1st, then 3 on the 2nd, then 6 on the 3rd, then 10 on the 4th. We call this set of numbers the triangular numbers, because they can be drawn in a dot pattern that forms triangles:
To get the total number of presents, we need to add those triangular numbers, like this:
1 (on the first day) + 3 (on the 2nd day) + 6 + 10 + ...
Another way of writing this is:
On the first day, 1 present.
On the 2nd day, 1 + 3 = 4 presents
On the 3rd day, 1 + 3 + 6 = 10 presents
On the 4th day, 1 + 3 + 6 + 10 = 20 presents.
These partial sums are called tetrahedral numbers, because they can be drawn as 3-dimensional triangular pyramids (tetrahedrons) like this:
So how many dots (representing presents) will there be in the 12th tetrahedron?
Of course, we could just start adding with our calculator, but what if my true love is very generous, and starts giving me presents for 30 days after Christmas? Or for 100 days? How would I calculate it then?
Our aim is to produce a formula that will allow us to find any tetrahedral number. Here's one of the possible ways of doing this.
Let's take (for example) the sum of the first 4 triangular numbers and represent it as a triangle. Each row in the triangle (on the left, below) adds to a triangular number and the sum of the whole triangle is the sum of the first 4 triangular numbers. Let's now re-arrange the first triangle in 2 different ways, then add the result, in respective positions. (My total is 3 times what I really need. I will divide by 3 later to cater for this).
Notice that by doing this, I get a total of 6 in every position in the result triangle. The answer of "6" is 2 more than the 4 triangular numbers that we are adding. So if we were adding the first 7 triangular numbers, our result in the right triangle would be all 9's; if it was the first n triangular numbers, we would get (n + 2).
It's easy to find the sum of the 6's, like this:
(1 + 2 + 3 + 4) × 6.
The series in brackets is just an arithmetic progression , with first term a = 1, common difference d = 1 and number of terms n = 4.
The formula for the sum to n terms of an arithmetic progression with first term a and common difference d is:
Substituting our values, we have:
= 2 × 5
= 10
So (1 + 2 + 3 + 4) × 6 = 2(5) × 6 = 60
But remember, this is 3 times what we really want, so the 4th tetrahedral number is
60/3 = 20
In general, for the sum 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n:
which is the same as
Multiplying by the (n + 2) that we get from what I called 'the result triangle' earlier:
Dividing this by 3 (since we used 3 equivalent sum triangles to get this far) gives us the n-th tetrahedral number:
Back to our Christmas song.
On the 12th day, the number of presents will be
If my true love gave me the presents in this pattern for 30 days, I would have this number of presents:
If it was 100 days, I would have this number of presents:
Good deal.
See the 57 Comments below.
Related posts:
| forty |
1960’s British singer Allan Smethurst was better known as ‘The Singing _ ‘what’? | The Twelve Days of Christmas - How Many Presents?
» The Twelve Days of Christmas - How Many Presents?
The Twelve Days of Christmas - How Many Presents?
By Murray Bourne , 16 Dec 2008
A partridge in a pear tree
Most people wrongly believe that the '12 Days of Christmas' refers to the days before Christmas. However, it's really the period starting on Christmas day and finishing with the Epiphany (January 6th, when the 3 kings from 'the East' brought gifts).
You may be familiar with the Christmas song, The 12 Days of Christmas. The first few lines go like this:
On the first day of Christmas,
my true love sent to me
A partridge in a pear tree.
On the second day of Christmas,
my true love sent to me
Two turtle doves,
And a partridge in a pear tree.
On the third day of Christmas,
my true love sent to me
Three French hens,
Two turtle doves,
And a partridge in a pear tree.
The song continues, adding 4 calling birds on the 4th day, 5 golden rings on the 5th, and so on up to the 12th day, when 12 drummers add to the cacophony of assorted birds, pipers and lords leaping all over the place.
Notice that on each day there is one partridge (so I will have 12 partridges by the 12th day), and each day from the second day onwards there are 2 doves (so I will have 22 doves), and from the 3rd there are 3 hens (total of 30 hens), and so on.
So, how many presents are there altogether?
Partridges: 1 × 12 = 12
Calling birds: 4 × 9 = 36
Golden rings: 5 × 8 = 40
Geese: 6 × 7 = 42
Drummers: 12 × 1 = 12
Total = 364
We observe that we have the same number of partridges as drummers (12 of each); doves and pipers (22 of each); hens and lords (30 of each) and so on. So the easiest way to count our presents is to add up to the middle of the list and then double the result: (12 + 22 + 30 + 36 + 40 + 42) × 2 = 364.
Efficiently counting the presents
What if we have more than 12 days? How many presents then?
Let's now generalize the above result just in case out true love decides to be extraordinarily generous and keeps on giving us gifts - up to 100 days, say. (Multiplying and adding could get quite tedious.)
Mathematically speaking, my true love is giving me 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n presents on the n-th day after Christmas.
The number of presents each day is 1 on the 1st, then 3 on the 2nd, then 6 on the 3rd, then 10 on the 4th. We call this set of numbers the triangular numbers, because they can be drawn in a dot pattern that forms triangles:
To get the total number of presents, we need to add those triangular numbers, like this:
1 (on the first day) + 3 (on the 2nd day) + 6 + 10 + ...
Another way of writing this is:
On the first day, 1 present.
On the 2nd day, 1 + 3 = 4 presents
On the 3rd day, 1 + 3 + 6 = 10 presents
On the 4th day, 1 + 3 + 6 + 10 = 20 presents.
These partial sums are called tetrahedral numbers, because they can be drawn as 3-dimensional triangular pyramids (tetrahedrons) like this:
So how many dots (representing presents) will there be in the 12th tetrahedron?
Of course, we could just start adding with our calculator, but what if my true love is very generous, and starts giving me presents for 30 days after Christmas? Or for 100 days? How would I calculate it then?
Our aim is to produce a formula that will allow us to find any tetrahedral number. Here's one of the possible ways of doing this.
Let's take (for example) the sum of the first 4 triangular numbers and represent it as a triangle. Each row in the triangle (on the left, below) adds to a triangular number and the sum of the whole triangle is the sum of the first 4 triangular numbers. Let's now re-arrange the first triangle in 2 different ways, then add the result, in respective positions. (My total is 3 times what I really need. I will divide by 3 later to cater for this).
Notice that by doing this, I get a total of 6 in every position in the result triangle. The answer of "6" is 2 more than the 4 triangular numbers that we are adding. So if we were adding the first 7 triangular numbers, our result in the right triangle would be all 9's; if it was the first n triangular numbers, we would get (n + 2).
It's easy to find the sum of the 6's, like this:
(1 + 2 + 3 + 4) × 6.
The series in brackets is just an arithmetic progression , with first term a = 1, common difference d = 1 and number of terms n = 4.
The formula for the sum to n terms of an arithmetic progression with first term a and common difference d is:
Substituting our values, we have:
= 2 × 5
= 10
So (1 + 2 + 3 + 4) × 6 = 2(5) × 6 = 60
But remember, this is 3 times what we really want, so the 4th tetrahedral number is
60/3 = 20
In general, for the sum 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n:
which is the same as
Multiplying by the (n + 2) that we get from what I called 'the result triangle' earlier:
Dividing this by 3 (since we used 3 equivalent sum triangles to get this far) gives us the n-th tetrahedral number:
Back to our Christmas song.
On the 12th day, the number of presents will be
If my true love gave me the presents in this pattern for 30 days, I would have this number of presents:
If it was 100 days, I would have this number of presents:
Good deal.
See the 57 Comments below.
Related posts:
| i don't know |
Sable is the heraldic term for which colour? | Colors of Heraldry - Knowledge Base, HouseofNames.com
Colors of Heraldry
Gules (Red)
Red, with the former name of Belic, is the military colour for excellence and fortitude. Red corresponds to the metal copper and is denoted in engravings by numerous perpendicular lines. It also represents fire and summer. Ancient laws restricted its use to princes and their families. Red is symbolic of nobility, boldness and ferocity.
Purpure (Purple)
Purple is a rare colour in early rolls of arms. In heraldic terms it is referred to as �purpure.� This is the traditional colour of kings and royalty, and therefore, signifies justice and majesty. In engravings, it is expressed by lines in bend sinister, or slanting to the left.
Tawny (Orange)
An orange is the name given to a tawny roundle, a roundle being any circular charge of colour or metal. It is supposed to represent a tennis ball. Tennis was once a game played strictly by royalty and nobles and the orange indicates that the bearer was a member of that class; however, the orange is seldom met in heraldry.
Azure (blue)
Blue was called "azure" by heralds, and represents the colour of an eastern sky on a clear day. It also corresponds to the metal tin. The word, "azure" was introduced from the east during the Crusades. It signifies piety and sincerity, and is equated with autumn. In engravings it is represented by horizontal lines.
Sable (black)
Black, the coldest of the colours, corresponds to lead. Black, or "sable," is symbolic of sadness. It also corresponds with winter and is a humble color, suitable for the deeply religious. It denotes the qualities of knowledge, piety, serenity and work. Engravers represent it with numerous horizontal and vertical lines crossing each other.
Vert (green)
Green, or in heraldic terms, "vert," signifies felicity and pleasure. It was symbolic of joy, youth and beauty. Green was also associated with the spring. The bearer of the green is obliged to defend the peasant and all who work on the land. It is expressed in engravings by lines in bend, or slanting to the right.
| Black |
The Kodiak bear is native to which US state? | Latta heraldry - PLatta
PLatta
Latta coats of arms, crest & motto
Starting point - information contained on site - http://www.latta.org/Articles/arms.htm
Family of: LATTA
ARMS: Sable, three piles argent, over all on a fess gules, three crescents of the second.
Crest: An oak tree proper.
Motto: Dum Vivo Vireo (While I live, I live)
Authority: Burke's "General Armoury", 1844 edition.
Tinctures: The shield s of black. The three piles are of silver. The fess is of red. The crescents are of silver. The oak tree is of proper or natural colourings. The wreath, under the crest, is of alternate twists of silver and black. The helmet is of steel colour or silver. The mantle is of black lined with silver. The ribbon is of silver, motto lettered in black.
Notes: Burke, highest published authority on the subject of heraldry, records the above described coat of arms, crest and motto - as authentic for the family of Latta; the only coat of arms, crest and motto so recorded in the name.
Arms were granted to an individual by a nobleman. Only the individual to whom the arms were granted was permitted to use them.
Upon the death of the grantee, the arms could pass to the eldest son of the grantee
, and so on in perpetuity.
Contrary to a common belief, a coat of arms does not belong to everyone who bears the surname.
The original description of the arms was written ("Three silver oak leaves on a field of blue with two rabbits rampant and the motto 'Breed Like There's No Tomorrow'") and when turned into a graphic the actual design could be interpreted in any of countless ways.
I can't find any reference to the Coat of Arms desrcibed as this "original description". If you know where this has come from, please contact me at [email protected]
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1847 An Alphabetical Dictionary of Coats of Arms Vol 2 p787
2 Entries – Latta, plus derivative Lauty
Meaning – Latta, Scottish
Sa. abv for Sable, the heraldic term for the colour black
Three piles 3 pointed columns
Argent the heraldic term for the colour silver
Fess the form of a broad horizontal band across the middle of an escutcheon.
Gu. abv for gules, the heraldic term for the colour red
Three crescents 3 crescents
Of the second the colour of the feature listed second, in this case the 3 piles
Sa. abv for Sable, the heraldic term for the colour black
Three piles in point 3 pointed columns that reach the base of the escutcheon
Argent the heraldic term for the colour silver
Fess the form of a broad horizontal band across the middle of an escutcheon.
Gu. abv for gules, the heraldic term for the colour red
Charged with containing
As many crescents 3 crescents to match the 3 piles
Or abv for the heraldic colour gold
Further definition – colours, particularly metallic colours or tinctures; piles
“Metals : 3. Or, signifying Gold ; 4. Argent, signifying Silver. Yellow may be substituted for gold, as white may be, and generally is, for silver.” Page 10
“The Pile, of wedge-like shape, is usually borne as on fig. 30, but may issue from other points of the shield, in which case its position must be specified, and also the number if there be more than one. When it reaches quite to the base, it is blazoned a pile in point.”
Page 16
1847 An Alphabetical Dictionary of Coats of Arms Vol 2 p1027
3 listings on this page. The first, Latta, is described as per the listing on page 787. The third, Lauty, is also described as per the listing on page 787. However; the second, also a Lauty, seems to be the one shown at Latta.org with an incorrect surname.
Sa. abv for Sable, the heraldic term for the colour black
Three piles in point 3 columns
Argent the heraldic term for the colour silver
Fess the form of a broad horizontal band across the middle of an escutcheon.
Surmounting Over
Exterior outside columns, i.e. columns 1 and 3
Debruised to overlay, i.e. the centre pile is over the fess
Gu. abv for gules, the heraldic term for the colour red
Two crescents 2 silver crescents to match the 2 covered plies
1905 rev ed Fairbairn's Book of the Crests of the Families of Great Britain and Ireland Vol 1, p330
Meaning - Latta
The Latta listing is for the oak tree crest atop the helmet in the coat of arms. The oak tree signifies antiquity and strength. The ‘ppr.’ abbreviation denotes that the oak tree is represented ‘proper’; that is in natural colours and shape. The Latin motto Dum vivo, vireo literally translates to “as long as I live, strength”. This can be interpreted a few ways; however the most common would be “While I live, I flourish”.
1905 Fairburn’s Book of Crests of the Families of Great Britain and Ireland Vol 2, p545
Meaning – Latter
The Latter crest described here is very busy. As this book is about Great Britain and Ireland, foreign would denote that the coronet or crown would be of a form found outside this area. Coronets were assigned to the various ranks of peers not of royal blood. Balls, sometimes called pearls, were used to show their status.
“The coronet of a duke has its circlet heightened with eight leaves, of which five show. That of a marquis has four leaves alternating with balls of silver, technically called pearls, which are raised on spikes to about the same height as the leaves, thus showing three leaves and two pearls. An earl's coronet has eight balls, raised on tall spikes which have leaves between them. A viscount has twelve balls resting directly on the circlet, and a baron six similarly placed, the former showing seven and the latter four.” *
If a Viscount had 12 balls with only 7 visible, having 9 visible on the crest would seem to indicate that someone in our shared lineage had some serious rank, although with a foreign coronet, perhaps had not originally achieved or been granted this rank in Great Britain or Ireland. Rising from the centre of the coronet is an argent (silver or white) greyhound head on a gold (or.) or yellow collar and chain.
The motto listed isn’t in Latin, as is usual, but in French. It is also probably suffering from some misreporting. Pour trios means “For three”. The rest is less self evident as the phrase a tot bien estrain has some translation issues. A tot bien by itself means “a much earlier” and unfortunately there is no French or English word spelt estrain. This may be a tot bien entrain which translates as “a good spirited” however the tot becomes redundant in the phrase. It could be a tout bien entrain which translates as “was all good spirits”. If these assumptions are correct then “For three. Was all good spirits” requires some further research or better translation. Perhaps a reference to the Holy Trinity?
An example of a coronet as opposed to the shape of a crown worn as a crest.
1856, Encyclopaedia Heraldica Vol 4, p360
In this description we have the escutcheon and the crest described together for the Latta Coat of Arms.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1905 Fairburn’s Book of Crests of the Families of Great Britain and Ireland Vol 1, p331
In this listing the crest as shown on one of the coat of arms on the Latta.org pages is described. However; this is for the Lauty coat of arms rather than Latta coat of arms which has the oak tree crest. Together with the debruised* coat of arms description above, this is fairly conclusive evidence that the coat of arms as shown on Latta.org belongs to the name of Lauty not Latta.
Dexter in heraldic terms means of, on, or starting from the right side of a shield from the bearer's point of view and therefore on the spectator's left. The opposite to dexter is sinister
1850, Robson T., The British Herald, Vol 2, p286
The British Herald confirms everything nicely for the Latta coat of arms; however provides multiple variants of the Lauty coat of arms. The main one is confirmed in much the same manner as the Latta description and then lists 3 more variants. Are these variants of the main coat of arms that represent evolutions through different eldest sons or are they coats of arms awarded to the male members of the same family who weren’t born first? More research required. One for the Lauty’s if there are any interested in digging deeper
1850, Robson T., The British Herald, Vol 2, p288
The first variant listed is very close to the Latta coat of arms with only 2 very minor differences. The first is that the piles are in point on the Lauty escutcheon which means they reach the bottom; the Latta piles don’t reach the bottom of the escutcheon. The second is the 3 crescents in the Lauty description are gold while the Latta crescents are always listed as silver.
I also researched heraldic books from outside Great Britain and Ireland but found that I’m unfamiliar with the possible differences in the Latta surname in these countries. My linguistic knowledge of these languages is limited which leaves me guessing at spelling and potential pronunciations.
I did find 1 entry in a French heraldic book for the surname Lattay; not a great distance from the known variations of Latty and Lattey. If you have traced some French ancestry in your lineage then this may be of interest to you.
| i don't know |
The theme song to children’s television series ‘Fireball XL5’ was sung on karaoke by which actor in the 2000 London gangster film ‘Love, Honour and Obey’? | Fireball XL5 - The Full Wiki
The Full Wiki
More info on Fireball XL5
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Fireball XL5
25 mins approx. per episode
(excluding advertisements)
Original run
28 October 1962 (1962-10-28) – October 27, 1963 (1963-10-27)
Fireball XL5 is a science fiction-themed children's television show following the missions of spaceship Fireball XL5, commanded by Colonel Steve Zodiac of the World Space Patrol. The show was made in 1962 by the husband and wife team of Gerry and Sylvia Anderson through their company APF in association with ATV for ITC Entertainment .
The show featured the Andersons' Supermarionation marionettes , a form of puppetry first introduced in Four Feather Falls (1960) and used again in their subsequent shows such as Thunderbirds and Captain Scarlet . Thirty-nine black and white half-hour episodes were made on 35mm film : all future Anderson series would be produced in colour.
A very similar programme often confused with Fireball XL5 is Space Patrol (known as Planet Patrol in the US) due to a number of similarities and settings.
The complete series is available on DVD in the UK, Australia and the US.
Contents
10 External links
Setting
Set between the years 2062 and 2063, the series features the missions of spaceship Fireball XL5, commanded by Colonel Steve Zodiac of the World Space Patrol. The crew includes the glamorous Doctor Venus, middle-aged navigator and engineer Professor Matthew Matic, and co-pilot Robert the Robot , notable for being transparent . Robert was also unique as the only character in an Anderson series that was actually voiced by Gerry Anderson himself, albeit with the aid of an artificial larynx .
Fireball XL5 is based at Space City, located on an unnamed island in the South Pacific , headquarters of the World Space Patrol headed by Commander Zero. Zero is assisted by Lieutenant Ninety. For some unspecified reason the 25-storey T-shaped control tower at Space City rotates; in one episode the alien creature Zoonie the Lazoon inadvertently makes it rotate fast enough for those inside to suffer from vertigo. The patrol rocket Fireball XL5 takes off utilising a mile-long launch rail which culminates in a 40 degree incline, or sky ramp, which Anderson claims was inspired by an old Soviet design, a concept also used in the film When Worlds Collide .
There is a fleet of at least 30 'Fireball XL' ships (an XL30 is referred to in The Firefighters episode), of which XL5 is the most famous. The ship itself is made up of two detachable sections. The winged nose cone, known as Fireball Junior contains the cockpit and separates from the main body to land on other worlds. The rest of the ship contains the navigation bay, laboratory, a huge lounge, workshops and separate crews quarters, along with the fuel and main nutomic rocket motors for interstellar travel. It would generally keep station in orbit after arriving at an alien planet. When Fireball XL5 returns to Space City the whole ship lands vertically (ie without separating).
Fireball XL5 patrols Sector 25 of charted interstellar space (nb. There only appear to be three sectors marked on the space chart seen in the Space City Control Room) on missions of three months duration, but is also on call when at base. Semi regulars in the series were the villainous Space Spies Boris and Griselda, with their antiquated space ship S.S.Thor (S.S. stands for Space Spy) and the evil green alien Subterrains of Planet 46.
Inasmuch as the series used many classic early 20th-century science fiction themes reminiscent of the space opera of E. E. "Doc" Smith and the like, and since it was a children's show, it was not intended to be realistic. Thus Fireball XL5 managed to travel handily around the galaxy to other solar systems without actually going faster than light (until the episode Faster than Light); indeed, few of the limitations of rocketry were observed. While some fans speculated that Fireball XL5 must travel through hyperspace (i.e. folded space-time), the series only informed us that the ship's rocket motors were powered by a Nutomic reactor and that XL5 could safely travel at speeds of up to Space Velocity 7 enabling her to reach the most outlying planets of charted space (many light years from the Solar System) within a few months. Furthermore the crew never wore space suits; instead they took "oxygen pills" to survive in the vacuum of space, where they manoeuvred in zero gravity with the aid of thruster packs or jet mobiles. They use neutroni radio communication, which is virtually instantaneous within the sectors of charted space. XL5 and her sister ships are fitted with gravity activators which generate artificial gravity fields within them.
Fireball XL5 is noteworthy as the only Anderson series to date to have run on a US network. NBC (the National Broadcasting Company) ran the series in its Saturday morning children's block from 1963 through to September 1965. Several Anderson series have been shown in syndication in the US, but not as part of any network's regular programming lineup.
Theme song and merchandising
Fireball XL5 had both an opening and a closing theme song – the latter of which, Fireball written by Barry Gray and sung by Don Spencer , would become a minor hit in Britain. Barry Gray would have a long relationship with the Andersons' productions, writing the themes for such series as Thunderbirds and Space: 1999. Don Spencer would become Australia's premier children's entertainer and founder of the Australian Children's Music Foundation. A group of producer Joe Meek , The Flee-Rekkers, came out with an instrumental version in the style of Telstar . [1]
In addition to the hit theme song, the series spawned a number of other successful licensed merchandising spin-offs including toys, an MPC playset with rocket ship and figures, model kits including a plastic kit of Fireball XL5 itself, puppets, ray guns, comic strips and annuals. In Britain, a 2-page b/w Fireball XL5 comic strip appeared in the weekly TV Comic between 1962–1964 before moving to the newly launched weekly TV Century 21 comic in January 1965 for another 5 years. The strips that appeared between 1965–1968 were in colour only reverting to b/w in 1969. Four hard cover Annual books were published in Britain by Collins between 1963–1966 featuring colour/b&w comic strip and text stories, while in the United States Gold Key Comics printed a single issue full colour comic book in 1963 and Little Golden Books published a hard cover colour illustrated story book in 1964 (later released as 'Fireball XL5 – A Big Television Book' in Britain). During the mid 1960s there were also three soft cover colouring/puzzle books published in Britain and one soft cover colouring/story book published in the United States.
Home video releases
Like most of Gerry Anderson's Supermarionation series, this one was given a "complete series" release in Region 1 by A&E Home Video. [2] A Region 2 version featuring new bonus material was released on DVD in those territories in 2009. On 22 October in Region B territories, an individual Blu-Ray featuring a colorized version of the episode A Day in the Life of a Space General will be released. The disc will also include an episode of Four Feather Falls and an extended version of the Wonderland of Stardust documentary released as a bonus on the Region B box set released earlier in 2009. [1]
Cast of characters
Colonel Steve Zodiac, pilot and commanding officer of Fireball XL5 (voiced by Paul Maxwell ). According to the comic strip story 'Steve Zodiac – Test Pilot' (that appeared in the 1965 British 'Fireball XL5' Annual) he previously commanded the Mars Military Cruiser Z4. Captain Zodiac, then an astronaut of six years experience, was chosen to take XL5 on its first test flight in 2060 along with Professor Matic, Doctor Venus and Chief Test Pilot Colonel Grange. On their way back to Space City Grange suffered a nervous breakdown at the controls and Zodiac was forced to knock him out and take over before the ship burned up in Earth's atmosphere. He was consequently promoted to the rank of Colonel and given command of Fireball XL5. Zodiac was awarded Astronaut of the Year in the episode "Space City Special".
Doctor Venus, Doctor of Space Medicine, of French origin. Personally chosen to be part of his crew by Steve Zodiac and with 5 years of service on the XL5 according to the episode "The Last of the Zanadus" set around 2062 (voiced by Sylvia Anderson ). NB. This contradicts the 'Steve Zodiac – Test Pilot' story which states Steve Zodiac was given command of XL5 in 2060.
Professor Matthew Matic, ship's designer, engineer, navigator and scientist of XL5 (voiced by David Graham ). He speaks in a voice very similar to actor Walter Brennan .
Robert the Robot, co-pilot of XL5, a transparent robot invented by Professor Matic and Earth's most advanced mechanical man (voiced by an uncredited Gerry Anderson using an artificial larynx). Robert is the only main character Gerry Anderson ever voiced in one of his series.
Zoonie the Lazoon, lazy semi-telepathic pet of Dr. Venus from planet Colevio (voiced by David Graham ). His curiosity often led him to cause trouble. During his first appearances, he couldn't say anything but "welcome home" but his vocabulary grew as the series progressed, often due to him mimicking other characters.
Commander Wilbur Zero, Operational Commander of the World Space Patrol (since 2060 according to 'Steve Zodiac – Test Pilot') and Space City's Chief Controller (voiced by John Bluthal ). In the episode "Space City Special" we learn that Zero reports to General Rossiter who is the Head of the World Space Patrol based in Washington. Zero is very strict and by-the-book, and clearly the law in Space City. Despite his rough exterior, it's made clear in many cases he cares deeply for his subordinates and respects them, particularly Steve. He resembles actor George C. Scott .
Lieutenant Ninety, Assistant Space City Controller (voiced by David Graham ) Ninety is young and inexperienced, and by far the character most often on the receiving end of Commander Zero's often scathing attitude. In the series, he is seen earning his astronaut's wings and in a particularly memorable episode, fantasizing about taking over Commander Zero's job – only to realize that Zero, not him is the best person for the commander's job. Despite the seemingly-high tension between him and Zero, Zero once called him "the best lieutenant [Space City has.])
Jonathan Zero, Commander Zero's young son (voiced by Sylvia Anderson ). According to the Little Golden Book 'Fireball XL5' story book published in the USA in 1964 young Jonathan was lucky enough to be a passenger aboard Fireball XL5's maiden voyage which included an unscheduled stop at the planet Geminy.
Jock Campbell, Space City's Scottish Chief Engineer (voiced by John Bluthal ) He makes it clear he doesn't think too highly of women but when Venus saves his life during an ill-fated mission, he starts to have a change of heart.
Eleanor Zero, Commander Zero's wife (voiced by Sylvia Anderson )
Planets
Amazonia – A planet mentioned but not seen in the episode Prisoner on the Lost Planet, Amazonia is mentioned as being a member of the United Planets Organization alongside Earth and had banished its mad queen to an unnamed planet alive with active volcanoes.
Cevena – An ice-planet that is home to an unnamed brain-creature which hopes to use hypnotic satellites to take control of the universe.
Conva – A planet that is featured regularly. It is introduced in the episode "Space Pen" as a planetwide prison for wanted criminals and features prominently in the episode "Convict in Space", in which one of the convicts escapes from Conva.
Granatoid – Home of the Granatoid robots who appear in "The Granatoid Tanks". Granatoid is not seen but is mentioned as being a completely technocratic society, led by a robot who is voiced by an uncredited Gerry Anderson (who provided the voice of Robert the Robot on the same show).
Granvenia – A planet mentioned but not seen. It is the destination of fuel tankers that are being diverted to the planet Cevena in the episode "Hypnotic Sphere".
Hedera – A planet rich in plant life that was visited in the episode "Plant Man from Space". It is the home of a strain of Ivy called Hedera helixa, which grows at an alarming rate and is difficult to cut.
Herbos – A jungle-planet seen and referenced briefly in the episode "Last of the Zanadus".
Magneton – A planet inhabited by the invisible Solars that was visited in the episode "Space Magnet".
Membrono – A planet that was destroyed in the episode "The Doomed Planet".
Mirana – A perpetually burning planet seen in one episode entitled "Hypnotic Sphere".
Monotane – A desert planet inhabited by a space monster in "Space Monster".
New Earth – A planet with a thin atmosphere and little gravity that was to be colonised by the crew of the spaceship Mayflower-3 in the episode Space Immigrants. The spaceship Fireball XL7 was sent out in advance to prepare for the arrival of the Mayflower-3, only to be captured by megalomaniacal aliens.
Planet 46 – The home of the Subterrains. It is a barren planet with an oxygen atmosphere, introduced in the pilot episode Planet 46 and appeared in numerous other episodes.
Planet 73 – A planet colonised by Earth that was attacked by the Granatoids in the episode The Granatoid Tanks
Planet 82 – A planet renamed Robotvia by Professor Al Himber
Platonia – A planet featured in the episode Planet of Platonia. It was revealed to be a world rich in Platinum , inhabited by silver-skinned aliens who eat 23-course meals. A trade agreement with Earth had created a power-struggle on the planet, which the XL5 crew had been sent to calm.
Zanadu – A planet that features a mysterious temple in the episode Last of the Zanadus
Zofeit – A planet whose population – the Zofeits – was almost wiped out (only two males surviving) by a lone alien in the episode XL5 to H20. The crew of XL5 rescued the two survivors, who were evacuated to Earth .
Episode list
The Last of the Zanadus
Planet of Platonia
Prisoner on The Lost Planet
The Forbidden Planet
A Day in the Life of a Space General
Invasion Earth
The Day the Earth Froze
The Fire Fighters
Space Magnet
In other media
The theme song from Fireball XL5 was sung by Sean Pertwee in the 2000 London gangster film Love, Honour and Obey in a Karaoke scene. [3]
Outside of the various spin-off titles, Fireball XL5 gained some minor recognition when it appeared in Marvel Comics , as one of the TV shows Meggan used to watch prior to meeting Captain Britain .
Some scenes from Fireball XL5 are shown in the Tom Hanks movie That Thing You Do , watched by Lenny and James on the TVs in Guy's father's appliance store with one character remarking that his grandmother thought the puppets were real people.
There is a homage to Fireball XL5 in an episode of Gerry Anderson's New Captain Scarlet , entitled "Mercury Falling", which features a spaceship of similar design launching via a rail.
A Fireball XL5 series featured in the TV21 comic, with some sophisticated story lines addressing space politics and time travel.
A spin-off comic book series was planned by Gold Key Comics , June 2005 Steve Zodiac and the Fireball XL5 but only one issue was published in the series before it was abandoned.
The closing theme song Fireball was used in the opening scenes of the episode "Spider" from the HBO miniseries From the Earth to the Moon
In The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen: Black Dossier, Allan Quatermain and Mina Murray steal a rocket named Pancake XL4. Each ship of the series is traditionally named after the manner of her predecessor's destruction. The Mushroom Cloud XL2 and the Shrapnel XL3 are named as other examples of the Fireball XL5's antecedents. The Pancake XL4 is destroyed by a collision with a mountain, exploding in a huge fireball and earning the XL5 its name. In addition, a Lazoon (called "Lazunes" in another portion of the comic) is bitten to death by other Lazoons due to it chanting "Welcome ho-ome" with a lisp. It is believed the dead Lazoon is Zoonie.
In Scarlet Traces: The Great Game by Ian Edginton and D'Israeli, on the cover of issue 2, several ships labelled "FB XL" with a number following can be seen. One says "FB XL5", making it the Fireball XL-5.
In the 2009 Star Trek film the Ending Credits are in the same style as Fireball XL5 with "zooming" of the credits against a background of plants, moons and craters.
Steve Zodiac of British rock band Vardis is thought to have taken his name from the show.
In order to commemorate the fortieth anniversary of America's first landing on the moon , Craig Ferguson lip-synched a musical number set to the theme song of Fireball XL5 on The Late Late Show. [4]
An episode of the Nintendo -based cartoon Captain N: The Game Master is entitled "I Wish I Was A Wombatman", a parody of the "I Wish I Was A Spaceman" lyric from Fireball XL5's title theme.
The band XTC included their cover of the theme tune (Fireball XL5\Fireball dub) on their 2002 compilation album Coat of Many Cupboards .
Translations
(French) : Fusée XL5
(Spanish) : El Capitán Marte y su XL5. In the version shown in Latin-American countries, Colonel Zodiac is rechristened Capitán Marte ("Captain Mars").
References
| Sean Pertwee |
Which sport in Britain is regulated by the GBGB? | Fireball XL5 : definition of Fireball XL5 and synonyms of Fireball XL5 (English)
Original run
28 October 1962 (1962-10-28) – 27 October 1963 (1963-10-27)
Fireball XL5 is a science fiction-themed children's television show following the missions of spaceship Fireball XL5, commanded by Colonel Steve Zodiac of the World Space Patrol. The show was produced in 1962 by husband and wife team Gerry and Sylvia Anderson through their company APF , in association with ATV for ITC Entertainment .
The show featured the Andersons' Supermarionation , a form of puppetry first introduced in Four Feather Falls (1960) and Supercar (1961) and used again in their subsequent productions such as Stingray and Captain Scarlet . Thirty-nine black and white half-hour episodes of Fireball XL5 were made on 35mm film : all future Anderson series were produced in colour.
Several Anderson series have been shown in syndication in the US, but Fireball XL5 is the only Anderson series to have run on a US network. NBC (the National Broadcasting Company) ran the series in its Saturday morning children's block from 1963 through to September 1965.
A similar program often confused with Fireball XL5 is Space Patrol (known as Planet Patrol in the US), produced by Gerry Anderson's ex business partner and co-founder of AP Films , Arthur Provis due to a number of similarities and settings.
The complete series is available on DVD in the UK, Australia, Canada and the US.
Contents
12 External links
Setting
Set between the years 2062 and 2063, the series featured the missions of spaceship Fireball XL5, commanded by Colonel Steve Zodiac of the World Space Patrol. The crew included glamorous Doctor Venus, a doctor of space medicine; middle-aged navigator and engineer Professor Matthew Matic and co-pilot Robert, a transparent anthropomorphic robot . Robert was the only character in an Anderson series that was actually voiced by Anderson himself, albeit with the aid of an artificial larynx .
In the series, the World Space Patrol is based at Space City, located on an unnamed island in the South Pacific , headed by Commander Zero. Zero is assisted by Lieutenant Ninety. For unspecified reasons the 25-storey T-shaped control tower at Space City rotates; in one episode a character inadvertently makes it rotate fast enough for those inside to suffer from vertigo.
Fireball XL5 patrolled Sector 25 of charted interstellar space (although there only appeared to be three sectors marked on the space chart seen in the Space City control room). The patrols were missions of three months duration but the ship was also on call when at base.
Fireball XL5 space ship
The patrol space ship Fireball XL5 takes off utilising a mile-long launch rail that culminates in a 40 degree incline, or sky ramp, which Anderson claims was inspired by an old Soviet design, a concept also used in the film When Worlds Collide .
The World Space Patrol included a fleet of at least 30 'Fireball XL' ships (an XL30 is referred to in The Firefighters episode), of which XL5 was the most famous. The ship itself is made up of two detachable sections. The winged nose cone, known as Fireball Junior contained the cockpit and separated from the main body to land on other worlds. The rest of the ship contained a navigation bay, laboratory, huge lounge, workshops and separate crews quarters, along with fuel and main nutomic rocket motors for interstellar travel. The ship would generally remain stationed in orbit after arriving at an alien planet. When Fireball XL5 returned to Space City, the whole ship would land horizontally (i.e. without separating) using its wings and retro-rockets. In the episode 'The Forbidden Planet', the aliens use a form of transporter (similar to that used in Star Trek, but of course pre-dating it) but this technology was not available to the World Space Patrol.
Inasmuch as the series used many classic early 20th-century science fiction themes reminiscent of the space opera of E. E. "Doc" Smith and because it was a children's show, it was not intended to be realistic. Fireball XL5 managed to travel handily around the galaxy without going faster than light (until the episode Faster than Light). The series observed few of the limitations of rocketry and only informed viewers that the ship's rocket motors were powered by a Nutomic reactor and that XL5 could safely travel at speeds of up to Space Velocity 7, which enabled her to reach the outlying star systems of charted space within a few months. Furthermore the crew never wore space suits; instead they took "oxygen pills" to survive in the vacuum of space, where they manoeuvred in zero gravity with the aid of thruster packs. They used neutroni radio, which allowed virtually instantaneous communication within the sectors of charted space. XL5 and her sister ships were fitted with gravity activators that generated artificial gravity fields within them.
Character voices
Regular characters were voiced by Paul Maxwell , Sylvia Anderson , David Graham and John Bluthal . In common with many of the Anderson puppet shows, most of the important characters have American accents, with some notable exceptions: Dr. Venus is French, Jock the engineer is Scottish and some of the aliens have remarkably sedate British accents (e.g. episode 33, the Day the Earth Froze). Language issues between alien races and Earth were rarely encountered as most races appeared to speak perfect English!
Theme song and merchandising
Fireball XL5 had separate opening instrumental theme music and a closing theme song . The closing theme, Fireball, written by Barry Gray and sung by Don Spencer , became a minor hit in Britain. Gray would have a long relationship with the Andersons' productions, writing themes for such series as Thunderbirds and Space: 1999 . Don Spencer would become Australia's premier children's entertainer and founder of the Australian Children's Music Foundation. A group, The Flee-Rekkers , produced by Joe Meek , came out with an instrumental version in the style of Telstar . [1]
In addition to the theme song, the series spawned a number of other licensed merchandising spin-offs including toys, an MPC playset with rocket ship and figures, model kits including a plastic kit of Fireball XL5 itself, puppets, ray guns, comic strips and annuals. In Britain, a 2-page black-and-white Fireball XL5 comic strip appeared in the weekly TV Comic between 1962–1964 before moving to the newly launched weekly TV Century 21 comic in January 1965 for another 5 years. The strips that appeared between 1965–1968 were in colour only reverting to black-and-white in 1969. Four hard cover Annual books were published in Britain by Collins between 1963–1966 featuring colour and black and white comic strip and text stories, while in the United States Gold Key Comics printed a single-issue colour comic book in 1963. Little Golden Books published a hard-cover colour illustrated story book in 1964 (later released as 'Fireball XL5 – A Big Television Book' in Britain).
During the mid 1960s there were also three soft cover colouring/puzzle books published in Britain and one soft cover colouring/story book published in the United States.
Home video releases
Like most of Anderson's Supermarionation series, this one was given a "complete series" release in Region 1 by A&E Home Video . [2] A Region 2 version featuring new bonus material was released on DVD in those territories in 2009, superseding a 2004 release with no extras. On 22 October in Region B territories, an individual Blu-ray featuring a colorised version of the episode A Day in the Life of a Space General was released. The disc also includes an episode of Four Feather Falls and an extended version of the Wonderland of Stardust documentary released as a bonus on the Region B box set released earlier in 2009. [1]
Cast of characters
Colonel Steve Zodiac, pilot and commanding officer of Fireball XL5 (voiced by Paul Maxwell ). Commander of Fireball XL5. Zodiac was awarded Astronaut of the Year in the episode "Space City Special".
Doctor Venus, Doctor of Space Medicine, of French origin. Personally chosen to be part of his crew by Steve Zodiac and with 5 years of service on the XL5 according to the episode "The Last of the Zanadus" (voiced by Sylvia Anderson ).
Professor Matthew "Matt" Matic, engineer, navigator and scientist of XL5 (voiced by David Graham , speaking in a voice similar to the actor Walter Brennan ).
Robert the Robot, co-pilot of XL5, a transparent robot invented by Professor Matic and Earth's most advanced mechanical man (voiced by an uncredited Gerry Anderson using an artificial larynx and the only main character Gerry Anderson ever voiced in one of his series).
Zoonie the Lazoon, lazy, semi-telepathic pet of Dr. Venus from planet Colevio (voiced by David Graham ). During his first appearances, he couldn't say anything but "welcome home" but his vocabulary grew as the series progressed, often due to him mimicking other characters.
Commander Wilbur Zero, Operational Commander-in-Chief of the World Space Patrol and Space City's Chief Controller (voiced by John Bluthal ). Despite his gruff exterior, he cares deeply for his subordinates and respects them, especially Steve.
Lieutenant Ninety, Assistant Space City Controller (voiced by David Graham ). Ninety is young, inexperienced and the character most often on the receiving end of Commander Zero's scathing attitude. Despite the seeming high tension between him and Zero, Zero called him "the best lieutenant Space City has."
Jock Campbell, Space City's Scottish Chief Engineer (voiced by John Bluthal ). He makes it clear he doesn't think too highly of women but when Venus saves his life during an ill-fated mission, he starts to have a change of heart.
Eleanor Zero, Commander Zero's wife (voiced by Sylvia Anderson )
Jonathan Zero, Commander Zero's young son (voiced by Sylvia Anderson ). According to the Little Golden Book 'Fireball XL5' story book published in the USA in 1964 young Jonathan was lucky enough to be a passenger aboard Fireball XL5's maiden voyage which included an unscheduled stop at the planet Geminy.
Recurring villains included space spies Boris and Griselda, with their antiquated space ship S.S.Thor (S.S. stood for Space Spy) and the evil green alien Subterrains of Planet 46.
Planets
Many episodes of Fireball XL5 were set on exotic planets:
Amazonia – a planet mentioned in the episode Prisoner on the Lost Planet as being a member of the United Planets Organization alongside Earth and which had banished its mad queen to an unnamed planet of active volcanoes.
Cevena – an ice-planet that is home to an unnamed brain-creature which hopes to use hypnotic satellites to take control of the universe.
Conva – a regularly featured planet first introduced in the episode "Space Pen" as a planetwide prison for criminals and featured prominently in the episode "Convict in Space", in which one of its convicts escapes.
Granatoid – home of the Granatoid robots who appear in "The Granatoid Tanks" and described (though not seen) as having a completely technocratic society, led by a robot voiced by an uncredited Gerry Anderson .
Granvenia – a planet mentioned as the destination of fuel tankers that are being diverted to the planet Cevena in the episode "Hypnotic Sphere".
Hedera – a planet rich in plant life that was visited in the episode "Plant Man from Space" and home of a rampant strain of Ivy called Hedera helixa.
Herbos – a jungle planet seen briefly in the episode "Last of the Zanadus".
Magneton – a planet visited in the episode "Space Magnet" and inhabited by the invisible Solars.
Membrono – a planet that was destroyed in the episode "The Doomed Planet".
Mirana – a perpetually burning planet seen in the episode "Hypnotic Sphere".
Monotane – a desert planet inhabited by a space monster in "Space Monster".
New Earth – a planet with a thin atmosphere and little gravity that was to be colonised by the crew of the spaceship Mayflower-3 in the episode Space Immigrants until spaceship Fireball XL7, sent out to prepare for the arrival of the Mayflower-3, was captured by megalomaniacal aliens.
Planet 46 – home of the Subterrains and a barren planet with an oxygen atmosphere; introduced in the pilot episode Planet 46 and appearing in numerous other episodes.
Planet 73 – a planet colonised by Earth and attacked by the Granatoids in the episode The Granatoid Tanks.
Planet 82 – a planet renamed Robotvia by Professor Al Himber.
Platonia – a planet featured in the episode Planet of Platonia and revealed to be rich in Platinum and inhabited by silver-skinned aliens who eat 23-course meals. A trade agreement with Earth had created a power-struggle on the planet, which the XL5 crew was sent to calm.
Rajusca - A desert planet featured in the episode Sun Temple, in which the Earth is attacked by sun worshipping Rajuscans living in the desert.
Triad – a planet featured in the episode, The Triads, which is almost identical to earth in every way, except for being three times its size. Consequently, everything on it, plants, people, animals, etc. is three times the size it is on earth, also. The gigantic human inhabitants are friendly, but are at least 100 years behind earth technologically and were just attempting their fist space launches when the crew of the XL5 visited.
Zanadu – a planet that featured a mysterious temple in the episode Last of the Zanadus
Zofeit – a planet whose inhabitants, the Zofeits,were almost wiped out (only two males surviving) by a lone alien in the episode XL5 to H20. The crew of XL5 rescued the two survivors, who were evacuated to Earth .
Episode list
Main article: List of Fireball XL5 episodes
Fireball XL5 in other media
The theme song from Fireball XL5 was sung by Sean Pertwee in the 2000 London gangster film Love, Honour and Obey in a Karaoke scene. [3]
Outside of the various spin-off titles, Fireball XL5 gained some minor recognition when it appeared in Marvel Comics , as one of the TV shows Meggan used to watch prior to meeting Captain Britain .
Some scenes from Fireball XL5 are shown in the Tom Hanks movie That Thing You Do , watched by Lenny and James on the TVs in Guy's father's appliance store with one character remarking that his grandmother thought the puppets were real people.
There is a homage to Fireball XL5 in an episode of Gerry Anderson's New Captain Scarlet , entitled "Mercury Falling", which features a spaceship of similar design launching via a rail.
A Fireball XL5 series featured in the TV21 comic, with some sophisticated story lines addressing space politics and time travel.
A spin-off comic book series was planned by Gold Key Comics , June 2005 Steve Zodiac and the Fireball XL5 but only one issue was published in the series before it was abandoned.
The closing theme song Fireball was used in the opening scenes of the episode "Spider" from the HBO miniseries From the Earth to the Moon
In The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen: Black Dossier , Allan Quatermain and Mina Murray steal a rocket named Pancake XL4. Each ship of the series is traditionally named after the manner of her predecessor's destruction. The Mushroom Cloud XL2 and the Shrapnel XL3 are named as other examples of the Fireball XL5's antecedents. The Pancake XL4 is destroyed by a collision with a mountain, exploding in a huge fireball and earning the XL5 its name. In addition, a Lazoon (called "Lazunes" in another portion of the comic) is bitten to death by other Lazoons due to it chanting "Welcome ho-ome" with a lisp. It is believed the dead Lazoon is Zoonie.
In Scarlet Traces: The Great Game by Ian Edginton and D'Israeli, on the cover of issue 2, several ships labelled "FB XL" with a number following can be seen. One says "FB XL5", making it the Fireball XL-5.
Steve Zodiac of British rock band Vardis is thought to have taken his name from the show.
In order to commemorate the fortieth anniversary of America's first landing on the moon , Craig Ferguson lip-synched a musical number set to the theme song of Fireball XL5 on The Late Late Show. [4]
An episode of the Nintendo -based cartoon Captain N: The Game Master is entitled "I Wish I Was A Wombatman", a parody of the "I Wish I Was A Spaceman" lyric from Fireball XL5's title theme.
The band XTC included their cover of the theme tune (Fireball XL5\Fireball dub) on their 2002 compilation album Coat of Many Cupboards .
Translations
(French) : Fusée XL5
(Spanish) : El Capitán Marte y su XL5. In the version shown in Latin-American countries, Colonel Zodiac is rechristened Capitán Marte ("Captain Mars").
References
| i don't know |
Who became the manager of (Glasgow) Rangers Football Club in May 2011? | American Businessman Bill Miller Swoops in to Save Glasgow Rangers | Bleacher Report
American Businessman Bill Miller Swoops in to Save Glasgow Rangers
By Will Tidey , Senior Manager, Global
May 3, 2012
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American businessman Bill Miller is poised to become the new owner of Scotland's most successful football club, Glasgow Rangers , after it was announced he was " the preferred bidder ."
If Miller's takeover is successful, he'll have the task of saving Rangers from financial ruin and rescuing a 140-year-old football institution from the darkest days of its long and storied history—and potential oblivion.
Rangers have been Scottish champions 54 times. They've won 33 Scottish Cups. They have an estimated worldwide fanbase of 5.5 million and a stadium that holds over 50,000.
But despite their grand tradition and widespread affection, Rangers have struggled to balance the books in recent years.
They've also fallen victim to spectacular financial mismanagement and now find themselves facing a 12-month transfer embargo , £160,000 fine and a 10-point deduction in the Scottish Premier League after falling into administration.
Ian Walton/Getty Images
The points deduction cost Rangers their shot at winning the title this season, leaving their great rivals Celtic clear to stroll home and heap further misery on the Gers' distraught fans.
Much of the blame has been laid at the door of former owner Craig Whyte, who bought the club for £1 in May 2011 on the condition he paid off its outstanding £18 million debt.
Whyte was good to his word, but it turns out he covertly used proceeds from future ticket sales to clear what was owed. He has subsequently been handed a life ban by the Scottish Football Association and fined £200,000.
Taxes eventually caught up with Whyte and Rangers. In February the UK authority, Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs (HMRC), demanded the club act to clear £9 million owing in unpaid taxes during Whyte's reign at Ibrox.
Rangers appointed administrators Duff & Phelps to deal with the situation and they are now seeking to find a suitable bidder.
Among the interested parties so far have been a consortium backed by fans called "The Blue Knights" and a Singaporean group fronted by businessman Bill Ng. But it appears Miller's bid is now in pole position.
This from Rangers' official website :
Bill Miller is on course to become the new owner of Rangers after being granted preferred bidder status today (Thursday) by administrators Duff & Phelps.
After weeks of negotiations and discussions, the administrators have announced that the hugely successful American businessman now has the opportunity to complete a purchase for the club.
Said Duff & Phelps representative Paul Clark:
We would like to thank all parties for their efforts in seeking to submit bids which preserve the long history and success of the Club.
We are delighted to announce that today we have received an unconditional bid for the business and assets of Rangers Football Club plc from Mr Bill Miller which has been accepted and he is now the preferred bidder. Mr Miller now proposes to complete his transaction by the end of the season.
Not much seems to be known about Miller outside the fact he is chairman of Miller Industries , who bill themselves as "the world's largest manufacturer of towing and recovery equipment." Miller Industries are based in Tennessee.
According to his profile at businessweek.com , the 64-year-old served as "Chief Executive Officer of Team Sports Entertainment, Inc., and its subsidiary, Team Racing Auto Circuit" for eight months in 2002, so he does have some sports industry experience.
As for the reasons behind Miller's specific interest in acquiring Rangers, they've yet to be announced. I've found nothing to suggest he's a big football fan, though more details on that front are sure to come forward in next few days.
Here's what we know about his bid so far.
According to ESPN , Miller is offering $18.1 million for Rangers. The idea—according to Richard Wilson of The Herald —is to set up a new company, or " newco ," which would take on all of the clubs assets apart from the players and staff. The old company or "oldco", being Rangers as they are, would then apply to meet the terms of a Creditors Voluntary Agreement .
This blog at Scotzine suggests Miller would then try to merge the two companies and hope to enter the 2012-13 SPL season without having to go into liquidation. The aim here would be to avoid the potentially huge penalties of effectively starting a new club and having to reapply to join the SPL.
Rangers fans are opposed to the newco option, believing it would rob the club of its tradition. But here's what the club's manager Ally McCoist had to say on it, as per the Daily Mail :
If it happened, we would still have the history of the club, absolutely. I have done a bit of homework on it and newcos have happened at clubs like Plymouth and Crystal Palace .
I can imagine people would try to wind up supporters about it—that’s part and parcel of the game. But, make no mistake, we wouldn’t lose our history at all. We wouldn’t allow that to happen.
If there is a team playing at Ibrox in blue shirts, it’s Rangers. I think I’m right in saying we only became a plc in 1899, which was 27 years after we were formed. Nobody really recognizes that change, but there have been changes all the way down the years.
Rangers are Rangers and that would be the opinion of the vast majority of people.
This being football and finances, things are obviously complicated. There are various permutations of a possible deal that could happen and it's not yet clear how the SFA would penalize Rangers should they form a newco. This Scotzine blog really is the best way to get a handle on the details.
What's beyond any doubt, however, is that Miller faces one of the biggest challenges of his long and successful career should his bid go through as expected at the end of the season.
Along with dragging Rangers out of a debt estimated by The Telegraph to stand at £134 million, Miller must win over the most riled group of supporters on the planet—a fiercely proud band of loyal and devoted fans who have been forced to watch on while their club was thrown to the dogs in recent months.
To succeed, Miller must first get them onside with his vision.
| Ally McCoist |
Which fictional villain has the real name Oswald Chesterfield Cobblepot? | How the mighty Glasgow Rangers have fallen | Football | The Guardian
The Observer
How the mighty Glasgow Rangers have fallen
Once a power in Europe, with weekly crowds of more than 50,000, this is what Rangers have come to – playing Alloa. Graham Spiers reveals the cascade of poor decisions and dodgy deals which ruined the historic club
‘It’s been a crime that’s been committed against this club’: the Rangers faithful gather in Alloa. Photograph: Martin Hunter
Graham Spiers
Sunday 18 January 2015 05.00 EST
Last modified on Thursday 4 August 2016 06.17 EDT
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It was once said that there were three main pillars of Scottish public life: the Church of Scotland, the unique Scottish legal system and Rangers Football Club . All three have had their trials down the years. The Church staggers on, its numbers down. Scottish law has also suffered its controversies and travails. But neither has agonised or been abused or so spectacularly imploded like Rangers FC.
Once the great bastion of Scottish and British football, Rangers are broken, have suffered liquidation and are now limping back from the grave, a phoenix club trying to reclaim its former heights. I’ve been everywhere with Rangers in my time – Barcelona, Milan, Paris, to the great eastern European outposts and beyond – entering some grand arenas to follow the club’s progress. Last weekend the journey took me to Recreation Park in Alloa – capacity 3,100 – for a further forlorn stop in this infamous tragedy.
On a bitingly cold afternoon the Rangers fans, once a vast, victorious tribe, trudged in, faithful and frozen, keeping up their vigil. Not a song was heard and hardly a roar went up among them. Their team won 1-0 thanks to a Nicky Law goal, whereupon the blue-and-white army sloped away, another game gone. It’s a grim kind of faith.
“I keep coming because it’s Rangers, it’s in my blood, it’s a great club,” one older supporter told me. “But if some of us could ever get our hands on these men that have done this club over…” Taking the pulse of this Rangers travelling support was proving a tricky assignment. Another fan told me angrily: “You guys in the media have had a field day with us. But it’s been a crime that’s been committed against this club.”
The story of the demise of Rangers is a painful one, and a warning to any football club which views itself as impregnable. I first watched Rangers as a little kid in the early 1970s and, privately or professionally, have scarcely been away from the club since. Back then, in childhood, Rangers seemed as strong and immovable as the famous red-brick edifice that is known the world over as Ibrox Stadium, the club’s home. Rangers was a sentinel, we assumed, that no one could ever bring down.
Founded in 1872, Rangers became one of the prestige names in world football. As it grew in lustre vast crowds flocked to Ibrox, and continued to do so until very recent times, with the club enjoying upwards of 44,000 season ticket holders. The current Ibrox holds 51,000 but the old stadium, with its great stand and oval terracing prior to its reconstruction, could easily house 80,000 fans.
When the club won the European Cup Winners’ Cup in 1972 it gave Rangers that sheen that all big clubs desire – a European trophy to cement its place among the elite. Rangers, like city rivals Celtic, built upon its huge support. On top of this Rangers boasted a world-record 54 domestic titles.
So how did it ever come to this? Strained finances, dubious tax affairs, administration, liquidation, then reincarnation and re-entry at the bottom level of the Scottish game. The roll call of chancers and charlatans who have ruined Rangers is long. This is a painful story of betrayal.
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Winning the 1972 European Cup Winners’ Cup final against Dynamo Moscow. Photograph: Press Association
Sir David Murray, one of Scotland’s greatest self-made businessmen, bought Rangers in 1988 and immediately fuelled the club with money, not to say overreaching ambition. Under Murray a cadre of great footballers arrived – Alexei Mikhailichenko, Brian Laudrup, Paul Gascoigne and others – with the club dreaming of conquering Europe once more, this time in the Champions League. Those years in the 1990s and into the new millennium were intoxicating and high-rolling for Rangers, with only one or two minor voices expressing their disquiet at the road being taken by the club.
Murray was wealthy, and he built his wealth not just on talent and hard work but also on debt. In his own business empire he never worried about bearing hundreds of millions in debt, because he believed this was the necessary fuel to drive him to greater rewards. Success and assets were levers against debts, and Murray, to a degree, applied the same philosophy to Rangers.
For a while it was all marvellous. Under Murray’s stewardship the club racked up domestic trophies while, even better, Celtic were on the ropes. At one point in 2003, Rangers’s net debt reached £82m, but the figure appeared in small print in the club’s accounts and few lost any sleep over it. Rangers in this period made successive annual losses of £19m, £32m and £29m – staggering in the context of Scottish football – but onwards they barged under Murray, signing Tore André Flo for £12m, an astronomical figure in Scotland , in 2000.
But then things changed. Murray decided that he needed to maximise Rangers’ resources in whatever way he could, and in 2000 he steered the club down a path that would eventually lead, between 2001 and 2010, to his top players being remunerated via Employee Benefit Trusts, whereby employees are supposedly “loaned” rather than “paid” money, thus avoiding tax. The very policy now sends a shudder down Rangers’ fans’ spines. The decision to use EBTs would prove – literally for Rangers – fatal.
The club flushed tens of millions of pounds through its EBTs scheme in order to avoid tax and pay its players top dollar. It triggered a dire chain of events which led to HMRC pursuing Rangers for alleged unpaid taxes, the club’s ambition being squeezed, and Murray ultimately wanting out. In fact, Rangers have twice won their tax dispute with the authorities, with the club being found to have stayed within the law, though EBTs have subsequently been clamped down on, with the government abolishing them in 2011.
When Murray felt induced to sell Rangers there was one main problem: few, if any, wanted to buy the club. The EBTs controversy did not help: potential buyers were certainly put off by the possibility of an unpaid tax bill running to tens of millions. Many companies across Britain had used EBTs for tax-avoidance purposes but, in Rangers’ case, it proved ruinous, with HMRC remorselessly pursuing the club. In the end, after Murray’s for sale sign had been up for three years above Ibrox, Craig Whyte stepped forth to buy the club off him for a princely £1. Disaster for Rangers loomed and Murray left the scene, soon to be disgraced by events.
Allegations about Whyte’s business career would soon emerge. But not before he plunged Rangers into administration, exacerbating HMRC’s grievance with the club by ceasing to pay PAYE and VAT in 2011, thus building up an inarguable, unpaid tax bill to the taxman. It left Rangers facing an actual tax bill of £20m and a potential tax bill of £50m- plus. A creditors agreement duly failed and when Rangers FC plc was finally consigned to liquidation in June 2012 it was HMRC which dealt the fatal blow. The Scottish newspapers ran headlines such as: “RIP Rangers… 140 Years of History Comes to an End.”
For many Rangers fans it was the most painful day of their lives. Weeks of struggle and uncertainty ensued, involving the club’s administrators and the football authorities, before a new Rangers FC was created out of the mess and ordered by the other Scottish clubs to start life again in the bottom tier of Scottish football. Spiritually it was the same Rangers, but the damage had been done.
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Fans at Alloa this month. Photograph: Martin Hunter
I chat with Davie Bell from Wigtown, now nearly 60 years old, and a classic Rangers fan, a diehard. Traditional Rangers fans embrace the Union Jack, not just for its colours but for its British/Union significance as well: it has become part of the culture of the club. Everything in Bell’s house is Union Jack themed: “My chairs, my mugs, my telly, my mirrors, my coffee tables, my duvets, the lot. I’m Rangers through and through.” Those who know Davie say he would bleed red, white and blue, which makes all the more remarkable and dispiriting what he has to tell me.
“I’m totally fed up with it… totally,” he says of the decline of Rangers, the unsightly clambering through the lower leagues and the boardroom power struggles currently playing out at Ibrox. “I’ve sat in the same seat for decades at Ibrox – the Copland front – but sometimes now I get up and leave just before half-time, or maybe a little after it. The standard of football is awful. The club is a mess.”
This really is footballing heartache. Bell leaves Wigtown in Scotland’s southwest with his fellow fans for the two-and-a-half hour bus ride up to Glasgow… which becomes four hours once a lunchtime stop for food and a pint or two is included. And yet, so scunnered is he, once he gets to Ibrox he scarcely takes in the game.
“At the recent Dumbarton match I left my seat after about 55 minutes and went out and just sat in the supporters bus with the driver and listened to the radio. I couldn’t take it any longer. With the crowds now so low, you hear every comment, and there’s no enjoyment any more. I’ve seen teams like Annan Athletic and Stranraer play us – Rangers – off the park. It’s terrible.”
Further up Scotland’s west coast, Gus Oakley is a retired policeman – a very youthful one at 51 – who is Rangers born and bred and runs a supporters bus from Ayr up to Ibrox. He was first taken to see Rangers at the age of eight and has never looked back. But over the past two years, since Rangers’ liquidation and subsequent re-admittance to the Scottish leagues at third division level, he has witnessed the pain of this fallen giant at supporter level.
“Rangers fans feel very down and badly betrayed,” Oakley told me. “Many fans absolutely blame David Murray 100% – I don’t, by the way – and then Craig Whyte arrived, and look what he did to us. There were people who warned against Whyte getting his hands on Rangers, but they were ignored.
“The fans are now very wary of any type of ‘saviour’. There was Whyte, and then came Charles Green [who bought the Rangers assets post-liquidation] and all his nonsense. That’s why I think the fans will be happier when an owner – or owners – come in who have the club at heart, or at least have that type of background.”
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Winning ways: Peter Lovenkrands scores against Celtic in the 2002 Cup Final. Photograph: Gary M. Prior/Getty
Throughout the whole saga the attendances at Ibrox had remained buoyant at 40,000-plus – a real testament to Rangers fans’ enduring love for their club. But in recent times crowds have plummeted as supporters have waged war with the Rangers board, and a power struggle for control of the reborn club has waged among various factions.
Oakley says that the recent poor attendances at Ibrox of 20,000 or below are the result of supporters being worn down – first by the demise of the club itself, and now with a board of directors who are detested, and who cannot get the club back on its feet.
The once-bulging Ibrox has been a ghost stadium at some recent games. Season ticket sales – the cornerstone of any big club’s income stream – are down significantly as Rangers fans either revolt or feel sickened by events. The Rangers chairman, David Somers, is a loathed figure, while Mike Ashley, a 9% stakeholder in Rangers (who also owns Newcastle United), is derided.
Ashley, the South Africa-based Dave King, plus others are all currently fighting for control of the club. Essentially Rangers, a listed company, is owned by the market, but with some large majority stakeholders now jostling for power. King, a Rangers supporter and the fans’ favourite to wrest control, is supremely wealthy but has a 2013 high court conviction in South Africa for 41 contraventions of the Income Tax Act. In the context of Rangers, you almost couldn’t make that bit up. Having originally been chased for 3.2bn South African rand (equivalent today of £184m), King and the court finally agreed on a 700m rand (£40m) payback settlement.
The upshot of all this Ibrox warring has been a dysfunctional and paralysed football club with boycotting fans and no money in the coffers. Ally McCoist, a club legend, and manager until four weeks ago, has walked away in disgust. In recent days he has been spotted out and about in Glasgow suddenly looking 10 years younger.
Ally McCoist out recently, having quit as Rangers’ manager. Photograph: Andy Nicol
Rangers fans are fed up with it all. “On my own supporters bus,” says Gus Oakley, “maybe five or six years ago, we’d be turning people away in a 55-seater bus each week. I’d say: ‘Sorry, there’s no spare seats.’ Rangers have always had a great support. But now we’re down to about 20 fans and we’re sharing transport with another supporters club from nearby. Fans are no longer going, and it’s the same all over Scotland with the Rangers buses. We’re all sharing now to keep it going. You don’t want to see supporters clubs dying.
“One of the last guys I expected to do this – a guy who loves Rangers – has just told me that the game against Hearts this week will be the last one he goes to. He says he’s not going back. More and more fans are saying they’re not going back.”
Some have wondered, given the club’s benighted past and current boardroom wars, if a generation of Rangers fans might be lost to the whole debacle. When asked, Oakley thought carefully about this. “I don’t think we are talking of a whole generation of Rangers fans lost to the club, but I think there will be a number, yes, who won’t be back,” he said. “Significantly, there was a younger group of fans aged about 15 or 16 – quite a group of them – who had started coming on our bus two or three years ago. But they’ve all died away – none of them are going at the moment. So in terms of the ‘lost generation’ thing, well, there’s guys who were just getting into going who have now stopped. Their fathers are still going, but not the young lads themselves.”
Rangers is currently embroiled in a power struggle involving various factions who want to control the club, and the fans are finally showing their teeth in it all as well. Various campaigns, such as Rangers First and Buy Rangers, are aimed at fans buying up shares so that they might eventually own the club themselves. So far, though, these two groups own just 2% between them.
The whole saga has deposited a poisonous atmosphere in Scottish football. For one thing, Rangers fans severely object to any notion of a “new club” emerging after the 2012 liquidation – they argue it was the company, not the club itself, that was liquidated. The subject has proved just as painful for the Scottish FA, which has done its damndest to tiptoe around the subject. Despite all newspapers having emphatically reported the death of Rangers in 2012, reporters and commentators now get it in the neck if they so much as broach this subject at all.
On top of this, fans of other clubs, such as Celtic for obvious reasons, crow aloud about the fate of Rangers and delight in distinguishing the current from the former. The Ibrox club for decades practiced a sectarian signing policy, which just about everyone concedes today was embarrassing, and some in Scotland who have detested Rangers have long memories in this particular context.
There is no other way of putting it: many view the recent fate of Rangers as the ultimate comeuppance for the great, ugly beast. A ribald, black humour has emerged about Rangers, but it has also led to deep social divisions, online enmity, and an unpleasant atmosphere in Scottish football.
“There’s been an awful lot of people who have enjoyed what happened to Rangers, I’ve no doubts about that,” says Gus Oakley. “Let’s say fans of Celtic, Dundee United and Aberdeen in particular. But that would happen in any walk of life. If anyone has been at the top and they are suddenly struggling, you’ll always get people laughing at it. I just turn a blind eye. There but for the grace of God go them. What happened to Rangers could happen to anyone.”
The US financier Robert Sarver has told the stock exchange he has pulled out of takeover talks with Rangers
Published: 12 Jan 2015
The fan-ownership group Rangers First has increased its Ibrox stake after snapping up another 60,000 shares and now controls 0.8 % of the club
Published: 10 Jan 2015
The former Fulham and Bayern Munich manager, Felix Magath, bought a 1% stake in Rangers last year
Published: 9 Jan 2015
The Phoenix Suns owner Robert Sarver has made a revised £20m bid to buy a majority shareholding in Rangers
Published: 8 Jan 2015
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How high, in inches, are the hurdles in a men’s 110 metre Olympic hurdle race? | How high are the hurdles?
How high are the hurdles?
Hurdles | 0 comments
Hurdles should have 5 different heights that they can be set at. Each one of these heights is used for a different race or age group. The easiest way to explain the hurdle height is in inches (if you are from the United States). The hurdles can be adjusted anywhere from 42 inches down to 30 inches. When you change a setting on the hurdle it will adjust the height of the hurdle by 3 inches either up or down.
As you go throughout your coaching career you may hear the hurdle heights described in other ways besides simply saying the height in inches. Many times you will hear the heights referred to using the terms Low (30 inches), Women’s (33 inches), Intermediate (36 inches), High School Highs (39 inches), and Open (42 inches).
The low hurdle height is used for the women’s 300/400 meter hurdle race. In my area it is also occasionally used for the women’s 100 meter hurdle races for the junior varsity level. The women’s height is used for the 100 meter hurdles. Women run this height in high school all the way through to the Olympic level. The intermediate height is used for the men’s 300/400 hurdle races. They use this height from high school to the Olympic level. The high school highs are used for the boy’s 110 meter hurdle race at the high school level. The last height is the open height which is used for the men’s 110 meter hurdle races at the college and Olympic levels.
Teaching your athletes these heights and terminology is very important. Doing so will allow you to get things set up a lot quicker. If you tell them to set the hurdles up at the intermediate height then they should know exactly where to set the hurdles up and which height to set them on. Having your athletes set the hurdles up allows them to get more work accomplished because multiple athletes can get them set up correctly faster than you can by yourself. Teaching your hurdlers this terminology is something that I try to do in the first week of hurdling and I recommend you do the same.
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Formerly called ‘Scrabulous’, what is the name of the online word game based on Scrabble? | Hurdle Heights | Track Star USA
Hurdle heights for each hurdle race
What is the hurdle height for the 55m hurdles?
High School Boys 55m hurdle height: 39 Inches
High School Girls 55m hurdle height: 33 Inches
Men (College/International) 55m hurdle height: 42 Inches
Women (College/International) 55m hurdle height: 33 Inches
What is the hurdle height for the 60m hurdles?
High School Boys 60m hurdle height: 39 Inches
High School Girls 60m hurdle height: 33 Inches
Men (College/International) 60m hurdle height: 42 Inches
Women (College/International) 60m hurdle height: 33 Inches
What is the hurdle height for the 100m hurdles?
Junior High Boys 100m hurdle height: 33 Inches
Junior High Girls 100m hurdle height: 30 Inches
High School Girls 100m hurdle height: 33 Inches
Women (College/International) 100m hurdle height: 33 Inches
What is the hurdle height for the 110m hurdles?
Junior High Boys 110m hurdle height: 33 Inches
High School Boys 110m hurdle height: 39 Inches
Men (College/International) 110m hurdle height: 42 Inches
What is the hurdle height for the 200m hurdles?
Junior High Boys 200m hurdle height: 30 Inches
Junior High Girls 200m hurdle height: 30 Inches
What is the hurdle height for the 300m hurdles?
High School Boys 300m hurdle height: 36 Inches
High School Girls 300m hurdle height: 30 Inches
What is the hurdle height for the 400m hurdles?
Men (College/International) 400m hurdle height: 36 Inches
Women (College/International) 400m hurdle height: 30 Inches
What is the hurdle height for the Steeple Chase?
High School Boys Steeple Chase: 36 Inches
High School Girls Steeple Chase: 30 Inches
Men (College/International) Steeple Chase: 36 Inches
Women (College/International) Steeple Chase: 30 Inches
Hurdle spacing between hurdles
What is the hurdle spacing for the 55m hurdles?
High School Boys 55m hurdle spacing: 13.72m to H1 with 9.14m between and 4.72m to the finish
High School Girls 55m hurdle spacing: 13m to H1 with 8.5m between and 8m to the finish
Men (College/International) 55m hurdle spacing: 13.72m to H1 with 9.14m between and 4.72m to the finish
Women (College/International) 55m hurdle spacing: 13m to H1 with 8.5m between and 8m to the finish
What is the hurdle spacing for the 60m hurdles?
High School Boys 60m hurdle spacing: 13.72m to H1 with 9.14m between and 9.72m to the finish
High School Girls 60m hurdle spacing: 13m to H1 with 8.5m between and 13m to the finish
Men (College/International) 60m hurdle spacing: 13.72m to H1 with 9.14m between and 9.72m to the finish
Women (College/International) 60m hurdle spacing: 13m to H1 with 8.5m between and 13m to the finish
What is the hurdle spacing for the 100m hurdles?
Junior High Boys 100m hurdle spacing: 13m to H1 with 8.5m between and 10.5m to the finish
Junior High Girls 100m hurdle spacing: 13m to H1 with 8.5m between and 10.5m to the finish
High School Girls 100m hurdle spacing: 13m to H1 with 8.5m between and 10.5m to the finish
Women (College/International) 100m hurdle spacing: 13m to H1 with 8.5m between and 10.5m to the finish
What is the hurdle spacing for the 110m hurdles?
Junior High Boys 110m hurdle spacing: 13.72m to H1 with 9.14m between and 14.02m to the finish
High School Boys 110m hurdle spacing: 13.72m to H1 with 9.14m between and 14.02m to the finish
Men (College/International) 110m hurdle spacing: 13.72m to H1 with 9.14m between and 14.02m to the finish
What is the hurdle spacing for the 200m hurdles?
Junior High Boys 200m hurdle spacing: 50m to H1 with 35m between and 10m to the finish
Junior High Girls 200m hurdle spacing: 50m to H1 with 35m between and 10m to the finish
What is the hurdle spacing for the 300m hurdles?
High School Boys 300m hurdle spacing: 45m to H1 with 35m between and 10m to the finish
High School Girls 300m hurdle spacing: 45m to H1 with 35m between and 10m to the finish
What is the hurdle spacing for the 400m hurdles?
Men (College/International) 400m hurdle spacing: 45m to H1 with 35m between and 40m to the finish
Women (College/International) 400m hurdle spacing: 45m to H1 with 35m between and 40m to the finish
What is the hurdle spacing for the Steeple Chase?
All steeple chase races have 5 hurdle barriers per lap after the finish line is passed the first time. The water jump is the 4th hurdle barrier. All are spaced evenly around the track and the spacing is dependent on the location of the water barrier (inside or outside of the track).
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In which year was the Bank of France (Banque de France) established? | Banque de France | French national bank | Britannica.com
French national bank
Alternative Title: Bank of France
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bank
Banque de France, national bank of France , created in 1800 to restore confidence in the French banking system after the financial upheavals of the revolutionary period. Headquarters are in Paris .
The bank listed among its founding shareholders Napoleon Bonaparte , members of his family, and several leading personalities of the time. Founded partly with state funds, but mainly with private capital, the bank was closely connected with the state from the beginning. The French government claimed a participation in the control of the bank through the appointment of the governor and two deputy governors, while the shareholders were represented by a board of 15 regents elected by the 200 largest shareholders.
The bank was initially granted the exclusive privilege to issue bank notes in Paris for a period of 15 years; it was later authorized to establish discount offices in towns where commercial requirements made this necessary, and it was subsequently empowered to exercise its privileges, including the privilege of note issue, in the towns where discount offices were established. Its note-issue privilege was extended to cover the whole of France in 1848 as a result of the transformation of nine provincial banks with note-issuing powers into branches of the bank. In 1946 the bank was nationalized, and its note-issue privilege was extended for an indefinite period.
Statutes approved in 1973 placed greater power with the bank’s general council and gave the French minister of finance control over Banque de France’s dividend payments and other uses of the bank’s profits. The bank was privatized in 1993, a step taken partly in preparation for France’s participation in the European Monetary System, whose member countries converted to a single currency, the euro, in 1999. Banque de France is a member of the European Central Bank .
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What is the title of the 2004 film which stars Imelda Staunton as a back-street abortionist? | Banque de France - Mises Wiki, the global repository of classical-liberal thought
History[ edit ]
The unfortunate first experiences of note issues in France retarded banking development in that country for many years. The monopoly given to John Law in 1716 for his Banque Générale resulted in a disastrous over-issue of paper, and the bank closed after five years. In 1790, during the French Revolution , France was flooded with assignats and the distrust of paper money was widespread and long-lived.
A decree of 1792 had forbidden the establishment of banks of issue, but the abrogation of this decree and the restoration of the ordinary currency in 1796-97 encouraged some of the Paris discount banks to undertake the issue of notes. Chief among these were the Caisse des Comptes Courants and the Caisse d’Escompte du Commerce. In 1798 when a bank of issue was set up in the provinces, namely, at Rouen. This bank took the step of issuing notes as small as 100 frs. The Paris banks had not been in the habit of issuing notes for less than 250 frs. The freedom prevailing at this time in banking in France seems to have proved very satisfactory, and no disasters occurred, but the march of political events destined this state of affairs for a short existence.
Napoleon’s mania for centralisation and his difficulty in getting Government paper discounted, chiefly owing to the lack of confidence in that Government, turned his attention to the potentialities of a bank founded under Government auspices. So in 1800 he persuaded the stockholders in the Caisse des Comptes Courants to dissolve the company and merge it into a new bank, called the Bank of France. The Bank was financed with an initial capital of 36,000,000 frs., obtained partly from the original capital of the Caisse des Comptes Courants, partly by new subscription by the public and partly from Government funds, obtained from the sinking fund of the national debt. Soon after the foundation of the Bank the Government sold out a large part of its shares, but the independence of the Bank was not thereby much increased. Further negotiations, and manipulations, largely quite unscrupulous, were undertaken in 1802, as a final result of which the Caisse d’Escompte du Commerce was unwillingly induced to fuse with the Bank of France.
The most severe blow to competition came a year later, however, when the Government, by the famous loi du 24 Germinal an XI, granted to the Bank of France the exclusive privilege of issuing notes in Paris, ordered those Paris banks already issuing notes to withdraw them by a certain date, and forbade the Organisation of any bank of issue in the provinces except by the consent of the Government, which reserved the right not only to grant all privileges of issue but also to fix the maximum of such issue. The pretext for this piece of legislation was the slight financial crisis in 1802, but, in fact, nobody had brought any accusation against the competitive banks.
From the outset the Bank of France was under continuous pressure from Napoleon. As early as 1804 a dispute arose between them because the Bank was not discounting Government paper cheaply enough. Under this pressure the Bank discounted too much and issued more notes than it had the specie to maintain. This over-issue, together with the spread of a rumour to the effect that Napoleon had sent away the metallic reserves of the Bank to Germany for military needs, saw the Bank in serious difficulties in the following year. It had partially to suspend payment and its notes depreciated 10 percent to 15 percent. For this Napoleon laid the blame on the Bank and determined to bring its constitution more under the Government. So in 1806 he gave the State a larger share in the Bank’s administration by replacing the Committee elected by the stockholders by a Governor and two deputy-Governors appointed by the head of the State.
Further heavy loans to the Treasury in 1813 caused another partial suspension of cash payments in the next year. This gave impetus to a good deal of criticism and to a movement of opinion in favour of making the Bank independent of the Government, but nothing came of this proposal.
It soon became apparent that France was extremely backward, as compared with England and America, in the development of banking facilities; particularly slow was the pace at which they grew in the provinces where, so far, and apart from small firms specialising on exchange business, they were practically non-existent. Special authority had been given to the Bank of France in 1808 to set up branches, and in those towns where it established them it was to have exclusive rights of issue. It set up its first branch offices in Lyons, Rouen and Lille, but they were all closed down after a very brief existence, because they had proved unprofitable in the difficult years in which they had begun, and it was also argued in favour of their suppression that their demands might, in periods of tight credit, encroach on the reserve of the central bank in Paris.
Almost immediately on the abandonment by the Bank of France of the attempt to establish credit facilities outside Paris, there was a short period of increasing liberalism, during which three projects were sanctioned by the Government of the Restoration for the establishment of private departmental banks of issue. These were the Banks of Rouen, Nantes and Bordeaux, formed in 1817-18. But these banks were subjected to severe restrictions. They had the right to issue notes only for their headquarters and one or two other towns mentioned in their statutes; they could only discount bills payable in their own district; and their sight liabilities might not exceed three times the amount of their metallic reserves. The restrictions of their operations to such narrow districts and their inability to set up branches or employ agents almost belied the title "Departmental," they were, in fact, merely small local banks. Nevertheless, six additional departmental banks were founded between 1835 and 1838, and the Bank of France, now taking fright at the threat of a competing banking interest, began itself to organise branch offices, fifteen of which were started between 1841 and 1848. Each branch the Bank opened was of course given a monopoly of the note issue in its own town. Moreover, Comptoirs of the Bank of France required for their authorisation only an ordonnance royale, which would be granted on the recommendation of the Conseil Générale de la Banque, whereas departmental banks after 1840 had to obtain a special Act of Parliament. Also the greater area over which the Comptoir as a member of a branch system could conduct business gave it a great advantage over the departmental bank. There never even developed among the departmental banks any system of exchange of notes: nevertheless, the success of these banks and the services they rendered to the community were far from insignificant. They met with the disapproval of the Bank of France and after 1840 the Government refused to grant any more charters for their foundation. So the movement towards greater freedom in the note-issuing business was brought to an end. The representations of the departmental banks to the Chamber of Deputies, on the occasion of the discussions of the renewal of the charter of the Bank of France, asking for modifications of their statutes in the direction of removing some of the restrictions they contained, were also unsuccessful.
The trend of policy towards complete centralisation of the note issue reached its logical conclusion as a result of the 1848 political disturbances, but the opposition voiced by the Bank of France to the renewal of the charter of the Bank of Bordeaux in that year makes it practically certain that the departmental banks would in any case not have survived after the expiration of their charter rights.
The 1848 political crisis foreshadowed in many people’s minds a repetition of the assignat regime, and their first instinct was to hoard specie, with the inevitable consequence of a run on the banks. The Government was naturally interested in preserving the capacity of the Bank of France to give it financial support in dealing with the insurgents. It therefore gave to the Bank’s notes cours forcé (legal tender status) and allowed it to issue notes for 100 frs. At the same time was imposed what was regarded as a safeguard against excessive issues by putting a maximum limit of 350,000,000 frs. on its note issue. The departmental banks were given what were nominally the same facilities, and their notes subjected to a maximum limit which amounted to 102,000,000 frs. for all nine banks together, but since their notes were made legal tender only within their own respective localities, while the notes of the Bank of France were legal tender all over France, the circulation of the Bank of France gained an overwhelming ascendancy over that of the departmental banks. The 1848 decree was consequently their ruin rather than their salvation, and in the same year they agreed to submit to a fusion with the Bank of France, practically the only course that remained open to them short of liquidation. Thus by two Government decrees they became Comptoirs of the Bank of France, which acquired their authorised note issues as an addition to its legal maximum.
The events of the period immediately following 1848 throw light also on the subordination of the Bank to the will of the Treasury. Up to the decree above, the Government had never imposed any limitation on the amount of the note issue. It had been content to rely, on the Bank’s obligation to pay specie on demand, and on a prohibition of small notes. Now that both these checks were gone, it did impose a limit, but this the Government showed itself ever ready to raise if it should form any obstacle to the Bank’s readiness to lend to the Treasury. The difficulties of the Bank of France in meeting its obligations in cash, which had been the avowed reason for legalising its bankruptcy, had, so far as its private commercial obligations were concerned, been of very short duration, and it showed itself ready at an early date to revert to cash payments. But the scale at which Government borrowings at the Bank continued made its position unstable. In June, 1848, and again in November, 1849, the Government had arrived at agreements with the Bank by which the latter was to make regular advances of fixed sums during the succeeding two or three years. At the end of 1849 the Bank had received permission to increase its issue to 525,000,000 frs. By this time, however, it had a very strong metal reserve (about 400,000,000 frs.), and it had already begun suppressing the restrictive measures relating to the redemption of its notes, and it would probably have decided in favour of a complete resumption of cash payments much earlier if it had not been for the Government borrowing factor. If Treasury demands were going to continue at the same rate, the Bank believed its cash reserve would be inadequate. On the other hand, its note issue very soon approached the new maximum, and the Bank was faced with the choice either of applying for a further increase of its legalised circulation or of reverting to its old statutes under which it would be obliged to redeem its notes and cours forcé (legal tender) would be abolished, but there would be no legal limitation on the total volume of notes it was allowed to issue. It was only after an agreement had been reached with the Treasury for the reduction of the Bank’s obligations to lend, that the Bank felt safe in reverting to its old statutes, and this it finally did in August, 1850.
France emerged from the 1848 political crisis with a completely centralised, single, monopoly bank of issue. The progress of the industrial revolution in France round about 1850 brought into greater prominence the extreme paucity of credit facilities, most especially in the provinces, but even in Paris itself. Where facilities for the spread of a paper circulation had been withheld there was a corresponding absence of deposit banking, and the contrast was particularly strong with England where the country bankers with local connections and knowledge, even if they had rendered no other service, had at least accustomed the provincial mind to banking habits.
Right from the beginning the Government had imposed limitations on the flexibility of discount rate. In the case of the Caisse d’Escompte it was forbidden to charge more than 4 percent. The rate of discount of the Bank of France was fixed provisionally by the Government at 6 percent, and for the first six years it was held invariable at that figure, until in 1806 it was reduced to 5 percent. Discount policy in these years was primarily conditioned by the claims of Napoleon. It was his idea that the aim of the Bank of France must be to discount for all commercial firms of reasonable standing at 4 percent, and he criticised the Bank for not being liberal enough, and it was at his instance that the rate was reduced to 4 percent in 1807. It was not changed again until 1814, when it was raised to 5 percent. It seems to have been the policy of the Bank to maintain as far as possible a stable rate, for it was sticky in both directions, and when the Bank found it necessary to extend or to contract credit, it would adopt almost any conceivable means of doing so other than that of adjusting4 the price it charged for its loans. In 1819 it adopted for some months the policy of charging a lower rate (4 percent) on bills of short date (having less than thirty days to run) before it finally decided to reduce all rates to 4 percent. In times of strain it kept the rate of interest constant and resorted to rationing, or to the purchase of specie at a premium, in order to strengthen its reserve. It was for the first time in 1847 that it discovered the effectiveness of a rise in the rate in stemming a drain of cash. It had already relowered its rate when the 1848 crisis brought another shock, and it was still too much afraid of using the weapon of discount rate to combat it. It continued throughout the year to discount at 4 percent, while the departmental banks, which were less able to bear the strain, were charging 6 percent. The reduction of the rate in 1852 to 3 percent brought to an end a period of just over thirty years, during which, with the sole exception of 1847, its rate of discount had remained unchanged at 4 percent. This is in striking contrast to the practice of the Bank of England, whose rate was changed no less than fifty times between September, 1844, and December, 1856.
From the ‘fifties onwards the French rate began, however, to fluctuate more frequently. The greater willingness to change the rate was probably strengthened by the greater need to do so, arising with the increased mobility of specie due to improved transport facilities and communications, which made arbitrage operations much easier. Also, perhaps, some allowance should be made for the beginnings of the activities of the Crédit Mobilier in the direction of capital export. Anyhow, a strong tendency to an outflow of specie set in between 1855 and 1857, culminating with the crisis of that year. The Bank was at first hesitant about raising bank rate, and in the autumn of 1856 the Governor asked the Emperor to sanction a suspension of cash payments. This the Emperor refused and the Bank next reverted to the practice of imposing a limit (two months) on the échéance of bills it was prepared to discount. Finally in 1857 it gave definite recognition to the principle of raising bank rate when there is a drain on the specie reserve, and in that year the Usury Laws prohibiting a rate above 6 percent were abrogated so far as the Bank of France was concerned. But even so, the Bank still relied partly on the method of charging higher rates on the longer-dated bills. In 1861 the rate was held for some weeks at 7 percent, and from that time onwards it fluctuated much more violently than heretofore, and began to oscillate more or less in harmony with the Bank of England rate.
Out of the annexation of Savoy in 1864 arose the Bank of Savoy controversy. The treaties accompanying the annexation established that individuals and institutions belonging to Savoy should be allowed to exercise the same rights in France as they had held under the law of Savoy, and the Bank of Savoy concluded from this that it had the right to establish branches over the whole of France and to issue notes payable on demand. The Bank of France was much alarmed at the prospect of having the Bank of Savoy as a competitor, especially as some features of its business were likely to make it a keen rival. The Bank of Savoy paid interest to depositors, issued notes for as low a denomination as 20 frs., and could discount two-named paper, whereas the Bank of France paid no interest on deposits and had not as yet issued notes for less than 100 frs., and could only discount three-named bills. The Bank of France made a protest on the plea of the Government’s contractual obligation to maintain its privilege, and obtained from the Minister of Finance a letter signifying the Government’s opposition to the Pereire agreement with the Bank of Savoy, and then entered itself into negotiations with that Bank, as a consequence of which the latter agreed to renounce its claims to issue notes in return for an indemnity.
This incident, together with the raising of the discount rate to 8 percent in 1864, directed the attention of many people to the hitherto rather neglected subject of the theory of the money market. Its immediate effect was to produce a demand for the appointment of a Commission to enquire into the policy of the Bank of France. The Emperor received a petition from 300 Paris merchants also demanding an investigation, on the grounds that the raising of the discount rate by the Bank of France had led to the periodic return of crises. Finally the Bank itself suggested that these demands should be satisfied, so that its position, in face of the attacks that were being made against it, might be elucidated.
The direction of the enquiry was undertaken by the Conseil Supérieur du Commerce de l’Agriculture et de l’Industrie. The discussions opened in February, 1865, and did not finish until June, 1866, by which time much of the earlier enthusiasm had died down. The problems raised for discussion were primarily two: firstly, whether the Bank’s new policy of raising its discount rate in times of strain was preferable to its old policy of maintaining its rate invariable, and, secondly, whether a single bank of issue was superior to a plural system of competing banks. Evidence was taken from practically all those having any competence to speak on the subject. The results showed a verdict of the majority on both issues in favour of the Bank of France.
Among the more academic writers the discussion continued for several years longer, until it was superseded at the beginning of the ‘seventies by the bimetallic question. It was a strange coincidence that the Crédit Mobilier, the chief engineer of the accusation against the Bank of France, should almost at the very moment of the Bank’s acquittal find itself in serious difficulties, which were to lead to its going into liquidation only a year later.
At the same time as France was consolidating her centralised system, the trend in neighbouring countries was in the same direction. In Holland the debates in 1863 on the proposal to replace the monopoly of the Netherlands Bank by free trade in the issue of notes had resulted in a decision in favour of the retention of the monopoly. In Italy increased centralisation of the note issue was proceeding pari passu with political unification. [2]
Interwar period[ edit ]
France, during and after World War I, suffered severe hyperinflation, fueled by massive government deficits. The deficits had run approximately 47 billion francs in 1919, 42 billion francs in 1920, 28 billion francs in 1921, 19 billion francs in 1922, 17 billion francs in 1923, and 14 billion francs in 1924. It was harder and harder to borrow money to fill in these gaps. In Germany, 1918-1923, the gap had been filled simply by government borrowing from the Reichsbank . In France the Bank of France, partially independent, held back and resisted. The government got the greater part of its funds on short term paper, the so-called "bons de la défense nationale," largely taken by the private banks or by the people. The law, moreover, put a limit on the government borrowing from the Bank of France and on the issue of notes by the Bank of France, and while this limit was from time to time raised by act of the' French Parliament, it was always a humiliating experience for the Ministry to ask for an increase, and always a source of great concern to the French people when this was done. The Bank of France fought, and held back, and protected the French franc in so doing, though the franc fell far.
However, at the year end, 1924-1925, the Bank of France falsified its balance sheet. It had, in fact, in making year end advances to the government and others needing to meet year end commitments, exceeded its legal note issue. The year end statement showed the notes below the legal limit, but showed also an immense increase in a previously small item, Divers or miscellaneous, which did not deceive the informed reader of the balance sheet. Subsequently Baron Rothschild, a Director of the Bank of France, forced a disclosure of this deception by threatening to make the facts public himself, and the Bank of France made the humiliating confession that it had exceeded its legal limit and that it had falsified its balance sheet. Confidence in France fell low and confidence throughout the world in French finance fell low. The franc continued its downward course. [3]
As a result of the deficits and inflation, the French franc, classically set at 19.3¢ under the old gold standard, had plunged down to 5¢ in May 1925, and accelerated its decline to 1.94¢ in late July 1926. By June 1926, Parisian mobs protesting the runaway inflation and depreciation surrounded the Chamber of Deputies, threatening violence if former Premier Raymond Poincaré, known as a staunch monetary and fiscal conservative, was not returned to his post. Poincaré was returned to office July 2, pledging to cut expenses, balance the budget, and save the franc.
Armed with a popular mandate, Poincaré was prepared to drive through any necessary monetary and fiscal reforms. Poincaré’s every instinct urged him to return to gold at the prewar par, a course that would have been disastrous for France, being not only highly deflationary but also saddling French taxpayers with a massive public debt. Furthermore, returning to gold at the prewar par would have left the Bank of France with a very low (8.6-percent) gold reserve to bank notes in circulation. Poincaré was talked out of this path, however, by the knowledgeable and highly perceptive Emile Moreau , governor of the Bank of France, and by Moreau’s deputy governor, distinguished economist Charles Rist . Moreau and Rist were well aware of the chronic export depression and unemployment that the British were suffering because of their stubborn insistence on the prewar par. Finally, Poincaré reluctantly was persuaded by Moreau and Rist to go back to gold at a realistic par.
When Poincaré presented his balanced budget and his monetary and financial reform package to Parliament on August 2, 1926, and drove them through quickly, confidence in the franc dramatically rallied, pessimistic expectations in the franc were changed to optimistic ones, and French capital, which had understandably fled massively into foreign currencies, returned to France, quickly doubling its value on the foreign exchange market to almost 4¢ by December. To avoid any further rise, the French government quickly stabilized the franc de facto at 3.92¢ on December 26, and then returned de jure to gold at the same rate on June 25, 1928. At that point, foreign exchange constituted 55 percent of the total reserves of the Bank of France (with gold at 45 percent), an extraordinarily high proportion of that in sterling. Furthermore, much of the funds deposited by the Bank of France in London and New York were used for stock market loans and fueled stock speculation; worse, much of the sterling balances were recycled to repurchase French francs, which continued the accumulation of sterling balances in France.
At the end of 1926, while the franc was now pegged, France was not yet on a genuine gold standard. Officially, and de jure, the franc was still set at the prewar par, when one gold ounce had been set at approximately 100 francs. But now, at the new pegged value, the gold ounce, in foreign exchange, was worth 500 francs. Obviously, no one would now deposit gold at a French bank in return for 100 paper francs, thereby wiping out 80 percent of his assets. Also, the Bank of France (which was a privately owned firm) could not buy gold at the current expensive rate, for fear that the French government might decide, after all, to go back to gold de jure at a higher rate, thereby inflicting a severe loss on its gold holdings. The government, however, did agree to indemnify the bank for any losses it might incur in foreign exchange transactions; in that way, Bank of France stabilization operations could only take place in the foreign exchange market.
The French government and the Bank of France were now committed to pegging the franc at 3.92¢. At that rate, francs were purchased in a mighty torrent on the foreign exchange market, forcing the Bank of France to keep the franc at 3.92¢ by selling massive quantities of newly issued francs for foreign exchange. In that way, foreign exchange holdings of the Bank of France skyrocketed rapidly, rising from a minuscule sum in the summer of 1926 to no less than $1 billion in October of the following year. Most of these balances were in the form of sterling (in bank deposits and short-term bills), which had piled up on the continent during the massive British monetary inflation of 1926 and now moved into French hands with the advent of upward speculation in the franc, and with continued inflation of the pound. Against their will, therefore, the French found themselves in the same boat as the rest of Europe: on the gold-exchange or gold-sterling standard.
If France had gone onto a genuine gold standard at the end of 1926, gold would have flowed out of England to France, forcing contraction in England and forcing the British to raise interest rates. The inflow of gold into France and the increased issue of francs for gold by the Bank of France would also have temporarily lowered interest rates there. As it was, French interest rates were sharply lowered in response to the massive issue of francs, but no contraction or tightening was experienced in England; quite the contrary.
At the start of the Great Depression in 1931, after bank runs on Austria and Germany, it was clear that England would be the next to suffer a worldwide lack of confidence in its currency, including runs on gold. Sure enough, in mid-July, sterling redemption in gold became severe, and the Bank of England lost $125 million in gold in nine days in late July.
The remedy to such a situation under the classical gold standard was very clear: a sharp rise in bank rate to tighten English money and to attract gold and foreign capital to stay or flow back into England. In classical gold standard crises, the bank had raised its bank rate to 9 or 10 percent until the crises passed. And yet, England was so to cheap money, that it entered the crisis in mid-July at the absurdly low bank rate of 2.5 percent, and grudgingly raised the rate only to 4.5 percent by the end of July, keeping the rate at this low level until it finally threw in the towel and, on the black Sunday of September 20, went off the very gold-exchange standard that it recently had foisted upon the rest of the world. Indeed, instead of tightening money, the Bank of England made the pound shakier still by inflating credit further. Thus, in the last two weeks of July, the Bank of England purchased nearly $115 million in government securities.
England disgracefully threw in the towel even as foreign central banks tried to prop the Bank of England up and save the gold-exchange standard. Answering Montagu Norman’s pleas, the Bank of France and the New York Fed each loaned the Bank of England $125 million on August 1, and then, later in August, another $400 million provided by a consortium of French and American bankers.
England betrayed not only the countries that aided the pound, but also the countries it had cajoled into adopting the gold-exchange standard in the 1920s. It also specifically betrayed those banks it had persuaded to keep huge sterling balances in London: specifically, the Netherlands Bank and the Bank of France. Indeed, on Friday, September 18, Dr. G. Vissering, head of the Netherlands Bank, phoned Monty Norman and asked him about the crisis of sterling. Vissering, who was poised to withdraw massive sterling balances from London, was assured without qualification by his old friend Norman that, England would, at all costs, remain on the gold standard. Two days later, England betrayed its word. The Netherlands Bank suffered severe losses. The Netherlands Bank was strongly criticized by the Dutch government for keeping its balances in sterling until it was too late.
The Bank of France also suffered severely from the British betrayal, losing about $95 million. Despite its misgivings, it had loyally supported the English gold-standard system by allowing sterling balances to pile up. The Bank of France sold no sterling until after England went off gold; by September 1931, it had amassed a sterling portfolio of $300 million, one-fifth of France’s monetary reserves. In fact, during the period of 1928–31, the sterling portfolio of the Bank of France was at times equal to two-thirds of the entire gold reserve of the Bank of England. [4]
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Plutophobia is the irrational fear of what? | Plutophobia Treatment Options
Treatment
Symptoms of Plutophobia - Fear of wealth:
breathlessness, excessive sweating, nausea, dry mouth, feeling sick, shaking, heart palpitations, inability to speak or think clearly, a fear of dying or becoming madl, a sensation of detachment from reality or a full blown anxiety attack.
You are not the only one to suffer from this phobia. Most sufferers are surprised to learn that they are far from alone in this surprisingly common, although often unspoken, phobia.
Plutophobia is an intense fear of something that poses no actual danger. While adults with Plutophobia realize that these fears are irrational, they often find that facing, or even thinking about facing, the feared situation brings on a panic attack or severe anxiety.
There is a Way Out
Imagine what your life will be like when you know that you are not "defective". When you can be confident and at ease in situations where you used to feel your phobia. And when you can talk about your former fear symptoms as though you are describing a movie where the character is someone else, not you.
Plutophobia
Treatment Options
Hypnotherapy
Hypnotherapy helps to reprogram your subconscious "programs" that may be part of your fear. When these programs are "de-bugged" the symptoms of Plutophobia often are minimized. However, some people don't like the feeling of loss of control in allowing someone else to play with their personal "software". Hypnotherapy is save and works fast.
Hypnotherapy Solutions
Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP)
NLP is basically the study and practice of how we create our reality. From the NLP viewpoint, a phobia is the result of your programs or "constructs" that you have created that don't work very well. With NLP, these constructs are revealed and "re-programmed" so that the Plutophobia is minimized and often eliminated. Usually the interventions are quite rapid and effective.
NLP Solutions
Energy Psychology
Energy Psychology is emerging as an excellent therapy for fears and phobias because in studies it is shown to be rapid, safe, effective and long-lasting. It is based on a theory and practice that has been around for a couple of thousand years. It has the same foundation or roots as acupuncture, except in this case there are no needles used. You could call it emotional acupuncture - without the needles. Recent scientific studies have shown it to be very effective.
Energy Psychology combines the benefits of the above treatment therapies.
You quickly and easily change your behaviors.
You are active in your own recovery.
Your thought patterns change, often very quickly.
You develop skills and techniques that are useful for a lifetime in all situations.
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Who was said to have ridden naked through the streets of Coventry in the 11th Century? | Plutophobia - Fear of wealth | Phobia Source
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Plutophobia – Fear of wealth
Plutophobia is defined as an intense worry of something that doesn’t pose a direct danger. While adults with Plutophobia understand that these fears are irrational, they usually find that facing, or even serious about facing, the feared situation brings on a panic attack or extreme anxiety.
Symptoms of Plutophobia – Fear of wealth: breathlessness, extreme sweating, nausea, dry mouth, feeling sick, shaking, heart palpitations, inability to talk or think clearly, a fear of dying or changing into mad, a sensation of detachment from reality or a full blown nervousness attack.
Plutophobia Treatment Options
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Which country’s football team won the 1986 FIFA World Cup? | 1986 FIFA World Cup | Football Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
1986 FIFA World Cup
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1986 FIFA World Cup
Copa Mundial de Fútbol México '86
1986 FIFA World Cup official logo
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The 1986 FIFA World Cup was a football sporting event that was held in Mexico in 1986. 24 national teams took part. Argentina won the trophy after beating Germany in the final. Diego Maradona was the best player of the tournament.
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Martedi is Italian for which day of the week? | Football World Cup winners list | FIFA soccer WC champion teams, history
Football World Cup winners list
Published on
Jun 20, 2014
Take a close look at the greatest football teams on earth: the FIFA World Cup champions.
The World Cup, also known as the Mundial or Copa do Mundo, has been held 19 times since it inaugural tournament in 1930. It has been won by eight different teams, with Brazil having the most World Cup titles with five, followed by Italy with four, and West Germany with three. Argentina and Uruguay have two titles each while England, France, and Spain have one title.
Below is a year-by-year account of all the World Cup champion teams.
1930 FIFA World Cup
Final score: Uruguay 4-2 Argentina
Host country: Uruguay
The 1930 World Cup was staged in Uruguay and it was the host country that won the championship. In the final match, the Uruguayans saw themselves trailing behind Argentina by 2-1 but managed to turn things around in the second half by scoring three goals. Uruguay became the first World Cup winner with a 4-2 score.
1934 FIFA World Cup
Final score: Italy 2-1 Czechoslovakia (Extra time)
Host country: Italy
The 1934 World Cup was once again won by the host country and this time it was Italy that took the trophy. Playing against Czechoslovakia, Italy imposed a very tough defense but the visiting team breached the Italian line in the 70th to lead 1-0. Italy retaliated to make the game 1-1 before the end of regulation and bagged the win in overtime by a 2-1 tally.
1938 FIFA World Cup
Final score: Italy 4-2 Hungary
Host country: France
Italy retained its crown in the 1938 World Cup in France. In the final match against Hungary, the Italians broke clear with a 3-1 score at halftime and finished the game 4-2.
1950 FIFA World Cup
Final score: Uruguay 2-1 Brazil
Host country: Brazil
The World Cup was not staged again until 1950 because of the Second World War. Played in Brazil, this edition of the Mundial saw one of the biggest upsets in football history when the host country lost to the Uruguay football team.
Brazil was highly favored to win in the final match with Uruguay, which was lowly rated after not qualifying in the two previous World Cups. The Brazilians scored two minutes into the second half and everything seemed to be going well for them. However, Uruguay tied on the 66th minute mark and scored anew on the 79th to steal the 1950 World Cup trophy.
1954 FIFA World Cup
Final score: West Germany 3-2 Hungary
Host country: Switzerland
The 1954 World Cup saw another major upset: In the group stage, the Hungarians trashed West Germany 8-3 and was highly favored to win when the two teams met again in the final. Scoring two goals after only eight minutes, the Hungarian football team looked like they were on a smooth way to the Mundial trophy. However, West Germany equalized within the first half and, just five minutes before the end of regulation, broke away with another goal to win 3-2.
1958 FIFA World Cup
Final score: Brazil 5-2 Sweden
Host country: Sweden
Host Sweden matched up against Brazil in the final of the 1958 World Cup. The Swedish football team opened the scoring but found themselves trailing by 2-1 at the end of the first half. Brazil played top-class football for the rest of the second half and finished the game 5-2. Brazil’s successful campaign was spurred by one of the greatest footballers in history , Pele, who played his first Mundial in this year.
1962 FIFA World Cup
Final score: Brazil 3-1 Czechoslovakia
Host country: Chile
In the 1962 World Cup, Brazil faced Czechoslovakia in the final match without its goal-scoring genius, Pele, as he was injured in the first round. The Czechoslovakians struck the first goal but the Brazilians showed their offensive flare to emerge as victors with a 3-1 score. This was the second of five World Cup trophies in the Brazilian football team’s history.
1966 FIFA World Cup
Final score: England 4-2 West Germany (Extra time)
Host country: England
England faced West Germany at the final of the 1966 World Cup. The Germans found the back of the net first but the English equalized by halftime, 1-1.
In the second half, the English pulled away with a goal’s lead but West Germany scored before the end of regulation to take the game into overtime with a 2-2 score. Englishman Geoff Hurst, who had one goal in regulation, scored twice in overtime to make England World Cup winners and to become the only player ever to score a hat trick in a Mundial final.
The 1966 victory is the only World Cup trophy in the English football team’s history as of present.
1970 FIFA World Cup
Final score: Italy 3-1 West Germany
Host country: Spain
The 1982 World Cup title is the third of Italy. It was not an easy one, as the Italians barely survived elimination in the first round. The first half of the final game did not prove to be inspiring either, as Italy missed a penalty that would have opened the scoring.
However, Italy managed to squeeze a goal on the 56th minute and followed it up with two more goals to lead 3-0. West Germany scored a goal in the 82nd minute to finish the game honorably, 3-1.
1986 FIFA World Cup
Final score: Brazil 0-0 Italy (3-2 pen)
Host country: United States
The 1994 World Cup, held in the United States, is the fourth occasion that Brazil would rip the highest honor in football. In the final match, neither Brazil nor its opponent, Italy, scored in the regulation and extra periods so the game was forced into a penalty shootout.
Both sides missed on their first attempt but Brazil converted its following shots while Italy suffered two more misses to lose 3-2 in the shootout. The biggest disappointment came to Italian football hero Roberto Baggio, who led his team throughout the tournament only to miss his chance from the penalty spot in the final game.
1998 FIFA World Cup
Final score: France 3-0 Brazil
Host country: France
The 1998 World Cup trophy was competed between 32 teams and it was France that emerged triumphant. The French survived the quarter finals through a penalty shootout against Italy and defeated Croatia in the semis with a 2-1 score. They went on to the final to square up with Brazil.
The final belonged to French football legend Zinedine Zidane who scored two goals in regulation to make victory imminent for the host country. His efforts were complemented by Emmanuel Petit, who added another goal in stoppage period. The match ended 3-0 for the first World Cup title in France’s football squad history.
2002 FIFA World Cup
Final score: Brazil 2-0 Germany
Host country: South Korea & Japan
The 2002 World Cup was the first to be held in Asia and saw Brazil become the winner once again. Ronaldo scored both of Brazil’s goals to surge pass Germany 2-0 in the final match. The brilliant striker finished as 2002 top scorer but it was the football goalkeeping legend Oliver Kahn of Germany who bagged the award for the tournament’s best player, the Golden Ball. (This World Cup, with Korea and Japan as hosts, is the first to be hosted by two nations.)
2006 FIFA World Cup
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In the 1965 film ‘The Great Race’, starring Jack Lemmon and Tony Curtis, the race is from New York to which city? | The Great Race (1965) - IMDb
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When a popular daredevil proposes an automobile race across three continents, his arch rival vows to beat him, while an ambitious female reporter has her own plans for victory.
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Won 1 Oscar. Another 1 win & 14 nominations. See more awards »
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Storyline
Professional daredevil and white-suited hero, The Great Leslie, convinces turn-of-the-century auto makers that a race from New York to Paris (westward across America, the Bering Straight and Russia) will help to promote automobile sales. Leslie's arch-rival, the mustached and black-attired Professor Fate vows to beat Leslie to the finish line in a car of Fate's own invention. The Blake Edwards style of slapstick and song originated with this movie. A dedication to Laurel and Hardy appears at the beginning of the film. Edwards' tribute to Stan and Ollie can be seen most clearly in the interaction between Professor Fate and his cohort Max, as well as in the operatic Pottsdorf pie fight. Written by Jeanne Baker <[email protected]>
The movie with 20,000-mile or one-million-laughs guarantee! See more »
Genres:
1 July 1965 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
Blake Edwards' The Great Race See more »
Filming Locations:
Stereo (RCA Sound System)| 70 mm 6-Track (70 mm prints)
Color:
Did You Know?
Trivia
When Prof. Fate, Max and Maggie DuBois drive into the Russian town, Maggie repeats to the professor what she had already argued in her first interview with The Great Leslie, that she speaks French, Russian and Arabic. She then speaks a full sentence to the townspeople in Russian. Natalie Wood , who plays Maggie DuBois, was of Russian descent (her real name is Natasha Gurdin) and spoke fluent Russian. See more »
Goofs
The American flag displayed near the beginning of the race has 48 stars. In 1908, when this movie supposedly takes place, there were only 46 states (New Mexico and Arizona were admitted in 1912, and Alaska and Hawaii were admitted in 1959). See more »
Quotes
Max : Red sky. Gonna be a storm.
Professor Fate : What are you babbling about?
Max : Red sky in the morning, sailor take warning.
Professor Fate : Why, you simple-headed gherkin, do you know the chances of a storm in this part of the world at this time of the year?
Professor Fate : Hundred to one.
[a great thunderclap; it begins to pour rain]
Max : Red sky in the morning, sailor take warning!
See more »
Crazy Credits
Starts with the dedication "For Mr. Laurel and Mr. Hardy". Opening credits are in the form of a turn of the century slide show, beginning with "Ladies kindly remove your hats". The WB logo is drawn on the hood of a car. When the main characters are introduced, Jack Lemmon is jeered (and sticks out his tongue in reply), Tony Curtis cheered and Natalie Wood gets dog whistles. There are various hiccups along the way: a fly is shooed off by a stick, the lights go out and a (real) hand with a match comes on. Other slides have to be adjusted by hand. When one of them starts to burn, "One moment please" is interjected. The producers' credit is upside down. The last slide turns into the opening shot of the movie. See more »
Connections
(Biloxi, Mississippi) – See all my reviews
THE GREAT RACE may not be a masterpiece--but it is a perfect choice for a cold and rainy night: stylish, frothy, and often flatly hilarious, it makes for "comfort viewing" at its best.
One of the movie's several charms is that it draws heavily from Victorian clichés that still linger in the public mind, gives them a gentle comic spin, and then drops them into the tale of an early 1900s auto race from New York to Paris by way of Siberia. Add to this a heap of favorite character actors, a big budget, flamboyant period costumes, and the biggest pie fight ever filmed, and you have a movie where there is always something to enjoy on the screen.
The great thing about THE GREAT RACE are the performances, which are very broad but endowed with a sly humor. The comedy accolades here go to Jack Lemmon and Peter Falk as the notorious Dr. Fate and his bumbling sidekick Max--wonderful bits of acting that will have you hooting with laughter in every scene--and Dorothy Provine scores memorably in a cameo as Lily Olay, the bombshell singer who presides over the most rootin'-tootin' saloon this side of the Pecos.
But every one, from Tony Curtis and the lovely Natalie Wood down to such cameo performers as Vivian Vance, get in plenty of comic chops as the film drifts from one outrageous episode to another: suffragettes crowding a newspaper, the biggest western brawl imaginable, polar bears, explosions, daredevil antics, and a subplot lifted from THE PRISONER OF ZENDA agreeably crowd in upon each other. True, the film does seem over-long and may drag a bit in spots, but it never drags for very long, and it's all in good fun--and the production values and memorable score easily tide over the bare spots. Lots of fun.
Gary F. Taylor, aka GFT, Amazon Reviewer
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| Paris |
What was the name of the pet Shitzu/Bichon frise owned by English television presenter Paul O’Grady? | 1964 Leslie Special - Conceptcarz
conceptcarz
Touring Sedan
From the 1965 American slapstick comedy film 'The Great Race' starring Jack Lemmon, Tony Curtis, and Natalie Wood: The 1964 Leslie Special.
This car was designed and built by the Warner Brothers studio for The Great Race. The PVC body was mounted on a modified Ford truck frame and powered by a Ford 260 V-8 and automatic transmission.
The Great Leslie (Tony Curtis) and Professor Fate (Jack Lemmon) are competing daredevils at the turn of the 20th century. Leslie is the classic hero - always dressed in white, handsome, ever-courteous, enormously talented and successful.
Leslie's nemesis, Fate, is the traditional melodramatic villain - usually dressed in black, sporting a black moustache and top hat, glowering at most everyone, maniacal evil laugh, grandiose plans to thwart the hero, and dogged by failure.
Leslie proposes an automobile race from New York to Paris, to prove the ability of a new car name after him. Fate builds his own race vehicle, the Hannibal Twin-8, complete with hidden devices of sabotage. Others enter cars in the race, including New York City's most prominent newspaper. Driving the newspaper's car is beautiful photojournalist Maggie DuBois (Natalie Wood).
BUGATTI LAUNCHES LIFESTYLE CAPSULE COLLECTION 'BUGATTI LEGENDS'
◾Fashion and accessories collection dedicated to the 'Les Légendes de Bugatti' car edition ◾Six outfits matched for men and women mirroring the theme of each Bugatti Legend ◾One of the first tailor-made lifestyle projects Bugatti has dedicated to its customers Monterey / Molsheim, 17 August 2014. On the occasion of the once-in-a-lifetime-presentation of the complete 'Les Légendes de Bugatti' Edition at 'The Quail: A Motorsports Gathering' and the Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance ... [Read more...]
John Barnard's Finest: Some of the Greatest of Barnard's Design
The latter-part of Barnard's Formula One career would be filled with disappointments and disputes. However, there was no disputing the genius of the man from London. In fact, a couple of innovations that are mainstays in Formula One design were first introduced by this man who had been involved in motor racing in some form or manner since the 1960s. John Barnard would be born in London on the 4th of May in 1946. The war was over and a whole new world loomed on the horizon. It was t... [Read more...]
• Synergy Brings New Opportunities Nationwide for Vehicle Personalization at Retail
MONTEBELLO, Calif., March 19, 2014 – Global automotive leather leader Katzkin and Tint World®, the foremost window tinting and automotive styling retail franchise, have joined forces to create a new powerhouse for total vehicle transformation. Together, Katzkin and Tint World® bring more than 60 years of quality and well-earned reputation to the retail world. This partnership creates a full-ser... [Read more...]
McLAREN GT CONFIRMS KEVIN ESTRE AS FACTORY DRIVER FOR 2014 SEASON
Ahead of the 2014 season, McLaren GT has confirmed the addition of French driver Kevin Estre to its factory driver line-up for this year. The announcement follows Estre's impressive performances throughout the 2013 season, which concluded with a podium finish at the Baku City Challenge in the 12C GT3 with McLaren GT customer team Hexis Racing. The 25-year old has shown his abilities in GT racing over the past few seasons, claiming 13 victories, and, in the German Porsche Carrera Cup title in... [Read more...]
LAMBORGHINI'S 50TH ANNIVERSARY: '100 YEARS OF INNOVATION IN HALF THE TIME'
In 2013, the 50th year since it was founded, Automobili Lamborghini is participating in the annual Techno Classica fair at Essen, where Lamborghini will be showing two of its supercars that have made automotive history, at pavilion 7. Introduced in 1964, the 350 GT was the first mass-produced Lamborghini, while the 1972 P 400 Miura SV was the final evolution of the legendary Miura - the first super sports car with a modern design. Both vehicles on display were taken from the extensive collec... [Read more...]
| i don't know |
What is the US state capital of Tennessee? | Capital Cities of Tennessee
Capital Cities of Tennessee
[ Jonesborough ] [ Greeneville ] [ Knoxville ] [ Kingston ] [ Murfreesboro ] [ Nashville ]
Six of Tennessee's cities have served as the capital of the State. Two cities have been the capital more than once, while one city was the capital for only one day. Each of these six cities has had an interesting part to play in the history of Tennessee.
Jonesborough
The oldest city in Tennessee is Jonesborough . Jonesborough was named for Willie Jones, a North Carolina legislator who championed his state's westward movement. Founded in 1779, Jonesborough became the capital of the State of Franklin in December 1784. Franklin functioned as a state until 1788, but was never recognized by Congress. Jonesborough was the first town in Tennessee to be listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Jonesborough is known for its National Storytelling Festival , its International Storytelling Center , and is recognized as the storytelling capital of the world.
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Greeneville
The second capital of the State of Franklin was Greeneville. Greeneville was founded in 1783 and served as the capital of Franklin from 1785-1788. Greeneville was named for Revolutionary War hero Nathanael Greene. The Andrew Johnson National Historic Site is located in Greeneville. There are tours available of Johnson's home and place of burial on Monument Hill in the National Cemetery .
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Knoxville
Knoxville was the capital of the Territory of the United States South of the River Ohio from 1792 until 1796. Knoxville served as the capital of Tennessee on two occasions, the first time from 1796 until 1812 and then a second time from 1817 to 1818. Knoxville was named for Henry Knox, the Secretary of War. The main campus of The University of Tennessee is in Knoxville. Knoxville is the home of the Knoxville Museum of Art and Knoxville Opera and hosts many festivals, most notably, the Dogwood Arts Festival , which began in 1961 after author John Gunther called Knoxville "the ugliest city in America." City officials resolved to change the city's image and began planting dogwood trees. The first trail opened in 1955. In 1982, the Knoxville hosted the World's Fair and celebrated the 25th anniversary of the fair this year.
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Kingston
Kingston was the capital of Tennessee for one day! On September 21, 1807, the Tennessee General Assembly met in Kingston, declared it to be the State's capital, passed one item, and then adjourned. That one item was the acquisition of Cherokee territory that was known as Fort Southwest Point. The Indians had ceded the land around the Fort to the State with the provision that it would be named the State capital, which it was, but only for one day. Before the Indians realized that they had been tricked, the capital was moved back to Knoxville. Kingston was named for landowner Major Robert King.
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Murfreesboro
Murfreesboro was Tennessee's capital city from 1818 until 1826. The capital was moved to the middle of the State as the population moved to the middle and western grand divisions of Tennessee. Murfreesboro was named for Revolutionary War hero Colonel Hardy Murfree. In 1911, Middle Tennessee State University opened in Murfreesboro.
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Nashville
The current capital of Tennessee is Nashville. Nashville/Davidson County has a metropolitan government. This very progressive city is one of the few Tennessee cities that has online city services on its website. The citizens of Metro Nashville enjoy a beautiful downtown public library and the new Schermerhorn Symphony Center . Nashville began as Fort Nashborough in 1779 and was incorporated as the City of Nashville in 1806. Nashville was the capital of Tennessee twice. The first time was from 1812-1817. In 1826, Nashville became the permanent capital of the State of Tennessee. With the arrival of the Grand Old Opry in 1925, Nashville was well on its way to becoming Music City USA .
Email the Nashville Convention and Visitors Bureau: [email protected]
| Nashville, Tennessee |
In the novel ‘Jane Eyre’ by Charlotte Bronte, what is the first name of Mr Rochester’s French ward? | Tennessee State Capitol / Union Fort Johnson
Location Maps.
Federal fort during Union occupation:
The majestic Tennessee State Capitol, completed in 1859, is located on a high hill in downtown Nashville. It was one of the most magnificent public buildings of its time, anywhere in the U.S.
The distinctive tower is designed after the monument of Lysicrates in Athens, Greece. The architect, William Strickland, died in 1854 and is entombed above the cornerstone. The exterior and interior walls are massive blocks of limestone.
During the Union occupation of Nashville (1862-65), the Capitol was tranformed into Fortress Andrew Johnson. The artillery located there never had to be fired in battle, but were used for drills and celebrations.
View from State Capitol during the War.
The Capitol, still in use by state government, features numerous works of art, historical murals and frescos, portraits, massive chandeliers, the House and Senate chambers and library, and the Governors Office.
The grounds include the tomb of President and Mrs. James K. Polk, the famous equestrian statue of President Andrew "Old Hickory" Jackson, hero of the Battle of New Orleans, and statues of President Andrew Johnson (also governor and military governor) and Sam Davis, Boy Hero of the Confederacy," World War I hero Sgt. Alvin York, and Senator Edward W. Carmack.
About the architecture:
Designed by William Strickland, who moved here from Philadelphia to supervise construction, the capitol is one of the most highly regarded Greek Revival style buildings in the nation.
It is considered by many the masterpiece of Strickland's distinguished career, which began with an apprenticeship to Benjamin Latrobe, first architect of the U.S. Capitol.
The interior is a match for the exterior in elegance and refinement. Worth mentioning is Strickland's extensive use of cast iron, an avant garde building material in the 1840s.
Strickland died before construction was completed; according to his wishes, he was buried in the walls of the capitol. His tomb is visible at the northeast corner of the building near the north entrance.
Nearby Attractions:
"Women of the Confederacy," a bronze statue by xxxxxx, can be seen at the War Memorial Building's south plaza. The War Memorial Building is located south of the State Capitol.
North of the State Capitol, across James Robertson Parkway, is the Bicentennial Mall State Park, which features several attractions related to the history of Tennessee.
Several blocks from the State Capitol are St. Mary's Cathedral and the Downtown Presbyterian Church, both built before the war and used as hospitals during the war.
Source: Metropolitan Historical Commission
| i don't know |
Which US band released a 2007 album entitled ‘The Long Road Out of Eden’? | Eagles | New Music And Songs |
Eagles
About Eagles
With five number one singles, 14 Top 40 hits, and four number one albums, the Eagles were among the most successful recording artists of the 1970s. At the end of the 20th century, two of those albums -- Their Greatest Hits (1971-1975) and Hotel California -- ranked among the ten best-selling albums ever, and the popularity of 2007's Long Road Out of Eden proved the Eagles' staying power in the new millennium. Though most of its members came from outside California, the group was closely identified with a country- and folk-tinged sound that initially found favor in Los Angeles during the late '60s, as championed by such bands as the Flying Burrito Brothers and Poco (both of which contributed members to the Eagles). But the band also drew upon traditional rock & roll styles and, in its later work, helped define the broadly popular rock sound that became known as classic rock. As a result, the Eagles achieved a perennial appeal among generations of music fans who continued to buy their records many years after they had split up, which helped inspire the first of the Eagles' reunions in the mid-'90s.
The band was formed by four Los Angeles-based musicians who had migrated to the West Coast from other parts of the country. Singer/bassist Randy Meisner (born in Scottsbluff, Nebraska, on March 8, 1946) moved to L.A. in 1964 as part of a band originally called the Soul Survivors (not to be confused with the East Coast-based Soul Survivors, who scored a Top Five hit with "Expressway to Your Heart" in 1967) and later renamed the Poor. He became a founding member of Poco in 1968, but left the band prior to the release of its debut album in order to join the Stone Canyon Band, the backup group for Rick Nelson. Meanwhile, singer/guitarist/banjoist/mandolinist Bernie Leadon (born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, on July 19, 1947) arrived in L.A. in 1967 as a member of Hearts and Flowers, later joining Dillard & Clark and then the Flying Burrito Brothers. Singer/drummer Don Henley (born in Gilmer, Texas, on July 22, 1947) moved to L.A. in June 1970 with his band Shiloh, which made one self-titled album for Amos Records before breaking up. Finally, Glenn Frey (born in Detroit, Michigan, on November 6, 1948) performed in his hometown and served as a backup musician for Bob Seger before moving to L.A. in the summer of 1968. He formed the duo Longbranch Pennywhistle with J.D. Souther, and the two musicians signed to Amos Records, which released their self-titled album in 1969.
In the spring of 1971, Frey and Henley were hired to play in Linda Ronstadt's backup band. Meisner and Leadon also played backup for Ronstadt during her summer tour, though the four only did one gig together: a July show at Disneyland. They did, however, all appear on Ronstadt's next album, Linda Ronstadt. In September 1971, Frey, Henley, Leadon, and Meisner signed with manager David Geffen, agreeing to record for his soon-to-be-launched label, Asylum Records; soon after, they adopted the name the Eagles. In February 1972, they flew to England and spent two weeks recording their debut album, Eagles, with producer Glyn Johns. It was released in June, reaching the Top 20 and going gold in a little over a year and a half on the strength of two Top Ten hits -- "Take It Easy" and "Witchy Woman" -- and one Top 20 hit, "Peaceful Easy Feeling."
The Eagles toured as an opening act throughout 1972 and into early 1973, when they returned to England to record their second LP, Desperado, a concept album about outlaws. Produced by Glyn Johns and released in April 1973, it reached the Top 40 and went gold in a little less than a year and a half, spawning the Top 40 single "Tequila Sunrise" in the process. The title track, though never released as a single, became one of the band's better-known songs and was included on the Eagles' first hits collection.
After touring to support Desperado's release, the Eagles again convened a recording session with Glyn Johns for their third album. Their desire to make harder rock music clashed with Johns' sense of them as a country-rock band, however, and they split from the producer after recording two tracks, "You Never Cry Like a Lover" and "The Best of My Love." After an early 1974 tour opened by singer/guitarist Joe Walsh, the band decided to hire Walsh's producer, Bill Szymczyk, who handled the rest of the sessions for On the Border. Szymczyk brought in a session guitarist, Don Felder (born in Gainesville, Florida, on September 21, 1947), an old friend of Bernie Leadon's who so impressed the rest of the band that he was recruited to join the group.
On the Border was released in March 1974. It went gold and reached the Top Ten in June, the Eagles' fastest-selling album yet. The first single, "Already Gone," reached the Top 20 the same month. But the most successful song on the LP -- the one that broke them through to a much larger audience -- was "The Best of My Love," which was released as a single in November. It hit number one on the easy listening charts in February 1975 and topped the pop charts a month later.
The Eagles' fourth album, One of These Nights, was an out-of-the-box smash. Released in June 1975, it went gold the same month and hit number one in July. Moreover, it featured three singles that hit the Top Five: the chart-topping title song, "Lyin' Eyes," and "Take It to the Limit." "Lyin' Eyes" won the 1975 Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Performance by a Duo, Group, or Chorus, and the Eagles also earned Grammy nominations for Album of the Year (One of These Nights) and Record of the Year ("Lyin' Eyes"). The group went on a headlining world tour, beginning with the U.S. and expanding into Europe. But on December 20, 1975, it was announced that Bernie Leadon had quit the band, and Joe Walsh (born in Wichita, Kansas, on November 20, 1947) was brought in as his replacement. He immediately joined the tour, which continued to the Far East in early 1976.
The Eagles' extensive touring kept them out of the studio, and with no immediate plans for a new album; they agreed to release a compilation, Their Greatest Hits (1971-1975), in February 1976. The album's success proved to be surprisingly meteoric. It topped the charts and became a phenomenal success, eventually selling upwards of 25,000,000 copies and dueling with Michael Jackson's Thriller for the title of the best-selling album of all time in the U.S.
It took the Eagles 18 months to follow One of These Nights with their fifth album, Hotel California. Released in December 1976, the record was certified platinum in one week, hit number one in January 1977, and eventually sold over 10,000,000 copies. The singles "New Kid in Town" and "Hotel California" hit number one, and "Life in the Fast Lane" made the Top 20. Meanwhile, "Hotel California" won the 1977 Grammy for Record of the Year and was nominated for Song of the Year; the album itself was nominated for Album of the Year and for Best Pop Vocal Performance by a Duo, Group, or Chorus. The Eagles embarked on a world tour in March 1977 that began with a month in the U.S., followed by a month in Europe and the Far East, then returned to the U.S. in May for stadium dates. At the end of the tour in September, Randy Meisner left the band; he was replaced by Timothy B. Schmit (born in Sacramento, California, November 20, 1947), formerly of Poco, in which he had also replaced Meisner.
The Eagles began working on a new album in March 1978 and took nearly a year and a half to complete it. The Long Run was released in September 1979. It hit number one and was certified platinum after four months, eventually earning multi-platinum certifications. "Heartache Tonight," its leadoff single, hit number one, and "I Can't Tell You Why" and "The Long Run" became Top Ten hits. "Heartache Tonight" won the 1979 Grammy for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal. The Eagles toured the U.S. in 1980, and at a weeklong series of shows at the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium, they recorded Eagles Live. (Also included were some tracks recorded in 1976.) Released in November 1980, the double LP (since reissued as a single CD) reached the Top Five and went multi-platinum, with the single "Seven Bridges Road" reaching the Top 40.
The Eagles were inactive after the end of their 1980 tour, but their breakup was not officially announced until May 1982. All five released solo recordings. (Walsh, of course, maintained a solo career before, during, and after the Eagles.) During the rest of the '80s, the bandmembers received several lucrative offers to reunite, but they declined. In 1990, Frey and Henley began writing together again, and they performed along with Schmit and Walsh at benefit concerts that spring. A full-scale reunion was rumored, but did not take place. Four years later, however, the Eagles did reunite. In the spring of 1994, they taped an MTV concert special and then launched a tour that ended up running through August 1996. The MTV show aired in October, followed in November by an audio version of it, the album Hell Freezes Over, which topped the charts and became a multi-million seller, spawning the Top 40 pop hit "Get Over It" and the number one adult contemporary hit "Love Will Keep Us Alive."
The Eagles next appeared together in January 1998 for their induction into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame, when the five present members performed alongside past members Leadon and Meisner. On December 31, 1999, they played a millennium concert at the Staples Center in Los Angeles that was recorded and included on the box set retrospective Selected Works: 1972-1999 in November 2000. All was not well within the band, however, and Felder was expelled from the lineup in February 2001. A protracted legal battle ensued as the Eagles soldiered on as a quartet, releasing The Very Best of the Eagles in 2003 and achieving minor success with the single "Hole in the World." Felder's case was settled out of court in 2007; that same year, the Eagles returned with the band's seventh studio album, Long Road Out of Eden, a double-disc album that quickly went multi-platinum. In 2013, the band made the documentary History of the Eagles, and toured behind it until mid-2015. Six months later, Glenn Frey became ill and passed away on January 18. 2016. He was 67. ~ William Ruhlmann, Rovi
| Eagles (band) |
A roc is what type of giant mythological creature, mentioned in the Arabian Nights? | Glenn Frey - Glenn Frey of the Eagles 1948 - 2016 - Pictures - CBS News
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Glenn Frey
A look back at the career of Glenn Frey, best known as a founding member of the rock band the Eagles, who died January 18, 2016 at the age of 67 in New York City. Frey was a singer and songwriter who played both guitar and keyboards.
An Eagles greatest hits collection from the mid-1970s, the first album to be certified platinum, and "Hotel California" are among the best-selling albums in history. The band sold more albums in the Seventies than any other American band.
In this photo, Frey performs at the 12th Annual Starkey Hearing Foundation "So The World May Hear" Gala on August 4, 2012 in St. Paul, Minnesota.
Credit: Diane Bondareff/Invision/AP
Glenn Frey
The Eagles' Glenn Frey, left, and band mate Don Henley, right, talk with 60 Minutes' Steve Kroft in Dan Tana's Restaurant in West Hollywood, where the two creative forces first met before forming the legendary band in 1971.
Frey was born in Detroit and raised in its suburbs. He played in local bands before moving to Los Angeles with his then-girlfriend, Joan Sliwin, to pursue their music careers.
Once Frey and drummer Henley connected, they joined Linda Ronstadt's backup band in the summer of 1971. It was shortly after that the two teamed up with Randy Meisner and Bernie Leadon to form the Eagles, releasing their first studio album, "Eagles," in 1972. Frey and Henley wrote many of the band's lyrics including hits, like "Take it Easy" and "Hotel California." The band won six Grammys.
Credit: CBS/Dustin Eddo
The Eagles
The band members in 1977: Don Henly, drums; Joe Walsh, guitar; Randy Meisner, bass; Glenn Frey, guitar; and Don Felder, guitar. Leadon left the band in 1975 and was replaced by Walsh, who made his debut on the album "Hotel California."
Between 1975 and 1979 the band had four consecutive number one albums: "One of These Nights," "Their Greatest Hits 1971-1975," "Hotel California" and "The Long Run." All told, those four albums topped the charts for 27 weeks.
Credit: AP
The Eagles
The Eagles, from left: Joe Walsh, Timothy B. Schmit, Don Henley and Glenn Frey in an undated file photo. Meisner left the band in 1977 and was replaced by Schmit.
The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame website says the band began "as wide-eyed country-rockers on the fertile Los Angeles music scene and evolved into purveyors of grandiose, dark-themed albums about excess and seduction.
Emblematic of the darker side was "Life in the Fast Lane" on their Hotel California album, which went to #11 on the Billboard Hot 100.
Credit: AP Graphics Bank
Schmit & Glenn Frey
Schmit, left, and Frey of the perform at Hong Kong Stadium during their Final 1 world tour on Oct. 20, 2004.
The band's most famous song "Hotel California" was a worldwide hit.
Credit: Lo Sai Hung/AP
The Eagles
From left, Schmit, Henley, Frey and Walsh of the Eagles perform at the new Nokia Theatre in Los Angeles, Oct. 18, 2007.
The Eagles reunited in 1994 and released an album in 2007, called "Long Road Out of Eden," which opened at No. 1 on the Billboard charts and went platinum. The new band was made up of Frey, Henley, Schmit, Walsh, Felder plus Scott Crago, John Corey, Timothy Drury and Al Garth.
Credit: AP Photo/Gus Ruelas
The Eagles
From left to right, Schmit, Frey, Henley and Walsh of the "Eagles" perform at the 42nd Annual CMA Awards in Nashville, Tenn, Nov. 12, 2008.
When "60 Minutes" correspondent Steve Kroft asked Frey the secret to the band's staying power, he answered, "Take It Easy, Witchy Woman, Peaceful Easy Feeling, Desperado, Tequila Sunrise, Already Gone, Best of My Love, One of These Nights, Lying Eyes, Take It to the Limit, Hotel California, Life in the Fast Lane, New Kid in Town, I Can't Tell You Why, The Long Run, Heartache Tonight."
Credit: AP Photo/Mark Humphrey
The Eagles
Schmit of the Eagles, Henley of the Eagles, Prince Albert II, Charlene Wittstock, Walsh and Frey of the Eagles pose prior to the band's concert at Louis II Stadium to celebrate the Royal Wedding of Prince Albert II of Monaco to Charlene Wittstock on June 30, 2011 in Monaco.
Credit: Pascal Le Segretain/Getty Images
Glenn Frey
Henley, left, and Frey of the Eagles perform at Madison Square Garden on Nov. 8, 2013 in New York City.
Bandmate Henley said of Frey, "He was like a brother to me ... We were two young men who made the pilgrimage to Los Angeles with the same dream: to make our mark in the music industry -- and with perseverance, a deep love of music, our alliance with other great musicians and our manager, Irving Azoff, we built something that has lasted longer than anyone could have dreamed. But, Glenn was the one who started it all. He was the spark plug, the man with the plan. He had an encyclopedic knowledge of popular music and a work ethic that wouldn't quit."
Credit: Evan Agostini/Invision/AP
The Eagles
From left, Schmit, Henley, Frey and Walsh of the Eagles take part in a Q&A session with reporters at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival on Jan. 19, 2013, in Park City, Utah.
"History Of The Eagles Part One" was screened at the festival. The documentary was a two-part one about the band which aired on Showtime.
Credit: Chris Pizzello/Invision/AP
The Eagles
(L-R) Henley, Frey, Walsh and Schmit of the Eagles attend "History Of The Eagles Part One" screening during the Sundance London Film And Music Festival 2013 at Sky Superscreen O2 on April 25, 2013.
The first of the two-part documentary covers the band through the 70s while the second part covers the band's reunion.
Credit: Danny E. Martindale/Getty Images for Sundance London
Glenn Frey
Frey is awarded an Honorary Degree of Doctor of Music at the Berklee College of Music Commencement in Boston, May 12, 2012.
Credit: Jessica Rinaldi/Reuters
Glenn Frey
Glenn Frey speaks at the 2014 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony on April, 10, 2014 in New York City.
In addition to six Grammys, the band won five American Music Awards. The Eagles had five number-one singles and six number one albums. With more than 150 million records sold, the Eagles are one of the world's best-selling bands ever.
Credit: Charles Sykes/Invision/AP
Glenn Frey
Musician Glenn Frey poses for pictures during the 29th annual Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Induction Ceremony at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn, New York in April 10, 2014.
After the Eagles went their separate ways in 1980, Frey embarked on a solo career, releasing "No Fun Aloud" in 1982. His hits include the easily recognizable "The Heat Is On," which can be heard in Eddie Murphy's movie "Beverly Hills Cop," and "Smuggler's Blues."
Credit: Carlo Allegri/Reuters
Glenn Frey
Honorees Glenn Frey and his wife, Cindy, pose together at the 10th Annual Lupus LA Orange Ball in Beverly Hills, May 6, 2010. The two married in 1990 and had three children. Frey's first wife was Janie Beggs.
Credit: Chris Pizzello/AP
The Eagles
Members of the Eagles (L-R) Walsh, Frey, and Schmit wave to the audience as they attend the Berklee College of Music Commencement Concert in Boston, May 11, 2012.
Frey died January 18, 2016 of "complications from Rheumatoid Arthritis, Acute Ulcerative Colitis and Pneumonia" according to his family. His family released a statement on the Eagles' website and posted the lyrics to the Eagles song "It's Your World Now," co-written by Frey. The lyrics include, "It's your world now. Use your time. Be part of something good. Leave something good behind."
"The curtain falls. I take my bow."
Credit: Jessica Rinaldi/Reuters
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Which author wrote the 1886 novel ‘The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’? | Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, 1886 - Robert Louis Stevenson
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Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, 1886
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Summary
Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde opens with a lawyer named Mr Utterson taking his weekly walk with Mr Enfield. Along the way, they pass by a “blistered and distained” (p. 229) door.
Enfield tells Utterson that he had once passed the same door late at night and saw a man “trampl[e] calmly over [a] child’s body” (p. 229). Enfield and other witnesses demanded the man, Edward Hyde, pay a large sum of money to the child’s family. Hyde passed through the door and returned with a cheque drawn on the account of Dr Henry Jekyll, a respected physician. Enfield assumed Hyde had obtained the money by blackmailing Jekyll, and he and Utterson agree to say no more about the affair.
Enfield’s story, though, concerns Utterson. Jekyll is both a friend and a client, and Utterson knows that Hyde is connected in some mysterious way with Jekyll. In fact, in the event of his death or disappearance for more than three months, Jekyll has willed all his possessions to Hyde.
Utterson decides to wait for Hyde to appear. When he sees him, Utterson is instinctively repulsed by what he feels is Hyde’s deep deformity. Soon after, Jekyll assures Utterson he can rid himself of Hyde whenever he pleases.
Almost a year passes without incident. One night, however, a maid sees Hyde bludgeon Sir Danvers Carew to death with a walking stick that Utterson had given as a gift to Jekyll. The attack was so ferocious that the stick broke in two, with one half left in the gutter. Utterson takes the police to Hyde’s rooms, where they find the other half of the walking stick and evidence that Hyde has fled and burned many of his papers.
When Utterson confronts Jekyll, his friend insists no one will ever see Hyde again. He also gives Utterson a letter from Hyde stating as much. However, when Utterson’s clerk, Mr Guest, a handwriting expert, examines the letter, the writing is confirmed as Jekyll’s. Utterson cannot understand why Jekyll would forge for a murderer. But as more time passes and it seems Hyde has truly disappeared, Utterson relaxes and he and their mutual friend Dr Lanyon frequently enjoy Jekyll’s company.
Suddenly, however, Jekyll withdraws to his home and refuses to see anyone. When Utterson visits Lanyon to discuss this change, he sees that Lanyon has received a terrible shock and is near death. Lanyon dies soon after, and Utterson receives an envelope from him marked “not to be opened till the death or disappearance of Dr Henry Jekyll” (p. 259).
As the story builds to a climax, Jekyll’s butler, Poole, hurries to Utterson and begs him to come to Jekyll’s house. He believes Hyde has killed Jekyll. Poole says that Hyde has been locked in Jekyll’s study, ordering Poole to get supplies from chemists all over London. Utterson and Poole rush over, break in, and find Hyde’s twitching body – he had committed suicide when he heard them forcing the door.
Utterson and Poole search but can find no trace of Jekyll. All they have are a sealed letter from Jekyll and a will bequeathing his estate to Utterson.
Utterson first reads Lanyon’s letter. It reveals that Jekyll begged him to come to his house, break open the study, retrieve a drawer and its contents, return home, and wait for Hyde’s arrival. The drawer contained “a phial of some tincture, a paper of some salt, and a record of a series of experiments” (p. 279). Lanyon obeyed and, when Hyde arrived, he mixed the tincture and salt, drank it, and was transformed into Jekyll. Lanyon knew the shock of seeing this event would kill him.
Utterson then turns to Jekyll’s letter. It reveals that Jekyll had long been fascinated by the “thorough and primitive duality of man” (p. 285). He experimented with dividing the self until he discovered a potion that would turn him into evil Mr Hyde. Taking the same solution a second time would restore him to good Dr Jekyll.
At first, Jekyll delighted in the freedom to indulge in sin as Hyde. Soon, though, he felt deep remorse. Hyde, however, became harder and harder to throw off. Eventually, Jekyll accidentally began turning into Hyde, even without the potion. Meanwhile, the supply of the salt needed as a vital ingredient of the transforming potion was almost gone and no more could be found. Jekyll concluded that the original salt must have contained an impurity that brought about his transformation. Having taking the final draught, Jekyll wrote as Jekyll for the last time, expressing his hope that Hyde would have “the courage to release himself at the last moment” (p. 32).
Quotations from Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, The Works of Robert Louis Stevenson, Swanston edn, vol v (London: Chatto and Windus, 1911).
Image courtesy of Rare Books and Special Collections, Thomas Cooper Library, University of South Carolina
Note on pronunciation: Stevenson pointed out that the surname of the protagonist should be pronounced ‘Jeekill’.
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What is the name for the bending of light as it passes from one medium to another? | The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde & Other Stories by Robert Louis Stevenson · OverDrive: eBooks, audiobooks and videos for libraries
Classic Literature Fiction Horror Literature
A book so iconic that its title is synonymous with split personalities, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Scottish author Robert Louis Stevenson, was first released in 1886. The story of a virtuous Dr. Jekyll who mistakenly creates an alter ego of unadulterated evil serves as an examination of the duality of human nature and the battle between good and evil.
Full of mystery and fright, this story has remained popular for more than a century and has been adapted countless times—over 132 in film alone. An instant success and popular with students of morality, this thrilling tale is now available as part of the Word Cloud Classics series, making it a chic and affordable addition to every library.
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Robert Louis Stevenson (Author)
Robert Louis Stevenson (1850-1894) is a well-respected Scottish writer. With a propensity towards imaginative thought and rebellious philosophies, Stevenson traveled throughout the world during his life, using his experiences in much of his writin...
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‘The Stonewall Riots’ took place in which US city in June 1969? | The Stonewall Riot - Jun 28, 1969 - HISTORY.com
The Stonewall Riot
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Just after 3 a.m., a police raid of the Stonewall Inn–a gay club located on New York City’s Christopher Street–turns violent as patrons and local sympathizers begin rioting against the police.
Although the police were legally justified in raiding the club, which was serving liquor without a license among other violations, New York’s gay community had grown weary of the police department targeting gay clubs, a majority of which had already been closed. The crowd on the street watched quietly as Stonewall’s employees were arrested, but when three drag queens and a lesbian were forced into the paddy wagon, the crowd began throwing bottles at the police. The officers were forced to take shelter inside the establishment, and two policemen were slightly injured before reinforcements arrived to disperse the mob. The protest, however, spilled over into the neighboring streets, and order was not restored until the deployment of New York’s riot police.
The so-called Stonewall Riot was followed by several days of demonstrations in New York and was the impetus for the formation of the Gay Liberation Front as well as other gay, lesbian, and bisexual civil rights organizations. It is also regarded by many as history’s first major protest on behalf of equal rights for homosexuals.
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Which real-life couple played the parents in the 1996 film ‘Matilda’? | HISTORY
THE HISTORIC STONEWALL INN
Welcome to where Gay Pride began!
The legendary Stonewall Inn is the birthplace of the modern Gay Rights movement. On June 28th, 1969, the patrons of the Stonewall Inn fought back against what had become regular, tolerated, city sanctioned harassment by the police department. For the first time in history Gay people refused to accept the status quo of oppression and stood up for themselves and, ultimately, the global Gay community. The Stonewall Inn, and the rebellion here, became the iconic flashpoint that sparked the long, uphill battle towards equality for all members of the Gay community. Often referred to as the “Rosa Parks moment” in Gay history the Stonewall rebellion paved the way for future members of the community to not accept treatment as second-class citizens but rather to expect that the LGBT community be treated as equals in the eyes of both the government and society at large.
In 1969 Police raids on gay bars occurred regularly. It was illegal to serve Gay people alcohol or for Gays to dance with one another. During a typical raid, the lights were turned on, the customers were lined up and their identification checked. Those without identification or dressed in full drag were arrested.
Women were required to wear three pieces of feminine clothing, and would be arrested if found not wearing them.
Employees and management of the bars were also typically arrested.
At 1:20 in the morning on Saturday, June 28, 1969, eight police officers arrived at the Stonewall Inn. Approximately 200 people were in the bar that night. But the raid did not go as planned. This time the patrons refused to cooperate. The police decided to take everyone present to the police station, but the patrol wagons had not yet arrived, so patrons were required to wait in line for about 15 minutes. Those who were not arrested were released from the front door, but they did not leave quickly as usual. Instead, they stopped outside and a crowd began to grow and watch.
Within minutes, about 150 people had congregated outside. By the time the first patrol wagon arrived the crowd had grown to at least ten times the number of people who were arrested. A scuffle broke out when a lesbian in handcuffs was escorted to the police wagon. She fought with the police, and was hit in the head with a billy club for complaining that her handcuffs were too tight. An officer then picked her up and heaved her into the back of the wagon. That was the last straw for the already tense crowd.
The crowd tried to overturn the police wagon. Pennies, then beer bottles, were thrown at the wagon then bricks. The police were then outnumbered by about 600 people. Ten police officers barricaded themselves inside the Stonewall Inn for their own safety. Garbage cans, bottles, rocks, and bricks were hurled at the building, breaking the windows. A parking meter was uprooted and used as a battering ram on the doors of the Stonewall. The Tactical Police Force of the New York City Police Department finally arrived to free the police trapped inside the Stonewall and with the larger police force they then detained anyone they could and put them in patrol wagons to go to jail.
By 4:00 in the morning the streets had been cleared. Thirteen people had been arrested. Some in the crowd were hospitalized, and four police officers were injured. Almost everything in the Stonewall Inn was broken. Pay phones, toilets, mirrors, jukeboxes, and cigarette machines were all smashed, possibly in the riot and possibly by the police.
News of the riot spread quickly throughout Greenwich Village and the next night, rioting again surrounded Christopher Street. Thousands of people gathered in front of the Stonewall, which had opened again, choking Christopher Street until the crowd spilled into adjoining blocks. Fires were started in garbage cans throughout the neighborhood. More than a hundred police arrived again and the street battling ensued until 4:00 in the morning.
On Wednesday, around 1,000 protestors gathered again. Another explosive street battle took place, with injuries to demonstrators and police alike, looting in local shops, and arrests of five people.
To this day, the LGBT community around the globe commemorates that historic time here at The Stonewall Inn by holding Pride Parades. Those celebrations of Gay pride are to recognize how far we have come, to remember those less fortunate who came before us and to remind those who may have grown complacent, how far we still must go to achieve true equality.
Here at the Stonewall Inn we celebrate every day. Always a great time and always aware of how important the Stonewall Inn and what it represents are to the LGBT people both here and around the world. We continue to do our best to thrive, prosper, and give back to the community that supports us.
Come Visit The Legendary Tree, “A 1969 Stonewall Veteran”
Come Hear HIStory!
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Who plays Huggy Bear Brown in the 2004 film ‘Starsky and Hutch’? | Antonio Fargas - IMDb
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A tall, lanky and twinkle-eyed African-American actor with wonderful onscreen charisma, Antonio Fargas has been appearing on stage and screen for nearly 40 years. His film debut was in Shirley Clarke 's The Cool World (1963), a gritty, uncompromising tale about African-American youth growing up in Harlem, New York. He then made his acting presence ... See full bio »
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Music video: Appeared in Snoop Dogg 's video "Doggy Dogg World" (1994). See more »
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He (Huggy Bear) wasn't a pimp. This whole glorification of pimps and all that makes people think that. But they never told you what he did. One minute he had a bar, the next minute he was a guy on the street hustling, but he was always in the know. But he was never a pimp. The guy who was on 'Baretta' was a pimp. His character was called The Rooster. Plus there were other roles were I had played ... See more »
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His performance as a pimp in The Gambler (1974) helped him land the role of informant Huggy Bear in Starsky and Hutch (1975). See more »
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Which English monarch formed The Yeomen of the Guard? | Starsky & Hutch (2004)
Starsky & Hutch (2004)
William Blinn, Stevie Long, John O'Brien, Todd Phillips, Scot Armstrong
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In Starsky & Hutch, the origins of the charismatic crime-fighting duo David Starsky and Ken "Hutch" Hutchinson are explored when these undercover Bay City detectives are partnered for their very first assignment. Ben Stiller plays the tightly wound Detective David Starsky who is thrown together with Owen Wilso's easygoing Detective Ken Hutchinson on a high-stakes case. Platinum-selling rapper and actor Snoop Dogg plays their savvy street informant Huggy Bear. Vince Vaughn also joins the cast as Reese Feldman, a smooth-talking entrepreneur with an eye towards the future.
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A durian is what type of foodstuff? | Durian fruit nutrition facts and health benefits
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Durian fruit nutrition facts
One of its own kinds, durian fruit is delicious, soft, succulent and very popular for its unique characteristics. Durian is widely revered as the "King of Fruits" in the South-East Asian countries.
The durian tree is tropical in origin and belongs to family of Malvaceae, in the genus, Durio, a large family of plant species which also include some of the interesting relatives such as hibiscus, okra , etc. It is botanically known as Durio zibethinus.
Inside view of durian cut section. Golden-yellow flesh bulbs (Durio zibethinus)
Durian fruits in the market. Note for the dark green husk covered with sharp thorns.
The exotic durian is native to Brunei, Indonesia and Malaysian rain forests. While there are 30 known species of Durio exist, only 9 of them have been identified for producing edible fruits. Durian tree starts bearing fruits after four or five years after plantation. The tree can grow upto 50 meters in height depending on the species.
Durian is a seasonal fruit; its season lasts typically from June until August which coincides with that of the other tropical specific fruits like mangosteen , jackfruit, and mango .
Durian fruit is distinctive for its large size, unique odor, and formidable thorn-covered husk. It can reach up to 30 cm (12 in) long and 15 cm (6 in) in diameter, and typically weighs one to four kilograms (two to seven lb). In shape, it varies from round to oblong; color of its husk (rind) is green with brown; and its flesh features creamy-yellow to saffron color bulbs depending upon the species.
The flesh or pulp of durian can be consumed at various stages of ripeness, and is used as flavoring agent in a wide variety of culinary and sweet preparations in Southeast Asian cuisines. Durian seeds are small, round to oval shape kernels and appear like that of jackfruit seeds. Although boiled seeds can be eaten safely, many discard them. The seeds feature a bland taste akin to jackfruit seeds.
Its edible flesh emits a distinctive odor which can be described as strong and penetrating, appreciable from far even while its husk is intact. This unusual stinky and intense odor of the durian fruit may have prompted many people to express diverse and peculiar opinions ranging from deep appreciation to disgusting!
Health benefits of Durian fruit
Durian, like other tropical fruits such as Banana , avocado, and jackfruit , is high in energy, minerals and vitamins. 100 g fresh fruit carries 147 calories.
The fruit is made of soft, easily digestible flesh made of simple sugars like fructose and sucrose that when eaten replenishes energy and revitalizes the body instantly. Though it contains a relatively higher amounts of fats among the fruits, it is free from saturated fats and cholesterol.
Durian is rich in dietary fiber, which makes it a good bulk laxative. The fiber content helps protect the colon mucous membrane by decreasing exposure time to toxins. It also helps bind and eliminate cancer-causing chemicals from the gut.
The durian fruit is a good source of antioxidant vitamin-C (about 33% of RDA). Consumption of foods rich in vitamin C helps the human body develop resistance against infectious agents and scavenge harmful free radicals.
It is an excellent source of health benefiting B-complex groups of vitamins; a rare feature for fruits, such as niacin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), pyridoxine (vitamin B-6) and thiamin (vitamin B-1). These vitamins are essential for the body as it requires them from external sources to replenish.
Further, it also contains a good amount of minerals like manganese, copper, iron and magnesium. Manganese is utilized by the body as a co-factor for the antioxidant enzyme, superoxide dismutase. Copper is required in the production of red blood cells. Iron is required for red blood cell formation.
Fresh durian fruit is a very rich source of potassium. Potassium is an important electrolyte inside cells and body fluids that help controlling heart rate and blood pressure.
Additionally, it also contains high levels of essential amino acid, tryptophan (also referred as "nature's sleeping pill"). Tryptophan in the humans metabolizes into serotonin and melatonin; the two neuro-chemicals that play a vital role in sleep induction and controlling epileptic events.
Selection and storage
Durian fruit is native to Southeast Asia. It is sold in markets all over the East-Asian world and also imported into the United States and Europe. People have differences in preferences regarding ripeness, while some like slightly ripen, tart flavored durians, others may prefer to cherish soft, and over-ripened. Usually, ripe fruit that falls off the tree is gathered and sold at markets.
In the stores, choose a durian fruit with firm stalk. Outside its natural habitat, durian is one of the expensive fruits; some of its varieties like D24 (Sultan) are in high demand and therefore, may command higher price. The fruit can also be stored inside the refrigerator for few days.
Preparation and serving methods
Video courtesy: algysea
Outer surface of the durian fruit husk is fully covered with sharp spikes, capable of inflicting cuts; it is therefore, one should be careful while handling it. Cut open the fruit longitudinally the same way you do in Jackfruits to expose underlying creamy yellow pulp. Slice the pulp to remove seeds.
Here are some serving tips:
Durian fruit pastry.
Photo courtesy: VirtualErn
Durian fruit is used as a flavor base in a wide variety of sweet preparations such as traditional Malay candy, ice kachang, dodol, biscuits, etc.
It is also used in the preparation of ice-cream, milkshakes, Yule logs and cappuccino.
Red-fleshed durian is traditionally added to sayur, an Indonesian soup made from fresh water fish.
Ikan brengkes, a fish cooked in a durian-based sauce, traditional in Sumatran islands in Indonesia.
Unripe durians may be cooked as a vegetable in variety of dishes.
Durian seeds, which taste similar to jackfruit seeds or yam, can be eaten boiled or roasted.
<<-Back to Fruit nutrition from Durian fruit . Please visit here for an impressive list of all variety of fruits with complete illustrations of their nutrition facts and health benefits.
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In the UK, ‘An Act for the better securing the Liberty of the Subject, and for the Prevention of Imprisonment beyond the seas’ is commonly known by what name? | 8 Kinds of Durian in Davao City
8 Kinds of Durian in Davao City
8 Kinds of Durian in Davao City
Doon Po Sa Amin team
Published: January 20, 2017
Photo by: Eye Steel Film
DOON PO SA AMIN in Davao City, you will taste the king of the fruits and remember its creamy, delicious taste.
Nearly all durian produced in the Philippines is grown in Mindanao and 70% of them comes from Davao alone. Most of them come from Calinan district in Davao City and as a result, Calinan is touted as the Durian Capital of Davao.
Durian is a large, spiky fruit that is notorious for its sulfuric smell which resembles something like rotted onions. But it’s also famous for its sweet flesh, which is rich and decadent for many. It’s enough for most people to overcome the smell. Only a small minority are repulsed by both the smell and the taste.
But most people are unaware that there are many varieties of durian. There are at least 16 varieties produced in Davao, although there’s plenty more to be found that’s not commercially cultivated.
Here are eight varieties of durian that you can find in Davao:
1. Native
This is the original durian of the country and refers to uncultivated trees. It usually has white flesh but can also have yellow. It has the strongest taste out of all the durian and preferred by many, if not for the price. Since it has larger seeds and thinner flesh, it’s more expensive to buy.
2. Graveolens
Native to Palawan, the gravoleon can also be found in Davao. It has a thick, heavy flesh that comes in three colors—red, yellow, and orange. They have an odor that’s even more pungent than regular durians. The red flesh tastes nutty and the yellow one is creamier.
3. Thornless
Distinguished by its lack of thorns, which is one of the recognizable characteristics of durian, the thornless durian is a white-fleshed kind that tastes similar to the native variant. It can weigh as much as two kilos.
4. Mamer
This is a native durian that is named after Mamerto Fernandez. It’s called a native durian by the Dabaweyos. The mamer is the best native variety in Calinan, and it has a twenty-five percent edible portion. It has a yellow flesh that’s sweet and sticky.
5. Arancillo
The Arancillo is named after former Bureau of Plant Industries (BPI) – Philfruits director Vicente Arancillo who discovered it. It’s actually a seedling of the Thai Chanee. It has a thick flesh with a smooth texture and has a strong flavor. For many Dabawenyos, this is their preferred variety. However it rots easily during the rainy season.
6. Puyat
Puyat has yellow-orange flesh with a bittersweet taste. It’s one of the larger durians, since the fruits can weigh up to seven kilos. And the tree can bear up to one hundred fruits. It’s also a seedling of the Thai Chanee and was brought to the Philippines in the ‘70s. Unlike the Arancillo, it doesn’t rot easily and it’s more preferred by farmers for cultivation.
7. Duyaya
The name is a portmanteau of Durian na Biyaya, named by the Durian King Severino Belviz. It has a thick, bright yellow flesh that’s sweet and has a milder aroma. The edible portion is around 30%.
8. Alcon Fancy
This has a thick flesh in bright yellow, with an edible portion of about 40%. It has a sweet taste with slight bitterness and a mild smell. Despite the high edible portion, Alcon Fancy is rarely sold among street vendors since most people who like its taste buy directly from the farms where it’s supplied.
These are just some of the durian varieties that you can find in Davao. And there are hundreds more of durian selections that are not yet registered. For durian lovers, there’s plenty more to explore in the Durian Republic.
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Which singer released a 1993 album entitled ‘Music Box’? | Mariah Carey - Music Box (1993) [Full Album] - YouTube
Mariah Carey - Music Box (1993) [Full Album]
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US President Herbert Hoover belonged to which political party? | Mariah Carey: #1 to Infinity - Music on Google Play
1 63
Anthony Carey
#1 to Infinity Mariah the biggest selling artist EVER showcases her 18 number ones unmatched by any other solo artist in history! A compilation of the true greatest hits of our generation including Billboards longest running number 1 in history "One Sweet Day" plus the song of the decade "We Belong Together" this cd captivates every emotion of a career spanning 25 years. Concluding the set is the masterpiece track #Infinity only available on this release! There is only one true diva still standing - Miss Mariah Carey.
J Chanel
"To infinityyyyyyyeeeeee heeeeeeee" Having already purchased her 13#1's back in the day. I didn't see the point of getting this one. But I do love the Infinity song its really catchy. And not over flowed with whistle tones. Good Job Mariah!
Will Bolton
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J Chanel June 25, 2015
"To infinityyyyyyyeeeeee heeeeeeee" Having already purchased her 13#1's back in the day. I didn't see the point of getting this one. But I do love the Infinity song its really catchy. And not over flowed with whistle tones. Good Job Mariah!
Will Bolton June 18, 2015
Crap Not good. Don't waste money on this crap and buy my everything
Full Review
Tonia Macken May 15, 2015
L4L Love this album, even though we heard the content already it's brilliant to have it all together with a new single. Love mariah, she is underrated xxx
Full Review
Tin Švagelj May 23, 2015
Really good I mean, let's be honest, she will never be as good as Ariana Grande, but it's a cute album. Mariah Carey, keep being as good as you are, I really like some of your music (other isn't really worth listening).
Full Review
Ryan Tan May 22, 2015
Queen of Ballads No one can write a ballad and singing it quite like Mariah can. She is a music icon and I will support a true performer/artist forever. Infinity is a great song!
Full Review
April Lovatt July 9, 2015
Alway have and always will love Mariah Amazing lady. Anything Mariah sings or is involved with is amazing to me xx
Full Review
Simple Boy November 25, 2015
Not great Elvis is still king with 19 numder ones and she's still miles behind Madonna in sales.
Full Review
akhanak889 October 22, 2015
Mariah VOICEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE!CANT BE COMPARED 2 ANY ONE SHES ONE OFF VOICE THAT WE WILL HEAR AND SHES A SONG WRITER 2 SONG BIRD ! B-)
Hoe Vhab May 21, 2015
Really bad Just a really high pitched and annoying
Full Review
Fraser John Bamber July 16, 2015
#1 To Infinity All of Mariah's most successful songs from her 25+ year career on 1 CD. I bought this on iTunes.
Full Review
Louise Dwyer August 13, 2015
One in a million idol She is the best female singer in my book she is my idol xx
Psychic Ryan Gooding May 17, 2015
Amazing All 18 number one hits one after another! What more could you want! X
Mihaela Lazar March 26, 2016
I love Mariah Carey she's probably the best singer of all time after Whitney Houston
Dr Doodle May 25, 2015
MC y'all This diva reigns supreme.
Terri Mullett June 14, 2015
Great songs that have stood the test of time
Masha Mason January 12, 2016
All the song She a legend Singer
James Klimo May 21, 2015
LIVING LEGEND AND INSPIRATION #1 to Infinity...true classy classic.
Bruno Bastos May 25, 2015
Great! I love Mariah, but this photoshopED cover sucks
ANGELA Golding August 24, 2015
1 to infinity I love all of Mariah Carey songs
Revelino Heskey October 22, 2015
Her voice is amazeing
Lynnette Mcallister May 21, 2015
Mariah Carey infinity Good cover on the front of the album
Nicholas Barber May 29, 2015
Wow!
Chiko Kamfwa October 3, 2015
Love her songs She's amazing
Nadya Sweet June 12, 2015
I love this album!
| i don't know |
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